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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Johns Hopkins University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Johns Hopkins University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional normalization of 450k methylation array data improves replication in large cancer studies 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose an extension to quantile normalization which removes unwanted technical variation using control probes. We adapt our algorithm, functional normalization, to the Illumina 450k methylation array and address the open problem of normalizing methylation data with global epigenetic changes, such as human cancers. Using datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and a large case-control study, we show that our algorithm outperforms all existing normalization methods with respect to replication of results between experiments, and yields robust results even in the presence of batch effects. Functional normalization can be applied to any microarray platform, provided suitable control probes are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean-Philippe Fortin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurelie Labbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu Lemire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent W. Zanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J. Hudson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elana J. Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celia M.T. Greenwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D. Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional normalization of 450k methylation array data improves replication in large cancer studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible analysis of transcriptome assemblies with Ballgown 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Negative control experiment Positive control experiment Confirmation of statistical... Analysis of RNA-seq experiments... Analysis of quantitative... Expression quantitative trait... Computational Efficiency Summary References A key advantage of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) over hybridization-based technologies such as microarrays is that RNA-seq makes it possible to reconstruct complete gene structures, including multiple splice variants, from raw RNA-seq reads without relying on previously-established annotations [20, 32, 9]. But with this added flexibility, there are increased computational demands on upstream processing tasks such as alignment and ass ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alyssa C Frazee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geo Pertea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven L Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible analysis of transcriptome assemblies with Ballgown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolution of Power and the Divergence of Cooperative Norms 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider a model of multilevel selection and the evolution of institutions that distribute power in the form of influence in a groups collective interactions with other groups. In the absence of direct group-level interactions, groups with the most cooperative members will outcompete less cooperative groups, while within any group the least cooperative members will be the most successful. Introducing group-level interactions, however, such as raiding or warfare, changes the selective landscape for groups. Our model suggests that as the global population becomes more integrated and the rate of intergroup conflict increases, selection increasingly favors unequally distributed power structures, where individual influence is weighted by acquired resources. The advantage to less democratic groups rests in their ability to facilitate selection for cooperative strategies - involving cooperation both among themselves and with outsiders - in order to produce the resources necessary to fuel their success in inter-group conflicts, while simultaneously selecting for leaders (and corresponding collective behavior) who are unburdened with those same prosocial norms. The coevolution of cooperative social norms and institutions of power facilitates the emergence of a leadership class of the selfish and has implications for theories of inequality, structures of governance, non-cooperative personality traits, and hierarchy. Our findings suggest an amendment to the well-known doctrine of multilevel selection that "Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups." In an interconnected world, altruistic groups led by selfish individuals can beat them both.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael D Makowsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul E Smaldino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolution of Power and the Divergence of Cooperative Norms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lighter: fast and memory-efficient error correction without counting 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lighter is a fast, memory-efficient tool for correcting sequencing errors. Lighter avoids counting k-mers. Instead, it uses a pair of Bloom filters, one holding a sample of the input k-mers and the other holding k-mers likely to be correct. As long as the sampling fraction is adjusted in inverse proportion to the depth of sequencing, Bloom filter size can be held constant while maintaining near-constant accuracy. Lighter is parallelized, uses no secondary storage, and is both faster and more memory-efficient than competing approaches while achieving comparable accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liliana Florea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lighter: fast and memory-efficient error correction without counting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyester: simulating RNA-seq datasets with differential transcript expression 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStatistical methods development for differential expression analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) requires software tools to assess accuracy and error rate control. Since true differential expression status is often unknown in experimental datasets, artificially-constructed datasets must be utilized, either by generating costly spike-in experiments or by simulating RNA-seq data.nnResultsPolyester is an R package designed to simulate RNA-seq data, beginning with an experimental design and ending with collections of RNA-seq reads. Its main advantage is the ability to simulate reads indicating isoform-level differential expression across biological replicates for a variety of experimental designs. Data generated by Polyester is a reasonable approximation to real RNA-seq data and standard differential expression workflows can recover differential expression set in the simulation by the user.nnAvailability and ImplementationPolyester is freely available from Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/).nnContactjtleek@gmail.comnnSupplementary InformationSupplementary figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alyssa C Frazee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyester: simulating RNA-seq datasets with differential transcript expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faster sequence alignment through GPU-accelerated restriction of the seed-and-extend search space 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn computing pairwise alignments of biological sequences, software implementations employ a variety of heuristics that decrease the computational effort involved in computing potential alignments. A key element in achieving high processing throughput is to identify and prioritize potential alignments where high-scoring mappings can be expected. These tasks involve listprocessing operations that can be efficiently performed on GPU hardware.nnResultsWe implemented a read aligner called A21 that exploits GPU-based parallel sort and reduction techniques to restrict the number of locations where potential alignments may be found. When compared with other high-throughput aligners, this approach finds more high-scoring mappings without sacrificing speed or accuracy. A21 running on a single GPU is about 10 times faster than comparable CPU-based tools; it is also faster and more sensitive in comparison with other recent GPU-based aligners.nnAvailabilityThe A21 software is open source and available at https://github.com/RWilton/A21.nnContactrwilton@pha.jhu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary results are available at <<<TBD>>>
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard Wilton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamas Budavari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah J Wheelan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Szalay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faster sequence alignment through GPU-accelerated restriction of the seed-and-extend search space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HiFive: a tool suite for easy and efficient HiC and 5C data analysis 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromatin interaction assays 5C and HiC have advanced our understanding of genomic spatial organization but analysis approaches for these data are limited by usability and flexibility. The HiFive tool suite provides efficient data handling and a variety of normalization approaches for easy, fast analysis and method comparison. Integration of MPI-based parallelization allows scalability and rapid processing time. In addition to single-command analysis of an entire experiment from mapped reads to interaction values, HiFive has been integrated into the open-source, web-based platform Galaxy to connect users with computational resources and a graphical interface. HiFive is open-source software available from http://taylorlab.org/software/hifive/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael EG Sauria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer E Phillips-Cremins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor G Corces</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HiFive: a tool suite for easy and efficient HiC and 5C data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sharing and specificity of co-expression networks across 35 human tissues 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, the GTEx Consortium generated RNA-seq expression data for more than thirty distinct human tissues. This data provides an opportunity for deriving shared and tissue-specific gene regulatory networks on the basis of co-expression between genes. However, a small number of samples are available for a majority of the tissues, and therefore statistical inference of networks in this setting is highly underpowered. To address this problem, we infer tissue-specific gene co-expression networks for 35 tissues in the GTEx dataset using a novel algorithm, GNAT, that uses a hierarchy of tissues to share data between related tissues. We show that this transfer learning approach increases the accuracy with which networks are learned. Analysis of these networks reveals that tissue-specific transcription factors are hubs that preferentially connect to genes with tissue-specific functions. Additionally, we observe that genes with tissue-specific functions lie at the peripheries of our networks. We identify numerous modules enriched for Gene Ontology functions, and show that modules conserved across tissues are especially likely to have functions common to all tissues, while modules that are upregulated in a particular tissue are often instrumental to tissue-specific function. Finally, we provide a web tool, available at mostafavilab.stat.ubc.ca/GNAT, which allows exploration of gene function and regulation in a tissue-specific manner.nnAuthor SummaryCells in different tissues perform very different functions with the same DNA. This requires tissue-specific gene expression and regulation; understanding this tissue-specificity is often instrumental to understanding complex diseases. Here, we use tissue-specific gene expression data to learn tissue-specific gene regulatory networks for 35 human tissues, where two genes are linked if their expression levels are correlated. Learning such networks accurately is difficult because of the large number of possible links between genes and small number of samples. We propose a novel algorithm that combats this problem by sharing data between similar tissues and show that this increases the accuracy with which networks are learned. We provide a web tool for exploring these networks, enabling users to pose diverse queries in a gene-or tissue-centric manner, and facilitating explorations into gene function and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emma Pierson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daphne Koller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sharing and specificity of co-expression networks across 35 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Transcriptome Maps from Multiple Mouse Tissues Reveal Evolutionary Constraint in Gene Expression for Thousands of Genes 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We characterized by RNA-seq the transcriptional profiles of a large and heterogeneous collection of mouse tissues, augmenting the mouse transcriptome with thousands of novel transcript candidates. Comparison with transcriptome profiles obtained in human cell lines reveals substantial conservation of transcriptional programs, and uncovers a distinct class of genes with levels of expression across cell types and species, that have been constrained early in vertebrate evolution. This core set of genes capture a substantial and constant fraction of the transcriptional output of mammalian cells, and participates in basic functional and structural housekeeping processes common to all cell types. Perturbation of these constrained genes is associated with significant phenotypes including embryonic lethality and cancer. Evolutionary constraint in gene expression levels is not reflected in the conservation of the genomic sequences, but is associated with strong and conserved epigenetic marking, as well as to a characteristic post-transcriptional regulatory program in which sub-cellular localization and alternative splicing play comparatively large roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dmitri Pervouchine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Djebali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandra Breschi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrie A Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Prieto Barja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Dobin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Tanzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Lagarde</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Zaleski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei-Hoon See</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meagan Fastuca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorg Drenkow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huaien Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanni Bussotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baikang Pei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suganthi Balasubramanian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Monlong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif Harmanci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Gerstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael A Beer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedric Notredame</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roderic Guigo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas R Gingeras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Transcriptome Maps from Multiple Mouse Tissues Reveal Evolutionary Constraint in Gene Expression for Thousands of Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide comparative analysis reveals human- mouse regulatory landscape and evolution 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBecause species-specific gene expression is driven by species-specific regulation, understanding the relationship between sequence and function of the regulatory regions in different species will help elucidate how differences among species arise. Despite active experimental and computational research, the relationships among sequence, conservation, and function are still poorly understood.nnResultsWe compared transcription factor occupied segments (TFos) for 116 human and 35 mouse TFs in 546 human and 125 mouse cell types and tissues from the Human and the Mouse ENCODE projects. We based the map between human and mouse TFos on a one-to-one nucleotide cross-species mapper, bnMapper, that utilizes whole genome alignments (WGA).nnOur analysis shows that TFos are under evolutionary constraint, but a substantial portion (25.1% of mouse and 25.85% of human on average) of the TFos does not have a homologous sequence on the other species; this portion varies among cell types and TFs. Furthermore, 47.67% and 57.01% of the homologous TFos sequence shows binding activity on the other species for human and mouse respectively. However, 79.87% and 69.22% is repurposed such that it binds the same TF in different cells or different TFs in the same cells. Remarkably, within the set of TFos not showing conservation of occupancy, the corresponding genome regions in the other species are preferred locations of novel TFos. These events suggest that a substantial amount of functional regulatory sequences is exapted from other biochemically active genomic material.nnDespite substantial repurposing of TFos, we did not find substantial changes in their predicted target genes, suggesting that CRMs buffer evolutionary events allowing little or no change in the TF - target gene associations. Thus, the small portion of TFos with strictly conserved occupancy underestimates the degree of conservation of regulatory interactions.nnConclusionWe mapped regulatory sequences from an extensive number of TFs and cell types between human and mouse. A comparative analysis of this correspondence unveiled the extent of the shared regulatory sequence across TFs and cell types under study. Importantly, a large part of the shared regulatory sequence repurposed on the other species. This sequence, fueled by turnover events, provides a strong case for exaptation in regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olgert Denas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Sandstrom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathryn Beal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier Herrero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross Hardison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide comparative analysis reveals human- mouse regulatory landscape and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASS: Accurate and Efficient Splice Variant Annotation from RNA-seq Reads 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next generation sequencing of cellular RNA is making it possible to characterize genes and alternative splicing in unprecedented detail. However, designing bioinformatics tools to capture splicing variation accurately has proven difficult. Current programs find major isoforms of a gene but miss finer splicing variations, or are sensitive but highly imprecise. We present CLASS, a novel open source tool for accurate genome-guided transcriptome assembly from RNA-seq reads. CLASS employs a splice graph to represent a gene and its splice variants, combined with a linear program to determine an accurate set of exons and efficient splice graph-based transcript selection algorithms. When compared against reference programs, CLASS had the best overall accuracy and could detect up to twice as many splicing events with precision similar to the best reference program. Notably, it was the only tool that produced consistently reliable transcript models for a wide range of applications and sequencing strategies, including very large data sets and ribosomal RNA-depleted samples. Lightweight and multi-threaded, CLASS required <3GB RAM and less than one day to analyze a 350 million read set, and is an excellent choice for transcriptomics studies, from clinical RNA sequencing, to alternative splicing analyses, and to the annotation of new genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarven Sabunciyan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liliana D Florea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASS: Accurate and Efficient Splice Variant Annotation from RNA-seq Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SubClonal Hierarchy Inference from Somatic Mutations: automatic reconstruction of cancer evolutionary trees from multi-region next generation sequencing 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent improvements in next-generation sequencing of tumor samples and the ability to identify somatic mutations at low allelic fractions have opened the way for new approaches to model the evolution of individual cancers. The power and utility of these models is increased when tumor samples from multiple sites are sequenced. Temporal ordering of the samples may provide insight into the etiology of both primary and metastatic lesions and rationalizations for tumor recurrence and therapeutic failures. Additional insights may be provided by temporal ordering of evolving subclones - cellular subpopulations with unique mutational profiles. Current methods for subclone hierarchy inference tightly couple the problem of temporal ordering with that of estimating the fraction of cancer cells harboring each mutation. We present a new framework that includes a rigorous statistical hypothesis test and a collection of tools that make it possible to decouple these problems, which we believe will enable substantial progress in the field of subclone hierarchy inference. The methods presented here can be flexibly combined with methods developed by others addressing either of these problems. We provide tools to interpret hypothesis test results, which inform phylogenetic tree construction, and we introduce the first genetic algorithm designed for this purpose. The utility of our framework is systematically demonstrated in simulations. For most tested combinations of tumor purity, sequencing coverage, and tree complexity, good power ([&ge;] 0.8) can be achieved and Type 1 error is well controlled when at least three tumor samples are available from a patient. Using data from three published multi-region tumor sequencing studies of (murine) small cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which the authors reconstructed subclonal phylogenetic trees by manual expert curation, we show how different configurations of our tools can identify either a single tree in agreement with the authors, or a small set of trees, which include the authors preferred tree. Our results have implications for improved modeling of tumor evolution and the importance of multi-region tumor sequencing.nnAuthor SummaryCancer is a genetic disease, driven by DNA mutations. Each tumor is composed of millions of cells with differing genetic profiles that compete with each other for resources in a process similar to Darwinian evolution. We describe a computational framework to model tumor evolution on the cellular level, using next-generation sequencing. The framework is the first to apply a rigorous statistical hypothesis test designed to inform a new search algorithm. Both the test and the algorithm are based on evolutionary principles. The utility of the framework is shown in computer simulations and by automated reconstruction of the cellular evolution underlying murine small cell lung cancers, acute myeloid leukemias and chronic lymophocytic leukemias, from three recent published studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noushin Niknafs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violeta Beleva Guthrie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Q Naiman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Karchin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SubClonal Hierarchy Inference from Somatic Mutations: automatic reconstruction of cancer evolutionary trees from multi-region next generation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HISAT: Hierarchical Indexing for Spliced Alignment of Transcripts 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HISAT is a new, highly efficient system for alignment of sequences from RNA sequencing experiments that achieves dramatically faster performance than previous methods. HISAT uses a new indexing scheme, hierarchical indexing, which is based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index. Hierarchical indexing employs two types of indexes for alignment: (1) a whole-genome FM index to anchor each alignment, and (2) numerous local FM indexes for very rapid extensions of these alignments. HISATs hierarchical index for the human genome contains 48,000 local FM indexes, each representing a genomic region of ~64,000 bp. The algorithm includes several customized alignment strategies specifically designed for mapping RNA-seq reads across multiple exons. In tests on a variety of real and simulated data sets, we show that HISAT is the fastest system currently available, approximately 50 times faster than TopHat2 and 12 times faster than GSNAP, with equal or better accuracy than any other method. Despite its very large number of indexes, HISAT requires only 4.3 Gigabytes of memory to align reads to the human genome. HISAT supports genomes of any size, including those larger than 4 billion bases. HISAT is available as free, open-source software from http://www.ccb.jhu.edu/software/hisat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daehwan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HISAT: Hierarchical Indexing for Spliced Alignment of Transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different DNA repair pathways are required following excision and integration of the DNA cut &amp;amp; paste transposon piggyBat in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The movement of transposable elements from place to place in a genome requires both element-encoded and host-encoded factors. In DNA cut & paste transposition, the element-encoded transposase performs the DNA breakage and joining reactions that excise the element from the donor site and integrate it into the new insertion site. Host factors can influence many aspects of transposition. Notably, host DNA repair factors mediate the regeneration of intact duplex DNA necessary after transposase action by repairing the double strand break in the broken donor backbone, from which the transposon has excised, and repairing the single strand gaps that flank the newly inserted transposon. We have exploited the ability of the mammalian transposon piggyBat, a member of the piggyBac superfamily, to transpose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used the yeast single gene deletion collection to screen for genes encoding host factors involved in piggyBat transposition. piggyBac transposition is distinguished by the fact that piggyBac elements insert into TTAA target sites and also that the donor backbone is restored to its pre-transposon sequence after transposon excision, that is, excision is precise. We have found that repair of the broken donor backbone requires the non-homologous end-joining repair pathway (NHEJ). By contrast, NHEJ is not required for DNA repair at the new insertion site. Thus multiple DNA repair pathways are required for piggyBac transposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weifeng She</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney Busch Cambouris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy L. Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different DNA repair pathways are required following excision and integration of the DNA cut &amp;amp; paste transposon piggyBat in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible expressed region analysis for RNA-seq with derfinder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDifferential expression analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data typically relies on reconstructing transcripts or counting reads that overlap known gene structures. We previously introduced an intermediate statistical approach called differentially expressed region (DER) finder that seeks to identify contiguous regions of the genome showing differential expression signal at single base resolution without relying on existing annotation or potentially inaccurate transcript assembly.nnResultsWe present the derfinder software that improves our annotation-agnostic approach to RNA-seq analysis by: (1) implementing a computationally efficient bump-hunting approach to identify DERs which permits genome-scale analyses in a large number of samples, (2) introducing a flexible statistical modeling framework, including multi-group and time-course analyses and (3) introducing a new set of data visualizations for expressed region analysis. We apply this approach to public RNA-seq data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and BrainSpan project to show that derfinder permits the analysis of hundreds of samples at base resolution in R, identifies expression outside of known gene boundaries and can be used to visualize expressed regions at base-resolution. In simulations our base resolution approaches enable discovery in the presence of incomplete annotation and is nearly as powerful as feature-level methods when the annotation is complete.nnConclusionsderfinder analysis using expressed region-level and single base-level approaches provides a compromise between full transcript reconstruction and feature-level analysis.nnThe package is available from Bioconductor at www.bioconductor.org/packages/derfinder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyssa C Frazee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Wilks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael I Love</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael A Irizarry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible expressed region analysis for RNA-seq with derfinder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial model predicts dispersal and cell turnover cause reduced intra-tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancers in humans are large, measuring centimeters in diameter, composed of many billions of cells. An equivalent mass of normal cells would be highly heterogeneous as a result of the mutations that occur during each cell division. What is remarkable about cancers is their homogeneity - virtually every neoplastic cell within a large cancer contains the same core set of genetic alterations, with heterogeneity confined to mutations that have emerged after the last clonal expansions. How such clones expand within the spatially-constrained three dimensional architecture of a tumor, and come to dominate a large, pre-existing lesion, has never been explained. We here describe a model for tumor evolution that shows how short-range migration and cell turnover can account for rapid cell mixing inside the tumor. With it, we show that even a small selective advantage of a single cell within a large tumor allows the descendants of that cell to replace the precursor mass in a clinically relevant time frame. We also demonstrate that the same mechanisms can be responsible for the rapid onset of resistance to chemotherapy. Our model not only provides novel insights into spatial and temporal aspects of tumor growth but also suggests that targeting short range cellular migratory activity could have dramatic effects on tumor growth rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlomiej Waclaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivana Bozic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith E Pittman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph H Hruban</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bert Vogelstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin A Nowak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial model predicts dispersal and cell turnover cause reduced intra-tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choosing subsamples for sequencing studies by minimizing the average distance to the closest leaf 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPImputation of genotypes in a study sample can make use of sequenced or densely genotyped external reference panels consisting of individuals that are not from the study sample. It can also employ internal reference panels, incorporating a subset of individuals from the study sample itself. Internal panels offer an advantage over external panels, as they can reduce imputation errors arising from genetic dissimilarity between a population of interest and a second, distinct population from which the external reference panel has been constructed. As the cost of next-generation sequencing decreases, internal reference panel selection is becoming increasingly feasible. However, it is not clear how best to select individuals to include in such panels. We introduce a new method for selecting an internal reference panel--minimizing the average distance to the closest leaf (ADCL)--and compare its performance relative to an earlier algorithm: maximizing phylogenetic diversity (PD). Employing both simulated data and sequences from the 1000 Genomes Project, we show that ADCL provides a significant improvement in imputation accuracy, especially for imputation of sites with low-frequency alleles. This improvement in imputation accuracy is robust to changes in reference panel size, marker density, and length of the imputation target region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan T. L. Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Zöllner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah A. Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choosing subsamples for sequencing studies by minimizing the average distance to the closest leaf]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building Genomic Analysis Pipelines in a Hackathon Setting with Bioinformatician Teams: DNA-seq, Epigenomics, Metagenomics and RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We assembled teams of genomics professionals to assess whether we could rapidly develop pipelines to answer biological questions commonly asked by biologists and others new to bioinformatics by facilitating analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. In January 2015, teams were assembled on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) campus to address questions in the DNA-seq, epigenomics, metagenomics and RNA-seq subfields of genomics. The only two rules for this hackathon were that either the data used were housed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or would be submitted there by a participant in the next six months, and that all software going into the pipeline was open-source or open-use. Questions proposed by organizers, as well as suggested tools and approaches, were distributed to participants a few days before the event and were refined during the event. Pipelines were published on GitHub, a web service providing publicly available, free-usage tiers for collaborative software development (https://github.com/features/). The code was published at https://github.com/DCGenomics/ with separate repositories for each team, starting with hackathon_v001.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Busby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allissa Dillman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire L. Simpson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian Fingerman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sijung Yun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David M. Kristensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Federer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naisha Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew C. LaFave</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Jimenez-Barron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manusha Pande</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cem Mayden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhruva Chandramohan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipper Fletez-Brant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul W. Bible</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergej Nowoshilow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfred Chan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric JC Galvez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy Chignell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph N. Paulson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoj Kandpal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhyeon Yoon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esther Asaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Stine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Sanders</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesse Becker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt Lesko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordechai Abzug</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugene Yaschenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building Genomic Analysis Pipelines in a Hackathon Setting with Bioinformatician Teams: DNA-seq, Epigenomics, Metagenomics and RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Big city, small world: Density, contact rates, and transmission of dengue across Pakistan. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroscopic descriptions of populations commonly assume that encounters between individuals are well mixed; i.e., each individual has an equal chance of coming into contact with any other individual. Relaxing this assumption can be challenging though, due to the difficulty of acquiring detailed knowledge about the non-random nature of encounters. Here, we fitted a mathematical model of dengue virus transmission to spatial time series data from Pakistan and compared maximum-likelihood estimates of "mixing parameters" when disaggregating data across an urban-rural gradient. We show that dynamics across this gradient are subject not only to differing transmission intensities but also to differing strengths of nonlinearity due to differences in mixing. We furthermore show that neglecting spatial variation in mixing can lead to substantial underestimates of the level of effort needed to control a pathogen with vaccines or other control efforts. We complement this analysis with relevant contemporary environmental drivers of dengue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moritz U. G. Kraemer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T. Alex Perkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek A.T. Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubeena Zakar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon I. Hay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David L. Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert C. Reiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Big city, small world: Density, contact rates, and transmission of dengue across Pakistan.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteins linked to autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders harbor characteristic rare missense mutation distribution patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of rare missense variants in disease causation remains difficult to interpret. We explore whether the clustering pattern of rare missense variants (MAF<0.01) in a protein is associated with mode of inheritance. Mutations in genes associated with autosomal dominant (AD) conditions are known to result in either loss or gain of function, whereas mutations in genes associated with autosomal recessive (AR) conditions invariably result in loss of function. Loss-of-function mutations tend to be distributed uniformly along protein sequence, while gain-of-function mutations tend to localize to key regions. It has not previously been ascertained whether these patterns hold in general for rare missense mutations. We consider the extent to which rare missense variants are located within annotated protein domains and whether they form clusters, using a new unbiased method called CLUstering by Mutation Position (CLUMP). These approaches quantified a significant difference in clustering between AD and AR diseases. Proteins linked to AD diseases exhibited more clustering of rare missense mutations than those linked to AR diseases (Wilcoxon P=5.7x10-4, permutation P=8.4x10-4). Rare missense mutation in proteins linked to either AD or AR diseases were more clustered than controls (1000G) (Wilcoxon P=2.8x10-15 for AD and P=4.5x10-4 for AR, permutation P=3.1x10-12 for AD and P=0.03 for AR). Differences in clustering patterns persisted even after removal of the most prominent genes. Testing for such non-random patterns may reveal novel aspects of disease etiology in large sample studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tychele Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Douville</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter D Stenson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravinda Chakravarti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Karchin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteins linked to autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders harbor characteristic rare missense mutation distribution patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing and interpreting limiting dilution assays: general principles and applications to the latent reservoir for HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limiting dilution assays are commonly used to measure the extent of infection, and in the context of HIV they represent an essential tool for studying latency and potential curative strategies. To assist investigators using dilution assays, we illustrate the major statistical method for estimating the frequency of infected cells (or other infectious units) from assay results, and we offer an online tool for computing this estimate. We then recommend a procedure for optimizing assay design to achieve any desired set of sensitivity and precision goals, subject to experimental constraints. We discuss challenges involved in interpreting experiments in which no viral growth is observed and explain how using alternative measures for viral outgrowth may make measurement of HIV latency more efficient. Finally, we discuss how biological complications - such as probabilistic growth of a small infection in culture - alter interpretations of experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel I S Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Elliott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Henrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janet M Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert F Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing and interpreting limiting dilution assays: general principles and applications to the latent reservoir for HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing A/B compartments as revealed by Hi-C using long-range correlations in epigenetic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of Hi-C data has shown that the genome can be divided into two compartments called A/B compartments. These compartments are cell-type specific and are associated with open and closed chromatin. We show that A/B compartments can be reliably estimated using epigenetic data from several different platforms, the Illumina 450k DNA methylation microarray, DNase hypersensitivity sequencing, single-cell ATAC sequencing and single-cell whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. We do this by exploiting the fact that the structure of long range correlations differs between open and closed compartments. This work makes A/B compartments readily available in a wide variety of cell types, including many human cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean-Philippe Fortin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing A/B compartments as revealed by Hi-C using long-range correlations in epigenetic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rail-RNA: Scalable analysis of RNA-seq splicing and coverage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments now span hundreds to thousands of samples. Current spliced alignment software is designed to analyze each sample separately. Consequently, no information is gained from analyzing multiple samples together, and it is difficult to reproduce the exact analysis without access to original computing resources. We describe Rail-RNA, a cloud-enabled spliced aligner that analyzes many samples at once. Rail-RNA eliminates redundant work across samples, making it more efficient as samples are added. For many samples, Rail-RNA is more accurate than annotation-assisted aligners. We use Rail-RNA to align 667 RNA-seq samples from the GEUVADIS project on Amazon Web Services in under 16 hours for US$0.91 per sample. Rail-RNA produces alignments and base-resolution bigWig coverage files, ready for use with downstream packages for reproducible statistical analysis. We identify expressed regions in the GEUVADIS samples and show that both annotated and unannotated (novel) expressed regions exhibit consistent patterns of variation across populations and with respect to known confounders. Rail-RNA is open-source software available at http://rail.bio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado-Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José Alquicira-Hernández</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob Pritt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Morton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rail-RNA: Scalable analysis of RNA-seq splicing and coverage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIK3CA Mutational Analysis in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Archival Tissues of Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUrothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the fourth most common cancer in males in the United States. In addition to mutations in FGFR3, TP53, AKT1, TSC1, and PTEN genes, mutations in PIK3CA have been also described in urothelial carcinomas, preferentially in low-grade tumors. Mutations in PIK3CA also has been shown to have implications for prognosis, surveillance and therapeutic response. Thus, determining the PIK3CA status in urothelial carcinomas could potentially improved the clinical management of patients with bladder cancer. Herein, we evaluated the presence of PIK3CA mutations in exons 1, 9, and 20 in 21 urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder.nnMethodsPatients were treated by radical cystectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Representative tissue blocks (1 for each case) were selected. We used a pinpoint DNA extraction technique from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and mutational analysis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay coupled with sequencing of targeted exons. Patients included 15 men and 6 women, with a median age of 68 years (range, 42 to 76 years), with 3 noninvasive and 18 invasive urothelial carcinomas. Noninvasive carcinomas included 1 case each of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS). Invasive tumors included 3 pT1, 5 pT2, 6 pT3, and 4 pT4 urothelial carcinomas.nnResultsWe did not find mutations in the analyzed exons of the PIK3CA gene, in any of the 21 urothelial carcinomas. The preponderance of invasive high-grade and high-stage tumors could explain the absence of identifiable mutations in our cohort.nnConclusionsPIK3CA mutations as prognosti-cators of outcome or predictors of therapeutic response await further evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alcides Chaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie S. Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciana Schultz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roula Albadine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sana Jadallah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen M. Murphy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana Teheri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark P. Schoenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George J. Netto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIK3CA Mutational Analysis in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Archival Tissues of Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractCollective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions. In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and, little is known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single cell sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored if cell-cell communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular sensing enables detection of and response to shallow Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing. Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David Ellison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Mugler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Brennan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung Hoon Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Huebner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliah Shamir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura A Woo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Amar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilya Nemenman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew J Ewald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre Levchenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Main text Methods References The impact of environment on human health is dramatic, with major risk factors including substance use1, diet2 and exercise3. However, identifying interactions between the environment and an individuals genetic background (GxE) has been hampered by statistical and computational challenges4,5. By combining RNA sequencing of whole blood and extensive environmental annotations collected from 922 individuals6, we have evaluated GxE interactions at a cellular level. We have developed EAGLE, a hierarchical Bayesian model for identifying GxE interactions based on association between environment and allele-specific expression (ASE). EAGLE inc ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crucial Roles of the Arp2/3 Complex during Mammalian Corticogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polarity and organization of radial glial cells (RGCs), which serve as both stem cells and scaffolds for neuronal migration, are crucial for cortical development. However, the cytoskeletal mechanisms that drive radial glial outgrowth and maintain RGC polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 complex, the unique actin nucleator that produces branched actin networks, plays essential roles in RGC polarity and morphogenesis. Disruption of the Arp2/3 complex in RGCs retards process outgrowth toward the basal surface and impairs apical polarity and adherens junctions. Whereas the former is correlated with abnormal actin-based leading edge, the latter is consistent with blockage in membrane trafficking. These defects result in altered cell fate, disrupted cortical lamination and abnormal angiogenesis. In addition, we present evidence that the Arp2/3 complex is a cell-autonomous regulator of neuronal migration. Our data suggest that Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly may be particularly important for neuronal cell motility in soft or poorly adhesive matrix environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pei-Shan Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu-Sheng Chou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fengli Guo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praveen Suraneni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sree Ramachandran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong Li</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crucial Roles of the Arp2/3 Complex during Mammalian Corticogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing detects structural variants in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in sequencing, structural variants (SVs) remain difficult to reliably detect due to the short read length (<300bp) of 2nd generation sequencing. Not only do the reads (or paired-end reads) need to straddle a breakpoint, but repetitive elements often lead to ambiguities in the alignment of short reads. We propose to use the long-reads (up to 20kb) possible with 3rd generation sequencing, specifically nanopore sequencing on the MinION. Nanopore sequencing relies on a similar concept to a Coulter counter, reading the DNA sequence from the change in electrical current resulting from a DNA strand being forced through a nanometer-sized pore embedded in a membrane. Though nanopore sequencing currently has a relatively high mismatch rate that precludes base substitution and small frameshift mutation detection, its accuracy is sufficient for SV detection because of its long reads. In fact, long reads in some cases may improve SV detection efficiency.nnWe have tested nanopore sequencing to detect a series of well-characterized SVs, including large deletions, inversions, and translocations that inactivate the CDKN2A/p16 and SMAD4/DPC4 tumor suppressor genes in pancreatic cancer. Using PCR amplicon mixes, we have demonstrated that nanopore sequencing can detect large deletions, translocations and inversions at dilutions as low as 1:100, with as few as 500 reads per sample. Given the speed, small footprint, and low capital cost, nanopore sequencing could become the ideal tool for the low-level detection of cancer-associated SVs needed for molecular relapse, early detection, or therapeutic monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexis L. Norris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael E. Workman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunfan Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R. Eshleman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winston Timp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing detects structural variants in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Analysis of Cortical Tissue Reveals Shared Sets of Down-Regulated Genes in Autism and Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism (AUT), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BPD) are three highly heritable neuropsychiatric conditions. Clinical similarities and genetic overlap between the three disorders have been reported; however, the causes and the downstream effects of this overlap remain elusive. By analyzing transcriptomic RNA-Sequencing data generated from post-mortem cortical brain tissues from AUT, SCZ, BPD and control subjects, we have begun to characterize the extent of gene expression overlap between these disorders. We report that the AUT and SCZ transcriptomes are significantly correlated (p<0.001), while the other two cross disorder comparisons (AUT-BPD, SCZ-BPD) are not. Among AUT and SCZ, we find that the genes differentially expressed across disorders are involved in neurotransmission and synapse regulation. Despite lack of global transcriptomic overlap across all three disorders, we highlight two genes, IQSEC3 and COPS7A, which are significantly down-regulated compared to controls across all three disorders, suggesting either shared etiology or compensatory changes across these neuropsychiatric conditions. Finally, we tested for enrichment of genes differentially expressed across disorders in genetic association signals in AUT, SCZ or BPD, reporting lack of signal in any of the previously published GWAS. Together, these studies highlight the importance of examining gene expression from the primary tissue involved in neuropsychiatric conditions, cortical brain. We identify a shared role for altered neurotransmission and synapse regulation in AUT and SCZ, in addition to two genes that may more generally contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shannon E Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca Panitch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew West</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan E Arking</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Analysis of Cortical Tissue Reveals Shared Sets of Down-Regulated Genes in Autism and Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of the archaea, bacteria, and viruses from a halite endolithic microbial community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Halite endoliths in the Atacama Desert represent one of the most extreme microbial ecosystems on Earth. Here we sequenced and characterized a shotgun metagenome from halite nodules collected in Salar Grande, Chile. The community is dominated by archaea and functional analysis attributed most of the autotrophic CO2 fixation to a unique cyanobacterium. The assembled 1.1 Mbp genome of a novel nanohaloarchaeon, Candidatus Nanopetramus SG9, revealed a photoheterotrophic life style and a low median isoelectric point (pI) for all predicted proteins, suggesting a "salt-in" strategy for osmotic balance. Predicted proteins of the algae identified in the community also had pI distributions similar to "salt-in" strategists. The Nanopetramus genome contained a unique CRISPR/Cas system with a spacer that matched a partial viral genome from the metagenome. A combination of reference-independent methods identified over 30 complete or near complete viral or proviral genomes with diverse genome structure, genome size, gene content, and hosts. Putative hosts included Halobacteriaceae, Nanohaloarchaea, and Cyanobacteria. Despite the dependence of the halite community on deliquescence for liquid water availability, this study exposed an ecosystem spanning three phylogenetic domains, containing a large diversity of viruses, and a predominant "salt-in" strategy to balance the high osmotic pressure of the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander Crits-Christoph</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego R Gelsinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacek Wierzchos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques Ravel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso Davila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Cristina Casero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jocelyne DiRuggiero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of the archaea, bacteria, and viruses from a halite endolithic microbial community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Models for Population Dynamics 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell growth and division are stochastic processes that exhibit significant amount of cell-to-cell variation and randomness. In order to connect single cell division dynamics with overall cell population, stochastic population models are needed. We summarize the basic concepts, computational approaches and discuss simple applications of this modeling approach to understanding cancer cell population growth as well as population fluctuations in experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sean Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Models for Population Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/032342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore Sequencing in Microgravity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/032342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to perform remote, in situ sequencing and diagnostics has been a long-sought goal for point-of-care medicine and portable DNA/RNA measurements. This technological advancement extends to missions beyond Earth as well, both for crew health and astrobiology applications. However, most commercially available sequencing technologies are ill-suited for space flight for a variety of reasons, including excessive volume and mass, and insufficient ruggedization for spaceflight. Portable and lightweight nanopore-based sequencers, which analyze nucleic acids electrochemically, are inherently much better suited to spaceflight, and could potentially be incorporated into future missions with only minimal modification. As a first step toward evaluating the performance of nanopore sequencers in a microgravity environment, we tested the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION in a parabolic flight simulator to examine the effect of reduced gravity on DNA sequencing. The instrument successfully generated three reads, averaging 2,371 bases. However, the median current was shifted across all reads and the error profiles changed compared with operation of the sequencer on the ground, indicating that distinct computational methods may be needed for such data. We evaluated existing methods and propose two new methods; the first new method is based on a wave-fingerprint method similar to that of the Shazam model for matching periodicity information in music, and the second is based on entropy signal mapping. These tools provide a unique opportunity for nucleic acid sequencing in reduced gravity environments. Finally, we discuss the lessons learned from the parabolic flight as they would apply to performing DNA sequencing with the MinION aboard the International Space Station.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexa B.R. McIntyre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay Rizzardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angela M Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gail L. Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas J. Botkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristen K. John</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah L. Castro-Wallace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron S. Burton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher E. Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/032342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore Sequencing in Microgravity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic and functional substrate specificity for endolithic microbial communities in hyper-arid environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under extreme water deficit, endolithic (inside rock) microbial ecosystems are considered environmental refuges for life in cold and hot deserts, yet their diversity and functional adaptations remain vastly unexplored. The metagenomic analyses of the communities from two rock substrates, calcite and ignimbrite, revealed that they were dominated by Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The relative distribution of major phyla was significantly different between the two substrates and biodiversity estimates, from 16S rRNA gene sequences and from the metagenome data, all pointed to a higher taxonomic diversity in the calcite community. While both endolithic communities showed adaptations to extreme aridity and to the rock habitat, their functional capabilities revealed significant differences. ABC transporters and pathways for osmoregulation were more diverse in the calcite chasmoendolithic community. In contrast, the ignimbrite cryptoendolithic community was enriched in pathways for secondary metabolites, such as non-ribosomal peptides (NRPS) and polyketides (PKS). Assemblies of the metagenome data produced population genomes for the major phyla found in both communities and revealed a greater diversity of Cyanobacteria population genomes for the calcite substrate. Draft genomes of the dominant Cyanobacteria in each community were constructed with more than 93% estimated completeness. The two annotated proteomes shared 64% amino acid identity and a significantly higher number of genes involved in iron update, and NRPS gene clusters, were found in the draft genomes from the ignimbrite. Both the community-wide and genome-specific differences may be related to higher water availability and the colonization of large fissures and cracks in the calcite in contrast to a harsh competition for colonization space and nutrient resources in the narrow pores of the ignimbrite. Together, these results indicated that the habitable architecture of both lithic substrates-chasmoendolithic versus cryptoendolithic - might be an essential element in determining the colonization and the diversity of the microbial communities in endolithic substrates at the dry limit for life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander Crits-Christoph</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney K Robinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques Ravel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacek Wierzchos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmen Ascaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavio Artieda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virginia Souza-Egipsy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Cristina Casero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jocelyne DiRuggiero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic and functional substrate specificity for endolithic microbial communities in hyper-arid environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Modeling of Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in women, exceeded only by lung cancer. Specifically, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis, as it is more invasive and lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors that can be targeted with therapies. Due to the need for effective therapies for this type of breast cancer, it is critical to develop methods to (1) understand how TNBC progresses and (2) facilitate development of effective therapies. Here, we describe a multiscale model focusing on tumor formation. Our approach uses multiple scales to investigate the progression and possible treatments of tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerri-Ann Norton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meghan M McCabe Pryor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksander S Popel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Modeling of Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Winners curse correction and variable thresholding improve performance of polygenic risk modeling based on summary-level data from genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent heritability analyses have indicated that genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have the potential to improve genetic risk prediction for complex diseases based on polygenic risk score (PRS), a simple modelling technique that can be implemented using summary-level data from the discovery samples. We herein propose modifications to improve the performance of PRS. We introduce threshold-dependent winners-curse adjustments for marginal association coefficients that are used to weight the SNPs in PRS. Further, as a way to incorporate external functional/annotation knowledge that could identify subsets of SNPs highly enriched for associations, we propose variable thresholds for SNPs selection. We applied our methods to GWAS summary-level data of 14 complex diseases. Across all diseases, a simple winners curse correction uniformly led to enhancement of performance of the models, whereas incorporation of functional SNPs was beneficial only for selected diseases. Compared to the standard PRS algorithm, the proposed methods in combination led to notable gain in efficiency (25-50% increase in the prediction R2) for 5 of 14 diseases. As an example, for GWAS of type 2 diabetes, winners curse correction improved prediction R2 from 2.29% based on the standard PRS to 3.10% (P=0.0017) and incorporating functional annotation data further improved R2 to 3.53% (P=2{chi}10-5). Our simulation studies illustrate why differential treatment of certain categories of functional SNPs, even when shown to be highly enriched for GWAS-heritability, does not lead to proportionate improvement in genetic risk-prediction because of non-uniform linkage disequilibrium structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JuHyun Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubao Duan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonja Berndt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winton Moy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing Hua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debra Silverman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montserrat Garcia-Closas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao Agnes Hsiung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonine D. Figueroa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria K. Cortessis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuria Malats</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret R. Karagas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolo Vineis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>I-Shou Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongxin Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baosen Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeline Seow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keitaro Matsuo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun-Chul Hong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil E. Caporaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Wolpin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Jacobs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloria Petersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donghui Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey Risch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan R. Sanders</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Hsu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert E. Schoen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann Brenner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Gejman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing Lan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel Rothman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufey T. Amundadottir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison P. Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Teresa Landi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F. Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Winners curse correction and variable thresholding improve performance of polygenic risk modeling based on summary-level data from genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A protein truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a search for protein truncating variants conferring protection against inflammatory bowel disease exploiting knowledge of common variants associated with the same disease. We found that a protein truncating variant (rs36095412, p.R179X, genotyped in 11,148 ulcerative colitis patients and 295,446 controls, MAF = up to 0.78%) in RNF186, a single-exon ring finger E3 ligase with strong colonic expression, protects against ulcerative colitis (overall P = 6.89x10-7, odds ratio (OR) = 0.30). We further demonstrate that the truncated protein is expressed, suggesting the protective mechanism may reside in the loss of an interaction or function via mislocalization or loss of an essential protein element.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel A Rivas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Graham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Sulem</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Stevens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole Desch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Goyette</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Gudbjartsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingileif Jonsdottir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unnur Thorsteinsdottir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frauke Degenhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soren Mucha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja I Kurki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro D'Amato</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vito Annese</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severine Vermeire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinse Weersma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas Halfvarsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulina Paavola-Sakki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maarit Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monkol Lek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beryl Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taru Tukianen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talin Haritunians</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leena Halme</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotta Koskinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashwin Ananthakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham A Heap</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marijn Visschedijk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UK IBD Genetics Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel G MacArthur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin M Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq Ahmad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl A Anderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steve</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A protein truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rail-dbGaP: analyzing dbGaP-protected data in the cloud with Amazon Elastic MapReduce 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation: Public archives contain thousands of trillions of bases of valuable sequencing data. More than 40% of the Sequence Read Archive is human data protected by provisions such as dbGaP To analyze dbGaP-protected data, researchers must typically work with IT administrators and signing officials to ensure all levels of security are implemented at their institution. This is a major obstacle, impeding reproducibility and reducing the utility of archived data.nnResults: We present a protocol and software tool for analyzing protected data in a commercial cloud. The protocol, Rail-dbGaP, is applicable to any tool running on Amazon Web Services Elastic MapReduce. The tool, Rail-RNA v0.2, is a spliced aligner for RNA- seq data, which we demonstrate by running on 9,662 samples from the dbGaP-protected GTEx consortium dataset. The Rail-dbGaP protocol makes explicit for the first time the steps an investigator must take to develop Elastic MapReduce pipelines that analyze dbGaP-protected data in a manner compliant with NIH guidelines. Rail-RNA automates implementation of the protocol, making it easy for typical biomedical investigators to study protected RNA-seq data, regardless of their local IT resources or expertise.nnAvailability: Rail-RNA is available from http://rail.bio. Technical details on the Rail-dbGaP protocol as well as an implementation walkthrough are available at https://github.com/nellore/rail-dbgap. Detailed instructions on running Rail-RNA on dbGaP-protected data using Amazon Web Services are available at http://docs.rail.bio/dbgap/.nnContact: anellore@gmail.com, langmea@cs.jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Wilks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rail-dbGaP: analyzing dbGaP-protected data in the cloud with Amazon Elastic MapReduce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Prediction of DNase I Hypersensitivity Using Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We evaluate the feasibility of using a biological samples transcriptome to predict its genome-wide regulatory element activities measured by DNase I hypersensitivity (DH). We develop BIRD, Big Data Regression for predicting DH, to handle this high-dimensional problem. Applying BIRD to the Encyclopedia of DNA Element (ENCODE) data, we found that gene expression to a large extent predicts DH, and information useful for prediction is contained in the whole transcriptome rather than limited to a regulatory elements neighboring genes. We show that the predicted DH predicts transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), prediction models trained using ENCODE data can be applied to gene expression samples in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to predict regulome, and one can use predictions as pseudo-replicates to improve the analysis of high-throughput regulome profiling data. Besides improving our understanding of the regulome-transcriptome relationship, this study suggests that transcriptome-based prediction can provide a useful new approach for regulome mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiqiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Sherwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhicheng Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang Du</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiawei Bai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongkai Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Prediction of DNase I Hypersensitivity Using Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Prediction of Chromatin Accessibility Using RNA-seq from Small Number of Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional high-throughput technologies for mapping regulatory element activities such as ChIP-seq, DNase-seq and FAIRE-seq cannot analyze samples with small number of cells. The recently developed ATAC-seq allows regulome mapping in small-cell-number samples, but its signal in single cell or samples with [&le;]500 cells remains discrete or noisy. Compared to these technologies, measuring transcriptome by RNA-seq in single-cell and small-cell-number samples is more mature. Here we show that one can globally predict chromatin accessibility and infer regulome using RNA-seq. Genome-wide chromatin accessibility predicted by RNA-seq from 30 cells is comparable with ATAC-seq from 500 cells. Predictions based on single-cell RNA-seq can more accurately reconstruct bulk chromatin accessibility than using single-cell ATAC-seq by pooling the same number of cells. Integrating ATAC-seq with predictions from RNA-seq increases power of both methods. Thus, transcriptome-based prediction can provide a new tool for decoding gene regulatory programs in small-cell-number samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiqiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhicheng Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongkai Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Prediction of Chromatin Accessibility Using RNA-seq from Small Number of Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time predictions of reservoir size and rebound time during antiretroviral therapy interruption trials for HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the efficacy of novel reservoir-reducing treatments for HIV is challenging. The limited ability to sample and quantify latent infection means that supervised antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption studies are generally required. Here we introduce a set of mathematical and statistical modeling tools to aid in the design and interpretation of ART-interruption trials. We show how the likely size of the remaining reservoir can be updated in real-time as patients continue off treatment, by combining the output of laboratory assays with insights from models of reservoir dynamics and rebound. We design an optimal schedule for viral load sampling during interruption, whereby the frequency of follow-up can be decreased as patients continue off ART without rebound. While this scheme can minimize costs when the chance of rebound between visits is low, we find that the reservoir will be almost completely reseeded before rebound is detected unless sampling occurs at least every two weeks and the most sensitive viral load assays are used. We use simulated data to predict the clinical trial size needed to estimate treatment effects in the face of highly variable patient outcomes and imperfect reservoir assays. Our findings suggest that large numbers of patients - between 40 and 150 - will be necessary to reliably estimate the reservoir-reducing potential of a new therapy and to compare this across interventions. As an example, we apply these methods to the two "Boston patients", recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants who experienced large reductions in latent infection and underwent ART-interruption. We argue that the timing of viral rebound was not particularly surprising given the information available before treatment cessation. Additionally, we show how other clinical data can be used to estimate the relative contribution that remaining HIV+ cells in the recipient versus newly infected cells from the donor made to the residual reservoir that eventually caused rebound. Together, these tools will aid HIV researchers in the evaluating new potentially-curative strategies that target the latent reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Scholes Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Hanhauser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Kuritzkes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert F Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Henrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time predictions of reservoir size and rebound time during antiretroviral therapy interruption trials for HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human splicing diversity across the Sequence Read Archive 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We aligned 21,504 publicly available Illumina-sequenced human RNA-seq samples from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) to the human genome and compared detected exon-exon junctions with junctions in several recent gene annotations. 56,865 junctions (18.6%) found in at least 1,000 samples were not annotated, and their expression associated with tissue type. Newer samples contributed few novel well-supported junctions, with 96.1% of junctions detected in at least 20 reads across samples present in samples before 2013. Junction data is compiled into a resource called intropolis available at http://intropolis.rail.bio. We discuss an application of this resource to cancer involving a recently validated isoform of the ALK gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Philippe Fortin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José Alquicira-Hernández</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado-Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siruo Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A Phillips</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishika Karbhari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human splicing diversity across the Sequence Read Archive]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information-dependent Enrichment Analysis Reveals Time-dependent Transcriptional Regulation of the Estrogen Pathway of Toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The twenty-first century vision for toxicology involves a transition away from high-dose animal studies and into in vitro and computational models. This movement requires mapping pathways of toxicity through an understanding of how in vitro systems respond to chemical perturbation. Uncovering transcription factors responsible for gene expression patterns is essential for defining pathways of toxicity, and ultimately, for determining chemical mode of action, through which a toxicant acts. Traditionally this is achieved via chromatin immunoprecipitation studies and summarized by calculating, which transcription factors are statistically associated with the up-and down-regulated genes. These lists are commonly determined via statistical or fold-change cutoffs, a procedure that is sensitive to statistical power and may not be relevant to determining transcription factor associations. To move away from an arbitrary statistical or fold-change based cutoffs, we have developed in the context of the Mapping the Human Toxome project, a novel enrichment paradigm called Information Dependent Enrichment Analysis (IDEA) to guide identification of the transcription factor network. We used the test case of endocrine disruption of MCF-7 cells activated by 17{beta} estradiol (E2). Using this new approach, we were able to establish a time course for transcriptional and functional responses to E2. ER and ER{beta} are associated with short-term transcriptional changes in response to E2. Sustained exposure leads to the recruitment of an additional ensemble of transcription factors and alteration of cell-cycle machinery. TFAP2C and SOX2 were the transcription factors most highly correlated with dose. E2F7, E2F1 and Foxm1, which are involved in cell proliferation, were enriched only at 24h. IDEA is, therefore, a novel tool to identify candidate pathways of toxicity, clearly outperforming Gene-set Enrichment Analysis but with similar results as Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis, which helps to identify genes not annotated to pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salil N. Pendse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Maertens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipanwita Roy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rick A. Fasani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marguerite M. Vantangoli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantha J. Madnick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Boekelheide</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert J. Fornace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James D. Yager</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Hartung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melvin E. Andersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick D. McMullen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information-dependent Enrichment Analysis Reveals Time-dependent Transcriptional Regulation of the Estrogen Pathway of Toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation sequencing in neuropathological diagnosis of infections of the nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) microbiome approaches in the diagnosis of infectious disorders in brain or spinal cord biopsies in patients with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections.nnMethodsIn a prospective-pilot study, we applied NGS in combination with a new computational analysis pipeline to detect the presence of pathogenic microbes in brain or spinal cord biopsies from ten patients with neurological problems indicating possible infection but for whom conventional clinical and microbiology studies yielded negative or inconclusive results.nnResultsDirect DNA and RNA sequencing of brain tissue biopsies generated 8.3 million to 29.1 million sequence reads per sample, which successfully identified with high confidence the infectious agent in three patients, identified possible pathogens in two more, and helped to understand neuropathological processes in three others, demonstrating the power of large-scale unbiased sequencing as a novel diagnostic tool. Validation techniques confirmed the pathogens identified by NGS in each of the three positive cases. Clinical outcomes were consistent with the findings yielded by NGS on the presence or absence of an infectious pathogenic process in eight of ten cases, and were non-contributory in the remaining two.nnConclusionsNGS-guided metagenomic studies of brain, spinal cord or meningeal biopsies offer the possibility for dramatic improvements in our ability to detect (or rule out) a wide range of CNS pathogens, with potential benefits in speed, sensitivity, and cost. NGS-based microbiome approaches present a major new opportunity to investigate the potential role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steven L. Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian Breitwieser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anupama Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiping Hao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Burger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fausto J. Rodriguez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Lim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gary L. Gallia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey A. Tornheim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael T. Melia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cynthia L. Sears</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos A. Pardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation sequencing in neuropathological diagnosis of infections of the nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Techniques for Performing Cellular Isolation and Preservation during Microgravity Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic and epigenomic studies require the precise transfer of small volumes from one container to another. Epigenomic and transcriptional analysis require separation of purified cell types, and long term preservation of cells requires their isolation and transfer into appropriate freezing media. There are currently no protocols for these procedures on the ISS. Currently samples are either frozen as mixed cell populations, with poor yield, or returned under ambient conditions, requiring timing with Soyuz missions. Here, we evaluate the feasibility of translating terrestrial cell purification techniques to the ISS. Our evaluations were performed in microgravity conditions during parabolic atmospheric flight. The pipetting of open liquids in microgravity was evaluated using analog blood fluids and several types of pipette hardware. The best performing pipettes were used to evaluate the pipetting steps required for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation via density gradient centrifugation (DGC). Evaluation of actual blood products was performed for both the overlay of diluted blood, and the extraction of isolated PBMCs. We also validated magnetic purification of cells. We found that positive displacement pipettes avoided air bubbles, and the tips allowed the strong surface tension of water, glycerol and blood to maintain a patent meniscus and withstand robust pipetting in microgravity. These procedures will greatly increase the breadth of research that can be performed onboard the ISS, and allow improvised experimentation on extraterrestrial missions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsay F Rizzardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley Kunz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen Rubins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Chouker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Quiriarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarence Sams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Crucian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Techniques for Performing Cellular Isolation and Preservation during Microgravity Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the rarity of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of cases. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. We observed a global enrichment of CNV burden in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P=7.3e-5). We identified genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. We find support at a suggestive level for nine additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consist predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele Merico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenting Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniket Shetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Holmans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalila Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malholtra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouzhi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin Fuentes Fajarado</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrid Agartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esben Agerbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Albus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeline Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Atkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silviu Bacanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Belliveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Bertalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Bevilacqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Bigdeli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bruggeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy Buccola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Bulik-Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiepke Cahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiqing Cai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Cairns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Campion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Ca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boiler: Lossy compression of RNA-seq alignments using coverage vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe Boiler, a new software tool for compressing and querying large collections of RNA-seq alignments. Boiler discards most per-read data, keeping only a genomic coverage vector plus a few empirical distributions summarizing the alignments. Since most per-read data is discarded, storage footprint is often much smaller than that achieved by other compression tools. Despite this, the most relevant per-read data can be recovered; we show that Boiler compression has only a slight negative impact on results given by downstream tools for isoform assembly and quantification. Boiler also allows the user to pose fast and useful queries without decompressing the entire file. Boiler is free open source software available from github.com/jpritt/boiler.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob Pritt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boiler: Lossy compression of RNA-seq alignments using coverage vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Powerful Procedure for Pathway-based Meta-Analysis Using Summary Statistics Identifies 43 Pathways Associated with Type II Diabetes in European Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has become an effective approach for detecting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with complex traits. However, it is difficult to integrate the readily accessible SNP-level summary statistics from a meta-analysis into more powerful multi-marker testing procedures, which generally require individual-level genetic data. We developed a general procedure called Summary based Adaptive Rank Truncated Product (sARTP) for conducting gene and pathway meta-analysis that uses only SNP-level summary statistics in combination with genotype correlation estimated from a panel of individual-level genetic data. We demonstrated the validity and power advantage of sARTP through empirical and simulated data. We conducted a comprehensive pathway meta-analysis with sARTP on type 2 diabetes (T2D) by integrating SNP-level summary statistics from two large studies consisting of 19,809 T2D cases and 111,181 controls with European ancestry. Among 4,713 candidate pathways from which genes in neighborhoods of 170 GWAS established T2D loci were excluded, we detected 43 T2D globally significant pathways (with Bonferroni corrected p-values < 0.05), which included the insulin signaling pathway and T2D pathway defined by KEGG, as well as the pathways defined according to specific gene expression patterns on various tumor types, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and bladder carcinoma. Using summary data from eight eastern Asian T2D GWAS with 6,952 cases and 11,865 controls, we showed 7 out of the 43 pathways identified in European populations remained to be significant in eastern Asians at the false discovery rate of 0.1. We created a R package and a web-based tool for sARTP with the capability to analyze pathways with thousands of genes and tens of thousands of SNPs.nnAuthor SummaryAs GWAS continue to grow in sample size, it is evident that these studies need to be utilized more effectively for detecting individual susceptibility variants, and more importantly to provide insight into global genetic architecture of complex traits. Towards this goal, identifying association with respect to a collection of variants in biological pathways can be particularly insightful for understanding how networks of genes might be affecting pathophysiology of diseases. Here we present a new pathway analysis procedure that can be conducted using summary-level association statistics, which have become the main vehicle for performing meta-analysis of individual genetic variants across studies in large consortia. Through simulation studies we showed the proposed method was more powerful than the existing state-of-art method. We carried out a comprehensive pathway analysis of 4,713 candidate pathways on their association with T2D using two large studies with European ancestry and identified 43 T2D-associated pathways. Further examinations of those 43 pathways in eight Asian studies showed that some pathways were trans-ethnically associated with T2D. This analysis clearly highlights novel T2D-associated pathways beyond what has been known from single-variant association analysis reported from largest GWAS to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paula L Hyland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yifan Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Powerful Procedure for Pathway-based Meta-Analysis Using Summary Statistics Identifies 43 Pathways Associated with Type II Diabetes in European Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulating telomere length from the inside out: The replication fork model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length is regulated around an equilibrium set point. Telomeres shorten during replication and are lengthened by telomerase. Disruption of the length equilibrium leads to disease, thus it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate length at the molecular level. The prevailing protein counting model for regulating telomerase access to elongate the telomere does not explain accumulating evidence of a role of DNA replication in telomere length regulation. Here I present an alternative model: the replication fork model that can explain how passage of a replication fork and regulation of origin firing affect telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carol W Greider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulating telomere length from the inside out: The replication fork model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Times to Key Events in the Course of Zika Infection and their Implications for Surveillance: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvidence suggests that Zika virus has driven a 10-fold increase in babies born with microcephaly in Brazil, prompting the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. However, little is known about the natural history of infection. These data are critical for implementing surveillance and control measures such as protecting the blood supply.nnMethodsWe conducted a systematic review and pooled analysis to estimate the distribution of times from Zika infection to symptom onset, seroconversion, and viral clearance, and analyzed their implications for surveillance and blood supply safety.nnResultsBased on 25 cases, we estimate the median incubation period of Zika virus infection is 5.9 days (95% CI: 4.4-7.6), and that 95% of those who do develop symptoms will do so by 11.1 days post-infection (95% CI: 7.6-18.0). On average seroconversion occurs 9.0 days (95% CI, 7.0-11.6) after infection, and virus is detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CI: 6.8-21.4). In 5% of cases detectable virus persists for over 18.9 days (95% CI: 12.6-79.5). The baseline (no screening) risk of a Zika infected blood donation increases by approximately 1 in 10,000 for every 1 per 100,000 person-days increase in Zika incidence. Symptom based screening reduces this by 7% (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-0.99), and antibody screening by 29% (RR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.28-0.88).nnConclusionsSymptom or antibody-based surveillance can do little to reduce the risk of Zika contaminated blood donations. High incidence areas may consider PCR testing to identify lots safe for use in pregnant women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justin Lessler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassandra T. Ott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea C. Carcelen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob M. Konikoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe Williamson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qifang Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas G. Reich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek A. T. Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren M. Kucirka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelia H. Chaisson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Times to Key Events in the Course of Zika Infection and their Implications for Surveillance: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for acyl group discrimination by human Gcn5L2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gcn5 is a conserved acetyltransferase that regulates transcription by acetylating the N-terminal tails of histones. Motivated by recent studies identifying a chemically diverse array of lysine acyl modifications in vivo, we examined the acyl chain specificity of the acetyltransferase, human Gcn5 (Gcn5L2). Whereas Gcn5L2 robustly catalyzes lysine acetylation, the acyltransferase activity of Gcn5L2 gets progressively weaker with increasing acyl chain length. To understand how Gcn5 discriminates between different acyl-CoA molecules, we determined structures of the catalytic domain of human Gcn5L2 bound to propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA. Although the active site of Gcn5L2 can accommodate propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA without major structural rearrangements, butyryl-CoA adopts a conformation incompatible with catalysis that obstructs the path of the incoming lysine residue and acts as a competitive inhibitor for Gcn5L2 versus acetyl-CoA. These structures demonstrate how Gcn5L2 discriminates between acyl chain donors and explain why Gcn5L2 has weak activity for acyl moieties that are larger than an acetyl group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alison E. Ringel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cynthia Wolberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for acyl group discrimination by human Gcn5L2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Pan-Genomics: Status, Promises and Challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many disciplines, from human genetics and oncology to plant breeding, microbiology and virology, commonly face the challenge of analyzing rapidly increasing numbers of genomes. In case of Homo sapiens, the number of sequenced genomes will approach hundreds of thousands in the next few years. Simply scaling up established bioinformatics pipelines will not be sufficient for leveraging the full potential of such rich genomic datasets. Instead, novel, qualitatively different computational methods and paradigms are needed. We will witness the rapid extension of computational pan-genomics, a new sub-area of research in computational biology. In this paper, we generalize existing definitions and understand a pan-genome as any collection of genomic sequences to be analyzed jointly or to be used as a reference. We examine already available approaches to construct and use pan-genomes, discuss the potential benefits of future technologies and methodologies, and review open challenges from the vantage point of the above-mentioned biological disciplines. As a prominent example for a computational paradigm shift, we particularly highlight the transition from the representation of reference genomes as strings to representations as graphs. We outline how this and other challenges from different application domains translate into common computational problems, point out relevant bioinformatics techniques and identify open problems in computer science. With this review, we aim to increase awareness that a joint approach to computational pan-genomics can help address many of the problems currently faced in various domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobias Marschall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manja Marz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Abeel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis Dijkstra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bas E Dutilh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Ghaffaari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Kersey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigard Kloosterman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veli Makinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Novak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedict Paten</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Porubsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric RIVALS</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Alkan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmijn Baaijens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul I. W. de Bakker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentina Boeva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoul J.P. Bonnal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Chiaromonte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayan Chikhi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca D. Ciccarelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin Cijvat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin Datema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia M. Van Duijn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan E. Eichler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corinna Ernst</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed El-Kebir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnar W. Klau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan O Korbel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric-Wubbo Lameijer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcel Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Medvedev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C. Mu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieter Neerincx</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaasjan Ouwens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre Peterlongo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Pan-Genomics: Status, Promises and Challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87x10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53x10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmala Akula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina M Hultman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikael Landen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazda Adli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Alda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffaella Ardau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Arias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Aubry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lena Backlund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith A Badner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Barrett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard T Baune</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Bellivier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Benabarre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Bengesser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade H Berrettini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna M Biernacka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Birner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon S Bloss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Brichant-Petitjean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise T Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Cervantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Chillotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sven Cichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesc Colom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Coryell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristiana Cruceanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotr M Czerski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Dayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franziska Degenh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assemblytics: a web analytics tool for the detection of assembly-based variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryAssemblytics is a web app for detecting and analyzing structural variants from a de novo genome assembly aligned to a reference genome. It incorporates a unique anchor filtering approach to increase robustness to repetitive elements, and identifies six classes of variants based on their distinct alignment signatures. Assemblytics can be applied both to comparing aberrant genomes, such as human cancers, to a reference, or to identify differences between related species. Multiple interactive visualizations enable in-depth explorations of the genomic distributions of variants.nnAvailability and Implementationhttp://qb.cshl.edu/assemblytics, https://github.com/marianattestad/assemblyticsnnContact: mnattest@cshl.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maria Nattestad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael C Schatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assemblytics: a web analytics tool for the detection of assembly-based variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene cloning and construction of prokaryotic and plant expression vectors of RICIN-A-Chain/PAP-S1 fusion protein and its inhibition of protein synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Design of fusion DNA... DNA Sequencing RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Conclusion References Plants produce toxic proteins known as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) essential to their defense mechanism against outside pathogens. RIPs are RNA N-glycosidases that function by irreversibly inhibiting protein synthesis through the removal of one or more adenine residues from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) [1]. In addition, certain RIPs can remove adenine from DNA and other polynucleotides for which reason they are also known as polynucleotide adenosine glycosidases. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a RIP from Phytolacca americana, can cleave not only adenine, but also guanine from the rRNA of Escherichia coli. RIPs are usually categ ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasser S. Hassan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherry L. Ogg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene cloning and construction of prokaryotic and plant expression vectors of RICIN-A-Chain/PAP-S1 fusion protein and its inhibition of protein synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic miR-16-5p does not act as a reverse transcriptase co-factor to enhance detection of small RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failure to detect low-abundance microRNAs (miRNAs), for example, in circulating plasma, may occur for a variety of reasons, including presence of enzyme inhibitors. Recently, we received the unusual but intriguing suggestion that miR-16-5p acts as a co-factor of reverse transcriptases, facilitating more efficient reverse transcription of miRNAs and thus enhanced detection of low-abundance miRNAs. We tested this hypothesis by incubating reverse transcriptase with several concentrations of synthetic miR-16-5p and then performing stem-loop RT-qPCR with serial dilutions of miRNA osa-MIR168a. Our results do not support a role for miR-16 as a co-factor of reverse transcriptase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melissa A McAlexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth W Witwer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic miR-16-5p does not act as a reverse transcriptase co-factor to enhance detection of small RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting DNA Methylation using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing instruments measure the change in electric current caused by DNA transiting through the pore. In experimental and prototype nanopore sequencing devices it has been shown that the electrolytic current signals are sensitive to base modifications, such as 5-methylcytosine. Here we quantify the strength of this effect for the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer. Using synthetically methylated DNA we are able to train a hidden Markov model to distinguish 5-methylcytosine from unmethylated cytosine in DNA. We demonstrate by sequencing natural human DNA, without any special library preparation, that global patterns of methylation can be detected from low-coverage sequencing and that the methylation status of CpG islands can be reliably predicted from single MinION reads. Our trained model and prediction software is open source and freely available to the community under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jared T Simpson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael Workman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip C Zuzarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matei David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis Jonathan Dursi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winston Timp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting DNA Methylation using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient structural variations alter gene expression and quantitative traits in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large structural variations (SVs) in the genome are harder to identify than smaller genetic variants but may substantially contribute to phenotypic diversity and evolution. Here we analyze the effects of SVs on gene expression, quantitative traits, and intrinsic reproductive isolation in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We establish a high-quality curated catalog of SVs in the genomes of a worldwide library of S. pombe strains, including duplications, deletions, inversions and translocations. We show that copy number variants (CNVs) frequently segregate within closely related clonal populations, are weakly linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and show other genetic signals consistent with rapid turnover. These transient CNVs produce stoichiometric effects on gene expression both within and outside the duplicated regions. CNVs make substantial contributions to quantitative traits such as cell shape, cell growth under diverse conditions, sugar utilization in winemaking, whereas rearrangements are strongly associated with reproductive isolation. Collectively, these findings have broad implications for evolution and for our understanding of quantitative traits including complex human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Charlton Jeffares</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemency Jolly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimoza Hoti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doug Speed</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charalampos Rallis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liam Shaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois Balloux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christophe Dessimoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurg Bahler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz Sedlazeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient structural variations alter gene expression and quantitative traits in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing phylogenies of metastatic cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing the evolutionary history of metastases is critical for understanding their basic biological principles and has profound clinical implications1-3. Genome-wide sequencing data has enabled modern phylogenomic methods to accurately dissect subclones and their phylogenies from noisy and impure bulk tumor samples at unprecedented depth4-7. However, existing methods are not designed to infer metastatic seeding patterns. We have developed a tool, called Treeomics, that utilizes Bayesian inference and Integer Linear Programming to reconstruct the phylogeny of metastases. Treeomics allowed us to infer comprehensive seeding patterns for pancreatic8, ovarian9, and prostate cancers10,11. Moreover, Treeomics correctly disambiguated true seeding patterns from sequencing artifacts; 7% of variants were misclassified by conventional statistical methods. These artifacts can skew phylogenies by creating illusory tumor heterogeneity among distinct samples. Last, we performed in silico benchmarking on simulated tumor phylogenies across a wide range of sample purities (30-90%) and sequencing depths (50-800x) to demonstrate the high accuracy of Treeomics compared to existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johannes G Reiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvin P Makohon-Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M Gerold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivana Bozic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnendu Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bert Vogelstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin A Nowak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing phylogenies of metastatic cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Production of Human Erythrocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro production of erythrocytes in physiologic numbers from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) holds great promise for improved transfusion medicine and novel cell therapies. We report here, for the first time, a strategy for scalable and xeno-free differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from hiPSCs and subsequent erythrocytes specification, by using stepwise cell culture conditions and by integrating spinner flasks and rocker. This system supported robust and reproducible definitive hematopoietic differentiation of multiple hiPSC lines. We demonstrated an ultra-high yield of up to 4x109 CD235a+ erythrocytes at >98% purity when using a 1-litre spinner flask for suspension culture. Erythrocytes generated from our system can reach a mature stage with red blood cell (RBC) characteristics of enucleation, {beta}-globin protein expression and oxygen-binding ability. The entire process is xeno-free and clinically compliant, allowing future mass production of hiPSC-derived RBCs for transfusion medicine purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yongxing Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaoxie He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhaohui Ye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon Gerecht</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linzhao Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Production of Human Erythrocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombineering in C. elegans: genome editing using in vivo assembly of linear DNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombineering, the use of endogenous homologous recombination systems to recombine DNA in vivo, is a commonly used technique for genome editing in microbes. Recombineering has not yet been developed for animals, where non-homology-based mechanisms have been thought to dominate DNA repair. Here, we demonstrate that homology-dependent repair (HDR) is robust in C. elegans using linear templates with short homologies (~35 bases). Templates with homology to only one side of a double-strand break initiate repair efficiently, and short overlaps between templates support template switching. We demonstrate the use of single-stranded, bridging oligonucleotides (ssODNs) to target PCR fragments precisely to DSBs induced by CRISPR/Cas9 on chromosomes. Based on these findings, we develop recombineering strategies for genome editing that expand the utility of ssODNs and eliminate in vitro cloning steps for template construction. We apply these methods to the generation of GFP knock-in alleles and gene replacements without co-integrated markers. We conclude that, like microbes, metazoans possess robust homology-dependent repair mechanisms that can be harnessed for recombineering and genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Paix</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helen Schmidt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldine Seydoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombineering in C. elegans: genome editing using in vivo assembly of linear DNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bracken: Estimating species abundance in metagenomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a new, highly accurate statistical method that computes the abundance of species in DNA sequences from a metagenomics sample. Bracken (Bayesian Reestimation of Abundance after Classification with KrakEN) uses the taxonomy labels assigned by Kraken, a highly accurate metagenomics classification algorithm, to estimate the number of reads originating from each species present in a sample. Kraken classifies reads to the best matching location in the taxonomic tree, but does not estimate abundances of species. We use the Kraken database itself to derive probabilities that describe how much sequence from each genome is shared with other genomes in the database, and combine this information with the assignments for a particular sample to estimate abundance at the species level, the genus level, or above. Combined with the Kraken classifier, Bracken produces accurate species-and genus-level abundance estimates even when a sample contains multiple near-identical species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian P Breitwieser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Thielen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven L Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bracken: Estimating species abundance in metagenomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Figure-ground organization in visual cortex for natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Figure-ground organization and border-ownership assignment are essential for understanding natural scenes. It has been shown that many neurons in the macaque visual cortex signal border-ownership in displays of simple geometric shapes such as squares, but how well these neurons resolve border-ownership in natural scenes is not known. We studied area V2 neurons in behaving macaques with static images of complex natural scenes. We found that about half of the neurons were border-ownership selective for contours in natural scenes and this selectivity originated from the image context. The border-ownership signals emerged within 70 ms after stimulus onset, only ~30 ms after response onset. A substantial fraction of neurons were highly consistent across scenes. Thus, the cortical mechanisms of figure-ground organization are fast and efficient even in images of complex natural scenes. Understanding how the brain performs this task so fast remains a challenge.nnSignificance StatementHere we show, for the first time, that neurons in primate visual area V2 signal border-ownership for objects in complex natural scenes. Surprisingly, these signals appear as early as the border-ownership signals for simple figure displays. In fact, they emerge well before object selective activity appears in infero-temporal cortex, which rules out feedback from that region as an explanation. Thus, "objectness" is detected by extremely fast mechanisms that do not depend on feedback from the known object-recognition centers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan R. Williford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rüdiger von der Heydt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Figure-ground organization in visual cortex for natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesizer: Expediting synthesis studies from context-free data with natural language processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Todays low cost digital data provides unprecedented opportunities for scientific discovery from synthesis studies. For example, the medical field is revolutionizing patient care by creating personalized treatment plans based upon mining electronic medical records, imaging, and genomics data. Standardized annotations are essential to subsequent analyses for synthesis studies. However, accurately combining records from diverse studies requires tedious and error-prone human curation, posing a significant barrier to synthesis studies. We propose a novel natural language processing (NLP) algorithm, Synthesize, to merge data annotations automatically. Application to patient characteristics for diverse human cancers and ecological datasets demonstrates the accuracy of Synthesize in diverse scientific disciplines. This NLP approach is implemented in an open-source software package, Synthesizer. Synthesizer is a generalized, user-friendly system for error-free data merging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisa Gandy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan Gumm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Kennish</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sameer Chavan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ann Thessen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luigi Marchionni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoxan Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shambhavi Shankrit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elana J Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesizer: Expediting synthesis studies from context-free data with natural language processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two of the most consistent findings across disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) mouse models are impaired working memory and reduced number or function of parvalbumin interneurons within the prefrontal cortex. While these findings suggest parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in DISC1-related pathophysiology, to date, cortical inhibitory circuit function has not been investigated in depth in DISC1 deficiency mouse models. Here we assessed the function of a feedforward circuit between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice harboring a deletion in one allele of the Disc1 gene. We found that the inhibitory drive onto layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC was significantly reduced in the Disc1 deficient mice. This reduced inhibition was accompanied by decreased GABA release from local parvalbumin, but not somatostatin, inhibitory interneurons, and by impaired feedforward inhibition in the MD-mPFC circuit. Our results reveal a cellular mechanism by which deficiency in DISC1 causes neural circuit dysfunction frequently implicated in psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kristen Delevich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna Jaaro-Peled</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Penzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akira Sawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centrifuge: rapid and sensitive classification of metagenomic sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrifuge is a novel microbial classification engine that enables rapid, accurate and sensitive labeling of reads and quantification of species on desktop computers. The system uses an indexing scheme based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index, optimized specifically for the metagenomic classification problem. Centrifuge requires a relatively small index (4.2 GB for 4,078 bacterial and 200 archaeal genomes) and classifies sequences at very high speed, allowing it to process the millions of reads from a typical high-throughput DNA sequencing run within a few minutes. Together these advances enable timely and accurate analysis of large metagenomics data sets on conventional desktop computers. Because of its space-optimized indexing schemes, Centrifuge also makes it possible to index the entire NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequence database (a total of 109 billion bases) with an index size of 69 GB, in contrast to k-mer based indexing schemes, which require far more extensive space. Centrifuge is available as free, open-source software from www.ccb.jhu.edu/software/centrifuge
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daehwan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian P Breitwieser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven L Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centrifuge: rapid and sensitive classification of metagenomic sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of structural variation on human gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) are an important source of human genetic diversity but their contribution to traits, disease, and gene regulation remains unclear. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project presents an unprecedented opportunity to address this question due to the availability of deep whole genome sequencing (WGS) and multi-tissue RNA-seq data from 147 individuals. We used comprehensive methods to identify 24,157 high confidence SVs, and mapped cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in 13 tissues via joint analysis of SVs, single nucleotide (SNV) and short insertion/deletion (indel) variants. We identified 24,801 eQTLs affecting the expression of 10,101 distinct genes. Based on haplotype structure and heritability partitioning, we estimate that SVs are the causal variant at 3.3-7.0% of eQTLs, which is nearly an order of magnitude higher than prior estimates from low coverage WGS and represents a 26- to 54-fold enrichment relative to their scarcity in the genome. Expression-altering SVs also have significantly larger effect sizes than SNVs and indels. We identified 787 putatively causal SVs predicted to directly alter gene expression, most of which (88.3%) are noncoding variants that show significant enrichment at enhancers and other regulatory elements. By evaluating linkage disequilibrium between SVs, SNVs and indels, we nominate 49 SVs as plausible causal variants at published genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci. Remarkably, 29.9% of the common SV-eQTLs are not well tagged by flanking SNVs, and we observe a notable abundance (relative to SNVs and indels) of rare, high impact SVs associated with aberrant expression of nearby genes. These results suggest that comprehensive WGS-based SV analyses will increase the power of both common and rare variant association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colby Chiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra J Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yungil Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan N Damani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liron Ganel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald F Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ira M Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of structural variation on human gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phased Diploid Genome Assembly with Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While genome assembly projects have been successful in a number of haploid or inbred species, one of the current main challenges is assembling non-inbred or rearranged heterozygous genomes. To address this critical need, we introduce the open-source FALCON and FALCON-Unzip algorithms (https://github.com/PacificBiosciences/FALCON/) to assemble Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT(R)) Sequencing data into highly accurate, contiguous, and correctly phased diploid genomes. We demonstrate the quality of this approach by assembling new reference sequences for three heterozygous samples, including an F1 hybrid of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the widely cultivated V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, and the coral fungus Clavicorona pyxidata that have challenged short-read assembly approaches. The FALCON-based assemblies were substantially more contiguous and complete than alternate short or long-read approaches. The phased diploid assembly enabled the study of haplotype structures and heterozygosities between the homologous chromosomes, including identifying widespread heterozygous structural variations within the coding sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen-Shan Chin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Peluso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz J. Sedlazeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Nattestad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory T. Concepcion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicia Clum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Dunn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronan O'Malley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa Figueroa-Balderas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham Morales-Cruz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant R. Cramer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimo Delledonne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chongyuan Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph R. Ecker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dario Cantu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David R. Rank</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael C. Schatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phased Diploid Genome Assembly with Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-selection Inference Following Aggregate Level Hypothesis Testing in Large Scale Genomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many genomic applications, hypotheses tests are performed by aggregating test-statistics across units within naturally defined classes for powerful identification of signals. Following class-level testing, it is naturally of interest to identify the lower level units which contain true signals. Testing the individual units within a class without taking into account the fact that the class was selected using an aggregate-level test-statistic, will produce biased inference. We develop a hypothesis testing framework that guarantees control for false positive rates conditional on the fact that the class was selected. Specifically, we develop procedures for calculating unit level p-values that allows rejection of null hypotheses controlling for two types of conditional error rates, one relating to family wise rate and the other relating to false discovery rate. We use simulation studies to illustrate validity and power of the proposed procedure in comparison to several possible alternatives. We illustrate the power of the method in a natural application involving whole-genome expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis across 17 tissue types using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruth Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abba Krieger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-selection Inference Following Aggregate Level Hypothesis Testing in Large Scale Genomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
“Gap Hunting” to identify multimodal distributions of DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Illumina 450K array has been widely used in epigenetic association studies. Current quality-control (QC) pipelines typically remove certain sets of probes, such as those containing a SNP or with multiple mapping locations. An additional set of potentially problematic probes are those with DNA methylation (DNAm) distributions characterized by two or more distinct clusters separated by gaps. Data-driven identification of such probes may offer additional insights for downstream analyses.nnResultsWe developed a procedure, termed "gap hunting", to identify probes showing clustered distributions. Among 590 peripheral blood samples from the Study to Explore Early Development, we identified 11,007 "gap probes". The vast majority (9,199) are likely attributed to an underlying SNP(s) or other variant in the probe, although SNP-affected probes exist that do not produce a gap signals. Specific factors predict which SNPs lead to gap signals, including type of nucleotide change, probe type, DNA strand, and overall methylation state. These expected effects are demonstrated in paired genotype and 450k data on the same samples. Gap probes can also serve as a surrogate for the local genetic sequence on a haplotype scale and can be used to adjust for population stratification.nnConclusionsThe characteristics of gap probes reflect potentially informative biology. QC pipelines may benefit from an efficient data-driven approach that "flags" gap probes, rather than filtering such probes, followed by careful interpretation of downstream association analyses. Our results should translate directly to the recently released Illumina 850K EPIC array given the similar chemistry and content design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shan V. Andrews</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Ladd-Acosta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P. Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D. Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Daniele Fallin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[“Gap Hunting” to identify multimodal distributions of DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential energy landscapes reveal the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetics is defined as genomic modifications carrying information independent of DNA sequence heritable through cell division. In 1940, Waddington coined the term "epigenetic landscape" as a metaphor for pluripotency and differentiation, but epigenetic potential energy landscapes have not yet been rigorously defined. Using well-grounded biological assumptions and principles of statistical physics and information theory, we derive potential energy landscapes from whole genome bisulfite sequencing data that allow us to quantify methylation stochasticity genome-wide and discern epigenetic differences using Shannons entropy and the Jensen-Shannon distance. We discover a "developmental wheel" of germ cell lineages and an association between entropy and chromatin structure. Viewing methylation maintenance as a communications system, we introduce methylation channels and show that higher-order chromatin organization can be predicted from their informational properties. Our results provide a fundamental understanding of the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome and a powerful methodology for studying its role in disease and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrett Jenkinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabet Pujadas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Goutsias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential energy landscapes reveal the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the Evaluation of Cancer Driver Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing has identified millions of somatic mutations in human cancers, but distinguishing cancer driver genes remains a major challenge. Numerous methods have been developed to identify driver genes, but evaluation of the performance of these methods is hindered by the lack of a gold standard, i.e., bona fide driver gene mutations. Here, we establish an evaluation framework that can be applied when a gold standard is not available. We used this framework to compare the performance of eight driver gene prediction methods. One of these methods, newly described here, incorporated a machine learning-based ratiometric approach. We show that the driver genes predicted by each of these eight methods vary widely. Moreover, the p-values reported by several of the methods were inconsistent with the uniform values expected, thus calling into question the assumptions that were used to generate them. Finally, we evaluated the potential effects of unexplained variability in mutation rates on false positive driver gene predictions. Our analysis points to the strengths and weaknesses of each of the currently available methods and offers guidance for improving them in the future.nnSignificanceModern large-scale sequencing of human cancers seeks to comprehensively discover mutated genes that confer a selective advantage to cancer cells. Key to this effort has been development of computational algorithms to find genes that drive cancer, based on their patterns of mutation in large patient cohorts. However, since there is no generally accepted gold standard of driver genes, it has been difficult to quantitatively compare these methods. We present a new machine learning method for driver gene prediction and a rigorous protocol to evaluate and compare prediction methods. Our results suggest that most current methods do not adequately account for heterogeneity in the number of mutations expected by chance and consequently have many false positive calls. The problem is most acute for cancers with high mutation rates and comprehensive discovery of drivers in these cancers may be more difficult than currently anticipated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collin Tokheim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickolas Papadopoulis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth W Kinzler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bert Vogelstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Karchin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/060426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the Evaluation of Cancer Driver Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using imputed genotype data in the joint score tests for genetic association and gene-environment interactions in case-control studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now routinely imputed for untyped SNPs based on various powerful statistical algorithms for imputation trained on reference datasets. The use of predicted allele count for imputed SNPs as the dosage variable is known to produce valid score test for genetic association.nnMethodsIn this paper, we investigate how to best handle imputed SNPs in various modern complex tests for genetic association incorporating gene-environment interactions. We focus on case-control association studies where inference in an underlying logistic regression model can be performed using alternative methods that rely on varying degree on an assumption of gene-environment independence in the underlying population. As increasingly large scale GWAS are being performed through consortia effort where it is preferable to share only summary-level information across studies, we also describe simple mechanisms for implementing score-tests based on standard meta-analysis of "one-step" maximum-likelihood estimates across studies.nnResultsApplications of the methods in simulation studies and a dataset from genome-wide association study of lung cancer illustrate ability of the proposed methods to maintain type-I error rates for underlying testing procedures. For analysis of imputed SNPs, similar to typed SNPs, retrospective methods can lead to considerable efficiency gain for modeling of gene-environment interactions under the assumption of gene-environment independence.nnConclusionsProposed methods allow valid analysis of imputed SNPs in case-control studies of gene-environment interaction using alternative strategies that had been earlier available only for genotyped SNPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minsun Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil Caporaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Teressa Landi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using imputed genotype data in the joint score tests for genetic association and gene-environment interactions in case-control studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is highly heritable, although identification of its underlying genetic cause(s) has remained elusive. We examined a European ancestry sample composed of 2,435 TS cases and 4,100 controls for copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarrays and identified two genome-wide significant loci that confer a substantial increase in risk for TS (NRXN1, OR=20.3, 95%CI [2.6-156.2], p=6.0 x 10-6; CNTN6, OR=10.1, 95% CI [2.3-45.4], p=3.7 x 10-5). Approximately 1% of TS cases carried one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alden Y Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongmei Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea K Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae-Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotis Tsetsos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasily Ramensky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivette Zelaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliana Marisa Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Osiecki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason A Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren M McGrath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia Illmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Sandor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Barr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Grados</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey S Singer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus M Noethen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Hebebrand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yves Dion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy Rouleau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Budman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christel Depienne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yulia Worbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Hartmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten R Muller-Vahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfred Stuhrmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harald Aschauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mara Stamenkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Schloegelhofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasios Konstantinidis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholson L Lyon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William M McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csaba Barta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsanett Tarnok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Nagy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R Batterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renata Rizzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle C Cath</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome analysis of the methylome and hydroxymethylome in normal and malignant lung and liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation at the 5-postion of cytosine (5mC) is a well-established epigenetic modification which regulates gene expression and cellular plasticity in development and disease. The ten-eleven translocation (TET) gene family is able to oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (5hmC), providing an active mechanism for DNA demethylation, and may also provide its own regulatory function. Here we applied oxidative bisulfite sequencing to generate whole-genome DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation maps at single-base resolution in paired human liver and lung normal and cancer. We found that 5hmC is significantly enriched in CpG island (CGI) shores while depleted in CGIs themselves, in particular at active genes, resulting in a 5hmC but not 5mC bimodal distribution around CGI corresponding to H3K4me1 marks. Hydroxymethylation on promoters, gene bodies, and transcription termination regions showed strong positive correlation with gene expression within and across tissues, suggesting that 5hmC is a mark of active genes and could play a role gene expression mediated by DNA demethylation. Comparative analysis of methylomes and hydroxymethylomes revealed that 5hmC is significantly enriched in both tissue specific DMRs (t-DMRs) and cancer specific DMRs (c-DMRs), and 5hmC is negatively correlated with methylation changes, particularly in non-CGI associated DMRs. Together these findings indicate that changes in 5mC as well as in 5hmC and coupled to H3K4me1 correspond to differential gene expression in tissues and matching tumors, revealing an intricate gene expression regulation through interplay of methylome, hydroxyl-methylome, and histone modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Salz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome analysis of the methylome and hydroxymethylome in normal and malignant lung and liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADPriboDB: The Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation refers to the addition of one or more ADP-ribose units onto proteins post-translationally. This protein modification is often added by ADP-ribosyltransferases, commonly known as PARPs, but it can also be added by other enzymes, including sirtuins or bacterial toxins. While past literature has utilized a variety of methods to identify ADP-ribosylated proteins, recent proteomics studies bring the power of mass spectrometry to determine sites of the modification. To appreciate the diverse roles of ADP-ribosylation across the proteome, we have created ADPriboDB--a database of ADP-ribosylated proteins (http://ADPriboDB.leunglab.org). Each entry of ADPriboDB is annotated manually by at least two independent curators from the literature between January 1975 and July 2015. The current database includes over 12,400 protein entries from 459 publications, identifying 2,389 unique proteins. Here we describe the structure and the current state of ADPriboDB as well as the criteria for entry inclusion. Using this aggregate data, we identified a statistically significant enrichment of ADP-ribosylated proteins in non-membranous RNA granules. To our knowledge, ADPriboDB is the first publicly available database encapsulating ADP-ribosylated proteins identified from the past 40 years, with a hope to facilitate the research of both basic scientists and clinicians to better understand ADP-ribosylation at the molecular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christina Vivelo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricky Wat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charul Agrawal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui Yi Tee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Leung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADPriboDB: The Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid assembly of the large and highly repetitive genome of Aegilops tauschii, a progenitor of bread wheat, with the mega-reads algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long sequencing reads generated by single-molecule sequencing technology offer the possibility of dramatically improving the contiguity of genome assemblies. The biggest challenge today is that long reads have relatively high error rates, currently around 15%. The high error rates make it difficult to use this data alone, particularly with highly repetitive plant genomes. Errors in the raw data can lead to insertion or deletion errors (indels) in the consensus genome sequence, which in turn create significant problems for downstream analysis; for example, a single indel may shift the reading frame and incorrectly truncate a protein sequence. Here we describe an algorithm that solves the high error rate problem by combining long, high-error reads with shorter but much more accurate Illumina sequencing reads, whose error rates average <1%. Our hybrid assembly algorithm combines these two types of reads to construct mega-reads, which are both long and accurate, and then assembles the mega-reads using the CABOG assembler, which was designed for long reads. We apply this technique to a large data set of Illumina and PacBio sequences from the species Aegilops tauschii, a large and highly repetitive plant genome that has resisted previous attempts at assembly. We show that the resulting assembled contigs are far larger than in any previous assembly, with an N50 contig size of 486,807. We compare the contigs to independently produced optical maps to evaluate their large-scale accuracy, and to a set of high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based assemblies to evaluate base-level accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleksey V Zimin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniela Puiu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming-Cheng Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingting Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Koren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James A. Yorke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Dvorak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid assembly of the large and highly repetitive genome of Aegilops tauschii, a progenitor of bread wheat, with the mega-reads algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
recount: A large-scale resource of analysis-ready RNA-seq expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
recount is a resource of processed and summarized expression data spanning nearly 60,000 human RNA-seq samples from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The associated recount Bio-conductor package provides a convenient API for querying, downloading, and analyzing the data. Each processed study consists of meta/phenotype data, the expression levels of genes and their underlying exons and splice junctions, and corresponding genomic annotation. We also provide data summarization types for quantifying novel transcribed sequence including base-resolution coverage and potentially unannotated splice junctions. We present workflows illustrating how to use recount to perform differential expression analysis including meta-analysis, annotation-free base-level analysis, and replication of smaller studies using data from larger studies. recount provides a valuable and user-friendly resource of processed RNA-seq datasets to draw additional biological insights from existing public data. The resource is available at https://jhubiostatistics.shinyapps.io/recount/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado-Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai Kammers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon E Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret A Taub</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[recount: A large-scale resource of analysis-ready RNA-seq expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exaggerated CpH Methylation in the Autism-Affected Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The etiology of autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, remains largely unexplained. Here, we explore the role of CpG and CpH (H=A, C, or T) methylation within autism-affected cortical brain tissue. While no individual site of methylation was significantly associated with autism after multi-test correction, methylated CpH di-nucleotides were markedly enriched in autism-affected brains (~2-fold enrichment at p <0.05 cut-off, p=0.002). These results further implicate epigenetic alterations in pathobiological mechanisms that underlie autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shannon E Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone Gupta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Moes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew B West</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan E Arking</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exaggerated CpH Methylation in the Autism-Affected Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling and docking antibody structures with Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe Rosetta-based computational protocols for predicting the three-dimensional structure of an antibody from sequence and then docking the antibody-protein-antigen complexes. Antibody modeling leverages canonical loop conformations to graft large segments from experimentally-determined structures as well as (1) energetic calculations to minimize loops, (2) docking methodology to refine the VL-VH relative orientation, and (3) de novo prediction of the elusive complementarity determining region (CDR) H3 loop. To alleviate model uncertainty, antibody-antigen docking resamples CDR loop conformations and can use multiple models to represent an ensemble of conformations for the antibody, the antigen or both. These protocols can be run fully-automated via the ROSIE web server or manually on a computer with user control of individual steps. For best results, the protocol requires roughly 2,500 CPU-hours for antibody modeling and 250 CPU-hours for antibody-antigen docking. Tasks can be completed in under a day by using public supercomputers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brian D. Weitzner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazko Jeliazkov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Lyskov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas A Marze</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daisuke Kuroda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahel Frick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naireeta Biswas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey J Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling and docking antibody structures with Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signatures associated with ZIKV exposure in human cortical neural progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes microcephaly and has been linked to other brain abnormalities. How ZIKV impairs brain development and function is unclear. Here we systematically profiled transcriptomes of human neural progenitor cells exposed to Asian ZIKVC, African ZIKVM, and dengue virus (DENV). In contrast to the robust global transcriptome changes induced by DENV, ZIKV has a more selective and larger impact on expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair. While overall expression profiles are similar, ZIKVC, but not ZIKVM, induces upregulation of viral response genes and TP53. P53 inhibitors can block the apoptosis induced by both ZIKVC and ZIKVM in hNPCs, with higher potency against ZIKVC-induced apoptosis. Our analyses reveal virus- and strain-specific molecular signatures associated with ZIKV infection. These datasets will help to investigate ZIKV-host interactions and identify neurovirulence determinants of ZIKV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feiran Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christy Hammack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Ogden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yichen Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhexing Wen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuyu Qian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha Nam Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yujing Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tianlei Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhiqin Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao Feng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei-Kai Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ki-jun Yoon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao Shan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei-Yong Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxoiu Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhaohui Qin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberly Christian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingjiang Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menghang Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongjun Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengli Tang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo-li Ming</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng Jin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signatures associated with ZIKV exposure in human cortical neural progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework for RNA quality correction in differential expression analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful approach for measuring gene expression levels in cells and tissues, but it relies on high-quality RNA. We demonstrate here that statistical adjustment employing existing quality measures largely fails to remove the effects of RNA degradation when RNA quality associates with the outcome of interest. Using RNA-seq data from a molecular degradation experiment of human brain tissue, we introduce the quality surrogate variable (qSVA) analysis framework for estimating and removing the confounding effect of RNA quality in differential expression analysis. We show this approach results in greatly improved replication rates (>3x) across two large independent postmortem human brain studies of schizophrenia. Finally, we explored public datasets to demonstrate potential RNA quality confounding when comparing expression levels of different brain regions and diagnostic groups beyond schizophrenia. Our approach can therefore improve the interpretation of differential expression analysis of transcriptomic data from the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran Tao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Norris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Kealhofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankai Jia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Hyde</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel Kleinman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Straub</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Weinberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework for RNA quality correction in differential expression analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distant regulatory effects of genetic variation in multiple human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetics of gene regulation provides information on the cellular mechanisms through which genetic variation influences complex traits. Expression quantitative trait loci, or eQTLs, are enriched for polymorphisms that have been found to be associated with disease risk. While most analyses of human data has focused on regulation of expression by nearby variants (cis-eQTLs), distal or trans-eQTLs may have broader effects on the transcriptome and important phenotypic consequences, necessitating a comprehensive study of the effects of genetic variants on distal gene transcription levels. In this work, we identify trans-eQTLs in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project data1, consisting of 449 individuals with RNA-sequencing data across 44 tissue types. We find 81 genes with a trans-eQTL in at least one tissue, and we demonstrate that trans-eQTLs are more likely than cis-eQTLs to have effects specific to a single tissue. We evaluate the genomic and functional properties of trans-eQTL variants, identifying strong enrichment in enhancer elements and Piwi-interacting RNA clusters. Finally, we describe three tissue-specific regulatory loci underlying relevant disease associations: 9q22 in thyroid that has a role in thyroid cancer, 5q31 in skeletal muscle, and a previously reported master regulator near KLF14 in adipose. These analyses provide a comprehensive characterization of trans-eQTLs across human tissues, which contribute to an improved understanding of the tissue-specific cellular mechanisms of regulatory genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brian Jo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Princy Parsana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane E Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel Gewirtz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna Gliner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buhm Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy Z He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Yong Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian C McDowell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashis Saha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristin G Ardlie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher D Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald F Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanouil T Dermitzakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuuli Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiara Sabatti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distant regulatory effects of genetic variation in multiple human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare genetic variants are abundant in humans yet their functional effects are often unknown and challenging to predict. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project provides a unique opportunity to identify the functional impact of rare variants through combined analyses of whole genomes and multi-tissue RNA-sequencing data. Here, we identify gene expression outliers, or individuals with extreme expression levels, across 44 human tissues, and characterize the contribution of rare variation to these large changes in expression. We find 58% of underexpression and 28% of overexpression outliers have underlying rare variants compared with 9% of non-outliers. Large expression effects are enriched for proximal loss-of-function, splicing, and structural variants, particularly variants near the TSS and at evolutionarily conserved sites. Known disease genes have expression outliers, underscoring that rare variants can contribute to genetic disease risk. To prioritize functional rare regulatory variants, we develop RIVER, a Bayesian approach that integrates RNA and whole genome sequencing data from the same individual. RIVER predicts functional variants significantly better than models using genomic annotations alone, and is an extensible tool for personal genome interpretation. Overall, we demonstrate that rare variants contribute to large gene expression changes across tissues with potential health consequences, and provide an integrative method for interpreting rare variants in individual genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yungil Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K. Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R. Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan N. Damani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colby Chiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J. Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra J. Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Ganna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Merker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ira M. Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B. Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping provides a powerful means to identify functional variants influencing gene expression and disease pathogenesis. We report the identification of cis-eQTLs from 7,051 post-mortem samples representing 44 tissues and 449 individuals as part of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We find a cis-eQTL for 88% of all annotated protein-coding genes, with one-third having multiple independent effects. We identify numerous tissue-specific cis-eQTLs, highlighting the unique functional impact of regulatory variation in diverse tissues. By integrating large-scale functional genomics data and state-of-the-art fine-mapping algorithms, we identify multiple features predictive of tissue-specific and shared regulatory effects. We improve estimates of cis-eQTL sharing and effect sizes using allele specific expression across tissues. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this large compendium of cis-eQTLs for understanding the tissue-specific etiology of complex traits, including coronary artery disease. The GTEx project provides an exceptional resource that has improved our understanding of gene regulation across tissues and the role of regulatory variation in human genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan S Abell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laure Fresard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Gelfand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machael J Gloudemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhad Hormozdiari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxiang Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego Garrido-Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halit Ongen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John J Palowitch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YoSon Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrey A Shabalin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler C Shimko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole A Teran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailei Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi-Hui Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D Bustamonte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel G MacArt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-laboratory assessment of reproducibility, qualitative and quantitative performance of SWATH-mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative proteomics employing mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool in basic and applied life science research. Methods based on data-dependent acquisition have proved extremely valuable for qualitative proteome analysis but historically have struggled to achieve reproducible quantitative data if large sample cohorts are comparatively analyzed. Targeted proteomics, most commonly implemented as selected reaction monitoring, has emerged as a powerful alternative and succeeded in providing a data independent approach for reproducible quantitative proteomics data but is limited in the number of proteins quantified. SWATH-MS is a recently introduced technique consisting of a data-independent acquisition and a targeted data analysis strategy that aims to maintain the favorable quantitative characteristics (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) achieved in targeted proteomics but on the scale of thousands of proteins. While previous SWATH-MS studies have shown high intra-lab reproducibility, this has not been evaluated on an inter-lab basis. In this multi-laboratory evaluation study using data from 11 sites worldwide, we have demonstrated that using SWATH-MS we can consistently detect and quantify more than 4,000 proteins from HEK293 cells and that the quantitative protein data generated across laboratories is reproducible. Using synthetic peptide dilution series, we have shown that the sensitivity, dynamic range and reproducibility established with SWATH-MS methods are also uniformly achieved across labs. This study demonstrates that SWATH-MS is a reproducible and accurate technique that can be confidently deployed for large-scale protein quantification in life science research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben C Collins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie L Hunter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yansheng Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birgit Schilling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Rosenberger Rosenberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel L Bader</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel W Chan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford W Gibson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne-Claude Gingras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M Held</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mio Hirayama-Kurogi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guixue Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Krisp Krisp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brett Larsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqi Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark P Molloy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert L Moritz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumio Ohtsuki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph Schlapbach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathalie Selevsek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani N Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin-Cheng Tzeng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruedi Aebersold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-laboratory assessment of reproducibility, qualitative and quantitative performance of SWATH-mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing pre-defined workflows with ad hoc analytics using Galaxy, Docker and Jupyter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What does it take to convert a heap of sequencing data into a publishable result? First, common tools are employed to reduce primary data (sequencing reads) to a form suitable for further analyses (i.e., list of variable sites). The subsequent exploratory stage is much more ad hoc and requires development of custom scripts making it problematic for biomedical researchers. Here we describe a hybrid platform combining common analysis pathways with exploratory environments. It aims at fully encompassing and simplifying the "raw data-to-publication" pathway and making it reproducible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Björn Grüning</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Rasche</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boris Rebolledo Jaramillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Eberhard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torsten Houwaart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Chilton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Coraor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolf Backofen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Nekrutenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing pre-defined workflows with ad hoc analytics using Galaxy, Docker and Jupyter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GenomeScope: Fast reference-free genome profiling from short reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryGenomeScope is an open-source web tool to rapidly estimate the overall characteristics of a genome, including genome size, heterozygosity rate, and repeat content from unprocessed short reads. These features are essential for studying genome evolution, and help to choose parameters for downstream analysis. We demonstrate its accuracy on 324 simulated and 16 real datasets with a wide range in genome sizes, heterozygosity levels, and error rates.nnAvailability and Implementationhttp://genomescope.org, https://github.com/schatzlab/genomescope.gitnnContactmschatz@jhu.edu.nnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory W Vurture</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz J Sedlazeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Nattestad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles J. Underwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han Fang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Gurtowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Schatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GenomeScope: Fast reference-free genome profiling from short reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data aggregation at the level of molecular pathways improves stability of experimental transcriptomic and proteomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput technologies opened a new era in biomedicine by enabling massive analysis of gene expression at both RNA and protein levels. Unfortunately, expression data obtained in different experiments are often poorly compatible, even for the same biological samples. Here, using experimental and bioinformatic investigation of major experimental platforms, we show that aggregation of gene expression data at the level of molecular pathways helps to diminish cross- and intra-platform bias otherwise clearly seen at the level of individual genes. We created a mathematical model of cumulative suppression of data variation that predicts the ideal parameters and the optimal size of a molecular pathway. We compared the abilities to aggregate experimental molecular data for the five alternative methods, also evaluated by their capacity to retain meaningful features of biological samples. The bioinformatic method OncoFinder showed optimal performance in both tests and should be very useful for future cross-platform data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Borisov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Suntsova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Garazha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksenia Lezhnina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olga Kovalchuk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Aliper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Ilnitskaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxim Sorokin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihkail Korzinkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyacheslav Saenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yury Saenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitry G. Sokov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurshat M. Gaifullin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirill Kashintsev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valery Shirokorad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irina Shabalina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Zhavoronkov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhubaneswar Mishra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles R. Cantor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Buzdin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data aggregation at the level of molecular pathways improves stability of experimental transcriptomic and proteomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice of reference genome can introduce massive bias in bisulfite sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the study of DNA methylation, genetic variation between species, strains, or individuals can result in CpG sites that are exclusive to a subset of samples, and insertions and deletions can rearrange the spatial distribution of CpGs. How to account for this variation in an analysis of the interplay between sequence variation and DNA methylation is not well understood, especially when the number of CpG differences between samples is large. Here we use whole-genome bisulfite sequencint data on two highly divergent inbred mouse strains to study this problem. We find that while the large number of strain-specific CpGs necessitates considerations regarding the reference genomes used during alignment, properties such as CpG density are surprisingly conserved across the genome. We introduce a method for including strain-specific CpGs in differential analysis, and show that accounting for strain-specific CpGs increases the power to find differentially methylated regions between the strains. Our method uses smoothing to impute methylation levels at strain-specific sites, thereby allowing strain-specific CpGs to contribute to the analysis, and also allowing us to account for differences in the spatial occurrences of CpGs. Our results have implications for analysis of genetic variation and DNA methylation using bisulfite-converted DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillip Wulfridge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice of reference genome can introduce massive bias in bisulfite sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the genetic epidemiology of Crohn’s and rare diseases in the Ashkenazi Jewish population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As part of a broader collaborative network of exome sequencing studies, we developed a jointly called data set of 5,685 Ashkenazi Jewish exomes. We make publicly available a resource of site and allele frequencies, which should serve as a reference for medical genetics in the Ashkenazim. We estimate that 30% of protein-coding alleles present in the Ashkenazi Jewish population at frequencies greater than 0.2% are significantly more frequent (mean 7.6-fold) than their maximum frequency observed in other reference populations. Arising via a well-described founder effect, this catalog of enriched alleles can contribute to differences in genetic risk and overall prevalence of diseases between populations. As validation we document 151 AJ enriched protein-altering alleles that overlap with "pathogenic" ClinVar alleles, including those that account for 10-100 fold differences in prevalence between AJ and non-AJ populations of some rare diseases including Gaucher disease (GBA, p.Asn409Ser, 8-fold enrichment); Canavan disease (ASPA, p.Glu285Ala, 12-fold enrichment); and Tay-Sachs disease (HEXA, c.1421+1G>C, 27-fold enrichment; p.Tyr427IlefsTer5, 12-fold enrichment). We next sought to use this catalog, of well-established relevance to Mendelian disease, to explore Crohns disease, a common disease with an estimated two to four-fold excess prevalence in AJ. We specifically evaluate whether strong acting rare alleles, enriched by the same founder-effect, contribute excess genetic risk to Crohns disease in AJ, and find that ten rare genetic risk factors in NOD2 and LRRK2 are strongly enriched in AJ, including several novel contributing alleles, show evidence of association to CD. Independently, we find that genomewide common variant risk defined by GWAS shows a strong difference between AJ and non-AJ European control population samples (0.97 s.d. higher, p<10-16). Taken together, the results suggest coordinated selection in AJ population for higher CD risk alleles in general. The results and approach illustrate the value of exome sequencing data in case-control studies along with reference data sets like ExAC to pinpoint genetic variation that contributes to variable disease predisposition across populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel Antonio Rivas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukka Koskela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailiang Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Stevens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon E Avila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talin Haritunians</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja Kurki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Ganna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Graham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Glaser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inga Peter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil Atzmon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Barzilai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Levine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Schiff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolas Pontikos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Weisburd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad J Karczewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Minikel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt-Sabina Petersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent Beaugerie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Seksik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques Cosnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan Schreiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernd Bokemeyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Bethge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIDDK IBD Genetics consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T2D-GENES consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham Heap</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq Ahmad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Plagnol</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony W Segal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Targan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paivi Saavalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martti Farkkila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmo Kontula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the genetic epidemiology of Crohn’s and rare diseases in the Ashkenazi Jewish population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GTPase activity-coupled treadmilling of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ organizes septal cell-wall synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ is the central component of the division machinery, coordinating an ensemble of proteins involved in septal cell-wall synthesis to ensure successful constriction. How cells achieve this coordination is unknown. We used a combination of imaging, genetic and biochemical approaches to demonstrate that in Escherichia coli cells FtsZ exhibits dynamic treadmilling predominantly determined by its GTPase activity, and that the treadmilling dynamics directs processive movement of the septal cell-wall synthesis machinery. In FtsZ mutants with severely reduced treadmilling, the spatial distribution of septal synthesis and the molecular composition and ultrastructure of the septal cell wall are substantially altered. Thus, the treadmilling of FtsZ provides a novel and robust mechanism for achieving uniform septal cell-wall synthesis to enable correct new pole morphology.nnOne-sentence summaryThe bacterial tubulin FtsZ uses GTP hydrolysis to power treadmilling, driving processive synthesis of the septal cell wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xinxing Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhixin Lyu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Miguel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan McQuillen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwyn Kerwyn Casey Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Xiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GTPase activity-coupled treadmilling of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ organizes septal cell-wall synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing multi- and single-sample variant calls to improve variant call sets from deep coverage whole-genome sequencing data 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationVariant calling from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is susceptible to false positive calls due to sequencing, mapping and other errors. To better distinguish true from false positive calls, we present a method that uses genotype array data from the sequenced samples, rather than public data such as HapMap or dbSNP, to train an accurate classifier using Random Forests. We demonstrate our method on a set of variant calls obtained from 642 African-ancestry genomes from the The Consortium on Asthma among African-ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA), sequenced to high depth (30X).nnResultsWe have applied our classifier to compare call sets generated with different calling methods, including both single-sample and multi-sample callers. At a False Positive Rate of 5%, our method determines true positive rates of 97.5%, 95% and 99% on variant calls obtained using Illuminas single-sample caller CASAVA, Real Time Genomics multisample variant caller, and the GATK Unified Genotyper, respectively. Since most NGS sequencing data is accompanied by genotype data for the same samples, our method can be trained on each dataset to provide a more accurate computational validation of site calls compared to generic methods. Moreover, our method allows for adjustment based on allele frequency (e.g., a different set of criteria to determine quality for rare vs. common variants) and thereby provides insight into sequencing characteristics that indicate data quality for variants of different frequencies.nnAvailabilityCode will be made available prior to publication on Github.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suyash S. Shringarpure</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasika A. Mathias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan D Hernandez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy D. O'Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary A. Szpiech</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raul Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco M. De La Vega</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D. Bustamante</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen C. Barnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret A. Taub</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>on behalf of the CAAPA consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing multi- and single-sample variant calls to improve variant call sets from deep coverage whole-genome sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expression networks reveal the tissue-specific regulation of transcription and splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene co-expression networks capture biologically important patterns in gene expression data, enabling functional analyses of genes, discovery of biomarkers, and interpretation of regulatory genetic variants. Most network analyses to date have been limited to assessing correlation between total gene expression levels in a single or small sets of tissues. Here, we have reconstructed networks that capture a much more complete set of regulatory relationships, specifically including regulation of relative isoform abundance and splicing, and tissue-specific connections unique to each of a diverse set of tissues. Using the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project v6 RNA-sequencing data across 44 tissues in 449 individuals, we evaluated shared and tissue-specific network relationships. First, we developed a framework called Transcriptome Wide Networks (TWNs) for combining total expression and relative isoform levels into a single sparse network, capturing the complex interplay between the regulation of splicing and transcription. We built TWNs for sixteen tissues, and found that hubs with isoform node neighbors in these networks were strongly enriched for splicing and RNA binding genes, demonstrating their utility in unraveling regulation of splicing in the human transcriptome, and providing a set of candidate shared and tissue-specific regulatory hub genes. Next, we used a Bayesian biclustering model that identifies network edges between genes with co-expression in a single tissue to reconstruct tissue-specific networks (TSNs) for 27 distinct GTEx tissues and for four subsets of related tissues. Using both TWNs and TSNs, we characterized gene co-expression patterns shared across tissues. Finally, we found genetic variants associated with multiple neighboring nodes in our networks, supporting the estimated network structures and identifying 33 genetic variants with distant regulatory impact on transcription and splicing. Our networks provide an improved understanding of the complex relationships between genes in the human transcriptome, including tissue-specificity of gene co-expression, regulation of splicing, and the coordinated impact of genetic variation on transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashis Saha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yungil Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel D. H. Gewirtz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Jo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuan Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian C McDowell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expression networks reveal the tissue-specific regulation of transcription and splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIDS Apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate of progress in human neurosciences is limited by the inability to easily apply a wide range of analysis methods to the plethora of different datasets acquired in labs around the world. In this work, we introduce a framework for creating, testing, versioning and archiving portable applications for analyzing neuroimaging data organized and described in compliance with the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS). The portability of these applications (BIDS Apps) is achieved by using container technologies that encapsulate all binary and other dependencies in one convenient package. BIDS Apps run on all three major operating systems with no need for complex setup and configuration and thanks to the comprehensiveness richness of the BIDS standard they require little manual user input. Previous containerized data processing solutions were limited to single user environments and not compatible with most multi-tenant High Performance Computing systems. BIDS Apps overcome this limitation by taking advantage of the Singularity container technology. As a proof of concept, this work is accompanied by 22 ready to use BIDS Apps, packaging a diverse set of commonly used neuroimaging algorithms.nnAuthor SummaryMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive way to measure human brain structure and activity that has been used for over 25 years. There are thousands MRI studies performed every year generating a substantial amount of data. At the same time, many new data analysis methods are being developed every year. The potential of using new analysis methods on the variety of existing and newly acquired data is hindered by difficulties in software deployment and lack of support for standardized input data. Here we propose to use container technology to make deployment of a wide range of data analysis techniques easy. In addition, we adapt the existing data analysis tools to interface with data organized in a standardized way. We hope that this approach will enable researchers to access a wider range of methods when analyzing their data which will lead to accelerated progress in human neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidel Alfaro-Almagro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibor Auer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre Bellec</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihai Capota</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallar Chakravarty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan W. Churchill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Cameron Craddock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Devenyi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Eklund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscar Esteban</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillaume Flandin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satrajit Ghosh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Swaroop Guntupalli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Jenkinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anisha Keshavan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Kiar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep Reddy Raamana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Raffelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher J. Steele</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Olivier Quirion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert E. Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen Strother</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gael Varoquaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Yarkoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yida Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIDS Apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of hand function after stroke: separable systems for finger strength and control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of hand function after stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. Hand function can be partitioned into strength and independent control of fingers (individuation). Here we developed a novel paradigm, which independently quantifies these two aspects of hand function, to track hand recovery in 54 patients with hemiparesis over the first year after their stroke. Most recovery of both strength and individuation occurred in the first three months after stroke. Improvement in strength and individuation were tightly correlated up to a strength level of approximately 60% of the unaffected side. Beyond this threshold, further gains in strength were not accompanied by improvements in individuation. Any observed improvements in individuation beyond the 60% threshold were attributable instead to a second independent stable factor. Lesion analysis revealed that damage to the hand area in motor cortex and the corticospinal tract (CST) correlated more with individuation than with strength. CST involvement correlated with individuation even after factoring out the strength-individuation correlation. The most parsimonious explanation for these behavioral and lesion-based findings is that most strength recovery, along with some individuation, can be attributed to descending systems other than the CST, whereas further recovery of individuation is CST dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveed Ejaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Hertler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meret Branscheidt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Widmer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreia V Faria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Harran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan C Cortes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo A Celnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomoko Kitago</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Luft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W Krakauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jörn Diedrichsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of hand function after stroke: separable systems for finger strength and control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a modular automated system for maintenance and differentiation of adherent human pluripotent stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have tremendous potential for development of regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug discovery. However, the processes of reprogramming, maintenance and differentiation are labour intensive and subject to inter-technician variability. To address these issues, we established and optimised protocols to allow for the automated maintenance of reprogrammed somatic cells into iPSCs to enable the large-scale culture and passaging of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using a customized TECAN Freedom EVO. Generation of iPSCs was performed offline by nucleofection followed by selection of TRA-1-60 positive cells using a Miltenyi MultiMACS24 Separator. Pluripotency markers were assessed to confirm pluripotency of the generated iPSCs. Passaging was performed using an enzyme-free dissociation method. Proof of concept of differentiation was obtained by differentiating human PSCs into cells of the retinal lineage. Key advantages of this automated approach are the ability to increase sample size, reduce variability during reprogramming or differentiation, and enable medium to high-throughput analysis of human PSCs and derivatives. These techniques will become increasingly important with the emergence of clinical trials using stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan E Crombie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciej Daniszewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helena H Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejal Kulkarni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace E Lidgerwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison Conquest</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian Hernandez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandy S Hung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine P Gill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth De Smit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa S Kearns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linda Clarke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin M Sluch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xitiz Chamling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald J Zack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond CB Wong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Hewitt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alice Pebay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a modular automated system for maintenance and differentiation of adherent human pluripotent stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of Subjective Effort Cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perceived effort level of an action shapes everyday decisions. Despite the importance of these perceptions for decision-making, the behavioral and neural representations of the subjective cost of effort are not well understood. While a number of studies have implicated anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in decisions about effort/reward trade-offs, none have experimentally isolated effort valuation from reward and choice difficulty, a function that is commonly ascribed to this region. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor brain activity while human participants engaged in uncertain choices for prospective physical effort. Our task was designed to examine effort-based decision making in the absence of reward and separated from choice difficulty - allowing us to investigate the brains role in effort valuation, independent of these other factors. Participants exhibited subjectivity in their decision-making, displaying increased sensitivity to changes in subjective effort as objective effort levels increased. Analysis of blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activity revealed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) encoded the subjective valuation of prospective effort and ACC encoded choice difficulty. These results provide insight into the processes responsible for decision-making regarding effort, dissociating the roles of vmPFC and ACC in prospective valuation of effort and choice difficulty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick S Hogan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary D Frydman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph K Galaro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram S Chib</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of Subjective Effort Cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iCARE: An R Package to Build and Apply Absolute Risk Models 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report describes a R package, called the Individualized Coherent Absolute Risk Estimation (iCARE) tool, that allows researchers to build and evaluate models for absolute risk and apply them to estimate an individuals risk of developing disease during a specified time interval based on a set of user defined input parameters. An attractive feature of the software is that it gives users flexibility to update models rapidly based on new knowledge on risk factors and tailor models to different populations by specifying three input arguments: (1) a model for relative risk, (2) an age-specific disease incidence rate, (3) the distribution of risk factors for the population of interest. The tool can handle missing information on risk factors for individuals for whom risks are to be predicted using a coherent approach where all estimates are derived from a single model after appropriate model averaging. The software allows single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be incorporated into the model using published odds ratios and allele frequencies. The validation component of the software implements the methods for evaluation of model calibration, discrimination and risk-stratification based on independent validation datasets. We provide an illustration of the utility of iCARE for building, validating and applying absolute risk models using breast cancer as an example.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paige Maas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Brook</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Check</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montserrat Garcia-Closas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iCARE: An R Package to Build and Apply Absolute Risk Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chd1 chromatin remodeler shifts hexasomes unidirectionally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their canonical two-fold symmetry, nucleosomes in biological contexts are often asymmetric: functionalized with post-translational modifications (PTMs), substituted with histone variants, and even lacking H2A/H2B dimers. Here we show that the Widom 601 nucleosome positioning sequence can be used to produce hexasomes in a specific orientation on DNA, which provide a useful tool for interrogating chromatin enzymes and allow for the generation of precisely defined asymmetry in nucleosomes. Using this methodology, we demonstrate that the Chd1 chromatin remodeler requires H2A/H2B on the entry side for sliding, and thus, unlike the back-and-forth sliding observed for nucleosomes, Chd1 shifts hexasomes unidirectionally. Chd1 takes part in chromatin reorganization surrounding transcribing RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and using asymmetric nucleosomes we show that ubiquitin-conjugated H2B on the entry side stimulates nucleosome sliding by Chd1. We speculate that biased nucleosome and hexasome sliding due to asymmetry contributes to the packing of arrays observed in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robert F Levendosky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Sabantsev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Deindl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory D Bowman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chd1 chromatin remodeler shifts hexasomes unidirectionally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal order of Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive marker changes in BLSA and WRAP longitudinal studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigation of the temporal trajectories of currently used neuropsychological tests is critical to identifying earliest changing measures on the path to dementia due to Alzheimers disease (AD). We used the Progression Score (PS) method to characterize the temporal trajectories of measures of verbal memory, executive function, attention, processing speed, language, and mental state using data spanning normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD from 1661 participants with a total of 7839 visits (age at last visit 77.6 SD 9.2) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and 1542 participants with a total of 4467 visits (age at last visit 59.9 SD 7.3) in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimers Prevention. This method aligns individuals in time based on the similarity of their longitudinal measurements to reveal temporal trajectories. As a validation of our methodology, we explored the associations between the individualized cognitive progression scores (Cog-PS) computed by our method and clinical diagnosis. Digit span tests were the first to show declines in both data sets, and were detected mainly among cognitively normal individuals. These were followed by tests of verbal memory, which were in turn followed by Trail Making Tests, Boston Naming Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. Differences in Cog-PS across the clinical diagnosis groups were statistically significant, highlighting the potential use of Cog-PS as individualized indicators of disease progression. Identifying cognitive measures that are changing in preclinical AD can lead to the development of novel cognitive tests that are finely tuned to detecting earliest changes.nnABBREVIATIONS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscik, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedynak, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal order of Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive marker changes in BLSA and WRAP longitudinal studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum extracellular vesicle depletion processes affect release and infectivity of HIV-1 in culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles) are involved in intercellular communication in health and disease and affect processes including immune and antiviral responses. Ultracentrifuged serum is depleted of EVs and, when used in culture media, reduces growth and viability of some cell types. In this study, we examined the effects of serum EV depletion processes on HIV-1 replication in primary cells and cell lines, including two HIV-1 latency models. Increased HIV-1 production was observed in certain EV-depleted conditions, along with cell morphology changes and decreased cell viability. Add-back of ultracentrifuge pellets rescued baseline HIV-1 production. Primary cells appeared to be less sensitive to EV depletion. ACH-2 and U1 latency models produced more HIV-1 under EV-depleted conditions, while virus produced under processed serum conditions was more infectious. Finally, changes in cellular metabolism and gene expression were associated with EV-depleted culture. In conclusion, the EV environment of HIV-1 infected cells has a substantial effect on virus production and infectivity. EV-dependence of cell cultures should be examined carefully along with other experimental variables. However, EVs may not be the only particles depleted by ultracentrifugation or other processes. Effects of EVs may be accompanied by or confused with those of closely associated or physically similar particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muth, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehrmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum extracellular vesicle depletion processes affect release and infectivity of HIV-1 in culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribbon: Visualizing complex genome alignments and structural variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To the EditorVisualization has played an extremely important role in the current genomic revolution to inspect and understand variants, expression patterns, evolutionary changes, and a number of other relationships1-3. However, most of the information in read-to-reference or genome-genome alignments is lost for structural variations in the one-dimensional views of most genome browsers showing only reference coordinates. Instead, structural variations captured by long reads or assembled contigs often need more context to understand, including alignments and other genomic information from multiple chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribbon: Visualizing complex genome alignments and structural variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PatternMarkers and Genome-Wide CoGAPS Analysis in Parallel Sets (GWCoGAPS) for data-driven detection of novel biomarkers via whole transcriptome Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryNon-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithms associate gene expression with biological processes (e.g., time-course dynamics or disease subtypes). Compared with univariate associations, the relative weights of NMF solutions can obscure biomarkers. Therefore, we developed a novel PatternMarkers statistic to extract genes for biological validation and enhanced visualization of NMF results. Finding novel and unbiased gene markers with PatternMarkers requires whole-genome data. However, NMF algorithms typically do not converge for the tens of thousands of genes in genome-wide profiling. Therefore, we also developed Genome-Wide CoGAPS Analysis in Parallel Sets (GWCoGAPS), the first robust whole genome Bayesian NMF using the sparse, MCMC algorithm, CoGAPS. This software contains analytic and visualization tools including a Shiny web application, patternMatcher, which are generalized for any NMF. Using these tools, we find granular brain-region and cell-type specific signatures with corresponding biomarkers in GTex data, illustrating GWCoGAPS and patternMarkers ascertainment of data-driven biomarkers from whole-genome data.nnAvailabilityPatternMarkers & GWCoGAPS are in the CoGAPS Bioconductor package (3.5) under the GPL license.nnContactgsteinobrien@jhmi.edu; ccolantu@jhmi.edu; ejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PatternMarkers and Genome-Wide CoGAPS Analysis in Parallel Sets (GWCoGAPS) for data-driven detection of novel biomarkers via whole transcriptome Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual origins of measured phase-amplitude coupling reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory in the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is hypothesized to coordinate neural activity, but its role in successful memory formation in the human cortex is unknown. Measures of PAC are difficult to interpret, however. Both increases and decreases in PAC have been linked to memory encoding, and PAC may arise due to different neural mechanisms. Here, we use a waveform analysis to examine PAC in the human cortex as participants with intracranial electrodes performed a paired associates memory task. We found that successful memory formation exhibited significant decreases in left temporal lobe and prefrontal cortical PAC, and these two regions exhibited changes in PAC within different frequency bands. Two underlying neural mechanisms, nested oscillations and sharp waveforms, were responsible for the changes in these regions. Our data therefore suggest that decreases in measured cortical PAC during episodic memory reflect two distinct underlying mechanisms that are anatomically segregated in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inati, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual origins of measured phase-amplitude coupling reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory in the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pavian: Interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiomics and pathogen identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPavian is a web application for exploring metagenomics classification results, with a special focus on infectious disease diagnosis. Pinpointing pathogens in metagenomics classification results is often complicated by host and laboratory contaminants as well as many non-pathogenic microbiota. With Pavian, researchers can analyze, display and transform results from the Kraken and Centrifuge classifiers using interactive tables, heatmaps and flow diagrams. Pavian also provides an alignment viewer for validation of matches to a particular genome.nnAvailability and implementationPavian is implemented in the R language and based on the Shiny framework. It can be hosted on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux systems, and used with any contemporary web browser. It is freely available under a GPL-3 license from http://github.com/fbreitwieser/pavian. Furthermore a Docker image is provided at https://hub.docker.com/r/florianbw/pavian.nnContactfbreitw1@jhu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breitwieser, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pavian: Interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiomics and pathogen identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computing structure-based lipid accessibility of membrane proteins with mp_lipid_acc in RosettaMP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMembrane proteins are vastly underrepresented in structural databases, which has led to a lack of computational tools and the corresponding inappropriate use of tools designed for soluble proteins. For membrane proteins, lipid accessibility is an essential property. Even though programs are available for sequence-based prediction of lipid accessibility and structure-based identification of solvent-accessible surface area, the latter does not distinguish between water accessible and lipid accessible residues in membrane proteins.nnResultsHere we present mp_lipid_acc, the first method to identify lipid accessible residues from the protein structure, implemented in the RosettaMP framework and available as a webserver. Our method uses protein structures transformed in membrane coordinates, for instance from PDBTM or OPM databases, and a defined membrane thickness to classify lipid accessibility of residues. mp_lipid_acc is applicable to both -helical and {beta}-barrel membrane proteins of diverse architectures with or without water-filled pores and uses a concave hull algorithm for classification. We further provide a manually curated benchmark dataset, on which our method achieves prediction accuracies of 90%.nnConclusionWe present a novel tool to classify lipid accessibility from the protein structure, which is applicable to proteins of diverse architectures and achieves prediction accuracies of 90% on a manually curated database. mp_lipid_acc is part of the Rosetta software suite, available at www.rosettacommons.org. The webserver is available at http://rosie.graylab.jhu.edu/mp_lipid_acc/submit and the benchmark dataset is available at http://tinyurl.com/mp-lipid-acc-dataset.nnSupplementary informationSupplementary information is available at BMC Bioinformatics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computing structure-based lipid accessibility of membrane proteins with mp_lipid_acc in RosettaMP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to computationally predict whether a compound treats a disease would improve the economy and success rate of drug approval. This study describes Project Rephetio to systematically model drug efficacy based on 755 existing treatments. First, we constructed Hetionet (neo4j.het.io), an integrative network encoding knowledge from millions of biomedical studies. Hetionet v1.0 consists of 47,031 nodes of 11 types and 2,250,197 relationships of 24 types. Data was integrated from 29 public resources to connect compounds, diseases, genes, anatomies, pathways, biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, pharmacologic classes, side effects, and symptoms. Next, we identified network patterns that distinguish treatments from non-treatments. Then we predicted the probability of treatment for 209,168 compound-disease pairs (het.io/repurpose). Our predictions validated on two external sets of treatment and provided pharmacological insights on epilepsy, suggesting they will help prioritize drug repurposing candidates. This study was entirely open and received realtime feedback from 40 community members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himmelstein, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khankhanian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SplitThreader: Exploration and analysis of rearrangements in cancer genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic rearrangements and associated copy number changes are important drivers in cancer as they can alter the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, create gene fusions, and misregulate gene expression. Here we present SplitThreader (http://splitthreader.com), an open-source interactive web application for analysis and visualization of genomic rearrangements and copy number variation in cancer genomes. SplitThreader constructs a sequence graph of genomic rearrangements in the sample and uses a priority queue breadth-first search algorithm on the graph to search for novel interactions. This is applied to detect gene fusions and other novel sequences, as well as to evaluate distances in the rearranged genome between any genomic regions of interest, especially the repositioning of regulatory elements and their target genes. SplitThreader also analyzes each variant to categorize it by its relation to other variants and by its copy number concordance. This identifies balanced translocations, identifies simple and complex variants, and suggests likely false positives when copy number is not concordant across a candidate breakpoint. It also provides explanations when multiple variants affect the copy number state and obscure the contribution of a single variant, such as a deletion within a region that is overall amplified. Together, these categories triage the variants into groups and provide a starting point for further systematic analysis and manual curation. To demonstrate its utility, we apply SplitThreader to three cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and A549 with Illumina paired-end sequencing, and SK-BR-3, with long-read PacBio sequencing. Using SplitThreader, we examine the genomic rearrangements responsible for previously observed gene fusions in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7, and discover many of the fusions involved a complex series of multiple genomic rearrangements. We also find notable differences in the types of variants between the three cell lines, in particular a much higher proportion of reciprocal variants in SK-BR-3 and a distinct clustering of interchromosomal variants in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 that is absent in A549.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SplitThreader: Exploration and analysis of rearrangements in cancer genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat-stable preservation of protein expression systems for portable therapeutics production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biotechnology capabilities are limited by stringent storage needs of reagents, largely prohibiting use outside of specialized laboratories. Focusing on a large class of protein-based biotechnology applications, we address this issue by developing a method for preserving cell-free protein expression systems under months of heat stress. Our approach realizes an unprecedented degree of long term heat stability by leveraging the sugar alcohol trehalose, a simple, low-cost, open-air drying step, and strategic separation of sets of reaction components during drying. The resulting preservation capacity opens the door for efficient production of a wide range of on-demand proteins under adverse conditions, for instance during emergency outbreaks or in remote or otherwise inaccessible locations. As such, our preservation method stands to advance a great number of different cell-free technologies, including remediation efforts, point of care therapeutics, and large-scale biosensing. To demonstrate this application potential, we use cell-free reagents subjected to months of heat stress and atmospheric conditions to produce sufficient concentrations of a pyocin protein to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most troublesome pathogens for traumatic and burn wound injuries. Our work makes possible new biotechnology applications that demand both ruggedness and scalability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat-stable preservation of protein expression systems for portable therapeutics production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of chromatin accessibility and gene regulation in T cell activation across human individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 90% of genetic variants associated with complex human traits map to non-coding regions, but little is understood about how they modulate gene regulation in health and disease. One possible mechanism is that genetic variants affect the activity of one or more cis-regulatory elements leading to gene expression variation in specific cell types. To identify such cases, we analyzed Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-seq profiles from activated CD4+ T cells of up to 105 healthy donors. We found that regions of accessible chromatin (ATAC-peaks) are co-accessible at kilobase and megabase resolution, in patterns consistent with the 3D organization of chromosomes measured by in situ Hi-C in T cells. 15% of genetic variants located within ATAC-peaks affected the accessibility of the corresponding peak through disrupting binding sites for transcription factors important for T cell differentiation and activation. These ATAC quantitative trait nucleotides (ATAC-QTNs) have the largest effects on co-accessible peaks, are associated with gene expression from the same aliquot of cells, are rarely affecting core binding motifs, and are enriched for autoimmune disease variants. Our results provide insights into how natural genetic variants modulate cis- regulatory elements, in isolation or in concert, to influence gene expression in primary immune cells that play a key role in many human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gate, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lituiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machol, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shammim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hougen, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wortman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman Aiden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of chromatin accessibility and gene regulation in T cell activation across human individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the course of evolution on the biophysical fitness landscape of an RNA virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting viral evolution remains a major challenge with profound implications for public health. Viral evolutionary pathways are determined by the fitness landscape, which maps viral genotype to fitness. However, a quantitative description of the landscape and the evolutionary forces on it remain elusive. Here, we apply a biophysical fitness model based on capsid folding stability and antibody binding affinity to predict the evolutionary pathway of norovirus escaping a neutralizing antibody. The model is validated by experimental evolution in bulk culture and in a drop-based microfluidics device, the "Evolution Chip", which propagates millions of independent viral sub-populations. We demonstrate that along the axis of binding affinity, selection for escape variants and drift due to random mutations have the same direction. However, along folding stability, selection and drift are opposing forces whose balance is tuned by viral population size. Our results demonstrate that predictable epistatic tradeoffs shape viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serohijos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolawole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacobbi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wobus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakhnovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the course of evolution on the biophysical fitness landscape of an RNA virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MultiCellDS: a community-developed standard for curating microenvironment-dependent multicellular data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exchanging and understanding scientific data and their context represents a significant barrier to advancing research, especially with respect to information siloing. Maintaining information provenance and providing data curation and quality control help overcome common concerns and barriers to the effective sharing of scientific data. To address these problems in and the unique challenges of multicellular systems, we assembled a panel composed of investigators from several disciplines to create the MultiCellular Data Standard (MultiCellDS) with a use-case driven development process. The standard includes (1) digital cell lines, which are analogous to traditional biological cell lines, to record metadata, cellular microenvironment, and cellular phenotype variables of a biological cell line, (2) digital snapshots to consistently record simulation, experimental, and clinical data for multicellular systems, and (3) collections that can logically group digital cell lines and snapshots. We have created a MultiCellular DataBase (MultiCellDB) to store digital snapshots and the 200+ digital cell lines we have generated. MultiCellDS, by having a fixed standard, enables discoverability, extensibility, maintainability, searchability, and sustainability of data, creating biological applicability and clinical utility that permits us to identify upcoming challenges to uplift biology and strategies and therapies for improving human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieboes, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumenthaler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockne, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agus, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MultiCellDS: a community-developed standard for curating microenvironment-dependent multicellular data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The NCA-1 ion channel functions downstream of Gq and Rho to regulate locomotion in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterotrimeric G protein Gq positively regulates neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. Previously, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio was identified as a direct effector of Gq that acts in parallel to the canonical Gq effector phospholipase C. Here we examine how Trio and Rho act to stimulate neuronal activity downstream of Gq in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Through two forward genetic screens, we identify the cation channels NCA-1 and NCA-2, orthologs of mammalian NALCN, as downstream targets of the Gq/Rho pathway. By performing genetic epistasis analysis using dominant activating mutations and recessive loss-of-function mutations in the members of this pathway, we show that NCA-1 and NCA-2 act downstream of Gq in a linear pathway. Through cell-specific rescue experiments, we show that function of these channels in head acetylcholine neurons is sufficient for normal locomotion in C. elegans. Our results suggest that NCA-1 and NCA-2 are physiologically relevant targets of neuronal Gq-Rho signaling in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Topalidou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The NCA-1 ion channel functions downstream of Gq and Rho to regulate locomotion in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MultiCellDS: a standard and a community for sharing multicellular data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell biology is increasingly focused on cellular heterogeneity and multicellular systems. To make the fullest use of experimental, clinical, and computational efforts, we need standardized data formats, community-curated "public data libraries", and tools to combine and analyze shared data. To address these needs, our multidisciplinary community created MultiCellDS (MultiCellular Data Standard): an extensible standard, a library of digital cell lines and tissue snapshots, and support software. With the help of experimentalists, clinicians, modelers, and data and library scientists, we can grow this seed into a community-owned ecosystem of shared data and tools, to the benefit of basic science, engineering, and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieboes, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merks, R. M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumenthaler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockne, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agus, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MultiCellDS: a standard and a community for sharing multicellular data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Heteroscedastic GLM with Application to fMRI Data with Motion Spikes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose a voxel-wise general linear model with autoregressive noise and heteroscedastic noise innovations (GLMH) for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The model is analyzed from a Bayesian perspective and has the benefit of automatically down-weighting time points close to motion spikes in a data-driven manner. We develop a highly efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that allows for Bayesian variable selection among the regressors to model both the mean (i.e., the design matrix) and variance. This makes it possible to include a broad range of explanatory variables in both the mean and variance (e.g., time trends, activation stimuli, head motion parameters and their temporal derivatives), and to compute the posterior probability of inclusion from the MCMC output. Variable selection is also applied to the lags in the autoregressive noise process, making it possible to infer the lag order from the data simultaneously with all other model parameters. We use both simulated data and real fMRI data from OpenfMRI to illustrate the importance of proper modeling of heteroscedasticity in fMRI data analysis. Our results show that the GLMH tends to detect more brain activity, compared to its homoscedastic counterpart, by allowing the variance to change over time depending on the degree of head motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eklund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Heteroscedastic GLM with Application to fMRI Data with Motion Spikes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-tissue integration of genetic and epigenetic data offers insight into autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetics is an emerging area of investigation for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Integration of epigenetic information with ASD genetic results may elucidate functional insights not possible via either source of information in isolation. We used concurrent genotype and DNA methylation (DNAm) data from cord blood and peripheral blood from preschool-aged children to identify SNPs associated with DNA methylation, or methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs), and combined this with publicly available fetal brain and lung meQTL lists to assess enrichment of ASD GWAS results for tissue-specific meQTLs. ASD-associated SNPs were enriched for fetal brain (OR = 3.55; p < 0.001) and peripheral blood meQTLs (OR = 1.58; p < 0.001). The CpG site targets of ASD meQTLs across cord, blood, and brain tissues were enriched for immune-related pathways, consistent with other expression and DNAm results in ASD, and revealing pathways not implicated by genes identified from ASD rare variant work. Further, DNaseI hypersensitive sites and the STAT1 and TAF1 transcription factor binding sites were enriched for meQTL target CpGs of SNPs associated with psychiatric conditions. This joint analysis of genotype and DNAm demonstrates the potential utility of both brain and blood-based DNAm for insights into ASD and psychiatric phenotypes more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-tissue integration of genetic and epigenetic data offers insight into autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splice Expression Variation Analysis (SEVA) for Differential Gene Isoform Usage in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCurrent bioinformatics methods to detect changes in gene isoform usage in distinct phenotypes compare the relative expected isoform usage in phenotypes. These statistics model differences in isoform usage in normal tissues, which have stable regulation of gene splicing. Pathological conditions, such as cancer, can have broken regulation of splicing that increases the heterogeneity of the expression of splice variants. Inferring events with such differential heterogeneity in gene isoform usage requires new statistical approaches.nnResultsWe introduce Splice Expression Variability Analysis (SEVA) to model increased heterogeneity of splice variant usage between conditions (e.g., tumor and normal samples). SEVA uses a rank-based multivariate statistic that compares the variability of junction expression profiles within one condition to the variability within another. Simulated data show that SEVA is unique in modeling heterogeneity of gene isoform usage, and benchmark SEVAs performance against EBSeq, DiffSplice, and rMATS that model differential isoform usage instead of heterogeneity. We confirm the accuracy of SEVAin identifying known splice variants in head and neck cancer and perform cross-study validation of novel splice variants. A novel comparison of splice variant heterogeneity between subtypes of head and neck cancer demonstrated unanticipated similarity between the heterogeneity of gene isoform usage in HPV-positive and HPV-negative subtypes and anticipated increased heterogeneity among HPV-negative samples with mutations in genes that regulate the splice variant machinery.nnConclusionThese results show that SEVA accurately models differential heterogeneity of gene isoform usage from RNA-seq data.nnAvailabilitySEVA is implemented in the R/Bioconductor package GSReg.nnContactbahman@jhu.edu, favorov@sensi.org, ejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splice Expression Variation Analysis (SEVA) for Differential Gene Isoform Usage in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of copy number variants on chromosome 21 in Down syndrome-associated congenital heart defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One in five people with Down syndrome (DS) are born with an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), an incidence 2,000 times higher than in the euploid population. The genetic loci that contribute to this risk are poorly understood. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: 1) individuals with DS carrying chromosome 21 copy number variants (CNVs) that interrupt exons may be protected from AVSD, because these CNVs return AVSD susceptibility loci back to disomy, and 2) individuals with DS carrying chromosome 21 genes spanned by microduplications are at greater risk for AVSD because these microduplications boost the dosage of AVSD susceptibility loci beyond a tolerable threshold. We tested 198 case individuals with DS+AVSD and 211 control individuals with DS and a normal heart using a custom microarray with dense probes tiled on chromosome 21 for array CGH. We found that neither an individual chromosome 21 CNV nor any individual gene intersected by a CNV was associated with AVSD in DS. Burden analyses revealed that African American controls had more bases covered by rare deletions than did African American cases. Inversely, we found that Caucasian cases had more genes intersected by rare duplications than did Caucasian controls. Pathway analyses indicated copy number perturbations of genes involved in protein heterotrimerization and histone methylating proteins. Finally, we showed that previously DS+AVSD-associated common CNVs on chromosome 21 are likely false positives. This research adds to the swell of evidence indicating that DS-associated AVSD is similarly heterogeneous, as is AVSD in the euploid population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rambo-Martin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bean, L. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosser, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of copy number variants on chromosome 21 in Down syndrome-associated congenital heart defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
grID: A CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA Database and Resource for Genome-Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing is a revolutionary technology that is transforming biological research. The explosive growth and advances in CRISPR research over the last few years, coupled with the potential for clinical applications and therapeutics, is heralding a new era for genome engineering. To further support this technology platform and to provide a universal CRISPR annotation system, we introduce the grID database (http://crispr.technology), an extensive compilation of gRNA properties including sequence and variations, thermodynamic parameters, off-target analyses, and alternative PAM sites, among others. To aid in the design of optimal gRNAs, the website is integrated with other prominent databases, providing a wealth of additional resources to guide users from in silico analysis through experimental CRISPR targeting. Here, we make available all the tools, protocols, and plasmids that are needed for successful CRISPR-based genome targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaskula-Ranga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[grID: A CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA Database and Resource for Genome-Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Snaptron: querying and visualizing splicing across tens of thousands of RNA-seq samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As more and larger genomics studies appear, there is a growing need for comprehensive and queryable cross-study summaries. Snaptron is a search engine for summarized RNA sequencing data with a query planner that leverages R-tree, B-tree and inverted indexing strategies to rapidly execute queries over 146 million exon-exon splice junctions from over 70,000 human RNA-seq samples. Queries can be tailored by constraining which junctions and samples to consider. Snaptron can also rank and score junctions according to tissue specificity or other criteria. Further, Snaptron can rank and score samples according to the relative frequency of different splicing patterns. We outline biological questions that can be explored with Snaptron queries, including a study of novel exons in annotated genes, of exonization of repetitive element loci, and of a recently discovered alternative transcription start site for the ALK gene. Web app and documentation are at http://snaptron.cs.jhu.edu. Source code is at https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/snaptron under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddipati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Snaptron: querying and visualizing splicing across tens of thousands of RNA-seq samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient duplication and horizontal transfer of a toxin gene cluster reveals novel mechanisms in the cercosporin biosynthesis pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species in the genus Cercospora cause economically devastating diseases in sugar beet, maize, rice, soy bean and other major food crops. Here we sequenced the genome of the sugar beet pathogen C. beticola and found it encodes 63 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters, including the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) cluster. We show that the CTB gene cluster has experienced multiple duplications and horizontal transfers across a spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi, including the wide host range Colletotrichum genus as well as the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Although cercosporin biosynthesis has been thought to-date to rely on an eight gene CTB cluster, our phylogenomic analysis revealed gene collinearity adjacent to the established cluster in all CTB cluster-harboring species. We demonstrate that the CTB cluster is larger than previously recognized and includes cercosporin facilitator protein (CFP) previously shown to be involved with cercosporin auto-resistance, and four additional genes required for cercosporin biosynthesis including the final pathway enzymes that install the unusual cercosporin methylenedioxy bridge. Finally, we demonstrate production of cercosporin by Colletotrichum fioriniae, the first known cercosporin producer within this agriculturally important genus. Thus, our results provide new insight into the intricate evolution and biology of a toxin critical to agriculture and broaden the production of cercosporin to another fungal genus containing many plant pathogens of important crops worldwide.nnSignificance StatementSpecies in the fungal genus Cercospora cause diseases in many important crops worldwide. Their success as pathogens is largely due to the secretion of cercosporin during infection. We report that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) cluster is ancient and was horizontally transferred to diverse fungal pathogens on an unprecedented scale. Since these analyses revealed genes adjacent to the established CTB cluster, we evaluated their role in C. beticola to show that four are necessary for cercosporin biosynthesis. Finally, we confirmed that the apple pathogen Colletotrichum fioriniae produces cercosporin, the first case outside the family Mycosphaerellaceae. Other Colletotrichum plant pathogens also harbor the CTB cluster, which points to a wider concern that this toxin may play in virulence and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huitt-Roehl, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suttle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neubauer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurick, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secor, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomma, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Peer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolton, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient duplication and horizontal transfer of a toxin gene cluster reveals novel mechanisms in the cercosporin biosynthesis pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simplified Power Calculations for Aggregate-level Association Tests Provide Insights to Challenges for Rare Variant Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies are now shifting focus from analysis of common to uncommon and rare variants with an anticipation to explain additional heritability of complex traits. As power for association testing for individual rare variants may often be low, various aggregate level association tests have been proposed to detect genetic loci that may contain clusters of susceptibility variants. Typically, power calculations for such tests require specification of large number of parameters, including effect sizes and allele frequencies of individual variants, making them difficult to use in practice. In this report, we approximate power to varying degree of accuracy using a smaller number of key parameters, including the total genetic variance explained by multiple variants within a locus. We perform extensive simulation studies to assess the accuracy of the proposed approximations in realistic settings. Using the simplified power calculation methods, we then develop an analytic framework to obtain bounds on genetic architecture of an underlying trait given results from a genome-wide study and observe important implications for the completely lack of or limited number of findings in many currently reported studies. Finally, we provide insights into the required quality of annotation/functional information for identification of likely causal variants to make meaningful improvement in power of subsequent association tests. A shiny application, Power Analysis for GEnetic AssociatioN Tests (PAGEANT), in R implementing the methods is made publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derkach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simplified Power Calculations for Aggregate-level Association Tests Provide Insights to Challenges for Rare Variant Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRSim: a Linked Reads Simulator generating insights for better genome partitioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLinked reads are a form of DNA sequencing commercialized by 10X Genomics that uses highly multiplexed barcoding within microdroplets to tag short reads to progenitor molecules. The linked reads, spanning tens to hundreds of kilobases, offer an alternative to long-read sequencing for de novo assembly, haplotype phasing and other applications. However, there is no available simulator, making it difficult to measure their capability or develop new informatics tools.nnResultsOur analysis of 13 real linked read datasets revealed their characteristics of barcodes, molecules and partitions. Based on this, we introduce LRSim that simulates linked reads by emulating the library preparation and sequencing process with fine control of 1) the number of simulated variants; 2) the linked-read characteristics; and 3) the Illumina reads profile. We conclude from the phasing and genome assembly of multiple datasets, recommendations on coverage, fragment length, and partitioning when sequencing human and non-human genome.nnAvailabilityLRSIM is under MIT license and is freely available at https://github.com/aquaskyline/LRSIMnnContactrluo5@jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRSim: a Linked Reads Simulator generating insights for better genome partitioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tandem simulation framework for predicting mapping quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Read alignment is the first step in most sequencing data analyses. Because a reads point of origin can be ambiguous, aligners report a mapping quality: the probability the reported alignment is incorrect. Despite its importance, there is no established and general method for calculating mapping quality. We describe a framework for predicting mapping qualities that works by simulating a set of tandem reads, similar to the input reads in important ways, but for which the true point of origin is known. We implement this in an accurate and low-overhead tool called Qtip, which is compatible with popular aligners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tandem simulation framework for predicting mapping quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rosetta all-atom energy function for macromolecular modeling and design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, the Rosetta biomolecular modeling suite has informed diverse biological questions and engineering challenges ranging from interpretation of low-resolution structural data to design of nanomaterials, protein therapeutics, and vaccines. Central to Rosettas success is the energy function: amodel parameterized from small molecule and X-ray crystal structure data used to approximate the energy associated with each biomolecule conformation. This paper describes the mathematical models and physical concepts that underlie the latest Rosetta energy function, beta_nov15. Applying these concepts,we explain how to use Rosetta energies to identify and analyze the features of biomolecular models.Finally, we discuss the latest advances in the energy function that extend capabilities from soluble proteins to also include membrane proteins, peptides containing non-canonical amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaver-Fay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapovalov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfrew, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacella, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbrack, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rosetta all-atom energy function for macromolecular modeling and design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOWARDS A GLOBAL SUPPORT OF CORE DATA RESOURCES FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
On November 18-19, 2016, the Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) hosted a meeting of senior managers of key data resources and leaders of several major funding organizations to discuss the challenges associated with sustaining biological and biomedical (i.e., life sciences) data resources and associated infrastructure. A strong consensus emerged from the group that core data resources for the life sciences should be supported through a coordinated international effort(s) that better ensure long-term sustainability and that appropriately align funding with scientific impact. Ideally, funding for such data resources should allow for access at no charge, as is presently the usual (and preferred) mechanism. Below, the rationale for this vision is described, and some important considerations for developing a new international funding model to support core data resources for the life sciences are presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apweiler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochrane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Francesco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durinx, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Game, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gojobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodhand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanehisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKibbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westhof, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasko, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOWARDS A GLOBAL SUPPORT OF CORE DATA RESOURCES FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel blood pressure locus and gene discovery using GWAS and expression datasets from blood and the kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has a substantial genetic contribution. Genetic variation influencing blood pressure has the potential to identify new pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension. To discover additional novel blood pressure loci, we used 1000 Genomes Project-based imputation in 150,134 European ancestry individuals and sought significant evidence for independent replication in a further 228,245 individuals. We report 6 new signals of association in or near HSPB7, TNXB, LRP12, LOC283335, SEPT9 and AKT2, and provide new replication evidence for a further 2 signals in EBF2 and NFKBIA. Combining large whole-blood gene expression resources totaling 12,607 individuals, we investigated all novel and previously reported signals and identified 48 genes with evidence for involvement in BP regulation that are significant in multiple resources. Three novel kidney-specific signals were also detected. These robustly implicated genes may provide new leads for therapeutic innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Consortium for Blood Pressure GWAS,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel blood pressure locus and gene discovery using GWAS and expression datasets from blood and the kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the clinical validity of gene-disease associations: an evidence-based framework developed by the Clinical Genome Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With advances in genomic sequencing technology, the number of reported gene-disease relationships has rapidly expanded. However, the evidence supporting these claims varies widely, confounding accurate evaluation of genomic variation in a clinical setting. Despite the critical need to differentiate clinically valid relationships from less well-substantiated relationships, standard guidelines for such evaluation do not currently exist. The NIH-funded Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) has developed a framework to define and evaluate the clinical validity of gene-disease pairs across a variety of Mendelian disorders. In this manuscript we describe a proposed framework to evaluate relevant genetic and experimental evidence supporting or contradicting a gene-disease relationship, and the subsequent validation of this framework using a set of representative gene-disease pairs. The framework provides a semi-quantitative measurement for the strength of evidence of a gene-disease relationship which correlates to a qualitative classification: "Definitive", "Strong", "Moderate", "Limited", "No Reported Evidence" or "Conflicting Evidence." Within the ClinGen structure, classifications derived using this framework are reviewed and confirmed or adjusted based on clinical expertise of appropriate disease experts. Detailed guidance for utilizing this framework and access to the curation interface is available on our website. This evidence-based, systematic method to assess the strength of gene-disease relationships will facilitate more knowledgeable utilization of genomic variants in clinical and research settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strande, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggs, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceyhan-Birsoy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwight, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwight, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milko, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanni, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Daniel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santani, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plon, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the clinical validity of gene-disease associations: an evidence-based framework developed by the Clinical Genome Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
16GT: a fast and sensitive variant caller using a 16-genotype probabilistic model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary16GT is a variant caller for Illumina WGS and WES germline data. It uses a new 16-genotype probabilistic model to unify SNP and indel calling in a single variant calling algorithm. In benchmark comparisons with five other widely used variant callers on a modern 36-core server, 16GT ran faster and demonstrated improved sensitivity in calling SNPs, and it provided comparable sensitivity and accuracy in calling indels as compared to the GATK HaplotypeCaller.nnAvailability and implementationhttps://github.com/aquaskyline/16GTnnContactrluo5@jhu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary tables and notes are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[16GT: a fast and sensitive variant caller using a 16-genotype probabilistic model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRD4 inhibitors block telomere elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells maintain telomere length equilibrium to avoid senescence and apoptosis induced by short telomeres, which are triggered by the DNA damage response. Limiting the potential for telomere maintenance in cancer cells has been long been proposed as a therapeutic target. Using an unbiased shRNA screen targeting known kinases, we identified bromodomain 4 (BRD4) as a telomere length regulator. Four independent BRD4 inhibitors blocked telomere elongation, in a dose dependent manner, in mouse cells overexpressing telomerase. Long-term treatment with BRD4 inhibitors caused telomere shortening in both mouse and human cells, suggesting BRD4 plays a role in telomere maintenance in vivo. Telomerase enzymatic activity was not directly affected by BRD4 inhibition. BRD4 is in clinical trials for a number of cancers, but its effects on telomere maintenance have not been previously reported investigated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRD4 inhibitors block telomere elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Varying Effects of Common Tuberculosis Drugs on Enhancing Clofazimine Activity in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clofazimine (CFZ), originally developed as an anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug in the 1950s 1, is commonly used to treat leprosy and also nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. 2 Although CFZ has good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it was not used in the treatment of pulmonary TB mainly because it had the side effect of skin discoloration and there were other more effective drugs like isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF) and pyrazinamide (PZA) already available for the treatment of TB. 2 However, the increasing emergence of multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) has revived interest in the use of CFZ to treat MDR-TB. 2,3nnAlthough resistance to CFZ has been shown to be mediated by mutations in Rv0678,4,5 Rv1979c, or Rv2535c (PepQ),5 the mode of action of CFZ has remained poorly understood. CFZ appears to hav ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Varying Effects of Common Tuberculosis Drugs on Enhancing Clofazimine Activity in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of Sulfa Drugs and Their Combinations against Stationary Phase B. burgdorferi in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is a most common vector borne disease in the US. Although the majority of Lyme patients can be cured with the standard 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, at least 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from prolonged post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the cause for this is unclear, one possibility is that persisting organisms are not killed by current Lyme antibiotics. In our previous studies, we screened an FDA drug library and an NCI compound library on B. burgdorferi and found some drug hits including sulfa drugs as having good activity against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells. In this study, we evaluated the relative activity of three commonly used sulfa drugs sulfamethoxazole (Smx), dapsone (Dps), sulfachlorpyridazine (Scp), and also trimethoprim (Tmp), and assessed their combinations with the commonly prescribed Lyme antibiotics for activities against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells. Using the same molarity concentration, dapsone, sulfachlorpyridazine and trimethoprim showed very similar activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi enriched in persisters, however, sulfamethoxazole was the least active drug among the three sulfa drugs tested. Interestingly, contrary to other bacterial systems, Tmp did not show synergy in drug combinations with the three sulfa drugs at their clinically relevant serum concentrations against B. burgdorferi. We found that sulfa drugs combined with other antibiotics were more active than their respective single drugs and that four-drug combinations were more active than three-drug combinations. Four drug combinations dapsone+minocycline+cefuroxime+azithromycin and dapsone+minocycline+cefuroxime+rifampin showed best activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi in these sulfa drug combinations. However, these 4-sulfa drug containing combinations still had considerably less activity against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells than the daptomycin+cefuroxime+doxycycline used as a positive control which completely eradicated B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells. Future studies are needed to evaluate and optimize the sulfa drug combinations in vitro and also in animal models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of Sulfa Drugs and Their Combinations against Stationary Phase B. burgdorferi in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of asthma in individuals of African ancestry reveals novel asthma susceptibility loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDAsthma is a complex disease with striking disparities across racial and ethnic groups, which may be partly attributable to genetic factors. One of the main goals of the Consortium on Asthma among African-ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA) is to discover genes conferring risk to asthma in populations of African descent.nnMETHODSWe performed a genome-wide meta-analysis of asthma across 11 CAAPA datasets (4,827 asthma cases and 5,397 controls), genotyped on the African Diaspora Power Chip (ADPC) and including existing GWAS array data. The genotype data were imputed up to a whole genome sequence reference panel from n=880 African ancestry individuals for a total of 61,904,576 SNPs. Statistical models appropriate to each study design were used to test for association, and results were combined using the weighted Z-score method. We also used admixture mapping as a complementary approach to identify loci involved in asthma pathogenesis in subjects of African ancestry.nnRESULTSSNPs rs787160 and rs17834780 on chromosome 2q22.3 were significantly associated with asthma (p=6.57 x 10-9 and 2.97 x 10-8, respectively). These SNPs lie in the intergenic region between the Rho GTPase Activating Protein 15 (ARHGAP15) and Glycosyltransferase Like Domain Containing 1 (GTDC1) genes. Four low frequency variants on chromosome 1q21.3, which may be involved in the "atopic march" and which are not polymorphic in Europeans, also showed evidence for association with asthma (1.18 x10-6 [&le;] p [&le;] 3.06 x10-6). SNP rs11264909 on chromosome 1q23.1, close to a region previously identified by the EVE asthma meta-analysis as having a putative African ancestry specific effect, only showed differences in counts in subjects homozygous for alleles of African ancestry. Admixture mapping also identified a significantly associated region on chromosome 6q23.2, which includes the Transcription Factor 21 (TCF21) gene, previously shown to be differentially expressed in bronchial tissues of asthmatics and non-asthmatics.nnCONCLUSIONSWe have identified a number of novel asthma association signals warranting further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafaels, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boorgula, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumatey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunston, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruque, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourraud, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Paz, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight-Madden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopad</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of asthma in individuals of African ancestry reveals novel asthma susceptibility loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of drug candidates that enhance pyrazinamide activity from a clinical drug library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally despite the availability of the TB therapy. 1 The current TB therapy is lengthy and suboptimal, requiring a treatment time of at least 6 months for drug susceptible TB and 9-12 months (shorter Bangladesh regimen) or 18-24 months (regular regimen) for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). 1 The lengthy therapy makes patient compliance difficult, which frequently leads to emergence of drug-resistant strains. The requirement for the prolonged treatment is thought to be due to dormant persister bacteria which are not effectively killed by the current TB drugs, except rifampin and pyrazinamide (PZA) which have higher activity against persisters. 2, 3 Therefore new therapies should address the problem of insufficient efficacy against M. tuberculosis persisters, which could cause relapse of clinical disease. 4 PZA is a critical frontline TB drug that kills persister bacteria 5 and shortens the TB treatment from 9-12 months to 6 months. 6, 7 Although several new TB drugs are showing promise in clinical studies, none can replace PZA as they all have to be used together with PZA. 7 Because of the essentiality of PZA and the high cost of developing new drugs, in this study, we explored the idea of identifying drugs that enhance the anti-persister activity of PZA as an economic alternative approach to developing new drugs for improved treatment by screening an clinical drug library against old M. tuberculosis cultures enriched with persisters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of drug candidates that enhance pyrazinamide activity from a clinical drug library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Sudden Cardiac Death: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsSudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major public health burden. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and arrhythmias, but it is unknown if it also contributes to SCD risk. We sought to examine the prospective association between mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a surrogate marker of mitochondrial function, and SCD risk.nnMethods and ResultsWe measured baseline mtDNA-CN in 11,093 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. mtDNA-CN was calculated from probe intensities of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. SCD was defined as a sudden pulseless condition presumed due to a ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a previously stable individual without evidence of a non-cardiac cause of cardiac arrest. SCD cases were reviewed and adjudicated by an expert committee. During a median follow-up of 20.4 years, we observed 361 SCD cases. After adjusting for age, race, sex, and center, the hazard ratio (HR) for SCD comparing the 1st to the 5th quintiles of mtDNA-CN was 2.24 (95% CI 1.58 to 3.19; p-trend <0.001). When further adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors, prevalent CHD, heart rate, and QT interval duration, the association remained statistically significant. Spline regression models showed that the association was approximately linear over the range of mtDNA-CN values. No apparent interaction by race or by sex was detected.nnConclusionIn this community-based prospective study, mtDNA-CN in peripheral blood was inversely associated with the risk of SCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkhanoff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Sudden Cardiac Death: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Cancer: Techniques, Resources, and Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer is a complex disease, driven by aberrant activity in numerous signaling pathways in even individual malignant cells. Epigenetic changes are critical mediators of these functional changes that drive and maintain the malignant phenotype. Changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation, non-coding RNAs, post-translational modifications are all epigenetic drivers in cancer, independent of changes in the DNA sequence. These epigenetic alterations, once thought to be crucial only for the malignant phenotype maintenance, are now recognized as critical also for disrupting essential pathways that protect the cells from uncontrolled growth, longer survival and establishment in distant sites from the original tissue. In this review, we focus on DNA methylation and chromatin structure in cancer. While associated with cancer, the precise functional role of these alterations is an area of active research using emerging high-throughput approaches and bioinformatics analysis tools. Therefore, this review describes these high-throughput measurement technologies, public domain databases for high-throughput epigenetic data in tumors and model systems, and bioinformatics algorithms for their analysis. Advances in bioinformatics data integration techniques that combine these epigenetic data with genomics data are essential to infer the function of specific epigenetic alterations in cancer, and are therefore also a focus of this review. Future studies using these emerging technologies will elucidate how alterations in the cancer epigenome cooperate with genetic aberrations to cause tumorigenesis initiation and progression. This deeper understanding is essential to future studies that will precisely infer patients prognosis and select patients who will be responsive to emerging epigenetic therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easwaran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Cancer: Techniques, Resources, and Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel mutations associated with cycloserine resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesD-cycloserine (DCS) is an important second-line drug used to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms of resistance to DCS are not well understood. Here we investigated the molecular basis of DCS resistance using in vitro isolated resistant mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.nnMethodsM. tuberculosis H37Rv was subjected to mutant selection on 7H11 agar plates containing varying concentrations of DCS. A total of 35 DCS-resistant mutants were isolated and 18 mutants were subjected to whole genome sequencing. The identified mutations associated with DCS resistance were confirmed by PCR-Sanger sequencing.nnResultsWe identified mutations in 17 genes that are associated with DCS resistance. Except mutations in alr (rv3423c) which is known to be involved in DCS resistance, 16 new genes rv0059, betP (rv0917), rv0221, rv1403c, rv1683, rv1726, gabD2 (rv1731), rv2749, sugI (rv3331), hisC2 (rv3 772), single mutation in 5 intergenic region of rv3345c and rv1435c, and insertion in 3 region of rv0759c were identified as solo mutations in their respective DCS-resistant mutants. Our findings indicate that the mechanisms of DCS resistance are more complex than previously thought and involve genes participating in different cellular functions such as lipid metabolism, methyltransferase, stress response, and transport proteins.nnConclusionsNew mutations in diverse genes associated with DCS are identified, which shed new light on the mechanisms of action and resistance of DCS. Future studies are needed to verify these findings in clinical strains so that molecular detection of DCS resistance for improved treatment of MDR-TB can be developed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhnag, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel mutations associated with cycloserine resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ES cell derived neural progenitors improves visual functions in retinal ganglion cells - depleted mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) transplantation is a promising strategy to restore visual function resulting from irreversible RGC degeneration occurring in glaucoma or inherited optic neuropathies. We previously demonstrated FGF2 induced differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to RGC lineage, capable of retinal Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) integration upon transplantation in mice. Here, we evaluated possible improvement of visual function by transplantation of ES cell derived neural progenitors in RGC depleted glaucoma mice models. ESC derived neural progenitors (ES-NP) were transplanted into NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) injected, RGC-ablated mouse models and a pre-clinical glaucoma mouse model (DBA/2J) having sustained higher intra ocular pressure (IOP). Visual acuity and functional integration was evaluated by behavioural experiments and immunohistochemistry, respectively. GFP-expressing ES-NPs transplanted in NMDA-injected RGC-depleted mice differentiated into RGC lineage and possibly integrating into GCL. An improvement in visual acuity was observed after two months of transplantation, when compared to the pre-transplantation values. Expression of c-Fos in the transplanted cells, upon light induction, further suggests functional integration into the host retinal circuitry. However, the transplanted cells did not send axonal projections into optic nerve. Transplantation experiments in DBA/2J mouse showed no significant improvement in visual functions, possibly due to both host and transplanted retinal cell death which could be due to an inherent high IOP. We showed that, transplantation of ES-NPs into the retina of RGC-ablated mouse models could survive, differentiate to RGC lineage, and possibly integrate into GCL to improve visual function. However, for the survival of transplanted cells in glaucoma, strategies to control the IOP are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundackal Sivaraman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazhanthodi Abdul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundararajan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ES cell derived neural progenitors improves visual functions in retinal ganglion cells - depleted mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a Novel Gene argJ involved in Arginine Biosynthesis Critical for Persister Formation in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus can cause both acute and recurrent persistent infections such as peritonitis, endocarditis, abscess, osteomyelitis, and chronic wound infections. An effective treatment to eradicate the persistent disease is still lacking as the mechanisms of S. aureus persistence are poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive and unbiased high-throughput mutant screen using S. aureus USA300 and identified argJ, encoding an acetyltransferase in the arginine biosynthesis pathway, whose mutation produced a significant defect in persister formation in multiple drugs and stresses. Genetic complementation and arginine supplementation restored persistence in the ArgJ mutant. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the arg genes were over-expressed under drug stressed conditions and in stationary phase cultures. In addition, the ArgJ mutant had attenuated virulence in both C. elegans and mouse models of infection. Our studies identify a novel mechanism of persistence mediated by arginine metabolism in S. aureus. These findings will not only provide new insights about the mechanisms of S. aureus persistence but also offer novel therapeutic targets that may help to develop more effective treatment of persistent S. aureus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a Novel Gene argJ involved in Arginine Biosynthesis Critical for Persister Formation in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox of immunoprecipitation-grade monoclonal antibodies against human transcription factors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key component to overcoming the reproducibility crisis in biomedical research is the development of readily available, rigorously validated and renewable protein affinity reagents. As part of the NIH Protein Capture Reagents Program (PCRP), we have generated a collection of 1406 highly validated, immunoprecipitation (IP) and/or immunoblotting (IB) grade, mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to 736 human transcription factors. We used HuProt human protein microarrays to identify mAbs that recognize their cognate targets with exceptional specificity. Using an integrated production and validation pipeline, we validated these mAbs in multiple experimental applications, and have distributed them to the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB) and several commercial suppliers. This study allowed us to perform a meta-analysis that identified critical variables that contribute to the generation of high quality mAbs. We find that using full-length antigens for immunization, in combination with HuProt analysis, provides the highest overall success rates. The efficiencies built into this pipeline ensure substantial cost savings compared to current standard practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irrizary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mita, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantonio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli Behn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asencio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almodovar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazario, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Pacheco, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khambadkone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Melo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox of immunoprecipitation-grade monoclonal antibodies against human transcription factors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-Docklets: Virtualization Containers for Single-Step Execution of NGS Pipelines. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProcessing of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data requires significant technical skills, involving installation, configuration, and execution of bioinformatics data pipelines, in addition to specialized post-analysis visualization and data mining software. In order to address some of these challenges, developers have leveraged virtualization containers, towards seamless deployment of preconfigured bioinformatics software and pipelines on any computational platform.nnFindingsWe present an approach for abstracting the complex data operations of multi-step, bioinformatics pipelines for NGS data analysis. As examples, we have deployed two pipelines for RNAseq and CHIPseq, pre-configured within Docker virtualization containers we call Bio-Docklets. Each Bio-Docklet exposes a single data input and output endpoint and from a user perspective, running the pipelines is as simple as running a single bioinformatics tool. This is achieved through a "meta-script" that automatically starts the Bio-Docklets, and controls the pipeline execution through the BioBlend software library and the Galaxy Application Programming Interface (API). The pipelne output is post-processed using the Visual Omics Explorer (VOE) framework, providing interactive data visualizations that users can access through a web browser.nnConclusionsThe goal of our approach is to enable easy access to NGS data analysis pipelines for nonbioinformatics experts, on any computing environment whether a laboratory workstation, university computer cluster, or a cloud service provider. Besides end-users, the Bio-Docklets also enables developers to programmatically deploy and run a large number of pipeline instances for concurrent analysis of multiple datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lijeron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krampis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-Docklets: Virtualization Containers for Single-Step Execution of NGS Pipelines.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule, full-length transcript sequencing provides insight into the extreme metabolism of ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds can support their high metabolic rates exclusively by oxidizing ingested sugars, which is unsurprising given their sugar-rich nectar diet and use of energetically expensive hovering flight. However, they cannot rely on dietary sugars as a fuel during fasting periods, such as during the night, at first light, or when undertaking long-distance migratory flights, and must instead rely exclusively on onboard lipids. This metabolic flexibility is remarkable both in that the birds can switch between exclusive use of each fuel type within minutes and in that de novo lipogenesis from dietary sugar precursors is the principle way in which fat stores are built, sometimes at exceptionally high rates, such as during the few days prior to a migratory flight. The hummingbird hepatopancreas is the principle location of de novo lipogenesis and likely plays a key role in fuel selection, fuel switching, and glucose homeostasis. Yet understanding how this tissue, and the whole organism, achieves and moderates high rates of energy turnover is hampered by a fundamental lack of information regarding how genes coding for relevant enzymes differ in their sequence, expression, and regulation in these unique animals. To address this knowledge gap, we generated a de novo transcriptome of the hummingbird liver using PacBio full-length cDNA sequencing (Iso-Seq), yielding a total of 8.6Gb of sequencing data, or 2.6M reads from 4 different size fractions. We analyzed data using the SMRTAnalysis v3.1 Iso-Seq pipeline, including classification of reads and clustering of isoforms (ICE) followed by error-correction (Arrow). With COGENT, we clustered different isoforms into gene families to generate de novo gene contigs. We performed orthology analysis to identify closely related sequences between our transcriptome and other avian and human gene sets. We also aligned our transcriptome against the Calypte anna genome where possible. Finally, we closely examined homology of critical lipid metabolic genes between our transcriptome data and avian and human genomes. We confirmed high levels of sequence divergence within hummingbird lipogenic enzymes, suggesting a high probability of adaptive divergent function in the hepatic lipogenic pathways. Our results have leveraged cutting-edge technology and a novel bioinformatics pipeline to provide a compelling first direct look at the transcriptome of this incredible organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrka, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule, full-length transcript sequencing provides insight into the extreme metabolism of ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular production of hydrogels and synthetic RNA granules by multivalent enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-membrane bound, hydrogel-like entities, such as RNA granules, nucleate essential cellular functions through their unique physico-chemical properties. However, these intracellular hydrogels have not been as extensively studied as their extracellular counterparts, primarily due to technical challenges in probing these materials in situ. Here, by taking advantage of a chemically inducible dimerization paradigm, we developed iPOLYMER, a strategy for rapid induction of protein-based hydrogels inside living cells. A series of biochemical and biophysical characterizations, in conjunction with computational modeling, revealed that the polymer network formed in the cytosol resembles a physiological hydrogel-like entity that behaves as a size-dependent molecular sieve. We studied several properties of the gel and functionalized it with RNA binding motifs that sequester polyadenine-containing nucleotides to synthetically mimic RNA granules. Therefore, we here demonstrate that iPOLYMER presents a unique and powerful approach to synthetically reconstitute hydrogel-like structures including RNA granules in intact cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshar, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanigawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutsias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular production of hydrogels and synthetic RNA granules by multivalent enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryonic loss of human females with partial trisomy 19 identifies region critical for the single active X 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To compensate for the sex difference in the number of X chromosomes, human females, like human males have only one active X. The other X chromosomes in cells of both sexes are silenced in utero by XIST, the Inactive X Specific Transcript gene, that is present on all X chromosomes. To investigate the means by which the human active X is protected from silencing by XIST, we updated the search for a key dosage sensitive XIST repressor using new cytogenetic data with more precise resolution. Here, based on a previously unknown sex bias in copy number variations, we identify a unique region in our genome, and propose candidate genes that lie within, as they could inactivate XIST. Unlike males, the females who duplicate this region of chromosome 19 (partial 19 trisomy) do not survive embryogenesis; this preimplantation loss of females may be one reason that more human males are born than females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Migeon, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryonic loss of human females with partial trisomy 19 identifies region critical for the single active X]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal brain region-specific DNA methylation andchromatin accessibility are associated with neuropsychiatric disease heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modifications confer stable transcriptional patterns in the brain, and both normal and abnormal brain function involve specialized brain regions, yet little is known about brain region-specific epigenetic differences. Here, we compared prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens from 6 individuals, performing whole genome bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation. In addition, we have performed ATAC-seq for chromatin accessibility, and RNA-seq for gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex from 6 additional individuals. We found substantial neuron- and brain region-specific differences in both DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility which were largely non-overlapping, and were greatest between nucleus accumbens and the other regions. In contrast, glial methylation and chromatin were relatively homogeneous across brain regions, although neuron/glia ratios varied greatly, demonstrating the necessity for cellular fractionation. Gene expression was also largely the same across glia from different brain regions and substantially different for neurons. Expression was correlated with methylation and accessibility across promoters and known enhancers. Several classes of transcription factor binding sites were enriched at regions of differential methylation and accessibility, including many that respond to synaptic activity. Finally, both regions of differential methylation and those of differential accessibility showed a surprising >10-fold enrichment of explained heritability associated with addictive behavior, as well as schizophrenia- and neuroticism-associated regions, suggesting that common psychiatric illness is mediated through brain region-specific epigenetic marks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzardi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal brain region-specific DNA methylation andchromatin accessibility are associated with neuropsychiatric disease heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards the human cellular microRNAome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
microRNAs are short RNAs that serve as master regulators of gene expression and are essential components of normal development as well as modulators of disease. MicroRNAs generally act cell autonomously and thus their localization to specific cell types is needed to guide our understanding of microRNA activity. Current tissue-level data has caused considerable confusion and comprehensive cell-level data does not yet exist. Here we establish the landscape of human cell-specific microRNA expression. This project evaluated 8 billion small RNA-seq reads from 46 primary cell types, 42 cancer or immortalized cell lines, and 26 tissues. It identified both specific and ubiquitous patterns of expression that strongly correlate with adjacent super-enhancer activity. Analysis of unaligned RNA reads uncovered 207 unknown minor strand (passenger) microRNAs of known microRNA loci and 2,632 novel putative microRNA loci. Although cancer cell lines generally recapitulated the expression patterns of matched primary cells, their isomiR sequence families exhibited increased disorder suggesting Drosha and Dicer-dependent microRNA processing variability. Cell-specific patterns of microRNA expression were used to deconvolute variable cellular composition of adipose tissue samples highlighting one use of this cell-specific microRNA expression data. Characterization of cellular microRNA expression across a wide variety of cell types provides a new understanding of this critical regulatory RNA species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal-Rojas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards the human cellular microRNAome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative miRNAs: Human Sequences Misidentified As Plant miRNAs In Plant Studies And In Human Plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent study reported that "Plant miRNAs found in human circulating system provide evidences of cross kingdom RNAi" 1. Analysis of two human blood plasma sequencing datasets was said to provide evidence for uptake of plant miRNAs into human plasma. The results were also purportedly inconsistent with contamination 1. However, a review of these data suggests that they do not support dietary xenomiR uptake, but instead confirm previous findings that detection of rare plant miRNAs in mammalian sequencing datasets is artifactual. Only one putative plant miRNA ("peu-MIR2910) in this study mapped consistently above background, and this sequence is found in a human rRNA. Several other rarer but consistently mapped plant miRNAs also have 100% or near 100% matches to human transcripts or genomic sequences, and some do not map to plant genomes at all. These misidentified "alternative miRNAs"--including MIR2910 and MIR2911--emphasize the need for rigorous filtering strategies when assessing possible xenomiRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative miRNAs: Human Sequences Misidentified As Plant miRNAs In Plant Studies And In Human Plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome Conformation Paints Reveal The Role Of Lamina Association In Genome Organization And Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-random, dynamic three-dimensional organization of the nucleus is important for regulation of gene expression. Numerous studies using chromosome conformation capture strategies have uncovered ensemble organizational principles of individual chromosomes, including organization into active (A) and inactive (B) compartments. In addition, large inactive regions of the genome appear to be associated with the nuclear lamina, the so-called Lamina Associated Domains (LADs). However, the interrelationship between overall chromosome conformation and association of domains with the nuclear lamina remains unclear. In particular, the 3D organization of LADs within the context of the entire chromosome has not been investigated. In this study, we describe "chromosome conformation paints" to determine the relationship in situ between LAD and non-LAD regions of the genome in single cells. We find that LADs organize into constrained and compact regions at the nuclear lamina, and these findings are supported by an integrated analysis of both DamID and Hi-C data. Using a refined algorithm to identify active (A) and inactive (B) compartments from Hi-C data, we demonstrate that the LADs correspond to the B compartment. We demonstrate that in situ single cell chromosome organization is strikingly predicted by integrating both Hi-C and DamID data into a chromosome conformation model. In addition, using the chromosome conformation paints, we demonstrate that LAD (and B-compartment) organization is dependent upon both chromatin state and Lamin A/C. Finally, we demonstrate that small regions within LADs escape the repressive regime at the peripheral zone to interact with the A-compartment and are enriched for both transcription start sites (TSSs) and active enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekrun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ach, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome Conformation Paints Reveal The Role Of Lamina Association In Genome Organization And Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsEX-Mediated Regulation Of Inner Membrane Fusion And Cell Separation Reveals Morphogenetic Plasticity In Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During its life cycle, Caulobacter crescentus undergoes a series of coordinated shape changes, including generation of a polar stalk and reshaping of the cell envelope to produce new daughter cells through the process of cytokinesis. The mechanisms by which these morphogenetic processes are coordinated in time and space remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the conserved division complex FtsEX controls both the early and late stages of cytokinesis in C. crescentus, namely initiation of constriction and final cell separation. {Delta}ftsE cells display a striking phenotype: cells are chained, with skinny connections between cell bodies resulting from defects in inner membrane fusion and cell separation. Surprisingly, the thin connections in {Delta}ftsE cells share morphological and molecular features with C. crescentus stalks. Our data uncover unanticipated morphogenetic plasticity in C. crescentus, with loss of FtsE causing a stalk-like program to take over at failed division sites and yield novel cell morphology.nnAuthor SummaryBacterial cell shape is genetically hardwired and is critical for fitness and, in certain cases, pathogenesis. In most bacteria, a semi-rigid structure called the cell wall surrounds the inner membrane, offering protection against cell lysis while simultaneously maintaining cell shape. A highly dynamic macromolecular structure, the cell wall undergoes extensive remodeling as bacterial cells grow and divide. We demonstrate that a broadly conserved cell division complex, FtsEX, relays signals from the cytoplasm to the cell wall to regulate key developmental shape changes in the -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Consistent with studies in diverse bacteria, we observe strong synthetic interactions between ftsE and cell wall hydrolytic factors, suggesting that regulation of cell wall remodeling is a conserved function of FtsEX. Loss of FtsE causes morphological defects associated with both the early and late stages of division. Intriguingly, without FtsE, cells frequently fail to separate and instead elaborate a thin, tubular structure between cell bodies, a growth mode observed in other -proteobacteria. Overall, our results highlight the plasticity of bacterial cell shape and demonstrate how altering the activity of one morphogenetic program can produce diverse morphologies resembling those of other bacteria in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meier, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsEX-Mediated Regulation Of Inner Membrane Fusion And Cell Separation Reveals Morphogenetic Plasticity In Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multicenter, randomized study of decitabine as epigenetic priming with induction chemotherapy in children with AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDecitabine is a deoxycytidine nucleoside derivative inhibitor of DNA-methyltransferases, which has been studied extensively and is approved for myelodysplastic syndrome in adults but with less focus in children. Accordingly, we conducted a phase 1 multicenter, randomized, open-label study to evaluate decitabine pre-treatment before standard induction therapy in children with newly diagnosed AML to assess safety and tolerability and explore a number of biologic endpoints.nnResultsTwenty-four patients were fully assessable for all study objectives per protocol (10 in Arm A, 14 in Arm B). All patients experienced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The most common grade 3 and 4 non-hematologic adverse events observed were gastrointestinal toxicities and hypophosphatemia. Plasma decitabine PK were similar to previously reported adult data. Overall CR/CRi was similar for the two arms. MRD negativity at end-induction was 85% in Arm A versus 67% in Arm B patients. DNA methylation measured in peripheral blood over the course of treatment tracked with blast clearance and matched marrow aspirates at day 0 and day 21. Unlike end-point marrow analyses, promoter methylation in blood identified an apparent reversal of response in the lone treatment failure, one week prior to the patients marrow aspirate confirming non-response. Decitabine-induced effects of end-induction marrows in Arm A were reflected by changes in DNA methylation and gene expression comparison with matched paired marrow diagnostic aspirates.nnConclusionsThis first-in-pediatrics trial demonstrates that decitabine prior to standard combination chemotherapy is feasible and well tolerated in children with newly diagnosed AML. Pre-treatment with decitabine may represent a newer therapeutic option for pediatric AML, especially as it appears to induce important epigenetic alterations. The novel biological correlates studied in this trial offer a clinically relevant window into disease progression and remission. Additional studies are needed to definitively assess whether decitabine can enhance durability responses in children with AML. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01177540.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triche, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshinchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boklan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arceci, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multicenter, randomized study of decitabine as epigenetic priming with induction chemotherapy in children with AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental And Genetic Regulation Of The Human Cortex Transcriptome In Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GWAS have identified 108 loci that confer risk for schizophrenia, but risk mechanisms for individual loci are largely unknown. Using developmental, genetic, and illness-based RNA sequencing expression analysis, we characterized the human brain transcriptome around these loci and found enrichment for developmentally regulated genes with novel examples of shifting isoform usage across pre- and post-natal life. We found widespread expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), including many with transcript specificity and previously unannotated sequence that were independently replicated. We leveraged this eQTL database to show that 48.1% of risk variants for schizophrenia associated with nearby expression. Within patients and controls, we implemented a novel algorithm for RNA quality adjustment, and identified 237 genes significantly associated with diagnosis that replicated in an independent case-control dataset. These genes implicated synaptic processes and were strongly regulated in early development (p < 10-20). These data offer new targets for modeling schizophrenia risk in cellular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam-Thong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The BrainSeq Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental And Genetic Regulation Of The Human Cortex Transcriptome In Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sympathetic Nerve Activity Promotes Cardiomyocyte Cell-Cycle Arrest And Binucleation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult mammalian hearts typically have little capacity to regenerate after injuries such as myocardial infarction. In contrast, neonatal mice during the first week of life possess an incredible ability to regenerate their hearts, though this capacity is lost shortly after birth. The physiological triggers mediating this transition remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that sympathetic nerve activity promotes cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and binucleation. In mice hearts lacking sympathetic nerve inputs, we observe increased mononucleated cardiomyocyte numbers and elevated cardiomyocyte proliferation. Additionally, increased cardiomyocyte mononucleation and proliferation are observed in mice with genetic and pharmacological inhibition of {beta}-adrenergic receptors ({beta}ARs), which mediate sympathetic nerve signaling. Using in vitro cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate that activation of {beta}-adrenergic receptors results in decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation that is mediated through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that sympathetic nerve activity may play a role in limiting the ability of mammalian hearts to regenerate by restricting cardiomyocyte proliferation and promoting cytokinesis failure leading to multinucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payumo, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigley, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sympathetic Nerve Activity Promotes Cardiomyocyte Cell-Cycle Arrest And Binucleation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of perineuronal nets increases the frequency of sharp wave ripples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWRs) represent irregularly occurring synchronous neuronal population events that are observed during phases of rest and slow wave sleep. SWR activity that follows learning involves sequential replay of training-associated neuronal assemblies and is critical for systems level memory consolidation. SWRs are initiated by CA2 or CA3 pyramidal cells and require initial excitation of CA1 pyramidal cells as well as subsequent participation of parvalbumin (PV) expressing fast spiking (FS) inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons are relatively unique in that they represent the major neuronal cell type known to be surrounded by perineuronal nets (PNNs), lattice like structures composed of a hyaluronin backbone that surround the cell soma and proximal dendrites. Though the function of the PNN is not completely understood, previous studies suggest it may serve to localize glutamatergic input to synaptic contacts and thus influence the activity of ensheathed cells. Noting that FS PV interneurons impact the activity of pyramidal cells thought to initiate SWRs, and that their activity is critical to ripple expression, we examine the effects of PNN integrity on SWR activity in the hippocampus. Extracellular recordings from the stratum radiatum of 490 micron horizontal murine hippocampal hemisections demonstrate SWRs that occur spontaneously in CA1. As compared to vehicle, pretreatment (120 min) of paired hemislices with hyaluronidase, which cleaves the hyaluronin backbone of the PNN, decreases PNN integrity and increases SWR frequency. Pretreatment with chondroitinase, which cleaves PNN side chains, also increases SWR frequency. Together, these data contribute to an emerging appreciation of extracellular matrix as a regulator of neuronal plasticity and suggest that one function of mature perineuronal nets could be to modulate the frequency of SWR events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozzelli, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccavano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of perineuronal nets increases the frequency of sharp wave ripples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison Of NMR And Crystal Structures Of Membrane Proteins And Computational Refinement To Improve Model Quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane proteins are challenging to study and restraints for structure determination are typically sparse or of low resolution because the membrane environment that surrounds them leads to a variety of experimental challenges. When membrane protein structures are determined by different techniques in different environments, a natural question is "which structure is most biologically relevant?" Towards answering this question, we compiled a dataset of membrane proteins with known structures determined by both solution NMR and X-ray crystallography. By investigating differences between the structures, we found that RMSDs between crystal and NMR structures are below 5 [A] in the membrane region, NMR ensembles have a higher convergence in the membrane region, crystal structures typically have a straighter transmembrane region, have higher stereo-chemical correctness, and are more tightly packed. After quantifying these differences, we used high-resolution refinement of the NMR structures to mitigate them, which paves the way for identifying and improving the structural quality of membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Avino, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatnagar, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison Of NMR And Crystal Structures Of Membrane Proteins And Computational Refinement To Improve Model Quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Autoantibody Signatures To Detect Autoimmune Disease Patient Subsets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by highly specific immune responses against molecules in self-tissues. Different autoimmune diseases are characterized by distinct immune responses, making autoantibodies useful for diagnosis and prediction. In many diseases, the targets of autoantibodies are incompletely defined. Although the technologies for autoantibody discovery have advanced dramatically over the past decade, each of these techniques generates hundreds of possibilities, which are onerous and expensive to validate. We set out to establish a method to greatly simplify autoantibody discovery, using a pre-filtering step to define subgroups with similar specificities based on migration of radiolabeled, immunoprecipitated proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels and autoradiography [Gel Electrophoresis and band detection on Autoradiograms (GEA)]. Human recognition of patterns is not optimal when the patterns are complex or scattered across many samples. Multiple sources of errors - including irrelevant intensity differences and warping of gels - have challenged automation of pattern discovery from autoradiograms.nnIn this paper, we address these limitations using a Bayesian hierarchical model with shrinkage priors for pattern alignment and spatial dewarping. The Bayesian model combines information from multiple gel sets and corrects spatial warping for coherent estimation of autoantibody signatures defined by presence or absence of a grid of landmark proteins. We show the pre-processing creates more clearly separated clusters and improves the accuracy of autoantibody subset detection via hierarchical clustering. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods with GEA data from scleroderma patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casciola-Rosen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Autoantibody Signatures To Detect Autoimmune Disease Patient Subsets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved de novo Genome Assembly: Synthetic long read sequencing combined with optical mapping produce a high quality mammalian genome at relatively low cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current short-read methods have come to dominate genome sequencing because they are cost-effective, rapid, and accurate. However, short reads are most applicable when data can be aligned to a known reference. Two new methods for de novo assembly are linked-reads and restriction-site labeled optical maps. We combined commercial applications of these technologies for genome assembly of an endangered mammal, the Hawaiian Monk seal.nnWe show that the linked-reads produced with 10X Genomics Chromium chemistry and assembled with Supernova v1.1 software produced scaffolds with an N50 of 22.23 Mbp with the longest individual scaffold of 84.06 Mbp. When combined with Bionano Genomics optical maps using Bionano RefAligner, the scaffold N50 increased to 29.65 Mbp for a total of 170 hybrid scaffolds, the longest of which was 84.78 Mbp. These results were 161X and 215X, respectively, improved over DISCOVAR de novo assemblies. The quality of the scaffolds was assessed using conserved synteny analysis of both the DNA sequence and predicted seal proteins relative to the genomes of humans and other species. We found large blocks of conserved synteny suggesting that the hybrid scaffolds were high quality. An inversion in one scaffold complementary to human chromosome 6 was found and confirmed by optical maps.nnThe complementarity of linked-reads and optical maps is likely to make the production of high quality genomes more routine and economical and, by doing so, significantly improve our understanding of comparative genome biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved de novo Genome Assembly: Synthetic long read sequencing combined with optical mapping produce a high quality mammalian genome at relatively low cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of genetic loci driving spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately three quarters of acute HCV infections evolve to a chronic state, while one quarter are spontaneously cleared. Genetic predispositions strongly contribute to the development of chronicity. We have conducted a genome-wide association study to identify genomic variants underlying HCV spontaneous clearance using Immunochip in European and African ancestries. We confirmed two previously reported significant associations, in the IL28B/IFNL41,2 and MHC regions, with spontaneous clearance in the European population. We further fine-mapped the MHC association to a region of about 50 kilo base pairs, down from 1 mega base pairs in the previous study. Additional analyses suggested that the association in the MHC locus might be significantly stronger for virus subtype 1a than 1b, suggesting that viral subtype may have influenced the genetic mechanism underlying the clearance of HCV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latanich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aneja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alric, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donfield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khakoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of genetic loci driving spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finger recruitment patterns during mirror movements suggest two systems for hand recovery after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating behavioural and neurophysiological evidence suggests that upper-limb control relies on contributions from both cortical and subcortical motor circuits, with cortical inputs providing fine-finger function and subcortical inputs providing the ability for gross movements, respectively. During recovery of function after stroke, the relative contributions from these pathways may shift. Here we propose that mirror movements that appear after stroke provide a non-invasive assay through which relative contributions from cortical and subcortical pathways towards hand recovery can be studied. We hypothesized that mirror movements, like hand function, are generated by summed contributions from cortical and subcortical pathways, and suggest that subcortical contributions should be characterized by a broad recruitment of fingers, while cortical contributions primarily recruit the homologous finger in the passive hand. In a longitudinal stroke recovery study (Xu et al., 2016), we quantified mirror movements and paretic hand function in 53 stroke patients in the year following unilateral stroke. Mirror movements in the non-paretic hand were exaggerated early after damage (week 2), with paretic finger presses broadly recruiting multiple fingers in the non-paretic hand. On average, however, mirroring in homologous fingers was 1.76 times larger than in non-homologous fingers. Over the year, mirroring in the non-paretic hand progressively normalized with a time-course that mimicked that for the fine-finger deficits in the paretic hand. In comparison, during non-paretic finger presses, the homologous component of mirroring in the paretic hand was reduced early after stroke (week 2) but progressively normalized. Altogether, we conclude that the pattern of mirror movements across homologous and non-homologous fingers reflect the summed contributions of both cortical and subcortical systems, and we discuss the implications of our results towards hand recovery after stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ejaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schambra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finger recruitment patterns during mirror movements suggest two systems for hand recovery after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTORC1-mediated inhibition of 4EBP1 is essential for Hedgehog (HH) signaling and can be targeted to suppress HH-driven medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) cooperates with Hedgehog (HH) signaling, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we provide genetic, biochemical, and pharmacologic evidence that MTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent translation is a prerequisite for HH signaling. The genetic loss of mTORC1 function inhibited HH signaling- driven growth of the cerebellum and medulloblastoma. Inhibiting translation or mTORC1 blocked HH signaling. Depleting 4EBP1, an mTORC1 target that inhibits translation, alleviated the dependence of HH signaling on mTORC1. Consistent with this, phosphorylated 4EBP1 levels were elevated in HH signaling-driven medulloblastomas in mice and humans. In mice, an mTORC1 inhibitor suppressed medulloblastoma driven by a mutant SMO that is resistant to an SMO inhibitor in the clinic, prolonging the survival of the mice. Our study reveals mTORC1-mediated translation to be a key component of HH signaling and an important target for treating medulloblastoma and other cancers driven by HH signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTORC1-mediated inhibition of 4EBP1 is essential for Hedgehog (HH) signaling and can be targeted to suppress HH-driven medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Activity Of Selective Essential Oils Against Stationary Phase Borrelia burgdorferi As A Persister Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the majority of patients with Lyme disease can be cured with the standard 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the cause for this is debated, one possibility is due to persisters not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics. It has been reported that essential oils have antimicrobial activities and some have been used by patients with persisting Lyme disease symptoms. However, the activity of essential oils against the causative agent Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi) has not been carefully studied. Here, we evaluated the activity of 34 essential oils against B. burgdorferi stationary phase culture as a model for persisters. We found that many essential oils had varying degrees of activity against B. burgdorferi, with top 5 essential oils (oregano, cinnamon bark, clove bud, citronella, and wintergreen) at a low concentration of 0.25% showing more activity than the persister drug daptomycin. Interestingly, some highly active essential oils were found to have excellent anti-biofilm ability as shown by their ability to dissolve the aggregated biofilm-like structures. The top 3 hits, oregano, cinnamon bark and clove bud, completely eradicated all viable cells without regrowth in subculture. Carvacrol was found to be the most active ingredient of oregano oil showing excellent activity against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells, while p-cymene and -terpinene had no apparent activity. Future studies are needed to characterize and optimize the active essential oils in drug combinations in vitro and in vivo for improved treatment of persistent Lyme disease.nnIMPORTANCEThere is a huge need for effective treatment of patients with Lyme disease who suffer from PTLDS. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that B. burgdorferi develops persisters that are not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics as a possible contributor to this condition. Although essential oils are used by patients with Lyme disease with variable improvement in symptoms, their anti-borrelia activity has not been carefully studied. Here we found that not all essential oils have adequate anti-borrelia activity and identified some highly potent essential oils (oregano, cinnamon bark, clove bud) that have even higher anti-persister and anti-biofilm activity than the persister drug daptomycin. Carvacrol was found to be the most active ingredient of oregano oil and have the potential to serve as a promising oral persister drug. Our findings may have implications for developing improved treatment of persisting Lyme disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubcevik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklossy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Activity Of Selective Essential Oils Against Stationary Phase Borrelia burgdorferi As A Persister Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-Lasting Contribution Of Dopamine In The Nucleus Accumbens Core, But Not Dorsal Lateral Striatum, To Sign-Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues is dependent on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core. These dopamine signals conform to traditional reward-prediction error signals and have been shown to diminish with time. Here we examined if the diminishing dopamine signal in the nucleus accumbens core has functional implications for the expression of sign-tracking, a Pavlovian conditioned response indicative of the attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues. Food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a Pavlovian paradigm in which an insertable lever predicted delivery of food reward in a nearby food cup. After 7 or 14 training sessions, rats received infusions of saline, the dopamine antagonist flupenthixol (100 mM), or the GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol (0.5 mM baclofen/0.05 mM muscimol) into the nucleus accumbens core or the dorsal lateral striatum. Dopamine antagonism within the nucleus accumbens core attenuated sign-tracking, whereas reversible inactivation did not affect sign-tracking but increased non-specific food cup checking behaviors. Neither drug in the dorsal lateral striatum affected sign-tracking behavior. Critically, extended training did not alter these effects. Though extended experience with an incentive stimulus may reduce cue-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, this does not alter the function of dopamine in this region to promote Pavlovian cue approach nor result in the recruitment of dorsal lateral striatal systems for this behavior. These data support the notion that dopamine within the mesoaccumbal system, but not the nigrostriatal system, contributes critically to incentive motivational processes independent of the length of training.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-Lasting Contribution Of Dopamine In The Nucleus Accumbens Core, But Not Dorsal Lateral Striatum, To Sign-Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Membrane-tension Gated Ca Flux in Cell Mechanosensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells are sensitive to mechanical forces that they experience from the environment. The process of mechanosensation is complex, and involves elements such as the cytoskeleton and active contraction from myosin motors. Ultimately, mechanosensation is connected to changes in gene expression in the cell, or mechanotransduction. While the involvement of the cytoskeleton in mechanosensation is known, processes upstream to cytoskeletal changes is unclear. In this paper, using a microfluidic device that mechanically compresses live cells, we demonstrate that calcium currents and membrane tension-sensitive ion channels directly signals to the Rho GTPase and myosin contraction. In response to membrane tension changes, cell actively regulates cortical myosin contraction to balance external forces. The process is captured by a mechanochemical model where membrane tension, myosin contraction and the osmotic pressure difference between the cytoplasm and extracellular environment are connected by mechanical force-balance. Finally, to complete the picture of mechanotransduction, we find that the tension-sensitive transcription factor YAP translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to mechanical compression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Membrane-tension Gated Ca Flux in Cell Mechanosensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigating the dense meshwork of wires and synapses that form neuronal circuits is possible with the high resolution of serial-section electron microscopy (ssEM)1. However, the imaging scale required to comprehensively reconstruct axons and dendrites is more than 10 orders of magnitude smaller than the spatial extents occupied by networks of interconnected neurons2--some of which span nearly the entire brain. The difficulties in generating and handling data for relatively large volumes at nanoscale resolution has thus restricted all studies in vertebrates to neuron fragments, thereby hindering investigations of complete circuits. These efforts were transformed by recent advances in computing, sample handling, and imaging techniques1, but examining entire brains at high resolution remains a challenge. Here we present ssEM data for a complete 5.5 days post-fertilisation larval zebrafish brain. Our approach utilizes multiple rounds of targeted imaging at different scales to reduce acquisition time and data management. The resulting dataset can be analysed to reconstruct neuronal processes, allowing us to, for example, survey all the myelinated axons (the projectome). Further, our reconstructions enabled us to investigate the precise projections of neurons and their contralateral counterparts. In particular, we observed that myelinated axons of reticulospinal and lateral line afferent neurons exhibit remarkable bilateral symmetry. Additionally, we found that fasciculated reticulospinal axons maintain the same neighbour relations throughout the extent of their projections. Furthermore, we use the dataset to set the stage for whole-brain comparisons of structure and function by co-registering functional reference atlases and in vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy data from the same specimen. We provide the complete dataset and reconstructions as an open-access resource for neurobiologists and others interested in the ultrastructure of the larval zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, D. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicconet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randlett, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portugues, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baden, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillaney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling The Gene-Epigenome Networks: Timing Of Epigenetic Regulation Of Gene Expression In Acquired Cetuximab Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDTargeted therapies specifically act by blocking the activity of proteins that are encoded by genes critical for tumorigenesis. However, most cancers acquire resistance and long-term disease remission is rarely observed. Understanding the time course of molecular changes responsible for the development of acquired resistance could enable optimization of patients treatment options. Clinically, acquired therapeutic resistance can only be studied at a single time point in resistant tumors. To determine the dynamics of these molecular changes, we obtained high throughput omics data weekly during the development of cetuximab resistance in a head and neck cancer in vitro model.nnRESULTSAn unsupervised algorithm, CoGAPS, was used to quantify the evolving transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Applying a PatternMarker statistic to the results from CoGAPS enabled novel heatmap-based visualization of the dynamics in these time course omics data. We demonstrate that transcriptional changes result from immediate therapeutic response or resistance, whereas epigenetic alterations only occur with resistance. Integrated analysis demonstrates delayed onset of changes in DNA methylation relative to transcription, suggesting that resistance is stabilized epigenetically.nnCONCLUSIONSGenes with epigenetic alterations associated with resistance that have concordant expression changes are hypothesized to stabilize resistance. These genes include FGFR1, which was associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance previously. Thus, integrated omics analysis distinguishes the timing of molecular drivers of resistance. Our findings provide a relevant towards better understanding of the time course progression of changes resulting in acquired resistance to targeted therapies. This is an important contribution to the development of alternative treatment strategies that would introduce new drugs before the resistant phenotype develops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling The Gene-Epigenome Networks: Timing Of Epigenetic Regulation Of Gene Expression In Acquired Cetuximab Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ionic Current Correlations Are Ubiquitous Across Phyla 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionic currents, whether measured as conductance amplitude or as ion channel transcript levels, can vary many-fold within a population of identified neurons. This variability has been observed in multiple invertebrate neuronal types, but they do so in a coordinated manner such that their magnitudes are correlated. These conductance correlations are thought to reflect a tight homeostasis of cellular excitability that enhances the robustness and stability of neuronal activity over long stretches of time. Notably, although such ionic current correlations are well documented in invertebrates, they have not been reported in vertebrates. Here we demonstrate with two examples, identified mouse hippocampal granule cells and cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, that ionic current correlations is a ubiquitous phenomenon expressed by a number of species across phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborszky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golowasch, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ionic Current Correlations Are Ubiquitous Across Phyla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Mechanisms Of Human Papillomavirus-Related Carcinogenesis In Head And Neck Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This review examines the general cellular and molecular underpinnings of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinogenesis in the context of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and focuses on HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in areas for which specific data is available. It covers the major pathways dysregulated in HPV- positive HNSCC and the genome-wide changes associated with this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faraji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Mechanisms Of Human Papillomavirus-Related Carcinogenesis In Head And Neck Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression Of Pokeweed Antiviral Protein Isoform S1 (PAP-S1) And Of Ricin-A-Chain/PAP-S1 Novel Fusion Protein (RTA/PAP-S1) In Escherichia coli And Their Comparative Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis In Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion protein therapeutics engineering is advancing to meet the need for novel medicine. Herein, we further characterize the development of novel RTA & PAP-S1 antiviral fusion proteins. In brief, RTA/PAP-S1 and PAP-S1/RTA fusion proteins were produced in both cell free and E. coli in vivo expression systems, purified by His-tag affinity chromatography, and protein synthesis inhibitory activity assayed by comparison to the production of a control protein, CalmL3. Results showed that the RTA/PAP-S1 fusion protein is amenable to standardized production and purification and has both increased potency and less toxicity compared to either RTA or PAP-S1 alone. Thus, this research highlights the developmental potential of novel fusion proteins with reduced cytotoxic risk and increased potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression Of Pokeweed Antiviral Protein Isoform S1 (PAP-S1) And Of Ricin-A-Chain/PAP-S1 Novel Fusion Protein (RTA/PAP-S1) In Escherichia coli And Their Comparative Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis In Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with damage to the cerebellum perform poorly in sensorimotor adaptation paradigms. This deficit has been attributed to impairment in sensory-prediction-error-based updating of an internal forward model, a form of implicit learning. These individuals can, however, successfully counter a perturbation when instructed with an explicit aiming strategy. This successful use of an instructed aiming strategy presents a paradox: In adaptation tasks, why dont individuals with cerebellar damage come up with an aiming solution on their own to compensate for their implicit learning deficit? To explore this question, we employed a variant of a visuomotor rotation task in which, prior to executing a movement on each trial, the participants verbally reported their intended aiming location. Compared to healthy controls, participants with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) displayed impairments in both implicit learning and aiming. This was observed when the visuomotor rotation was introduced abruptly (Exp. 1) or gradually (Exp. 2). This dual deficit does not appear to be related to the increased movement variance associated with ataxia: Healthy undergraduates showed little change in implicit learning or aiming when their movement feedback was artificially manipulated to produce similar levels of variability (Exp. 3). Taken together the results indicate that a consequence of cerebellar dysfunction is not only impaired sensory-prediction-error-based learning, but also a difficulty in developing and/or maintaining an aiming solution in response to a visuomotor perturbation. We suggest that this dual deficit can be explained by the cerebellum forming part of a network that learns and maintains action-outcome associations across trials.nnNew and noteworthyIndividuals with cerebellar pathology are impaired in sensorimotor adaptation. This deficit has been attributed to an impairment in error-based learning, specifically, from a deficit in using sensory prediction errors to update an internal model. Here, we show that these individuals also have difficulty in discovering an aiming solution to overcome their adaptation deficit, suggesting a new role for the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR-Based Yeast Two-Hybrid System For Investigating RNA-Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the great importance of RNA-protein interactions in cells, there is a very limited set of approaches available for identifying proteins that bind to a specific RNA. We report here combining the use of CRISPR technology with the yeast two-hybrid protein-protein interaction system in order to create an advantageous method for investigating RNA-protein interactions. In this CRISPR-assisted RNA/RBP yeast (CARRY) two-hybrid system, an RNA of interest is targeted to the promoters of standard yeast two-hybrid reporter genes by fusing it to the CRISPR guide RNA in a strain expressing catalytically deactivated Cas9 (dCas9). If the promoter-tethered RNA binds to a protein fused to Gal4 transcriptional activation domain (GAD), then the reporter genes become transcribed, just as in the standard protein-protein yeast two-hybrid assay. We used the CARRY two-hybrid system to analyze MS2 bacteriophage RNA hairpin binding to the MS2 coat protein (MCP). We tested MS2 hairpin mutants with a range of biochemically determined binding affinities for MCP and found that CARRY two-hybrid detected all binding interactions with dissociation constants [&le;]300 nM. In summary, this new CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system provides an easily operable, much-needed new tool for identifying proteins that bind to a particular RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hass, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappulla, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR-Based Yeast Two-Hybrid System For Investigating RNA-Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-Evaluating Evolution In The HIV Reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), a latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 persists in resting memory CD4+ T-cells and precludes cure1-6. Lorenzo-Redondo et al.7 analyzed HIV-1 sequences collected from three individuals during the first six months of ART, discovered specific patterns of sequence evolution, and concluded that viral replication persists during therapy. We believe these evolutionary patterns are artifacts of rapidly decaying viral subpopulations present during the first months of therapy and are not characteristic of the long-lived reservoir. The study therefore provides no evidence that ongoing replication is an additional barrier to cure for treated individuals who consistently maintain low viral loads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbloom, D. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskey, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-Evaluating Evolution In The HIV Reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Complete Electron Microscopy Volume Of The Brain Of Adult Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster has a rich repertoire of innate and learned behaviors. Its 100,000-neuron brain is a large but tractable target for comprehensive neural circuit mapping. Only electron microscopy (EM) enables complete, unbiased mapping of synaptic connectivity; however, the fly brain is too large for conventional EM. We developed a custom high-throughput EM platform and imaged the entire brain of an adult female fly. We validated the dataset by tracing brain-spanning circuitry involving the mushroom body (MB), intensively studied for its role in learning. Here we describe the complete set of olfactory inputs to the MB; find a new cell type providing driving input to Kenyon cells (the intrinsic MB neurons); identify neurons postsynaptic to Kenyon cell dendrites; and find that axonal arbors providing input to the MB calyx are more tightly clustered than previously indicated by light-level data. This freely available EM dataset will significantly accelerate Drosophila neuroscience.nnHIGHLIGHTS- A complete adult fruit fly brain was imaged, using electron microscopy (EM)n- The EM volume enables brain-spanning mapping of neuronal circuits at the synaptic leveln- Olfactory projection neurons cluster more tightly in mushroom body calyx than expected from light-level datan- The primary postsynaptic targets of Kenyon cells (KCs) in the MB are other KCs, as well as the anterior paired lateral (APL) neuronn- A newly discovered cell type, MB-CP2, integrates input from several sensory modalities and provides microglomerular input to KCs in MB calyxn- A software pipeline was created in which EM-traced skeletons can be searched for within existing large-scale light microscopy (LM) databases of neuronal morphology, facilitating cell type identification and discovery of relevant genetic driver lines
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauritzen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrens, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharifi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle-Schuler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmecova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautman, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanslovsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazhdan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khairy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Complete Electron Microscopy Volume Of The Brain Of Adult Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing A Science For Sustaining Health: Establishing A Model Health District in Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe demonstrate a replicable model health district for Madagascar. The governments of many low-income countries have adopted health policies that follow international standards, and yet there are four hundred million people without basic access to primary care. Closing this global health delivery gap is typically framed as an issue of scale-up, accomplished primarily through integrating international donor funds with broad-based health system strengthening (HSS) efforts. However, there is no established process by which healthcare systems measure improvements at the point of service and how those, in turn, impact population health. There is no gold standard, equivalent to randomized trials of individual-level interventions, for health systems research. Here, we present a framework for a model district in Madagascar where national policies are implemented along with additional health system interventions to allow for bottom-up adaptation.nnSettingThe intervention takes place in a government district in Madagascar, which includes 1 district hospital, 20 primary care health centers, and a network of community health workers.nnInterventionThe program simultaneously strengthens the WHOs six building blocks of HSS at all levels of the health system within a government district and pioneers a data platform that includes 1) strengthening the districts health management information systems; 2) monitoring and evaluation dashboards; and 3) a longitudinal cohort demographic and health study of over 1,500 households, with a true baseline in intervention and comparison groups.nnConclusionThe integrated intervention and data platform allows for the evaluation of system output indicators as well as population-level impact indicators, such as mortality rates. It thus supports field-based implementation and policy research to fill the know-do gap, while providing the foundation for a new science of sustaining health.nnData Sharing StatementData can be made available upon request by emailing research@pivotworks.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garchitorena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriamihaja, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratsirarson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianambinina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabeza, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnegan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrnstein, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrnstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PIVOT Impact Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gikic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouenzar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing A Science For Sustaining Health: Establishing A Model Health District in Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Connectome Of A Learning And Memory Center In An Insect Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a complete wiring diagram of a higherorder circuit supporting associative memory has not been previously available. We reconstructed one such circuit at synaptic resolution, the Drosophila larval mushroom body, and found that most Kenyon cells integrate random combinations of inputs but a subset receives stereotyped inputs from single projection neurons. This organization maximizes performance of a model output neuron on a stimulus discrimination task. We also report a novel canonical circuit in each mushroom body compartment with previously unidentified connections: reciprocal Kenyon cell to modulatory neuron connections, modulatory neuron to output neuron connections, and a surprisingly high number of recurrent connections between Kenyon cells. Stereotyped connections between output neurons could enhance the selection of learned responses. The complete circuit map of the mushroom body should guide future functional studies of this learning and memory center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saumweber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eschbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thum, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Connectome Of A Learning And Memory Center In An Insect Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and spatial variation among single dopaminergic neuron transcriptomes informs cellular phenotype diversity and Parkinson’s Disease gene prioritization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is caused by the collapse of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the midbrain (MB), while other DA populations remain relatively intact. Common variation influencing susceptibility to sporadic PD has been primarily identified through genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, like many other common genetic diseases, the genes impacted by common PD-associated variation remain to be elucidated. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to characterize DA neuron populations in the mouse brain at embryonic and early postnatal timepoints. These data allow for the unbiased identification of DA neuron subpopulations, including a novel postnatal neuroblast population and SN DA neurons. Comparison of SN DA neurons with other DA neurons populations in the brain reveals a unique transcriptional profile, novel marker genes, and specific gene regulatory networks. By integrating these cell population specific data with published GWAS, we develop a scoring system for prioritizing candidate genes in PD-associated loci. With this, we prioritize candidate genes in all 32 GWAS intervals implicated in sporadic PD risk, the first such systematically generated list. From this we confirm that the prioritized candidate gene CPLX1 disrupts the nigrostriatal pathway when knocked out in mice. Ultimately, this systematic rationale leads to the identification of biologically pertinent candidates and testable hypotheses for sporadic PD that will inform a new era of PD genetic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hook, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and spatial variation among single dopaminergic neuron transcriptomes informs cellular phenotype diversity and Parkinson’s Disease gene prioritization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluctuations of fMRI activation patterns reveal theta-band dynamics of visual object priming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain dynamically creates predictions about upcoming stimuli to guide perception efficiently. Recent behavioral results suggest theta-band oscillations contribute to this prediction process, however litter is known about the underlying neural mechanism. Here, we combine fMRI and a time-resolved psychophysical paradigm to access fine temporal-scale profiles of the fluctuations of brain activation patterns corresponding to visual object priming. Specifically, multi-voxel activity patterns in the fusiform face area (FFA) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA) show temporal fluctuations at a theta-band (~5 Hz) rhythm. Importantly, the theta-band power in the FFA negatively correlates with reaction time, further indicating the critical role of the observed cortical theta oscillations. Moreover, alpha-band (~10 Hz) shows a dissociated spatial distribution, mainly linked to the occipital cortex. These findings, to our knowledge, are the first fMRI study that indicates temporal fluctuations of multi-voxel activity patterns and that demonstrates theta and alpha rhythms in relevant brain areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goold, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluctuations of fMRI activation patterns reveal theta-band dynamics of visual object priming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputation-Based Genomic Coverage Assessments of Current Genotyping Arrays: Illumina HumanCore, OmniExpress, Multi-Ethnic global array and sub-arrays, Global Screening Array, Omni2.5M, Omni5M, and Affymetrix UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotyping arrays have been widely adopted as an efficient means to interrogate variation across the human genome. Genetic variants may be observed either directly, via genotyping, or indirectly, through linkage disequilibrium with a genotyped variant. The total proportion of genomic variation captured by an array, either directly or indirectly, is referred to as "genomic coverage." Here we use genotype imputation and Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project to assess genomic coverage of several modern genotyping arrays. We find that in general, coverage increases with increasing array density. However, arrays designed to cover specific populations may yield better coverage in those populations compared to denser arrays not tailored to the given population. Ultimately, array choice involves trade-offs between cost, density, and coverage, and our work helps inform investigators weighing these choices and trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romm, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doheny, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputation-Based Genomic Coverage Assessments of Current Genotyping Arrays: Illumina HumanCore, OmniExpress, Multi-Ethnic global array and sub-arrays, Global Screening Array, Omni2.5M, Omni5M, and Affymetrix UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIMoSA: A Method for Inter-Modal Segmentation Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for in vivo detection and characterization of white matter lesions (WML) in multiple sclerosis. While these lesions have been studied for over two decades using MRI technology, automated segmentation remains challenging. Although the majority of statistical techniques for the automated segmentation of WML are based on a single imaging modality, recent advances have used multimodal techniques for identifying WML. Complementary imaging modalities emphasize different tissue properties, which can help identify and characterize interrelated features of lesions. However, prior work has ignored relationships between imaging modalities, which may be informative in this clinical context. To harness the coherent changes in these measurements, we utilized inter-modal coupling regression (IMCo) to estimate the covariance structure across modalities. We then used a local logistic regression, MIMoSA, which leverages new covariance features from IMCo regression as well as the mean structure of each imaging modality in order to model the probability that any voxel is part of a lesion. Finally, we introduced a novel thresholding algorithm to fully automate the estimation of the probability maps to generate fully automated segmentations masks for 94 subjects. To evaluate the performance of the automated segmentations generated using MIMoSA we compared results with gold standard manual segmentations. We demonstrate the superiority of MIMoSA to other automated segmentation techniques by comparing it to the OASIS algorithm as well as LesionTOADS. MIMoSA resulted in statistically significant improvement in lesion segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valcarcel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIMoSA: A Method for Inter-Modal Segmentation Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIP-MAP: High-Throughput Mapping of Caenorhabditis elegans Temperature Sensitive Mutants via Molecular Inversion Probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature sensitive (TS) alleles are important tools for the genetic and functional analysis of essential genes in many model organisms. While isolating TS alleles is not difficult, determining the TS-conferring mutation can be problematic. Even with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data there is a paucity of predictive methods for identifying TS alleles from DNA sequence alone. We assembled 173 TS lethal mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans and used WGS to identify several hundred mutations per strain. We leveraged single molecule molecular inversion probes (MIPs) to sequence variant sites at high depth in the cross-progeny of TS mutants and a mapping strain with identified sequence variants but no apparent phenotypic differences from the reference N2 strain. By sampling for variants at ~1Mb intervals across the genome we genetically mapped mutant alleles at a resolution comparable to current standards in a process we call MIP-MAP. The MIP-MAP protocol, however, permits high-throughput sequencing of multiple TS mutation mapping libraries at less than 200K reads per library. Using MIP-MAP on a subset of TS mutants, via a competitive selection assay and standard recombinant mutant selection, we defined TS-associated intervals of 3Mb or less. Our results suggest this collection of strains contains a diverse library of TS alleles for genes involved in development and reproduction. MIP-MAP is a robust method to genetically map mutations in both viable and essential genes. The MIPs protocol should allow high-throughput tracking of genetic variants in any mixed population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevirtzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yochem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenfang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerman, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterston, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIP-MAP: High-Throughput Mapping of Caenorhabditis elegans Temperature Sensitive Mutants via Molecular Inversion Probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic interhemispheric coordination in face processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our conscious experience of the world is normally unified. The brain coordinates different processes from the left and right hemispheres into one experience. However, the neural mechanisms underlying interhemispheric coordination remain poorly understood. A mechanistic approach to understanding interhemispheric coordination is "communication through coherence" (Fries, 2005; 2015). Using a recently developed time-resolved psychophysics (Fiebelkorn, Saalmann, & Kastner, 2013; Landau & Fries, 2012; Song, Meng, Chen, Zhou, & Luo, 2014), combined with fMRI decoding method, we investigated the interhemispheric coordination through coherence, by focusing on a quintessential case of hemispheric lateralized brain function: face processing in the left and right fusiform face area (FFA). We observed coherent oscillatory fMRI multi-voxel patterns in the left and right FFA when two stimuli presented successively cross visual fields, either initiating coordination from the left hemisphere or right hemisphere. When interhemispheric coordination started from the dominant right hemisphere, a coherent 44{degrees} phase difference between the left and right FFA in 3-4 Hz was observed; whereas when interhemispheric coordination started from the non-dominant left hemisphere, a coherent -17{degrees} phase difference between the left and right FFA in 5.5-6.5 Hz was observed. These results suggest that different phase coherence might mediate the interhemispheric coordination of face perception, depending on whether the initiating hemisphere is dominant or non-dominant. Our findings provide compelling fMRI evidence for interhemispheric coordination through coherence. The time-resolved fMRI decoding approach would be a useful starting point for a more promising approach for future investigation in interhemispheric dynamic coordination with fine-grained spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic interhemispheric coordination in face processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in gene regulation in the dorsal root ganglion after nerve injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain is a subjective experience derived from complex interactions among biological, environmental, and psychosocial pathways. Sex differences in pain sensitivity and chronic pain prevalence are well established. However, the molecular causes underlying these sex dimorphisms are poorly understood particularly with regard to the role of the peripheral nervous system. Here we sought to identify shared and distinct gene networks functioning in the peripheral nervous systems that may contribute to sex differences of pain after nerve injury. We performed RNA-seq on dorsal root ganglia following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in male and female rats. Analysis from paired naive and injured tissues showed that 1456 genes were differentially expressed between sexes. Appreciating sex-related gene expression differences and similarities in neuropathic pain models may help to improve the translational relevance to clinical populations and efficacy of clinical trials of this major health issue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in gene regulation in the dorsal root ganglion after nerve injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference Quality Assembly of the 3.5 Gb genome of Capsicum annuum from a Single Linked-Read Library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLinked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of multiple human genomes, however the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven. We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5 gigabase (Gb) diploid pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome with a single Linked-Read library. Plant genomes, including pepper, are characterized by long, highly similar repetitive sequences. Accordingly, significant effort is used to ensure the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus. With a phased assembly approach, we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes for a pungency gene characterized by a large insertion/deletion.nnResultsThe Supernova software generated a highly ordered, more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C. annuum reference genomes. Eighty-four percent of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four de novo linkage maps. A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly. The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5 kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and non-pungent peppers.nnConclusionsThe most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated through this work which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a rapid tool to assemble de novo complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes. This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality reference genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hulse-Kemp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheshwari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deynze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference Quality Assembly of the 3.5 Gb genome of Capsicum annuum from a Single Linked-Read Library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in stochastic photoreceptor specification and color preference in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each individual perceives the world in a unique way, but little is known about the genetic basis of variation in sensory perception. Here we investigated natural variation in the development and function of the color vision system of Drosophila. In the fly eye, the random mosaic of color-detecting R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by stochastic expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). Individual R7s randomly choose between SsON or SsOFF fates at a ratio of 65:35, resulting in unique patterns but consistent proportions of cell types across genetically identical retinas. In a genome wide association study, we identified a naturally occurring insertion in a regulatory DNA element in the ss gene that lowers the ratio of SsON to SsOFF cells. This change in photoreceptor fates shifts the innate color preference of flies from green to blue. The genetic variant increases the binding affinity for Klumpfuss (Klu), a zinc finger transcriptional repressor that regulates ss expression. Klu is expressed at intermediate levels to determine the normal ratio of SsON to SsOFF cells. Thus, binding site affinity and transcription factor levels are finely tuned to regulate stochastic on/off gene expression, setting the ratio of alternative cell fates and ultimately determining color preference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiliauskas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in stochastic photoreceptor specification and color preference in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of peptide binding to MHC Class I proteins in the age of deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding of peptides to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins is a critical step in immune response. Peptides bound to MHCs are recognized by CD8+ (MHC Class I) and CD4+ (MHC Class II) T-cells. Successful prediction of which peptides will bind to specific MHC alleles would benefit many cancer immunotherapy appications. Currently, supervised machine learning is the leading computational approach to predict peptide-MHC binding, and a number of methods, trained using results of binding assays, have been published. Many clinical researchers are dissatisfied with the sensitivity and specificity of currently available methods and the limited number of alleles for which they can be applied. We evaluated several recent methods to predict peptide-MHC Class I binding affinities and a new method of our own design (MHCnuggets). We used a high-quality benchmark set of 51 alleles, which has been applied previously. The neural network methods NetMHC, NetMHCpan, MHCflurry, and MHCnuggets achieved similar best-in-class prediction performance in our testing, and of these methods MHCnuggets was significantly faster. MHCnuggets is a gated recurrent neural network, and the only method to our knowledge which can handle peptides of any length, without artificial lengthening and shortening. Seventeen alleles were problematic for all tested methods. Prediction difficulties could be explained by deficiencies in the training and testing examples in the benchmark, suggesting that biological differences in allele-specific binding properties are not as important as previously claimed. Advances in accuracy and speed of computational methods to predict peptide-MHC affinity are urgently needed. These methods will be at the core of pipelines to identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapy, based on tumor-derived somatic mutations. Machine learning methods, such as MHCnuggets, which efficiently handle peptides of any length will be increasingly important for the challenges of predicting immunogenic response for MHC Class II alleles.nnAuthor SummaryMachine learning methods are a popular approach for predicting whether a peptide will bind to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins, a critical step in activation of cytotoxic T-cells. The input to these methods is a peptide sequence and an MHC allele of interest, and the output is the predicted binding affinity. MHC Class I and II proteins bind peptides of 8-11 amino acids and 16-26 amino acids respectively. This has been an obstacle for machine learning, because the methods used to date can only handle fixed-length inputs. We show that a recently developed technique known as gated recurrent neural networks can handle peptides of variable length and predict peptide-MHC binding as well or better than existing methods, at substantially faster speeds. Our results have implications for the hundreds of MHC alleles that cannot be predicted with current methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of peptide binding to MHC Class I proteins in the age of deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping the architecture of intercellular invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein best known for its structural role in maintaining cell shape and protecting cells from mechanical damage1-3. Here, we report that spectrin dynamically accumulates and dissolves at the fusogenic synapse, where an attacking fusion partner mechanically invades its receiving partner with actin-propelled protrusions to promote cell-cell fusion4-7. Using genetics, cell biology, biophysics and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that unlike myosin II that responds to dilation deformation, spectrin exhibits a mechanosensitive accumulation in response to shear deformation, which is highly elevated at the fusogenic synapse. The accumulated spectrin forms an uneven network, which functions as a "sieve" to constrict the invasive fingerlike protrusions, thus putting the fusogenic synapse under high mechanical tension to promote cell membrane fusion. Taken together, our study has revealed a previously unrecognized function of spectrin as a dynamic mechanoresponsive protein that shapes the architecture of intercellular invasion. These findings have general implications for understanding spectrin function in other dynamic cellular processes beyond cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilagardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffhauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping the architecture of intercellular invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scikit-ribo: Accurate estimation and robust modeling of translation dynamics at codon resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling (Riboseq) is a powerful technique for measuring protein translation, however, sampling errors and biological biases are prevalent and poorly understand. Addressing these issues, we present Scikit-ribo (https://github.com/hanfang/scikit-ribo), the first open-source software for accurate genome-wide A-site prediction and translation efficiency (TE) estimation from Riboseq and RNAseq data. Scikit-ribo accurately identifies A-site locations and reproduces codon elongation rates using several digestion protocols (r = 0.99). Next we show commonly used RPKM-derived TE estimation is prone to biases, especially for low-abundance genes. Scikit-ribo introduces a codon-level generalized linear model with ridge penalty that correctly estimates TE while accommodating variable codon elongation rates and mRNA secondary structure. This corrects the TE errors for over 2000 genes in S. cerevisiae, which we validate using mass spectrometry of protein abundances (r = 0.81) and allows us to determine the Kozak-like sequence directly from Riboseq. We conclude with an analysis of coverage requirements needed for robust codon-level analysis, and quantify the artifacts that can occur from cycloheximide treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scikit-ribo: Accurate estimation and robust modeling of translation dynamics at codon resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in neuronal activity state, axonal projection target, and position principally define the transcriptional identity of individual neocortical projection neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have generated the first catalogs of transcriptionally defined neuronal subtypes of the brain. However, the biologically informative cellular processes that contribute to neuronal subtype specification and transcriptional heterogeneity remain unclear. By comparing the gene expression profiles of single layer 6 corticothalamic neurons in somatosensory cortex, we show that transcriptional subtypes primarily reflect axonal projection pattern, laminar position within the cortex, and neuronal activity state. Pseudotemporal ordering of 1023 cellular responses to manipulation of sensory input demonstrates that changes in expression of activity-induced genes both reinforced cell-type identity and contributed to increased transcriptional heterogeneity within each cell type. This is due to cell-type specific biases in the choice of transcriptional states following manipulation of neuronal activity. These results reveal that axonal projection pattern, laminar position, and activity state define significant axes of variation that contribute both to the transcriptional identity of individual neurons and to the transcriptional heterogeneity within each neuronal subtype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevee, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in neuronal activity state, axonal projection target, and position principally define the transcriptional identity of individual neocortical projection neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection of purified LINE-1 reveals distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic intermediates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1, L1) is a mobile genetic element active in human genomes. L1-encoded ORF1 and ORF2 proteins bind L1 RNAs, forming ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). These RNPs interact with diverse host proteins, some repressive and others required for the L1 lifecycle. Using differential affinity purifications and quantitative mass spectrometry, we have characterized the proteins associated with distinctive L1 macromolecular complexes. Our findings support the presence of multiple L1-derived retrotransposition intermediates in vivo. Among them, we describe a cytoplasmic intermediate that we hypothesize to be the canonical ORF1p/ORF2p/L1-RNA-containing RNP, and we describe a nuclear population containing ORF2p, but lacking ORF1p, which likely contains host factors participating in template-primed reverse transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molloy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altukhov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mita, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adney, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wudzinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ischenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexeev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCava, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection of purified LINE-1 reveals distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic intermediates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first near-complete assembly of the hexaploid bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, has one of the most complex genomes known to science, with 6 copies of each chromosome, enormous numbers of near-identical sequences scattered throughout, and an overall size of more than 15 billion bases. Multiple past attempts to assemble the genome have failed. Here we report the first successful assembly of T. aestivum, using deep sequencing coverage from a combination of short Illumina reads and very long Pacific Biosciences reads. The final assembly contains 15,344,693,583 bases and has a weighted average (N50) contig size of of 232,659 bases. This represents by far the most complete and contiguous assembly of the wheat genome to date, providing a strong foundation for future genetic studies of this important food crop. We also report how we used the recently published genome of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, to identify 4,179,762,575 bp of T. aestivum that correspond to its D genome components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/159111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first near-complete assembly of the hexaploid bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo calcium imaging visualizes peripheral neuron sensitization in murine osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to develop a method for analyzing sensory neuron responses to mechanical stimuli in vivo, and to evaluate whether these neuronal responses change after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM).nnMethodsDMM or sham surgery was performed in 10-week old male C57BL/6 wild-type or Pirt-GCaMP3+/- mice. All experiments were performed eight weeks after surgery. Knee and hind paw hyperalgesia were assessed in wild-type mice. The retrograde label DiI was injected into the ipsilateral knee to quantify the number of knee-innervating neurons in the L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in wild-type mice. In vivo calcium imaging was performed on the ipsilateral L4 DRG of Pirt-GCaMP3+/- mice as mechanical stimuli (paw pinch, knee pinch, knee twist) were applied to the ipsilateral hind limb.nnResultsEight weeks after surgery, DMM mice had more hyperalgesia in the knee and hind paw compared to sham mice. Intra-articular injection of DiI labeled similar numbers of neurons in the L4 DRG of sham and DMM mice. Increased numbers of sensory neurons responded to all three mechanical stimuli in DMM mice, as assessed by in vivo calcium imaging. The majority of responses in sham and DMM mice were in small-to-medium-sized neurons, consistent with the size of nociceptors. The magnitude of responses was similar between sham and DMM mice.nnConclusionsWe demonstrated that increased numbers of small-to-medium sized DRG neurons respond to mechanical stimuli 8 weeks after DMM surgery, suggesting that nociceptors have become sensitized by lowering the response threshold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malfait, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo calcium imaging visualizes peripheral neuron sensitization in murine osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision genome editing using synthesis-dependent repair of Cas9-induced DNA breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 has emerged as a powerful new tool for genome engineering. Cas9 creates targeted double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome. Knock-in of specific mutations (precision genome editing) requires homology-directed repair (HDR) of the DSB by synthetic donor DNAs containing the desired edits, but HDR has been reported to be variably efficient. Here, we report that linear DNAs (single and double-stranded) engage in a high-efficiency HDR mechanism that requires only [~]35 nucleotides of homology with the targeted locus to introduce edits ranging from 1 to 1000 nucleotides. We demonstrate the utility of linear donors by introducing fluorescent protein tags in human cells and mouse embryos using PCR fragments. We find that repair is local, polarity-sensitive, and prone to template switching, characteristics that are consistent with gene conversion by synthesis-dependent strand-annealing (SDSA). Our findings enable rational design of synthetic donor DNAs for efficient genome editing.nnSignificanceGenome editing, the introduction of precise changes in the genome, is revolutionizing our ability to decode the genome. Here we describe a simple method for genome editing that takes advantage of an efficient mechanism for DNA repair called synthesis-dependent strand annealing. We demonstrate that synthetic linear DNAs (ssODNs and PCR fragments) with [~]35bp homology arms function as efficient donors for SDSA repair of Cas9-induced double-strand breaks. Edits from 1 to 1000 base pairs can be introduced in the genome without cloning or selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paix, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidemarry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision genome editing using synthesis-dependent repair of Cas9-induced DNA breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Mitochondrial Genomes in Human Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that play critical roles in cancer development. Through International Cancer Genome Consortium, we performed a multidimensional characterization of mitochondrial genomes using the whole-genome sequencing data of ~2,700 patients across 37 cancer types and related RNA-sequencing data. Our analysis presents the most definitive mutational landscape of mitochondrial genomes including a novel hypermutated case. We observe similar mutational signatures across cancer types, suggesting powerful endogenous mutational processes in mitochondria. Truncating mutations are remarkably enriched in kidney, colorectal and thyroid cancers and associated with the activation of critical signaling pathways. We find frequent somatic nuclear transfers of mitochondrial DNA (especially in skin and lung cancers), some of which disrupt therapeutic target genes (e.g., ERBB2). The mitochondrial DNA copy number shows great variations within and across cancers and correlates with clinical variables. Co-expression analysis highlights the function of mitochondrial genes in oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair, and cell cycle; and reveals their connections with clinically actionable genes. Our study, including an open-access data portal, lays a foundation for understanding the interplays between the cancer mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and translating mitochondrial biology into clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martincorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creighton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- PCAWG Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Mitochondrial Genomes in Human Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRAVAT 4: Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer sequencing studies are increasingly comprehensive and well-powered, returning long lists of somatic mutations that can be difficult to sort and interpret. Diligent analysis and quality control can require multiple computational tools of distinct utility and producing disparate output, creating additional challenges for the investigator. The Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit (CRAVAT) is an evolving suite of informatics tools for mutation interpretation that includes mutation projecting and quality control, impact prediction and extensive annotation, gene- and mutation-level interpretation including joint prioritization of all nonsilent consequence types, and structural and mechanistic visualization. Results from CRAVAT submissions are explored in an interactive, user-friendly web-environment with dynamic filtering and sorting designed to highlight the most informative mutation, even in the context of very large studies. CRAVAT can be run on a public web-portal, in the cloud, or downloaded for local use, and is easily integrated with other methods for cancer omics analysis.nnConflict of interestAll authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masica, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRAVAT 4: Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specification of the germline by Nanos-dependent down-regulation of the somatic synMuvB transcription factor LIN-15B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nanos RNA-binding protein has been implicated in the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in metazoans, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have profiled the transcriptome of PGCs lacking the nanos homologues nos-1 and nos-2 iC. elegans. nos-1nos-2 PGCs fail to silence hundreds of genes normally expressed in oocytes and somatic cells, a phenotype reminiscent of PGCs lacking the repressive PRC2 complex. The nos-1nos-2 phenotype depends on LIN-15B, a broadly expressed synMuvB class transcription factor known to antagonize PRC2 activity in somatic cells. LIN-15B is maternally-inherited by all embryonic cells and is down-regulated specifically in PGCs in a nos-1nos-2-dependent manner. Consistent with LIN-15B being a critical target of Nanos regulation, inactivation of maternal LIN-15B restores fertility to nos-1nos-2 mutants. These studies demonstrate a central role for Nanos in reprogramming the transcriptome of PGCs away from an oocyte/somatic fate by down-regulating an antagonist of PRC2 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/163642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specification of the germline by Nanos-dependent down-regulation of the somatic synMuvB transcription factor LIN-15B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytosolic proteins can exploit membrane localization to trigger functional assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell division, endocytosis, and viral budding would not function without the localization and assembly of protein complexes on membranes. What is poorly appreciated, however, is that by localizing to membranes, proteins search in a reduced space that effectively drives up concentration. Here we derive an accurate and practical analytical theory to quantify the significance of this dimensionality reduction in regulating protein assembly on membranes. We define a simple metric, an effective equilibrium constant, that allows for quantitative comparison of protein-protein interactions with and without membrane present. To test the importance of membrane localization for driving protein assembly, we collected the protein-protein and protein-lipid affinities, protein and lipid concentrations, and volume-to-surface-area ratios for 46 interactions between 37 membrane-targeting proteins in human and yeast cells. We find that many of the protein-protein interactions between pairs of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human and yeast cells can experience enormous increases in effective protein-protein affinity (10-1000 fold) due to membrane localization. Localization of binding partners thus triggers robust protein complexation, suggesting that it can play an important role in controlling the timing of endocytic protein coat formation. Our analysis shows that several other proteins involved in membrane remodeling at various organelles have similar potential to exploit localization. The theory highlights the master role of phosphoinositide lipid concentration, the volume-to-surface-area ratio, and the ratio of 3D to 2D equilibrium constants in triggering (or preventing) constitutive assembly on membranes. Our simple model provides a novel quantitative framework for interpreting or designing in vitro experiments of protein complexation influenced by membrane binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yogurtcu, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytosolic proteins can exploit membrane localization to trigger functional assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal role of beta oscillations in time estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural mechanisms underlying time perception are of vital importance to a comprehensive understanding of behavior and cognition. Recent work has pointed to a supramodal role for beta oscillations in coordinating endogenous timing mechanisms for the purpose of measuring temporal intervals. However, the majority of this work has employed paradigms relying on timed motor responses, which are confounded by betas established role in motor movement. Further, no study to date has tested if the alteration of beta oscillations subsequently impacts timing. Here, we address these concerns and demonstrate for the first time a causal connection between beta oscillations and timing. To accomplish this, we first re-analyzed two, separate EEG datasets from psychophysical experiments (Wiener, et al. 2012; 2015) demonstrating that beta oscillations are associated with the retention and comparison of a memory standard for duration, and that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right supramarginal gyrus leads to an increase in midline beta power during the encoding of a temporal interval, corresponding with a longer perceived interval of time. Next, we conducted a study of 20 healthy human participants using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), over frontocentral cortex, at alpha (10Hz) and beta (20Hz) frequencies, during a visual temporal bisection task, demonstrating that beta stimulation exclusively shifts the perception of time such that stimuli are reported as longer in length, while preserving precision. Finally, we decomposed trial-by-trial choice data with a drift diffusion model of decision making and temporal encoding that reveals the shift in timing is caused by a change in the starting point of accumulation, rather than the drift rate or threshold. Our results provide causal evidence of betas involvement in the perception of time, and point to a specific role for beta oscillations in the encoding and retention of memory for temporal intervals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coslett, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal role of beta oscillations in time estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected Properties of Short Genomic Tandem Repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Length polymorphisms in genomic short tandem repeats have been implicated in a variety of diseases, most notably human neurodegenerative disorders. Expansions of tandem repeats are also associated with genomic instability in cancer. Our previous study of length-3 tandem repeats uncovered a surprising pattern in the length distribution of certain such repeats in the non-coding regions of the human reference genome: a bias towards repeats of length 3n - 1, (n > 3). That is, the observed frequency of repeats of this length in the human genome is higher than expected by chance based on the frequency of shorter repeats.nnWe have hypothesized that this pattern may be a general property of genomic DNA. If true, this could have implications with regard to the dynamics of repeat expansion generally. To test this hypothesis, we have analyzed the genomic sequences of a broad range of eukaryotic organisms as well as several complete human genomes and obtained a number of thought provoking results. We establish that this unexpected elevation in frequency of 3n - 1 long repeats is statistically significant. We also expanded this analysis to different classes of genomic regions and tandem repeats of length four and five. The specific pattern was found in 13 of the 20 organisms analyzed, including all chordate and insect genomes tested. The bias pattern, however, was not confined to a single branch of the evolutionary tree. For some genomes, such as Drosophila melanogaster, the repeat bias surprisingly was also identified in exons. The pattern is present in both small and large genomes. A similar pattern was also found in tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeats in the human genome. Another surprising property was identified for the flanking GC content for triplet repeats of length 3n. These findings indicate a puzzling new genomic phenomenon with possible evolutionary and disease-related implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glotova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delcher, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected Properties of Short Genomic Tandem Repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial dependence transfers between perceptual objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Judgments of the present visual world are affected by what came before. When judgments of visual properties such as orientation are biased in the direction of preceding stimuli, this is called visual serial dependence. Visual serial dependence is thought to arise from mechanisms that support perceptual continuity: because physical properties of an object usually vary smoothly in time, perception might be accurately stabilized by smoothing the perceived features in time. However, mechanisms that support perceptual continuity should be object-specific, because the orientation of one object is more related to its own past than to the past of a distinct object. Thus, we tested the perceptual continuity explanation by comparing the magnitude of serial dependence between objects and within objects. Across three experiments, we manipulated objecthood by varying the color, the location, and both the color and the location of Gabor patches. We observed a serial dependence effect in every experiment but did not observe an effect of objecthood in any experiment. We further observed serial dependence even when the orientations of two successive stimuli were nearly orthogonal. These data are inconsistent with explanations of serial dependence based on visual continuity. We hypothesize that serial dependence arises from a combination of perceptual features and internal response variables, which interact within a common task or decisional context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial dependence transfers between perceptual objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repositioning the Sm-binding site in S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA reveals RNP organizational flexibility and Sm-directed 3′-end formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase RNA contains a template for synthesizing telomeric DNA by reverse transcription and has been proposed to act as a flexible scaffold for holoenzyme protein subunits in the RNP. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the telomerase subunits Est1 and Ku bind to the telomerase RNA, TLC1, and it has been shown that these proteins still function when their binding sites are repositioned within the RNA. TLC1 is also bound by the Sm7 protein complex, which is required for stabilization of the predominant, non-polyadenylated (poly(A)-) TLC1 isoform. Here, we first show that Sm7 can perform this function even when its binding site is repositioned via circular permutation to several different positions within TLC1, further supporting the conclusion that the telomerase holoenzyme is organizationally flexible. Next, we tested the hypothesis that the location of the Sm7-binding site relative to the 3' end is contrastingly important. When we moved the Sm site to locations 5' of its native position, we observed that this stabilized shorter forms of poly(A)- TLC1 in a manner precisely corresponding to how far upstream the Sm site was moved. This provides strong evidence that the location of Sm7 binding to TLC1 controls where the mature poly(A)- 3' end is formed. In summary, our results show that Sm7 and the 3' end of yeast telomerase RNA comprise an organizationally flexible module within the telomerase RNP and provide insights into the mechanistic role of Sm7 in telomerase RNA biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hass, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappulla, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repositioning the Sm-binding site in S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA reveals RNP organizational flexibility and Sm-directed 3′-end formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal expression divergence of network modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we propose new module-based approaches to identify differentially regulated network sub-modules combining temporal trajectories of expression profiles with static network skeletons. Starting from modules identified by network clustering of static networks, our analysis refines pre-defined genesets by partitioning them into smaller homogeneous sets by non-paramettric Bayesian methods. Especially for case-control time series data we developed multi-time point discriminative models and identified each network module as a mixture or admixture of dynamic discriminative functions. Our results shows that our proposed approach outperformed existing geneset enrichment methods in simulation studies. Moreover we applied the methods to neural stem cell differentiation data, and discovered novel modules differentially perturbed in different developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal expression divergence of network modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A GAL80 collection to nullify transgenes in Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fruit flies recognize hundreds of ecologically relevant odors and respond appropriately to them. The complexity, redundancy and interconnectedness of the olfactory machinery complicate efforts to pinpoint the functional contributions of any component neuron or receptor to behavior. Some contributions can only be elucidated in flies that carry multiple mutations and transgenes, but the production of such flies is currently labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a set of transgenic flies that express the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL80 in specific olfactory sensory neurons (OrX-GAL80s). The GAL80s effectively and specifically subtract the activities of GAL4-driven transgenes that impart anatomical and physiological phenotypes. OrX-GAL80s can allow researchers to efficiently activate only one or a few types of functional neurons in an otherwise nonfunctional olfactory background. Such experiments will improve our understanding of the mechanistic connections between odorant inputs and behavioral outputs at the resolution of only a few functional neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eliason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afify, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A GAL80 collection to nullify transgenes in Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience-dependent neuronal activity regulates the translation of mRNA, supporting memory formation. We have developed a new method termed translating ribosome affinity purification and ribosome profiling (TRiP) which allows us to determine cell type-specific ribosome occupancy of mRNA with nucleotide resolution. Using TRiP we show that a memory-inducing experience creates a distinct translational state in mouse CA1 pyramidal cells. The experience-dependent translation state is characterized by enhanced translation of protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) including numerous components of the actin cytoskeleton and calcium/calmodulin binding proteins, and by decreased translation of a defined subset of genes containing upstream ORFs (uORFs). Using animals heterozygous for an unphosphorylatable allele of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2), we show that dephosphorylation of eIF2 contributes significantly to the experience-dependent translation state. These observations demonstrate that TRiP is a valuable methodology for studying physiologically relevant changes in translational state in genetically defined cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eacker, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brichta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riessland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate detection of complex structural variations using single molecule sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variations (SVs) are the largest source of genetic variation, but remain poorly understood because of limited genomics technology. Single molecule long read sequencing from Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore has the potential to dramatically advance the field, although their high error rates challenge existing methods. Addressing this need, we introduce open-source methods for long read alignment (NGMLR, https://github.com/philres/ngmlr) and SV identification (Sniffles, https://github.com/fritzsedlazeck/Sniffles) that enable unprecedented SV sensitivity and precision, including within repeat-rich regions and of complex nested events that can have significant impact on human disorders. Examining several datasets, including healthy and cancerous human genomes, we discover thousands of novel variants using long reads and categorize systematic errors in short-read approaches. NGMLR and Sniffles are further able to automatically filter false events and operate on low amounts of coverage to address the cost factor that has hindered the application of long reads in clinical and research settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rescheneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Haeseler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate detection of complex structural variations using single molecule sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The intrinsically disordered C-terminal linker of FtsZ regulates protofilament dynamics and superstructure in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ2 polymerizes to form a discontinuous cytokinetic ring that drives bacterial cell division by directing local cell wall synthesis. FtsZ comprises a polymerizing GTPase domain, an intrinsically disordered C-terminal linker (CTL) and a C-terminal conserved -helix (CTC). FtsZ protofilaments align circumferentially in the cell, with the CTC mediating attachment to membrane-associated division proteins. The dynamic turnover and treadmilling of clusters of FtsZ protofilaments guides cell wall synthesis and constriction. The nature and regulation of the interactions that result in the assembly of protofilaments into dynamic clusters is unknown. Here, we describe a role for the CTL of Caulobacter crescentus FtsZ as an intrinsic regulator of lateral interactions between protofilaments in vitro. FtsZ lacking its CTL ({Delta}CTL) shows dramatically increased propensity to form long multifilament bundles compared to wildtype (WT). {Delta}CTL has reduced GTP hydrolysis rate compared to WT. However, reducing protofilament turnover in WT is not sufficient to induce bundling. Surprisingly, binding of the membrane-anchoring protein FzlC disrupts {Delta}CTL bundling in a CTC-dependent manner. Moreover, the CTL affects the ability of FtsZ curving protein FzlA to promote formation of helical bundles. We conclude that the CTL of FtsZ influences polymer structure and dynamics both through intrinsic effects on lateral interactions and turnover and by influencing extrinsic regulation of FtsZ by binding partners. Our characterization of CTL function provides a biochemical handle for understanding the relationship between Z-ring structure and function in bacterial cytokinesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The intrinsically disordered C-terminal linker of FtsZ regulates protofilament dynamics and superstructure in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OptoGap: an optogenetics-enabled assay for quantification of cell-cell coupling in multicellular cardiac tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular electrical coupling is an essential means of communication between cells. It is important to obtain quantitative knowledge of such coupling between cardiomyocytes and nonexcitable cells when, for example, pathological electrical coupling between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes yields increased arrhythmia risk or during the integration of donor (e.g. cardiac progenitor) cells with native cardiomyocytes in cell-therapy approaches. Currently, there is no direct method for assessing heterocellular coupling within multicellular tissue. Here we demonstrate experimentally and computationally a new contactless assay for electrical coupling, OptoGap, based on selective illumination of inexcitable cells that express optogenetic actuators and optical sensing of the response of coupled excitable cells, e.g. cardiomyocytes, that are light-insensitive. Cell-cell coupling is quantified by the energy required to elicit an action potential via junctional current from the light-stimulated cell(s). The proposed technique is experimentally validated against the standard indirect approach, GapFRAP, using light-sensitive cardiac fibroblasts and non-transformed cardiomyocytes in a two-dimensional setting. Its potential applicability to the complex three-dimensional setting of the native heart is corroborated by computational modeling and proper calibration.nnIntercellular coupling is a fundamental form of communication between cells, essential for the synchronization of physiological processes in different organs. Pathologically altered coupling or the emergence of de novo coupling between native and donor cells are problems of interest in many cardiac applications, e.g. during cell delivery and cell integration for cardiac repair therapy1,2. In particular, interactions between cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts are of interest, especially the pro-arrhythmic increase in coupling as the latter transition to myofibroblasts3-6.nnElectrical coupling in cardiac tissue is mediated primarily by low-resistance paths formed by gap-junctional proteins (connexins), that can link cardiomyocytes (CMs) to each other and to non-cardiomyocytes (nCMs), such as fibroblasts. Qualitative and quantitative methods, e.g. immunofluorescence, messenger RNA and Western blots, are often used to assay connexin expression levels as a surrogate measure of coupling, but they do not provide functional information. A method for direct quantification of cell-cell coupling within the multicellular tissue context is highly desirable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trayanova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OptoGap: an optogenetics-enabled assay for quantification of cell-cell coupling in multicellular cardiac tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First Draft Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Fungus Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe the sequencing and assembly of the pathogenic fungus Lomentospora prolificans using a combination of short, highly accurate Illumina reads and additional coverage in very long Oxford Nanopore reads. The resulting assembly is highly contiguous, containing a total of 37,630,066 bp with over 98% of the sequence in just 26 scaffolds. Annotation identified 8,656 protein-coding genes. Pulsed-field gel analysis suggests that this organism contains at least 7 and possibly 11 chromosomes, the two longest of which have sizes corresponding closely to the sizes of the longest scaffolds, at 6.6 and 5.7 Mb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First Draft Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Fungus Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions, and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in over 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and the UK-Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 25 significantly associated loci (20 novel). Annotation of these loci utilizing gene expression, methylation, and neuropathological data identified 62 candidate genes implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloszewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression and facilitation of human neural responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient neural processing depends on regulating responses through suppression and facilitation of neural activity. Utilizing a well-known visual motion paradigm that evokes behavioral suppression and facilitation, and combining 5 different methodologies (behavioral psychophysics, computational modeling, functional MRI, pharmacology, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy), we provide evidence that challenges commonly held assumptions about the neural processes underlying suppression and facilitation. We show that: 1) both suppression and facilitation can emerge from a single, computational principle - divisive normalization; there is no need to invoke separate neural mechanisms, 2) neural suppression and facilitation in the motion-selective area MT mirror perception, but strong suppression also occurs in earlier visual areas, and 3) suppression is not driven by GABA-mediated inhibition. Thus, while commonly used spatial suppression paradigms may provide insight into neural response magnitudes in visual areas, they cannot be used to infer neural inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schallmo, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flevaris, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brkanac, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression and facilitation of human neural responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex rearrangements and oncogene amplifications revealed by long-read DNA and RNA sequencing of a breast cancer cell line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SK-BR-3 cell line is one of the most important models for HER2+ breast cancers, which affect one in five breast cancer patients. SK-BR-3 is known to be highly rearranged although much of the variation is in complex and repetitive regions that may be underreported. Addressing this, we sequenced SK-BR-3 using long-read single molecule sequencing from Pacific Biosciences, and develop one of the most detailed maps of structural variations (SVs) in a cancer genome available with nearly 20,000 variants present, most of which were missed by prior efforts. Surrounding the important HER2 locus, we discover a complex sequence of nested duplications and translocations, suggesting a punctuated progression. Full-length transcriptome sequencing further revealed several novel gene fusions within the nested genomic variants. Combining long-read genome and transcriptome sequencing enables an in-depth analysis of how SVs disrupt the transcriptome and sheds new light on the complexity of cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rescheneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurtowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaravadanam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex rearrangements and oncogene amplifications revealed by long-read DNA and RNA sequencing of a breast cancer cell line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Hominin Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism: From Africa to the New World 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe metabolic conversion of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 18 carbon (18C) to long chain (> 20 carbon) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is vital for human life. Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 and 2 catalyze the rate-limiting steps in the biosynthesis of LC-PUFAs. The FADS region contains two haplotypes; ancestral and derived, where the derived haplotypes are associated with more efficient LC-PUFA biosynthesis and is nearly fixed in Africa. In addition, Native American populations appear to be nearly fixed for the lesser efficient ancestral haplotype, which could be a public health problem due to associated low LC-PUFA levels, while Eurasia is polymorphic. This haplotype frequency distribution is suggestive of archaic re-introduction of the ancestral haplotype to non-African populations or ancient polymorphism with differential selection patterns across the globe. Therefore, we tested the FADS region for archaic introgression or ancient polymorphism. We specifically addressed the genetic architecture of the FADS region in Native American populations to better understand this potential public health impact.nnResultsWe confirmed Native American ancestry is nearly fixed for the ancestral haplotype and is under positive selection. The ancestral haplotype frequency is also correlated to Siberian populations geographic location further suggesting the ancestral haplotype s role in cold weather adaptation and leading to the high haplotype frequency within Native American populations. We also find that the Neanderthal is more closely related to the derived haplotypes while the Denisovan clusters closer to the ancestral haplotypes. In addition, the derived haplotypes have a time to the most recent common ancestor of 688,474 years ago which is within the range of the modern-archaic hominin divergence.nnConclusionsThese results support an ancient polymorphism forming in the FADS gene region with differential selection pressures acting on the derived and ancestral haplotypes due to the old age of the derived haplotypes and the ancestral haplotype being under positive selection in Native American ancestry populations. Further, the near fixation of the less efficient ancestral haplotype in Native American ancestry suggests the need for future studies to explore the potential health risk of associated low LC-PUFA levels in Native American ancestry populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Hominin Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism: From Africa to the New World]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of complex effect-size distributions using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies across 32 complex traits and implications for the future 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies are now widely used to estimate heritability and co-heritability of traits using the popular linkage-disequilibrium-score (LD-score) regression method. We develop a likelihood-based approach for analyzing summary-level statistics and external LD information to estimate common variants effect-size distributions, characterized by proportion of underlying susceptibility SNPs and a flexible normal-mixture model for their effects. Analysis of summary-level results across 32 GWAS reveals that while all traits are highly polygenic, there is wide diversity in the degrees of polygenicity. The effect-size distributions for susceptibility SNPs could be adequately modeled by a single normal distribution for traits related to mental health and ability and by a mixture of two normal distributions for all other traits. Among quantitative traits, we predict the sample sizes needed to identify SNPs which explain 80% of GWAS heritability to be between 300K-500K for some of the early growth traits, between 1-2 million for some anthropometric and cholesterol traits and multiple millions for body mass index and some others. The corresponding predictions for disease traits are between 200K-400K for inflammatory bowel diseases, close to one million for a variety of adult onset chronic diseases and between 1-2 million for psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of complex effect-size distributions using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies across 32 complex traits and implications for the future]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPU-accelerated alignment of bisulfite-treated short-read sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alignment of bisulfite-treated DNA sequences (BS-seq reads) to a large genome involves a significant computational burden beyond that required to align non-bisulfite-treated reads. In the analysis of BS-seq data, this can present an important performance bottleneck that can potentially be addressed by appropriate software-engineering and algorithmic improvements. One strategy is to integrate this additional programming logic into the read-alignment implementation in a way that the software becomes amenable to optimizations that lead to both higher speed and greater sensitivity than can be achieved without this integration.nnWe have evaluated this approach using Arioc, a short-read aligner that uses GPU (general-purpose graphics processing unit) hardware to accelerate computationally-expensive programming logic. We integrated the BS-seq computational logic into both GPU and CPU code throughout the Arioc implementation. We then carried out a read-by-read comparison of Arioc's reported alignments with the alignments reported by the most widely used BS-seq read aligners. With simulated reads, Arioc's accuracy is equal to or better than the other read aligners we evaluated. With human sequencing reads, Arioc's throughput is at least 10 times faster than existing BS-seq aligners across a wide range of sensitivity settings.nnThe Arioc software is available at https://github.com/RWilton/Arioc. It is released under a BSD open-source license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPU-accelerated alignment of bisulfite-treated short-read sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General cognitive function is a prominent human trait associated with many important life outcomes1,2, including longevity3. The substantial heritability of general cognitive function is known to be polygenic, but it has had little explication in terms of the contributing genetic variants4,5,6. Here, we combined cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N=280,360; age range = 16 to 102). We found 9,714 genome-wide significant SNPs (P<5 x 10-8) in 99 independent loci. Most showed clear evidence of functional importance. Among many novel genes associated with general cognitive function were SGCZ, ATXN1, MAPT, AUTS2, and P2RY6. Within the novel genetic loci were variants associated with neurodegenerative disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, brain structure, and BMI. Gene-based analyses found 536 genes significantly associated with general cognitive function; many were highly expressed in the brain, and associated with neurogenesis and dendrite gene sets. Genetic association results predicted up to 4% of general cognitive function variance in independent samples. There was significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function and information processing speed, as well as many health variables including longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenaars, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawns-Ritchie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okely, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola-Olli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giddaluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Reduction of DNA Methylation at the Onset of Meiosis in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quality of germ cells depends on successful chromatin organization in meiotic prophase I (MPI). To better understand the epigenetic context of MPI we studied the dynamics of DNA methylation in wild-type male mice. We discovered an extended period of genome-wide transient reduction of DNA methylation (TRDM) during early MPI. Our data show that TRDM arises by passive demethylation in the premeiotic S phase highlighting the abundance of hemimethylated DNA in MPI. Importantly, TRDM unmasks a deficit in retrotransposon LINE-1 DNA methylation contributing to its expression in early MPI. We propose that TRDM facilitates meiosis and gamete quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaysinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Heijden, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Reduction of DNA Methylation at the Onset of Meiosis in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About half of all cancers have somatic integrations of retrotransposons. To characterize their role in oncogenesis, we analyzed the patterns and mechanisms of somatic retrotransposition in 2,954 cancer genomes from 37 histological cancer subtypes. We identified 19,166 somatically acquired retrotransposition events, affecting 35% of samples, and spanning a range of event types. L1 insertions emerged as the first most frequent type of somatic structural variation in esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the second most frequent in head-and-neck and colorectal cancers. Aberrant L1 integrations can delete megabase-scale regions of a chromosome, sometimes removing tumour suppressor genes, as well as inducing complex translocations and large-scale duplications. Somatic retrotranspositions can also initiate breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, leading to high-level amplification of oncogenes. These observations illuminate a relevant role of L1 retrotransposition in remodeling the cancer genome, with potential implications in the development of human tumours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Ortega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeulemeester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detering, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruzos, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueso-Barroso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardeljan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tojo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, P. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weischenfeldt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamarina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiggros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wala, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waszak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, F. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maura, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martincorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ka</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cord blood buffy coat DNA methylation is comparable to whole cord blood methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCord blood DNA methylation is associated with numerous health outcomes and environmental exposures. Whole cord blood DNA reflects all nucleated blood cell types, while centrifuging whole blood separates red blood cells by generating a white blood cell buffy coat. Both sample types are used in DNA methylation studies. Cell types have unique methylation patterns and processing can impact cell distributions, which may influence comparability.nnObjectivesTo evaluate differences in cell composition and DNA methylation between buffy coat and whole cord blood samples.nnMethodsCord blood DNA methylation was measured with the Infinium EPIC BeadChip (Illumina) in 8 individuals, each contributing buffy coat and whole blood samples. We analyzed principal components (PC) of methylation, performed hierarchical clustering, and computed correlations of mean-centered methylation between pairs. We conducted moderated t-tests on single sites and estimated cell composition.nnResultsDNA methylation PCs were associated with individual (PPC1=1.4x10-9; PPC2=2.9x10-5; PPC3=3.8x10-5; PPC4=4.2x10-6; PPC5=9.9x10-13), and not with sample type (PPC1-5>0.7). Samples hierarchically clustered by individual. Pearson correlations of mean-centered methylation between paired individual samples ranged from r=0.66 to r=0.87. No individual site significantly differed between buffy coat and whole cord blood when adjusting for multiple comparisons (5 sites had unadjusted P<10-5). Estimated cell type proportions did not differ by sample type (P=0.86), and estimated cell counts were highly correlated between paired samples (r=0.99).nnConclusionsDifferences in methylation and cell composition between buffy coat and whole cord blood are much lower than inter-individual variation, demonstrating that both sample preparation types can be analytically combined and compared.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benke, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iosif, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cord blood buffy coat DNA methylation is comparable to whole cord blood methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key player in the intracellular trafficking network is cytoplasmic dynein, a protein complex that transports molecular cargo along microtubule tracks. It has been shown that vertebrate dyneins movement becomes strikingly enhanced upon interacting with a cofactor named dynactin and one of several cargo-adapters, such as BicaudalD2. However, the mechanisms responsible for this increase in transport efficiency are not well understood, largely due to a lack of structural information. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize the first 3-dimensional structure of the intact dynein-dynactin complex bound to microtubules. Our structure reveals that the dynactin-cargo-adapter complex recruits and binds to two dimeric cytoplasmic dyneins. Interestingly, the dynein motor organization closely resembles that of axonemal dynein, suggesting that cytoplasmic dynein and axonemal dyneins may utilize similar mechanisms to coordinate multiple motors. We propose that grouping dyneins onto a single dynactin scaffold promotes collective force production as well as unidirectional processive motility. These findings provide a structural platform that facilitates a deeper biochemical and biophysical understanding of dynein regulation and cellular transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying the auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system for rapid protein depletion in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to deplete a protein of interest is critical for dissecting cellular processes. Traditional methods of protein depletion are often slow-acting, which can be problematic when characterizing a cellular process that occurs within a short period of time. Furthermore, these methods are usually not reversible. Recent advances to achieve protein depletion function by inducibly trafficking proteins of interest to an endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to promote ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. One of these systems, the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system, has been shown to permit rapid and inducible degradation of AID-tagged target proteins in mammalian cells. The AID system can control the abundance of a diverse set of cellular proteins, including those contained within protein complexes, and is active in all phases of the cell cycle. Here we discuss considerations for the successful implementation of the AID system and describe a protocol using CRISPR/Cas9 to achieve bi-allelic insertion of an AID degron in human cells. This method can also be adapted to insert other tags, such as fluorescent proteins, at defined genomic locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambrus, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying the auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system for rapid protein depletion in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of early antiviral gene expression reveals a determinant of stochastic IFNB1 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytoplasmic sensors of viral RNA that trigger the signaling cascade that leads to type I interferon (IFN) production. Transcriptional induction of RLRs by IFN is believed to play the role of positive feedback to further amplify viral sensing. We found that RLRs and several other IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are induced early in viral infection independent of IFN. Expression of these early ISGs requires IRF3/IRF7 and is highly correlated amongst them. Simultaneous detection of mRNA of IFNB1, viral replicase, and ISGs revealed distinct populations of IFNB1 expressing and non-expressing cells which are highly correlated with the levels of early ISGs but are uncorrelated with IFN-dependent ISGs and viral gene expression. Individual expression of RLRs made IFNB1 expression more robust and earlier, suggesting a causal relation between levels of RLR and induction of IFN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doganay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hergenrother, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of early antiviral gene expression reveals a determinant of stochastic IFNB1 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ldb1 and Rnf12-dependent regulation of Lhx2 controls the relative balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis in retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of the relative ratio of retinal neurons and glia generated during development is essential for visual function. We show that Lhx2, which encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor essential for specification and differentiation of retinal Muller glia, also plays a critical role in the development of retinal neurons. Overexpression of Lhx2, and its transcriptional coactivator Ldb1, triggers cell cycle exit and inhibits both Notch signaling and retinal gliogenesis. Lhx2/Ldb1 overexpression also induced the formation of wide-field amacrine cells (wfACs). In contrast Rnf12, which encodes a negative regulator of LDB1, is necessary for the initiation of retinal gliogenesis. We also show that LHX2 protein binds upstream of multiple neurogenic bHLH factors including Ascl1 and Neurog2, which are necessary for suppression of gliogenesis and wfAC formation respectively, and activates their expression. Finally, we demonstrate that the relative level of the LHX2-LDB1 complex in the retina decreases in tandem with the onset of gliogenesis. These findings show that control of Lhx2 function by Ldb1 and Rnf12 acts as a molecular mechanism underpinning the coordinated differentiation of neurons and Muller glia in postnatal retina.nnSignificance StatementThe molecular mechanisms that control the ratio neurons and glia that are generated by neuronal progenitors remain unclear. Here we show that Lhx2, a transcription factor essential for retinal gliogenesis, also controls development of retinal neurons. The Lhx2 coactivator Ldb1 promotes Lhx2-dependent neurogenesis, while the Lhx2 corepressor Rnf12 is necessary and sufficient for retinal gliogenesis. Furthermore, Lhx2 directly regulates expression of bHLH factors that promote neural development, which are necessary for Lhx2-dependent neurogenesis. Finally, we show that levels of the LHX2-LDB1 complex, which activates transcription, drop as gliogenesis begins. Dynamic regulation of Lhx2 activity by Ldb1 and Rnf12 thus controls the relative levels of retinal neurogenesis and gliogenesis, and may have similar functions elsewhere in the developing nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Melo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ldb1 and Rnf12-dependent regulation of Lhx2 controls the relative balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis in retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A predictive model of rats’ calorie intake as a function of diet energy density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Easy access to high-energy food has been linked to high rates of obesity in the world. Understanding the way that access to palatable (high fat or high calorie) food can lead to overconsumption is essential for both preventing and treating obesity. Although the body of studies focused on the effects of high energy diets is growing, our understanding of how different factors contribute to food choices is not complete. In this study, we present a mathematical model that is able to predict rats calorie intake to a high-energy diet based on their ingestive behavior to a standard chow diet. Specifically, we propose an equation that describes the relation between the body weight (W), energy density (E), time elapsed from the start of diet (T), and daily calorie intake (C). We tested our model on two independent data sets. Our results show that the suggested model is able to predict the calorie intake patterns with high accuracy. Additionally, the only free parameter of our proposed equation ({rho}), which is unique to each animal, has a strong correlation with their calorie intake and weight gain. Additionally, we discuss the relevance of our derived parameter in the context of measuring reward sensitivity in reinforcement learning based studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treesukosol, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igusa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A predictive model of rats’ calorie intake as a function of diet energy density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intelligence is highly heritable1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being2. Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to intelligence3-7, but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present the largest genetic association study of intelligence to date (N=279,930), identifying 206 genomic loci (191 novel) and implicating 1,041 genes (963 novel) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and identify 89 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain and specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene-set analyses implicate pathways related to neurogenesis, neuron differentiation and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with several neuropsychiatric disorders, and Mendelian Randomization results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimers dementia and ADHD, and bidirectional causation with strong pleiotropy for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of intelligence as well as genetically associated neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschlag, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krapohl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabaneh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hägg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansell, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Manchado, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attix, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chr</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Instantiation of incentive value and movement invigoration by distinct midbrain dopamine circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that guide animals towards the acquisition of "rewards" (i.e., food) that are necessary for survival. Here, we test the fundamental role of midbrain dopamine neurons in conferring predictive or motivational properties to cues, independent of external rewards. We demonstrate that phasic optogenetic excitation of dopamine neurons throughout the midbrain, when presented in temporal association with discrete sensory cues, is sufficient to instantiate those cues as conditioned stimuli that subsequently both evoke dopamine neuron activity on their own, and elicit cue-locked conditioned behaviors. Critically, we identify highly parcellated behavioral functions for dopamine neuron subpopulations projecting to discrete regions of striatum, revealing dissociable mesostriatal systems for the generation of incentive value and movement invigoration. These results show that dopamine neurons orchestrate Pavlovian conditioning via functionally heterogeneous, circuit-specific motivational signals to shape cue-controlled behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Instantiation of incentive value and movement invigoration by distinct midbrain dopamine circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have laid the foundation for investigations into the biology of complex traits, drug development, and clinical guidelines. However, the dominance of European-ancestry populations in GWAS creates a biased view of the role of human variation in disease, and hinders the equitable translation of genetic associations into clinical and public health applications. The Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study conducted a GWAS of 26 clinical and behavioral phenotypes in 49,839 non-European individuals. Using strategies designed for analysis of multi-ethnic and admixed populations, we confirm 574 GWAS catalog variants across these traits, and find 38 secondary signals in known loci and 27 novel loci. Our data shows strong evidence of effect-size heterogeneity across ancestries for published GWAS associations, substantial benefits for fine-mapping using diverse cohorts, and insights into clinical implications. We strongly advocate for continued, large genome-wide efforts in diverse populations to reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokin, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belbin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocarnik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setiawan, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbanck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambite, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caberto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doheny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Cloud Framework for Accurate and Reliable Human Connectome Estimation and Meganalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern scientific discovery depends on collecting large heterogeneous datasets with many sources of variability, and applying domain-specific pipelines from which one can draw insight or clinical utility. For example, macroscale connectomics studies require complex pipelines to process raw functional or diffusion data and estimate connectomes. Individual studies tend to customize pipelines to their needs, raising concerns about their reproducibility, which add to a longer list of factors that may differ across studies and result in failures to replicate (including sampling, experimental design, and data acquisition protocols). Mitigating these issues requires multi-study datasets and the development of pipelines that can be applied across them. We developed NeuroDatas MRI to Graphs (NDMG) pipeline using several functional and diffusion studies, including the Consortium for Reliability and Reproducability, to estimate connectomes. Without any manual intervention or parameter tuning, NDMG ran on 25 different studies ({approx}6,000 scans) from 19 sites, with each scan resulting in a biologically plausible connectome (as assessed by multiple quality assurance metrics at each processing stage). For each study, the connectomes from NDMG are more similar within than across individuals, indicating that NDMG is preserving biological variability. Moreover, the connectomes exhibit near perfect consistency for certain connectional properties across every scan, individual, study, site and modality; these include stronger ipsilateral than contralateral connections and stronger homotopic than heterotopic connections. Yet, the magnitude of the differences varied across individuals and studies--much more so when pooling data across sites, even after controlling for study, site, and basic demographic variables (i.e., age, sex, and ethnicity). This indicates that other experimental variables (possibly those not measured or reported) are contributing to this variability, which if not accounted for can limit the value of aggregate datasets, as well as expectations regarding the accuracy of findings and likelihood of replication. We therefore provide a set of principles to guide the development of pipelines capable of pooling data across studies while maintaining biological variability and minimizing measurement error. This open science approach provides us with an opportunity to understand and eventually mitigate spurious results for both past and future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhembere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Cloud Framework for Accurate and Reliable Human Connectome Estimation and Meganalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C is currently the most widely used assay to investigate the 3D organization of the genome and to study its role in gene regulation, DNA replication, and disease. However, Hi-C experiments are costly to perform and involve multiple complex experimental steps; thus, accurate methods for measuring the quality and reproducibility of Hi-C data are essential to determine whether the output should be used further in a study. Using real and simulated data, we profile the performance of several recently proposed methods for assessing reproducibility of population Hi-C data, including HiCRep, GenomeDISCO, HiC-Spector and QuASAR-Rep. By explicitly controlling noise and sparsity through simulations, we demonstrate the deficiencies of performing simple correlation analysis on pairs of matrices, and we show that methods developed specifically for Hi-C data produce better measures of reproducibility. We also show how to use established (e.g., ratio of intra to interchromosomal interactions) and novel (e.g., QuASAR-QC) measures to identify low quality experiments. In this work, we assess reproducibility and quality measures by varying sequencing depth, resolution and noise levels in Hi-C data from 13 cell lines, with two biological replicates each, as well as 176 simulated matrices. Through this extensive validation and benchmarking of Hi-C data, we describe best practices for reproducibility and quality assessment of Hi-C experiments. We make all software publicly available at http://github.com/kundajelab/3DChromatin_ReplicateQC to facilitate adoption in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing the adaptive potential of mechanoresponsive proteins to overwhelm pancreatic cancer dissemination and invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic disease is often characterized by altered cellular contractility and deformability, lending cells and groups of cells the flexibility to navigate through different microenvironments. This ability to change cell shape is driven in large part by the structural elements of the mechanobiome, which includes cytoskeletal proteins that sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that key mechanoresponsive proteins (those which accumulate in response to mechanical stress), specifically nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIC, -actinin 4, and filamin B, are highly upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) and in patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines. Their less responsive sister paralogs (myosin IIB, -actinin 1, and filamin A) show a smaller dynamic range or disappear with PDAC progression. We demonstrate that these mechanoresponsive proteins directly impact cell mechanics using knock-down and overexpression cell lines. We further quantify the nonmuscle myosin II family members in patient-derived cell lines and identify a role for myosin IIC in the formation of transverse actin arcs in single cells and cortical actin belts in tissue spheroids. We harness the upregulation of myosin IIC and its impact of cytoskeletal architecture through the use of the mechanical modulator 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HAP), which increases myosin IIC assembly and stiffens cells. Here, 4-HAP decreases dissemination, induces cortical actin belts, and slows retrograde actin flow in spheroids. Finally, mice having undergone hemi-splenectomies with PDAC cells and then treated with 4-HAP have a reduction in liver metastases. Thus, increasing the activity of these mechanoresponsive proteins (in this case, by increasing myosin IIC assembly) to overwhelm the ability of cells to polarize and invade may be an effective strategy to improve the five-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients, currently hovering around 6%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Surcel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffhauer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing the adaptive potential of mechanoresponsive proteins to overwhelm pancreatic cancer dissemination and invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell RNA Sequencing of stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to characterize the transcriptome of 1,174 cells at the single cell level. The human embryonic stem cell line BRN3B-mCherry A81-H7 was differentiated to RGCs using a guided differentiation approach. Cells were harvested at day 36 and subsequently prepared for single cell RNA sequencing. Our data indicates the presence of three distinct subpopulations of cells, with various degrees of maturity. One cluster of 288 cells upregulated genes involved in axon guidance together with semaphorin interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and ECM proteoglycans, suggestive of a more mature phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senabouth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pebay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell RNA Sequencing of stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clofazimine targets essential nucleoid associated protein, mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF), in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clofazimine (CFZ) is a phenazine derivative used for treatment of leprosy, MDR-TB and XDR-TB. There is recent interest in understanding how CFZ works following the demonstration of its unique ability to shorten the treatment of MDR-TB. However, the target of CFZ in mycobacteria has remained elusive. Here, we show that CFZ binds to mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF), which is an essential nucleoid associated protein in mycobacteria involved in DNA protection, chromosome organization and global gene regulation. We demonstrate that CFZ inhibits mIHF binding to DNA and interferes with mycobacterial gene expression. This mode of action is unique among all antibiotics including antimycibacterial agents and may help to explain its unusual action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our study provides new insight about the mechanism of action of this intriguing drug and has implications for developing more effective treatment of TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clofazimine targets essential nucleoid associated protein, mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF), in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of improved specificity of engineered Cas9s revealed by single molecule analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In microbes, CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against invading genetic elements. Cas9 in complex with a guide-RNA targets complementary DNA for cleavage and has been repurposed for wide-ranging biological applications. New Cas9s have been engineered (eCas9 and Cas9-HF1) to improve specificity, but how they help reduce off-target cleavage is not known. Here, we developed single molecule DNA unwinding assay to show that sequence mismatches affect cleavage reactions through rebalancing the internal unwinding/rewinding equilibrium. Increasing PAM-distal mismatches facilitate rewinding, and the associated cleavage impairment shows that cleavage proceeds from the unwound state. Engineered Cas9s depopulate the unwound state more readily upon mismatch detection. Intrinsic cleavage rate is much lower for engineered Cas9s, preventing cleavage from transiently unwound off-targets. DNA interrogation experiments showed that engineered Cas9s require about one additional base pair match for stable binding, freeing them from sites that would otherwise sequester them. Therefore, engineered Cas9s achieve their improved specificity (1) by inhibiting stable DNA binding to partially matching sequences, (2) by making DNA unwinding more sensitive to mismatches, and (3) by slowing down intrinsic cleavage reaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceylan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of improved specificity of engineered Cas9s revealed by single molecule analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on pre-existing event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, posterior medial regions were immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact but not scrambled movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified web platform for network-based analyses of genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional genomics networks are widely used to identify unexpected pathway relationships in large genomic datasets. However, it is challenging to quantitatively compare the signal-to-noise ratio of different networks, the biology they describe, and to identify the optimal network to interpret a particular genetic dataset. Via GeNets users can train a machine-learning model (Quack) to make such comparisons; and they can execute, store, and share analyses of genetic and RNA sequencing datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenfeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bistline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsherniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified web platform for network-based analyses of genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linear models enable powerful differential activity analysis in massively parallel reporter assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) have emerged as a popular means for understanding noncoding variation in a variety of conditions. While a large number of experiments have been described in the literature, analysis typically uses ad-hoc methods. There has been little attention to comparing performance of methods across datasets.

We present the mpralm method which we show is calibrated and powerful, by analyzing its performance on multiple MPRA datasets. We show that it outperforms existing statistical methods for analysis of this data type, in the first comprehensive evaluation of statistical methods on several datasets. We investigate theoretical and real-data properties of barcode summarization methods and show an unappreciated impact of summarization method for some datasets. Finally, we use our model to conduct a power analysis for this assay and show substantial improvements in power by performing up to 6 replicates per condition, whereas sequencing depth has smaller impact; we recommend to always use at least 4 replicates. Together, these results inform recommendations for differential analysis, general group comparisons, and power analysis and will help improve design and analysis of MPRA experiments. An R package is available from the Bioconductor project at https://bioconductor.org/packages/mpra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linear models enable powerful differential activity analysis in massively parallel reporter assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactivation of representations corresponding to recent experience is thought to be a critical mechanism supporting long-term memory stabilization. Targeted memory reactivation, or the re-exposure of recently learned cues, seeks to induce reactivation and has been shown to benefit later memory when it takes place during sleep. However, despite recent evidence for endogenous reactivation during post-encoding awake periods, less work has addressed whether awake targeted memory reactivation modulates memory. Here, we found that brief (50ms) visual stimulus re-exposure during a repetitive foil task enhanced the stability of cued versus uncued associations in memory. The extent of external or task-oriented attention prior to re-exposure was inversely related to cueing benefits, suggesting that an internally-orientated state may be most permissible to reactivation. Critically, cueing-related memory benefits were greatest in participants without explicit recognition of cued items and remained reliable when only considering associations not recognized as cued, suggesting that explicit cue-triggered retrieval processes did not drive cueing benefits. Cueing benefits were strongest for items and participants with the poorest initial learning. These findings expand our knowledge of the conditions under which targeted memory reactivation can benefit memory, and in doing so, support the notion that reactivation during awake time periods improves memory stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berners-Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enter the matrix: Interpreting unsupervised feature learning with matrix decomposition to discover hidden knowledge in high-throughput omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omics data contains signal from the molecular, physical, and kinetic inter- and intra-cellular interactions that control biological systems. Matrix factorization techniques can reveal low-dimensional structure from high-dimensional data that reflect these interactions. These techniques can uncover new biological knowledge from diverse high-throughput omics data in topics ranging from pathway discovery to time course analysis. We review exemplary applications of matrix factorization for systems-level analyses. We discuss appropriate application of these methods, their limitations, and focus on analysis of results to facilitate optimal biological interpretation. The inference of biologically relevant features with matrix factorization enables discovery from high-throughput data beyond the limits of current biological knowledge--answering questions from high-dimensional data that we have not yet thought to ask.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culhane, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enter the matrix: Interpreting unsupervised feature learning with matrix decomposition to discover hidden knowledge in high-throughput omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Feed-forward Relay between Bicoid and Orthodenticle Regulates the Timing ofEmbryonic Patterning in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The K50 homeodomain (K50HD) protein Orthodenticle (Otd) is critical for anterior patterning and brain and eye development in most metazoans. In Drosophila melanogaster, another K50HD protein, Bicoid (Bcd), has evolved to replace Otds ancestral function in embryo patterning. Bcd is distributed as a long-range maternal gradient and activates transcription of a large number of target genes including otd. Otd and Bcd bind similar DNA sequences in vitro, but how their transcriptional activities are integrated to pattern anterior regions of the embryo is unknown. Here we define three major classes of enhancers that are differentially sensitive to binding and transcriptional activation by Bcd and Otd. Class 1 enhancers are initially activated by Bcd, and activation is transferred to Otd via a feed-forward relay (FFR) that involves sequential binding of the two proteins to the same DNA motif. Class 2 enhancers are activated by Bcd, and maintained by an Otd-independent mechanism. Class 3 enhancers are never bound by Bcd, but Otd binds and activates them in a second wave of zygotic transcription. The specific activities of enhancers in each class are mediated by DNA motif variants preferentially bound by Bcd or Otd, and the presence or absence of sites for cofactors that interact with these proteins. Our results define specific patterning roles for Bcd and Otd, and provide mechanisms for coordinating the precise timing of gene expression patterns during embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhe, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yucel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struffi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Feed-forward Relay between Bicoid and Orthodenticle Regulates the Timing ofEmbryonic Patterning in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZMPSTE24 Missense Mutations that Cause Progeroid Diseases Decrease Prelamin A Cleavage Activity, Protein Stability, or Both 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 is an integral membrane protein critical for the final step in the biogenesis of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A, encoded by LMNA. After farnesylation and carboxyl methylation of its C-terminal CAAX motif, the lamin A precursor, prelamin A, undergoes proteolytic removal of its modified C-terminal 15 amino acids by ZMPSTE24. Mutations in LMNA or ZMPSTE24 that impede this prelamin A cleavage step cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and the related progeroid disorders mandibuloacral dysplasia-type B (MAD-B) and restrictive dermopathy (RD). Here we report a "humanized yeast" system to assay ZMPSTE24-dependent cleavage of prelamin A and examine the eight known disease-associated ZMPSTE24 missense mutations. All show diminished prelamin A processing and fall into three classes, with defects in activity, protein stability, or both. Notably, some ZMPSTE24 mutants can be rescued by deleting the E3 ubiquitin ligase Doa10, involved in ER-associated degradation of misfolded membrane proteins, or by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which may have important therapeutic implications for some patients. We also show that ZMPSTE24-mediated prelamin A cleavage can be uncoupled from the recently discovered role of ZMPSTE24 in clearance of ER membrane translocon-clogged substrates. Together with the crystal structure of ZMPSTE24, this "humanized yeast system" can guide structure-function studies to uncover mechanisms of prelamin A cleavage, translocon unclogging, and membrane protein folding and stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spear, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, E.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrycyna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZMPSTE24 Missense Mutations that Cause Progeroid Diseases Decrease Prelamin A Cleavage Activity, Protein Stability, or Both]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High blood pressure is the foremost heritable global risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We report the largest genetic association study of blood pressure traits to date (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure) in over one million people of European ancestry. We identify 535 novel blood pressure loci that not only offer new biological insights into blood pressure regulation but also reveal shared loci influencing lifestyle exposures. Our findings offer the potential for a precision medicine strategy for future cardiovascular disease prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosen-Ansorena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntritsos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellwege, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovesdy, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almgren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verwe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutathione S-transferases: unexpected roles in astrocyte activation and astrocyte-microglia communication during brain inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes and microglia play critical roles in brain inflammation, but their mutual regulation is not fully understood. Here we report unexpected roles for glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), particularly GSTM1, in astrocyte activation and astrocyte-mediated enhancement of microglia activation during brain inflammation. We found that astrocyte-specific silencing of GSTM1 expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) attenuated microglia activation in brain inflammation induced by systemic injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Gstm1 silencing in astrocytes also attenuated LPS-induced TNF- production by microglia in co-culture. In astrocytes, GSTM1 was required for the activation of nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF-{kappa}B) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators previously implicated in microglia activation, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF/CSF2) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). Similar results were also obtained with GSTT2 both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study identified a critical role for GSTs in priming astrocytes and enhancing microglia activation during brain inflammation.nnSignificant StatementAstrocytes and microglia play critical roles in brain inflammation, but it is not fully understood how astrocytes regulate microglia activation. Here we report a novel mechanism by which glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), the enzymes for phase II detoxification of xenobiotic metabolism, in astrocytes control microglia activation during brain inflammation. We found that GSTs, particularly GSTM1, regulate the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators via the activation of NF-{kappa}B and JNK in astrocytes. Our studies provide evidence that GST enzymes are active players in brain inflammation and can be targeted to regulate microglia activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, I. V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutathione S-transferases: unexpected roles in astrocyte activation and astrocyte-microglia communication during brain inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practical computational reproducibility in the life sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many areas of research suffer from poor reproducibility. This problem is particularly acute in computationally intensive domains where results rely on a series of complex methodological decisions that are not well captured by traditional publication approaches. Various guidelines have emerged for achieving reproducibility, but practical implementation of these practices remains difficult. This is because reproducing published computational analyses requires installing many software tools plus associated libraries, connecting tools together into the complete pipeline, and specifying parameters. Here we present a suite of recently emerged technologies which make computational reproducibility not just possible, but, finally, practical in both time and effort. By combining a system for building highly portable packages of bioinformatics software, containerization and virtualization technologies for isolating reusable execution environments for these packages, and an integrated workflow system that automatically orchestrates the composition of these packages for entire pipelines, an unprecedented level of computational reproducibility can be achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backofen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practical computational reproducibility in the life sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skill Acquisition and Habit Formation as Distinct Effects of Practice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converging evidence indicates that separate goal-directed and habitual systems compete to control behavior1. However, it has proven difficult to reliably induce habitual behavior in human participants2-4. We reasoned that habits may be present in the form of habitually prepared responses, but are overridden by goal-directed processes, preventing their overt expression. Here we show that latent habits can be unmasked by limiting the time participants have to respond to a stimulus. Participants trained for 4 days on a visuomotor association task. By continuously varying the time allowed to prepare responses, we found that the probability of expressing a learned habit followed a stereotyped time course, peaking 300-600ms after stimulus presentation. This time course was captured by a computational model of response preparation in which habitual responses are automatically prepared at short latency, but are replaced by goal-directed responses at longer latency. A more extensive period of practice (20 days) led to increased habit expression by reducing the average time of movement initiation. These findings refine our understanding of habits, and show that practice can influence habitual behavior in distinct ways: by promoting habit formation, and by modulating the likelihood of habit expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skill Acquisition and Habit Formation as Distinct Effects of Practice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.872606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chr21 protein-protein interactions: enrichment in products involved in intellectual disabilities, autism and Late Onset Alzheimer Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.872606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intellectual disability (ID) found in Down syndrome (DS), which is characterized by an extra copy of 234 genes on Chr21 is poorly understood. We first used two DS mouse models that either display an extra copy of the Dyrk1A gene or of the mouse Chr16 syntenic region. Exome sequencing of transcripts deregulated in embryonic hippocampus uncovers enrichment in genes involved in chromatin and synapse respectively. Using large-scale yeast two-hybrid screen (154 distinct screens) of human brain library containing at least 107 independent fragments, we identified 3,636 novel protein-protein interactions with an enrichment of direct interactors of both Chromosome 21(Hsa21) baits and rebounds in ID-related genes. Using proximity ligation assays, we identified that Hsa21-encoded proteins are located at the dendritic spine postsynaptic density in a protein network located at the dendritic spine post synapse. We located Hsa21 DYRK1A and DSCAM that confers a [~] 20-fold increase in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), in this postsynaptic network. We found that a DSCAM intracellular domain binds either DYRK1A or DLGs that are multimeric scaffolds for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. The DYRK1A-DSCAM interaction is conserved from drosophila to humans. The identified postsynaptic.network is enriched in ARC-related synaptic plasticity, ASDs and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Altogether, these results emphasize links between DS and brain diseases with complex genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khelfaoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daudin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plancon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haucke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindie, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blehaut, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mircher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rain, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonneau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.872606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chr21 protein-protein interactions: enrichment in products involved in intellectual disabilities, autism and Late Onset Alzheimer Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex and striatum form a recurrent network whose spiking activity encodes multiple types of learning-relevant information. This spike-encoded information is evident in average firing rates, but finer temporal coding might allow multiplexing and enhanced readout across the connected the network. We tested this hypothesis in the fronto-striatal network of nonhuman primates during reversal learning of feature values. We found that neurons encoding current choice outcomes, outcome prediction errors, and outcome history in their firing rates also carried significant information in their phase-of-firing at a 10-25 Hz beta frequency at which they synchronized across lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum. The phase-of-firing code exceeded information that could be obtained from firing rates alone, was strong for inter-areal connections, and multiplexed information at three different phases of the beta cycle that were offset from the preferred spiking phase of neurons. Taken together, these findings document the multiplexing of three different types of information in the phase-of-firing at an interareally shared beta oscillation frequency during goal-directed behavior.

HighlightsO_LILateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum show phase-of-firing encoding for outcome, outcome history and reward prediction errors.
C_LIO_LINeurons with phase-of-firing code synchronize long-range at 10-25 Hz.
C_LIO_LISpike phases encoding reward prediction errors deviate from preferred synchronization phases.
C_LIO_LIAnterior cingulate cortex neurons show strongest long-range effects.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voloh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.874669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty acid synthesis in satellite glial cell promotes regenerative growth in sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.874669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral sensory neurons switch to a regenerative state after nerve injury to enable axon regeneration and functional recovery. Intrinsic mechanisms operating in sensory neurons are known to regulate nerve repair, but whether satellite glial cells (SGC), which completely envelop the neuronal soma, undergo injury-evoked transcriptional changes and contribute to nerve regeneration remains unexplored. This is largely due to the lack of molecular and genetic tools to study SGC. Using a single cell RNAseq approach to define the transcriptional profile of SGC in naive and injured conditions, we reveal that these cells are distinct from Schwann cells and share similarities with astrocytes. We find that nerve injury elicits gene expression changes in SGC, which are related to fatty acid synthesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling. Conditional deletion of Fatty acid synthase (Fasn), the committed enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis, in SGC, impairs axon regeneration. The PPAR agonist fenofibrate rescues the impaired axon regeneration in mice lacking Fasn in SGC, indicating that PPAR functions downstream of fatty acid synthesis in SGC to promote axon regeneration. These results identify fatty acid synthesis in SGC as a fundamental novel mechanism mediating axon regeneration in adult peripheral nerves. These results also highlight that the sensory neuron and its surrounding glial coat form a functional unit that orchestrates nerve repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenkovich, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klyachko, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.874669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty acid synthesis in satellite glial cell promotes regenerative growth in sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PULL-PUSH NEUROMODULATION OF CORTICAL PLASTICITY ENABLES RAPID BI-DIRECTIONAL SHIFTS IN OCULAR DOMINANCE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulatory systems are essential for remodeling glutamatergic connectivity during experience-dependent cortical plasticity. This permissive/enabling function of neuromodulators has been associated with their capacity to facilitate the induction of Hebbian forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) by affecting cellular and network excitability. In vitro studies indicate that neuromodulators can also affect the expression of Hebbian plasticity in a pull-push manner: receptors coupled to the G-protein Gs promote the expression of LTP at the expense of LTD, and Gq-coupled receptors promote LTD at the expense of LTD. Here we show that the pull-push mechanism can be recruited in vivo by pairing brief monocular stimulation with pharmacological or chemogenetical activation of Gs- or Gq-coupled receptors to respectively enhance or reduce visual cortical responses. These changes were stable, can be induced in adults after the termination of the critical period for juvenile ocular dominance plasticity, and can rescue deficits induced by prolonged monocular deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PULL-PUSH NEUROMODULATION OF CORTICAL PLASTICITY ENABLES RAPID BI-DIRECTIONAL SHIFTS IN OCULAR DOMINANCE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.864991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome polishing tool POLCA makes fast and accurate corrections in genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.864991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of third-generation DNA sequencing technologies in recent years has allowed scientists to generate dramatically longer sequence reads, which when used in whole-genome sequencing projects have yielded better repeat resolution and far more contiguous genome assemblies. While the promise of better contiguity has held true, the relatively high error rate of long reads, averaging 8-15%, has made it challenging to generate a highly accurate final sequence. Current long-read sequencing technologies display a tendency toward systematic errors, in particular in homopolymer regions, which present additional challenges. A cost-effective strategy to generate highly contiguous assemblies with a very low overall error rate is to combine long reads with low-cost short-read data, which currently have an error rate below 0.5%. This hybrid strategy can be pursued either by incorporating the short-read data into the early phase of assembly, during the read correction step, or by using short reads to "polish" the consensus built from long reads. In this report, we present the assembly polishing tool POLCA (POLishing by Calling Alternatives) and compare its performance with two other popular polishing programs, Pilon and Racon. We show that on simulated data POLCA is more accurate than Pilon, and comparable in accuracy to Racon. On real data, all three programs show similar performance, but POLCA is consistently much faster than either of the other polishing programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.864991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome polishing tool POLCA makes fast and accurate corrections in genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confronting p-hacking: addressing p-value dependence on sample size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical research has come to rely on p-values as a deterministic measure for data-driven decision making. In the largely extended null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST) for identifying statistically significant differences among groups of observations, a single p-value computed from sample data is routinely compared with a threshold, commonly set to 0.05, to assess the evidence against the hypothesis of having non-significant differences among groups, or the null hypothesis. Because the estimated p-value tends to decrease when the sample size is increased, applying this methodology to large datasets results in the rejection of the null hypothesis, making it not directly applicable in this specific situation. Herein, we propose a systematic and easy-to-follow method to detect differences based on the dependence of the p-value on the sample size. The proposed method introduces new descriptive parameters that overcome the effect of the size in the p-value interpretation in the framework of large datasets, reducing the uncertainty in the decision about the existence of biological/clinical differences between the compared experiments. This methodology enables both the graphical and quantitative characterization of the differences between the compared experiments guiding the researchers in the decision process. An in-depth study of the proposed methodology is carried out using both simulated and experimentally obtained data. Simulations show that under controlled data, our assumptions on the p-value dependence on the sample size holds. The results of our analysis in the experimental datasets reflect the large scope of this approach and its interpretability in terms of common decision-making and data characterization tasks. For both simulated and real data, the obtained results are robust to sampling variations within the dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez de Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.878405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confronting p-hacking: addressing p-value dependence on sample size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SurA is a "Groove-y" Chaperone That Expands Unfolded Outer Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The periplasmic chaperone network ensures the biogenesis of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and has recently been identified as a promising target for antibiotics. SurA is the most important member of this network both due to its genetic interaction with the {beta}-barrel assembly machinery complex as well as its ability to prevent unfolded OMP (uOMP) aggregation. Using only binding energy, the mechanism by which SurA carries out these two functions is not well understood. Here we use a combination of photo-crosslinking, mass spectrometry, solution scattering, and molecular modeling techniques to elucidate the key structural features that define how SurA solubilizes uOMPs. Our experimental data support a model in which SurA binds uOMPs in a groove formed between the core and P1 domains. This binding event results in a drastic expansion of the rest of the uOMP, which has many biological implications. Using these experimental data as restraints, we adopted an integrative modeling approach to create a sparse ensemble of models of a SurA*uOMP complex. We validated key structural features of the SurA*uOMP ensemble using independent scattering and chemical crosslinking data. Our data suggest that SurA utilizes three distinct binding modes to interact with uOMPs and that more than one SurA can bind a uOMP at a time. This work demonstrates that SurA operates in a distinct fashion compared to other chaperones in the OMP biogenesis network.

Significance StatementOuter membrane proteins play critical roles in bacterial physiology and increasingly are exploited as antibiotic targets. SurA is the most important chaperone in the OMP biogenesis network and is thought to initiate their folding through an interaction with the BAM complex. We observe an unprecedented expansion of unfolded outer membrane proteins when bound to SurA. This expansion suggests a potential mechanism by which SurA can deliver uOMPs to the BAM complex. In addition, this study highlights the use of an integrative/hybrid structural biology approach and emerging methods to map highly heterogeneous structural ensembles such as that of an unfolded protein bound to a chaperone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskopf, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.878660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SurA is a "Groove-y" Chaperone That Expands Unfolded Outer Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sisterless A is required for the activation of Sex lethal in the germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both somatic cells and germ cells must establish their correct sexual identity for proper gametogenesis. In Drosophila, sex determination in somatic cells is controlled by the switch gene Sex lethal (Sxl), which is activated in females by the presence of two X chromosomes. Though germline sex determination is much less well understood, Sxl is also essential for the female identity in germ cells. Loss of Sxl function in the germline results in ovarian germline tumors, a characteristic of male germ cells developing in a female soma. Further, Sxl expression is sufficient for XY (male) germ cells to produce eggs when transplanted into XX (female) somatic gonads. As in the soma, the presence of two X chromosomes activates Sxl in the germline, but the mechanism for "counting" X chromosomes in the germline is thought to be different from the soma. Here we have explored this mechanism at both cis- and trans- levels. Our data support the model that the Sxl "establishment" promoter (SxlPE) is activated in a female-specific manner in the germline, as in the soma, but that the timing of SxlPE activation, and the DNA elements that regulate SxlPE, are different in the germline. Nevertheless, we find that the X chromosome gene sisterless A (sisA), which helps activate Sxl in the soma, is also essential for Sxl activation in the germline. Loss of sisA leads causes of Sxl expression in the germline, and to ovarian tumors and germline loss. These defects can be rescued by Sxl expression, demonstrating that sisA lies upstream of Sxl in germline sex determination. We conclude that sisA acts as an X chromosome counting element in both the soma and the germline, but that additional factors regulating female-specific expression of Sxl in the germline remain to be discovered.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe production of sperm and eggs requires proper sexual identity to be established in both somatic cells and the germ cells, which ultimately produce the gametes. While somatic sex determination has been well studied in a number of organisms, how germ cells establish their sexual identity is much less well understood. In Drosophila, the RNA binding protein Sex lethal (Sxl) is essential for female sexual identity in both the soma and the germline, but its regulation in the germline is thought to be different than in the soma. Here we explore how Sxl is activated in the germline. We find that the germline uses a different set of DNA elements to control activation of the key sex-specific Sxl promoter. Nonetheless, one of the activators of Sxl in the soma, the transcription factor Sisterless A (SisA), also acts to activate Sxl in the germline. Our data indicate that, while SisA acts as a common activator in both the soma and germline, additional, germline-specific Sxl activators remain to be discovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sisterless A is required for the activation of Sex lethal in the germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.871897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A clinically and genomically annotated nerve sheath tumor biospecimen repository. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.871897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve sheath tumors occur as a heterogeneous group of neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The malignant form represents the most common cause of death in people with NF1, and even when benign, these tumors can result in significant disfigurement, neurologic dysfunction, and a range of profound symptoms. Lack of human tissue across the peripheral nerve tumors common in NF1 has been a major limitation in the development of new therapies. To address this unmet need, we have created an annotated collection of patient tumor samples, patient-derived cell lines, and patient-derived xenografts, and carried out high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic characterization to serve as a resource for further biologic and preclinical therapeutic studies. In this work, we release genomic and transcriptomic datasets comprised of 55 tumor samples derived from 23 individuals, complete with clinical annotation. All data are publicly available through the NF Data Portal and at http://synapse.org/jhubiobank.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobogean, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.871897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A clinically and genomically annotated nerve sheath tumor biospecimen repository.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.876144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in situ atlas of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian tissues reveals high content in stem/progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.876144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria regulate ATP production, metabolism and cell death. Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence and copy number are implicated in aging and organ dysfunction in diverse inherited and sporadic diseases. Since most measurements of mtDNA use homogenates of complex tissues, little is known about cell type-specific mtDNA copy number heterogeneity in normal physiology, aging and disease. Thus, the precise cell types whose loss of mitochondrial activity and altered mtDNA copy number that result in organ dysfunction in aging and disease have often not been clarified. Here, we validated an in situ hybridization approach to generate a single cell resolution atlas of mtDNA content in mammalian tissues. In hierarchically organized self-renewing tissues, higher levels of mtDNA were observed in stem/proliferative compartments compared to differentiated compartments. Striking zonal patterns of mtDNA levels in the liver reflected the known oxygen tension gradient. In the kidney, proximal and distal tubules had markedly higher mtDNA levels compared to cells within glomeruli and collecting duct epithelial cells. Decreased mtDNA levels were visualized in renal tubules as a function of aging, which was prevented by calorie restriction. We provide a novel approach for quantifying species- and cell type-specific mtDNA copy number and dynamics in any normal or diseased tissue and can be used for monitoring the effects of interventions in animal and human studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.876144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in situ atlas of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian tissues reveals high content in stem/progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of function variants in PCYT1A causing spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone/rod dystrophy have broad consequences on lipid metabolism, chondrocyte differentiation, and lipid droplet formation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSpondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (SMD-CRD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the skeleton and the retina caused by biallelic variants in PCYT1A, encoding the nuclear enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase  (CCT), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis by the Kennedy pathway. As a first step in understanding the consequences of PCYT1A variants on SMD-CRD pathophysiology, we generated and characterized a series of cellular models for SMD-CRD, including CRISPR-edited PCYT1A-null HEK293 and ATDC5 cell lines. Immunoblot and PC synthesis assays of cultured skin fibroblasts from SMD-CRD patient cell lines revealed patient genotype-specific reductions in CCT steady state levels (10-75% of wild-type) and choline incorporation into PC (22-54% of wild-type). While PCYT1A-null HEK293 cells exhibited fewer and larger lipid droplets in response to oleate loading than their wild-type counterparts, SMD-CRD patient fibroblasts (p.Ser323Argfs*38 homozygotes) failed to show significant differences in lipid droplet numbers or sizes as compared to controls. Lipid droplet phenotypes in PCYT1A-null HEK293 cells were rescued by transfection with wild-type, p.Ala99Val, and p.Tyr240His human PCYT1A cDNAs. While both edited cellular models had normal morphology and proliferation rates compared to unedited controls, Pcyt1a-null ATDC5 cells demonstrated accelerated rates of chondrocyte differentiation as compared to their wild-type counterparts. Lipidomics revealed changes in 75-200 lipid levels in PCYT1A-null HEK293 and ATDC5 cells or in SMD-CRD patient fibroblasts as compared to wild-type controls. The specific lipids altered and extent of change varied by cell type. Importantly, both PCYT1A-null HEK293 cells and SMD-CRD patient fibroblast cell lines had decreased phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine (PC:PE) ratios and decreased levels of several lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species as compared to wild-type controls, suggesting compensatory PC production through increased LPC remodeling by LPCAT or decreased conversion of PC to LPC by phospholipase A2. Our results show that all tested PCYT1A alleles associated with SMD-CRD are hypomorphic and suggest involvement of PCYT1A in chondrocyte differentiation, PC:PE ratio maintenance and LPC metabolism, and lipid droplet formation.

Author SummaryRare genetic disorders can reveal the function of genes on an organismal scale. When normal gene activity is lost, patients can experience a range of symptoms, often dependent on the residual activity of the encoded protein. Rare variants in the gene PCYT1A can cause multiple inherited disorders, including a disorder of the skeleton and the retina characterized by short stature, bone abnormalities, and blindness. PCYT1A is required for normal cellular function, particularly lipid metabolism, but the role of this gene in human disease is still poorly understood. To determine consequences of genetic variants in patients with this disorder, we made and studied a series of cellular models, including cells cultured from patients and CRISPR-edited cell lines lacking normal copies of PCYT1A. Here we show that patient variants lead to reduced PCYT1A expression and/or function and have adverse consequences on cell biology and lipid metabolism that are often cell-type specific. This work advances understanding of the role of lipid metabolism in skeletal and eye development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jurgens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franca Anzmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuder, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover-Fong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes Yamamoto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo Bertola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratela, W. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curie, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.882191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of function variants in PCYT1A causing spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone/rod dystrophy have broad consequences on lipid metabolism, chondrocyte differentiation, and lipid droplet formation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Docking and Steered Molecular Dynamics Reveal Alternative Regulatory Sites on the SERCA Calcium Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transport activity of the calcium ATPase SERCA is modulated by an inhibitory interaction with a 52-residue transmembrane peptide, phospholamban (PLB). Biochemical and structural studies have revealed the primary inhibitory site on SERCA, but PLB has been hypothesized to interact with alternative sites on SERCA that are distinct from the inhibitory site. The present study was undertaken to test these hypotheses and explore structural determinants of SERCA regulation by PLB. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) and membrane protein-protein docking experiments were performed to investigate the apparent affinity of PLB interactions with candidate sites on SERCA. We modeled the relative binding of PLB to several different conformations of SERCA, representing different enzymatic states sampled during the calcium transport catalytic cycle. Overall, the SMD and docking experiments suggest that the canonical binding site is preferred, but also provide evidence for alternative sites that are favorable for certain conformational states of SERCA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Docking and Steered Molecular Dynamics Reveal Alternative Regulatory Sites on the SERCA Calcium Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorical signaling of the strongest stimulus by an inhibitory midbrain nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc), a group of inhibitory neurons in the vertebrate midbrain tegmentum, orchestrates stimulus competition and spatial selection in the optic tectum (OT). Here, we investigate the properties of relative-strength dependent competitive interactions within the barn owl Imc. Imc neurons exhibit switch-like as well as gradual response profiles as a function of relative stimulus strength, do so for competing stimuli both within and across sensory modalities, and signal the strongest stimulus in a dynamically flexible manner. Notably, Imc signals the strongest stimulus more categorically (with greater precision), and earlier than the OT. Paired recordings at spatially aligned Imc and OT sites reveal that although some properties of stimulus competition are correlated, others are set independently. Our results demonstrate that the Imc is itself an active site of competition, and may be the first site in the midbrain selection network at which stimulus competition is resolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schryver, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorical signaling of the strongest stimulus by an inhibitory midbrain nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vargas: heuristic-free alignment for assessing linear and graph read aligners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Read alignment is central to many aspects of modern genomics. Most aligners use heuristics to accelerate processing, but these heuristics can fail to find the optimal alignments of reads. Alignment accuracy is typically measured through simulated reads; however, the simulated location may not be the (only) location with the optimal alignment score. Vargas implements a heuristic-free algorithm guaranteed to find the highest-scoring alignment for real sequencing reads to a linear or graph genome. With semiglobal and local alignment modes and affine gap and quality-scaled mismatch penalties, it can implement the scoring functions of commonly used aligners to calculate optimal alignments. While this is computationally intensive, Vargas uses multi-core parallelization and vectorized (SIMD) instructions to make it practical to optimally align large numbers of reads, achieving a maximum speed of 456 billion cell updates per second. We demonstrate how these "gold standard" Vargas alignments can be used to improve heuristic alignment accuracy by optimizing command-line parameters in Bowtie 2, BWA-MEM, and vg to align more reads correctly. Source code implemented in C++ and compiled binary releases are available at https://github.com/langmead-lab/vargas under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddipati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.884676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vargas: heuristic-free alignment for assessing linear and graph read aligners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time monitoring of cotranscriptional riboswitch folding and switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Riboswitches function through cotranscriptional conformation switching governed by cognate ligand concentration, RNA folding and transcription elongation kinetics. To investigate how these parameters influence riboswitch folding, we developed a novel vectorial folding assay (VF) in which the superhelicase Rep-X sequentially liberates the RNA strand from a heteroduplex in a 5-to-3 direction, mimicking the nascent chain emergence during transcription. The RNA polymerase (RNAP)-free VF recapitulates the kinetically controlled cotranscriptional folding of a ZTP riboswitch, whose activation is favored by slower transcription, strategic pausing, or a weakened transcriptional terminator. New methods to observe positions and local rates of individual helicases show an average Rep-X unwinding rate similar to bacterial RNAP elongation (~60 nt/s). Real-time single-molecule monitoring captured folding riboswitches in multiple states, including an intermediate responsible for delayed terminator formation. These methods allow observation of individual folding RNAs as they occupy distinct folding channels within the landscape that controls gene expression and showed that riboswitch fate control is encoded in its sequence and is readily interpreted by a directionally moving protein even in the absence of an RNA polymerase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FerreDAmare, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time monitoring of cotranscriptional riboswitch folding and switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The protective effect of club cell secretory protein (CC-16) on COPD risk and progression: a Mendelian randomisation study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThere are currently no robust biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk or progression. Club cell secretory protein-16 (CC-16) is associated with the clinical expression of COPD. We aimed to determine if there is a causal effect of serum CC-16 level on COPD risk and/or progression using Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis.

MethodsWe performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis for serum CC-16 in two COPD cohorts (Lung Health Study [LHS], n=3,850 and ECLIPSE, n=1,702). We then used the CC-16-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MR analysis to estimate the causal effect of serum CC-16 on COPD risk (International COPD Genetics Consortium/UK-Biobank dataset; n=35,735 cases, n=222,076 controls) and progression (change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] in LHS and ECLIPSE). We also determined the associations between SNPs associated with CC-16 and gene expression using n=1,111 lung tissue samples from the Lung eQTL Study.

ResultsWe identified 7 SNPs independently associated (p<5x10-8) with serum CC-16 levels; 6 of these were novel. MR analysis suggested a protective causal effect of increased serum CC-16 on COPD risk (p=0.008) and progression (LHS only, p=0.02). Five of the SNPs were also associated with gene expression in lung tissue, including that of the CC-16-encoding gene SCGB1A1 (false discovery rate<0.1).

ConclusionWe have identified several novel genetic variants associated with serum CC-16 level in COPD cohorts. These genetic associations suggest a potential causal effect of serum CC-16 on COPD risk and progression. Further investigation of CC-16 as a biomarker or therapeutic target in COPD is warranted.

KEY MESSAGESWhat is the key question?

Can genetics help uncover a causal effect of serum CC-16 level on COPD risk and/or progression?

What is the bottom line?

There is a protective effect of genetically-increased serum CC-16 on both COPD risk and progression (as measured by change in FEV1 over time), which may be due to increased expression of the CC-16-encoding gene SCGB1A1 in the lung.

Why read on?

This is the first study to demonstrate a possible causal effect of serum CC-16 in people with COPD, and highlights the potential for CC-16 as a biomarker or therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Cordero, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandsma, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The protective effect of club cell secretory protein (CC-16) on COPD risk and progression: a Mendelian randomisation study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.884973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifiable In Vivo Imaging Biomarkers of Retinal Regeneration by Photoreceptor Cell Transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.884973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeShort-term improvements in retinal anatomy are known to occur in preclinical models of photoreceptor transplantation. However, correlative changes over the long term are poorly understood. We aimed to develop a quantifiable imaging biomarker grading scheme, using non-invasive multimodal confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging, to enable serial evaluation of photoreceptor transplantation over the long term.

MethodsYellow-green fluorescent microspheres were transplanted into the vitreous cavity and/or subretinal space of C57/BL6J mice. Photoreceptor cell suspensions or sheets from rhodopsin-green fluorescent protein mice were transplanted subretinally, into either NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J or C3H/HeJ-Pde6brd1 mice. Multimodal cSLO imaging was performed serially for up to three months after transplantation. Imaging biomarkers were scored, and a grade was defined for each eye by integrating the scores. Image grades were correlated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) data.

ResultsMultimodal imaging enabled the extraction of quantitative imaging biomarkers including graft size, GFP intensity, graft length, on-target graft placement, intra-graft lamination, hemorrhage, retinal atrophy, and peri-retinal proliferation. Migration of transplanted material was observed. Changes in biomarker scores and grades were detected in 13/16 and 7/16 eyes, respectively. A high correlation was found between image grades and IHC parameters.

ConclusionsSerial evaluation of multiple imaging biomarkers, when integrated into a per-eye grading scheme, enabled comprehensive tracking of longitudinal changes in photoreceptor cell grafts over time. The application of systematic multimodal in vivo imaging could be useful in increasing the efficiency of preclinical retinal cell transplantation studies in rodents and other animal models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agakishiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris-Bookman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.884973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifiable In Vivo Imaging Biomarkers of Retinal Regeneration by Photoreceptor Cell Transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrkB agonists prevent post-ischemic BDNF-TrkB mediated emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in CD-1 pups. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Refractory neonatal seizures do not respond to first-line anti-seizure medications (ASMs) like phenobarbital (PB), a positive allosteric modulator for GABAA receptors, the most widely used ASM to treat neonatal seizures. GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is dependent upon neuronal chloride regulation. The electroneutral cation-chloride transporter KCC2 mediates neuronal chloride extrusion; an age-dependent increase of KCC2 expression enables the shift of GABAergic signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. BDNF-TrkB activation following excitotoxic injury recruits downstream targets like PLC{gamma}1, leading to KCC2 hypofunction. This study investigated the efficacy of partial and full TrkB agonists; LM22A-4 (LM), HIOC and Deoxygedunin (DG) respectively, on PB-refractory seizures, post-ischemic TrkB-pathway activation, and KCC2 membrane stability in a P7 CD-1 mouse model of refractory neonatal seizures. Anti-seizure efficacy was determined by quantifying seizure burdens with continuous video-EEG. LM rescued PB-refractory seizures in a sexually dimorphic manner. LM anti-seizure efficacy was associated with a significant reduction in the post-ischemic phosphorylation of TrkB at Y816, a site known to mediate post-ischemic KCC2 hypofunction via PLC{gamma}1 activation. LM additionally rescued ischemia-induced pKCC2-S940 dephosphorylation preserving its membrane stability. HIOC and DG, two novel full TrkB agonists, also rescued PB-refractoriness and post-ischemic TrkB-PLC{gamma}1 pathway activation. Additionally, chemogenetic inactivation of TrkB significantly reduced post-ischemic neonatal seizure burdens at P7. Developmental expression profiles of TrkB and KCC2 in naive pups identified developmental differences that may underlie the sex-dependent variance in anti-seizure efficacy. These results support a novel role for the TrkB receptor in the emergence of age-dependent refractory neonatal seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrkB agonists prevent post-ischemic BDNF-TrkB mediated emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in CD-1 pups.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuit mechanism for generating categorical representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorical neural responses underlie various forms of selection and decision-making. Such binary-like responses promote robust signaling of the winner in the presence of input ambiguity and neural noise. Here, we show that a  donut-like inhibitory mechanism in which each competing option suppresses all options except itself, is highly effective at generating categorical neural responses. It surpasses motifs of feedback inhibition, recurrent excitation, and divisive normalization invoked frequently in decision-making models. We demonstrate experimentally not only that this mechanism operates in the midbrain spatial selection network in barn owls, but also that it is necessary for categorical signaling by it. The functional pattern of neural inhibition in the midbrain forms an exquisitely structured  multi-holed donut consistent with this networks combinatorial inhibitory function for stimulus selection. Additionally, modeling reveals a generalizable neural implementation of the donut-like motif for categorical selection. Self-sparing inhibition may, therefore, be a powerful circuit module central to categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.24.887810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuit mechanism for generating categorical representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.890228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted neural synchrony mediates the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive performance in older adults. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.890228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our main goal was to determine the influence of white matter integrity on the dynamic coupling between brain regions and the individual variability of cognitive performance in older adults. EEG was recorded while participants performed a task specifically designed to engage working memory and inhibitory processes, and the associations among functional activity, structural integrity, and cognitive performance were assessed. We found that the association between white matter microstructural integrity and cognitive functioning with aging is mediated by time-varying alpha and gamma phase-locking value (PLV). Specifically, older individuals with better preservation of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus showed greater task-related modulations of alpha and gamma long-range PLV between the inferior frontal gyrus and occipital lobe, lower local phase-amplitude coupling in occipital lobes, and better cognitive control performance. Our results help delineate the role of individual variability of white matter microstructure in dynamic synchrony and cognitive performance during normal aging, and show that even small reductions in white matter integrity can lead to altered communications between brain regions, which in turn can result in reduced efficiency of cognitive functioning.

Significance statementCognitive aging is associated with large individual differences, as some individuals maintain cognitive performance similar to that of young adults while others are significantly impaired. We hypothesized that individual differences in white matter integrity would influence the functional synchrony between frontal and posterior brain regions, and cognitive performance in older adults. We found that the association between reduced tract integrity and worse cognitive performance in older adults was mediated by task-related modulations of coupling synchrony in the alpha and gamma bands. Results offer a mechanistic explanation for the neural basis of the variability of cognitive performance in older adults who do not have any clinically diagnosable neuropathology, and for the association between structural network integrity and cognition in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.890228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted neural synchrony mediates the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive performance in older adults.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.890558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.890558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels play a critical role in electrical resonance, a mechanism of frequency selectivity in chicken hair cells. We determine that BK currents are dependent on inward flow of Ca2+, and intracellular buffering of Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is further amplified locally by Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in close proximity to plasma membrane BK channels. Ca2+ imaging reveals peripheral clusters of high concentrations of Ca2+ that are suprathreshold to that needed to activate BK channels. PKA activation increases BK currents likely by recruiting more BK channels due to spatial spread of high Ca2+ concentrations in turn from increasing CICR. STORM imaging confirms the presence of nanodomains with ryanodine and IP3 receptors in close proximity to the Slo subunit of BK channels. Together, these data require a rethinking of how electrical resonance is brought about and suggest effects of CICR in synaptic release. Both genders were included in this study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.890558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.725226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule tracking reveals the role of transitory dynamics of nucleoid-associated protein HU in organizing the bacterial chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.725226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HU is the most conserved nucleoid-associated protein in eubacteria and has been implicated as a key player in global chromosome organization. The mechanism of HU-mediated nucleoid organization, however, remains poorly understood. Using single molecule tracking coupled with genetic manipulations, we characterized the dynamics of HU in live Escherichia coli cells. We found that native HU dimers bind and unbind chromosomal DNAs weakly and transitorily across the entire nucleoid volume but remain nucleoid-localized, reminiscent of random diffusion in a liquid phase-separated, membrane-less "macro-compartment" distinct from the remaining cytosol. Mutating three key surface lysine residues of HU nearly entirely abolished the weak and transitory interactions of HU with DNA and led to severe cell growth and DNA segregation defects, suggesting the importance of HUs interactions with chromosomal DNA mediated by the positively charged surface. A conserved proline residue important for recognizing bent and cruciform DNAs such as that in recombination intermediates, similarly abolished HUs rapid and transitory DNA interaction dynamics but had little impact on its apparent binding stability with nonspecific chromosomal DNAs. Interestingly, the proline residue appeared to be important for HU{beta} dimer formation as mutating this residue makes HU{beta} behave similarly to HU2 dimers. Finally, we find that while prior evidence has found HU capable of depositing nucleoid-associated noncoding RNAs onto cruciform DNA structures, deletion of these specific naRNAs or inhibition of global transcription had a relatively minor effect on HU dynamics irrespective altered nucleoid compaction. Our results suggest a model of chromosome organization mediated by weak, transient interactions of HU, a substantial deviation from nucleoid-like proteins such as histones. Such collective sum of the numerous weak, transitory binding events of HU with nonspecific chromosome DNAs could generates a "force" to maintain a dynamic, fluid nucleoid with enough flexibility to rapidly facilitate global topological processes such as replication or nucleoid segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bettridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.725226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule tracking reveals the role of transitory dynamics of nucleoid-associated protein HU in organizing the bacterial chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The immediate early gene Arc is not required for hippocampal long-term potentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immediate early gene Arc is critical for maintenance of long-term memory. How Arc mediates this process remains unclear, but it has been proposed to sustain Hebbian synaptic potentiation, which is a key component of memory encoding. This form of plasticity is modelled experimentally by induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), which increases Arc mRNA and protein expression. However, mechanistic data implicates Arc in the endocytosis of AMPA-type glutamate receptors and the weakening of synapses. Here, we took a comprehensive approach to determine if Arc is necessary for hippocampal LTP. We find that Arc is not required for LTP maintenance and must regulate memory storage through alternative mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyrke-Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bear, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The immediate early gene Arc is not required for hippocampal long-term potentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What matters to patients?: a timely question for Value Based Care 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur healthcare system is moving towards patient-centered and value-based care models that prioritize health outcomes that matter to patients. However, little is known about what aspects of care patients would prioritize when presented with choices of desirable attributes and whether these patient priorities differ based on certain demographics.

ObjectiveTo assess patients priorities for a range of attributes in ambulatory care consultations across five key health service delivery domains and determine potential associations between patient priorities and certain demographic profiles.

MethodsUsing a What Matters to You survey patients ranked in order of importance various choices related to five health service domains (patient-physician relationship, personal responsibility, tests/procedures, medications and cost). Subjects were selected from two Johns Hopkins affiliated primary care clinics and a third gastroenterology subspecialty clinic over a period of 11 months. We calculated the percentage of respondents who selected each quality as their top 1-3 choice. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined demographic characteristics associated with patient priorities.

ResultsHumanistic qualities of physicians, leading a healthy lifestyle, shared decision making (SDM) for medications and tests/procedures and knowledge about insurance coverage were the most frequently ranked choices. Privately insured and more educated patients were less likely to rank humanistic qualities highly. Those with younger age, higher educational attainment and private insurance had higher odds of ranking healthy lifestyle as a top choice. Those with more education had higher odds of ranking SDM as a top choice.

ConclusionsIdentifying what matters most to patients is useful as we move towards patient-centered and value based care models. Our findings suggest that patients have priorities on qualities they value across key health service domains. Multiple factors including patient demographics can be predictors of these priorities. Elucidating these preferences is a challenging but a valuable step in the right direction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirpa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woreta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebede, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What matters to patients?: a timely question for Value Based Care]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of human embryos reveals diverse patterns of aneuploidy and mosaicism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Less than half of human zygotes survive to live birth, primarily due to aneuploidies of meiotic or mitotic origin. Mitotic errors lead to chromosomal mosaicism, defined by multiple cell lineages with distinct chromosome complements. The incidence and fitness consequences of chromosomal mosaicism in human embryos remain controversial, with most previous studies based on bulk DNA assays or comparisons of multiple biopsies of a few embryonic cells. Single-cell genomic data provide an opportunity to quantify mosaicism on an embryo-wide scale. To this end, we extended an approach to infer aneuploidies based on chromosome dosage-associated changes in gene expression by integrating signatures of allelic imbalance. We applied this method to published single-cell RNA sequencing data from 74 disaggregated human embryos, spanning the morula to blastocyst stages. Our analysis revealed widespread mosaic aneuploidies across preimplantation development, with 59 of 74 (80%) embryos harboring at least one aneuploid cell (1% FDR). By clustering copy number calls, we reconstructed histories of chromosome mis-segregation, distinguishing meiotic and early mitotic errors from those occurring after lineage differentiation. We observed no significant enrichment of aneuploid cells in the trophectoderm compared to the inner cell mass, though we do detect such an enrichment in published data from later post-implantation stages. Finally, we observed that aneuploid cells exhibit upregulation of immune response genes, as well as downregulation of genes involved in proliferation, metabolism, and protein processing, consistent with stress responses previously documented in other stages and systems. Together, our work provides a high-resolution view of aneuploidy in preimplantation embryos and supports the conclusion that low-level mosaicism is a common feature of early human development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.894287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of human embryos reveals diverse patterns of aneuploidy and mosaicism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of DNA Methylation in Persister Formation in Uropathogenic E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) persister bacteria play crucial roles in clinical treatment failure and relapse. DNA methylation is known to regulate gene expression in bacteria, but its role in persister formation has not been investigated. Here, we created adenine methylation deletion mutant ({Delta}dam) and cytosine methylation mutant ({Delta}dcm) from UPEC strain UTI89 and found that the{Delta} dam mutant but not{Delta} dcm mutant had significant defect in persister formation during exposure to various antibiotics (gentamicin, fluroquinolones and cephalosporin) and stresses (acid pH and hyperosmosis), and that complementation of the dam mutant restored its persister defect phenotype. PacBio sequencing of epigenetic genomewide methylation signature and RNA sequencing of the{Delta} dam mutant were performed to define, for the first time, the role of adenine methylation in persister formation. Methylome data analysis showed that 99.73% of m6A modifications on GATC were demethylated in the{Delta} dam mutant, and demethylation nucleotide site related genes suggested an overwhelming effect on transcription and metabolic processes. Transcriptome analysis of the{Delta} dam mutant in comparison to wild type showed that flagella biosynthesis, galactitol transport/utilization, and signaling related genes were upregulated while pilus, fimbriae, virulence, glycerol, nitrogen metabolism pathways and transcriptional regulators were downregulated. The comparative COG analysis of methylome and transcriptome enriched pathways identified translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, and cell motility were upregulated, whereas DNA repair, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and diverse transport systems, some of which are known to be involved in persister formation, were downregulated in the{Delta} dam mutant. These findings provide new insights about the molecular basis of how DNA adenine methylation may be involved in persister formation and offer novel therapeutic targets for combating persister bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of DNA Methylation in Persister Formation in Uropathogenic E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the polyamine synthesis enzyme ornithine decarboxylase sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is limited by a lack of effective molecular targeted therapies. Recent studies have identified metabolic alterations in cancer cells that can be targeted to improve responses to standard-of-care chemotherapy regimens. We found that exposure of TNBC cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs leads to alterations in arginine and polyamine metabolites due to a reduction in the levels and activity of a rate-limiting polyamine biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The reduction in ODC was mediated by its negative regulator, antizyme, targeting ODC to the proteasome for degradation. Treatment with the ODC inhibitor DFMO sensitized TNBC cells to chemotherapy, but this was not observed in receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Moreover, TNBC cell lines showed greater sensitivity to single-agent DFMO, and ODC levels were elevated in TNBC patient samples. Alterations in polyamine metabolism in response to chemotherapy, as well as preferential sensitization of TNBC cells to chemotherapy by DFMO, suggest that ODC may be a targetable metabolic vulnerability in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geck, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Stewart, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the polyamine synthesis enzyme ornithine decarboxylase sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially compartmentalized phase regulation of a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling networks are spatiotemporally organized in order to sense diverse inputs, process information, and carry out specific cellular tasks. In pancreatic {beta} cells, Ca2+, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and Protein Kinase A (PKA) exist in an oscillatory circuit characterized by a high degree of feedback, which allows for specific signaling controls based on the oscillation frequencies. Here, we describe a novel mode of regulation within this circuit involving a spatial dependence of the relative phase between cAMP, PKA, and Ca2+. We show that nanodomain clustering of Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases drives oscillations of local cAMP levels to be precisely in-phase with Ca2+ oscillations, whereas Ca2+-sensitive phosphodiesterases maintain out-of-phase oscillations outside of the nanodomain, representing a striking example and novel mechanism of cAMP compartmentation. Disruption of this precise in-phase relationship perturbs Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that the relative phase within an oscillatory circuit can encode specific functional information. This example of a signaling nanodomain utilized for localized tuning of an oscillatory circuit has broad implications for the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially compartmentalized phase regulation of a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.900886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complement and coagulation cascades are potentially involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in alpha-synuclein-based mouse models of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.900886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder that results in motor dysfunction and eventually, cognitive impairment. -Synuclein protein has been known to be the most culprit protein, but the underlying pathological mechanism still remains to be elucidated. As an effort to clarify the pathogenesis mechanism by -synuclein, various PD mouse models with -synuclein overexpression have been developed. However, the systemic analysis of protein abundance change by the overexpressed -synuclein in the whole proteome level has been still lacking. To address this issue, we established two sophisticated mouse models of PD by injecting -synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) or by inducing overexpression of human A53T -synuclein to discover overlapping pathways, which could be altered in the two different types of PD mouse model. For more accurate quantification of mouse brain proteome, stable isotope labeling with amino acid in mammal-based quantification was implemented. As a result, we have successfully identified a total of 8,355 proteins from both of the mouse models; [~]6,800 and [~]7,200 proteins from -synuclein PFF injected mice and human A53T -synuclein transgenic mice, respectively. From the pathway analysis of the differentially expressed proteins in common, the complement and coagulation cascade pathway were determined as the most enriched ones. This is the first study that highlights the significance of the complement and coagulation pathway in the pathogenesis of PD through proteome analyses with two sophisticated mouse models of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.900886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complement and coagulation cascades are potentially involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in alpha-synuclein-based mouse models of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis identifies candidate tumor microenvironment and intracellular signaling pathways that define tumor heterogeneity in NF1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a monogenic syndrome that gives rise to numerous symptoms including cognitive impairment, skeletal abnormalities, and growth of benign nerve sheath tumors. Nearly all NF1 patients develop cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs), which occur on the skin surface, while 40-60% of patients develop plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) which are deeply embedded in the peripheral nerves. Patients with pNFs have a [~]10% lifetime chance of these tumors becoming malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). These tumors have a severe prognosis and few treatment options other than surgery. Given the lack of therapeutic options available to patients with these tumors, identification of druggable pathways or other key molecular features could aid ongoing therapeutic discovery studies. In this work, we used statistical and machine learning methods to analyze 77 NF1 tumors with genomic data to characterize key signaling pathways that distinguish these tumors and identify candidates for drug development. We identified subsets of latent gene expression variables that may be important in the identification and etiology of cNFs, pNFs, other neurofibromas, and MPNSTs. Furthermore, we characterized the association between these latent variables and genetic variants, immune deconvolution predictions, and protein activity predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taroni, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis identifies candidate tumor microenvironment and intracellular signaling pathways that define tumor heterogeneity in NF1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent fluctuations in Mexican American genomes have altered the genetic architecture of biomedical traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People in the Americas represent a diverse group of populations with varying degrees of admixture among African, European, and Amerindigenous ancestries. In the United States, many populations with non-European ancestry remain understudied, and thus little is known about the genetic architecture of phenotypic variation in these populations. Using genome-wide genotype data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, we find that Amerindigenous ancestry has increased over time across Hispanic/Latino populations, particularly in Mexican Americans where Amerindigenous ancestry increased by an average of [~]20% over the 50-year period spanning 1940s-1990s. We find similar patterns across American cities, and replicate our observations in an independent sample of Mexican Americans. These dynamic ancestry patterns are a result of a complex interaction of several population and cultural factors, including strong ancestry-related assortative mating and subtle shifts in migration with differences in subcontinental Amerindigenous ancestry over time. These factors have shaped patterns of genetic variation, including an increase in runs of homozygosity in Amerindigenous ancestral tracts, and also influenced the genetic architecture of complex traits within the Mexican American population. We show for height, a trait correlated with ancestry, polygenic risk scores based on summary statistics from a European-based genome-wide association study perform poorly in Mexican Americans. Our findings reveal temporal changes in population structure within Hispanics/Latinos that may influence biomedical traits, demonstrating a crucial need to improve our understanding of the genetic diversity of admixed populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spear, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Papkovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent fluctuations in Mexican American genomes have altered the genetic architecture of biomedical traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Epithelial Plasticity as a Platform to Reverse Epithelial Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial surfaces lining the lung serve as the primary environmental gaseous interface, and are subject to common life-limiting diseases, including COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Despite the critical role of epithelial cells in pulmonary health and disease, quantitative models are lacking but are required given the large patient to patient variability to characterize the epithelial plasticity that follows injury. We have identified a series of assessments to quantitatively identify the changes that occur in the epithelium and to identify targets that reverse injury. The injured epithelium has decreased ciliary function and monolayer height, which in the case of cells derived from COPD patients results in an overall disorganization of structure. Injury causes the cells to shift to an unjammed state, with corresponding increases in the velocity correlation length implicating cell shape and stiffness as fundamental to the injury response. Specific inhibitors of actin polymerization (LatA), of MAPK/ERK kinase (U0126) and Nrf-2 pathway activation (CDDO-Me) push the epithelium back towards a jammed state with decreased cell movement and correlation length, as well as improve barrier function and CBF. These studies attest to cell intrinsic properties that allow for a transition to an unjammed state, and that quantitative phenotypic analysis can identify potential specific pharmacologic targets in a given patient and provide insight into basic mechanisms of cellular damage.

One Sentence SummaryEnvironmental toxins undermine tissue integrity by manipulating transitions from jammed to unjammed states, thereby mimicking or inducing disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Epithelial Plasticity as a Platform to Reverse Epithelial Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.906545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo learning versus adaptation of continuous control in a manual tracking task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.906545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do people learn to perform tasks that require continuous adjustments of motor output, like riding a bicycle? People rely heavily on cognitive strategies when learning discrete movement tasks, but such time-consuming strategies are infeasible in continuous control tasks that demand rapid responses to ongoing sensory feedback. To understand how people can learn to perform such tasks without the benefit of cognitive strategies, we imposed a rotation/mirror reversal of visual feedback while participants performed a continuous tracking task. We analyzed behavior using a system identification approach which revealed two qualitatively different components of learning: adaptation of a baseline controller and formation of a new, task-specific continuous controller. These components exhibited different signatures in the frequency domain and were differentially engaged under the rotation/mirror reversal. Our results demonstrate that people can rapidly build a new continuous controller de novo and can simultaneously deploy this process with adaptation of an existing controller.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.906545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo learning versus adaptation of continuous control in a manual tracking task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Whole-Brain Regression Method to Identify Individual and Group Variations in Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity is an important and widely used measure of individual and group differences. These differences are typically attributed to various demographic and/or clinical factors. Yet, extant statistical methods are limited to linking covariates with variations in functional connectivity across subjects, especially at the voxel-wise level of the whole brain. This paper introduces a generalized linear model method that regresses whole-brain functional connectivity on covariates. Our approach builds on two methodological components. We first employ whole-brain group ICA to reduce the dimensionality of functional connectivity matrices, and then search for matrix variations associated with covariates using covariate assisted principal regression, a recently introduced covariance matrix regression method. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach using a resting-state fMRI dataset of a medium-sized cohort of subjects obtained from the Human Connectome Project. The results show that the approach enjoys improved statistical power in detecting interaction effects of sex and alcohol on whole-brain functional connectivity, and in identifying the brain areas contributing significantly to the covariate-related differences in functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-s. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Whole-Brain Regression Method to Identify Individual and Group Variations in Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splicing of the SynGAP Carboxyl-Terminus Enables Isoform-Specific Tuning of NMDA Receptor Signaling Linked to Cognitive Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynGAP-1 is a splice variant of the neurodevelopmental disorder risk gene, SYNGAP1/Syngap1. 1 encodes the C-terminal PDZ binding motif (PBM) that promotes liquid-liquid phase separation, a candidate process for postsynaptic density organization within excitatory synapses. However, it remains unknown how the endogenous SynGAP PBM regulates synapse properties and related cognitive functions. We found that a major PBM function in mice is to limit the mobility of SynGAP-1 in response to NMDA receptor activation. Genetic disruption of the PBM increased SynGAP-1 mobility to levels consistent with other non-PBM-containing C-terminal isoforms. This resulted in a lowering of the threshold for NMDA receptor-dependent signaling required for plasticity, leading to aberrant strengthening of excitatory synapses in spontaneously active neurons. PBM-deficient animals also exhibited a lower seizure threshold, disrupted LTP, and impaired cognition. Thus, the PBM enables isoform-specific SynGAP gating of NMDA receptor function, a mechanism linking synaptic signaling dynamics to network excitability and cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterborn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coba, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.18.911487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splicing of the SynGAP Carboxyl-Terminus Enables Isoform-Specific Tuning of NMDA Receptor Signaling Linked to Cognitive Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.910976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strategies for cellular deconvolution in human brain RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.910976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statistical deconvolution strategies have emerged over the past decade to estimate the proportion of various cell populations in homogenate tissue sources like brain using gene expression data. Here we show that several existing deconvolution algorithms which estimate the RNA composition of homogenate tissue, relates to the amount of RNA attributable to each cell type, and not the cellular composition relating to the underlying fraction of cells. Incorporating "cell size" parameters into RNA-based deconvolution algorithms can successfully recover cellular fractions in homogenate brain RNA-seq data. We lastly show that using both cell sizes and cell type-specific gene expression profiles from brain regions other than the target/user-provided bulk tissue RNA-seq dataset consistently results in biased cell fractions. We report several independently constructed cell size estimates as a community resource and extend the MuSiC framework to accommodate these cell size estimates (https://github.com/xuranw/MuSiC/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semick, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.910976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strategies for cellular deconvolution in human brain RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenylation of axonally translated proteins controls NGF-dependent axon growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compartmentalized signaling is critical for cellular organization and specificity of functional outcomes in neurons. Here, we report that post-translational lipidation of newly synthesized proteins in axonal compartments allows for short-term and autonomous responses to extrinsic cues. Using conditional mutant mice, we found that protein prenylation is essential for sympathetic axon innervation of target organs. We identify a localized requirement for prenylation in sympathetic axons to promote axonal growth in response to the neurotrophin, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). NGF triggers prenylation of proteins including the Rac1 GTPase in axons, counter to the canonical view of prenylation as constitutive, and strikingly, in a manner dependent on axonal protein synthesis. Newly prenylated proteins localize to TrkA-harboring endosomes in axons, and promote receptor trafficking necessary for axonal growth. Thus, coupling of prenylation to local protein synthesis presents a mechanism for spatially segregated cellular functions during neuronal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott-Solomon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenylation of axonally translated proteins controls NGF-dependent axon growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit adaptation is driven by direct policy updates rather than forward-model-based learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human motor system can rapidly adapt its motor output in response to errors. The prevailing theory of this process posits that the motor system adapts an internal forward model that predicts the consequences of outgoing motor commands, and that this forward model is then used to guide selection of motor output. However, although there is clear evidence for the existence of adaptive forward models to help track the state of the body, there is no real evidence that such models influence the selection of motor output. A possible alternative to the forward-model-based theory of adaptation is that motor output could be directly adjusted by movement errors ("direct policy learning"), in parallel with but independent of any updates to a predictive forward model. Here, we show evidence for this latter theory based on the properties of implicit adaptation under mirror-reversed visual feedback. We show that implicit adaptation still occurs under this extreme perturbation but acts in an inappropriate direction, following a pattern consistent with direct policy learning but not forward-model-based learning. We suggest that the forward-model-based theory of adaptation needs to be re-examined and that direct policy learning is a more plausible mechanism of implicit adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.914473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit adaptation is driven by direct policy updates rather than forward-model-based learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteogenomic single cell analysis of skeletal muscle myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle myocytes have evolved into slow and fast-twitch types. These types are functionally distinct as a result of differential gene and protein expression. However, an understanding of the complexity of gene and protein variation between myofibers is unknown. We performed deep, whole cell, single cell RNA-seq on intact and fragments of skeletal myocytes from the mouse flexor digitorum brevis muscle. We compared the genomic expression data of 171 of these cells with two human proteomic datasets. The first was a spatial proteomics survey of mosaic patterns of protein expression utilizing the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the HPASubC tool. The second was a mass-spectrometry (MS) derived proteomic dataset of single human muscle fibers. Immunohistochemistry and RNA-ISH were used to understand variable expression. scRNA-seq identified three distinct clusters of myocytes (a slow/fast 2A cluster and two fast 2X clusters). Utilizing 1,605 mosaic patterned proteins from visual proteomics, and 596 differentially expressed proteins by MS methods, we explore this fast 2X division. Only 36 genes/proteins had variable expression across all three studies, of which nine are newly described as variable between fast/slow twitch myofibers. An additional 414 genes/proteins were identified as variable by two methods. Immunohistochemistry and RNA-ISH generally validated variable expression across methods presumably due to species-related differences. In this first integrated proteogenomic analysis of mature skeletal muscle myocytes we confirm the main fiber types and greatly expand the known repertoire of twitch-type specific genes/proteins. We also demonstrate the importance of integrating genomic and proteomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fomchenko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox-Talbot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.916791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteogenomic single cell analysis of skeletal muscle myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian copy number detection and association in large-scale studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline copy number variants (CNVs) increase risk for many diseases, yet detection of CNVs and quantifying their contribution to disease risk in large-scale studies is challenging. We developed an approach called CNPBayes to identify latent batch effects, to provide probabilistic estimates of integer copy number across the estimated batches, and to fully integrate the copy number uncertainty in the association model for disease. We demonstrate this approach in a Pancreatic Cancer Case Control study of 7,598 participants where the major sources of technical variation were not captured by study site and varied across the genome. Candidate associations aided by this approach include deletions of 8q24 near regulatory elements of the tumor oncogene MYC and of Tumor Supressor Candidate 3 (TUSC3). This study provides a robust Bayesian inferential framework for estimating copy number and evaluating the role of copy number in heritable diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cristiano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian copy number detection and association in large-scale studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human stem cell derived sensory neurons are positioned to support varicella zoster virus latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) has been challenging to study due to the strict human tropism of the virus and the resultant difficulties in establishing tractable experimental models. In vivo, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia serve as cellular niches that support viral latency, and VZV can subsequently reactivate from these cells to cause disease. Whether sensory neurons possess intrinsic properties that position them to serve as a reservoir of viral latency remains unknown. Here, we utilize a robust human sensory neuron system to investigate lytic infection and viral latency. We find that sensory neurons exhibit resistance to lytic infection by VZV. On the other hand, latent infection in sensory neurons is associated with an episomal-like configuration of viral DNA and expression of the VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), thus closely mirroring the in vivo state. Moreover, despite the relative restriction in lytic infection, we demonstrate that viral reactivation is possible from latently infected sensory neurons. Taken together, our data suggest that human sensory neurons possess intrinsic properties that serve to facilitate their role as a latent reservoir of VZV.

IMPORTANCEVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) has infected over 90% of people worldwide. Following primary infection, the virus can remain dormant in the nervous system and may reactivate later in life, with potentially severe consequences. Here, we develop a model of VZV infection in human sensory neurons in order to determine whether these cells are intrinsically positioned to support latency and reactivation. We find that human sensory neurons are relatively resistant to lytic infection, but can support latency and reactivation. Moreover, during in vitro latency human sensory neurons, but not other neurons, express the newly discovered VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), thus closely mirroring the in vivo latent state. Taken together, these data indicate that human sensory neurons are uniquely positioned to support latency. We anticipate that this human sensory neuron model will serve to facilitate further understanding of the mechanisms of VZV latency and reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagdish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human stem cell derived sensory neurons are positioned to support varicella zoster virus latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Terminating contamination: large-scale search identifies more than 2,000,000 contaminated entries in GenBank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing allows researchers to investigate organisms sampled from their native environments by sequencing their DNA directly, and then quantifying the abundance and taxonomic composition of the organisms thus captured. However, these types of analyses are sensitive to contamination in public databases caused by incorrectly labeled reference sequences. Here we describe Conterminator, an efficient method to detect and remove incorrectly labelled sequences by an exhaustive all-against-all sequence comparison. Our analysis reports contamination in 114,035 sequences and 2767 species in the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq), 2,161,746 sequences and 6795 species in the GenBank database, and 14,132 protein sequences in the NR non-redundant protein database. Conterminator uncovers contamination in sequences spanning the whole range from draft genomes to "complete" model organism genomes. Our method, which scales linearly with input size, was able to process 3.3 terabytes of genomic sequence data in 12 days on a single 32-core compute node. We believe that Conterminator can become an important tool to ensure the quality of reference databases with particular importance for downstream metagenomic analyses. Source code (GPLv3): https://github.com/martin-steinegger/conterminator
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.920173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Terminating contamination: large-scale search identifies more than 2,000,000 contaminated entries in GenBank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.904680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mediation analysis of schizophrenia variants: Risk alleles may affect a gene's expression differently from how the expression affects risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.904680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), suggesting they are proxies or are themselves regulatory. Across many datasets analyses show that variants often affect multiple genes. Lacking data on many tissue types, developmental time points and homogeneous cell types, the extent of this one-to-many relationship is underestimated. This raises questions on whether a disease eQTL target gene explains the genetic association or is a by-stander and puts into question the direction of expression effect of on the risk, since the many variant - regulated genes may have opposing effects, imperfectly balancing each other. We used two brain gene expression datasets (CommonMind and BrainSeq) for mediation analysis of schizophrenia-associated variants. We confirm that eQTL target genes often mediate risk but the direction in which expression affects risk is often different from that in which the risk allele changes expression. Of 38 mediator genes significant in both datasets 33 showed consistent mediation direction (Chi2 test P=6*10-6). One might expect that the expression would correlate with the risk allele in the same direction it correlates with disease. For 15 of these 33 (45%), however, the expression change associated with the risk allele was protective, suggesting the likely presence of other target genes with overriding effects. Our results identify specific risk mediating genes and suggest caution in interpreting the biological consequences of targeted modifications of gene expression, as not all eQTL targets may be relevant to disease while those that are, might have different than expected directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.904680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mediation analysis of schizophrenia variants: Risk alleles may affect a gene's expression differently from how the expression affects risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynGAP splice isoforms differentially regulate synaptic plasticity and dendritic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynGAP is a synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) with four C-terminal splice variants: 1, 2, {beta}, and {gamma}. Although recent studies have implicated SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency in ID/ASD pathogenesis, the degree to which each SynGAP isoform contributes to disease pathogenesis remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that individual SynGAP isoforms exhibit unique spatiotemporal expression and have distinct roles in neuronal and synaptic development. The SynGAP-1 isoform, which undergoes robust liquid-liquid phase-separation with PSD-95 and is highly-enriched in synapses, is expressed late in development and disperses from synaptic spines in response to LTP-inducing synaptic activity to allow for AMPA receptor insertion and spine enlargement. In contrast, the SynGAP-{beta} isoform, which undergoes less liquid-liquid phase-separation with PSD95 and is less synaptically targeted, is expressed early in development and promotes dendritic arborization. Interestingly, a SynGAP-1 mutation that disrupts phase separation and synaptic targeting abolishes its function in plasticity and instead drives dendritic arbor development like the {beta} isoform. These results demonstrate that distinct phase separation and synaptic targeting properties of SynGAP isoforms determine their function.

HighlightsO_LISynGAP-1, 2, {beta}, {gamma} isoforms have distinct spatiotemporal expression and function in the brain.
C_LIO_LISynGAP-1 is required for plasticity, while {beta} is required for dendritic development.
C_LIO_LILiquid-liquid phase separation of SynGAP-1 is required for its role in plasticity.
C_LIO_LISynGAP isoforms may differentially contribute to SYNGAP1 related human NDDs.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamache, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynGAP splice isoforms differentially regulate synaptic plasticity and dendritic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses include the oncogenic human viruses Kaposis sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is a significant cause of congenital disease. Near the end of their replication cycle, these viruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. Late gene transcription requires six virally-encoded proteins, one of which is a functional mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) that is also involved in recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) via unknown mechanisms. Here, we applied biochemical protein interaction studies together with electron microscopy-based imaging of a reconstituted human preinitiation complex to define the mechanism underlying Pol II recruitment. These data revealed that the herpesviral TBP, encoded by ORF24 in KSHV, makes a direct protein-protein contact with the C-terminal domain of host RNA polymerase II (Pol II), which is a unique feature that functionally distinguishes viral from cellular TBP. The interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ORF24 through a conserved motif that is shared in its {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesvirus homologs. Thus, these herpesviruses employ an unprecedented strategy in eukaryotic transcription, wherein promoter recognition and polymerase recruitment are facilitated by a single transcriptional activator with functionally distinct domains.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses mediate their late gene transcription through a set of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs). One of these vTAs, ORF24 in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP). We demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of ORF24 and its homologs from other {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses directly bind the unstructured C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Pol II. This functionally distinguishes the viral TBP mimic from cellular TBP, which does not bind Pol II. Thus, herpesviruses encode a transcription factor that has the dual ability to directly interact with promoter DNA and the polymerase, a property which is unique in eukaryotic transcription and is conceptually akin to prokaryotic transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.924142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on effort-related choice behavior in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.924142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effort-related choice (ERC) tasks allow animals to choose between high-value reinforcers that require high effort to obtain or low-value/low-effort reinforcers. Dopaminergic neuromodulation regulates effort-related choice behavior. The enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolizes synaptically-released dopamine. COMT is the predominate regulator of dopamine turnover in regions of the brain with low levels of dopamine transporters, including the prefrontal cortex. Here, we evaluated the effects of the COMT inhibitor tolcapone on ERC performance in a touchscreen-based fixed-ratio/concurrent chow assay in male mice. In this task, mice were given the choice between engaging in a fixed number of instrumental responses to acquire a strawberry milk reward and consuming standard lab chow concurrently available on the chamber floor. We found no significant effects of tolcapone treatment on either strawberry milk earned or chow consumed compared to vehicle treatment. In contrast, we found that haloperidol decreased instrumental responding for strawberry milk and increased chow consumption as seen in previously published studies. These data suggest that COMT inhibition does not significantly affect effort-related decision making in a fixed-ratio/concurrent chow task in male mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.924142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on effort-related choice behavior in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive promoter hypermethylation of silenced TERT alleles in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cancers, maintenance of telomeres often occurs through activation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase, encoded by TERT. Yet, most cancers show only modest levels of telomerase gene expression, even in the context of activating hotspot promoter mutations (C228T and C250T). The role of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, in regulating telomerase gene expression in cancer cells is not fully understood. Here, we have carried out the most comprehensive characterization to date of TERT promoter methylation using ultra-deep bisulfite sequencing spanning the CpG island surrounding the core TERT promoter in 96 different human cell lines. In general, we observed that immortalized and cancer cell lines were hypermethylated in a region upstream of the recurrent C228T and C250T TERT promoter mutations, while non-malignant primary cells were comparatively hypomethylated in this region. However, at the allele-level, we generally observe hypermethylation of promoter sequences in cancer cells is associated with repressed expression, and the remaining unmethylated alleles marked with open chromatin are largely responsible for the observed TERT expression in cancer cells. Our findings suggest that hypermethylation of the TERT promoter alleles signals transcriptional repression of those alleles, leading to the attenuation of TERT activation in cancer cells.

SIGNIFICANCEHypermethylation of the TERT promoter alleles to attenuate TERT activation in cancer cells may account for the modest activation of TERT expression in most cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esopi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive promoter hypermethylation of silenced TERT alleles in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sapling: Accelerating Suffix Array Queries with Learned Data Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs genomic data becomes more abundant, efficient algorithms and data structures for sequence alignment become increasingly important. The suffix array is a widely used data structure to accelerate alignment, but the binary search algorithm used to query it requires widespread memory accesses, causing a large number of cache misses on large datasets.

ResultsHere we present Sapling, an algorithm for sequence alignment which uses a learned data model to augment the suffix array and enable faster queries. We investigate different types of data models, providing an analysis of different neural network models as well as providing an open-source aligner with a compact, practical piecewise linear model. We show that Sapling outperforms both an optimized binary search approach and multiple existing read aligners on a wide collection of genomes, including human, bacteria, and plants, speeding up the algorithm by more than a factor of two while adding less than 1% to the suffix arrays memory footprint.

Availability and implementationThe source code and tutorial are available open-source at https://github.com/mkirsche/sapling.

Supplementary InformationSupplementary notes and figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sapling: Accelerating Suffix Array Queries with Learned Data Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic effects in proteins are governed by pH-redistribution of the conformational ensemble 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The imperative for charges to be hydrated is one of the most important organizing principles in biology, responsible for the general architecture of biological macromolecules and for energy storage in the form of electrochemical gradients. Paradoxically, many functional sites in proteins have buried ionizable groups1. These groups are tolerated because they are usually buried in the neutral state2. However, when they become charged they can drive structural transitions to open states in which the charge can be stabilized, mostly through interactions with water3. This coupling between the ionization of a buried group and conformational reorganization is precisely the mechanism used by proteins to perform energy transduction4,5,6. By applying this principle to a family of 25 variants of staphylococcal nuclease with internal Lys residues, it was possible to characterize in detail the range of localized partial unfolding events that even a highly stable protein that unfolds cooperatively can undergo in response to H+-binding. Conformational states that constitute vanishingly small populations of the equilibrium native state ensemble of this protein were identified by correlation of structural and thermodynamic data, providing a map of the conformational landscape of this protein with unprecedented detail. The data demonstrate that the apparent pKa values of buried ionizable residues are not determined by the properties of their microenvironment but by the intrinsic propensity of the protein to populate open states in which internal charged residues can be hydrated. The role of buried residues in functional sites in proteins relies on their ability to tune the conformational ensemble for redistribution in response to small changes in pH. These results provide the physical framework necessary for understanding the role of pH-driven conformational changes in driving biological energy transduction4, the identification of pH-sensing proteins in nature7, and for the engineering of pH-sensitive dynamics and function in de novo designed proteins8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kougentakis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Moreno E., B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic effects in proteins are governed by pH-redistribution of the conformational ensemble]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor susceptibility gene-101 regulates glucocorticoid receptor through disorder-mediated allostery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor Susceptibility Gene-101 (TSG101) is involved in endosomal maturation and has been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of several steroid hormone receptors (SHRs), although a detailed characterization of such regulation has yet to be conducted. Here we directly measure binding of TSG101 to one SHR, glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Using biophysical and cellular assays, we show that the coiled-coil domain of TSG101; 1) binds and folds the disordered N-terminal domain (NTD) of GR, 2) upon binding, improves DNA-binding of GR in vitro, and 3) enhances the transcriptional activity of GR in vivo. Our findings suggest that TSG101 is a bona fide transcriptional co-regulator of GR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrabl, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor susceptibility gene-101 regulates glucocorticoid receptor through disorder-mediated allostery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.931923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted nanopore sequencing by real-time mapping of raw electrical signal with UNCALLED 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.931923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ReadUntil sequencing allows nanopore devices to selectively eject individual reads from the pore in real-time. This could enable purely computational targeted sequencing, however most mapping methods require basecalling, which is computationally intensive. Here we present UNCALLED (github.com/skovaka/UNCALLED), an open-source mapper that rapidly matches streaming nanopore current signals to a reference sequence. UNCALLED probabilistically considers k-mers that the signal could represent, and then prunes the candidates based on the reference encoded within an FM-index. We used UNCALLED to deplete sequencing of known bacterial genomes within a metagenomics community, enriching the remaining species by 4.46 fold. UNCALLED also enriched 148 human genes associated with hereditary cancers to 29.6x coverage using one MinION flowcell, enabling accurate detection of SNPs, indels, structural variants (SVs), and methylation in these genes. Twice as many SVs were detected compared to 50x coverage Illumina sequencing, all verified by whole-genome nanopore and PacBio HiFi sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.931923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted nanopore sequencing by real-time mapping of raw electrical signal with UNCALLED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The properties of buried ion pairs are governed by the propensity of proteins to reorganize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charges are incompatible with the hydrophobic interior of proteins, yet proteins use buried charges, often in pairs or networks, to drive energy transduction processes, catalysis, pH-sensing, and ion transport. The structural adaptations necessary to accommodate interacting charges in the protein interior are not well understood. According to continuum electrostatic calculations, the Coulomb interaction between two buried charges cannot offset the highly unfavorable penalty of dehydrating two charges. This was investigated experimentally with two variants of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) with Glu:Lys or Lys:Glu pairs introduce at internal i, i+4 positions on an -helix. Contrary to expectations from previous theoretical and experimental studies, the proteins tolerated the charged ion pairs in both orientations. Crystal structures and NMR spectroscopy studies showed that in both variants, side chains or backbone are reorganized. This leads to the exposure of at least one of the two buried groups to water. Comparison of these ion pairs with a highly stable buried ion pair in SNase shows that the location and the amplitude of structural reorganization can vary dramatically between ion pairs buried in the same general region of the protein. The propensity of the protein to populate alternative conformation states in which internal charges can contact water appears to be the factor that governs the magnitude of electrostatic effects in hydrophobic environments. The net effect of structural reorganization is to weaken the Coulomb interactions between charge pairs; however, the reorganized protein no longer has to pay the energetic penalty for burying charges. These results provide the framework necessary to understand the interplay between the dehydration of charges, Coulomb interactions and protein reorganization that tunes the functional properties of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kougentakis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerritt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Moreno E., B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The properties of buried ion pairs are governed by the propensity of proteins to reorganize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.932335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common variation at the LRRK2 locus is associated with survival in the primary tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.932335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of variation in the rate of disease progression of primary tauopathies has not been determined. In two independent progressive supranuclear palsy cohorts, we show that common variation at the LRRK2 locus determines survival from motor symptom onset to death, possibly through regulation of gene expression. This links together genetic risk in alpha-synuclein and tau disorders, and suggests that modulation of proteostasis and neuro-inflammation by LRRK2 inhibitors may have a therapeutic role across disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentino, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sarraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentleman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allinson, K. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revesz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Respondek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglinger, G. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burn, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavese, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobylecki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.932335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common variation at the LRRK2 locus is associated with survival in the primary tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we analyze the dynamical behavior of the tumor suppressor protein p53, an essential player in the cellular stress response, which prevents a cell from dividing if severe DNA damage is present. When this response system is malfunctioning, e.g. due to mutations in p53, uncontrolled cell proliferation may lead to the development of cancer. Understanding the behavior of p53 is thus crucial to prevent its failing. It has been shown in various experiments that periodicity of the p53 signal is one of the main descriptors of its dynamics, and that its pulsing behavior (regular vs. spontaneous) indicates the level and type of cellular stress. In the present work, we introduce an algorithm to score the local periodicity of a given time series (such as the p53 signal), which we call Detrended Autocorrelation Periodicity Scoring (DAPS). It applies pitch detection (via autocorrelation) on sliding windows of the entire time series to describe the overall periodicity by a distribution of localized pitch scores. We apply DAPS to the p53 time series obtained from single cell experiments and establish a correlation between the periodicity scoring of a cells p53 signal and the number of cell division events. In particular, we show that high periodicity scoring of p53 is correlated to a low number of cell divisions and vice versa. We show similar results with a more computationally intensive state-of-the-art periodicity scoring algorithm based on topology known as Sw1PerS. This correlation has two major implications: It demonstrates that periodicity scoring of the p53 signal is a good descriptor for cellular stress, and it connects the high variability of p53 periodicity observed in cell populations to the variability in the number of cell division events.

AMS subject classification92C42, 92C37, 62M10
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moosmueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooshkbaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkhatir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouryahya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.933192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome Profiling in Archaea Reveals Leaderless Translation, Novel Translational Initiation Sites, and Ribosome Pausing at Single Codon Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput methods, such as ribosome profiling, have revealed the complexity of translation regulation in Bacteria and Eukarya with large-scale effects on cellular functions. In contrast, the translational landscape in Archaea remains mostly unexplored. Here, we developed ribosome profiling in a model archaeon, Haloferax volcanii, elucidating, for the first time, the translational landscape of a representative of the third domain of life. We determined the ribosome footprint of H. volcanii to be comparable in size to that of the Eukarya. We linked footprint lengths to initiating and elongating states of the ribosome on leadered transcripts, operons, and on leaderless transcripts, the latter representing 70% of H. volcanii transcriptome. We manipulated ribosome activity with translation inhibitors to reveal ribosome pausing at specific codons. Lastly, we found that the drug harringtonine arrested ribosomes at initiation sites in this archaeon. This drug treatment allowed us to confirm known translation initiation sites and also reveal putative novel initiation sites in intergenic regions and within genes. Ribosome profiling revealed an uncharacterized complexity of translation in this archaeon with bacteria-like, eukarya-like, and potentially novel translation mechanisms. These mechanisms are likely to be functionally essential and to contribute to an expanded proteome with regulatory roles in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.934349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome Profiling in Archaea Reveals Leaderless Translation, Novel Translational Initiation Sites, and Ribosome Pausing at Single Codon Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.934752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Nootropic Drug Targets via Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS and Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.934752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive traits demonstrate significant genetic correlations with many psychiatric disorders and other health-related traits. Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are marked by cognitive deficits. Therefore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general cognitive ability might suggest potential targets for nootropic drug repurposing. Our previous effort to identify "druggable genes" (i.e., GWAS-identified genes that produce proteins targeted by known small molecules) was modestly powered due to the small cognitive GWAS sample available at the time. Since then, two large cognitive GWAS meta-analyses have reported 148 and 205 genome-wide significant loci, respectively. Additionally, large-scale gene expression databases, derived from post-mortem human brain, have recently been made available for GWAS annotation. Here, we 1) reconcile results from these two cognitive GWAS meta-analyses to further enhance power for locus discovery; 2) employ several complementary transcriptomic methods to identify genes in these loci with variants that are credibly associated with cognition; and 3) further annotate the resulting genes to identify "druggable" targets.

MethodsGWAS summary statistics were harmonized and jointly analysed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS [MTAG], which is optimized for handling sample overlaps. Downstream gene identification was carried out using MAGMA, S-PrediXcan/S-TissueXcan Transcriptomic Wide Analysis, and eQTL mapping, as well as more recently developed methods that integrate GWAS and eQTL data via Summary-statistics Mendelian Randomization [SMR] and linkage methods [HEIDI], Available brain-specific eQTL databases included GTEXv7, BrainEAC, CommonMind, ROSMAP, and PsychENCODE. Intersecting credible genes were then annotated against multiple chemoinformatic databases [DGIdb, KI, and a published review on "druggability"].

ResultsUsing our meta-analytic data set (N = 373,617) we identified 241 independent cognition-associated loci (29 novel), and 76 genes were identified by 2 or more methods of gene identification. 26 genes were associated with general cognitive ability via SMR, 16 genes via STissueXcan/S-PrediXcan, 47 genes via eQTL mapping, and 68 genes via MAGMA pathway analysis. The use of the HEIDI test permitted the exclusion of candidate genes that may have been artifactually associated to cognition due to linkage, rather than direct causal or indirect pleiotropic effects. Actin and chromatin binding gene sets were identified as novel pathways that could be targeted via drug repurposing. Leveraging on our various transcriptome and pathway analyses, as well as available chemoinformatic databases, we identified 16 putative genes that may suggest drug targets with nootropic properties.

DiscussionResults converged on several categories of significant drug targets, including serotonergic and glutamatergic genes, voltage-gated ion channel genes, carbonic anhydrase genes, and phosphodiesterase genes. The current results represent the first efforts to apply a multi-method approach to integrate gene expression and SNP level data to identify credible actionable genes for general cognitive ability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinvang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundervold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koltai, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Need, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.934752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Nootropic Drug Targets via Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS and Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGC1/PPAR Drive Cardiomyocyte Maturation through Regulation of Yap1 and SF3B2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes undergo significant levels of structural and functional changes after birth--fundamental processes essential for the heart to produce the volume and contractility to pump blood to the growing body. However, due to the challenges in isolating single postnatal/adult myocytes, how individual newborn cardiomyocytes acquire multiple aspects of mature phenotypes remains poorly understood. Here we implemented large-particle sorting and analyzed single myocytes from neonatal to adult hearts. Early myocytes exhibited a wide-ranging transcriptomic and size heterogeneity, maintained until adulthood with a continuous transcriptomic shift. Gene regulatory network analysis followed by mosaic gene deletion revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 signaling--activated in vivo but inactive in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes--mediates the shift. The signaling regulated key aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation simultaneously through previously unrecognized regulators, including Yap1 and SF3B2. Our study provides a single-cell roadmap of heterogeneous transitions coupled to cellular features and unveils a multifaceted regulator controlling cardiomyocyte maturation.

Significance StatementHow the individual single myocytes achieve full maturity remains a  black box, largely due to the challenges with the isolation of single mature myocytes. Understanding this process is particularly important as the immaturity and early developmental arrest of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocytes has emerged a major concern in the field. Here we present the first study of high-quality single-cell transcriptomic analysis of cardiac muscle cells from neonatal to adult hearts. We identify a central transcription factor and its novel targets that control key aspects of myocyte maturation, including cellular hypertrophy, contractility, and mitochondrial activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGC1/PPAR Drive Cardiomyocyte Maturation through Regulation of Yap1 and SF3B2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric Potentials from Deep Learning Improve Prediction of CDR H3 Loop Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody structure is largely conserved, except for a complementarity-determining region featuring six variable loops. Five of these loops adopt canonical folds which can typically be predicted with existing methods, while the remaining loop (CDR H3) remains a challenge due to its highly diverse set of observed conformations. In recent years, deep neural networks have proven to be effective at capturing the complex patterns of protein structure. This work proposes DeepH3, a deep residual neural network that learns to predict inter-residue distances and orientations from antibody heavy and light chain sequence. The output of DeepH3 is a set of probability distributions over distances and orientation angles between pairs of residues. These distributions are converted to geometric potentials and used to discriminate between decoy structures produced by RosettaAntibody. When evaluated on the Rosetta Antibody Benchmark dataset of 49 targets, DeepH3-predicted potentials identified better, same, and worse structures (measured by root-mean-squared distance [RMSD] from the experimental CDR H3 loop structure) than the standard Rosetta energy function for 30, 13, and 6 targets, respectively, and improved the average RMSD of predictions by 21.3% (0.48 [A]). Analysis of individual geometric potentials revealed that inter-residue orientations were more effective than inter-residue distances for discriminating near-native CDR H3 loop structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric Potentials from Deep Learning Improve Prediction of CDR H3 Loop Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.940999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.940999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by shuttling material out of and between cells. Tissue EVs may thus lend insights into disease mechanisms and also betray disease when released into easily accessed biological fluids. Since brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) and their cargo may serve as biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, we evaluated modifications to a published, rigorous protocol for separation of EVs from brain tissue and studied effects of processing variables on quantitative and qualitative outcomes. To this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation were compared as final separation steps in protocols involving stepped ultracentrifugation. bdEVs were separated from brain tissues of human, macaque, and mouse. Effects of tissue perfusion and a model of post-mortem interval (PMI) before final bdEV separation were probed. MISEV2018-compliant EV characterization was performed, and both small RNA and protein profiling were done. We conclude that the modified, SEC-employing protocol achieves EV separation efficiency roughly similar to a protocol using gradient density ultracentrifugation, while decreasing operator time and, potentially, variability. The protocol appears to yield bdEVs of higher purity for human tissues compared with those of macaque and, especially, mouse, suggesting opportunities for optimization. Where possible, perfusion should be performed in animal models. The interval between death/tissue storage/processing and final bdEV separation can also affect bdEV populations and composition and should thus be recorded for rigorous reporting. Finally, different populations of EVs obtained through the modified method reported herein display characteristic RNA and protein content that hint at biomarker potential. To conclude, this study finds that the automatable and increasingly employed technique of SEC can be applied to tissue EV separation, and also reveals more about the importance of species-specific and technical considerations when working with tissue EVs. These results are expected to enhance the use of bdEVs in revealing and understanding brain disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.940999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telacebec for ultra-short treatment of Buruli ulcer in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telacebec (Q203) is a new anti-tubercular drug with extremely potent activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Here, we explored the treatment-shortening potential of Q203 alone or in combination with rifampin (RIF) in a mouse footpad infection model. The first study compared Q203 at 5 and 10 mg/kg doses alone and with rifampin. Q203 alone rendered most mouse footpads culture-negative in 2 weeks. Combining Q203 with rifampin resulted in relapse-free cure 24 weeks after completing 2 weeks of treatment, compared to a 25% relapse rate in mice receiving RIF+clarithromycin, the current standard of care, for 4 weeks.

The second study explored the dose-ranging activity of Q203 alone and with RIF, including the extended activity of Q203 after treatment discontinuation. The bactericidal activity of Q203 persisted for [&ge;] 4 weeks beyond the last dose. All mice receiving just 1 week of Q203 at 2-10 mg/kg were culture-negative 4 weeks after stopping treatment. Mice receiving 2 weeks of Q203 at 0.5, 2 and 10 mg/kg were culture-negative 4 weeks after treatment. RIF did not increase the efficacy of Q203. A pharmacokinetics sub-study revealed that Q203 doses of 2-10 mg/kg in mice produce plasma concentrations similar to those produced by 100-300 mg doses in humans, with no adverse effect of RIF on Q203 concentrations.

These results indicate the extraordinary potential of Q203 to reduce the duration of treatment necessary for cure to [&le;] 1 week (or 5 doses of 2-10 mg/kg) in our mouse footpad infection model and warrant further evaluation of Q203 in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omansen, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TYAGI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.943175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telacebec for ultra-short treatment of Buruli ulcer in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excessive O-GlcNAcylation causes heart failure and sudden death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with the rising prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes. O-GlcNAcylation, a post-translational modification of intracellular proteins, serves as a potent transducer of cellular stress. Failing myocardium is marked by increased O-GlcNAcylation, but it is unknown if excessive O-GlcNAcylation contributes to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The total levels of O-GlcNAcylation are determined by nutrient and metabolic flux, in addition to the net activity of two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA).

MethodsWe developed two new transgenic mouse models with myocardial overexpression of OGT and OGA to control O-GlcNAclyation independent of pathological stress.

ResultsWe found that OGT transgenic hearts showed increased O-GlcNAcylation, and developed severe dilated cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias and premature death. In contrast, OGA transgenic hearts had O-GlcNAcylation and cardiac function similar to wild type littermate controls. However, OGA trangenic hearts were resistant to pathological stress induced by pressure overload and had attenuated myocardial O-GlcNAcylation levels, decreased pathological hypertrophy and improved systolic function. Interbreeding OGT with OGA transgenic mice rescued cardiomyopathy and premature death despite persistant elevation of myocardial OGT. Transcriptomic and functional studies revealed disrupted mitochondrial energetics with impairment of complex I activity in hearts from OGT transgenic mice. Complex I activity was rescued by OGA transgenic interbreeding, suggesting an important role for mitochondrial complex I in O-GlcNAc mediated cardiac pathology.

ConclusionsOur data provide evidence that excessive O-GlcNAcylation causes cardiomyopathy, at least in part, due to defective energetics. Enhanced OGA activity is well tolerated and attenuation of O-GlcNAcylation is an effective therapy against pressure overload induced heart failure. Attenuation of excessive O-GlcNAcylation may represent a novel therapeutic approach for cardiomyopathy.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat is new?C_ST_ABSO_LICardiomyopathy from diverse causes is marked by increased O-GlcNAcylation. Here we provide new genetic mouse models to control myocardial O-GlcNAcylation independent of pathological stress.
C_LIO_LIGenetically increased myocardial O-GlcNAcylation causes progressive dilated cardiomyopathy and premature death, while genetic reduction of myocardial O-GlcNAcylation is protective against pathological hypertrophy caused by transaortic banding.
C_LIO_LIExcessive myocardial O-GlcNAcylation decreases activity and expression of mitochondrial complex I.
C_LI

What are the clinical implications?O_LIIncreased myocardial O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to be associated with a diverse range of clinical heart failure including aortic stenosis, hypertension, ischemia and diabetes.
C_LIO_LIUsing novel genetic mouse models we have provided new proof of concept data that excessive O-GlcNAcylation is sufficient to cause cardiomyopathy.
C_LIO_LIWe have shown myocardial over-expression of O-GlcNAcase, an enzyme that reverses O-GlcNAcylation, is well tolerated at baseline, and improves myocardial responses to pathological stress.
C_LIO_LIOur findings suggest reversing excessive myocardial O-GlcNAcylation could benefit diverse etiologies of heart failure.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umapathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.943910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excessive O-GlcNAcylation causes heart failure and sudden death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Osprey: Open-Source Processing, Reconstruction & Estimation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProcessing and quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data are far from standardized and require interfacing with third-party software. Here, we present Osprey, a fully integrated open-source data analysis pipeline for MRS data, with seamless integration of pre-processing, linear-combination modelling, quantification, and data visualization.

New MethodOsprey loads multiple common MRS data formats, performs phased-array coil combination, frequency-and phase-correction of individual transients, signal averaging and Fourier transformation. Linear combination modelling of the processed spectrum is carried out using simulated basis sets and a spline baseline. The MRS voxel is coregistered to an anatomical image, which is segmented for tissue correction and quantification is performed based upon modelling parameters and tissue segmentation. The results of each analysis step are visualized in the Osprey GUI. The analysis pipeline is demonstrated in 12 PRESS, 11 MEGA-PRESS, and 8 HERMES datasets acquired in healthy subjects.

ResultsOsprey successfully loads, processes, models, and quantifies MRS data acquired with a variety of conventional and spectral editing techniques.

Comparison with Existing Method(s)Osprey is the first MRS software to combine uniform pre-processing, linear-combination modelling, tissue correction and quantification into a coherent ecosystem. Compared to existing compiled, often closed-source modelling software, Ospreys open-source code philosophy allows researchers to integrate state-of-the-art data processing and modelling routines, and potentially converge towards standardization of analysis.

ConclusionsOsprey combines robust, peer-reviewed data processing methods into a modular workflow that is easily augmented by community developers, allowing the rapid implementation of new methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.944207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Osprey: Open-Source Processing, Reconstruction & Estimation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.944777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expression analysis is biased by a mean-correlation relationship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.944777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimates of correlation between pairs of genes in co-expression analysis are commonly used to construct networks among genes using gene expression data. Here, we show that the distribution of such correlations depend on the expression level of the involved genes, which we refer to this as a mean-correlation relationship in RNA-seq data, both bulk and single-cell. This dependence introduces a bias in co-expression analysis whereby highly expressed genes are more likely to be highly correlated. Such a relationship is not observed in protein-protein interaction data, suggesting that it is not reflecting biology. Ignoring this bias can lead to missing potentially biologically relevant pairs of genes that are lowly expressed, such as transcription factors. To address this problem, we introduce spatial quantile normalization (SpQN), a method for normalizing local distributions in a correlation matrix. We show that spatial quantile normalization removes the mean-correlation relationship and corrects the expression bias in network reconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.944777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expression analysis is biased by a mean-correlation relationship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient immune cell genome engineering with improved CRISPR editing tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based methods have revolutionized genome engineering and the study of gene-phenotype relationships. However, modifying cells of the innate immune system, especially macrophages, has been challenging because of cell pathology and low targeting efficiency resulting from nucleic acid activation of sensitive intracellular sensors. Likewise, lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are largely refractory to CRISPR-enhanced homology-directed repair (HDR) due to inefficient or toxic delivery of donor templates via transient transfection methods. To overcome these challenges and limitations, we developed three improved methods for CRISPR-based genome editing using a hit-and-run transient expression strategy to minimize off-target effects and generate more precise genome editing. Overall, our enhanced CRISPR tools and strategies designed to tackle both murine and human immune cell genome engineering are expected to be widely applicable not only in hematopoietic cells but also other mammalian cell types of interest.

All animal experiments were done in accordance with the guidelines of the NIAID/NIH Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient immune cell genome engineering with improved CRISPR editing tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell single particle imaging reveals the role of RNA polymerase II in histone H2A.Z eviction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The H2A.Z histone variant, a genome-wide hallmark of permissive chromatin, is enriched near transcription start sites in all eukaryotes. H2A.Z is deposited by the SWR1 chromatin remodeler and evicted by unclear mechanisms. We tracked H2A.Z in living yeast at single-molecule resolution, and found that H2A.Z eviction is dependent on RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and the Kin28/Cdk7 kinase, which phosphorylates Serine 5 of heptapeptide repeats on the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest Pol II subunit Rpb1. These findings link H2A.Z eviction to transcription initiation, promoter escape and early elongation activities of Pol II. Because passage of Pol II through +1 nucleosomes genome-wide would obligate H2A.Z turnover, we propose that global transcription of noncoding RNAs prior to premature termination, in addition to transcription of mRNAs, are responsible for eviction of H2A.Z. Such usage of yeast Pol II suggests a general mechanism coupling eukaryotic transcription to erasure of the H2A.Z epigenetic signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuguchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elalaoui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell single particle imaging reveals the role of RNA polymerase II in histone H2A.Z eviction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial CaMKII causes metabolic reprogramming, energetic insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the clear association between myocardial injury, heart failure and depressed myocardial energetics, little is known about upstream signals responsible for remodeling myocardial metabolism after pathological stress. We found increased mitochondrial calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activation and left ventricular dilation in mice one week after myocardial infarction (MI) surgery. In contrast, mice with genetic mitochondrial CaMKII inhibition were protected from left ventricular dilation and dysfunction after MI. Mice with myocardial and mitochondrial CaMKII over-expression (mtCaMKII) had severe dilated cardiomyopathy and decreased ATP that caused elevated cytoplasmic resting (diastolic) Ca2+ concentration and reduced mechanical performance. We mapped a metabolic pathway that allowed us to rescue disease phenotypes in mtCaMKII mice, providing new insights into physiological and pathological metabolic consequences of CaMKII signaling in mitochondria. Our findings suggest myocardial dilation, a disease phenotype lacking specific therapies, can be prevented by targeted replacement of mitochondrial creatine kinase, or mitochondrial-targeted CaMKII inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, M.-l. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umapathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial CaMKII causes metabolic reprogramming, energetic insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G4C2 repeat RNA mediates the disassembly of the nuclear pore complex in C9orf72 ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, has recently emerged as a pathomechanism underlying neurodegenerative diseases including C9orf72 ALS/FTD. However, little is known about the underlying molecular events and the underlying biology in human neurons. Using super resolution structured illumination microscopy of twenty three nucleoporins in nuclei from C9orf72 iPSC derived neurons and postmortem human tissue we identify a unique subset of eight nucleoporins lost from human neuronal nuclei. POM121, an integral transmembrane nucleoporin, appears to coordinate the composition of the nucleoporins within human neuronal nuclei ultimately impacting nucleocytoplasmic transport, and subsequent cellular toxicity in C9orf72 iPSNs. These data suggest that POM121 is a critical nucleoporin in the maintenance of the nuclear localization of specific nucleoporins in human neurons. Moreover, loss of nuclear POM121, as a result of expanded C9orf72 ALS/FTD repeat RNA, initiates a pathological cascade affecting nucleoporin composition within neuronal nuclei, nuclear pore complex function, and overall downstream neuronal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaepfel, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitchman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trost, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G4C2 repeat RNA mediates the disassembly of the nuclear pore complex in C9orf72 ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal antibodies to gliadin and autism spectrum disorders in offspring - A population-based case-control study in Sweden 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveIndividuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are reported to have higher levels of antibodies directed towards gliadin, a component of wheat gluten. However, no study has examined such antibodies in etiologically-relevant periods before diagnosis. The objective of this study is to investigate if maternal levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies directed at gliadin, during pregnancy and at the time of birth, are associated with ASD in offspring.

MethodsIn this population-based study set in Sweden with 921 ASD cases and 1090 controls, we analyzed levels of anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) in archived neonatal dried blood spots (NDBS, as maternal IgG is transferred to the fetus) and in paired maternal sera collected earlier in pregnancy for a subset of 547 cases and 428 controls. We examined associations to any ASD diagnosis and considering common comorbidities (i.e. intellectual disability [ID] and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). We compared 206 ASD cases to their unaffected siblings to examine the potential for confounding by shared familial factors.

ResultsHigh levels ([&ge;]90th percentile) of maternal AGA were associated with decreased odds of ASD, particularly ASD with comorbid ID, when measured in NDBS (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.87) with a similar trend in maternal sera (0.55, 0.24-1.29). High levels of maternal AGA were similarly associated with lower odds of ASD with ID in the sibling comparison.

ConclusionsThis first study of exposure to AGA in the pre- and perinatal periods suggests that high levels of maternal AGA are associated with lower odds of ASD with ID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuelsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severance, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjoqvist, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolken, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal antibodies to gliadin and autism spectrum disorders in offspring - A population-based case-control study in Sweden]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.946269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased mTOR activity and metabolic efficiency in mouse and human cells containing the African-centric tumor-predisposing p53 variant Pro47Ser 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.946269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Pro47Ser variant of p53 exists in African-descent populations, and is associated with increased cancer risk in humans and mice. This variant, hereafter S47, shows altered regulation of the cystine importer Slc7a11, and S47 cells possess increased cysteine and glutathione (GSH) accumulation compared to cells with wild type p53. In this study we show that mice containing the S47 variant have increased mTOR activity, increased oxidative metabolism, larger size, and improved metabolic efficiency. Mechanistically, we show that there is increased association between mTOR and its positive regulator Rheb in S47 cells, due to altered redox state of GAPDH, which normally binds and sequesters Rheb. Compounds that decrease glutathione in S47 cells normalize GAPDH-Rheb complex formation and mTOR activity. The enhanced metabolic efficiency may have been selected for in early Africa, making the S47 variant one of a growing number of cancer-predisposing genetic variants that possesses other positive, potentially selectable attributes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnanapradeepan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnoud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, J. I.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schug, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.946269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased mTOR activity and metabolic efficiency in mouse and human cells containing the African-centric tumor-predisposing p53 variant Pro47Ser]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.936351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter CpG density is predictive of downstream gene loss-of-function intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.936351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aggregation and joint analysis of large numbers of exome sequences has recently made it possible to de-rive estimates of intolerance to loss-of-function (LoF) variation for human genes. Here, we demonstrate strong and widespread coupling between genic LoF-intolerance and promoter CpG density across the human genome. Genes downstream of the most CpG-rich pro-moters (top 10% CpG density) have a 67.2% probability of being highly LoF-intolerant, using the LOEUF metric from gnomAD. This is in contrast to 7.4% of genes downstream of the most CpG-poor (bottom 10% CpG density) promoters. Combining promoter CpG density with exonic and promoter conservation explains 33.4% of the variation in LOEUF, and the contribution of CpG density exceeds the individual contributions of exonic and promoter conservation. We leverage this to train a simple and easily interpretable predictive model that out-performs other existing predictors and allows us to classify 1,760 genes - which currently lack reliable LOEUF estimates - as highly LoF-intolerant or not. These predictions have the potential to aid in the interpretation of novel patient variants. Moreover, our results reveal that high CpG density is not merely a generic feature of human promoters, but is preferentially encountered at the promoters of the most selectively constrained genes, calling into question the prevailing view that CpG islands are not subject to selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.936351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter CpG density is predictive of downstream gene loss-of-function intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis identifies novel liver-related signaling in retinal pigment epithelial cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is associated with several potentially blinding retinal diseases. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic studies were performed on human pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE (hPSC-RPE) monolayers to better understand the pathways mediating RPE EMT. EMT was induced by enzymatic dissociation or by co-treatment with transforming growth factor beta (TGF{beta}) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF; TGNF). The global and phosphoproteomes were analyzed at 1 hr post EMT induction to capture early events in kinase/phosphatase signaling cascades and at 12 hrs to define early changes in protein abundance. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that TGNF and Dissociation rapidly perturbed signaling in many of the same pathways, with striking similarity in the phosphoproteome at 1 hr. Surprisingly, functions related to liver cell proliferation and hyperplasia were strongly enriched in the phosphosites altered by both treatments at 1 hr and in protein abundance changes at 12 hrs. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-cMET signaling exhibited the strongest overall enrichment in both treatments. These signaling pathways may serve as suitable targets for the development of therapeutic strategies for the inhibition of RPE EMT, and thus progression of several debilitating visual diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.953315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis identifies novel liver-related signaling in retinal pigment epithelial cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of three glycoproteomic methods for the analysis of CHO cells treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the widespread importance of this post-translational modification to protein function, and difficult because of the tremendous complexity it exhibits. Here we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods, a recently described chemoenzymatic glycoproteome analysis methods, N-linked glycans and glycosite containing peptides (NGAG), Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), for the analysis of N-linked glycosites of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. The NGAG protocol resulted in substantially increased glycosite identifications over both SPEG and HILIC. Interestingly, while the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped strongly, NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in either of the other two methods. Further, utilizing the enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we also found that of the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc increases sialylation of proteins secreted by CHO cells, including an ectopically expressed human proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarema, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of three glycoproteomic methods for the analysis of CHO cells treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation contribute to atrial fibrillation in diabetes by activating CaMKII 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation (AF) are major unsolved public health problems, and diabetes is an independent risk factor for AF in patients. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this clinical association is unknown. Elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation (OGN) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased in diabetic hearts, and calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) is a proarrhythmic signal that may be activated by OGN (OGN-CaMKII) and ROS (ox-CaMKII). We induced type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a portfolio of genetic mouse models capable of dissecting the role of OGN and ROS at CaMKII and the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), an intracellular Ca2+ channel implicated as an important downstream mechanism of CaMKII- mediated arrhythmias. Here we show that T1D and T2D significantly increased AF, similar to observations in patients, and this increase required CaMKII. While T1D and T2D both require ox-CaMKII to increase AF, they respond differently to loss of OGN-CaMKII or OGN inhibition. Collectively, our data affirm CaMKII as a critical proarrhythmic signal in diabetic AF, and suggest ROS primarily promotes AF by ox-CaMKII, while OGN promotes AF by diverse mechanisms and targets, including CaMKII and RyR2. The proarrhythmic consequences of OGN- and ox-CaMKII differ between T1D and T2D. These results provide new and unanticipated insights into the mechanisms for increased AF in diabetes mellitus, and suggest successful future therapies will need to be different for AF in T1D and T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokita, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrens, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation contribute to atrial fibrillation in diabetes by activating CaMKII]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have proposed the orderly progression in the time constants of neural dynamics as an organizational principle of cortical computations. However, relationships between these timescales and their dependence on response properties of individual neurons are unknown. We developed a comprehensive method to simultaneously estimate multiple timescales in neuronal dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals along with selectivity to those signals. We found that most neurons exhibited multiple timescales in their response, which consistently increased from parietal to prefrontal to cingulate cortex. While predicting rates of behavioral adjustments, these timescales were not correlated across individual neurons in any cortical area, resulting in independent parallel hierarchies of timescales. Additionally, none of these timescales depended on selectivity to task-relevant signals. Our results not only suggest multiple canonical mechanisms for increasing timescales of neural dynamics across cortex but also point to additional mechanisms that allow decorrelation of these timescales to enable more flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitmaan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.956979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of H3N2 NA and PB1-F2 genetic variants and their association with disease symptoms in the 2014-15 influenza season 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.956979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2014-15 influenza season saw the emergence of an H3N2 antigenic drift variant that formed the 3C.2a HA clade. Whole viral genomes were sequenced from nasopharyngeal swabs of 94 patients with confirmed influenza A virus infection and primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures used to efficiently isolate H3N2 viruses. The isolates were classified by HA clade and the presence of a new set of co-selected mutations in NA (a glycosylation site, NAg+) and PB1-F2 (H75P). The NA and PB1-F2 mutations were present in a subset of clade 3C.2a viruses (NAg+F2P) which dominated during the subsequent influenza seasons. In human nasal epithelial cell cultures, a virus with the novel NAg+F2P genotype replicated less well compared to a virus with the parental genotype. Retrospective analyses of clinical data showed that NAg+F2P genotype viruses were associated with increased cough and shortness of breath in infected patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blumenkrantz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuVal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaydos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.956979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of H3N2 NA and PB1-F2 genetic variants and their association with disease symptoms in the 2014-15 influenza season]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Influenza A Virus H1N1pdm Full-length Genome Sequencing in USA and Taiwan in 2015-16 Flu Season and Disease Correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the 2015-16 winter, the US experienced a relatively mild influenza season compared to Taiwan which had a higher number of total and severe cases. While H1N1pdm viruses dominated global surveillance efforts that season, the global distribution of genetic variants and their contributions to disease severity have not been investigated. Samples collected from influenza A positive patients by the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (JH-CEIRS) active surveillance in the emergency rooms in Baltimore, Maryland, USA and northern Taiwan between November 2015 and April 2016, were processed for influenza A virus whole genome sequencing. In Baltimore, the majority of the viruses were the H1N1pdm clade 6B.1 and no H1N1pdm clade 6B.2 viruses were detected. In northern Taiwan, more than half of the H1N1pdm viruses were clade 6B.1 and 38% were clade 6B.2, consistent with the global observation that most 6B.2 viruses circulated in Asia and not North America. Whole virus genome sequence analysis identified two genetic subgroups present in each of the 6B.1 and 6B.2 clades and one 6B.1 intraclade reassortant virus. Clinical data showed 6B.2 patients had more disease symptoms including higher crude and inverse probability weighted odds of pneumonia than 6B.1 patients, suggesting 6B.2 circulation may contribute to the severe flu season in Taiwan. Local surveillance efforts linking H1N1pdm virus sequences to patient clinical and demographic data improve our understanding of influenza circulation and disease potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Influenza A Virus H1N1pdm Full-length Genome Sequencing in USA and Taiwan in 2015-16 Flu Season and Disease Correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuraminidase antigenic drift of influenza A virus H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype emerged in the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (JH CEIRS) surveillance network as well as globally. This novel genotype encoded a glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. To assess the effect this novel glycosylation has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the novel NA glycosylation were created. Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly-genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly-genotype. Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycosylation were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly-protein. Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly-genotype. Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the glycosylation blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication.

Author SummaryInfluenza virus infects millions of people worldwide and leads to thousands of deaths and millions in economic loss each year. During the 2014/2015 season circulating human H3N2 viruses acquired a novel mutation in the neuraminidase (NA) protein. This mutation has since fixed in human H3N2 viruses. This mutation at position 245 through 247 in the amino acid sequence of NA encoded an N-linked glycosylation. Here, we studied how this N-linked glycosylation impacts virus fitness and protein function. We found that this N-linked glycosylation on the NA protein decreased viral replication fitness on human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) but not immortalized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. We also determined this glycosylation decreases NA enzymatic activity, enzyme kinetics and affinity for substrate. Furthermore, we show that this N-linked glycosylation at position 245 blocks some NA specific inhibitory antibodies from binding to the protein, inhibiting enzymatic activity, and inhibiting viral replication. Finally, we showed that viruses with the novel 245 N-linked glycosylation are more resistant to convalescent human serum antibody mediated enzymatic inhibition. While this 245 N-linked Glycan decreases viral replication and enzymatic activity, the 245 N-linked glycosylation protects the virus from certain NA specific inhibitory antibodies. Our study provides new insight into the function of this dominant H3N2 NA mutation and how it impacts antigenicity and fitness of circulating H3N2 viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuraminidase antigenic drift of influenza A virus H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual psychophysics and limits of visual discrimination performance in freely behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the temporal dynamics of perceptual decisions offers key insights into the cognitive processes contributing to it. Conducting such investigation in a genetically tractable animal model can facilitate the subsequent unpacking of the mechanistic basis of different stages in perceptual dynamics. Here, we investigated the time course as well as fundamental psychophysical constants governing visual perceptual decision-making in freely behaving mice. We did so by analyzing response accuracy against reaction time (i.e., conditional accuracy), in a series of 2-AFC orientation discrimination tasks in which we varied target size, luminance, duration, and presence of a foil. Our results quantified two distinct stages in the time course of mouse visual decision-making - a  sensory encoding stage, in which conditional accuracy exhibits a classic tradeoff with response speed, and a subsequent  short term memory-dependent stage in which conditional accuracy exhibits a classic asymptotic decay following stimulus offset. We estimated the duration of visual sensory encoding as 200-320 ms across tasks, the lower bound of the duration of short-term memory as ~1700 ms, and the briefest duration of visual stimulus input that is informative as [&le;]50 ms. Separately, by varying stimulus onset delay, we demonstrated that the conditional accuracy function and RT distribution can be independently modulated, and found that the duration for which mice naturally withhold from responding is a quantitative metric of impulsivity. Taken together, our results establish a quantitative foundation for investigating the neural circuit bases of visual decision dynamics in mice.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study presents a quantitative breakdown of the time course of visual decision-making in mice during naturalistic behavior. It demonstrates parallel stages in mouse visual perceptual decision dynamics to those in humans, estimates their durations, and shows that mice are able to discriminate well under challenging visual conditions - with stimuli that are brief, low luminance, and small. These results set the stage for investigating the neural bases of visual perceptual decision dynamics and their dysfunction in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>You, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual psychophysics and limits of visual discrimination performance in freely behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic loci associated with prevalent and incident myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies have identified multiple genomic loci associated with coronary artery disease, but most are common variants in non-coding regions that provide limited information on causal genes and etiology of the disease. To better understand etiological pathways that might lead to discovery of new treatments or prevention strategies, we focused our investigation on low-frequency and rare sequence variations primarily residing in coding regions of the genome while also exploring associations with common variants.

Methods and ResultsUsing samples of individuals of European ancestry from ten cohorts within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, both cross-sectional and prospective analyses were conducted to examine associations between genetic variants and myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD), and all-cause mortality following these events. Single variant and gene-based analyses were performed separately in each cohort and then meta-analyzed for each outcome. A low-frequency intronic variant (rs988583) in PLCL1 was significantly associated with prevalent MI (OR=1.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.43, 2.27; P=7.12 x 10-7). Three common variants, rs9349379 in PHACTR1, and rs1333048 and rs4977574 in the 9p21 region, were significantly associated with prevalent CHD. Four common variants (rs4977574, rs10757278, rs1333049, and rs1333048) within the 9p21 locus were significantly associated with incident MI. We conducted gene-based burden tests for genes with a cumulative minor allele count (cMAC) [&ge;] 5 and variants with minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%. TMPRSS5 and LDLRAD1 were significantly associated with prevalent MI and CHD, respectively, and RC3H2 and ANGPTL4 were significantly associated with incident MI and CHD, respectively. No loci were significantly associated with all-cause mortality following a MI or CHD event.

ConclusionThis study confirmed previously reported loci influencing heart disease risk, and one single variant and three genes associated with MI and CHD were newly identified and warrant future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus, M. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völker, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völzke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dörr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic loci associated with prevalent and incident myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional characterization of the Spo11 core complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spo11, which makes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) essential for meiotic recombination, is poorly understood mechanistically because it has been recalcitrant to biochemical study. Here, we provide a molecular analysis of S. cerevisiae Spo11 purified with partners Rec102, Rec104 and Ski8. Rec102 and Rec104 jointly resemble the B subunit of archaeal Topoisomerase VI, with Rec104 similar to a GHKL domain but without conserved ATPase motifs. Unexpectedly, the Spo11 complex is monomeric (1:1:1:1 stoichiometry), indicating that dimerization may control DSB formation. Reconstitution of DNA binding reveals topoisomerase-like preferences for duplex-duplex junctions and bent DNA. Spo11 also binds noncovalently but with high affinity to DNA ends mimicking cleavage products, suggesting a mechanism to cap DSB ends. Mutations that reduce DNA binding in vitro attenuate DSB formation, alter DSB processing, and reshape the DSB landscape in vivo. Our data reveal structural and functional similarities between the Spo11 core complex and Topo VI, but also highlight differences reflecting their distinct biological roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claeys Bouuaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimitou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Palomo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional characterization of the Spo11 core complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic reprogramming towards mesenchymal-epithelial transition in ovarian cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells drives metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer develops early intra-peritoneal metastasis establishing a supportive tumor microenvironment (TME) through reprogramming normal mesenchymal stem cells into carcinoma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSCs). CA-MSCs are the stromal stem cell of the TME, supporting cancer growth, increasing desmoplasia, angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. We demonstrate epigenetic reprogramming drives CA-MSC formation via enhancer-enriched DNA hypermethylation, altered chromatin accessibility and differential histone modifications inducing a partial mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) increasing adhesion to tumor cells. Direct CA-MSC:tumor cell interactions, confirmed in patient ascites, facilitate ovarian cancer metastasis through co-migration. WT1, a developmental mediator of MET, and EZH2, mediate CA-MSC epigenetic reprogramming. WT1 overexpression induces CA-MSC conversion while WT1 knock-down, along with EZH2 inhibition, blocks CA-MSC formation. EZH2 inhibition subsequently decreases intra-abdominal metastasis.

SignificanceThis work presents a new paradigm of stromal reprogramming involving a partial mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Rather than a classic tumor cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis relies on epigenetic rewiring of a CA-MSC allowing enhanced tumor cell binding and co-migration with tumor cells to form metastasis. Indeed, CA-MSCs in complex with tumor cells are abundant in patient ascites. Reversion of CA-MSCs to normal MSCs is observed in patients achieving complete response with neoadjuvant therapy. Identification of WT1 and EZH2 as mediators of the epigenetic reprogramming of CA-MSCs present potential targets to block the formation of CA-MSCs thus disrupting the TME and limiting ovarian cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atiya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisbie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffman, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.964197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic reprogramming towards mesenchymal-epithelial transition in ovarian cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells drives metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.963322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A plasmid locus associated with Klebsiella clinical infections encodes a microbiome-dependent gut fitness factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.963322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphGut colonization by the pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is consistently associated with subsequent Kp disease1-5, and patients are predominantly infected with their colonizing strain1,2. However, colonizing strains likely vary in their potential to cause infection. We previously identified the plasmid-encoded tellurium resistance (ter) operon as highly associated with infection when compared to asymptomatic colonization in hospitalized patients1. The ter operon bestows resistance to the toxic compound tellurite oxide (TeO3-2), but this is unlikely to be its physiological function, as tellurium and TeO3-2 are exceedingly rare. Here we show that terC is necessary and terZABCDEF is sufficient for phenotypic TeO3-2 resistance. Next, we demonstrate that ter is encoded on a diverse group of plasmids without known plasmid-encoded virulence genes, suggesting an independent role in infection. Finally, our studies indicate that ter is a gut fitness factor, and its fitness advantage is conferred only when specific gut microbiota constituents are present. Collectively, these data reveal the Kp ter operon that is highly associated with human infection likely acts early in pathogenesis as a horizontally-transferrable fitness factor promoting robust gut colonization in the presence of the indigenous microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vornhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.963322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A plasmid locus associated with Klebsiella clinical infections encodes a microbiome-dependent gut fitness factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 worsens experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications in diabetic patients. Though the exact mechanism for DPN is unknown, it clearly involves metabolic dysfunction and energy failure in multiple cells within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Lactate is an alternate source of metabolic energy that is increasingly recognized for its role in supporting neurons. The primary transporter for lactate in the nervous system, monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1), has been shown to be critical for peripheral nerve regeneration and metabolic support to neurons/axons. In this study, MCT1 was reduced in both sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia in wild-type mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ), a common model of type-1 diabetes. Heterozygous MCT1 null mice treated with STZ developed a more severe DPN compared to wild-type mice, as measured by greater axonal demyelination, decreased peripheral nerve function, and increased numbness to innocuous low-threshold mechanical stimulation. Given that MCT1 inhibitors are being developed as both immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic medications, our results suggest that clinical development in patients with diabetes should proceed with caution. Collectively, our findings uncover an important role for MCT1 in DPN and provide a potential lead toward developing novel treatments for this currently untreatable disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polydefkis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellerin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.965152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 worsens experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.967315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose-mediated expansion of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection through alkalizing mosquito midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.967315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYDietary sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on mosquitoes capability to transmit malaria parasite remains unclear. Here we show that Plasmodium berghei infection changes global metabolism of Anopheles stephensi with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. Supplementation of glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugar) to mosquito increases Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. The glucose/trehalose diets promote rapid growth of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, which remodels glucose metabolism and consequently increases midgut pH. The pH increase in turn promotes Plasmodium gametogenesis. We also demonstrate the sugar composition from different natural plants influences A. bogorensis growth and Plasmodium infection is associated with their capability to expand A. bogorensis. Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important factor that determines mosquitos competency to transmit Plasmodium and further highlight a key role for mosquito-microbiota metabolic interactions in regulating development of malaria parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.967315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose-mediated expansion of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection through alkalizing mosquito midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SkewIT: Skew Index Test for detecting mis-assembled bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GC skew is a phenomenon observed in many bacterial genomes, wherein the two replication strands of the same chromosome contain different proportions of guanine and cytosine nucleotides. Here we demonstrate that this phenomenon, which was first discovered in the mid-1990s, can be used today as an analysis tool for the 15,000+ complete bacterial genomes in NCBIs Refseq library. In order to analyze all 15,000+ genomes, we introduce a new method, SkewIT (Skew Index Test), which calculates a single metric representing the degree of GC skew for a genome. Using this metric, we demonstrate how GC skew patterns are conserved within certain bacterial phyla, e.g. Firmicutes, but show different patterns in other phylogenetic groups such as Actinobacteria. We also discovered that outlier values of SkewIT highlight potential bacterial mis-assemblies. Using our newly defined metric, we identify multiple mis-assembled chromosomal sequences in NCBIs Refseq library of complete bacterial genomes.

Software AvailabilitySkewIT scripts for analysis of bacterial genomes are provided in the following repository: https://github.com/jenniferlu717/SkewIT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SkewIT: Skew Index Test for detecting mis-assembled bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.968727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal Bacteria Maintain Adult Enteric Nervous System and Nitrinergic Neurons via Toll-like Receptor 2-induced Neurogenesis in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.968727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsThe enteric nervous system (ENS) exists in close proximity to luminal bacteria. Intestinal microbes regulate ENS development, but little is known about their effects on adult enteric neurons. We investigated whether intestinal bacteria or their products affect the adult ENS via toll like receptors (TLRs) in mice.

MethodsWe performed studies with conventional C57/BL6, germ-free C57/BL6, Nestin-creERT2:tdTomato, Nestin-GFP, and ChAT-cre:tdTomato. Mice were given drinking water with ampicillin or without (controls). Germ-free mice were given drinking water with TLR2 agonist or without (controls). Some mice were given a blocking antibody against TLR2 or a TLR4 inhibitor. We performed whole-gut transit, bead latency, and geometric center studies. Feces were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) tissues were collected, analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and levels of nitric oxide were measured. Cells were isolated from colonic LMMP of Nestin-creERT2:tdTomato mice and incubated with agonists of TLR2 (receptor for Gram-positive bacteria), TLR4 (receptor for Gram-negative bacteria), or distilled water (control) andd analyzed by flow cytometry.

ResultsStool from mice given ampicillin had altered composition of gut microbiota with reduced abundance of Gram-positive bacteria and increased abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, compared with mice given only water. Mice given ampicillin had reduced colon motility compared with mice given only water, and their colonic LMMP had reduced numbers of nitrergic neurons, reduced nNOS production, and reduced colonic neurogenesis. Numbers of colonic myenteric neurons increased after mice were switched from ampicillin to plain water, with increased markers of neurogenesis. Nestin-positive ENPCs expressed TLR2 and TLR4. In cells isolated from the colonic LMMP, incubation with the TLR2 agonist increased the percentage of neurons originating from ENPCs to approximately 10%, compared to approximately 0.01% in cells incubated with the TLR4 agonist or distilled water. Mice given an antibody against TLR2 had prolonged whole-gut transit times; their colonic LMMP had reduced total neurons and a smaller proportion of nitrergic neurons per ganglion, and reduced markers of neurogenesis compared with mice given saline. Colonic LMMP of mice given the TLR4 inhibitor did not have reduced markers of neurogenesis. Colonic LMMP of germ-free mice given TLR2 agonist had increased neuronal numbers compared with control germ-free mice.

ConclusionsIn the adult mouse colon, TLR2 promotes colonic neurogenesis, regulated by intestinal bacteria. Our findings indicate that colonic microbiota help maintain the adult ENS via a specific signaling pathway. Pharmacologic and probiotic approaches directed towards specific TLR2 signaling processes might be developed for treatment of colonic motility disorders related to use of antibiotics or other factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.968727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal Bacteria Maintain Adult Enteric Nervous System and Nitrinergic Neurons via Toll-like Receptor 2-induced Neurogenesis in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating how synaptic molecules such as AMPA receptors mediate neuronal communication and tracking their dynamic expression during behavior is crucial to understand cognition and disease, but current technological barriers preclude large-scale exploration of molecular dynamics in vivo. We have developed a suite of innovative methodologies that break through these barriers: a new knockin mouse line with fluorescently tagged endogenous AMPA receptors, two-photon imaging of hundreds of thousands of labeled synapses in behaving mice, and computer-vision-based automatic synapse detection. Using these tools, we can longitudinally track how the strength of synapses changes during behavior. We used this approach to generate an unprecedentedly detailed spatiotemporal map of synaptic plasticity underlying sensory experience. More generally, these tools can be used as an optical probe capable of measuring functional synapse strength across entire brain areas during any behavioral paradigm, describing complex system-wide changes with molecular precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ortega, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.972216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.971036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Numerical Representation and Classification of Codons to Investigate Codon Alternation Patterns during Genetic Mutations on Disease Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.971036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alteration of amino acids is possible due to mutation in codons that could have potential reasons to occur disease. Single nucleotide substitutions (SNS) in genetic codon thus have prime importance for their ability to occur mutations that may be deleterious indeed. Effective mutation analysis can help to predict the fate of the diseased individual which can be validated later by in-vitro experiments. Hence in this present study, we try to investigate the codon alteration patterns and their impact during mutation for the genes known to be responsible for a particular disease. We use a numerical representation of four nucleotides based on the number of hydrogen bonds in their chemical structures and make a classification of 64 codons as well as corresponding 20 amino acids into three different classes (Strong, Weak and Transitional). The entire analysis has been carried out based on these classifications. For our current study, we consider two neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinsons disease, and Glaucoma. Several evidences claim similarities between both the diseases but proper pathogenetic factors are still unknown. The analysis reveals that the strong class of codons is highly mutated followed by the weak and transitional class. We observe that most of the mutations occur in the first or second positions in the codon rather than the third and mutations that occurred at the second place of codons are majorly deleterious. In most cases, the change in the determinative degree of codon due to mutation is directly proportional to the physical density property. Furthermore, we derive a determinative degree of five wild-type amino acid sequences, which can help biologists to understand the evolutionary relationship among them based on amino acid occurrence frequencies in proteins. In this regard we proposed an alignment-free method SSADDA (Sequence Similarity Analysis using Determinative Degree of Amino acid). Thus, our scheme gives a more microscopic and alternative representation of the existing codon table that helps in deciphering interesting codon alteration patterns during mutations in disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal Choudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.971036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Numerical Representation and Classification of Codons to Investigate Codon Alternation Patterns during Genetic Mutations on Disease Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing reference bias using multiple population reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most sequencing data analyses start by aligning sequencing reads to a linear reference genome. But failure to account for genetic variation causes reference bias and confounding of results downstream. Other approaches replace the linear reference with structures like graphs that can include genetic variation, incurring major computational overhead. We propose the "reference flow" alignment method that uses multiple population reference genomes to improve alignment accuracy and reduce reference bias. Compared to the graph aligner vg, reference flow achieves a similar level of accuracy and bias avoidance, but with 14% of the memory footprint and 5.5 times the speed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing reference bias using multiple population reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies the Proteasome as a Critical Host Machinery for ZIKV and DENV Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) flaviviruses exhibit similar replicative processes but distinct clinical outcomes. A systematic understanding of virus-host protein-protein interaction networks can reveal cellular pathways critical to viral replication and disease pathogenesis. Here we employed three independent systems biology approaches toward this goal. First, protein array analysis of direct interactions between individual ZIKV/DENV viral proteins and 20,240 human proteins revealed multiple conserved cellular pathways and protein complexes, including proteasome complexes. Second, an RNAi screen of 10,415 druggable genes to identify host proteins required for ZIKV infection uncovered proteasome proteins. Third, a high-throughput screening of 6,016 bioactive compounds for ZIKV inhibitors yielded 134 effective compounds, including six proteasome inhibitors that suppress both ZIKV and DENV replication. Integrative analyses of these orthogonal datasets pinpoints proteasome as critical host machinery for ZIKV/DENV replication. Our study provides multi-omics datasets for further studies of flavivirus-host interactions, disease pathogenesis, and new drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouznetsova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumpp-Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal-Nag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.976548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies the Proteasome as a Critical Host Machinery for ZIKV and DENV Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-dependent regulation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statins, which inhibit both cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation branches of the mevalonate pathway, increase anti-tubercular antibiotic efficacy in animal models. We investigated the mechanism of anti-tubercular action of simvastatin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytic cells. We found that the anti-tubercular activity of statins was phenocopied by cholesterol-branch but not prenylation-branch inhibitors. Moreover, statin treatment blocked activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through increased intracellular AMP:ATP ratios, and favored nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). These mechanisms all induce autophagy, which is anti-mycobacterial. The biological effects of simvastatin on the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB-autophagy axis were reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol to the cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that the anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin requires inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis, reveal novel links between cholesterol homeostasis, AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis, and intracellular infection control, and uncover new anti-tubercular therapy targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruiners, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-dependent regulation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.965749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture of brain co-expression reveals the brain-wide basis of disease susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.965749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene networks have proven their utility for elucidating transcriptome structure in the brain, yielding numerous biological insights. Most analyses have focused on expression relationships within a circumspect number of regions - how these relationships vary across a broad array of brain regions is largely unknown. By leveraging RNA-sequencing in 864 samples representing 12 brain regions in a cohort of 131 phenotypically normal individuals, we identify 12 brain-wide, 114 region-specific, and 50 cross-regional co-expression modules. We replicate the majority (81%) of modules in regional microarray datasets. Nearly 40% of expressed genes fall into brain-wide modules corresponding to major cell classes and conserved biological processes. Region-specific modules comprise 25% of expressed genes and correspond to region-specific cell types and processes, such as oxytocin signaling in the hypothalamus, or addiction pathways in the nucleus accumbens. We further leverage these modules to capture cell-type-specific lncRNA and gene isoforms, both of which contribute substantially to regional synaptic diversity. We identify enrichment of neuropsychiatric disease risk variants in brain wide and multi-regional modules, consistent with their broad impact on cell classes, and highlight specific roles in neuronal proliferation and activity-dependent processes. Finally, we examine the manner in which gene co-expression and gene regulatory networks reflect genetic risk, including the recently framed omnigenic model of disease architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartl, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pembroke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintacuda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.965749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture of brain co-expression reveals the brain-wide basis of disease susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.949131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Specialized mSWI/SNF Complexes in Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.949131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced prostate cancer initially responds to hormonal treatment, but ultimately becomes resistant and requires more potent therapies. One mechanism of resistance observed in [~]10% of these patients is through lineage plasticity, which manifests in a partial or complete small cell or neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) phenotype. Here, we investigate the role of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex in NEPC. Using large patient datasets, patient-derived organoids and cancer cell lines, we identify mSWI/SNF subunits that are deregulated in NEPC and demonstrate that SMARCA4 (BRG1) overexpression is associated with aggressive disease. We also show that SWI/SNF complexes interact with different lineage-specific factors in NEPC compared to prostate adenocarcinoma. These data suggest a role for mSWI/SNF complexes in therapy-related lineage plasticity, which may be relevant for other solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cyrta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augspach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Filippo, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prandi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thienger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaliere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uldry, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagache, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshalalfa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sboner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruithof-de Julio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballman, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demichelis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piscuoglio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.949131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Specialized mSWI/SNF Complexes in Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.980383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico approach to accelerate the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods for detection of viral proteins: Application to COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.980383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a method for rapid in silico selection of diagnostic peptides from newly described viral pathogens and applied this approach to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. This approach is multi-tiered, beginning with compiling the theoretical protein sequences from genomic derived data. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 we begin with 496 peptides that would be produced by proteolytic digestion of the viral proteins. To eliminate peptides that would cause cross-reactivity and false positives we remove peptides from consideration that have sequence homology or similar chemical characteristics using a progressively larger database of background peptides. Using this pipeline, we can remove 47 peptides from consideration as diagnostic due to the presence of peptides derived from the human proteome. To address the complexity of the human microbiome, we describe a method to create a database of all proteins of relevant abundance in the saliva microbiome. By utilizing a protein-based approach to the microbiome we can more accurately identify peptides that will be problematic in COVID-19 studies which removes 12 peptides from consideration. To identify diagnostic peptides, another 7 peptides are flagged for removal following comparison to the proteome backgrounds of viral and bacterial pathogens of similar clinical presentation. By aligning the protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 field isolates deposited to date we can identify peptides for removal due to their presence in highly variable regions that may lead to false negatives as the pathogen evolves. We provide maps of these regions and highlight 3 peptides that should be avoided as potential diagnostic or vaccine targets. Finally, we leverage publicly deposited proteomics data from human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, as well as a second study with the closely related MERS-CoV to identify the two proteins of highest abundance in human infections. The resulting final list contains the 24 peptides most unique and diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infections. These peptides represent the best targets for the development of antibodies are clinical diagnostics. To demonstrate one application of this we model peptide fragmentation using a deep learning tool to rapidly generate targeted LCMS assays and data processing method for detecting CoVID-19 infected patient samples.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=156 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/980383v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.980383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico approach to accelerate the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods for detection of viral proteins: Application to COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X-chromosome dosage compensation dynamics in human early embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, female cells are obliged to inactivate one of two X chromosomes to achieve dosage parity with the single X chromosome in male cells, and it is also thought that the single active X chromosome is increased 2-fold to achieve dosage balance with two sets of autosomes (X:A ratio = 1, or Ohnos hypothesis). However, the ontogeny of X-chromosome inactivation and augmentation of the single active X remains unclear during human embryogenesis. Here, we perform single-cell RNA-seq analysis to examine the timing of X:A balancing and X-inactivation (XCI) in pre- and peri-implantation human embryos up to fourteen days in culture. We find that X-chromosome gene expression in both male and female preimplantation embryos is approximately balanced with autosomes (X:A ratio = 1) after embryonic genome activation (EGA) and persists through fourteen days in vitro. Cross-species analysis of preimplantation embryo also show balanced X:A ratio within the first few days of development. By single-cell mRNA SNP profiling, we find XCI beginning in day 6-7 blastocyst embryos, but does not affect X:A dosage balance. XCI is most evident in trophoectoderm (TE) cells, but can also be observed in a small number of inner cell mass (ICM)-derived cells including primitive endoderm (PE) and epiblast (EPI) cells. Analysis between individual XaXa and XaXi sister cells from the same embryo reveals random XCI and persistently balanced X:A ratio, including sister cells transitioning between XaXa and XaXi states. We therefore conclude that the male X-chromosome undergoes X chromosome augmentation prior to the simultaneous X-chromosome inactivation and augmentation in females. Together, our data demonstrate an evolutionally conserved model of X chromosome dosage compensation in humans and other mammalian species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X-chromosome dosage compensation dynamics in human early embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Destruction of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in cortical gray matter profoundly alters neural activity and is associated with cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelin can be restored by regenerating oligodendrocytes from resident progenitors; however, it is not known whether regeneration restores the complex myelination patterns in cortical circuits. Here we performed time lapse in vivo two photon imaging in somatosensory cortex of adult mice to define the kinetics and specificity of myelin regeneration after acute oligodendrocyte ablation. These longitudinal studies revealed that the pattern of myelination in cortex changed dramatically after regeneration, as new oligodendrocytes were formed in different locations and new sheaths were often established along axon segments previously lacking myelin. Despite the dramatic increase in axonal territory available, oligodendrogenesis was persistently impaired in deeper cortical layers that experienced higher gliosis. The repeated reorganization of myelin patterns in MS may alter circuit function and contribute to cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orthmann-Murphy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Castro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasband, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.983569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel encapsulation of single cells with structured microparticles and secretion-based flow sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Techniques to analyze and sort single cells based on functional outputs, such as secreted products, have the potential to transform our understanding of cellular biology, as well as accelerate the development of next generation cell and antibody therapies. However, secreted molecules rapidly diffuse away from cells, and analysis of these products requires specialized equipment and expertise to compartmentalize individual cells and capture their secretions. Herein we demonstrate the use of suspendable microcontainers to sort single viable cells based on their secreted products at high-throughput using only commonly accessible laboratory infrastructure. Our microparticles act as solid supports which facilitate cell attachment, partition uniform aqueous compartments, and capture secreted proteins. Using this platform, we demonstrate high-throughput screening of stably- and transiently-transfected producer cells based on relative IgG production as well as screening of B lymphocytes and hybridomas based on antigen-specific antibody production using commercially available flow sorters. Leveraging the high-speed sorting capabilities of standard sorters, we sorted >1,000,000 events in less than an hour. The reported microparticles can be easily stored, and distributed as a consumable reagent amongst researchers, democratizing access to high-throughput functional cell screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Rutte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimatteo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoiseaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel encapsulation of single cells with structured microparticles and secretion-based flow sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Object representations in the human brain reflect the co-occurrence statistics of vision and language 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central regularity of visual perception is the co-occurrence of objects in the natural environment. Here we use machine learning and fMRI to test the hypothesis that object co-occurrence statistics are encoded in the human visual system and elicited by the perception of individual objects. We identified low-dimensional representations that capture the latent statistical structure of object co-occurrence in real-world scenes, and we mapped these statistical representations onto voxelwise fMRI responses during object viewing. We found that cortical responses to single objects were predicted by the statistical ensembles in which they typically occur, and that this link between objects and their visual contexts was made most strongly in the anterior portion of the scene-selective parahippocampal place area. In contrast, a language-based statistical model of the co-occurrence of object names in written text predicted responses in neighboring regions of object-selective visual cortex. Together, these findings show that the sensory coding of objects in the human brain reflects the latent statistics of object context in visual and linguistic experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Object representations in the human brain reflect the co-occurrence statistics of vision and language]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficient uracil base excision repair leads to persistent dUMP in HIV proviruses during infection of monocytes and macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-dividing cells of the myeloid lineage such as monocytes and macrophages are target cells of HIV that have low dNTP pool concentrations and elevated levels of dUTP, which leads to frequent incorporation of dUMP opposite to A during reverse transcription ("uracilation"). One factor determining the fate of dUMP in proviral DNA is the host cell uracil base excision repair (UBER) system. Here we explore the relative UBER capacity of monocytes (MC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and the fate of integrated uracilated viruses in both cell types to understand the implications of viral dUMP on HIV diversification and infectivity. We find that monocytes are almost completely devoid of functional UBER, while macrophages are mainly deficient in the initial enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG2). Accordingly, dUMP persists in viral DNA during the lifetime of a MC and can only be removed after differentiation of MC into MDM. Overexpression of human uracil DNA glycosylase in MDM prior to infection resulted in rapid removal of dUMP from HIV cDNA and near complete depletion of dUMP-containing viral copies. This finding establishes that the low hUNG2 expression level in these cells limits UBER but that hUNG2 is restrictive against uracilated viruses. In contrast, overexpression of hUNG2 after viral integration did not accelerate the excision of uracils, suggesting that they may poorly accessible in the context of chromatin. We found that viral DNA molecules with incorporated dUMP contained unique (+) strand transversion mutations that were not observed when dUMP was absent (G[-&gt;]T, T[-&gt;]A, T[-&gt;]G, A[-&gt;]C). These observations and other considerations suggest that dUMP introduces errors predominantly during (-) strand synthesis when the template is RNA. These mutations may arise from the increased mispairing and duplex destabilizing effects of dUMP relative to dTMP during reverse transcription. Overall, the likelihood of producing a functional virus from in vitro infection of MC is about 50-fold and 300-fold reduced as compared to MDM and activated T cells. The results implicate viral dUMP incorporation in MC and MDM as a potential viral diversification and restriction pathway during human HIV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meshesha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churgulia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficient uracil base excision repair leads to persistent dUMP in HIV proviruses during infection of monocytes and macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.986976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of KDM1A activity restores adult neurogenesis and improves hippocampal memory in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.986976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare cause of intellectual disability primarily caused by loss of function mutations in lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D), which normally adds methyl marks to lysine 4 on histone 3. Previous studies have shown that a mouse model of KS (Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo) demonstrates disruption of adult neurogenesis and hippocampal memory. Proof-of-principle studies have shown postnatal rescue of neurological dysfunction following treatments that promote chromatin opening, however, these strategies are non-specific and do not directly address the primary defect of histone methylation. Since lysine-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1/KDM1A) normally removes the H3K4 methyl marks added by KMT2D, we hypothesize that inhibition of KDM1A demethylase activity may ameliorate molecular and phenotypic defects stemming from KMT2D loss. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated a recently developed KDM1A inhibitor (TAK-418) in Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo mice. We find that orally administered TAK-418 increases the numbers of newly born Doublecortin (DCX)+ cells and processes in hippocampus in a dose dependent manner. We also observe TAK-418-dependent rescue of histone modification defects in hippocampus both by Western blot and ChIP-Seq. Treatment rescues gene expression abnormalities including those of immediate early genes such as FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos) and FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene homolog B (Fosb). After 2 weeks of TAK-418, Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo mice demonstrate normalization of hippocampal memory defects. In summary, our data suggest that KDM1A inhibition is a plausible treatment strategy for KS and support the hypothesis that the epigenetic dysregulation secondary to KMT2D dysfunction plays a major role in the postnatal neurological disease phenotype in KS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilarowski, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pich, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunlop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.986976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of KDM1A activity restores adult neurogenesis and improves hippocampal memory in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal cannabis vapor exposure causes long-term alterations in emotional reactivity, social behavior, and behavioral flexibility in offspring. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of cannabis during pregnancy is a growing public health concern. As more states implement legislation permitting recreational cannabis use, there is an urgent need to better understand its impact on fetal neurodevelopment and its long-term effects in exposed offspring. Studies examining effects of prenatal cannabis exposure typically employ injections of synthetic cannabinoids or isolated cannabis constituents that may not accurately model cannabis use in human populations. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel e-cigarette technology-based system to deliver vaporized cannabis extracts to pregnant Long Evans rats. We used this model to determine effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on emotional, social, and cognitive endpoints of male and female offspring during early development and into adulthood. Dams were exposed to cannabis vapor (CANTHC: 400 mg/ml), vehicle vapor (VEH), or no vapor (AIR) twice daily during mating and gestation. Offspring exposed to CANTHC and VEH showed reduced weight gain relative to AIR offspring prior to weaning. CANTHC offspring made more isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) on postnatal day 6 (P6) relative to VEH-exposed offspring, which is indicative of increased emotional reactivity. Male CANTHC offspring engaged in fewer social investigation behaviors than VEH-exposed male offspring during a social play test on P26. In adulthood, CANTHC-exposed offspring spent less time exploring the open arms of the elevated plus maze and exhibited dose-dependent deficits in behavioral flexibility in an attentional set-shifting task relative to AIR controls. These data collectively indicate that prenatal cannabis exposure causes enduring effects on the behavioral profile of offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weimar, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freels, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal cannabis vapor exposure causes long-term alterations in emotional reactivity, social behavior, and behavioral flexibility in offspring.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Clock-Driven Neural Network Critical for Arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The daily cycling of sleep and arousal states is among the most prominent biological rhythms under circadian control. While much is known about the core circadian clock1,2, how this clock tunes sleep and arousal remains poorly understood3. In Drosophila, we previously characterized WIDE AWAKE (WAKE), a clock-output molecule that promotes sleep at night4,5. Here, we show that the function of WAKE in regulating circadian-dependent neural excitability and arousal is conserved in mice. mWake+ cells are found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). mWakeDMH neurons drive wakefulness and exhibit rhythmic spiking, with greater firing during the night vs the day. Loss of mWAKE leads to increased spiking of mWake+ SCN and DMH neurons and prominent behavioural arousal, specifically during the night. Single-cell sequencing, imaging, and patch-clamp experiments reveal that mWakeDMH neurons constitute a glutamatergic/GABAergic population that projects widely, receives neuromodulatory input, and acts on neuromodulatory neurons. Strikingly, broad chemogenetic silencing of mWake+ cells leads to profound loss of behavioural responsiveness and low amplitude, low frequency electroencephalography waveforms. These findings suggest that the genetic mechanisms regulating circadian control of sleep and arousal are conserved across >500 million years of evolution and define a clock-regulated neural network critical for arousal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedont, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Clock-Driven Neural Network Critical for Arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel social information processing circuits are differentially impacted in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parallel processing circuits are thought to dramatically expand the network capabilities of the nervous system. Magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons have been proposed to subserve two parallel streams of social information processing, which allow a single molecule to encode a diverse array of ethologically distinct behaviors, although to date direct evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons, validated across anatomical, projection target, electrophysiological, and transcriptional criteria. We next used novel multiple feature selection tools in Fmr1 KO mice to provide direct evidence that normal functioning of the parvocellular but not magnocellular oxytocin pathway is required for autism-relevant social reward behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that autism risk genes are uniquely enriched in parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Taken together these results provide the first evidence that oxytocin pathway specific pathogenic mechanisms account for social impairments across a broad range of autism etiologies.

One Sentence SummaryPathoclisis of parvocellular oxytocin neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of social impairments in autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangamwabo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiaye, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovinazzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel social information processing circuits are differentially impacted in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neural mechanisms construct classical versus extraclassical inhibitory surrounds in an inhibitory nucleus in the midbrain attention network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory neurons in the midbrain spatial attention network, called isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc), control stimulus selection by the sensorimotor and attentional hub, the optic tectum (OT). Here, we investigate in the barn owl how classical as well as extraclassical (global) inhibitory surrounds of Imc receptive fields (RFs), fundamental units of Imc computational function, are constructed. We find that focal, reversible blockade of GABAergic input onto Imc neurons disconnects their extraclassical inhibitory surrounds, but, surprisingly, leaves intact their classical surrounds. Subsequently, with paired recordings and iontophoresis, first at spatially aligned site-pairs in Imc and OT, and then, at mutually distant site-pairs within Imc, we demonstrate that classical inhibitory surrounds of Imc RFs are inherited from OT, but their extraclassical inhibitory surrounds are constructed within Imc. These results reveal key design principles of the midbrain spatial attention circuit, and attest to the critical importance of competitive interactions within Imc for its operation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schryver, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neural mechanisms construct classical versus extraclassical inhibitory surrounds in an inhibitory nucleus in the midbrain attention network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.990747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate spatial and temporal disease spread in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.990747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junctions and hemichannels mediate astrocyte intercellular communication in the central nervous system under normal conditions and may contribute to astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we show that astrocyte-specific knockout of Cx43 in a mouse model of ALS slows disease progression both spatially and temporally, provides motor neuron (MN) protection, and improves survival. In human ALS tissues and biofluids, we observe that higher levels of Cx43 correlate with accelerated disease progression. Using human iPSC-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) from both familial and sporadic ALS, we show that Cx43 is upregulated and that Cx43-hemichannels are enriched at the astrocyte membrane. We then demonstrate that the pharmacological blockade of Cx43-hemichannels in ALS astrocytes, during a specific temporal window, provides neuroprotection of hiPSC-MN and reduces ALS astrocyte-mediated neuronal hyperexcitability. Our data identify Cx43 hemichannels as novel conduits of astrocyte-mediated disease progression and a pharmacological target for disease-modifying ALS therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokharel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.990747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate spatial and temporal disease spread in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efferent Synaptic Transmission at the Vestibular Type II Hair Cell Synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the vestibular peripheral organs, type I and type II hair cells (HCs) transmit incoming signals via glutamatergic quantal transmission onto afferent nerve fibers. Additionally, type I HCs transmit via  non-quantal transmission to calyx afferent fibers, by accumulation of glutamate and potassium in the synaptic cleft. Vestibular efferent inputs originating in the brainstem contact type II HCs and vestibular afferents. Here, we aimed at characterizing the synaptic efferent inputs to type II HCs using electrical and optogenetic stimulation of efferent fibers combined with in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recording from type II HCs in the rodent vestibular crista. Properties of efferent synaptic currents in type II HCs were similar to those found in cochlear hair cells and mediated by activation of 9/10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and SK potassium channels. While efferents showed a low probability of release at low frequencies of stimulation, repetitive stimulation resulted in facilitation and increased probability of release. Notably, the membrane potential of type II HCs measured during optogenetic stimulation of efferents showed a strong hyperpolarization even in response to single pulses and was further enhanced by repetitive stimulation. Such efferent-mediated inhibition of type II HCs can provide a mechanism to adjust the contribution of signals from type I and type II HCs to vestibular nerve fibers. As a result, the relative input of type I hair cells to vestibular afferents will be strengthened, emphasizing the phasic properties of the incoming signal that are transmitted via fast non-quantal transmission.

New and NoteworthyType II vestibular hair cells (HCs) receive inputs from efferent fibers originating in the brainstem. We used in vitro optogenetic and electrical stimulation of efferent fibers to study their synaptic inputs to type II HCs. Efferent inputs inhibited type II HCs, similar to cochlear efferent effects. We propose that efferent inputs adjust the contribution of signals from type I and type II HCs that report different components of the incoming signal to vestibular nerve fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcintosh, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.992180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efferent Synaptic Transmission at the Vestibular Type II Hair Cell Synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational design and implementation of a chemically inducible hetero-trimerization system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemically inducible dimerization (CID) uses a small molecule to induce binding of two different proteins. CID tools exemplified by the FKBP/FRB/rapamycin system have been widely employed to probe molecular events inside and outside cells. While various CID tools are available, chemically inducible trimerization (CIT) has not been developed, due to inherent challenges in designing or identifying a chemical that simultaneously binds three proteins with high affinity and target specificity. Nevertheless, by introducing a third recruitable component, CIT could enable versatile applications. Here, we devised the CIT by rationally splitting FRB and FKBP. Based on cellular and structural datasets, select split pairs of FRB or FKBP underwent efficient trimerization with full length FKBP or FRB, respectively, upon addition of rapamycin. We also demonstrated its potential for cellular applications by rapidly inducing tri-organellar plasma membrane-ER-mitochondria junctions, and by perturbing intended membrane lipids exclusively at the plasma membrane-ER membrane contact sites. By conferring one additional condition to what is achievable with CID, CIT expands the types of manipulation in single live cells, to address cell biology questions otherwise intractable, and engineer cell functions for future synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagliyan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragaki, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokholyan, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.994277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational design and implementation of a chemically inducible hetero-trimerization system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability and detection of nucleic acid from viruses and hosts in mosquito blood meals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the presence and spread of pathogens in the environment is of critical importance. Rapid detection of infectious disease outbreaks and prediction of their spread can facilitate early responses of health agencies and reduce the severity of outbreaks. Current sampling methods are sorely limited by available personnel and throughput. For instance, xenosurveillance utilizes captured arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, as sampling tools to access blood from a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of nucleic acid from individual blooded mosquitoes can be used to identify mosquito and host species, and microorganisms including pathogens circulating within either host. However, there are practical challenges to collecting and processing mosquitoes for xenosurveillance, such as the rapid metabolization or decay of microorganisms within the mosquito midgut. This particularly affects pathogens that do not replicate in mosquitoes, preventing their detection by NGS or other methods. Accordingly, we performed a series of experiments to establish the windows of detection for DNA or RNA from human blood and/or viruses present in mosquito blood meals. Our results will contribute to trap design for mosquito-based xenosurveillance, including sample stabilization and ideal time spent from collection to NGS processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz Robles, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastusiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability and detection of nucleic acid from viruses and hosts in mosquito blood meals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The giant sequoia genome and proliferation of disease resistance genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) of California are massive, long-lived trees that grow along the U.S. Sierra Nevada mountains. As they grow primarily in isolated groves within a narrow range, conservation of existing trees has been a national goal for over 150 years. Genomic data are limited in giant sequoia, and the assembly and annotation of the first giant sequoia genome has been an important goal to allow marker development for restoration and management. Using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing combined with Dovetail chromosome conformation capture libraries, 8.125 Gbp of sequence was assembled into eleven chromosome-scale scaffolds. This giant sequoia assembly represents the first genome sequenced in the Cupressaceae family, and lays a foundation for using genomic tools to aid in giant sequoia conservation and management. Beyond conservation and management applications, the giant sequoia assembly is a resource for answering questions about the life history of this enigmatic and robust species. Here we provide an example by taking an inventory of the large and complex family of NLR type disease resistance genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanove, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegrzyn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The giant sequoia genome and proliferation of disease resistance genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and Annotation of an Ashkenazi Human Reference Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe the assembly and annotation of the genome of an Ashkenazi individual and the creation of a new, population-specific human reference genome. This genome is more contiguous and more complete than GRCh38, the latest version of the human reference genome, and is annotated with highly similar gene content. The Ashkenazi reference genome, Ash1, contains 2,973,118,650 nucleotides as compared to 2,937,639,212 in GRCh38. Annotation identified 20,157 protein-coding genes, of which 19,563 are >99% identical to their counterparts on GRCh38. Most of the remaining genes have small differences. 40 of the protein-coding genes in GRCh38 are missing from Ash1; however, all of these genes are members of multi-gene families for which Ash1 contains other copies. 11 genes appear on different chromosomes from their homologs in GRCh38. Alignment of DNA sequences from an unrelated Ashkenazi individual to Ash1 identified ~1 million fewer homozygous SNPs than alignment of those same sequences to the more-distant GRCh38 genome, illustrating one of the benefits of population-specific reference genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and Annotation of an Ashkenazi Human Reference Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and biobanking of patient-derived glioblastoma organoids and their application in CAR-T cell testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma tumors exhibit extensive inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, which has contributed to poor outcomes of numerous clinical trials and continues to complicate the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Current in vitro models do not preserve the cellular and mutational diversity of parent tumors and often require a lengthy generation time with variable efficiency. Here, we describe detailed procedures for generating glioblastoma organoids (GBOs) from surgically resected patient tumor tissue using a chemically defined medium without cell dissociation. By preserving cell-cell interactions and minimizing clonal selection, GBOs maintain the cellular heterogeneity of parent tumors. We include methods for passaging and cryopreserving GBOs for continued use, biobanking, and long-term recovery. We further describe procedures for investigating patient-specific responses to immunotherapies by co-culturing GBOs with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. This protocol takes approximately 2-4 weeks to generate GBOs and 5-7 days to perform CAR-T cell co-culture. Competence with human cell culture, tissue processing, immunohistology, and microscopy is required for optimal results.

Short SummaryDetailed procedures for generating and biobanking glioblastoma organoids from resected patient tumor tissue and testing CAR-T cell efficacy by co-culture. Additional procedures for tissue processing, immunohistology, and detecting hypoxia gradients and actively proliferating cells.

Associated Link Box for Key ReferenceJacob, F. et al. A Patient-derived glioblastoma organoid model and biobank recapitulates inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Cell 180, 188-204 e122, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.036 (2020).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and biobanking of patient-derived glioblastoma organoids and their application in CAR-T cell testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solving the where problem in neuroanatomy: a generative framework with learned mappings to register multimodal, incomplete data into a reference brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A current focus of research in neuroscience is to enumerate, map and annotate neuronal cell types in whole vertebrate brains using different modalities of data acquisition. Mapping these molecular and anatomical datasets into a common reference space remains a key challenge. While several brain-to-atlas mapping workflows exist, they do not adequately address challenges of modern high throughput neuroimaging, including multimodal and multiscale signals, missing data or non reference signals, and geometric quantification of individual variation. Our solution is to implement a generative statistical model that describes the likelihood of imaging data given a sequence of transforms of an atlas image, and a framework for maximum a posteriori estimation of unknown parameters capturing the issues listed above. The key idea in our approach is to minimize the difference between synthetic image volumes and real data over these parameter.

Rather than merely using mappings as a "normalization" step, we implement tools for using their local metric changes as an opportunity for geometric quantification of technical and biological sources of variation in an unprecedented manner. While the framework is used to compute pairwise mappings, our approach particularly allows for easy compositions across chains of multimodality datasets. We apply these methods across a broad range of datasets including various combinations of in-vivo and ex-vivo MRI, 3D STP and fMOST data sets, 2D serial histology sections, and brains processed for snRNAseq with tissue partially removed. We show biological utility by quantifying cell density and diffeomorphic characterization of brain shape fluctuations across biological covariates. We note that the magnitude of individual variation is often greater than differences between different sample preparation techniques.

To facilitate community accessibility, we implement our algorithm as open source, include a web based framework, and implement input and output dataset standards. Our work establishes a quantitative, scalable and streamlined workflow for unifying a broad spectrum of multi-modal whole-brain light microscopic data volumes into a coordinate-based atlas framework. This work enables large scale integration of whole brain data sets that are essential in modern neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solving the where problem in neuroanatomy: a generative framework with learned mappings to register multimodal, incomplete data into a reference brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Robust Metabolic Switching in the Brain During Intermittent Fasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a lifestyle intervention comprising a dietary regimen in which energy intake is restricted via alternating periods of fasting and ad libitum food consumption, without compromising nutritional composition. While epigenetic modifications can mediate effects of environmental factors on gene expression, no information is yet available on potential effects of IF on the epigenome. In this study, we found that IF causes modulation of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) epigenetic mark in the cerebellum of male C57/BL6 mice, which in turn orchestrates a plethora of transcriptomic changes involved in the robust metabolic switching processes commonly observed during IF. Interestingly, both epigenomic and transcriptomic modulation continued to be observed after refeeding, suggesting that memory of the IF-induced epigenetic change is maintained at the locus. Notably though, we found that termination of IF results in a loss of H3K9me3 regulation of the transcriptome. Collectively, our study characterizes a novel mechanism of IF in the epigenetic-transcriptomic axis, which controls myriad metabolic process changes. In addition to providing a valuable and innovative resource, our systemic analyses reveal molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the metaboloepigenetics axis of the brain.

Highlights{circ} Intermittent fasting (IF) and refeeding modifies epigenome in the cerebellum
{circ}Integrative epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed metabolic switching
{circ}IF affects the metaboloepigenetics axis in regulating metabolic processes
{circ}Integrative analyses revealed a loss of epigenetic reprogramme following refeeding
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, G. Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, D. P. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fann, D. Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli-Shaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karamyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hande, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vemuganti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallilankaraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, R. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Robust Metabolic Switching in the Brain During Intermittent Fasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Sex Chromosome Expression in Drosophila Male Germ Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosome gene content and expression is unusual. In many organisms the X and Y chromosomes are inactivated in spermatocytes, possibly as a defense mechanism against insertions into unpaired chromatin. In addition to current sex chromosomes, Drosophila has a small gene-poor X-chromosome relic (4th) that re-acquired autosomal status. Using single cell RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that the single X and pair of 4th chromosomes are specifically inactivated in primary spermatocytes. In contrast, genes on the single Y chromosome become maximally active in primary spermatocytes. Reduced X steady-state transcript levels are due to failed activation of RNA-Polymerase-II by phosphorylation of Serine 2 and 5.

One Sentence SummarySex chromosome expression during spermatogenesis at the single cell level
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahadevaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fear, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akeju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galletta, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelino, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral-de-Mello, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell'Orso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demere, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansuria, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios-Gimenez, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartorelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vibranovski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.000356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Sex Chromosome Expression in Drosophila Male Germ Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous recovery and the multiple timescales of human motor memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In numerous paradigms, from fear conditioning to motor adaptation, memory exhibits a remarkable property: acquisition of a novel behavior followed by its extinction results in spontaneous recovery of the original behavior. A current model suggests that spontaneous recovery occurs because learning is supported by two different adaptive processes: one fast (high error sensitivity, low retention), and the other slow (low error sensitivity, high retention). Here, we searched for signatures of these hypothesized processes in the commands that guided single movements. We examined human saccadic eye movements and observed that following experience of a visual error, there was an adaptive change in the motor commands of the subsequent saccade, partially correcting for the error. However, the error correcting commands were expressed only during the deceleration period. If the errors persisted, the acceleration period commands also changed. Adaptation of acceleration period commands exhibited poor sensitivity to error, but the learning was resistant to forgetting. In contrast, the deceleration period commands adapted with high sensitivity to error, and the learning suffered from poor retention. Thus, within a single saccade, a fast-like process influenced the deceleration period commands, whereas a slow-like process influenced the acceleration period commands. Following extinction training, with passage of time motor memory exhibited spontaneous recovery, as evidenced by return of saccade endpoints toward their initial adapted state. The temporal dynamics of spontaneous recovery suggested that a single saccade is controlled by two different adaptive controllers, one active during acceleration, and the other during deceleration.

Significance statementA feature of memory in many paradigms is the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery: learning followed by extinction inevitably leads to reversion toward the originally learned behavior. A theoretical model posits that spontaneous recovery is a feature of memory systems that learn with two independent learning processes, one fast, and the other slow. However, there have been no direct measures of these putative processes. Here, we found potential signatures of the two independent adaptive processes during control of a single saccade. The results suggest that distinct adaptive controllers contribute to the acceleration and deceleration phases of a saccade, and that each controller is supported by a fast and a slow learning process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orozco, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous recovery and the multiple timescales of human motor memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mir-21 is associated with inactive low molecular weight Argonaute complexes in thyroid cancer cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. We and others have shown that several microRNAs, which are post-transcriptional gene regulators, are aberrantly expressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues, as well as cell lines derived from these cancers. In the cell, miRNAs are bound to Argonaute (AGO) proteins as what could be termed low molecular weight RNA-Induced Silencing Complexes (LMW-RISCs) that can assemble with additional proteins, mRNA, and translation machinery into high molecular weight RISCs (HMW-RISCs) that exert regulatory function. In this study, we sought to analyze the association of miRNAs with RISC complexes in ATC and PTC. For ATC and PTC lines, miRNA species were enriched in both HMW-RISC and LMW-RISC cellular fractions, compared with intermediate molecular weight fractions and very low molecular weight (AGO-poor) fractions. Furthermore, 60% of all miRNAs were slightly more abundant in LMW-RISC versus HMW-RISC fractions by ~2-4 fold. Surprisingly, miR-21-5p, one of the most abundant miRNAs in both ATC and PTC lines and one of the most widely studied oncogenic miRNAs in many solid tumors, was consistently one the least abundant miRNAs in HMW-RISC and the most enriched miRNA in LMW-RISC fractions. These findings may suggest that miR-21 has a role or roles distinct from canonical post-transcriptional regulation in cancer. Furthermore, the methodology described here is a useful way to assess the distribution of miR-21 between HMW and LMW-RISCs and may help to reveal the true roles of this miRNA in thyroid cancer development, progression, and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aasif Dar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Rocca, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umanah, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbricht, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mir-21 is associated with inactive low molecular weight Argonaute complexes in thyroid cancer cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale Phenotypic Drug Screen Identifies Neuroprotectants in Zebrafish and Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and associated inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are caused by rod photoreceptor degeneration, necessitating therapeutics promoting rod photoreceptor survival. To address this, we tested compounds for neuroprotective effects in zebrafish and mouse RP models, reasoning drugs effective across species may translate better clinically. We first performed a large-scale phenotypic drug screen using a larval zebrafish model of inducible RP. 2,934 compounds, mostly human-approved drugs, were tested across six concentrations. Statistically, 113 compounds achieved "hit" status. Secondary tests of 42 high-priority hits confirmed eleven lead compounds. Nine leads were then evaluated in mouse RP models, with six exhibiting neuroprotective effects. An analysis of potential mechanisms of action suggested complementary activities. Paired lead compound assays in zebrafish showed additive neuroprotective effects for the majority. These results highlight the value of cross-species phenotypic drug discovery and suggest combinatorial drug therapies may provide enhanced therapeutic benefits for patients with RP and IRDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.010009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale Phenotypic Drug Screen Identifies Neuroprotectants in Zebrafish and Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast and accurate 16S microbial community analysis using Kraken 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing has been the primary means for identifying the bacterial species present in a sample with unknown composition. One of the most widely-used tools for this purpose today is the QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) package. Recent results have shown that the newest release, QIIME 2, has higher accuracy than QIIME, MAPseq, and mothur when classifying bacterial genera from simulated human gut, ocean, and soil metagenomes, although QIIME 2 also proved to be the most computationally expensive method. Kraken, first released in 2014, has been shown to provide exceptionally fast and accurate classification for shotgun metagenomics sequencing projects. Bracken, released in 2016, then provided users with the ability to accurately estimate species or genus abundances using Kraken classification results. Kraken 2, which matches the accuracy and speed of Kraken 1, now supports 16S rRNA databases, allowing for direct comparisons to QIIME and similar systems. Here we show that, using the same simulated 16S rRNA metagenomic data as previous studies, Kraken 2 and Bracken are up to 300 times faster and also more accurate at 16S profiling than QIIME 2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast and accurate 16S microbial community analysis using Kraken 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the transcriptional fidelity of cancer models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCancer researchers use cell lines, patient derived xenografts, engineered mice, and tumoroids as models to investigate tumor biology and to identify therapies. The generalizability and power of a model derives from the fidelity with which it represents the tumor type under investigation, however, the extent to which this is true is often unclear. The preponderance of models and the ability to readily generate new ones has created a demand for tools that can measure the extent and ways in which cancer models resemble or diverge from native tumors.

MethodsWe developed a machine learning based computational tool, CancerCellNet, that measures the similarity of cancer models to 22 naturally occurring tumor types and 36 subtypes, in a platform and species agnostic manner. We applied this tool to 657 cancer cell lines, 415 patient derived xenografts, 26 distinct genetically engineered mouse models, and 131 tumoroids. We validated CancerCellNet by application to independent data, and we tested several predictions with immunofluorescence.

ResultsWe have documented the cancer models with the greatest transcriptional fidelity to natural tumors, we have identified cancers underserved by adequate models, and we have found models with annotations that do not match their classification. By comparing models across modalities, we report that, on average, genetically engineered mice and tumoroids have higher transcriptional fidelity than patient derived xenografts and cell lines in four out of five tumor types. However, several patient derived xenografts and tumoroids have classification scores that are on par with native tumors, highlighting both their potential as faithful model classes and their heterogeneity.

ConclusionsCancerCellNet enables the rapid assessment of transcriptional fidelity of tumor models. We have made CancerCellNet available as freely downloadable software and as a web application that can be applied to new cancer models that allows for direct comparison to the cancer models evaluated here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleyzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issacs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lummertz da Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the transcriptional fidelity of cancer models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B interacts with and ubiquitinates the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein to promote NF-kB activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and the neurological disease HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 Tax protein persistently activates the NF-{kappa}B pathway to enhance the proliferation and survival of HTLV-1 infected T cells. Lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of Tax provides an important regulatory mechanism that promotes Tax-mediated interaction with the IKK complex and activation of NF-{kappa}B; however, the host proteins regulating Tax ubiquitination are largely unknown. To identify novel Tax interacting proteins that may regulate its ubiquitination we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen using Tax as bait. This screen yielded the E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B as a novel binding partner for Tax. Here, we confirmed the interaction between Tax and UBE4B in mammalian cells by co-immunoprecipitation assays and demonstrated colocalization by proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy. Overexpression of UBE4B specifically enhanced Tax-induced NF-{kappa}B activation, whereas knockdown of UBE4B impaired Tax-induced NF-{kappa}B activation and the induction of NF-{kappa}B target genes in T cells and ATLL cell lines. Furthermore, depletion of UBE4B with shRNA resulted in apoptotic cell death and diminished the proliferation of ATLL cell lines. Finally, overexpression of UBE4B enhanced Tax polyubiquitination, and knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of UBE4B attenuated both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tax. Collectively, these results implicate UBE4B in HTLV-1 Tax polyubiquitination and downstream NF-{kappa}B activation.

Author SummaryInfection with the retrovirus HTLV-1 leads to the development of either CD4+CD25+ leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or a demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected individuals. The HTLV-1 Tax protein is a regulatory protein which regulates viral gene expression and persistently activates cellular signaling pathways such as NF-{kappa}B to drive the clonal expansion and longevity of HTLV-1 infected CD4+ T cells. Polyubiquitination of Tax is a key mechanism of NF-{kappa}B activation by assembling and activating I{kappa}B kinase (IKK) signaling complexes; however, the host factors regulating Tax ubiquitination have remained elusive. Here, we have identified the E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B as a novel Tax binding protein that promotes both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tax. Knockdown or knockout of UBE4B impairs Tax-induced NF-{kappa}B activation and triggers apoptosis of HTLV-1 transformed cells. Therefore, UBE4B is an integral host factor that supports HTLV-1 Tax polyubiquitination, NF-{kappa}B activation and cell survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harhaj, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavorgna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B interacts with and ubiquitinates the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein to promote NF-kB activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ActuAtor, a molecular tool for generating force in living cells: Controlled deformation of intracellular structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical force underlies fundamental cell functions such as division, migration and differentiation. While physical probes and devices revealed cellular mechano-responses, how force is translated inside cells to exert output functions remains largely unknown, due to the limited techniques to manipulate force intracellularly. By engineering an ActA protein, an actin nucleation promoting factor derived from Listeria monocytogenes, and implementing this in protein dimerization paradigms, we developed a molecular tool termed ActuAtor, with which actin polymerization can be triggered at intended subcellular locations to generate constrictive force in a rapidly inducible manner. The ActuAtor operation led to striking deformation of target intracellular structures including mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, and non-membrane-bound RNA granules. Based on functional analysis before and after organelle deformation, we found the form-function relationship of mitochondria to be generally marginal. The modular design and genetically-encoded nature enable wide applications of ActuAtor for studies of intracellular mechanobiology processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubayshi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ActuAtor, a molecular tool for generating force in living cells: Controlled deformation of intracellular structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.017061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease-mediated depletion biases in ribosome footprint profiling libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.017061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome footprint profiling is a high throughput sequencing based technique that provides detailed and global views of translation in living cells. An essential part of this technology is removal of unwanted, normally very abundant, ribosomal RNA sequences that dominate libraries and increase sequencing costs. The most effective commercial solution (Ribo-Zero) has been discontinued and a number of new, experimentally distinct commercial applications have emerged on the market. Here we evaluated several commercially available alternatives designed for RNA-seq of human samples and find them unsuitable for ribosome footprint profiling. We instead recommend the use of custom-designed biotinylated oligos, which were widely used in early ribosome profiling studies. Importantly, we warn that depletion solutions based on targeted nuclease cleavage significantly perturb the high-resolution information that can be derived from the data, and thus do not recommend their use for any applications that require precise determination of the ends of RNA fragments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.017061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease-mediated depletion biases in ribosome footprint profiling libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation from peripheral blood in first-episode schizophrenia parallel neuroimaging and cognitive phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Today, second generation anti-psychotics such as clozapine and risperidone are the favored treatment for schizophrenia. Yet, the absence of relevant biomarkers that can decode their neurobiological effect shackles our ability to accurately predict and track response to treatment. While researchers have investigated DNA methylation as a biomarker for schizophrenia risk, none have performed a systematic analysis of the effect of antipsychotics upon DNA methylation. We hypothesize that disease-related methylation changes occur before treatment, and that acute antipsychotic treatment may affect DNA methylation. We designed a longitudinal DNA methylation study to estimate risperidones effect on DNA methylation and how changes in DNA methylation might influence risperidones therapeutic effect on behavioral and neuroimaging phenotypes. Thirty-eight patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia (FES) and 38 demographically-matched individuals (healthy controls) participated. We identified brain related pathways enriched in 8,204 FES-associated methylation sites. Risperidone administration altered methylation in 6,143 CpG DNA sites. Post-treatment FES associated with methylation in 6760 CpG sites. Majority of the DNA methylation changes were treatment effect in the overall CpG sites, the FES associated CpG sites, and risperidone associated CpG sites, except for the post-treatment FES associated CpG sites. There were 590 DNA methylation cites normalized by risperidone treatment. The methylation changes of these 590 CpG sites were related to alterations in symptom severity, spontaneous neurophysiological activity, and cognitive function. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal methylation study of drug treatment effect and side effect in psychiatric disorders to include parallel studies of neuroimaging and cognitive phenotypes. We identified FES-associated CpG sites not confounded by drug treatment as potential SCZ biomarkers. The normalization effect of risperidone monotherapy suggests that DNA methylation changes may serve as a predictive biomarker for treatment effect. The constructed methylation-phenotype network revealed a relationship between methylation and a wide range of biological and psychological variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation from peripheral blood in first-episode schizophrenia parallel neuroimaging and cognitive phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EXPRESSION OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpsA IN Mycobacterium smegmatis INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PYRAZINAMIDE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the most important drugs used in combined antituberculous therapy. After the drug enters Mycobacterium tuberculosis it is hydrolyzed by pyrazinamidase (PZAse) to the bactericidal molecule pyrazinoic acid (POA). Ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) was recently identified as a possible target of PZA based on its binding activity to POA and capacity to inhibit trans-translation. However, its role is not completely understood.

It has been proposed that Mycobacterium smegmatis RpsA is not capable of binding POA, unlike M. tuberculosis RpsA. This may be due to the different amino acid sequence in the carboxy-terminal region of the two molecules: in M. smegmatis RpsA it is much closer to the sites that may interact with POA than in M. tuberculosis RpsA. These differences could be contributing, along with the presence of highly active POA efflux, to the natural resistance to PZA in M. smegmatis.

To further understand the mechanisms of action of PZA and the role of RpsA in PZA susceptibility, we evaluated the effect of complementing M. tuberculosis RpsA expression in M. smegmatis using pNIT mycobacterial non-integrative expression vector and then performed a PZA susceptibility test determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PZA. It was expected that chimeric ribosomes comprising M. tuberculosis RpsA may be present and may affect PZA susceptibility.

Our results showed a reduction in PZA MIC in M. smegmatis complemented with overexpressed M. tuberculosis RpsA compared to non-overexpressed M. smegmatis (468 {micro}g/mL and >7500 {micro}g/mL respectively).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antiparra, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EXPRESSION OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpsA IN Mycobacterium smegmatis INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PYRAZINAMIDE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatal toxicity of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with metformin in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Guided by the principle of primum non nocere (first do no harm), we report a cautionary note on the potential fatal toxicity of chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in combination with anti-diabetic drug metformin. We observed that the combination of CQ or HCQ and metformin, which were used in our studies as potential anti-cancer drugs, killed 30-40% of mice. While our observations in mice may not translate to toxicity in humans, the reports that CQ or HCQ has anti-COVID-19 activity, the use of CQ resulting in toxicity and at least one death, and the recent Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for CQ and HCQ by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prompted our report. Here we report the lethality of CQ or HCQ in combination with metformin as a warning of its potential serious clinical toxicity. We hope that our report will be helpful to stimulate pharmacovigilance and monitoring of adverse drug reactions with the use of CQ or HCQ, particularly in combination with metformin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajeshkumar, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabuuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatal toxicity of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with metformin in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contemporary Enterovirus D68 strains show enhanced replication and translation at 37°C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) emerged in 2014 as an important pathogen linked to severe lower respiratory disease and acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks. Historically associated with mild common-cold-like symptoms, clusters of severe disease attributed to EV-D68 appeared during a series of outbreaks in 2014, 2016, and 2018. Previous studies of historic EV-D68 strains demonstrated attenuated replication at temperatures of the lower respiratory tract (37{degrees}C), when compared to the upper respiratory tract (32{degrees}C). By testing a panel of historic and contemporary EV-D68 strains at 32{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C, we demonstrate that contemporary strains of EV-D68 undergo little to no attenuation at increased temperatures. Contemporary strains produced higher levels of viral proteins at 32{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C than historic strains, although both strains infected similar numbers of cells and had comparable amounts of replication complexes. IRES activity assays with dual-luciferase reporter plasmids demonstrated enhanced translation in recent EV-D68 strains mapped to regions of variability in the 5 UTR found only in contemporary strains. Using an infectious clone system, we demonstrate that the translation advantage dictated by the 5 UTR does not solely mediate temperature sensitivity. The strain-dependent effects of temperature on the EV-D68 life cycle gives insight into the susceptibility of the lower respiratory system to contemporary strains.

IMPORTANCEEnterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) emerged in 2014 as a causative agent of biannual severe pediatric respiratory disease and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). We show that recent EV-D68 viruses have gained the ability to replicate at 37{degrees}C. Enhanced virus protein translation seemed to correlate with enhanced virus replication at 37{degrees}C but other genetic factors are also contributing to this phenotype. An enhanced ability to replicate at core body temperature may have allowed EV-D68 to penetrate both lower in the respiratory tract and into the central nervous system, explaining the recent surge in severe disease associated with virus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.019380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contemporary Enterovirus D68 strains show enhanced replication and translation at 37°C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding de novo mutations identified by WGS reveal novel orofacial cleft genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While de novo mutations (DNMs) are known to increase risk of congenital defects, DNMs have not been fully explored regarding orofacial clefts (OFCs), one of the most common human birth defects. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing of 756 case-parent trios of European, Colombian, and Taiwanese ancestry was performed to determine the contributions of coding DNMs to OFC risk. Overall, we identified a significant excess of loss-of-function DNMs in genes highly expressed in craniofacial tissues, as well as genes associated with known autosomal dominant OFC syndromes. This analysis also revealed roles for zinc-finger homeobox domain and SOX2-interacting genes in OFC etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetmanski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Uribe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Ramirez, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo Muneton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Chou, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.019927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding de novo mutations identified by WGS reveal novel orofacial cleft genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
People can learn new walking patterns without walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can learn many new walking patterns. People have learned to snowshoe up mountains, racewalk marathons, and march in precise synchrony. But what is required to learn a new walking pattern? Here, we demonstrate that people can learn new walking patterns without actually walking. Through a series of experiments, we observe that stepping with only one leg can facilitate learning of an entirely new walking pattern (i.e., split-belt treadmill walking). We find that the nervous system learns from the relative motion between the legs - whether or not both legs are moving - and can transfer this learning to novel gaits. We also show that locomotor learning requires active movement: observing another person adapt their gait did not result in significantly faster learning. These findings reveal that people can learn new walking patterns without bilateral gait training, as stepping with one leg can facilitate adaptive learning that transfers to novel gait patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.021949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[People can learn new walking patterns without walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Proteins Have Distinct Fast Internal Motion and Residual Conformational Entropy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a variety of reasons, the internal motions of integral membrane proteins have largely eluded comprehensive experiential characterization. Here, the fast side chain dynamics of the 7-transmembrane helix protein sensory rhodopsin II and the beta-barrel bacterial outer membrane channel protein W have been characterized in lipid bilayers and detergent micelles by solution NMR relaxation techniques. Though of quite different topologies, both proteins are found to have a similar and striking distribution of methyl-bearing amino acid side chain motion that is independent of membrane mimetic. The methyl-bearing side chains of both proteins, on average, are more dynamic in the ps-ns time regime than any soluble protein characterized to date. Approximately one third of methyl-bearing side chains exhibit extreme rotameric averaging on this timescale. Accordingly, both proteins retain an extraordinary residual conformational entropy in the folded state, which provides a counterbalance to the absence of the hydrophobic effect that normally stabilizes the folded state of water-soluble proteins. Furthermore, the large reservoir of conformational entropy that is observed provides the potential to greatly influence the thermodynamics underlying a plethora of membrane protein functions including ligand binding, allostery and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuglestad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stetz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wand, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Proteins Have Distinct Fast Internal Motion and Residual Conformational Entropy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic entropy quantifies cardiomyocyte maturation at single cell level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immaturity of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived tissues has emerged as a universal problem for their biomedical applications. While efforts have been made to generate adult-like cells from PSCs, direct benchmarking of PSC-derived tissues against in vivo development has not been established. Thus, maturation status is often assessed on an ad-hoc basis. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers a promising solution, though cross-study comparison is limited by dataset-specific batch effects. Here, we developed a novel approach to quantify PSC-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation through transcriptomic entropy. Transcriptomic entropy is robust across datasets regardless of differences in isolation protocols, library preparation, and other potential batch effects. With this new model, we analyzed over 45 scRNA-seq datasets and over 52,000 CMs, and established a cross-study, cross-species CM maturation reference. This reference enabled us to directly compare PSC-CMs with the in vivo developmental trajectory and thereby to quantify PSC-CM maturation status. We further found that our entropy-based approach can be used for other cell types, including pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes. Our study presents a biologically relevant and interpretable metric for quantifying PSC-derived tissue maturation, and is extensible to numerous tissue engineering contexts.

Significance StatementThere is significant interest in generating mature cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. However, there are currently few effective metrics to quantify the maturation status of a single cardiomyocyte. We developed a new metric for measuring cardiomyocyte maturation using single cell RNA-sequencing data. This metric, called entropy score, uses the gene distribution to estimate maturation at the single cell level. Entropy score enables comparing pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes directly against endogenously-isolated cardiomyocytes. Thus, entropy score can better assist in development of approaches to improve the maturation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic entropy quantifies cardiomyocyte maturation at single cell level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic subtyping of individuals with Primary Progressive Aphasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe classification of patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) into variants is time-consuming, costly, and requires combined expertise by clinical neurologists, neuropsychologists, speech pathologists, and radiologists.

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study is to determine whether acoustic and linguistic variables provide accurate classification of PPA patients into one of three variants: nonfluent PPA, semantic PPA, and logopenic PPA.

MethodsIn this paper, we present a machine learning model based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for the subtyping of patients with PPA into three main variants, using combined acoustic and linguistic information elicited automatically via acoustic and linguistic analysis. The performance of the DNN was compared to the classification accuracy of Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees, as well as expert clinicians classifications.

ResultsThe DNN model outperformed the other machine learning models with 80% classification accuracy, providing reliable subtyping of patients with PPA into variants and it even outperformed auditory classification of patients into variants by clinicians.

ConclusionsWe show that the combined speech and language markers from connected speech productions provide information about symptoms and variant subtyping in PPA. The end-to-end automated machine learning approach we present can enable clinicians and researchers to provide an easy, quick and inexpensive classification of patients with PPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Themistocleous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Ouden, D.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapkini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.025593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic subtyping of individuals with Primary Progressive Aphasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punishment history biases corticothalamic responses to motivationally-significant stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making predictions about future rewards or punishments is fundamental to adaptive behavior. These processes are influenced by prior experience. For example, prior exposure to aversive stimuli or stressors changes behavioral responses to negative- and positive-value predictive cues. Here, we demonstrate a role for medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT; mPFC[-&gt;]PVT) in this process. We found that a history of punishments negatively biased behavioral responses to motivationally-relevant stimuli in mice and that this negative bias was associated with hyperactivity in mPFC[-&gt;]PVT neurons during exposure to those cues. Furthermore, artificially mimicking this hyperactive response with selective optogenetic excitation of the same pathway recapitulated the punishmentinduced negative behavioral bias. Together, our results highlight how information flow within the mPFC[-&gt;]PVT circuit is critical for making predictions about imminent motivationally-relevant outcomes as a function of prior experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucantonio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punishment history biases corticothalamic responses to motivationally-significant stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Store Independent Ca2+ Entry Regulates the DNA Damage Response in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the mainstay of treatment for hormone responsive breast tumors is targeted endocrine therapy, many patients develop de novo or acquired resistance and are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. The vast majority (80%) of estrogen receptor positive tumors also express wild type p53 protein that is a major determinant of the DNA damage response. Tumors that are ER+ and p53WT respond poorly to chemotherapy, although the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We describe a novel link between store independent Ca2+ entry (SICE) and resistance to DNA damaging drugs, mediated by the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase, SPCA2. In luminal ER+/PR+ breast cancer subtypes, SPCA2 levels are high and correlate with poor survival prognosis. Independent of ion pump activity, SPCA2 elevates baseline Ca2+ levels through SICE and drives cell proliferation. Attenuation of SPCA2 or depletion of extracellular Ca2+ increased mitochondrial ROS production, DNA damage and activation of the ATM/ATR-p53 axis leading to G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Consistent with these findings, SPCA2 knockdown confers chemosensitivity to DNA damaging agents including doxorubicin, cisplatin and ionizing radiation. We conclude that elevated SPCA2 expression in ER+ p53WT breast tumors drives pro-survival and chemotherapy resistance by suppressing the DNA damage response. Drugs that target storeindependent Ca2+ entry pathways may have therapeutic potential in treating receptor positive breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekile, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrington, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckhaults, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Store Independent Ca2+ Entry Regulates the DNA Damage Response in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale assembly of the bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum, reveals over 5700 new genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major food crop and an important plant system for agricultural genetics research. However, due to the complexity and size of its allohexaploid genome, genomic resources are limited compared to other major crops. The IWGSC recently published a reference genome and associated annotation (IWGSC v1.0, Chinese Spring) that has been widely adopted and utilized by the wheat community. Although this reference assembly represents all 3 wheat subgenomes at chromosome scale, it was derived from short reads, and thus is missing a substantial portion of the expected 16 gigabases of genomic sequence. We earlier published an independent wheat assembly (Triticum 3.1, Chinese Spring) that came much closer in length to the expected genome size, although it was only a contig-level assembly lacking gene annotations. Here, we describe a reference-guided effort to scaffold those contigs into chromosome-length pseudomolecules, add in any missing sequence that was unique to the IWGSC 1.0 assembly, and annotate the resulting pseudomolecules with genes. Our updated assembly, Triticum 4.0, contains 15.07 gigabases of non-gap sequence anchored to chromosomes, which is 1.2 gigabases more than the previous reference assembly. It includes 108,639 genes unambiguously localized to chromosomes, including over 2000 genes that were previously unplaced. We also discovered more than 5700 new genes, all of them duplications in the Chinese Spring genome that are missing from the IWGSC assembly and annotation. The Triticum 4.0 assembly and annotations are freely available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA392179.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale assembly of the bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum, reveals over 5700 new genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) envelope (E) protein harbors a conserved BH3-like motif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disclaimer textThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript whilst they perform additional experiments to test some of their conclusions further. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navratil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aouacheria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) envelope (E) protein harbors a conserved BH3-like motif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.037630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Powerful Method for Pleiotropic Analysis under Composite Null Hypothesis Identifies Novel Shared Loci Between Type 2 Diabetes and Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.037630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWThere is increasing evidence that pleiotropy, the association of multiple traits with the same genetic variants/loci, is a very common phenomenon. Cross-phenotype association tests are often used to jointly analyze multiple traits from a GWAS. The underlying methods, however, are often designed to test the global null hypothesis that there is no association of a genetic variant with any of the traits, the rejection of which does not implicate pleiotropy. In this article, we propose a new statistical approach, PLACO, for specifically detecting pleiotropic loci between two traits by considering an underlying composite null hypothesis that a variant is associated with none or only one of the traits. We propose testing the null hypothesis based on the product of the Z-statistics of the SNPs across two studies and derive a null distribution of the test statistic in the form of a mixture distribution that allows for fractions of SNPs to be associated with none or only one of the traits. We borrow approaches from the statistical literature on mediation analysis that allow asymptotic approximation of the null distribution avoiding estimation of nuisance parameters related to mixture proportions and variance components. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed method can maintain type I error and can achieve major power gain over alternative simpler methods that are typically used for testing pleiotropy. PLACO allows correlation in summary statistics between studies that may arise due to sharing of controls between disease traits. Application of PLACO to publicly available summary data from two large case-control GWAS of Type 2 Diabetes and of Prostate Cancer implicated a number of novel shared genetic regions near ZBTB38 (3q23), RGS17 (6q25.3), HAUS6 (9p22.1), UBAP2 (9p13.3), RAPSN (11p11.2), AKAP6 (14q12), KNL1 (15q15) and ZNF236 (18q23).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.11.037630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Powerful Method for Pleiotropic Analysis under Composite Null Hypothesis Identifies Novel Shared Loci Between Type 2 Diabetes and Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relevance of enriched expression of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor ACE2 in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCOVID-19 is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive sense single strand RNA virus. In humans, it binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with the help a structural protein on its surface called the S-spike. Further, cleavage of the viral spike protein (S) by the proteases like transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) or Cathepsin L (CTSL) is essential to effectuate host cell membrane fusion and virus infectivity. COVID-19 poses intriguing issues with imperative relevance to clinicians. The pathogenesis of GI symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 are of particular relevance because they cannot be sufficiently explained from the existing knowledge of the viral diseases. Tissue specific variations of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry related receptors expression in healthy individuals can help in understanding the pathophysiological basis the aforementioned collection of symptoms.

Materials and MethodsThe data were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas available at (https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/sars-cov-2) and the tissue specific expressions (both mRNA and protein) of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 as yielded from the studies with RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed as a function of the various components of the digestive tract. A digestive system specific functional enrichment map of ACE2 gene was created using g:profiler (https://biit.cs.ut.ee/gprofiler/gost) utility and the data were visualized using Cytoscape software, version 3.7.2 (https://cytoscape.org/).

ResultsThe correlated expression (transcriptomic and proteomic) of ACE2 (to which SARS-CoV-2 binds through the S-spike) was found to be enriched in the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (highest in small intestine, followed by colon and rectum), and was undetectable in the upper GIT components: mouth cavity (tongue, oral mucosa, and salivary glands), esophagus, and stomach. High expression of ACE2 was noted in the glandular cells as well as in the enterocytes in the lining epithelium (including brush border epithelium). Among other digestive system organs, Gall bladder (GB) showed high expression of ACE2 in glandular cells, while any protein expression was undetectable in liver and pancreas. TMPRSS2 was found enhanced in GIT and exocrine glands of pancreas, and co-localized with ACE2 in enterocytes.

ConclusionsBased on the findings of this study and supportive evidence from the literature we propose that a SARS-CoV-2 binding with ACE2 mediates dysregulation of the sodium dependent nutrient transporters and hence may be a plausible basis for the digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients. ACE2 mediated dysregulation of sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1 or SLC5A1) in the intestinal epithelium also links it to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus which can be a possible reason for the associated mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. High expression of ACE2 in mucosal cells of the intestine and GB make these organs potential sites for the virus entry and replication. Continued replication of the virus at these ACE2 enriched sites may be a basis for the disease recurrence reported in some, thought to be cured, patients.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faiq, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pareek, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasoon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulandhasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.040204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relevance of enriched expression of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor ACE2 in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.030874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinically adaptable polymer enables simultaneous spatial analysis of colonic tissues and biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.030874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial influences on host cells depend upon the identities of the microbes, their spatial localization, and the responses they invoke on specific host cell populations. Multi-modal analyses of both microbes and host cells in a spatially-resolved fashion would enable studies into these complex interactions in native tissue environments, potentially in clinical specimens. While techniques to preserve each of the microbial and host cell compartments have been used to examine tissues and microbes separately, we endeavored to develop approaches to simultaneously analyze both compartments. Herein, we established an original method for mucus preservation using Poloxamer 407 (also known as Pluronic F-127), a thermoreversible polymer with mucus-adhesive characteristics. We demonstrate that this approach can preserve spatially-defined compartments of the mucus bi-layer in the colon and the bacterial communities within, compared with their marked absence when tissues were processed with traditional formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pipelines. Additionally, antigens for antibody staining of host cells were preserved and signal intensity for 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was enhanced in Poloxamer-fixed samples. This in turn enabled us to integrate multi-modal analysis using a modified multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) protocol. Importantly, we have formulated Poloxamer 407 to polymerize and crosslink at room temperature for use in clinical workflows. These results suggest that the fixative formulation of Poloxamer 407 can be integrated into biospecimen collection pipelines for simultaneous analysis of microbes and host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macedonia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scurrah, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.030874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinically adaptable polymer enables simultaneous spatial analysis of colonic tissues and biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.041491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic modulation of membrane properties of calyx terminals in the vestibular periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.041491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vestibular nerve afferents are divided into regular and irregular groups based on the variability of interspike intervals in their resting discharge. Most afferents receive inputs from bouton terminals that contact type II hair cells as well as from calyx terminals that cover the basolateral walls of type I hair cells. Calyces have an abundance of different subtypes of KCNQ (Kv7) potassium channels and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and receive cholinergic efferent inputs from neurons in the brainstem. We investigated whether mAChRs affected membrane properties and firing patterns of calyx terminals through modulation of KCNQ channel activity. Patch clamp recordings were performed from calyx terminals in central regions of the cristae of the horizontal and anterior canals in 13 - 18 day old Sprague-Dawley rats. KCNQ mediated currents were observed as voltage sensitive currents with slow kinetics (activation and deactivation), resulting in spike frequency adaptation so that calyces at best fired a single action potential at the beginning of a depolarizing step. Activation of mAChRs by application of oxotremorine methiodide or inhibition of KCNQ channels by linopirdine dihydrochloride decreased voltage activated currents by [~]30%, decreased first spike latencies by [~]40%, decreased spike thresholds by [~]50%, and resulted in continuous firing during depolarizing steps. Interestingly, some of the calyces showed spontaneous discharge in the presence of these drugs. Together, these findings suggest that cholinergic efferents can modulate the response properties and encoding of head movements by afferents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishna, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.041491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic modulation of membrane properties of calyx terminals in the vestibular periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOWARD A CONNECTIVITY GRADIENT-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REPRODUCIBLE BIOMARKER DISCOVERY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDespite myriad demonstrations of feasibility, the high dimensionality of fMRI data remains a critical barrier to its utility for reproducible biomarker discovery. Recent studies applying dimensionality reduction techniques to resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) have unveiled neurocognitively meaningful connectivity gradients that are present in both human and primate brains, and appear to differ meaningfully among individuals and clinical populations. Here, we provide a critical assessment of the suitability of connectivity gradients for biomarker discovery. Using the Human Connectome Project (discovery subsample=209; two replication subsamples= 209x2) and the Midnight scan club (n=9), we tested the following key biomarker traits - reliability, reproducibility and predictive validity - of functional gradients. In doing so, we systematically assessed the effects of three analytical settings, including i) dimensionality reduction algorithms (i.e., linear vs. non-linear methods), ii) input data types (i.e., raw time series, [un-]thresholded functional connectivity), and iii) amount of the data (R-fMRI time-series lengths). We found that the reproducibility of functional gradients across algorithms and subsamples is generally higher for those explaining more variances of whole-brain connectivity data, as well as those having higher reliability. Notably, among different analytical settings, a linear dimensionality reduction (principal component analysis in our study), more conservatively thresholded functional connectivity (e.g., 95-97%) and longer time-series data (at least [&ge;]20mins) was found to be preferential conditions to obtain higher reliability. Those gradients with higher reliability were able to predict unseen phenotypic scores with a higher accuracy, highlighting reliability as a critical prerequisite for validity. Importantly, prediction accuracy with connectivity gradients exceeded that observed with more traditional edge-based connectivity measures, suggesting the added value of a low-dimensional gradient approach. Finally, the present work highlights the importance and benefits of systematically exploring the parameter space for new imaging methods before widespread deployment.

HO_SCPLOWIGHLIGHTSC_SCPLOW- There is a growing need to identify benchmark parameters in advancing functional connectivity gradients into a reliable biomarker.
- Here, we explored multidimensional parameter space in calculating functional gradients to improve their reproducibility, reliability and predictive validity.
- We demonstrated that more reproducible and reliable gradient markers tend to have higher predictive power for unseen phenotypic scores across various cognitive domains.
- We showed that the low-dimensional connectivity gradient approach could outperform raw edge-based analyses in terms of predicting phenotypic scores.
- We highlight the necessity of optimizing parameters for new imaging methods before their widespread deployment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOWARD A CONNECTIVITY GRADIENT-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REPRODUCIBLE BIOMARKER DISCOVERY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of Rectal Swabs for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistant Organisms on the Illumina Miseq and Oxford MinION Platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health threat where efficient surveillance is needed to prevent outbreaks. Existing methods for detection of gastrointestinal colonization of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are limited to specific organisms or resistance mechanisms. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a more rapid and agnostic diagnostic approach for microbiome and resistome investigations. We determined if mNGS can detect MDRO from rectal swabs in concordance with standard microbiology results.

MethodsWe performed and compared mNGS performance on short-read Illumina MiSeq (N=10) and long-read Nanopore MinION (N=4) platforms directly from peri-rectal swabs to detect vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms (CRO).

ResultsWe detected E. faecium (N=8) and E. faecalis (N=2) with associated van genes (9/10) in concordance with VRE culture-based results. We studied the microbiome and identified CRO organisms, P. aeruginosa (N=1), E. cloacae (N=1), and KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (N=1). Nanopore real-time detection detected the blaKPC gene in 2.5 minutes and provided genetic context (blaKPC harbored on pKPC_Kp46 IncF plasmid). Illumina sequencing provided accurate allelic variant determination (i.e., blaKPC-2) and strain typing of the K. pneumoniae (ST-15). Conclusions: We demonstrated an agnostic approach for surveillance of MDRO, examining advantages of both short and long-read mNGS methods for AMR detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitwieser, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opene, B. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamma, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dien Bard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of Rectal Swabs for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistant Organisms on the Illumina Miseq and Oxford MinION Platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Turnover of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins is vital for the maintenance of healthy and functional synapses. SV protein turnover is driven by neuronal activity in an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent manner. Here, we characterize a critical step in this process: axonal transport of ESCRT-0 component Hrs, necessary for sorting proteins into the ESCRT pathway and recruiting downstream ESCRT machinery to catalyze multivesicular body (MVB) formation. We find that neuronal activity stimulates the formation of presynaptic endosomes and MVBs, as well as the motility of Hrs+ vesicles in axons and their delivery to SV pools. Hrs+ vesicles co-transport ESCRT-0 component STAM1 and comprise a subset of Rab5+ vesicles, likely representing pro-degradative early endosomes. Furthermore, we identify kinesin motor protein KIF13A as essential for the activity-dependent transport of Hrs to SV pools and the degradation of SV membrane proteins. Together, these data demonstrate a novel activity- and KIF13A-dependent mechanism for mobilizing axonal transport of ESCRT machinery to facilitate the degradation of SV membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birdsall, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The aggregate effect of implementation strength of family planning programs on modern contraceptive use at the health systems level in rural Malawi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background To explore the association between the strength of implementation of family planning (FP) programs on the use of modern contraceptives. Specifically, how strongly these programs are being implemented across a health facility’s catchment area in Malawi and the odds of a woman in that catchment area is using modern contraceptives. This information can be used to assess whether the combined impact of multiple large-scale FP programs is leading to change in the health outcomes they aim to improve.Methods and findings We used data from the 2017 Implementation Strength Assessment (ISA) that quantified how much of family planning programs at the health facility and community health worker levels were being implemented across every district of Malawi. We used a summary measure developed in a previous study that employs quantitative methods to combine data across FP domains and health system levels. We tested the association of this summary measure for implementation strength with household data from the 2015 Malawi Demographic Health Survey (DHS). We found that areas with stronger implementation of FP programs had higher odds of women using modern contraceptives compared with areas with weaker implementation. The association of ISA with use of modern contraception was different by education, marital status, and geography. After controlling for these factors, we found that the adjusted odds of using a modern contraceptive was three times higher in catchment areas with high implementation strength compared to those with lower strength.Conclusion Metrics that summarize how strongly FP programs are being implemented were used to show a statistically significantly positive relationship between increasing implementation strength and higher rates of modern contraceptive use. Decisionmakers at the various levels of health authority can use this type of summary measure to better understand the combined impact of their diverse FP programming and inform future programmatic and policy decisions. The findings also reinforce the idea that having a well-supported and supplied cadre of community health workers supplementing FP provision at the health facility can be an important health systems mechanism, especially in rural settings and to target youth populations.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pattnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipokosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katengeza, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndawala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.046524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The aggregate effect of implementation strength of family planning programs on modern contraceptive use at the health systems level in rural Malawi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.048926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy with Deep Learning-based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute SIV Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.048926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo characterize corneal subbasal nerve plexus morphologic features using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) in normal and SIV-infected macaques and to implement automated assessments using novel deep learning-based methods customized for macaque studies.

MethodsIn vivo corneal confocal microscopy images were collected from both male and female age-matched specific-pathogen free rhesus and pigtailed macaques housed at the Johns Hopkins University breeding colony using the Heidelberg HRTIII with Rostock Corneal Module. We also obtained repeat IVCM images of 12 SIV-infected animals including pre-infection and 10 day post-SIV infection time-points. All IVCM images were analyzed using a novel deep convolutional neural network architecture developed specifically for macaque studies.

ResultsDeep learning-based segmentation of subbasal nerves in IVCM images from macaques demonstrated that corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) and fractal dimension measurements did not differ between species, but pigtailed macaques had significantly higher baseline corneal nerve fiber tortuosity than rhesus macaques (P = 0.005). Neither sex nor age of macaques was associated with differences in any of the assessed corneal subbasal nerve parameters. In the SIV/macaque model of HIV, acute SIV infection induced significant decreases in both corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension (P= 0.01 and P= 0.008 respectively).

ConclusionsThe combination of IVCM and objective, robust, and rapid deep-learning analysis serves as a powerful noninvasive research and clinical tool to track sensory nerve damage, enabling early detection of neuropathy. Adapting the deep-learning analyses to human corneal nerve assessments will refine our ability to predict and monitor damage to small sensory nerve fibers in a number of clinical settings including HIV, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, diabetes, and chemotherapeutic neurotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCarron, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russakoff, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.048926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy with Deep Learning-based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute SIV Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.051649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural markers of vulnerability to anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.051649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are complex, and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we developed a multidimensional behavioral profiling approach to investigate anxiety-like outcomes in mice that takes into account individual variability. Departing from the tradition of comparing outcomes in TBI versus sham groups, we identified animals within the TBI group that are vulnerable to anxiety dysfunction by applying dimensionality reduction, clustering and post-hoc validation to behavioral data obtained from multiple assays for anxiety at several post-injury timepoints. These vulnerable animals expressed distinct molecular profiles in the corticolimbic network, with downregulation in GABA and glutamate, and upregulation in NPY markers. Indeed, among vulnerable animals, not resilient or sham controls, severity of anxiety outcomes correlated strongly with expression of molecular markers. Our results establish a foundational approach, with predictive power, for reliably identifying maladaptive anxiety outcomes following TBI and uncovering neural signatures of vulnerability to anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popovitz, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adwanikar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.051649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural markers of vulnerability to anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redesigned Reporter Gene for Improved Proton Exchange-based Molecular MRI Contrast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reporter gene imaging allows for non-invasive monitoring of molecular processes in living cells, providing insights on the mechanisms underlying pathology and therapy. A lysine-rich protein (LRP) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI reporter gene has previously been developed and used to image tumor cells, cardiac viral gene transfer, and oncolytic virotherapy. However, the highly repetitive nature of the LRP reporter gene sequence leads to DNA recombination events and the expression of a range of truncated LRP protein fragments, thereby greatly limiting the CEST sensitivity. Here we report the use of a redesigned LRP reporter (rdLRP), aimed to provide excellent stability and CEST sensitivity. The rdLRP contains no DNA repeats or GC rich regions and 30% less positively charged amino-acids. RT-PCR of cell lysates transfected with rdLRP demonstrated a stable reporter gene with a single distinct band corresponding to full-length DNA. A distinct increase in CEST-MRI contrast was obtained in cell lysates of rdLRP transfected cells and in in vivo LRP expressing mouse brain tumors (p=0.0275, n=10).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocca, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakashima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.053157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redesigned Reporter Gene for Improved Proton Exchange-based Molecular MRI Contrast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social Stress Alters Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute SIV Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While social distancing is a key public health response during viral pandemics, social stress, which can be induced by social isolation, has been implicated in adverse health outcomes in general1 and in the context of infectious disease, such as HIV2,3. A comprehensive understanding of the direct pathophysiologic effects of social stress on viral pathogenesis is needed to provide strategic and comprehensive care to patients with viral infection. To determine the effect of social stress on HIV pathogenesis during acute viral infection without sociobehavioral confounders inherent in human cohorts, we compared commonly measured parameters of HIV progression between singly and socially housed SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Singly housed macaques had a higher viral load in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and demonstrated greater CD4 T cell declines and greater CD4 and CD8 T cell activation compared to socially housed macaques throughout acute infection. These data demonstrate that social stress directly impacts the pathogenesis of acute HIV infection and imply that social stress may act as an integral variable in the progression of HIV infection and potentially of other viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Martin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcgee, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.054130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social Stress Alters Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute SIV Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia-targeted dendrimer-2PMPA therapy robustly inhibits GCPII and improves cognition in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Roughly half of all individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive impairment, but there are no approved treatments that target this aspect of the disease. Recent studies link reduced brain N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) levels to impaired cognition in various neurological diseases, including MS. NAAG levels are regulated by glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), which hydrolyzes the neuropeptide to N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and glutamate. Although several GCPII inhibitors, such as 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), elevate brain NAAG levels and restore cognitive function in preclinical studies when given at high systemic doses or via direct brain injection, no GCPII inhibitors are clinically available due to poor bioavailability and limited brain penetration. Systemic hydroxyl dendrimers (~4 nm) have been successfully used to enhance brain delivery of drugs selectively to activated glia. We recently discovered that GCPII is highly upregulated in activated microglia after brain injury. To determine if dendrimer conjugation could enhance the brain delivery of GCPII inhibitors, specifically in the context of MS, we attached 2-PMPA to hydroxyl polyamidoamicne (PAMAM) dendrimers (D-2PMPA) using a highly efficient click chemistry approach. Targeted uptake of D-2PMPA into activated glia was subsequently confirmed in glial cultures where it showed robust anti-inflammatory activity, including an elevation in TGF{beta} and a reduction in TNF. Given these positive effects, D-2PMPA (20mg/kg) or vehicle dendrimer were dosed twice weekly to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-immunized mice starting at disease onset (therapeutic paradigm). D-2PMPA significantly improved cognition in EAE as assessed by Barnes maze performance, even though physical severity was not impacted. Glial target engagement was confirmed, as CD11b+ enriched cells isolated from hippocampi in D-2PMPA-treated mice exhibited almost complete loss of GCPII activity. These data demonstrate the utility of hydroxyl dendrimers to enhance brain penetration and support the development of D-2PMPA to treat cognitive impairment in MS.

FundingThis work was funded by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG-1507-05403 to BSS), the National Institute of Health NINDS (R01NS093416 to SK, RM and BSS), and Ashvattha Therapeutics. We would also like to acknowledge support for the statistical analysis from the National Center for Research Resources and NIH NCATS (1UL1TR001079).

HighlightsO_LIThe GCPII inhibitor 2-PMPA was conjugated to hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimers (D-2PMPA)
C_LIO_LID-2PMPA targeted activated glia in culture and displayed anti-inflammatory activity
C_LIO_LIWhen dosed systemically to EAE mice, D-2PMPA inhibited CD11b+ cell GCPII activity
C_LIO_LIWhen dosed systemically to EAE mice, D-2PMPA improved cognitive function
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollinger, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia-targeted dendrimer-2PMPA therapy robustly inhibits GCPII and improves cognition in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering highly multivalent sperm-binding IgG antibodies for potent non-hormonal female contraception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many women risk unintended pregnancy due to dissatisfaction with available hormonal contraceptive methods. This led us to pursue topical sperm-binding monoclonal antibodies as a strategy for safe, non-hormonal contraception. Motivated by the greater agglutination potencies of polymeric immunoglobulins such as IgM and the exceptional bioprocessing ease in manufacturing IgG, we engineered IgGs possessing 6-10 Fabs against a unique surface antigen universally present on human sperm. These highly multivalent IgGs (HM-IgGs) are at least 10- to 16-fold more potent and faster than the parent IgG at agglutinating sperm, while preserving Fc-mediated trapping of individual spermatozoa in mucus. The increased potencies translate to effective (>99.9%) reduction of progressively motile sperm in the sheep vagina using 33 micrograms of the 10 Fab HM-IgG. HM-IgGs produce at comparable yields and possess identical thermal stability to the parent IgG, with greater homogeneity. HM-IgGs represent not only promising biologics for non-hormonal contraception but also a promising platform for generating potent agglutinating mAb for diverse medical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omsted, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moench, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering highly multivalent sperm-binding IgG antibodies for potent non-hormonal female contraception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.047100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus mediate diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.047100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar vermis, long associated with axial motor control, has been implicated in a surprising range of neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive and affective functions. Remarkably little is known, however, about the specific cell types and neural circuits responsible for these diverse functions. Here, using single-cell gene expression profiling and anatomical circuit analyses of vermis output neurons in the mouse fastigial (medial cerebellar) nucleus, we identify five major classes of glutamatergic projection neurons distinguished by gene expression, morphology, distribution, and input-output connectivity. Each fastigial cell type is connected with a specific set of Purkinje cells and inferior olive neurons and in turn innervates a distinct collection of downstream targets. Transsynaptic tracing indicates extensive disynaptic links with cognitive, affective, and motor forebrain circuits. These results indicate that diverse cerebellar vermis functions are mediated by modular synaptic connections of distinct fastigial cell types which differentially coordinate posturomotor, oromotor, positional-autonomic, orienting, and vigilance circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Lac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.047100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus mediate diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.056333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fussing about fission: defining variety among mainstream and exotic apicomplexan cell division modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.056333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular reproduction defines life, yet our textbook-level understanding of cell division is limited to a small number of model organisms centered around humans. The horizon on cell division variants is expanded here by advancing insights on the fascinating cell division modes found in the Apicomplexa, a key group of protozoan parasites. The Apicomplexa display remarkable variation in offspring number, whether karyokinesis follows each S/M-phase or not, and whether daughter cells bud in the cytoplasm or bud from the cortex. We find that the terminology used to describe the various manifestations of asexual apicomplexan cell division emphasizes either the number of offspring or site of budding, which are not directly comparable features and has led to confusion in the literature. Division modes have been primarily studied in two human pathogenic Apicomplexa, malaria-causing Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, a major cause of opportunistic infections. Plasmodium spp. divide asexually by schizogony, producing multiple daughters per division round through a cortical budding process, though at several life-cycle nuclear amplifications are not followed by karyokinesis. T. gondii divides by endodyogeny producing two internally budding daughters per division round. Here we add to this diversity in replication mechanisms by considering the cattle parasite Babesia bigemina and the pig parasite Cystoisospora suis. B. bigemina produces two daughters per division round by a  binary fission mechanism whereas C. suis produces daughters through both endodyogeny and multiple internal budding known as endopolygeny. In addition, we provide new data from the causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), Sarcocystis neurona, which also undergoes endopolygeny but differs from C. suis by maintaining a single multiploid nucleus. Overall, we operationally define two principally different division modes: internal budding found in cyst-forming Coccidia (comprising endodyogeny and two forms of endopolygeny) and external budding found in the other parasites studied (comprising the two forms of schizogony, binary fission and multiple fission). Progressive insights into the principles defining the molecular and cellular requirements for internal versus external budding, as well as variations encountered in sexual stages are discussed. The evolutionary pressures and mechanisms underlying apicomplexan cell division diversification carries relevance across Eukaryota.

Contribution to the FieldMechanisms of cell division vary dramatically across the Tree of Life, but the mechanistic basis has only been mapped for several model organisms. Here we present cell division strategies across Apicomplexa, a group of obligate intracellular parasites with significant impact on humans and domesticated animals. Asexual apicomplexan cell division is organized around assembly of daughter buds, but division forms differ in the cellular site of budding, number of offspring per division round, whether each S-phase follows karyokinesis and if mitotic rounds progress synchronously. This varies not just between parasites, but also between different life-cycle stages of a given species. We discuss the historical context of terminology describing division modes, which has led to confusion on how different modes relate to each other. Innovations in cell culture and genetics together with light microscopy advances have opened up cell biological studies that can shed light on this puzzle. We present new data for three division modes barely studied before. Together with existing data, we show how division modes are organized along phylogenetic lines and differentiate along external and internal budding mechanisms. We also discuss new insights into how the variations in division mode are regulated at the molecular level, and possess unique cell biological requirements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gubbels, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keroack, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangoudoubiyam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worliczek, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauwens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsworth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duraisingh, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.056333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fussing about fission: defining variety among mainstream and exotic apicomplexan cell division modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.056077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-independent EGFR oligomers do not rely on the active state asymmetric kinase dimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.056077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) that forms active oligomers in response to ligand. Much evidence indicates that EGFR/ERBB1 forms oligomers in the absence of ligand, but the structure and physiological role of these ligand-independent dimers remain unclear. We use fluorescence microscopy to measure the oligomer stability and FRET efficiency for homo- and hetero-oligomers of fluorescent-protein labeled forms of EGFR and its paralog, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) in vesicles derived from native cell membranes. Both receptors form ligand-independent oligomers at physiological plasma membrane concentrations. Mutations introduced in the EGFR kinase region at a key interface within the active state dimer alter the FRET efficiency within ligand-independent EGFR oligomers but do not affect their stability. These results indicate that ligand-independent EGFR oligomers do not require this interface and that the inactive state ensemble is distinct from the EGFR active state ensemble.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.056077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-independent EGFR oligomers do not rely on the active state asymmetric kinase dimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.058594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-infiltrating nerves create an electro-physiologically active microenvironment and contribute to treatment resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.058594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with densely innervated tumors do poorly as compared to those with sparsely innervated disease. Why some tumors heavily recruit nerves while others do not, remains unknown as does the functional contribution of tumor-infiltrating nerves to cancer. Moreover, while patients receive chemotherapeutic treatment, whether these drugs affect nerve recruitment has not been tested. Using a murine model of ovarian cancer, we show that tumor-infiltrating sensory nerves potentiate tumor growth, decrease survival, and contribute to treatment resistance. Furthermore, matched patient samples show significantly increased tumor innervation following chemotherapy. In vitro analysis of tumor-released extracellular vesicles (sEVs) shows they harbor neurite outgrowth activity. These data suggest that chemotherapy may alter sEV cargo, endowing it with robust nerve recruiting capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucido, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckelberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichwald, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godwin, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.058594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-infiltrating nerves create an electro-physiologically active microenvironment and contribute to treatment resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Representations of Tumor Diversity with Paired DNA-RNA Anomalies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells display massive dysregulation of key regulatory pathways due to now well-catalogued mutations and other DNA-related aberrations. Moreover, enormous heterogeneity has been commonly observed in the identity, frequency and location of these aberrations across individuals with the same cancer type or subtype, and this variation naturally propagates to the transcriptome, resulting in myriad types of dysregulated gene expression programs. Many have argued that a more integrative and quantitative analysis of heterogeneity of DNA and RNA molecular profiles may be necessary for designing more systematic explorations of alternative therapies and improving predictive accuracy.

We introduce a representation of multi-omics profiles which is sufficiently rich to account for observed heterogeneity and support the construction of quantitative, integrated, metrics of variation. Starting from the network of interactions existing in Reactome, we build a library of "paired DNA-RNA aberrations" that represent prototypical and recurrent patterns of dysregulation in cancer; each two-gene "Source-Target Pair" (STP) consists of a "source" regulatory gene and a "target" gene whose expression is plausibly "controlled" by the source gene. The STP is then "aberrant" in a joint DNA-RNA profile if the source gene is DNA-aberrant (e.g., mutated, deleted, or duplicated), and the downstream target gene is "RNA-aberrant", meaning its expression level is outside the normal, baseline range. With M STPs, each sample profile has exactly one of the 2M possible configurations.

We concentrate on subsets of STPs, and the corresponding reduced configurations, by selecting tissue-dependent minimal coverings, defined as the smallest family of STPs with the property that every sample in the considered population displays at least one aberrant STP within that family. These minimal coverings can be computed with integer programming. Given such a covering, a natural measure of cross-sample diversity is the extent to which the particular aberrant STPs composing a covering vary from sample to sample; this variability is captured by the entropy of the distribution over configurations.

We apply this program to data from TCGA for six distinct tumor types (breast, prostate, lung, colon, liver, and kidney cancer). This enables an efficient simplification of the complex landscape observed in cancer populations, resulting in the identification of novel signatures of molecular alterations which are not detected with frequency-based criteria. Estimates of cancer heterogeneity across tumor phenotypes reveals a stable pattern: entropy increases with disease severity. This framework is then well-suited to accommodate the expanding complexity of cancer genomes and epigenomes emerging from large consortia projects.

Author SummaryA large variety of genomic and transcriptomic aberrations are observed in cancer cells, and their identity, location, and frequency can be highly indicative of the particular subtype or molecular phenotype, and thereby inform treatment options. However, elucidating this association between sets of aberrations and subtypes of cancer is severely impeded by considerable diversity in the set of aberrations across samples from the same population. Most attempts at analyzing tumor heterogeneity have dealt with either the genome or transcriptome in isolation. Here we present a novel, multi-omics approach for quantifying heterogeneity by determining a small set of paired DNA-RNA aberrations that incorporates potential downstream effects on gene expression. We apply integer programming to identify a small set of paired aberrations such that at least one among them is present in every sample of a given cancer population. The resulting "coverings" are analyzed for six cancer cohorts from the Cancer Genome Atlas, and facilitate introducing an information-theoretic measure of heterogeneity. Our results identify many known facets of tumorigenesis as well as suggest potential novel genes and interactions of interest.

Data Availability StatementRNA-Seq data, somatic mutation data and copy number data for The Cancer Genome Atlas were obtained through the Xena Cancer Genome Browser database (https://xenabrowser.net) from individual cancer type cohorts. Computational functionality for the optimization procedure is provided at https://github.com/wikum/lpcover and the code for the analysis in the manuscript is provided at https://github.com/wikum/CoveringAnalysis. Processed data in the form of TAB delimited files, and selected tissue-level coverings (in excel format) are provided as additional supplementary material and are also available from the Marchionni laboratory website (http://marchionnilab.org/signatures.html)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ke, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Representations of Tumor Diversity with Paired DNA-RNA Anomalies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Rif1 in telomere length regulation is separable from its role in origin firing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To examine the established link between DNA replication and telomere length, we tested whether firing of telomeric origins would cause telomere lengthening. We found that RIF1 mutants that block Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding activated telomeric origins but did not elongate telomeres. In a second approach, we found overexpression of {Delta}N-Dbf4 and Cdc7 increased DDK activity and activated telomeric origins, yet telomere length was unchanged. We tested a third mechanism to activate origins using the sld3-A mcm5-bob1 mutant that deregulates the pre-replication complex, and again saw no change in telomere length. Finally, we tested whether mutations in RIF1 that cause telomere elongation would affect origin firing. We found that neither rif1-{Delta}1322 nor rif1HOOK affected firing of telomeric origins. We conclude that telomeric origin firing does not cause telomere elongation, and the role of Rif1 in regulating origin firing is separable from its role in regulating telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shubin, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Rif1 in telomere length regulation is separable from its role in origin firing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant BCG overexpressing a STING agonist elicits trained immunity and improved antitumor efficacy in non-muscle invasive bladder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to irregularities in the Source Data supporting some figures. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant BCG overexpressing a STING agonist elicits trained immunity and improved antitumor efficacy in non-muscle invasive bladder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Ultrasound: Ultrasound-guided Ablation in Neuro-oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionTo improve patient outcomes (eg, reducing blood loss and infection), practitioners have gravitated toward noninvasive and minimally invasive surgeries (MIS), which demand specialized toolkits. Focused ultrasound, for example, facilitates thermal ablation from a distance, thereby reducing injury to surrounding tissue. Focused ultrasound can often be performed noninvasively; however, it is more difficult to carry out in neuro-oncological tumors, as ultrasound is dramatically attenuated while propagating through the skull. This shortcoming has prompted exploration of MIS options for intracranial placement of focused ultrasound probes, such as within the BrainPath (NICO Corporation, Indianapolis, IN). Herein, we present the design, development, and in vitro testing of an image-guided, focused ultrasound prototype designed for use in MIS procedures. This probe can ablate neuro-oncological lesions despite its small size.

Materials & MethodsPreliminary prototypes were iteratively designed, built, and tested. The final prototype consisted of three 8-mm-diameter therapeutic elements guided by an imaging probe. Probe functionality was validated on a series of tissue-mimicking phantoms.

ResultsLesions were created in tissue-mimicking phantoms with average dimensions of 2.5x1.2x6.5mm and 3.4x3.25x9.36mm after 10- and 30-second sonification, respectively. 30s sonification with 118W power at 50% duty cycle generated a peak temperature of 68{degrees}C. Each ablation was visualized in real time by the built-in imaging probe.

ConclusionWe developed and validated an ultrasound-guided focused ultrasound probe for use in MIS procedures. The dimensional constraints of the prototype were designed to reflect those of BrainPath trocars, which are MIS tools used to create atraumatic access to deep-seated brain pathologies.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAn ultrasound-guided, focused ultrasound prototype was developed and validated
C_LIO_LIThe therapeutic transducer (1.5MHz) consisted of three 8-mm circular elements
C_LIO_LIElements were placed on a 9x32mm curved rectangular aperture: 45mm radius curvature
C_LIO_LIFunctionality was examined on tissue-mimicking phantoms
C_LIO_LI2.5x1.2x6.5mm and 3.4x3.25x9.36mm lesions were seen for 10 and 30s sonification
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belzberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restaino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodore, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manbachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Ultrasound: Ultrasound-guided Ablation in Neuro-oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial control over near-critical-point operation ensures fidelity of ParABS-mediated bacterial genome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, most low-copy-number plasmid and chromosomally encoded partition systems belong to the tripartite ParABS partition machinery. Despite the importance in genetic inheritance, the mechanisms of ParABS-mediated genome partition are not well understood. Combining theory and experiment, we provided evidences that the ParABS system - partitioning via the ParA gradient-based Brownian ratcheting - operates near a critical point in vivo. This near-critical-point operation adapts the segregation distance of replicated plasmids to the half-length of the elongating nucleoid, ensuring both cell halves to inherit one copy of the plasmids. Further, we demonstrated that the plasmid localizes the cytoplasmic ParA to buffer the partition fidelity against the large cell-to-cell fluctuations in ParA level. Thus, the spatial control over the near-critical-point operation not only ensures both sensitive adaption and robust execution of partitioning, but sheds light on the fundamental question in cell biology: How do cells faithfully measure cellular-scale distance by only using molecular-scale interactions?
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouet, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial control over near-critical-point operation ensures fidelity of ParABS-mediated bacterial genome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of essential genes and fluconazole resistance genes in Candida glabrata by profiling of Hermes transposon insertions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within the budding yeasts, the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and other members of the Nakaseomyces clade have developed virulence traits independently from the CTG clade that includes Candida albicans. To begin exploring the genetic basis of C. glabrata virulence and its innate resistance to antifungals, we launched the Hermes transposon from a plasmid and obtained more than 500,000 different semi-random insertions throughout the genome. Using machine learning, we identify up to 1278 protein-encoding genes (25% of total) that cannot tolerate transposon insertions and are thus essential for C. glabrata fitness in vitro. Interestingly, genes involved in mRNA splicing were less likely to be essential in C. glabrata than their orthologs in S. cerevisiae, whereas the opposite is true for genes involved in kinetochore function and chromosome segregation. Insertions in several known genes (e.g. PDR1, CDR1, PDR16, PDR17, UPC2A, DAP1) caused hypersensitivity to the first-line antifungal fluconazole, and we identify 12 additional genes that also contribute to innate fluconazole resistance (KGD1, KGD2, YHR045W, etc). Insertions in 200 other genes conferred significant resistance to fluconazole, two-thirds of which function in mitochondria and likely down-regulate Pdr1 expression or function. These findings show the utility of transposon insertion profiling in genome-wide forward-genetic investigations of fungal pathogens.

IMPORTANCEPathogenic yeasts cause mucosal and systemic infections in millions of people each year. The innate resistance of Candida glabrata to fluconazole and its ability to acquire resistance to 2 other antifungals are contributing to its rise in incidence. Our understanding of C. glabrata biology has been hampered by inefficient genetic and genomic tools. This study addresses those deficiencies by developing powerful transposon mutagenesis strategies for the first time in this pathogen. We identify nearly all essential genes of C. glabrata that could be targeted for development of new antifungals. We generate large pools of random insertion mutants that can be easily monitored en masse with deep sequencing, thus enabling identification of genes involved in any number of biological processes. We identify dozens of new genes that increase or decrease innate resistance of clinical isolate BG2 to fluconazole and provide resources for further exploration of C. glabrata genetics and genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhawala, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of essential genes and fluconazole resistance genes in Candida glabrata by profiling of Hermes transposon insertions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo mutation in ancestral generations evolves haplotypes contributing to disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe variome of the Turkish (TK) population, a population with a considerable history of admixture and consanguinity, has not been deeply investigated deeply for its potential impact on the genomic architecture of disease traits.

MethodsWe generated and analyzed a database of variants derived from exome sequencing (ES) data of 773 TK unrelated, clinically affected individuals with various suspected Mendelian disease traits, and 643 unaffected relatives.

ResultsUsing uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), we showed that the TK genomes are more similar to those of Europeans and consist of two main subpopulations: clusters 1 and 2 (N=235 and 1,181) that differ in admixture proportion and variome (https://turkishvariomedb.shinyapps.io/tvdb/). Furthermore, the higher inbreeding coefficient (F) values observed in the TK affected compared to unaffected individuals correlated with a larger median span of long-sized (>2.64 Mb) runs of homozygosity (ROH) regions (p-value=2.09e-18). We show that long-sized ROHs are more likely to be formed on recently configured haplotypes enriched for rare homozygous deleterious variants in the TK-affected compared to TK-unaffected individuals (p-value= 3.35e-11). Analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations reveals that genes with rare homozygous deleterious variants in long-sized ROHs provide the most comprehensive set of molecular diagnoses for the observed disease traits with a systematic quantitative analysis of HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology) terms.

ConclusionOur findings support the notion that novel rare variants on newly configured haplotypes arising within the recent past generations of a family or clan contribute significantly to recessive disease traits in the TK population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coban Akdemir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehlivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhangiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>muzny, d. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylor Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, C. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo mutation in ancestral generations evolves haplotypes contributing to disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Field-deployable molecular diagnostic platform for arbovirus and Wolbachia detection in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurveillance of mosquito infection status is critical for planning and deployment of proper mosquito control initiatives. Concurrently, Wolbachia is being widely used as a control method for arboviral transmission. Point-of-care (POC) detection assays are necessary for monitoring the infection prevalence and geographic range of viruses as well as Wolbachia in mosquito vector populations. We therefore assessed the novel qPCR bCUBE molecular diagnostic system as a tool for virus and Wolbachia detection.

ResultsWe developed a reliable, specific, and sensitive diagnostic assay for detecting Zika virus and dengue virus serotype 2 using the real-time qPCR platform bCUBE. With bCUBE-based qRT-PCR, both Wolbachia bacterium and virus RNA could be reliably detected in individually infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and in pools of 5, 10, or 15 mosquitoes.

ConclusionsThe portable qPCR bCUBE diagnostic platform is capable of detecting Zika and dengue virus as well as Wolbachia in mosquitoes and therefore has potential as a practical field-deployable diagnostic test for vector-borne disease surveillance programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Field-deployable molecular diagnostic platform for arbovirus and Wolbachia detection in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.066415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SecA motor generates mechanical force during protein translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.066415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sec translocon moves proteins across lipid bilayers in all cells. The Sec channel enables passage of unfolded proteins through the bacterial plasma membrane, driven by the cytosolic ATPase SecA. Whether SecA generates mechanical force to overcome barriers to translocation posed by structured substrate proteins is unknown. Monitoring translocation of a folded substrate protein with tunable stability at high time resolution allowed us to kinetically dissect Secdependent translocation. We find that substrate unfolding constitutes the rate-limiting step during translocation. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy, we have also defined the response of the protein to mechanical force. Relating the kinetic and force measurements revealed that SecA generates at least 10 piconewtons of mechanical force to actively unfold translocating proteins, comparable to cellular unfoldases. Combining biochemical and single-molecule measurements has thus allowed us to define how the SecA motor ensures efficient and robust export of proteins that contain stable structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toptygin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.066415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SecA motor generates mechanical force during protein translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modern Machine Learning: Partition & Vote 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present modern machine learning, focusing on the state-of-the-art classification methods of decision forests and deep networks, as partition and vote schemes. This illustrative presentation allows for both a unified basic understanding of how these methods work from the perspective of classical statistical pattern recognition as well as useful basic insight into their relationship with each other ... and potentially with brain functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modern Machine Learning: Partition & Vote]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis runs counter to the directional folding pathway of a nascent protein domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Folding of individual domains in large proteins during translation helps to avoid otherwise prevalent inter-domain misfolding. How folding intermediates observed in vitro for the majority of proteins relate to co-translational folding remains unclear. Combining in vivo and single-molecule experiments, we followed the co-translational folding of the G-domain, encompassing the first 293 amino acids of elongation factor G. Surprisingly, the domain remains unfolded until it is fully synthesized, without collapsing into molten globule-like states or forming stable intermediates. Upon fully emerging from the ribosome, the G-domain transitions to its stable native structure via folding intermediates. Our results suggest a strictly sequential folding pathway initiating from the C-terminus. Folding and synthesis thus proceed in opposite directions. The folding mechanism is likely imposed by the final structure and might have evolved to ensure efficient, timely folding of a highly abundant and essential protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis runs counter to the directional folding pathway of a nascent protein domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fractional re-distribution among cell motility states during ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ageing in humans is associated with a decreased capacity to regulate cell physiology. Cellular properties, such as cell morphology and cell mechanics, encode ageing information and as a result can be used as robust ageing biomarkers. Using a panel of dermal fibroblasts derived from healthy donors spanning a wide age range, we observe an age-related reduction in average cell motility, which we show is not due to the decreased motility of all cells, but results from fractional re-distribution among motility states. By taking advantage of the single-cell nature of our motility data, we show that cells can be classified based on spatial and activity patterns that define age-dependent motility states. These findings highlight an important feature of ageing cells shown by the decrease in the heterogeneity of cell movement in older adults, that potentially offer new mechanistic insights into the ageing process and avenues for novel biomarker development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamponi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fractional re-distribution among cell motility states during ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging Tools from Autonomous Navigation for Rapid, Robust Neuron Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As biological imaging datasets continue to grow in size, extracting information from large image volumes presents a computationally intensive challenge. State-of-the-art algorithms are almost entirely dominated by the use of convolutional neural network approaches that may be diffcult to run at scale given schedule, cost, and resource limitations. We demonstrate a novel solution for high-resolution electron microscopy brain image volumes that permits the identification of individual neurons and synapses. Instead of conventional approaches whereby voxels are labelled according to the neuron or neuron segment to which they belong, we instead focus on extracting the underlying brain graph represented by synaptic connections between individual neurons while also identifying key features like skeleton similarity and path length. This graph represents a critical step and scaffold for understanding the structure of neuronal circuitry. Our approach recasts the segmentation problem to one of path-finding between keypoints (i.e., connectivity) in an information sharing framework using virtual agents. We create a family of sensors which follow local decision-making rules that perform computationally cheap operations on potential fields to perform tasks such as avoiding cell membranes and finding synapses. These enable a swarm of virtual agents to effciently and robustly traverse three-dimensional datasets, create a sparse segmentation of pathways, and capture connectivity information. We achieve results that meet or exceed state-of-the-art performance at a substantially lower computational cost. This tool offers a categorically different approach to connectome estimation that can augment how we extract connectivity information at scale. Our method is generalizable and may be extended to biomedical imaging problems such as tracing the bronchial trees in lungs or road networks in natural images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drenkow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleissas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.070755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging Tools from Autonomous Navigation for Rapid, Robust Neuron Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People tend to interpret political information in a manner that confirms their prior beliefs, a cognitive bias that contributes to rising political polarization. In this study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with semantic content analyses to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the biased processing of real-world political content. We scanned American participants with conservative-leaning or liberal-leaning immigration attitudes while they watched news clips, campaign ads, and public speeches related to immigration policy. We searched for evidence of "neural polarization": activity in the brain that diverges between people who hold liberal versus conservative political attitudes. Neural polarization was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), a brain region associated with the interpretation of narrative content. Neural polarization in the DMPFC intensified during moments in the videos that included risk-related and moral-emotional language, highlighting content features most likely to drive divergent interpretations between conservatives and liberals. Finally, participants whose DMPFC activity closely matched that of the average conservative or the average liberal participant were more likely to change their attitudes in the direction of that groups position. Our work introduces a novel multi-method approach to study the neural basis of political cognition in naturalistic settings. Using this approach, we characterize how political attitudes biased information processing in the brain, the language most likely to drive polarized neural responses, and the consequences of biased processing for attitude change. Together, these results shed light on the psychological and neural underpinnings of how identical information is interpreted differently by conservatives and liberals.

Significance StatementPartisan biases in processing political information contribute to rising divisions in society. How do such biases arise in the brain? We measured the neural activity of participants watching videos related to immigration policy. Despite watching the same videos, conservative and liberal participants exhibited divergent neural responses. This "neural polarization" between groups occurred in a brain area associated with the interpretation of narrative content, and intensified in response to language associated with risk, emotion, and morality. Furthermore, polarized neural responses predicted attitude change in response to the videos. These findings suggest that biased processing in the brain drives divergent interpretations of political information and subsequent attitude polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Release sites are positioned to activate NMDA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter is released synchronously and asynchronously following an action potential. The release sites of these two phases are segregated within an active zone, with asynchronous release sites enriched near the center. Here we demonstrate that synchronous and asynchronous release sites are aligned with AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor clusters, respectively. Computational simulations indicate that this spatial and temporal arrangement of release ensures maximal membrane depolarization through AMPA receptors, alleviating the pore-blocking magnesium leading to greater activation of NMDA receptors. Together, these results suggest that release sites are organized to efficiently activate NMDA receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Release sites are positioned to activate NMDA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased investigatory head scanning during exploration in learning-impaired, aged rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Head scanning" is an investigatory behavior that has been linked to spatial exploration and the one-trial formation or strengthening of place cells in the hippocampus. Previous studies have demonstrated that a subset of aged rats with normal spatial learning performance show head scanning rates during a novel, local-global cue-mismatch manipulation that are similar to those of young rats. However, these aged rats demonstrated different patterns of expression of neural activity markers in brain regions associated with spatial learning, perhaps suggesting neural mechanisms that compensate for age-related brain changes. These prior studies did not investigate the head scanning properties of aged rats that had spatial learning impairments. The present study analyzed head scanning behavior in young, aged-unimpaired, and aged-impaired Long Evans rats. Aged-impaired rats performed the head scan behavior at a lower rate than the young rats. These results suggest that decreased attention to spatial landmarks may be a contributing factor to the spatial learning deficits shown by the aged-impaired rats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased investigatory head scanning during exploration in learning-impaired, aged rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis cultivar ME034V 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Setaria viridis (green foxtail) is an important model system for improving cereal crops due to its diploid genome, ease of cultivation, and use of C4 photosynthesis. The S. viridis cultivar ME034V is exceptionally transformable, but the lack of a sequenced genome for this cultivar has limited its utility. We present a 397 Mb highly contiguous de novo assembly of ME034V using ultra-long nanopore sequencing technology (read N50=41kb). We estimate that this genome is largely complete based on our updated k-mer based genome size estimate of 401 Mb for S. viridis. Genome annotation identified 37,908 protein-coding genes and >300k repetitive elements comprising 46% of the genome. We compared the ME034V assembly with two other previously sequenced Setaria genomes as well as to a diversity panel of 235 S. viridis cultivars. We found the genome assemblies to be largely syntenic, but numerous unique polymorphic structural variants were discovered. Several ME034V deletions may be associated with recent retrotransposition of copia and gypsy LTR repeat families, as evidenced by their low genotype frequencies in the sampled population. Lastly, we performed a phylogenomic analysis to identify gene families that have expanded in Setaria, including those involved in specialized metabolism and plant defense response. The high continuity of the ME034V genome assembly validates the utility of ultra-long DNA sequencing to improve genetic resources for emerging model organisms. Structural variation present in Setaria illustrates the importance of obtaining the proper genome reference for genetic experiments. Thus, we anticipate that the ME034V genome will be of significant utility for the Setaria research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendelton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Player, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.073684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis cultivar ME034V]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiethnic catalog of structural variants and their translational impact for disease phenotypes across 19,652 genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome sequencing at population scale provides unprecedented access to the genetic foundations of human phenotypic diversity, but genotype-phenotype association analyses limited to small variants have failed to comprehensively characterize the genetic architecture of human health and disease because they ignore structural variants (SVs) known to contribute to phenotypic variation and pathogenic conditions1-3. Here we demonstrate the significance of SVs when assessing genotype-phenotype associations and the importance of ethnic diversity in study design by analyzing SVs across 19,652 individuals and the translational impact on 4,156 aptamerbased proteomic measurements across 4,021 multi-ethnic samples. The majority of 304,533 SVs detected are rare, although we identified 2,336 protein-coding genes impacted by common SVs.

We identified 64 significant SV-protein associations that comprise 36 cis- and 28 trans-acting relationships, and 21 distinct SV regions overlapped with genome-wide association study loci. These findings represent a more comprehensive mapping of regulatory and translational endophenotypes underlying health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansfield, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BCM HGSC Sequencing Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>doddapaneni, h. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>muzny, d. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.074096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiethnic catalog of structural variants and their translational impact for disease phenotypes across 19,652 genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the high propensity of RNAs to non-specifically bind drug-like small molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying small molecules that selectively bind a single RNA target while discriminating against all other cellular RNAs is an important challenge in RNA-targeted drug discovery. Much effort has been directed toward identifying drug-like small molecules that minimize electrostatic and stacking interactions that lead to non-specific binding of aminoglycosides and intercalators to a variety of RNAs. Many such compounds have been reported to bind RNAs and inhibit their cellular activities, however the ability of such compounds to discriminate against RNA stem-loops commonly found in the transcriptome has not been thoroughly assessed in all cases. Here, we examined the propensities of three drug-like compounds, previously shown to bind and inhibit the cellular activity of three distinct RNAs, to non-specifically bind two HIV-1 stem-loop RNAs: the transactivation response element (TAR) and stem IIB in the rev response element (RREIIB). All three compounds bound to TAR and RREIIB in vitro, and two inhibited TAR-dependent transactivation and RRE-dependent viral export in cell-based assays while also exhibiting substantial off-target interactions consistent with non-specific cellular activity. A survey of X-ray and NMR structures of RNA-small molecule complexes revealed that drug-like molecules form hydrogen bonds with functional groups commonly accessible in canonical stem-loop RNA motifs, much like aminoglycosides, and in contrast to ligands that specifically bind riboswitches. Our results support extending the group of non-selective RNA-binders beyond aminoglycosides and intercalators to encompass drug-like compounds with capacity for non-specific hydrogen-bonding and reinforce the importance of assaying for off-target interactions and RNA selectivity in vitro and in cells when assessing novel RNA-binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogerd, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.074336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the high propensity of RNAs to non-specifically bind drug-like small molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Notch Ligand Jagged1 is Required for the Formation, Maintenance, and Survival of Hensen Cells in the Mouse Cochlea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cochlear development, the Notch ligand JAGGED 1 (JAG1) plays an important role in the specification of the prosensory region, which gives rise to sound-sensing hair cells and neighboring supporting cells (SCs). While JAG1s expression is maintained in SCs through adulthood, the function of JAG1 in SC development is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that JAG1 is essential for the formation and maintenance of Hensen cells (HeCs), a highly specialized SC-subtype located at the edge of the auditory epithelium. Deletion of Jag1 at the onset of differentiation, at stage E14.5, disrupted HeC formation. Similar loss of HeCs was observed when Jag1 was deleted at P0/P1 and fate-mapping analysis revealed that in the absence of Jag1 some HeCs die, but others convert into neighboring Claudius cells. In support of a role for JAG1 in cell survival, genes involved in mitochondrial function and protein synthesis were downregulated in P0 cochlea lacking Jag1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chrysostomou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darcy, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Notch Ligand Jagged1 is Required for the Formation, Maintenance, and Survival of Hensen Cells in the Mouse Cochlea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LARGE SOURCE OF PRIMARY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS TIGHTLY ADHERED TO BONE SURFACES OF HUMAN VERTEBRAL BODY MARROW CAVITIES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic allogeneic mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are currently in clinical trials for evaluating their effectiveness in treating many different disease indications. Eventual commercialization for broad distribution will require further improvements in manufacturing processes to economically manufacture MSC at sufficient scales required to satisfy projected demands. A key contributor to the present high cost of goods (COG) for MSC manufacturing is the need to create master cell banks (MCBs) from multiple donors, which leads to variability in large-scale manufacturing runs. Therefore, the availability of large single donor depots of primary MSC would greatly benefit the cell therapy market by reducing costs associated with manufacturing.

We have discovered that an abundant population of cells possessing all the hallmarks of MSC is tightly associated with the vertebral body (VB) bone matrix and are only liberated by proteolytic digestion. Here we demonstrate that these vertebral bone-adherent (vBA) MSC possess all the International Society of Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT)-defined characteristics (e.g., plastic adherence, surface marker expression, and trilineage differentiation) of MSC and, therefore, have termed them vBA-MSC, to distinguish this population from loosely associated MSC recovered through aspiration or rinsing of the bone marrow (BM) compartment.

Pilot banking and expansion was performed with vBA-MSC obtained from 3 deceased donors and it was demonstrated that bank sizes averaging 2.9x108 {+/-} 1.35x108 vBA-MSC at passage one were obtainable from only 5 g of digested VB bone fragments. Each bank of cells demonstrated robust proliferation through a total of 9 passages without significant reduction in population doubling times. The theoretical total cell yield from the entire amount of bone fragments (approximately 300g) from each donor with limited expansion through 4 passages is 100 trillion (1x1014) vBA-MSC, equating to over 105 doses at 10x106 cells/kg for an average 70 kg recipient. Thus, we have established a novel and plentiful source of MSC which will benefit the cell therapy market by overcoming manufacturing and regulatory inefficiencies due to donor-to-donor variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirumala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFontaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandacher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, e. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LARGE SOURCE OF PRIMARY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS TIGHTLY ADHERED TO BONE SURFACES OF HUMAN VERTEBRAL BODY MARROW CAVITIES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UPREGULATION OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 BY ASTROCYTES IN THE SIV/MACAQUE MODEL OF HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGIC DISEASE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Development of HAND is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain; therefore, upregulation of antioxidant defenses is critical to curtail neuronal damage. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme essential for maintaining cellular viability. We hypothesized that SOD2 was upregulated during retroviral infection. Using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of HIV, quantitative PCR showed elevated SOD2 mRNA in cortical gray (GM, 7.6-fold for SIV vs. uninfected) and white matter (WM, 77-fold for SIV vs. uninfected) during SIV infection. Further, SOD2 immunostaining was enhanced in GM and WM from SIV-infected animals. Double immunofluorescence labeling illustrated that SOD2 primarily co-localized with astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in SIV-infected animals. Interestingly, in ART-treated SIV-infected animals, brain SOD2 RNA levels were similar to uninfected animals. Additionally, using principal component analysis in a transcriptomic approach, SOD2 and GFAP expression separated SIV-infected from uninfected brain tissue. Projection of these data into a HIV dataset revealed similar expression changes, thereby validating the clinical relevance. Together, our findings suggest that novel SOD2-enhancing therapies may delay the onset or reduce severity of HAND seen in ART-treated HIV-infected patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.078691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UPREGULATION OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 BY ASTROCYTES IN THE SIV/MACAQUE MODEL OF HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGIC DISEASE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel platform to accelerate antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Neisseria gonorrhoeae using RNA signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens can be attributed to the lack of a rapid pathogen identification (ID) or antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), resulting in delayed therapeutic decisions at the point of care. Gonorrhea is usually empirically treated with no AST results available before treatment, thus contributing to the rapid rise in drug resistance. Herein we present a rapid AST platform using RNA signatures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). RNA-seq followed by bioinformatic tools were applied to explore potential markers in the transcriptome profile of NG upon minutes of azithromycin exposure. Validation of candidate markers using PCR showed that two markers (arsR (NGO1562) and rpsO) can deliver accurate AST results across 14 tested isolates. Further validation of our cutoff in comparison to MIC across 64 more isolates confirmed the reliability of our platform. Our RNA markers combined with emerging molecular point-of-care systems has the potential to greatly accelerate both ID and AST to inform treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M.Hashemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram-Mohan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessner, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.078808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel platform to accelerate antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Neisseria gonorrhoeae using RNA signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic immune dysfunction in cancer patients driven by IL6 and IL8 induction of an inhibitory receptor module in peripheral CD8+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cancer patients do not develop a durable response to the current standard of care immunotherapies despite substantial advances in targeting immune inhibitory receptors1-5. A potential compounding issue, which may serve as an unappreciated, dominant resistance mechanism, is an inherent systemic immune dysfunction that is often associated with advanced cancer6-12. Minimal response to inhibitory receptor (IR) blockade therapy and increased disease burden have been associated with peripheral CD8+ T cell dysfunction, characterized by suboptimal T cell proliferation and chronic expression of IRs (eg. Programmed Death 1 [PD1] and Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 [LAG3])13, 14. Here, we demonstrate that up to a third of cancer patients express robust intracellular LAG3 (LAG3IC), but not surface LAG3 (LAG3SUR), in peripheral CD8+ T cells compared to CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). LAG3IC is associated with: (i) expression of a LAG3IC-dominant IR module that includes PD1IC, NRP1IC, CD39IC, and TIGITIC; (ii) decreased CD8+ but not CD4+ T cell function that can be reversed by anti-LAG3 (and/or anti-PD1), despite limited constitutive surface IR expression; and (iii) poor disease prognosis. Systemic immune dysfunction is restricted to CD8+ T cells, including a high percentage of peripheral naive CD8+ T cells, indicating a TCR-independent mechanism that is driven by the cytokine IL6 and the chemokine IL8. Thus, the combination of an increased LAG3-dominant IR module and elevated systemic IL6 and/or IL8 may serve as predictive biomarkers and increase the possibility that cancer patients will benefit from therapeutic combinations targeting these systemic cytokines in the setting of PD1 and/or LAG3 blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cillo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampenfeld, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasundaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normolle, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic immune dysfunction in cancer patients driven by IL6 and IL8 induction of an inhibitory receptor module in peripheral CD8+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Concatenating fMRI Data on Reliability for Functional Connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compelling evidence suggests the need for more data per individual to reliably map the functional organization of the human connectome. As the notion that  more data is better emerges as a golden rule for functional connectomics, researchers find themselves grappling with the challenges of how to obtain the desired amounts of data per participant in a practical manner, particularly for retrospective data aggregation. Increasingly, the aggregation of data across all fMRI scans available for an individual is being viewed as a solution, regardless of scan condition (e.g., rest, task, movie). A number of open questions exist regarding the aggregation process and the impact of different decisions on the reliability of resultant aggregate data. We leveraged the availability of highly sampled test-retest datasets to systematically examine the impact of data aggregation strategies on the reliability of cortical functional connectomics. Specifically, we compared functional connectivity estimates derived after concatenating from: 1) multiple scans under the same state, 2) multiple scans under different states (i.e. hybrid or general functional connectivity), and 3) subsets of one long scan. We also varied connectivity processing (i.e. global signal regression, ICA-FIX, and task regression) and estimation procedures. When the total number of time points is equal, and the scan state held constant, concatenating multiple shorter scans had a clear advantage over a single long scan. However, this was not necessarily true when concatenating across different fMRI states (i.e. task conditions), where the reliability from the aggregate data varied across states. Concatenating fewer numbers of states that are more reliable tends to yield higher reliability. Our findings provide an overview of multiple dependencies of data concatenation that should be considered to optimize reliability in analysis of functional connectivity data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korchmaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Concatenating fMRI Data on Reliability for Functional Connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication critically impacts strategies for COVID-19 diagnosis, transmission mitigation, and treatment. We determined the cellular location of the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor protein, ACE2, in the human upper airway, finding striking enrichment (200-700 folds) in the olfactory neuroepithelium relative to nasal respiratory or tracheal epithelial cells. This cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 may underlie its high transmissibility and association with olfactory dysfunction, while suggesting a viral reservoir potentially amenable to intranasal therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi play essential roles in global ecology and economy, but their thermal biology is widely unknown. Mushrooms were previously noticed to be colder than surrounding air via evaporative cooling or evapotranspiration. Here we applied infrared imaging to reveal that not just mushrooms, but also molds and yeasts maintain colder temperatures than their surroundings via evapotranspiration. On average, fungal specimens are ~2.5 {degrees}C colder than the surrounding temperature. The relatively cold temperature of mushrooms can be observed throughout the whole fruiting process and at the level of mycelium. The mushrooms hymenium appeared the coldest and different areas of the Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom appear to dissipate heat differently. Evapotranspiration in yeast and mold biofilms can be measured from the accumulation of condensed water droplets above biofilms; which is significantly higher than the surrounding agar. We also present a mushroom-based air-cooling system (MycoCooler) capable of passively reducing the temperature of a closed compartment by approximately 10 {degrees}C in 25 minutes. These findings suggest that the fungal kingdom is characteristically cold. Since fungi make up ~2% of Earth biomass, their evapotranspiration may contribute to planetary temperatures in local environments. This study present new research avenues in fungal biology, biomedicine, microclimate, and sustainable energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.085969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose Conjunctival signs and symptoms are observed in a subset of patients with COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in tears, raising concerns regarding the eye both as a portal of entry and carrier of the virus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ocular surface cells possess the key factors required for cellular susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 entry/infection.Methods We analyzed human post-mortem eyes as well as surgical specimens for the expression of ACE2 (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2) and TMPRSS2, a cell surface-associated protease that facilitates viral entry following binding of the viral spike protein to ACE2.Results Across all eye specimens, immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea, with especially prominent staining in the superficial conjunctival and corneal epithelial surface. Surgical conjunctival specimens also showed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctival epithelium, especially prominent in the superficial epithelium, as well as the substantia propria. All eye and conjunctival specimens also expressed TMPRSS2. Finally, western blot analysis of protein lysates from human corneal epithelium obtained during refractive surgery confirmed expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.Conclusions Together, these results indicate that ocular surface cells including conjunctiva are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, and could therefore serve as a portal of entry as well as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission of this virus. This highlights the importance of safety practices including face masks and ocular contact precautions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castiglione, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soiberman, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duh, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.086165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Maturation of Multilineage Human Liver Organoids via Genetically Guided Engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived organoids are emerging as novel human-based microphysiological models but display immature phenotypes with limited subsets of endothelial or stromal cells. Here we demonstrate that in vitro manipulation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in PSC-derived liver organoids selected either through computational analysis or targeted tissue design can advance tissue maturation in vitro. Through an unbiased comparison with the genetic signature of mature livers, we identify downregulated GRNs in fetal liver organoids compared to adult livers. We demonstrate that overexpression of PROX1 and ATF5, together with targeted CRISPR-based transcriptional activation of endogenous CYP3A4, drives maturation in vitro. Single cell analyses reveal hepatobiliary-, endothelial-, and stellate-like cell populations. The engineered organoids demonstrate enhanced vasculogenesis, capture native liver characteristics (e.g. FXR signaling, CYP3A4 activity), and exhibit therapeutic potential in mice. Collectively, our approach provides a genetically guided framework for engineering developmentally advanced multilineage tissues from hiPSCs.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIIn vitro tissue maturation via genetically encoded molecular programs
C_LIO_LIComputational analysis to identify maturation transcription factors in liver organoids
C_LIO_LIPromoting vascularization of organoids via genetically encoded molecular programs
C_LIO_LISingle cell analysis of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells
C_LIO_LIModeling of native liver functions and in vivo therapeutic potential
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=168 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/087445v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGraw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilbourne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hislop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cats, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuva de Sousa Lopes, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaisier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Maturation of Multilineage Human Liver Organoids via Genetically Guided Engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protease Activity Profiling Via Programmable Phage Display 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endopeptidases catalyze the internal cleavage of proteins, playing pivotal roles in protein turnover, substrate maturation and the activation of signaling cascades. A broad range of biological functions in health and disease are controlled by proteases, yet assays to characterize their activities at proteomic scale do not yet exist. To address this unmet need, we have developed SEPARATE (Sensing EndoPeptidase Activity via Release and recapture using flAnking Tag Epitopes), which uses monovalent phage display of the entire human proteome at 90-aa peptide resolution. We demonstrate that SEPARATE is compatible with several human proteases from distinct catalytic classes, including Caspase-1, ADAM17, and Thrombin. Both well-characterized and newly identified substrates of these enzymes were detected in the assay. SEPARATE was used to discover a non-canonical Caspase-1 substrate, the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1, a key mediator of apoptotic cell death. SEPARATE is a novel methodology to enable efficient, unbiased assessment of endopeptidase activity using a phage-displayed proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roman-Melendez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protease Activity Profiling Via Programmable Phage Display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Computational Biology Study using Artificial Intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Origin of the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) has been intensely debated in the scientific community since the first infected cases were detected in December 2019. The disease has caused a global pandemic, leading to deaths of thousands of people across the world and thus finding origin of this novel coronavirus is important in responding and controlling the pandemic. Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the hosts for SARS-CoV-2 based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences. This paper investigates the SARS-CoV-2 origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus. More than 300 genome sequences of COVID-19 infected cases collected from different countries are explored and analysed using unsupervised clustering methods. The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined SARS-CoV-2 genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes. This provides evidence strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for SARS-CoV-2. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelrazek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Computational Biology Study using Artificial Intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolution of subcomponents of synaptic release from post-synaptic currents in rat hair-cell/auditory-nerve fiber dendrites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synapse between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fiber dendrites shows large EPSCs, which are either monophasic or multiphasic. Multiquantal or uniquantal flickering release have been proposed to underlie the unusual multiphasic waveforms. Here the nature of multiphasic waveforms is analyzed using EPSCs recorded in vitro in rat afferent dendrites. Spontaneous EPSCs were deconvolved into a sum of presumed release events with monophasic EPSC waveforms. Results include: first, the charge of EPSCs is about the same for multiphasic versus monophasic EPSCs. Second, EPSC amplitudes decline with the number of release events per EPSC. Third, there is no evidence of a mini-EPSC. Most results can be accounted for by versions of either uniquantal or multiquantal release. However, serial neurotransmitter release in multiphasic EPSCs shows properties that are not fully explained by either model, especially that the amplitudes of individual release events is established at the beginning of a multiphasic EPSC, constraining possible models of vesicle release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.070920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolution of subcomponents of synaptic release from post-synaptic currents in rat hair-cell/auditory-nerve fiber dendrites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.091694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventive efficacy of a tenofovir alafenamide fumarate nanofluidic implant in SHIV-challenged nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.091694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral oral drugs is effective at preventing HIV transmission when individuals adhere to the dosing regimen. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a potent antiretroviral drug, with numerous long-acting (LA) delivery systems under development to improve PrEP adherence. However, none has undergone preventive efficacy assessment. Here we show that LA TAF using a novel subcutaneous nanofluidic implant (nTAF) confers partial protection from HIV transmission. We demonstrate that sustained subcutaneous delivery through nTAF in rhesus macaques maintained tenofovir diphosphate concentration at a median of 390.00 fmol/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 9 times above clinically protective levels. In a non-blinded, placebo-controlled rhesus macaque study with repeated low-dose rectal SHIVSF162P3 challenge, the nTAF cohort had a 62.50% reduction (95% CI: 1.72% to 85.69%; p=0.068) in risk of infection per exposure compared to the control. Our finding mirrors that of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy, where 60.00% protective efficacy was observed in macaques, and clinically, 67.00% reduction in risk with 86.00% preventive efficacy in individuals with detectable drug in the plasma. Overall, our nanofluidic technology shows potential as a subcutaneous delivery platform for long-term PrEP and provides insights for clinical implementation of LA TAF for HIV prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pons-Faudoa, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sizovs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, C. Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimata, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehete, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arduino, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grattoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.091694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventive efficacy of a tenofovir alafenamide fumarate nanofluidic implant in SHIV-challenged nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a transcriptome-based drug discovery paradigm for neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in genetic discoveries have created substantial opportunities for precision medicine in neurodevelopmental disorders. Many of the genes implicated in these diseases encode proteins that regulate gene expression, such as chromatin associated proteins, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins. The identification of targeted therapeutics for individuals carrying mutations in these genes remains a challenge, as the encoded proteins can theoretically regulate thousands of downstream targets in a considerable number of cell types. Here, we propose the application of a drug discovery approach called "transcriptome reversal" for these disorders. This approach, originally developed for cancer, attempts to identify compounds that reverse gene-expression signatures associated with disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a transcriptome-based drug discovery paradigm for neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new paradigm for Prelamin A proteolytic processing by ZMPSTE24: the upstream SY^LL cleavage occurs first and there is no CaaX processing by ZMPSTE24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human ZMPSTE24, an integral membrane zinc metalloprotease, is required for conversion of prelamin A to mature lamin A, a component of the nuclear lamina and failure of this processing causes premature ageing disorders. ZMPSTE24 has also been implicated in both type 2 diabetes mellitus and in viral-host response mechanisms, but to date its only confirmed substrate is the precursor for lamin A. Prelamin A is thought to undergo four C-terminal post-translational modifications in the following order: farnesylation, SIM tripeptide cleavage, carboxymethylation and upstream "SY^LL" cleavage. Here we present evidence that the sequence of events does not follow the accepted dogma. We assessed cleavage of long human prelamin A sequence peptides by purified human ZMPSTE24 combined with FRET and mass spectrometry to detect products. Surprisingly, we found that the "SY^LL" cleavage occurs before and independent of the C-terminal CSIM modifications. We also found that ZMPSTE24 does not perform the predicted C^SIM tripeptide cleavage, but rather it removes an IM dipeptide. ZMPSTE24 can perform a tripeptide cleavage with a canonical CaaX box (C: cysteine; a: aliphatic; X: any residue), but the C-terminus of prelamin A is not a true CaaX sequence. Regardless of the C-terminal modifications of prelamin A, ZMPSTE24 can perform upstream SY^LL cleavage, thus removing the unwanted farnesylated C-terminus. Therefore, it is failure of SY^LL cleavage, not the C-terminal processing that is the likely cause of progeroid disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babatz, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess-Brown, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, A. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new paradigm for Prelamin A proteolytic processing by ZMPSTE24: the upstream SY^LL cleavage occurs first and there is no CaaX processing by ZMPSTE24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rapid, point of care red blood cell agglutination assay for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world to a halt, with cases observed around the globe causing significant mortality. There is an urgent need for serological tests to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which could be used to assess the prevalence of infection, as well as ascertain individuals who may be protected from future infection. Current serological tests developed for SARS-CoV-2 rely on traditional technologies such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral flow assays, which may lack scalability to meet the demand of hundreds of millions of antibody tests in the coming year. Herein, we present an alternative method of antibody testing that just depends on one protein reagent being added to patient serum/plasma or whole blood and a short five-minute assay time. A novel fusion protein was designed that binds red blood cells (RBC) via a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against the H antigen and displays the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the surface of RBCs. Upon mixing of the fusion protein, RBD-scFv with recovered COVID-19 patient serum and RBCs, we observed agglutination of RBCs, indicating the patient developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Given that the test uses methods routinely used in hospital clinical labs across the world, we anticipate the test can be rapidly deployed with only the protein reagent required at projected manufacturing cost at U.S. cents per test. We anticipate our agglutination assay may find extensive use in low-resource settings for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Competing Interest StatementR.L.K. is an inventor on a provisional patent application related to the work described in the manuscript. All other authors have no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kruse, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smetana, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amukele, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rapid, point of care red blood cell agglutination assay for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chemical-genetics and Nanoparticle Enabled Approach for in vivo Protein Kinase Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human kinome contains >500 protein kinases, and regulates up to 30% of the proteome. Kinase study is currently hindered by a lack of in vivo analysis approaches due to two factors: our inability to distinguish the kinase reaction of interest from those of other kinases in live cells and the cell impermeability of the ATP analogs. Herein, we tackled this issue by combining the widely used chemical genetic method developed by Dr. Kevan Shokat and colleagues with nanoparticle-mediated intracellular delivery of the ATP analog. The critical AKT1 protein kinase, which has been successfully studied with the method, was used as our initial prototype. Briefly, enlargement of the ATP binding pocket, by mutating the gate-keeper Methionine residue to a Glycine, prompted the mutant AKT1 to preferentially use the bulky ATP analog N6-Benzyl-ATP-{gamma}-S (A*TP{gamma}S) and, thus, differentiating AKT1-catalyzed and other phosphorylation events. The lipid/calcium/phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle was used for efficient intracellular delivery of A*TP{gamma}S, overcoming the cell impermeability issue. The mutant, but not wild-type, AKT1 used the delivered A*TP{gamma}S for autophosphorylation and phosphorylating its substrates in live cells. Thus, an in vivo protein kinase analysis method has been developed. The strategy should be widely applicable to other protein kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chemical-genetics and Nanoparticle Enabled Approach for in vivo Protein Kinase Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression changes in immune and epigenetic gene pathways associated with nutritional metabolites in maternal blood from pregnancies resulting in autism and atypical neurodevelopment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prenatal period is a critical window to study factors involved in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Environmental factors, especially in utero nutrition, can interact with genetic risk for ASD, but how specific prenatal nutrients in mothers of children later diagnosed with ASD or non-typical development (Non-TD) associate with gestational gene expression is poorly understood. Maternal blood collected prospectively during pregnancy provides a new opportunity to gain insights into nutrition, particularly one-carbon metabolites, on gene pathways and neurodevelopment.

MethodsGenome-wide transcriptomes were measured using microarrays in 300 maternal blood samples from all three trimesters in the Markers of Autism Risk in Babies - Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) study. Sixteen different one-carbon metabolites, including folic acid, betaine, 5-methyltretrahydrofolate (5-MeTHF), and dimethylglycine (DMG) were measured. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were used to compare gene expression between children later diagnosed as typical development (TD), Non-TD and ASD, and to nutrient metabolites.

ResultsUsing differential gene expression analysis, six transcripts associated with four genes (TGR-AS1, SQSTM1, HLA-C and RFESD) showed genome-wide significance (FDR q < 0.05) with child outcomes. Genes nominally differentially expressed compared to TD specifically in ASD, but not Non-TD, significantly overlapped with seven high confidence ASD genes. 218 transcripts in common to ASD and Non-TD differential expression compared to TD were significantly enriched for functions in immune response to interferon-gamma, apoptosis, and metal ion transport. WGCNA identified co-expressed gene modules significantly correlated with 5-MeTHF, folic acid, DMG, and betaine. A module enriched in DNA methylation functions showed a protective association with folic acid/5-MeTHF concentrations and ASD risk. Independent of child outcome, maternal plasma betaine and DMG concentrations associated with a block of co-expressed genes enriched for adaptive immune, histone modification, and RNA processing functions.

LimitationsBlood contains a heterogeneous mixture of cell types, and many WGCNA modules correlated with cell type and/or nutrient concentrations, but not child outcome. Gestational age correlated with some co-expressed gene modules in addition to nutrients.

ConclusionsThese results support the premise that the prenatal maternal blood transcriptome is a sensitive indicator of gestational nutrition and childrens later neurodevelopmental outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordaunt, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin-Johnson, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malysheva, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression changes in immune and epigenetic gene pathways associated with nutritional metabolites in maternal blood from pregnancies resulting in autism and atypical neurodevelopment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION AMPLITUDE IN CA1 PYRAMIDAL CELLS OF AGED LONG-EVANS RATS CHARACTERIZED FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered neural excitability is considered a prominent contributing factor to cognitive decline during aging. A clear example is the excess neural activity observed in several temporal lobe structures of cognitively impaired older individuals in rodents and humans. At a cellular level, aging-related changes in mechanisms regulating intrinsic excitability have been well examined in pyramidal cells of the CA1 hippocampal subfield. Studies in the inbred Fisher 344 rat strain document an age-related increase in the slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that normally occurs after a burst of action potentials, and serves to reduce subsequent firing. We evaluated the status of the AHP in the outbred Long-Evans rat, a well-established model for studing individual differences in neurocognitive aging. In contrast to the findings reported in the Fisher 344 rats, in the Long-Evan rats we detected a selective reduction in AHP in cognitively impaired aged individuals. We discuss plausible scenarios to account for these differences and also discuss possible implications of these differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION AMPLITUDE IN CA1 PYRAMIDAL CELLS OF AGED LONG-EVANS RATS CHARACTERIZED FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
intern: Integrated Toolkit for Extensible and Reproducible Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As neuroscience datasets continue to grow in size, the complexity of data analyses can require a detailed understanding and implementation of systems computer science for storage, access, processing, and sharing. Currently, several general data standards (e.g., Zarr, HDF5, precompute, tensorstore) and purpose-built ecosystems (e.g., BossDB, CloudVolume, DVID, and Knossos) exist. Each of these systems has advantages and limitations and is most appropriate for different use cases. Using datasets that dont fit into RAM in this heterogeneous environment is challenging, and significant barriers exist to leverage underlying research investments. In this manuscript, we outline our perspective for how to approach this challenge through the use of community provided, standardized interfaces that unify various computational backends and abstract computer science challenges from the scientist. We introduce desirable design patterns and our reference implementation called intern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[intern: Integrated Toolkit for Extensible and Reproducible Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.099028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guiding and interpreting brain network classification with transcriptional data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.099028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The investigation of brain networks has yielded many insights that have helped to characterise many neurological and psychiatric disorders. In particular, network classification of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is an important tool for the identification of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of brain connectivity disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. However, existing generic network classification methods provide no direct information on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the selected functional connectivity features when applied to fMRI data. To address this, we propose a novel fMRI network classification method that incor-porates brain transcriptional data using a user-specified gene set collection (GSC) to construct feature groups for use in classification of brain connectivity data. The use of GSCs are an opportunity to incorporate knowledge of potential molecular mechanisms which may be associated with a disease. The inclusion of transcriptional data yields improved prediction accuracy on publicly available schizophrenia fMRI data for several of the GSCs we consider. We also introduce a post-hoc interpretation framework to provide transcriptional-data-guided biological interpretations for discriminative functional connectivity features identified by existing fMRI network classification methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freytag, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.099028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guiding and interpreting brain network classification with transcriptional data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenine Nucleotide Translocase regulates the airway epithelium, mitochondrial metabolism and ciliary function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway hydration and ciliary function are critical to airway homeostasis and dysregulated in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). COPD is the 4th leading cause of death in the US and is impacted by cigarette smoking with no therapeutic options. We utilized a genetic selection approach in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a comparative discovery tool in lung biology to identify genetic protectors from cigarette smoke (CS). Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), a mitochondrial ADP/ATP transporter, was protective against CS in Dictyostelium and human bronchial epithelial cells. ANT2 gene expression is reduced in lung tissue from COPD patients and in a mouse smoking model. ANT1 and ANT2 overexpression resulted in enhanced oxidative respiration and ATP flux. In addition to ANTs presence in the mitochondria, ANT1 and ANT2 reside at the plasma membrane in airway epithelial cells and this localization plays a role in how ANTs regulate airway homeostasis. ANT2 overexpression stimulates airway surface liquid hydration by ATP and maintains ciliary beating after CS exposure, which are key functions of the airway. Our study highlights the potential of ANT modulation in protecting from dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism, airway hydration, and ciliary motility in COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kliment, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltreider, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radder, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciurba, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenine Nucleotide Translocase regulates the airway epithelium, mitochondrial metabolism and ciliary function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population coding in the cerebellum and its implications for learning from error 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum resembles a feedforward, three-layer network of neurons in which the "hidden layer" consists of Purkinje cells (P-cells), and the output layer consists of deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) neurons. However, unlike an artificial network, P-cells are grouped into small populations that converge onto single DCN neurons. Why are the P-cells organized in this way, and what is the membership criterion of each population? To consider these questions, in this review I apply elementary mathematics from machine learning and assume that the output of each DCN neuron is a prediction that is compared to the actual observation, resulting in an error signal that originates in the inferior olive. This signal is sent to P-cells via climbing fibers that produce complex spikes. The same error signal from the olive must also guide learning in the DCN neurons, yet the olivary projections to the DCN are weak, particularly in adulthood. However, P-cells that form a population exhibit a special property: they can synchronize their complex spikes, which in turn suppresses activity of the DCN neuron that produced the erroneous output. Viewed in the framework of machine learning, it appears that the olive organizes the P-cells into populations so that through complex spike synchrony each population can act as a surrogate teacher for the DCN neuron it projects to. This error-dependent grouping of P-cells into populations gives rise to a number of remarkable features of behavior, including multiple timescales of learning, protection from erasure, and spontaneous recovery of memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population coding in the cerebellum and its implications for learning from error]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.101592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network reconstruction for trans acting genetic loci using multi-omics data and prior information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.101592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMolecular multi-omics data provide an in-depth view on biological systems, and their integration is crucial to gain insights in complex regulatory processes. These data can be used to explain disease related genetic variants by linking them to intermediate molecular traits (quantitative trait loci, QTL). Molecular networks regulating cellular processes leave footprints in QTL results as so-called trans -QTL hotspots. Reconstructing these networks is a complex endeavor and use of biological prior information has been proposed to alleviate network inference. However, previous efforts were limited in the types of priors used or have only been applied to model systems. In this study, we reconstruct the regulatory networks underlying trans -QTL hotspots using human cohort data and data-driven prior information.

ResultsWe devised a strategy to integrate QTL with human population scale multi-omics data and comprehensively curated prior information from large-scale biological databases. State-of-the art network inference methods applied to these data and priors were used to recover the regulatory networks underlying trans -QTL hotspots. We benchmarked inference methods and showed, that Bayesian strategies using biologically-informed priors outperform methods without prior data in simulated data and show better replication across datasets. Application of our approach to human cohort data highlighted two novel regulatory networks related to schizophrenia and lean body mass for which we generated novel functional hypotheses.

ConclusionWe demonstrate, that existing biological knowledge can be leveraged for the integrative analysis of networks underlying trans associations to deduce novel hypotheses on cell regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Nurasyid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokisch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grallert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.101592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network reconstruction for trans acting genetic loci using multi-omics data and prior information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-dependent local protein synthesis is critical for synapse-specific, persistent plasticity. Abnormalities in local protein synthesis have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. We have recently identified the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme as a novel mediator of protein synthesis at activated synapses. Additionally, mice lacking translin/trax exhibit some of the behavioral abnormalities found in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Therefore, identifying signaling pathways interacting with translin/trax to support persistent synaptic plasticity is a translationally relevant goal. Here, as a first step to achieve this goal, we have assessed the requirement of translin/trax for multiple hippocampal synaptic plasticity paradigms that rely on distinct molecular mechanisms. We found that mice lacking translin/trax exhibited selective impairment in a form of persistent hippocampal plasticity, which requires postsynaptic PKA activity. In contrast, enduring forms of plasticity that are dependent on presynaptic PKA were unaffected. Furthermore, these mice did not display exaggerated metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term synaptic depression, a hallmark of the mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that translin/trax mediates long-term synaptic plasticity that is dependent on postsynaptic PKA signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A redesigned TetR-aptamer system to control gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most powerful approaches to understanding gene function involves turning genes on and off at will and measuring the impact at the cellular or organismal level. This particularly applies to the cohort of essential genes where traditional gene knockouts are inviable. In Plasmodium falciparum, conditional control of gene expression has been achieved by using multi-component systems in which individual modules interact with each other to regulate DNA recombination, transcription or posttranscriptional processes. The recently devised TetR-DOZI aptamer system relies on the ligand-regulatable interaction of a protein module with synthetic RNA aptamers to control the translation of a target gene. This technique has been successfully employed to study essential genes in P. falciparum and involves the insertion of several aptamer copies into their 3 untranslated regions (UTRs) which provide control over mRNA fate. However, aptamer repeats are prone to recombination and one or more copies can be lost from the system, resulting in a loss of control over target gene expression. We rectified this issue by redesigning the aptamer array to minimize recombination while preserving the control elements. As proof of concept, we compared the original and modified arrays for their ability to knock down the levels of a putative essential apicoplast protein (PF3D7_0815700) and demonstrated that the modified array is highly stable and efficient. This redesign will enhance the utility of a tool that is quickly becoming a favored strategy for genetic studies in P. falciparum.

ImportanceMalaria elimination efforts have been repeatedly hindered by the evolution and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The absence of a commercially available vaccine emphasizes the need for a better understanding of Plasmodium biology in order to further translational research. This has been partly facilitated by targeted gene deletion strategies for the functional analysis of parasite genes. However, genes that are essential for parasite replication in erythrocytes are refractory to such methods, and require conditional knockdown or knockout approaches to dissect their function. One such approach is the TetR-DOZI system that employs multiple synthetic aptamers in the untranslated regions of target genes to control their expression in a tetracycline-dependent manner. Maintaining modified parasites with intact aptamer copies has been challenging since these repeats are frequently lost by recombination. By interspacing the aptamers with unique sequences, we created a stable genetic system that remains effective at controlling target gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A redesigned TetR-aptamer system to control gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.087379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Fli1 as a transcriptional safeguard that restrains effector CD8 T cell differentiation during infection and cancer 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.087379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improving effector activity of antigen specific T cells is a major goal in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the identification of several effector T cell (TEFF)-driving transcription factors (TF), the transcriptional coordination of TEFF biology remains poorly understood. We developed an in vivo T cell CRISPR screening platform and identified a novel mechanism restraining TEFF biology through the ETS family TF, Fli1. Genetic deletion of Fli1 enhanced TEFF responses without compromising memory or exhaustion precursors. Fli1 restrained TEFF lineage differentiation by binding to cis-regulatory elements of effector-associated genes. Loss of Fli1 increased chromatin accessibility at ETS:RUNX motifs allowing more efficient Runx3-driven TEFF biology. CD8 T cells lacking Fli1 provided substantially better protection against multiple infections and tumors. These data indicate that Fli1 safeguards the developing CD8 T cell transcriptional landscape from excessive ETS:RUNX-driven TEFF cell differentiation. Moreover, genetic deletion of Fli1 improves TEFF differentiation and protective immunity in infections and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngiow, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenplate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurachi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzingha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekshyyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speck, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.087379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Fli1 as a transcriptional safeguard that restrains effector CD8 T cell differentiation during infection and cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.105353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glyphosate Inhibits Melanization and Increases Insect Susceptibility to Infection 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.105353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanin, a black-brown pigment found throughout all kingdoms of life, has diverse biological functions including: UV protection, thermoregulation, oxidant scavenging, arthropod immunity, and microbial virulence. Given melanins broad roles in the biosphere, particularly in insect immune defenses, it is important to understand how exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminants affects melanization. Glyphosate - the most widely used herbicide globally - inhibits melanin production, which could have wide-ranging implications in the health of many organisms, including insects. Here, we demonstrate that glyphosate has deleterious effects on insect health in two evolutionary distant species, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting a broad effect in insects. Glyphosate reduced survival of G. mellonella caterpillars following infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased the size of melanized nodules formed in hemolymph, which normally help eliminate infection. Glyphosate also increased the burden of the malaria- causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum in A. gambiae mosquitoes, altered uninfected mosquito survival, and perturbed the microbial composition of adult mosquito midguts. Our results show that glyphosates mechanism of melanin inhibition involves antioxidant synergy and disruption of the reaction oxidation-reduction balance Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosates environmental accumulation could render insects more susceptible to microbial pathogens due to melanin inhibition, immune impairment, and perturbations in microbiota composition, potentially contributing to declines in insect populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.105353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glyphosate Inhibits Melanization and Increases Insect Susceptibility to Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electro-acupuncture alleviates METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits by restoring astrocyte-derived glutamate uptake in dCA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methamphetamine (METH) is frequently abused drug and produces cognitive deficits. METH could induce hyper-glutamatergic state in the brain, which could partially explain METH-related cognitive deficits, but the synaptic etiology remains incompletely understood. To address this issue, we explored the role of dCA1 tripartite synapses and the potential therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) in the development of METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits in mice. We found that METH withdrawal weakened astrocytic capacity of glutamate (Glu) uptake, but failed to change Glu release from dCA3, which lead to hyper-glutamatergic excitotoxicity at dCA1 tripartite synapses. By restoring the astrocytic capacity of Glu uptake, EA treatments suppressed the hyper-glutamatergic state and normalized the excitability of postsynaptic neuron in dCA1, finally alleviated spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice. These findings indicate that astrocyte at tripartite synapses might be a key target for developing therapeutic interventions against METH-associated cognitive disorders, and EA represent a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for the management of drugs-caused neurotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electro-acupuncture alleviates METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits by restoring astrocyte-derived glutamate uptake in dCA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.106963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks controlling differentiation, survival, and diversification of hypothalamic Lhx6-expressing GABAergic neurons. 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.106963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic neurons of the hypothalamus regulate many innate behaviors, but little is known about the mechanisms that control their development. We previously identified hypothalamic neurons that express the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx6, a master regulator of cortical interneuron development, as sleep-promoting. In contrast to telencephalic interneurons, hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons do not undergo long-distance tangential migration and do not express cortical interneuronal markers such as Pvalb. Here, we show that Lhx6 is necessary for the survival of hypothalamic neurons. Dlx1/2, Nkx2-2, and Nkx2-1 are each required for specification of spatially distinct subsets of hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons, and that Nkx2-2+/Lhx6+ neurons of the zona incerta are responsive to sleep pressure. We further identify multiple neuropeptides that are enriched in spatially segregated subsets of hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons, and that are distinct from those seen in cortical neurons. These findings identify common and divergent molecular mechanisms by which Lhx6 controls the development of GABAergic neurons in the hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindtner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimogori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, J. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.106963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks controlling differentiation, survival, and diversification of hypothalamic Lhx6-expressing GABAergic neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MitoWave: Spatiotemporal analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential fluctuations during ischemia-reperfusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria exhibit non-stationary unstable membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m) when subjected to stress, such as during Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R). Understanding the mechanism of {Delta}{Psi}m instability involves characterizing and quantifying this phenomenon in response to I/R stress in an unbiased and reproducible manner. We designed a simple ImageJ-MATLAB-based workflow called  MitoWave to unravel dynamic mitochondrial {Delta}{Psi}m changes that occur during ischemia and reperfusion. MitoWave employs MATLABs wavelet transform toolbox. In-vitro Ischemia was effected by placing a glass coverslip for 60 minutes on a monolayer of neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes (NMVMs). Removal of the coverslip allowed for reperfusion. {Delta}{Psi}m response to I/R was recorded on a confocal microscope using TMRM as the indicator. As proof-of-principle, we used MitoWave analysis on ten invitro I/R experiments. Visual observations corroborated quantitative MitoWave analysis results in classifying the ten I/R experiments into five outcomes that were observed based on the oscillatory state of {Delta}{Psi}m throughout the reperfusion time period. Statistical analysis of the distribution of oscillating mitochondrial clusters during reperfusion shows significant differences between five different outcomes (p< 0.001). Features such as time-points of {Delta}{Psi}m depolarization during I/R, area of mitochondrial clusters and time-resolved frequency components during reperfusion were determined per cell and per mitochondrial cluster. We found that mitochondria from NMVMs subjected to I/R oscillate in the frequency range of 8.6-45mHz, with a mean of 8.73{+/-}4.35mHz. Oscillating clusters had smaller areas ranging from 49.78{+/-}40.64 m2 while non-oscillating clusters had larger areas 65.97{+/-}42.07m2. A negative correlation between frequency and mitochondrial cluster area was seen. We also observed that late {Delta}{Psi}m loss during ischemia correlated with early {Delta}{Psi}m stabilization after oscillation on reperfusion. Thus, MitoWave analysis provides a way to quantify complex time-resolved mitochondrial behavior. It provides an easy to follow workflow to automate microscopy analysis and allows for unbiased, reproducible quantitation of complex nonstationary cellular phenomena.

Statement of SignificanceUnderstanding mitochondrial instability in Ischemia Reperfusion injury is key to determining efficacy of interventions. The MitoWave analysis is a powerful yet simple tool that enables even beginner MATALAB-Image J users to automate analysis of time-series from microscopy data. While we used it to detect {Delta}{Psi}m changes during I/R, it can be adapted to detect any such spatio-temporal changes. It standardizes the quantitative analysis of complex biological signals, opens the door to in-depth screening of the genes, proteins and mechanisms underlying metabolic recovery after ischemia-reperfusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MitoWave: Spatiotemporal analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential fluctuations during ischemia-reperfusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NTR 2.0: a rationally-engineered prodrug converting enzyme with substantially enhanced efficacy for targeted cell ablation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterologously-expressed bacterial nitroreductase (NTR) enzymes sensitize eukaryotic cells to prodrugs such as metronidazole (MTZ), enabling selective cell ablation paradigms that have expanded studies of cell function and regeneration in vertebrate systems. However, first-generation NTRs require confoundingly toxic prodrug treatments (e.g. 10 mM MTZ) and some cell types have proven resistant. We used rational engineering and cross-species screening to develop a NTR variant, NTR 2.0, which exhibits ~100-fold improvement in MTZ-mediated cell-specific ablation efficacy. Toxicity tests in zebrafish showed no deleterious effects of prolonged MTZ treatments of [&le;]1 mM. NTR 2.0 therefore enables sustained cell loss paradigms and ablation of previously resistant cell types. These properties permit enhanced interrogations of cell function, extended challenges to the regenerative capacities of discrete stem cell niches, and enable modeling of chronic degenerative diseases. Accordingly, we have created a series of bipartite transgenic resources to facilitate dissemination of NTR 2.0 to the research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir-Levi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Burks, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NTR 2.0: a rationally-engineered prodrug converting enzyme with substantially enhanced efficacy for targeted cell ablation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural cytoarchitecture is heterogeneous, varying both across and within brain regions. The consistent identification of regions of interest is one of the most critical aspects in examining neurocircuitry, as these structures serve as the vital landmarks with which to map brain pathways. Access to continuous, three-dimensional volumes that span multiple brain areas not only provides richer context for identifying such landmarks, but also enables a deeper probing of the microstructures within. Here, we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microtomography imaging dataset of a well-known and validated thalamocortical sample, encompassing a range of cortical and subcortical structures. In doing so, we provide the field with access to a micron-scale anatomical imaging dataset ideal for studying heterogeneity of neural structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fezza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vescovi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürsoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymorphic mobile element insertions contribute to gene expression and alternative splicing in human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMobile elements are a major source of human structural variants and some mobile elements can regulate gene expression and alternative splicing. However, the impact of polymorphic mobile element insertions (pMEIs) on gene expression and splicing in diverse human tissues has not been thoroughly studied. The multi-tissue gene expression and whole genome sequencing data generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project provide a great opportunity to systematic determine pMEIs role in gene expression regulation in human tissues.

ResultsUsing the GTEx whole genome sequencing data, we identified 20,545 high-quality pMEIs from 639 individuals. We then identified pMEI-associated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in 48 tissues by joint analysis of variants including pMEIs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertions/deletions. pMEIs were predicted to be the potential causal variant for 3,522 of the 30,147 significant eQTLs, and 3,717 of the 21,529 significant sQTLs. The pMEIs associated eQTLs and sQTLs show high level of tissue-specificity, and the pMEIs were enriched in the proximity of affected genes and in regulatory elements. Using reporter assays, we confirmed that several pMEIs associated with eQTLs and sQTLs can alter gene expression levels and isoform proportions.

ConclusionOverall, our study shows that pMEIs are associated with thousands of gene expression and splicing variations in different tissues, and pMEIs could have a significant role in regulating tissue-specific gene expression/splicing. Detailed mechanisms for pMEIs role in gene regulation in different tissues will be an important direction for future human genomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lords, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steranka, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.111310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymorphic mobile element insertions contribute to gene expression and alternative splicing in human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Human Peripheral Myelin Fully from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Immune-mediated Neuropathy In Vitro using ZIKA Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation of in vitro model of human peripheral myelin development and associated disease from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has been a challenge so far. In addition, the underlying mechanism for ZIKA virus (ZIKV) infection incurred Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) remains unexplored due to the lack of a suitable model. Here, we report the de novo generation of a human peripheral myelination model with competent Schwann cells (SCs). Those human SCs generated from hPSCs via compound screening were capable of forming compact myelin both in vitro and in vivo. We found ZIKV infection caused GBS-like events in vitro including myelin sheath degeneration, as well as dysregulated transcriptional profile including the activated cell death pathways and cytokine production. These effects could be partially reversed by several pharmacological inhibitors. Our model therefore provides a new and robust tool for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and developing of therapeutic strategies for related neuropathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mirakhori, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Human Peripheral Myelin Fully from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Immune-mediated Neuropathy In Vitro using ZIKA Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.096180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.096180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the importance of programming to modern society, the cognitive and neural bases of code comprehension are largely unknown. Programming languages might  recycle neurocognitive mechanisms originally used for natural languages. Alternatively, comprehension of code could depend on fronto-parietal networks shared with other culturally derived symbol systems, such as formal logic and math. Expert programmers (average 11 years of programming experience) performed code comprehension and memory control tasks while undergoing fMRI. The same participants also performed language, math, formal logic, and executive control localizer tasks. A left-lateralized fronto-parietal network was recruited for code comprehension. Patterns of activity within this network distinguish between "for" loops and "if" conditional code functions. Code comprehension overlapped extensively with neural basis of formal logic and to a lesser degree math. Overlap with simpler executive processes and language was low, but laterality of language and code covaried across individuals. Cultural symbol systems, including code, depend on a distinctive fronto-parietal cortical network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.096180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of mWake expression in the murine brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure-function analyses of the mammalian brain have historically relied on anatomically-based approaches. In these investigations, physical, chemical, or electrolytic lesions of anatomical structures are applied, and the resulting behavioral or physiological responses assayed. An alternative approach is to focus on the expression pattern of a molecule whose function has been characterized and then use genetic intersectional methods to optogenetically or chemogenetically manipulate distinct circuits. We previously identified WIDE AWAKE (WAKE) in Drosophila, a clock output molecule that mediates the temporal regulation of sleep onset and sleep maintenance. More recently, we have studied the mouse homolog, mWAKE/ANKFN1, and found that its role in the circadian regulation of arousal is conserved. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of the expression pattern of mWake mRNA, protein, and cells throughout the adult mouse brain. We find that mWAKE labels neurons in a restricted, but distributed manner, in multiple regions of the hypothalamus (including the suprachiasmatic nucleus), the limbic system, sensory processing nuclei, and additional specific brainstem, subcortical, and cortical areas. Interestingly, mWAKE is also observed in non-neuronal ependymal cells. In addition, to describe the molecular identities and clustering of mWake+ cells, we provide detailed analyses of single cell RNA sequencing data from the hypothalamus, a region with particularly significant mWAKE expression. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies into the potential role of mWake+ cells in the rhythmic control of diverse behaviors and physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of mWake expression in the murine brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustification of RosettaAntibody and Rosetta SnugDock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, the observed antibody sequence space has grown exponentially due to advances in high-throughput sequencing of immune receptors. The rise in sequences has not been mirrored by a rise in structures, as experimental structure determination techniques have remained low-throughput. Computational modeling, however, has the potential to close the sequence-structure gap. To achieve this goal, computational methods must be robust, fast, easy to use, and accurate. Here we report on the latest advances made in RosettaAntibody and Rosetta SnugDock--methods for antibody structure prediction and antibody-antigen docking. We simplified the user interface, expanded and automated the template database, generalized the kinematics of antibody-antigen docking (which enabled modeling of single-domain antibodies) and incorporated new loop modeling techniques. To evaluate the effects of our updates on modeling accuracy, we developed rigorous tests under a new scientific benchmarking framework within Rosetta. Benchmarking revealed that more structurally similar templates could be identified in the updated database and that SnugDock broadened its applicability without losing accuracy. However, there are further advances to be made, including increasing the accuracy and speed of CDR-H3 loop modeling, before computational approaches can accurately model any antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustification of RosettaAntibody and Rosetta SnugDock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.116954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atoh7-independent specification of retinal ganglion cell identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.116954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which relay visual information from the eye to the brain, are the first cell type generated during retinal neurogenesis. Loss of function of the transcription factor Atoh7, which is expressed in multipotent early neurogenic retinal progenitor cells, leads to a selective and near complete loss of RGCs. Atoh7 has thus been considered essential for conferring competence on progenitors to generate RGCs. However, when apoptosis is inhibited in Atoh7-deficient mice by loss of function of Bax, only a modest reduction in RGC number is observed. Single-cell RNA-Seq of Atoh7;Bax-deficient retinas shows that RGC differentiation is delayed, but that RGC precursors are grossly normal. Atoh7;Bax-deficient RGCs eventually mature, fire action potentials, and incorporate into retinal circuitry, but exhibit severe axonal guidance defects. This study reveals an essential role for Atoh7 in RGC survival, and demonstrates Atoh7-independent mechanisms for RGC specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brodie-Kommit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheely, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.116954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atoh7-independent specification of retinal ganglion cell identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mbkmeans: fast clustering for single cell data using mini-batch k-means 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-seq) is the most widely used high-throughput technology to measure genome-wide gene expression at the single-cell level. One of the most common analyses of scRNA-seq data detects distinct subpopulations of cells through the use of unsupervised clustering algorithms. However, recent advances in scRNA-seq technologies result in current datasets ranging from thousands to millions of cells. Popular clustering algorithms, such as k-means, typically require the data to be loaded entirely into memory and therefore can be slow or impossible to run with large datasets. To address this problem, we developed the mbkmeans R/Bioconductor package, an open-source implementation of the mini-batch k-means algorithm. Our package allows for on-disk data representations, such as the common HDF5 file format widely used for single-cell data, that do not require all the data to be loaded into memory at one time. We demonstrate the performance of the mbkmeans package using large datasets, including one with 1.3 million cells. We also highlight and compare the computing performance of mbkmeans against the standard implementation of k - means. Our software package is available in Bioconductor at https://bioconductor.org/packages/mbkmeans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mbkmeans: fast clustering for single cell data using mini-batch k-means]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
-SATA: A MATLAB based toolbox to estimate Current Density generated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in an Individual Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a technique where a weak current is passed through the electrodes placed on the scalp. The distribution of the electric current induced in the brain due to tDCS is provided by simulation toolbox like Realistic-volumetric-Approach-based-Simulator-for-Transcranial-electric-stimulation (ROAST). However, the procedure to estimate the total current density induced at the target and the intermediary region of the cortex is complex. The Systematic-Approach-for-tDCS-Analysis (SATA) was developed to overcome this problem. However, SATA is limited to standardized headspace only. Here we develop individual-SATA (-SATA) to extend it to individual head.

MethodT1-weighted images of 15 subjects were taken from two Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners of different strengths. Across the subjects, the montages were simulated in ROAST. -SATA converts the ROAST output to Talairach space. The x, y and z coordinates of the anterior commissure (AC), posterior commissure (PC), and Mid-Sagittal (MS) points are necessary for the conversion. AC and PC are detected using the acpcdetect toolbox. We developed a method to determine the MS in the image and cross-verified its location manually using BrainSight(R).

ResultDetermination of points with -SATA is fast and accurate. The -SATA provided estimates of the current-density induced across an individuals cortical lobes and gyri as tested on images from two different scanners.

ConclusionResearchers can use -SATA for customizing tDCS-montages. With -SATA it is also easier to compute the inter-individual variation in current-density across the target and intermediary regions of the brain. The software is publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmond, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[-SATA: A MATLAB based toolbox to estimate Current Density generated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in an Individual Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GalaxyCloudRunner: enhancing scalable computing for Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe existence of more than 100 public Galaxy servers with service quotas is indicative of the need for an increased availability of compute resources for Galaxy to use. The GalaxyCloudRunner enables a Galaxy server to easily expand its available compute capacity by sending user jobs to cloud resources. User jobs are routed to the acquired resources based on a set of configurable rules and the resources can be dynamically acquired from any of 4 popular cloud providers (AWS, Azure, GCP, or OpenStack) in an automated fashion.

Availability and implementationGalaxyCloudRunner is implemented in Python and leverages Docker containers. The source code is MIT licensed and available at https://github.com/cloudve/galaxycloudrunner. The documentation is available at http://gcr.cloudve.org/.

ContactEnis Afgan (enis.afgan@jhu.edu)

Supplementary informationNone
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goonasekera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GalaxyCloudRunner: enhancing scalable computing for Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rules of Contact Inhibition of Locomotion for Cells on Suspended Nanofibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), in which cells repolarize and move away from contact, is now established as a fundamental driving force in development, repair, and disease biology. Much of what we know of CIL stems from studies on 2D substrates that fail to provide an essential biophysical cue - the curvature of extracellular matrix fibers. We discover rules controlling outcomes of cell-cell collisions on suspended nanofibers, and show them to be profoundly different from the stereotyped CIL behavior known on 2D substrates. Two approaching cells attached to a single fiber do not repolarize upon contact but rather usually migrate past one another. Fiber geometry modulates this behavior: when cells are attached to two fibers, reducing their freedom to reorient, only one of a pair of colliding cells repolarizes on contact, leading to the cell pair migrating as a single unit. CIL outcomes also change when one cell has recently divided and moves with high speed- cells more frequently walk past each other. In collisions with division in the two-fiber geometry, we also capture rare events where a daughter cell pushes the non-dividing cell along the fibers. Our computational model of CIL in fiber geometries reproduces the core qualitative results of the experiments robustly to model parameters. Our model shows that the increased speed of post-division cells may be sufficient to explain their increased walk-past rate. Our results suggest that characterizing cell-cell interactions on flat substrates, channels, or micropatterns is not sufficient to predict interactions in a matrix - the geometry of the fiber can generate entirely new behaviors.

SignificanceWhen cells heal a wound or invade a new area, they coordinate their motion. Coordination is often studied by looking at what happens after pairs of cells collide. Post-collision, cells often exhibit contact inhibition of locomotion- they turn around and crawl away from the point where they touched. Our knowledge of repolarization on contact comes from studies on flat surfaces, unlike cells in the body, which crawl along fibers. We discover that cells on single fibers walk past one another- but that cells in contact with multiple fibers stick to one another and move as pairs. This outcome changes to walk-past after cell division. Our experiments and models reveal how the environment regulates cell-cell coordination after contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rules of Contact Inhibition of Locomotion for Cells on Suspended Nanofibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.121954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of translation quality control associated with ribosome stalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.121954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of problematic mRNA sequences induces ribosome stalling. Collided ribosomes at the stall site are recognized by cellular quality control machinery, resulting in dissociation of the ribosome from the mRNA and subsequent degradation of the nascent polypeptide and in some organisms, decay of the mRNA. However, the timing and regulation of these processes are unclear. We developed a SunTag-based reporter to monitor translation in real time on single mRNAs harboring difficult-to-translate poly(A) stretches. This reporter recapitulates previous findings in human cells that an internal poly(A) stretch reduces protein output [~]10-fold, while mRNA levels are relatively unaffected. Long-term imaging of translation indicates that poly(A)-containing mRNAs are robustly translated in the absence of detectable mRNA cleavage. However, quantification of ribosome density reveals a [~]3-fold increase in the number of ribosomes on poly(A)-containing mRNAs compared to a control mRNA, consistent with queues of many stalled ribosomes. Using single-molecule harringtonine runoff experiments, we observe the resolution of these queues in real-time by the cellular quality control machinery, and find that rescue is very slow compared to both elongation and termination. We propose that the very slow clearance of stalled ribosomes provides the basis for the cell to distinguish between transient and deleterious stalls, and that the human quality control apparatus predominantly targets the nascent protein rather than the mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movsik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.121954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic regulation of translation quality control associated with ribosome stalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Roles for Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Extracellular Regions in Regulating Receptor and Pathway Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) comprise a diverse group of cell-surface receptors that mediate key signaling events during animal development and are frequently activated in cancer. Ligand-induced dimerization is the canonical mechanism by which RTKs are thought to be activated. We show here that deletion of the extracellular regions of 10 RTKs representing 7 RTK classes or their substitution with the dimeric immunoglobulin Fc region results in constitutive receptor phosphorylation but fails to result in phosphorylation of downstream signaling effectors Erk or Akt. Conversely, substitution of RTK extracellular regions with the extracellular region of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) results in increases in Erk and/or Akt phosphorylation in response to EGF. These results indicate that the activation signal generated by the EGFR extracellular region is capable of activating at least 7 different RTK classes. Failure of phosphorylated Fc-RTK chimeras to stimulate phosphorylation of downstream effectors indicates that either dimerization and receptor phosphorylation per se are insufficient to activate signaling or constitutive dimerization leads to pathway inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Magaldi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Roles for Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Extracellular Regions in Regulating Receptor and Pathway Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups using 1 degree of freedom (1df) interaction and 2df joint tests. Primary multi-ancestry analyses in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified 3 novel loci that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2, including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) showing significant 1df interactions with long sleep duration and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) showing significant 1df interactions with short sleep duration (Pint < 5x10-8). Secondary ancestry-specific two-stage analyses and combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified 23 novel loci that need external replication, including 3 and 5 loci showing significant 1df interactions with long and short sleep duration, respectively (Pint < 5x10-8). Multiple genes mapped to our 26 novel loci have known functions in sleep-wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. We also identified new gene by long sleep interactions near five known BP loci ([&le;]1Mb) including NME7, FAM208A, MKLN1, CEP164, and RGL3/ELAVL3 (Pint < 5x10-8). This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpelainen, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nierenberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munroe, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity phenotypes are preserved in intestinal stem cell enteroids from morbidly obese patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities are significant health care challenges. Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective therapy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. A barrier in the development of therapeutic alternatives is incomplete mechanistic understanding of the benefits of BS and the lack of human intestinal models that recapitulate the pathophysiology of obesity. Using adult intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid cultures established from healthy lean subjects and morbidly obese patients, including post-BS cases, four phenotypes correlating patient BMI and intestinal glucose absorption were identified suggesting that enteroids retain patient phenotype heterogeneity associated with healthy and diseased state. In a sub-population of obese patients, increased dietary glucose absorption and gluconeogenesis was due to significantly higher expression of intestinal carbohydrate transporters (SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5) and gluconeogenic enzymes (PEPCK1 and G6Pase) compared to enteroids from lean subjects that demonstrated low glucose absorption and lacked gluconeogenesis. Enteroids established from successful BS cases exhibited low glucose absorption similar to that observed in lean subjects. These data show that human enteroids preserve the patient phenotype in long-term cultures and represent a reliable preclinical model to study the heterogeneity of the obesity mechanisms, which is necessary to determine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity phenotypes are preserved in intestinal stem cell enteroids from morbidly obese patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIN28B controls the regenerative capacity of neonatal murine auditory supporting cells through activation of mTOR signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechano-sensory hair cells within the inner ear cochlea are essential for the detection of sound. In mammals, cochlear hair cells are only produced during development and their loss, due to disease or trauma, is a leading cause of deafness. In the immature cochlea, prior to the onset of hearing, hair cell loss stimulates neighboring supporting cells to act as hair cell progenitors and produce new hair cells. However, for reasons unknown, such regenerative capacity (plasticity) is lost once supporting cells undergo maturation. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA binding protein LIN28B plays an important role in the production of hair cells by supporting cells and provide evidence that the developmental drop in supporting cell plasticity in the mammalian cochlea is, at least in part, a product of declining LIN28B-mTOR activity. Employing murine cochlear organoid and explant cultures to model mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms of hair cell generation, we show that loss of Lin28b function, due to its conditional deletion, or due to overexpression of the antagonistic miRNA let-7g, suppressed Akt-mTORC1 activity and renders young, immature supporting cells incapable of generating hair cells. Conversely, we found that LIN28B overexpression increased Akt-mTORC1 activity and allowed supporting cells that were undergoing maturation to de-differentiate into progenitor-like cells and to produce hair cells via mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms. Finally, using the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, we demonstrate that LIN28B promotes supporting cell plasticity in an mTORC1-dependent manner.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCochlear hair cell loss is a leading cause of deafness in humans and other mammals. In the immature cochlea lost hair cells are regenerated by neighboring glia-like supporting cells. However, for reasons unknown, such regenerative capacity is rapidly lost as supporting cells undergo maturation. Here we identify a direct link between LIN28B-mTOR activity and supporting cell plasticity. Mimicking later developmental stages, we found that loss of the RNA binding protein LIN28B attenuated mTOR signaling and rendered young, immature supporting cells incapable of producing hair cells. Conversely, we found that re-expression of LIN28B reinstated the ability of maturing supporting cells to revert to a progenitor-like state and generate hair cells via activation of mTOR signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.126193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIN28B controls the regenerative capacity of neonatal murine auditory supporting cells through activation of mTOR signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct detection of RNA modifications and structure using single molecule nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many methods exist to detect RNA modifications by short-read sequencing, relying on either antibody enrichment of transcripts bearing modified bases or mutational profiling approaches which require conversion to cDNA. Endogenous modifications are present on several major classes of RNA including tRNA, rRNA and mRNA and can modulate diverse biological processes such as genetic recoding, mRNA export and RNA folding. In addition, exogenous modifications can be introduced to RNA molecules to reveal RNA structure and dynamics. Limitations on read length and library size inherent in short-read-based methods dissociate modifications from their native context, preventing single molecule analysis and modification phasing. Here we demonstrate direct RNA nanopore sequencing to detect endogenous and exogenous RNA modifications over long sequence distance at the single molecule level. We demonstrate comprehensive detection of endogenous modifications in E. coli and S. cerevisiae ribosomal RNA (rRNA) using current signal deviations. Notably 2-O-methyl (Nm) modifications generated a discernible shift in current signal and event level dwell times. We show that dwell times are mediated by the RNA motor protein which sits atop the nanopore. Further, we characterize a recently described small adduct-generating 2-O-acylation reagent, acetylimidazole (AcIm) for exogenously labeling flexible nucleotides in RNA. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of AcIm for single molecule RNA structural probing using nanopore sequencing.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/126763v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d13067org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c0d0aaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c362eeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@193ffdb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.126763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct detection of RNA modifications and structure using single molecule nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.124529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic currents in myofibroblasts acutely alter electrophysiology and conduction of co-cultured cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.124529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between cardiac myofibroblasts and myocytes may slow conduction after cardiac injury, increasing the chance of life-threatening arrhythmia. While co-culture studies have shown that myofibroblasts can affect cardiomyocyte electrophysiology in vitro, the mechanism(s) remain debatable. In this study, primary neonatal rat cardiac myofibroblasts were transduced with the light-activated ion channel Channelrhodopsin-2, which allowed acute and selective modulation of myofibroblast currents in co-cultures with cardiomyocytes. Optical mapping revealed that myofibroblast-specific optogenetically induced inward currents decreased conduction velocity in the co-cultures by 27{+/-}6% (baseline = 17.7{+/-}5.3 cm/s), and shortened the cardiac action potential duration by 14{+/-}7% (baseline = 161{+/-}11 ms) when 0.017 mW/mm2 light was applied. When light irradiance was increased to 0.057 mW/mm2, the myofibroblast currents led to spontaneous beating in 6/7 co-cultures. Experiments showed that optogenetic perturbation did not lead to changes in myofibroblast strain and force generation, suggesting purely electrical effects in this model. In silico modeling of optogenetically modified myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte co-cultures largely reproduced these results and enabled a comprehensive study of relevant parameters. These results clearly demonstrate that myofibroblasts are sufficiently electrically connected to cardiomyocytes to effectively alter macroscopic electrophysiological properties in this model of cardiac tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostecki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.124529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic currents in myofibroblasts acutely alter electrophysiology and conduction of co-cultured cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed oligonucleotide probe-ligation testing enables efficient extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 detection and viral genotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic with catastrophic societal impact. Because many individuals shed virus for days before symptom onset, and many show mild or no symptoms, an emergent and unprecedented need exists for development and deployment of sensitive and high throughput molecular diagnostic tests. RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing Selection and Ligation with next generation DNA sequencing (RASL-seq) is a highly multiplexed technology for targeted analysis of polyadenylated mRNA, which incorporates sample barcoding for massively parallel analyses. Here we present a more generalized method, capture RASL-seq (“cRASL-seq”), which enables analysis of any targeted pathogen-(and/or host-) associated RNA molecules. cRASL-seq enables highly sensitive (down to ∼1-100 pfu/ml or cfu/ml) and highly multiplexed (up to ∼10,000 target sequences) detection of pathogens. Importantly, cRASL-seq analysis of COVID-19 patient nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens does not involve nucleic acid extraction or reverse transcription, steps that have caused testing bottlenecks associated with other assays. Our simplified workflow additionally enables the direct and efficient genotyping of selected, informative SARS-CoV-2 polymorphisms across the entire genome, which can be used for enhanced characterization of transmission chains at population scale and detection of viral clades with higher or lower virulence. Given its extremely low per-sample cost, simple and automatable protocol and analytics, probe panel modularity, and massive scalability, we propose that cRASL-seq testing is a powerful new surveillance technology with the potential to help mitigate the current pandemic and prevent similar public health crises.Competing Interest StatementJ.J.C. and H.B.L. are listed as inventors on a patent describing the cRASL-seq method. H.B.L. has founded a company to license and commercialize oligonucleotide probe ligation related technologies.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Credle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchir, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.130591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly multiplexed oligonucleotide probe-ligation testing enables efficient extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 detection and viral genotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locus coeruleus spiking differently correlates with somatosensory cortex activity and pupil diameter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We examined the relationships between activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and pupil diameter in mice performing a tactile detection task. While LC spiking consistently preceded S1 membrane potential depolarization and pupil dilation, the correlation between S1 and pupil was more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the relationships between LC, S1 and pupil varied on timescales of sub-seconds to seconds within trials. Our data suggest that pupil diameter can be dissociated from LC spiking and cannot be used as a stationary index of LC activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locus coeruleus spiking differently correlates with somatosensory cortex activity and pupil diameter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal and striatal responses during motor learning are modulated byprefrontal cortex stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While it is widely accepted that motor sequence learning (MSL) is supported by a prefrontal-mediated interaction between hippocampal and striatal networks, it remains unknown whether the functional responses of these networks can be modulated in humans with targeted experimental interventions. The present proof- of-concept study employed a comprehensive multimodal neuroimaging approach, including functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy, to investigate whether individually-tailored theta-burst stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can modulate responses in the hippocampus and striatum during motor learning. Our results indicate that stimulation influenced task-related connectivity patterns within hippocampo-frontal and striatal networks. Stimulation also altered the relationship between the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the stimulated prefrontal cortex and learning-related changes in both activity and connectivity in fronto-striato-hippocampal networks. This study provides the first experimental evidence that brain stimulation can alter motor learning-related functional responses in the striatum and hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolfen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldman, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinnen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albouy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal and striatal responses during motor learning are modulated byprefrontal cortex stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of algorithms for linear-combination modelling of short-echo-time magnetic resonance spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-TE proton MRS is used to study metabolism in the human brain. Common analysis methods model the data as linear combination of metabolite basis spectra. This large-scale multi-site study compares the levels of the four major metabolite complexes in short-TE spectra estimated by three linear-combination modelling (LCM) algorithms.

277 medial parietal lobe short-TE PRESS spectra (TE = 35 ms) from a recent 3T multi-site study were pre-processed with the Osprey software. The resulting spectra were modelled with Osprey, Tarquin and LCModel, using the same three vendor-specific basis sets (GE, Philips, and Siemens) for each algorithm. Levels of total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), total choline (tCho), myoinositol (mI), and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) were quantified with respect to total creatine (tCr).

Group means and CVs of metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho across vendors and algorithms, but substantially less so for Glx and mI, with mI systematically estimated lower by Tarquin. The cohort mean coefficient of determination for all pairs of LCM algorithms across all datasets and metabolites was [Formula], indicating generally only moderate agreement of individual metabolite estimates between algorithms. There was a significant correlation between local baseline amplitude and metabolite estimates (cohort mean [Formula]).

While mean estimates of major metabolite complexes broadly agree between linear-combination modelling algorithms at group level, correlations between algorithms are only weak-to-moderate, despite standardized pre-processing, a large sample of young, healthy and cooperative subjects, and high spectral quality. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one LCM software and much smaller sample sizes.

Graphical Abstract

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6775bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@62f27borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d77ccorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a4049aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2a1feb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL Three linear-combination algorithms (Osprey, Tarquin and LCMode) were used to quantify the levels of tNAA, tCho, mI, and Glx in 277 short-TE PRESS. Group means and CVs of metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho, but substantially less so for Glx and mI with a cohort mean correlation coefficient of [Formula], indicating moderate agreement between algorithms. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one LCM software and much smaller sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povazan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of algorithms for linear-combination modelling of short-echo-time magnetic resonance spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell RNA-seq Training and Analysis Suite using the Galaxy Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe vast ecosystem of single-cell RNA-seq tools has until recently been plagued by an excess of diverging analysis strategies, inconsistent file formats, and compatibility issues between different software suites. The uptake of 10x Genomics datasets has begun to calm this diversity, and the bioinformatics community leans once more towards the large computing requirements and the statistically-driven methods needed to process and understand these ever-growing datasets.

ResultsHere we outline several Galaxy workflows and learning resources for scRNA-seq, with the aim of providing a comprehensive analysis environment paired with a thorough user learning experience that bridges the knowledge gap between the computational methods and the underlying cell biology. The Galaxy reproducible bioinformatics framework provides tools, workflows and trainings that not only enable users to perform one-click 10x preprocessing, but also empowers them to demultiplex raw sequencing from custom tagged and full-length sequencing protocols. The downstream analysis supports a wide range of high-quality interoperable suites separated into common stages of analysis: inspection, filtering, normalization, confounder removal and clustering. The teaching resources cover an assortment of different concepts from computer science to cell biology. Access to all resources is provided at the singlecell.usegalaxy.eu portal.

ConclusionsThe reproducible and training-oriented Galaxy framework provides a sustainable HPC environment for users to run flexible analyses on both 10x and alternative platforms. The tutorials from the Galaxy Training Network along with the frequent training workshops hosted by the Galaxy Community provide a means for users to learn, publish and teach scRNA-seq analysis.

Key PointsO_LISingle-cell RNA-seq has stabilised towards 10x Genomics datasets.
C_LIO_LIGalaxy provides rich and reproducible scRNA-seq workflows with a wide range of robust tools.
C_LIO_LIThe Galaxy Training Network provides tutorials for the processing of both 10x and non-10x datasets.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniewski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etherington, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholtalbers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydarian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatheodorou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backofen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.137570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell RNA-seq Training and Analysis Suite using the Galaxy Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.138719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple, independent, common variants overlapping known and putative gut enhancers at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 underlie Hirschsprung disease risk in European ancestry subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.138719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) characterized by congenital aganglionosis, and where individual cases harbor coding risk variants in ENS genes. Low-penetrance, common, noncoding variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 loci have been associated in HSCR as well, implicating variable gene expression mediated by cis-regulatory element (CRE) variants as the causal mechanism. However, the extent and combinatorial effects of all putative CRE variants within and across these loci on HSCR is unknown.

MethodsUsing 583 HSCR subjects, one of the largest samples of European ancestry studied, and genotyping 56 tag variants we evaluated association of all common variants overlapping putative gut CREs and fine-mapped variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1.

ResultsWe demonstrate that 28 and 8 tag variants, several of which are independent, overlapping putative-enhancers at the RET and SEMA3 loci, respectively, and, 2 fine-mapped tag variants at NRG1 locus, are associated with HSCR. We demonstrate that risk increases with increasing risk allele dosage from multiple variants within and across these loci and varies >25- fold.

ConclusionGene regulatory networks in HSCR-relevant cell types quantify the total burden of risk alleles through sensing reduced gene expression of multiple genes on disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Hirschsprung Disease Research Collaborative (HDRC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.07.138719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple, independent, common variants overlapping known and putative gut enhancers at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 underlie Hirschsprung disease risk in European ancestry subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The long non-coding RNA lnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in group 3 medulloblastomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMedulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive brain tumor that predominantly affects children. Recent high-throughput sequencing studies suggest that the non-coding RNA genome, in particular long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), contributes to MB sub-grouping. Here we report the identification of a novel lncRNA, lnc-HLX-2-7, as a potential molecular marker and therapeutic target in group 3 MBs.

MethodsPublicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 175 MB patients were interrogated to identify lncRNAs that differentiate between MB subgroups. After characterizing a subset of differentially expressed lncRNAs in vitro and in vivo, the group 3-enriched lncRNA lnc-HLX2-7 was deleted by CRISPR/Cas9 in the MB cell line D425 Med. Intracranially injected tumors were further characterized by bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing.

Resultslnc-HLX-2-7 is highly upregulated in group 3 MB cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and primary MBs compared to other MB sub-groups as assessed by qRT-PCR, RNA-seq, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Depletion of lnc-HLX-2-7 with antisense oligonucleotides or CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced cell proliferation and 3D colony formation and induced apoptosis. lnc-HLX-2-7-deleted D425 Med cells injected into mouse cerebella produced smaller tumors than those derived from parental cells. Pathway analysis revealed that lnc-HLX2-7 modulated oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and sirtuin signaling pathways. The MYC oncogene regulated lnc-HLX-2-7, and the small molecule BET-bromodomain (BRD4) inhibitor JQ1 reduced lnc-HLX2-7 expression.

Conclusionslnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in MB and represents a promising novel molecular marker and a potential therapeutic target in group 3 MBs in children.

Key pointsO_LIlnc-HLX-2-7 is highly upregulated in group 3 medulloblastomas compared to other sub-groups.
C_LIO_LIIn vitro and in vivo studies strongly support an oncogenic role for lnc-HLX2-7 in group 3 medulloblastoma.
C_LIO_LIlnc-HLX-2-7 may be a novel biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in group 3 medulloblastoma.
C_LI

Importance of the studyGroup 3 medulloblastomas are associated with poor clinical outcomes, are difficult to subtype clinically, and their biology is poorly understood. In an effort to address these problems, we identified a group 3-specific long non-coding RNA, lnc-HLX-2-7, in an in silico analysis of 175 medulloblastomas and confirmed its expression in group 3 medulloblastoma cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and FFPE samples. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion and antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of lnc-HLX-2-7 significantly reduced cell growth and 3D colony formation and induced apoptosis. Deletion of lnc-HLX-2-7 in cells injected into mouse cerebellums reduced tumor growth compared to parental cells, and RNA sequencing of these tumors revealed lnc-HLX-2-7-associated modulation of cell viability and cell death signaling pathways. The oncogene MYC regulates lnc-HLX-2-7, and its expression can be controlled by the BET-bromodomain (BRD4) inhibitor JQ1. lnc-HLX-2-7 is a candidate biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in group 3 medulloblastomas in children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KATSUSHIMA, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunhiraman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garancher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Gomez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vibhakar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The long non-coding RNA lnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in group 3 medulloblastomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome subgraph isomorphisms and graph queries with DotMotif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in neuroscience have enabled the exploration of brain structure at the level of individual synaptic connections. These connectomics datasets continue to grow in size and complexity; methods to search for and identify interesting graph patterns offer a promising approach to quickly reduce data dimensionality and enable discovery. These graphs are often too large to be analyzed manually, presenting significant barriers to searching for structure and testing hypotheses. We combine graph database and analysis libraries with an easy-to-use neuroscience grammar suitable for rapidly constructing queries and searching for subgraphs and patterns of interest. Our approach abstracts many of the computer science and graph theory challenges associated with nanoscale brain network analysis and allows scientists to quickly conduct research at scale. We demonstrate the utility of these tools by searching for motifs on simulated data and real public connectomics datasets, and we share simple and complex structures relevant to the neuroscience community. We contextualize our findings and provide case studies and software to motivate future neuroscience exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome subgraph isomorphisms and graph queries with DotMotif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging interacts with tumor biology to produce major changes in the immune tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced age is strongly correlated with both increased cancer incidence and general immune decline. The immune tumor microenvironment (ITME) has been established as an important prognostic of both therapeutic efficacy and overall patient survival. Thus, age-related immune decline is an important consideration for the treatment of a large subset of cancer patients. Current studies of aging-related immune alterations are predominantly performed on non-cancerous tissue, requiring additional study into the effects of age on tumor immune infiltration. We leverage large scale transcriptional data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression project to distinguish normal age-related immune alterations from age-related changes in tumor immune infiltration. We demonstrate that while there is overlap between the normal immune aging phenotype and that of the ITME, there are several changes in immune cell abundance that are specific to the ITME, particularly in T cell, NK cell, and Macrophage populations. These results suggest that aged immune cells are more susceptible to tumor suppression of cytotoxic immune cell infiltration and activity than normal tissues, which creates an unfavorable ITME in older patients in excess of normal immune decline with age and may inform the application of existing and emerging immunotherapies for this large population of patients. We additionally identify that age-related increases in tumor mutational burden are associated with decreased DNA methylation and increased expression of the immune checkpoint genes PDL1, CD80, and LAG3 which may have implications for therapeutic application of immune checkpoint blockade in older patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easwaran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging interacts with tumor biology to produce major changes in the immune tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian randomization identifies folliculin expression as a mediator of diabetic retinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of the study was to identify genes whose aberrant expression can contribute to diabetic retinopathy. We determined differential gene expression in response to high glucose in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from matched individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without retinopathy. Those genes exhibiting the largest difference in glucose response between individuals with diabetes with and without retinopathy were assessed for association to diabetic retinopathy utilizing genotype data from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis. All genetic variants associated with gene expression (expression Quantitative Trait Loci, eQTLs) of the glucose response genes were tested for association with diabetic retinopathy. We detected an enrichment of the eQTLs from the glucose response genes among small association p-values and identified folliculin (FLCN) as a susceptibility gene for diabetic retinopathy. We show that expression of FLCN in response to glucose was greater in individuals with diabetic retinopathy compared to individuals with diabetes without retinopathy. Three large, independent cohorts of individuals with diabetes revealed an association of FLCN eQTLs to diabetic retinopathy. Mendelian randomization further confirmed a direct positive effect of increased FLCN expression on retinopathy in individuals with diabetes. Together, our studies integrating genetic association and gene expression implicate FLCN as a disease gene for diabetic retinopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skol, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokovic, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borkar, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverdlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaroop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bebu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DCCT/EDIC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian randomization identifies folliculin expression as a mediator of diabetic retinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.145334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserved efficacy and reduced toxicity with intermittent linezolid dosing in combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine TB model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.145334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel regimen of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL) is highly effective against drug resistant tuberculosis, but linezolid toxicities are frequent. We hypothesized that, for a similar total weekly cumulative dose, thrice-weekly administration of linezolid would preserve efficacy while reducing toxicity compared to daily dosing, in the context of the BPaL regimen.Using C3HeB/FeJ and BALB/c mouse models of tuberculosis disease, thrice-weekly linezolid dosing was compared to daily dosing, with intermittent dosing introduced (a) from treatment initiation or (b) following an initial period of daily dosing. In all animals, BPa was dosed daily throughout treatment. Blood counts were used to assess hematologic toxicity. Following unexpected findings of apparent antagonism, we conducted additional experiments to investigate strain-to-strain differences in the contribution of linezolid to regimen efficacy comparing each 1- and 2-drug component to the BPaL regimen in BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv or HN878.Giving linezolid daily for 1-2 months achieved the greatest efficacy, but following that, results were similar if the drug was stopped, dosed thrice-weekly, or continued daily. Erythrocyte counts were lower with daily than thrice-weekly dosing. Linezolid had additive effects with BPa against M. tuberculosis H37Rv but antagonistic effects with BPa against M. tuberculosis HN878. However, overall efficacy of BPaL was high and similar against both strains.Dosing linezolid daily for the first two months, then less frequently thereafter, may optimize its therapeutic margin. Linezolid’s contribution to BPaL regimens may depend on M. tuberculosis strain.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.145334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserved efficacy and reduced toxicity with intermittent linezolid dosing in combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine TB model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose transporter expression and regulation following a fast in the ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds subsist almost exclusively on nectar sugar and face extreme challenges blood sugar regulation. Transmembrane sugar transport is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the capacity for sugar transport is dependent on both the activity of GLUTs and their localisation to the plasma membrane (PM). In this study, we determined the relative protein abundance in whole-tissue (WT) homogenates and PM fractions via immunoblot using custom antibodies for GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT5 in flight muscle, heart, and, liver of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris). GLUTs examined were detected in nearly all tissues tested. Hepatic GLUT1 was minimally present in WT homogenates and absent in PM fractions. GLUT5 was expressed in hummingbird flight muscles at levels comparable to that of their liver, consistent with the hypothesised uniquely high fructose-uptake and oxidation capacity of this tissue. To assess GLUT regulation, we fed ruby-throated hummingbirds 1M sucrose ad libitum for 24 hours followed by either 1 hour of fasting or continued ad libitum feeding until sampling. We measured relative GLUT abundance and concentrations of circulating sugars. Blood fructose concentration in fasted hummingbirds declined from [~]5mM to [~]0.18mM, while fructose-transporting PM GLUT2 and PM GLUT5 did not change in abundance. Blood glucose concentrations remained elevated in both fed and fasted hummingbirds, at [~]30mM, while glucose-transporting PM GLUT1 and PM GLUT3 in the flight muscle and liver, respectively, declined in fasted birds. Our results suggest that glucose uptake capacity is dynamically reduced in response to fasting, allowing for maintenance of elevated blood glucose levels, while fructose uptake capacity remains constitutively elevated promoting depletion of blood total fructose within the first hour of a fast.

Summary statementHummingbird ingest nectar rich in glucose and fructose. When fasted, tissue capacity for circulating glucose import declines while remaining elevated for fructose. This may underlie maintenance of high blood glucose and rapid depletion of blood fructose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose transporter expression and regulation following a fast in the ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Field Sampling Techniques for Environmental Microbial Exposure: Assessing Efficacy and Feasibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures in schools, including microbial exposures, can lead to detrimental childhood health outcomes. We evaluated two sampling techniques - standard flocked swabs versus sterile electrostatic cloths - to quantify Staphylococcus bacterial burden from school surfaces. Electrostatic cloths demonstrated higher test sensitivity and yielded higher surface area-standardized colony forming units compared to swabs. Despite protocol standardization, consistently larger surface areas were sampled with electrostatic cloths. This suggest that electrostatic cloths were more effective and practical for fieldwork.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalton, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemons-Erby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rule, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.150722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Field Sampling Techniques for Environmental Microbial Exposure: Assessing Efficacy and Feasibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune Selection Pressure Contributes to Pancreatic Cancer Immune Evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Pancreatic tumors are minimally infiltrated by T cells and are largely refractory to immunotherapy. Accordingly, the role of T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer has been somewhat overlooked. Here, we hypothesized that immune evasion in pancreatic cancer is induced in response to T cell-based immune selection pressure, and that understanding how pancreatic tumors respond to immune attack may facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. We now provide the first evidence that T cell-dependent host immune responses induce a PDAC-derived myeloid mimicry phenomenon and stimulate immune evasion. mT3-2D cells derived from a Kras+/LSL-G12D; Trp53+/LSL-R172H; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mouse model of pancreatic cancer were grown in immunocompetent and immunodeficient C57BL/6 mice, and analyzed to determine the impacts of adaptive immunity specifically on malignant epithelial cells as well as on whole tumors. We found that immune selection pressure, via signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), stimulates malignant epithelial pancreatic cells to induce the expression of genes typically expressed by myeloid cells and alters intratumoral immunosuppressive myeloid cell profiles. Targeting the Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway using the FDA approved drug, ruxolitinib, overcomes these tumor-protective responses and improves anti-PD1 antibody therapeutic efficacy. These findings provide future directions for treatments that specifically disable this mechanism of resistance in PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moussa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalfamo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.151274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune Selection Pressure Contributes to Pancreatic Cancer Immune Evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microinfarcts are common among the elderly, and patients with microinfarcts are more vulnerable to another stroke. However, the potential effect of microinfarct on recurrent stroke remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the detrimental effect of microinfarct on recurrent stroke in mice. Microinfarct was induced using two-photon laser and photothrombotic stroke was induced in the cortex contralateral to microinfarct four weeks later. We found that CMI could trigger the formation of innate immune memory, which exacerbated the pro-inflammatory response and ischemic injury in second photothrombotic stroke. Furthermore, we clarified the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the nuclei of microglia, which interacts with the MLL1 complex and thereby increases H3K4 methylation, suggesting that NLRP3 is critical in microinfarct-induced innate immune memory. Additionally, NLRP3 knockout in microglia attenuated microinfarct-induced detrimental effects on recurrent stroke. Our study highlights the detrimental effect of trained immunity on the recurrent stroke and reveals the important role of NLRP3 in mediating the formation of this memory, which may be a therapeutic target to mitigate recurrent strokes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.157289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.146423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A system for phenotype harmonization in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.146423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype-phenotype association studies often combine phenotype data from multiple studies to increase power. Harmonization of the data usually requires substantial effort due to heterogeneity in phenotype definitions, study design, data collection procedures, and data set organization. Here we describe a centralized system for phenotype harmonization that includes input from phenotype domain and study experts, quality control, documentation, reproducible results, and data sharing mechanisms. This system was developed for the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, which is generating genomic and other omics data for >80 studies with extensive phenotype data. To date, 63 phenotypes have been harmonized across thousands of participants from up to 17 TOPMed studies per phenotype. We discuss the challenges faced in this undertaking and how they were addressed. The harmonized phenotype data and associated documentation have been submitted to National Institutes of Health data repositories for controlled-access by the scientific community. We also provide materials to facilitate future harmonization efforts by the community, which include (1) the code used to generate the 63 harmonized phenotypes, enabling others to reproduce, modify or extend these harmonizations to additional studies; and (2) results of labeling thousands of phenotype variables with controlled vocabulary terms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Augustine, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohensee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graffelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.146423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A system for phenotype harmonization in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.157495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial carrier SFXN1 is critical for Complex III integrity and cellular metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.157495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial carriers (MC) mediate the passage of small molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) enabling regulated crosstalk between compartmentalized reactions. Despite MCs representing the largest family of solute carriers in mammals, most have not been subjected to a comprehensive investigation, limiting our understanding of their metabolic contributions. Here, we functionally characterized SFXN1, a member of the non-canonical, sideroflexin MC family. We find that SFXN1, an integral membrane protein in the IMM with an uneven number of transmembrane domains, is a novel TIM22 substrate. SFXN1 deficiency specifically impairs Complex III (CIII) biogenesis, activity, and assembly, compromising coenzyme Q levels. This CIII dysfunction is independent of one-carbon metabolism, the known primary role for SFXN1 as a mitochondrial serine transporter. Instead, SFXN1 supports CIII function by participating in heme and central carbon metabolism. Our findings highlight the multiple ways that SFXN1-based amino acid transport impacts mitochondrial and cellular metabolic efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acoba, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpergin, E. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-del-Rio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.157495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial carrier SFXN1 is critical for Complex III integrity and cellular metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-enhancer RET regulatory code is disrupted in Hirschsprung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major genetic risk factors for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) are three common polymorphisms within cis regulatory elements (CREs) of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase gene that reduce its gene expression during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. These variants have synergistic effects on RET gene expression and additionally dysregulate other ENS and HSCR genes in the RET-EDNRB gene regulatory network (GRN). Here, we use siRNA, ChIP and CRISPR/Cas9 deletion analyses in the SK-N-SH cell line to ask, how many HSCR-associated risk variants reside in CREs and affect RET gene expression? We demonstrate that 31 HSCR-associated variants reside in candidate RET CREs, ten with differential allele-specific in vitro enhancer activity and seven affecting RET gene expression; of these, five bind the transcription factors PAX3, RARB, GATA2 and SOX10. These and our prior results demonstrate that common sequence variants in at least 10 RET enhancers affect HSCR risk, extending the known RET-EDNRB GRN to reveal an extensive regulatory code modulating disease risk even at a single gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasaki, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-enhancer RET regulatory code is disrupted in Hirschsprung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Classification from Network Connectivity via Adjacency Spectral Embedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work presents a novel strategy for classifying neurons, represented by nodes of a directed graph, based on their circuitry (edge connectivity). We assume a stochastic block model (SBM) where neurons belong together if they connect to neurons of other groups according to the same probability distributions. Following adjacency spectral embedding (ASE) of the SBM graph, we derive the number of classes and assign each neuron to a class with a Gaussian mixture model-based expectation-maximization (EM) clustering algorithm. To improve accuracy, we introduce a simple variation using random hierarchical agglomerative clustering to initialize the EM algorithm and picking the best solution over multiple EM restarts. We test this procedure on a large (n ~ 212 - 215 neurons), sparse, biologically inspired connectome with eight neuron classes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach is broadly stable to the choice of dimensional embedding and scales extremely well as the number of neurons in the network increases. Clustering accuracy is robust to variations in model parameters and highly tolerant to simulated experimental noise, achieving perfect classifications with up to 40% of swapped edges. Thus, this approach may be useful to analyze and interpret large-scale brain connectomics data in terms of underlying cellular components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchette, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Classification from Network Connectivity via Adjacency Spectral Embedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling the effects of lymph node swelling on T-cell response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swelling of lymph nodes is commonly observed during the adaptive immune response, yet the impact on T cell trafficking and subsequent immune response is not well known. To better understand the effect of macro-scale alterations, we developed an agent-based model of the lymph node para-cortex, describing T cell trafficking and response to antigen-presenting dendritic cells alongside swelling-induced changes in T cell recruitment and egress, and regulation of expression of egress-modulating T cell receptor Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1. Analysis of effector T cell response under varying swelling conditions showed that swelling consistently aided T cell activation. However, subsequent effector CD8+ T cell production could be reduced if swelling occurred too early in the T cell proliferative phase or if T cell cognate frequency was low due to increased opportunity for T cell exit. Temporarily extending retention of newly differentiated effector T cells, mediated by Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 expression, mitigated any negative effects of swelling by allowing facilitation of activation to outweigh increased access to exit areas. These results suggest targeting temporary effector T cell retention and egress associated with swelling may offer new ways to modulate effector TC responses in, for example, immuno-suppressed patients and optimisation of vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frattolin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafarnejad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling the effects of lymph node swelling on T-cell response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.160499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell receptors in ImmuneCode reveals cross-reactivity to immunodominant Influenza M1 epitope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.160499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive Biotechnologies and Microsoft have recently partnered to release ImmuneCode, a database containing SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell receptors derived through MIRA, a T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing based sequencing approach to identify antigen-specific TCRs. Herein, we query the extent of cross reactivity between these derived SARS-CoV-2 specific TCRs and other known antigens present in McPas-TCR, a manually curated catalogue of pathology-associated TCRs. We reveal cross reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 specific TCRs and the immunodominant Influenza GILGFVFTL M1 epitope, suggesting the importance of further work in characterizing the implications of prior Influenza exposure or co-exposure to the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhom, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.160499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell receptors in ImmuneCode reveals cross-reactivity to immunodominant Influenza M1 epitope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining the specificity of phosphoinositide-binding by human PH domain-containing proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are presumed to bind phosphoinositides (PIPs), but specific interaction with and regulation by PIPs for most PH domain-containing proteins are unclear. Here we employed a single-molecule pulldown assay to study interactions of lipid vesicles with full-length proteins in mammalian whole cell lysates. Of 67 human PH domaincontaining proteins examined, 36 (54%) were found to have affinity for PIPs with various specificity, the majority of which had not been reported before. Further investigation of ARHGEF3 revealed structural requirements and functional relevance of its newly discovered PI(4,5)P2 binding. A recursive-learning algorithm based on the assay results of the 67 proteins was generated to analyze the sequences of 246 human PH domains, which predicted 48% of them to bind PIPs. A collection of the predicted PIP-binding proteins was assayed, with the vast majority found to bind PIPs. Collectively, our findings reveal unexpected lipid-binding specificity of PH domain-containing proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Ordonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compagnone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno Castillo, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.163253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining the specificity of phosphoinositide-binding by human PH domain-containing proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Puromycin reactivity does not accurately localize translation at the subcellular level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Puromycin is a tyrosyl-tRNA mimic that blocks translation by labeling and releasing elongating polypeptide chains from translating ribosomes. Puromycin has been used in molecular biology research for decades as a translation inhibitor. The development of puromycin antibodies and derivatized puromycin analogs has enabled the quantification of active translation in bulk and single-cell assays. More recently, in vivo puromycylation assays have become popular tools for localizing translating ribosomes in cells. These assays often use elongation inhibitors to purportedly inhibit the release of puromycin-labeled nascent peptides from ribosomes. Here, using in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrate that, even in the presence of elongation inhibitors, puromycylated peptides are released and diffuse away from ribosomes. Puromycylation assays reveal subcellular sites, such as nuclei, where puromycylated peptides accumulate post-release and which do not necessarily coincide with sites of active translation. Our findings urge caution when interpreting puromycylation assays in the in vivo context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enam, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Puromycin reactivity does not accurately localize translation at the subcellular level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust, flexible, and scalable tests for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium across diverse ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) tests (the {chi}2 test and the exact test) have long been used as a metric for evaluating genotype quality, as technical artifacts leading to incorrect genotype calls often can be identified as deviations from HWE. However, in datasets comprised of individuals from diverse ancestries, HWE can be violated even without genotyping error, complicating the use of HWE testing to assess genotype data quality. In this manuscript, we present the Robust Unified Test for HWE (RUTH) to test for HWE while accounting for population structure and genotype uncertainty, and evaluate the impact of population heterogeneity and genotype uncertainty on the standard HWE tests and alternative methods using simulated and real sequence datasets. Our results demonstrate that ignoring population structure or genotype uncertainty in HWE tests can inflate false positive rates by many orders of magnitude. Our evaluations demonstrate different tradeoffs between false positives and statistical power across the methods, with RUTH consistently amongst the best across all evaluations. RUTH is implemented as a practical and scalable software tool to rapidly perform HWE tests across millions of markers and hundreds of thousands of individuals while supporting standard VCF/BCF formats. RUTH is publicly available at https://www.github.com/statgen/ruth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Analysis Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust, flexible, and scalable tests for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium across diverse ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypomyelination leads to alterations in inhibitory function and parvalbumin-positive neuron density in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a long time, myelin was thought to be restricted to excitatory neurons, and studies on dysmyelination focused primarily on excitatory cells. Recent evidence showed that axons of inhibitory neurons in the neocortex are also myelinated, but the role of myelin on inhibitory circuits remains unknown. Here we studied the impact of mild hypomyelination on both excitatory and inhibitory connectivity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) with well-characterized mouse models of hypomyelination due to loss of oligodendrocyte ErbB receptor signaling. Using laser-scanning photostimulation, we found that mice with mild hypomyelination have reduced functional inhibitory connections to A1 L2/3 neurons without changes in excitatory connections, resulting in altered excitatory/inhibitory balance. These effects are not associated with altered expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with reduced density of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons, which reflects reduced PV expression by interneurons rather than PV+ neuronal loss. While immunostaining shows that hypomyelination occurs in both PV+ and PV- axons, there is a strong correlation between MBP and PV expression suggesting that myelination influences PV expression. Together, the results demonstrate that mild hypomyelination impacts A1 neuronal networks, reducing inhibitory activity, and shifting networks towards excitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corfas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypomyelination leads to alterations in inhibitory function and parvalbumin-positive neuron density in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse scientific benchmarks for implicit membrane energy functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy functions are fundamental to biomolecular modeling. Their success depends on robust physical formalisms, efficient optimization, and high-resolution data for training and validation. Over the past 20 years, progress in each area has advanced soluble protein energy functions. Yet, energy functions for membrane proteins lag behind due to sparse and low-quality data, leading to overfit tools. To overcome this challenge, we assembled a suite of 12 tests on independent datasets varying in size, diversity, and resolution. The tests probe an energy functions ability to capture membrane protein orientation, stability, sequence, and structure. Here, we present the tests and use the franklin2019 energy function to demonstrate them. We then present a vision for transforming these "small" datasets into "big data" that can be used for more sophisticated energy function optimization. The tests are available through the Rosetta Benchmark Server (https://benchmark.graylab.jhu.edu/) and GitHub (https://github.com/rfalford12/Implicit-Membrane-Energy-Function-Benchmark).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse scientific benchmarks for implicit membrane energy functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liftoff: an accurate gene annotation mapping tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in DNA sequencing technology and computational methods have led to a substantial increase in the creation of high-quality genome assemblies of many species. To understand the biology of these genomes, annotation of gene features and other functional elements is essential; however for most species, only the reference genome is well-annotated. One strategy to annotate new or improved genome assemblies is to map or  lift over the genes from a previously-annotated reference genome. Here we describe Liftoff, a new genome annotation lift-over tool capable of mapping genes between two assemblies of the same or closely-related species. Liftoff aligns genes from a reference genome to a target genome and finds the mapping that maximizes sequence identity while preserving the structure of each exon, transcript, and gene. We show that Liftoff can accurately map 99.9% of genes between two versions of the human reference genome with an average sequence identity >99.9%. We also show that Liftoff can map genes across species by successfully lifting over 98.4% of human protein-coding genes to a chimpanzee genome assembly with 98.7% sequence identity.

AvailabilityThe source code for Liftoff is available at https://github.com/agshumate/Liftoff
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liftoff: an accurate gene annotation mapping tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. The family constitutes 20 isozymes in humans--an unusually large number--unique to O-glycosylation. GalNAc-Ts exhibit both redundancy and finely tuned specificity for a wide range of peptide substrates. In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. The glycosylatable peptide substrates viz. peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisa, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TFEB/Mitf links impaired nuclear import to autophagolysosomal dysfunction in C9-ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which impaired NCT causes neurodegeneration remain unclear. In a Drosophila screen, we identified Ref(2)p/p62, a key regulator of autophagy, as a potent suppressor of neurodegeneration caused by the GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion (G4C2 HRE) in C9orf72 that causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We found that p62 is increased and forms ubiquitinated aggregates due to decreased autophagic cargo degradation. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of Drosophila tissues demonstrate an accumulation of lysosome-like organelles that precedes neurodegeneration. These phenotypes are partially caused by cytoplasmic mislocalization of Mitf/TFEB, a key transcriptional regulator of autophagolysosomal function. Additionally, TFEB is mislocalized and downregulated in human cells expressing GGGGCC repeats and in C9-ALS patient motor cortex. Our data suggest that the C9orf72-HRE impairs Mitf/TFEB nuclear import, thereby disrupting autophagy and exacerbating proteostasis defects in C9-ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maulding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senturk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TFEB/Mitf links impaired nuclear import to autophagolysosomal dysfunction in C9-ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A collection of programs for one-dimensional Ising analysis of linear repeat proteins with point substitutions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A collection of programs is presented to analyze the thermodynamics of folding of linear repeat proteins using a 1D Ising model to determine intrinsic folding and interfacial coupling free energies. Expressions for folding transitions are generated for a series of constructs with different repeat numbers and are globally fitted to transitions for these constructs. These programs are designed to analyze Ising parameters for capped homopolymeric consensus repeat constructs as well as heteropolymeric constructs that contain point substitutions, providing a rigorous framework for analysis of the effects of mutation on intrinsic and directional (i.e., N- versus C-terminal) interfacial coupling free-energies. A bootstrap analysis is provided to estimate parameter uncertainty as well as correlations among fitted parameters. Rigorous statistical analysis is essential for interpreting fits using the complex models required for Ising analysis of repeat proteins, especially heteropolymeric repeat proteins. Programs described here are available at https://github.com/barricklab-at-jhu/Ising_programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sforza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger-Schuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poliakova-Georgantas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A collection of programs for one-dimensional Ising analysis of linear repeat proteins with point substitutions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution mapping of glycoprotein structure-activity relationships by shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a common protein modification, asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation has the capacity to greatly influence the biological and biophysical properties of proteins. However, the routine use of glycosylation at naive sites as a strategy for engineering proteins with advantageous properties is currently limited by our inability to construct large collections of glycoproteins for interrogating the structural and functional consequences of glycan installation. To address this challenge, we describe a combinatorial strategy termed shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis (SSGM) in which DNA libraries encoding all possible glycosylation site variants of a given protein are constructed and subsequently expressed in glycosylation-competent bacteria, thereby enabling rapid determination of glycosylatable sites in the protein. Moreover, the resulting neoglycoproteins can be readily subjected to available medium- to high-throughput assays, making it possible to systematically investigate the structural and functional consequences of glycan conjugation along a protein backbone. The utility of this approach was demonstrated with three different acceptor proteins, namely bacterial immunity protein Im7, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, and a human anti-HER2 single-chain Fv antibody, all of which were found to tolerate N-glycan attachment at a large number of positions and with relatively high efficiency. The stability and activity of many glycovariants was measurably altered by the N-linked glycan in a manner that critically depended on the precise location of the modification. Importantly, we anticipate that our workflow for creating and characterizing large ensembles of neoglycoproteins should provide access to unexplored regions of glycoprotein structural space and to custom-made glycoproteins with desirable properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaroentomeechai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisa, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution mapping of glycoprotein structure-activity relationships by shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.178566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Analysis Probes the Role of the Chaperone Hfq in E. coli Sugar Shock Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.178566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs (sRNAs) play a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial gene expression by silencing the translation of target mRNAs. SgrS is an sRNA that relieves glucose-phosphate stress, or "sugar shock" in E. coli. The power of single cell measurements is their ability to obtain population level statistics that illustrate cell-to-cell variation. Here, we utilize single molecule super-resolution microscopy in single E. coli cells coupled with stochastic modeling to analyze glucose-phosphate stress regulation by SgrS. We present a kinetic model that captures the combined effects of transcriptional regulation, gene replication and chaperone mediated RNA silencing in the SgrS regulatory network. This more complete kinetic description, simulated stochastically, recapitulates experimentally observed cellular heterogeneity and characterizes the binding of SgrS to the chaperone protein Hfq as a slow process that not only stabilizes SgrS but also may be critical in restructuring the sRNA to facilitate association with its target ptsG mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthey-Schulten, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.178566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Analysis Probes the Role of the Chaperone Hfq in E. coli Sugar Shock Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eEF3 promotes late stages of tRNA translocation on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryIn addition to the conserved translation elongation factors eEF1A and eEF2, fungi require a third essential elongation factor, eEF3. While eEF3 has been implicated in tRNA binding and release at the A and E sites, its exact mechanism of action is unclear. Here we show that eEF3 acts at the mRNA–tRNA translocation step by promoting the dissociation of the tRNA from the E site, but independent of aminoacyl-tRNA recruitment to the A site. Depletion of eEF3 in vivo leads to a general slow-down in translation elongation due to accumulation of ribosomes with an occupied A site. Cryo-EM analysis of ex vivo eEF3-ribosome complexes shows that eEF3 facilitates late steps of translocation by favoring non-rotated ribosomal states as well as by opening the L1 stalk to release the E-site tRNA. Additionally, our analysis provides structural insights into novel translation elongation states, enabling presentation of a revised yeast translation elongation cycle.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochopien, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodnina, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eEF3 promotes late stages of tRNA translocation on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loop extrusion model predicts CTCF interaction specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play an important role in constraining enhancer-promoter interactions and mediating transcriptional gene regulation. CTCF is thought to play a critical role in the formation of these loops, but the specificity of which CTCF binding events form loops and which do not is difficult to predict. Loops often have convergent CTCF binding site motif orientation, but this constraint alone is only weakly predictive of genome-wide interaction data. Here we present an easily interpretable and simple mathematical model of CTCF mediated loop formation which is consistent with Cohesin extrusion and can predict ChIA-PET CTCF looping interaction measurements with high accuracy. Competition between overlapping loops is a critical determinant of loop specificity. We show that this model is consistent with observed chromatin interaction frequency changes induced by CTCF binding site deletion, inversion, and mutation, and is also consistent with observed constraints on validated enhancer-promoter interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loop extrusion model predicts CTCF interaction specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Roles of Space and Stochasticity in Computational Simulations of Cellular Biochemistry: Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of the fascinating phenomena studied in cell biology emerge from interactions among highly organized multi-molecular structures and rapidly propagating molecular signals embedded into complex and frequently dynamic cellular morphologies. For the exploration of such systems, computational simulation has proved to be an invaluable tool, and many researchers in this field have developed sophisticated computational models for application to specific cell biological questions. However it is often difficult to reconcile conflicting computational results that use different simulation approaches (for example partial differential equations versus particle-based stochastic methods) to describe the same phenomenon. Moreover, the details of the computational implementation of any particular algorithm may give rise to quantitatively or even qualitatively different results for the same set of starting assumptions and parameters. In an effort to address this issue systematically, we have defined a series of computational test cases ranging from very simple (bimolecular binding in solution) to moderately complex (spatial and temporal oscillations generated by proteins binding to membranes) that represent building blocks for comprehensive three-dimensional models of cellular function. Having used two or more distinct computational approaches to solve each of these test cases with consistent parameter sets, we generally find modest but measurable differences in the solutions of the same problem, and a few cases where significant deviations arise. We discuss the strengths and limitations of commonly used computational approaches for exploring cell biological questions and provide a framework for decision-making by researchers wishing to develop new models for cell biology. As computational power and speed continue to increase at a remarkable rate, the dream of a fully comprehensive computational model of a living cell may be drawing closer to reality, but our analysis demonstrates that it will be crucial to evaluate the accuracy of such models critically and systematically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraru, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier-Schellersheim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prustel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhrmacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Roles of Space and Stochasticity in Computational Simulations of Cellular Biochemistry: Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.182873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evoked pain intensity representation is distributed across brain systems: A multistudy mega-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.182873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is coded in the brain at different scales for different phenomena: locally, distributed across regions and networks, and globally. For pain, the scale of representation is controversial. Although generally believed to be an integrated cognitive and sensory phenomenon implicating diverse brain systems, quantitative characterizations of which regions and networks are sufficient to represent pain are lacking. In this meta-analysis (or mega-analysis) using data from 289 participants across 10 studies, we use model comparison combined with multivariate predictive models to investigate the spatial scale and location of acute pain representation. We compare models based on (a) a single most pain-predictive module, either previously identified elementary regions or a single best large-scale cortical resting-state network module; (b) selected cortical-subcortical systems related to evoked pain in prior literature ( multi-system models); and (c) a model spanning the full brain. We estimate the accuracy of pain intensity predictions using cross validation (7 studies) and subsequently validate in three independent holdout studies. All spatial scales convey information about pain intensity, but distributed, multi-system models better characterize pain representations than any individual region or network (e.g. multisystem models explain >20% more of individual subject pain ratings than the best elementary region). Full brain models showed no predictive advantage over multi-system models. These findings quantify the extent that representation of evoked pain experience is distributed across multiple cortical and subcortical systems, show that pain representation is not circumscribed by any elementary region or conical network, and provide a blueprint for identifying the spatial scale of information in other domains.

Significance StatementWe define modular, multisystem and global views of brain function, use multivariate fMRI decoding to characterize pain representations at each level, and provide evidence for a multisystem representation of evoked pain. We further show that local views necessarily exclude important components of pain representation, while a global full brain representation is superfluous, even though both are viable frameworks for representing pain. These findings quantitatively juxtapose and reconcile divergent conclusions from evoked pain studies within a generalized neuroscientific framework, and provide a blueprint for investigating representational architecture for diverse brain processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlas, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.182873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evoked pain intensity representation is distributed across brain systems: A multistudy mega-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.185348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Publicly available hiPSC lines with extreme polygenic risk scores for modeling schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.185348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder with limited effective treatment options. Although highly heritable, risk for this polygenic disorder depends on the complex interplay of hundreds of common and rare variants. Translating the growing list of genetic loci significantly associated with disease into medically actionable information remains an important challenge. Thus, establishing platforms with which to validate the impact of risk variants in cell-type-specific and donor-dependent contexts is critical. Towards this, we selected and characterize a collection of twelve human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines derived from control donors with extremely low and high SZ polygenic risk scores (PRS). These hiPSC lines are publicly available at the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). The suitability of these extreme PRS hiPSCs for CRISPR-based isogenic comparisons of neurons and glia was evaluated across three independent laboratories, identifying 9 out of 12 meeting our criteria. We report a standardized resource of publicly available hiPSCs, with which we collectively commit to conducting future CRISPR-engineering, in order to facilitate comparison and integration of functional validation studies across the field of psychiatric genetics.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rehbach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Abdollahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prorok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.185348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Publicly available hiPSC lines with extreme polygenic risk scores for modeling schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purifying selection acts on germline methylation to modify the CpG mutation rate at promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the study of molecular features like epigenetic marks, it is appealing to ascribe observed patterns to the action of natural selection. However, this conclusion requires a test for selection based on a well-defined notion of neutrality. Here, focusing on epigenetic marks at gene loci, we formalize what it means for an epigenetic mark to be neutral, and develop a test for selection. Our test respects the foundational aspect of epigenetics: trans-regulation by transcription factors and chromatin modifiers. It also enables adjustment for confounders. We establish that promoter DNA methylation, promoter H3K4me3 and exonic H3K36me3 are all under selection, and that this is unlikely to be a passive consequence of selection on gene expression. The effect of these epigenetic marks on fitness is arguably partly explained by a causal involvement in gene regulation. However, we also investigate the complementary explanation that DNA methylation and H3K36me3 are under selection in part because they modify the mutation rate of important genomic regions. We show that this explanation is consistent with empirical observations as well as population genetics theory, because of the trans-regulation. Exemplifying the protection of important regions from high mutability, we demonstrate that in humans the more intolerant to loss-of-function mutations a gene is, the lower its coding mutation rate is. Our framework for selection inference is simple but general, and we speculate that its core ideas will be useful for additional molecular features beyond epigenetic marks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purifying selection acts on germline methylation to modify the CpG mutation rate at promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astroglial Calcium Signaling Encodes Sleep Need in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is under homeostatic control, whereby increasing wakefulness generates sleep need and triggers sleep drive. However, the molecular and cellular pathways by which sleep need is encoded are poorly understood. In addition, the mechanisms underlying both how and when sleep need is transformed to sleep drive are unknown. Here, using ex vivo and in vivo imaging, we show in Drosophila that astroglial Ca2+ signaling increases with sleep need. We demonstrate that this signaling is dependent on a specific L-type Ca2+ channel and is required for homeostatic sleep rebound. Thermogenetically increasing Ca2+ in astrocytes induces persistent sleep behavior, and we exploit this phenotype to conduct a genetic screen for genes required for the homeostatic regulation of sleep. From this large-scale screen, we identify TyrRII, a monoaminergic receptor required in astrocytes for sleep homeostasis. TyrRII levels rise following sleep deprivation in a Ca2+-dependent manner, promoting further increases in astrocytic Ca2+ and resulting in a positive-feedback loop. These data suggest that TyrRII acts as a gate to enable the transformation of sleep need to sleep drive at the appropriate time. Moreover, our findings suggest that astrocytes then transmit this sleep need to the R5 sleep drive circuit, by upregulation and release of the interleukin-1 analog Spatzle. These findings define astroglial Ca2+ signaling mechanisms encoding sleep need and reveal dynamic properties of the sleep homeostatic control system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blum, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keles, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baz, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astroglial Calcium Signaling Encodes Sleep Need in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike employs mobile receptor-binding domains (RBDs) to engage the ACE2 receptor and to facilitate virus entry. Antibodies can engage RBD but some, such as CR3022, fail to inhibit entry despite nanomolar spike affinity. Here we show the SARS-CoV-2 spike to have low unfolding enthalpy at serological pH and up to 10-times more unfolding enthalpy at endosomal pH, where we observe significantly reduced CR3022 affinity. Cryo-EM structures -at serological and endosomal pH- delineated spike recognition of up to three ACE2 molecules, revealing RBD to freely adopt the  up conformation. In the absence of ACE2, single-RBD-up conformations dominated at pH 5.5, resolving into a locked all-down conformation at lower pH. Notably, a pH-dependent refolding region (residues 824-858) at the spike-interdomain interface displayed dramatic structural rearrangements and mediated RBD positioning and spike shedding of antibodies like CR3022. An endosomal mechanism involving spike-conformational change can thus facilitate immune evasion from RBD- up-recognizing antibody.

HighlightsO_LIReveal spike at serological pH to have only ~10% the unfolding enthalpy of a typical globular protein, explaining how antibodies like CR3022 can bind with avidity
C_LIO_LIDefine an endosomal mechanism whereby spike binds ACE2, but sheds CR3022, enabling immune evasion from potentially neutralizing antibody
C_LIO_LIDetermine cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike along its endosomal entry pathway-at pH 5.5, 4.5, and 4.0, and in complexes with ACE2 receptor at pH 7.4 and 5.5
C_LIO_LIShow spike to exclusively adopt an all RBD-down conformation at the low pH of the late endosome-early lysosome
C_LIO_LIReveal structural basis by which a switch domain mediates RBD position in response to pH
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazzari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of Lewy body dementia (LBD) is not well understood. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing in large cohorts of LBD cases and neurologically healthy controls to study the genetic architecture of this understudied form of dementia and to generate a resource for the scientific community. Genome-wide association analysis identified five independent risk loci, whereas genome-wide gene-aggregation tests implicated mutations in the gene GBA. Genetic risk scores demonstrate that LBD shares risk profiles and pathways with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture of this age-related neurodegenerative condition.Competing Interest StatementThomas G. Beach is a consultant for Prothena, Vivid Genomics and Avid Radiopharmaceuticals. He is a scientific advisory board member for Vivid Genomics. John A. Hardy, Huw R. Morris, Stuart Pickering-Brown, Andrew B. Singleton, and Bryan J. Traynor hold US, EU and Canadian patents on the clinical testing and therapeutic intervention for the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9orf72. Michael A. Nalls is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; as a possible conflict of interest Dr. Nalls also consults for Neuron23 Inc., Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation and Vivid Genomics among others. Jose A. Palma is an editorial board member of Movement Disorders, Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders, BMC Neurology, and Clinical Autonomic Research. Bradley F. Boeve, James Leverenz, and Sonja W. Scholz serve on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Lewy Body Dementia Association. Sonja W. Scholz is an editorial board member for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. Bryan J. Traynor is an editorial board member for JAMA Neurology; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry; Brain; and Neurobiology of Aging. Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on Abbvie, Inc. (M15-562 and M15-563), Biogen, Inc. (228PD201) grant, and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (BHV4157-206 and BHV3241-301). Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as the principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) Information and Referral Center, and as co-principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic APDA Center for Advanced Research. All other authors report no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykangas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.185066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil extracellular traps impair regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is a major health burden across diseases and organs. To remedy this, we study wound induced hair follicle regeneration (WIHN) as a model of non-fibrotic healing that recapitulates embryogenesis for de novo hair follicle morphogenesis after wounding. We have previously demonstrated that TLR3 promotes WIHN through binding dsRNA, but the source of which is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that multiple distinct contexts of high WIHN all show a strong neutrophil signature, and given the likelihood of nuclear dsRNA release during the production of neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs), we hypothesized that mature neutrophils and NETs might promote WIHN. Consistent with this, in addition to the presence of mature neutrophils shortly after wounding, neutrophils remain within the wound after the barrier is reestablished, where they produce extracellular traps (NETs) that likely release spliceosomal U1 dsRNA. Contrary to our hypothesis, genetic models of neutrophil depletion show enhanced WIHN. Pad4 null mice that are defective in NET production also augment WIHN. Finally, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a dramatic increase in mature neutrophils in the wound beds of low regenerating Tlr3-/- mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that although mature neutrophils are stimulated by a common pro-regenerative cue, their presence and NETs hinder WIHN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil extracellular traps impair regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau forms oligomeric complexes on microtubules that are distinct from pathological oligomers in disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein, which promotes neuronal microtubule assembly and stability. Accumulation of tau into insoluble aggregates known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. The current hypothesis is that small, soluble oligomeric tau species preceding NFT formation cause toxicity. However, thus far visualizing the spatial distribution of tau monomers and oligomers inside cells under physiological or pathological conditions has not been possible. Here, using single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we show that, in vivo, tau forms small oligomers on microtubules under physiological conditions. These physiological oligomers are distinct from those found in cells exhibiting tau aggregation and could be pre-cursors of aggregated tau in pathology. Further, using an unsupervised shape classification algorithm that we developed, we show that different tau phosphorylation states are associated with distinct tau aggregate species. Our work elucidates taus nanoscale composition under physiological and pathological conditions in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyparaki, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokina, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Ruiz, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakadamyali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau forms oligomeric complexes on microtubules that are distinct from pathological oligomers in disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockout of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 during post-natal life causes reduced lifespan, dermatitis, splenomegaly and systemic inflammation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an essential signaling molecule. Global knockout of the atRA clearing enzymes Cyp26a1 or Cyp26b1 is embryonic lethal. In adults, inhibition of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 increases atRA concentrations and signaling. However, post-natal knockout of Cyp26a1 does not cause a severe phenotype. We hypothesized that Cyp26b1 is the main atRA clearing Cyp in post-natal mammals. This hypothesis was tested by generating tamoxifen inducible knockout mouse models of Cyp26b1 alone or with Cyp26a1. Both mouse models showed dermatitis, blepharitis and splenomegaly. Histology showed infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils and T-lymphocytes into the skin and hyperkeratosis/hyperplasia of the non-glandular stomach. The mice lacking both Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 also failed to gain weight and showed fat atrophy. There were significant changes in vitamin A homeostasis demonstrating the paramount role of Cyp26b1 in regulating retinoid homeostasis in post-natal life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jessica M Snyder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo Zhong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathryn Hogarth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weize Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traci Topping</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey LaFrance</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Palau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay C Czuba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Griswold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Ghiaur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina Isoherranen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.196170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockout of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 during post-natal life causes reduced lifespan, dermatitis, splenomegaly and systemic inflammation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2-expressing endothelial cells in aging mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key receptor mediating the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. Through a systematic analysis of publicly available mouse brain sc/snRNA-seq data, we found that ACE2 is specifically expressed in small sub-populations of endothelial cells and mural cells, namely pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Further, functional changes in viral mRNA transcription and replication, and impaired blood-brain barrier regulation were most prominently implicated in the aged, ACE2-expressing endothelial cells, when compared to the young adult mouse brains. Concordant EC transcriptomic changes were further found in normal aged human brains. Overall, this work reveals an outline of ACE2 distribution in the mouse brain and identify putative brain host cells that may underlie the selective susceptibility of the aging brain to viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SU Bin Lim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valina L. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ted M. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung-Ung Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2-expressing endothelial cells in aging mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy identifies three classes of lipids in C. neoformans melanized cell walls and whole fungal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A primary virulence-associated trait of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is the production of melanin pigments that are deposited into the cell wall and interfere with the host immune response. Previously, our solid-state NMR studies of isolated melanized cell walls (melanin  ghosts) revealed that the pigments are strongly associated with lipids, but their identities, origins, and potential roles were undetermined. Herein, we exploited spectral editing techniques to identify and quantify the lipid molecules associated with pigments in melanin ghosts. The lipid profiles were remarkably similar in whole C. neoformans cells, grown under either melanizing or non-melanizing conditions; triglycerides (TGs), sterol esters (SEs) and polyisoprenoids (PPs) were the major constituents. Although no quantitative differences were found between melanized and non-melanized cells, melanin ghosts were relatively enriched in SEs and PPs. In contrast to lipid structures reported during early stages of fungal growth in nutrient-rich media, variants found herein could be linked to nutrient stress, cell aging, and subsequent production of substances that promote chronic fungal infections. The fact that TGs and SEs are the typical cargo of lipid droplets suggests that these organelles could be connected to C. neoformans melanin synthesis. Moreover, the discovery of PPs is intriguing because dolichol is a well-established constituent of human neuromelanin. The presence of these lipid species even in non-melanized cells suggests that they could be produced constitutively under stress conditions in anticipation of melanin synthesis. These findings demonstrate that C. neoformans lipids are more varied compositionally and functionally than previously recognized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.200741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solid-state NMR spectroscopy identifies three classes of lipids in C. neoformans melanized cell walls and whole fungal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.196055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural engraftment and topographic spacing of transplanted human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.196055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) replacement and optic nerve regeneration hold potential for restoring vision lost to optic neuropathy. Following transplantation, RGCs must integrate into the neuroretinal circuitry in order to receive afferent visual signals for processing and transmission to central targets. To date, the efficiency of RGC retinal integration following transplantation has been limited. We sought to characterize spontaneous interactions between transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived RGCs and the recipient mature mammalian retina, and to identify and overcome barriers to the structural integration of transplanted neurons. Using an in vitro model system, following transplantation directly onto the inner surface of organotypic mouse retinal explants, human RGC somas form compact clusters and extend bundled neurites that remain superficial to the neural retinal tissue, hindering any potential for afferent synaptogenesis. To enhance integration, we explored methods to increase the cellular permeability of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). Digestion of extracellular matrix components using proteolytic enzymes was titrated to achieve disruption of the ILM while minimizing retinal toxicity and preserving endogenous retinal glial reactivity. Such ILM disruption is associated with dispersion rather than clustering of transplanted RGC bodies and neurites, and with a marked increase in transplanted RGC neurite extension into retinal parenchyma. The ILM appears to be a barrier to afferent retinal connectivity by transplanted RGCs and its circumvention may be necessary for successful functional RGC replacement through transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.196055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural engraftment and topographic spacing of transplanted human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a genetically-encoded oxytocin sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, with a role in influencing various social behaviors. However, pinpointing its actions only during the time animals are performing specific behaviors has been difficult to study. Here we developed an optogenetic gene expression system designed to selectively label neuronal populations activated by OXT in the presence of blue-light, named "OXTR-iTango2". The OXTR-iTango2 was capable of inducing gene expression of a reporter gene in both human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and neurons in a quantitative manner. In vivo expression of OXTR-iTango2 selectively labeled OXT-sensitive neurons in a blue-light dependent manner. Furthermore, we were able to detect a subset of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that receive OXT activation during social interaction. Thus, we provide a genetically-encoded, scalable optogenetic toolset to target neural circuits activated by OXT in behaving animals with a high temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mignocchi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.202598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a genetically-encoded oxytocin sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale label-free volumetric holographic histopathology of thick-tissue slides with subcellular resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histopathology relies upon the staining and sectioning of biological tissues, which can be laborious and may cause artefacts and distort tissues. Here, we demonstrate label-free volumetric imaging of thick-tissue slides, exploiting refractive index distributions as intrinsic imaging contrast. The present method systematically exploits label-free quantitative phase imaging techniques, volumetric reconstruction of intrinsic refractive index distributions in tissues, and numerical algorithms for the seamless stitching of multiple 3D tomograms and for reducing scattering-induced image distortion. We demonstrate demonstrated label-free volumetric imaging of thick tissues with the field of view of 2 mm x 1.75 mm x 0.2 mm with a spatial resolution of 170 nm x 170 nm x 1200 nm. The number of optical modes, calculated as the reconstructed volume divided by the size of the point spread function, was approximately 20 Giga voxels. We have also demonstrated that different tumour types, and a variety of precursor lesions and pathologies can be visualized with the present method.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=150 SRC="FIGDIR/small/205633v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hugonnet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale label-free volumetric holographic histopathology of thick-tissue slides with subcellular resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Basal Core Promoter/Precore region molecular variants among HIV/HBV co-infected and HBV mono-infected patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionEvolution of phenotypic diversity among viruses occurs as an escape mechanism against host immune pressure or drug selective pressure. Among HIV/HBV co-infected individuals, various HBV basal core promoter (BCP)/precore (PC) region molecular mutants had been reported with associated phenotypic defect in HBeAg production. The emergence of HBeAg negative variants of HBV in HIV co-infected individuals have profound implication on the diagnosis, management and prognosis of this subset of individuals. This includes delayed clearance of HBV, early development of adverse hepatic events such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, little is known about HBV BCP/PC region genomic heterogeneity in HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was focussed on investigating evidence of precore/core region genomic variability among HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Nigeria.

Materials and methodsA total of 40 patients (20 HIV/HBV co-infected and 20 HBV mono-infected samples) were enrolled into the study and subsequently tested for HBsAg, HBeAg and HBeAb using specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The BCP/PC genome regions (nucleotides 1653-1959) were amplified using a nested PCR assay and then subjected to BCP/PC mutational analysis in genome sites affecting HBeAg expression especially at the BCP transcriptional and PC Translational stop codon sites.

ResultsOverall, 5(83.3%) of the six exploitable sequences after analysis showed various BCP/PC mutations. Only 1(16.6%) sequence from an HIV/HBV co-infected patient had the BCP transcriptional (double mutation; A1762T/G1764A) mutant. Analysis of the PC translational stop codon showed 4 (66.6%) having the G1896A mutants while 33.3% (2) had G1899A mutants.

ConclusionThis study has broadened the available evidence of BCP/PC region molecular mutants among HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Nigeria and assessed the difference of mutation prevalence in comparison with HBV mono-infected cohort. We therefore recommend that HIV/HBV co-infected patients be routinely screened for hepatitis B virus precore region mutants to improve their patient outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osasona, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudarene, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewale-Fasoro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariyo, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olumade, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewumi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniji, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Basal Core Promoter/Precore region molecular variants among HIV/HBV co-infected and HBV mono-infected patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keratin 17 regulates nuclear morphology and chromatin organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Keratin 17 (KRT17; K17), a non-lamin intermediate filament protein, was recently found to occur in the nucleus. We report here on K17-dependent differences in nuclear morphology, chromatin organization, and cell proliferation. Human tumor keratinocyte cell lines lacking K17 exhibit flatter nuclei relative to normal. Re-expression of wildtype K17, but not a mutant form lacking an intact nuclear localization signal (NLS), rescues nuclear morphology in KRT17 null cells. Analyses of primary cultures of skin keratinocytes from a mouse strain expressing K17 with a mutated NLS corroborated these findings. Proteomics screens identified K17-interacting nuclear proteins with known roles in gene expression, chromatin organization, and RNA processing. Key histone modifications and LAP2{beta} localization within the nucleus are altered in the absence of K17, correlating with decreased cell proliferation and suppression of GLI1 target genes. Nuclear K17 thus impacts nuclear morphology with an associated impact on chromatin organization, gene expression, and proliferation in epithelial cells.

SummaryKeratin 17 (K17) is one of two non-lamin intermediate filament proteins recently identified to localize to and function in the cell nucleus. K17 is here shown to regulate nuclear morphology, chromatin organization, LAP2 localization, and cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poll, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulombe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keratin 17 regulates nuclear morphology and chromatin organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lack of redundancy between electrophysiological measures of long-range neuronal communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication between brain areas has been implicated in a wide range of cognitive and emotive functions and is impaired in numerous mental disorders. In rodent models, various functional connectivity metrics have been used to quantify inter-regional neuronal communication. However, in individual studies, typically only very few measures of coupling are reported and, hence, redundancy across such indicators is implicitly assumed. In order to test this assumption, we here comparatively assessed a broad range of directional and non-directional metrics like coherence, weighted Phase-Lag-Index (wPLI), Granger causality (GC), spike-phase coupling (SPC), cross-regional phase-amplitude coupling, amplitude cross-correlations, and others. We applied these analyses to simultaneous field recordings from the prefrontal cortex and the ventral and dorsal hippocampus in the schizophrenia-related Gria1-knockout mouse model which displays a robust novelty-induced hyperconnectivity phenotype. We find that across such measures there is a considerable lack of functional redundancy. While coherence and GC yielded similar results, other measures, especially wPLI and SPC, often produced deviating conclusions. Bivariate correlations within animals revealed that virtually none of the metrics consistently co-varied with any of the other measures across the three connections and two genotypes analysed. Parametric GC showed the qualitatively highest degree of redundancy with other metrics and would be most suitable for connectivity analysis. We conclude that analysis of multiple metrics is necessary to characterise functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strahnen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanaiah, S. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaetzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.207001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lack of redundancy between electrophysiological measures of long-range neuronal communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-derived mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with gene expression across multiple tissues and is predictive for incident neurodegenerative disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) can be used as a proxy for mitochondrial function and is associated with a number of aging-related diseases. However, it is unclear how mtDNA-CN measured in blood can reflect risk for diseases that primarily manifest in other tissues. Using the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project, we interrogated the relationships between mtDNA-CN measured in whole blood and gene expression from whole blood as well as 47 additional tissues.

ResultsWe evaluated associations between blood-derived mtDNA-CN and gene expression in whole blood for 418 individuals, correcting for known confounders and surrogate variables derived from RNA-sequencing. Using a permutation-derived cutoff (p<2.70e-6), mtDNA-CN was significantly associated with expression for 721 genes in whole blood, including nuclear genes that are required for mitochondrial DNA replication. Significantly enriched pathways included splicing (p=1.03e-8) and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (p=2.4e-10). Genes with target sequences for the mitochondrial transcription factor NRF1 were also enriched (p=1.76e-35).

In non-blood tissues, there were more significantly associated genes than expected in 30 out of 47 tested tissues, suggesting that global gene expression in those tissues is correlated with mtDNA-CN. Pathways that were associated in multiple tissues included RNA-binding, catalysis, and neurodegenerative disease. We evaluated the association between mtDNA-CN and incident neurodegenerative disease in an independent dataset, the UK Biobank, using a Cox proportional-hazards model. Higher mtDNA-CN was significantly associated with lower risk for incident neurodegenerative disease (HR=0.73, 95% CI= 0.66;0.90).

ConclusionsThe observation that mtDNA-CN measured in whole blood is associated with gene expression in other tissues suggests that blood-derived mtDNA-CN can reflect metabolic health across multiple tissues. Key pathways in maintaining cellular homeostasis, including splicing, RNA binding, and catalytic genes were significantly associated with mtDNA-CN, reinforcing the importance of mitochondria in aging-related disease. As a specific example, genes involved in neurodegenerative disease were significantly enriched in multiple tissues. This finding, validated in a large independent cohort study showing an inverse association between mtDNA-CN and neurodegenerative disease, solidifies the link between blood-derived mtDNA-CN, altered gene expression in both blood and non-blood tissues, and aging-related disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillalamarri, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-derived mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with gene expression across multiple tissues and is predictive for incident neurodegenerative disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.212183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal Peptide of HIV-1 Envelope Functions to Modulate Glycosylation Impacting Exposure of V1V2 Epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.212183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. Each trimer is swathed by [~]90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including the conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex. Virus neutralization was also affected, especially by antibodies against the V2i, V2p and V2q epitopes. Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations. These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 epitopes on Env.

Author SummaryHIV-1 Env glycoprotein is produced by a precursor gp160 that has a signal peptide at its N-terminus. The SP is highly diverse among the HIV-1 isolates and no two SP are same. This study presents site-specific analyses of N-linked glycosylation on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from infectious viruses produced with different envelope signal peptides. We show that signal peptide swapping alters the envelope glycan shield, including the conserved N156 and N160 located in the V1V2 region on the trimer apex, to impact Env recognition and virus neutralization by antibodies, particularly those targeting the the V1V2 region. The data offer crucial insights into the role of signal peptide in the interplay between HIV-1 and antibodies and its potential utility to control Env glycosylation in the development of Env-based HIV-1 vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feyznezhad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolla-Pazner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hioe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.212183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal Peptide of HIV-1 Envelope Functions to Modulate Glycosylation Impacting Exposure of V1V2 Epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kv1.2 contributes to pattern separation by regulating the hippocampal CA3 neuronal ensemble size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kv1.2 expression in rodent CA3 pyramidal cells (CA3-PC) is polarized to distal apical dendrites, and regulate the synaptic responses to perforant pathway (PP) inputs. Accordingly, Kv1.2 haploinsufficiency (Kcna2+/-) in CA3-PCs, but not Kv1.1 (Kcna1+/-), lowered the threshold for long-term potentiation at PP-CA3 synapses. The Kcna2+/- mice, but not Kcna1+/-, displayed impairments in contextual fear discrimination task. The size and overlap of CA3 ensembles activated by the first visits to slightly different contexts were not different between wildtype and Kcna2+/- mice, but these ensemble parameters diverged over training days between genotypes, suggesting abnormal plastic changes in the CA3 network of Kcna2+/- mice. Eventually, the Kcna2+/- mice exhibited larger ensemble size and overlap upon retrieval of two contexts, compared to wildtype or Kcna1+/- mice. These results suggest that Kv1.2 subunits prevent promiscuous plastic changes at PP-CA3 synapses, and contribute to sparse representation of memories and pattern separation in the CA3 network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.213538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kv1.2 contributes to pattern separation by regulating the hippocampal CA3 neuronal ensemble size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The frailty syndrome as an emergent state of parallel dysregulation in multiple physiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frailty is a clinical syndrome often present in older adults and characterized by a heightened vulnerability to stressors. The biological antecedents and etiology of frailty are unclear despite decades of research: frailty is associated with dysregulation in a wide range of physiological systems, but no specific cause has been identified. Here, we test predictions stemming from the hypothesis that there is no specific cause: that frailty is an emergent property arising from the complex systems dynamics of the broad loss of organismal homeostasis. Specifically, we use dysregulation of six physiological systems using the Mahalanobis distance approach in two cohorts of older adults to test the breadth, diffuseness, and nonlinearity of associations between frailty and system-specific dysregulation. We find clear support for the breadth of associations between frailty and physiological dysregulation: positive associations of all systems with frailty in at least some analyses. We find partial support for diffuseness: the number of systems or total amount of dysregulation is more important than the identity of the systems dysregulated, but results only partially replicate across cohorts. We find partial support for nonlinearity: trends are exponential but not always significantly so, and power is limited for groups with very high levels of dysregulation. Overall, results are consistent with - but not definitive proof of - frailty as an emergent property of complex systems dynamics. Substantial work remains to understand how frailty relates to underlying physiological dynamics across systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghachem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legault, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeen-Roche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.214718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The frailty syndrome as an emergent state of parallel dysregulation in multiple physiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.216408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Mast Cell Phenotypes in Benign versus Cancer Tissues and Prostate Cancer Oncologic Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.216408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously reported that high numbers of mast cells in benign (extra-tumoral) regions of the prostate are associated with worse outcomes after radical prostatectomy including biochemical recurrence and the development of metastases. Herein, on a cohort of 384 men, we performed mast cell subtyping and report that higher minimum number of the tryptase-only (MCT) subset of extra-tumoral mast cells is associated with increased risk of biochemical recurrence (comparing highest to lowest tertiles: HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.32-3.65; P-trend 0.004), metastases (HR 3.60, 95% CI 1.77-7.36; P-trend 0.001), and death from prostate cancer (HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.23-7.08; P-trend 0.02). RNAsequencing of benign versus cancer tissue mast cells revealed differential expression of additional site-specific genes. We demonstrate that genes more highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating mast cells, such as CXCR4 and TFE3, represent an altered tumor microenvironment. C-kit variants were also differentially expressed in benign versus cancer tissue mast cells, with C-kit variant 1 (GNNK+) mast cells identified as more prevalent in extra-tumoral regions of the prostate. Finally, using an established mouse model, we found that mast cells do not infiltrate Hi-Myc tumors, providing a model to specifically examine the role of extra-tumoral mast cells in tumorigenesis. Hi-Myc mice crossed to mast cell knockout (Wsh) mice and aged to one year revealed a higher degree of pre-invasive lesions and invasive cancer in wildtype mice versus heterozygous and knockout mice. This suggests a dosage effect where higher numbers of extra-tumoral mast cells resulted in higher cancer invasion. Overall, our studies provide further evidence for a role of extra-tumoral mast cells in driving adverse prostate cancer outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hempel Sullivan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.216408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Mast Cell Phenotypes in Benign versus Cancer Tissues and Prostate Cancer Oncologic Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Feedback Mechanism Regulates Odorant Receptor Expression in the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles gambiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes locate and approach humans ( host-seek) when specific Olfactory Neurons (ORNs) in the olfactory periphery activate a specific combination of glomeruli in the mosquito Antennal Lobe (AL). We hypothesize that dysregulating proper glomerular activation in the presence of human odor will prevent host-seeking behavior. In experiments aimed at ectopically activating most ORNs in the presence of human odor, we made a surprising finding: ectopic expression of an AgOr (AgOr2) in Anopheles gambiae ORNs dampens the activity of the expressing neuron. This contrasts studies in Drosophila melanogaster, the typical insect model of olfaction, in which ectopic expression of non-native ORs in ORNs confers ectopic neuronal responses without interfering with native olfactory physiology. To gain insight into this dysfunction in mosquitoes, RNA-seq analyses were performed comparing wild-type antennae to those ectopically expressing AgOr2 in ORNs. Remarkably, almost all Or transcripts were significantly downregulated (except for AgOr2), and additional experiments suggest that it is AgOR2 protein rather than mRNA that mediates this downregulation. Our study shows that ORNs of Anopheles mosquitoes (in contrast to Drosophila) employ a currently unexplored regulatory mechanism of OR expression, which may be adaptable as a vector-control strategy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStudies in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that insect Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) do not contain mechanisms by which Odorant Receptors (ORs) regulate OR expression. This has proved useful in studies where ectopic expression of an OR in Drosophila ORNs confers responses to the odorants that activate the newly expressed OR. In experiments in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, we found that ectopic expression of an OR in most Anopheles ORNs dampened the activity of the expressing neurons. RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that ectopic OR expression in Anopheles ORNs leads to downregulation of endogenous Or transcripts. Additional experiments suggest that this downregulation required ectopic expression of a functional OR protein. These findings reveal that Anopheles mosquitoes, in contrast to Drosophila, contain a feedback mechanism to regulate OR expression. Mosquito ORNs might employ regulatory mechanisms of OR expression previously thought to occur only in non-insect olfactory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afify, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Feedback Mechanism Regulates Odorant Receptor Expression in the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trajectory of cortical GABA levels across thelifespan: An individual participant datameta-analysis of edited MRS studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain and can be measured with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Conflicting accounts report decreases and increases in cortical GABA levels across the lifespan. This incompatibility may be an artifact of the size and age-range of the samples utilized in these studies. No single study to date has included the entire lifespan. In this study, 8 suitable datasets were integrated to generate a model of the trajectory of GABA across the lifespan. Data were fit using both a log-normal curve and a nonparametric spline as regression models using a multi-level Bayesian model utilizing the Stan language. Integrated data show the lifespan trajectory of GABA involves an early period of rapid increase, followed by a period of stability during early adulthood, with a gradual decrease during adulthood and aging that is described well by both spline and log-normal models. The information gained will provide a general framework to inform expectations of future studies based on the age of the population being studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trajectory of cortical GABA levels across thelifespan: An individual participant datameta-analysis of edited MRS studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) benchmarks have been widely used to help validate clinical sequencing pipelines and develop new variant calling and sequencing methods. Here, we use accurate linked reads and long reads to expand the prior benchmarks in 7 samples to include difficult-to-map regions and segmental duplications that are not readily accessible to short reads. Our new benchmark adds more than 300,000 SNVs, 50,000 indels, and 16 % new exonic variants, many in challenging, clinically relevant genes not previously covered (e.g., PMS2). For HG002, we include 92% of the autosomal GRCh38 assembly, while excluding problematic regions for benchmarking small variants (e.g., copy number variants and reference errors) that should not have been in the previous version, which included 85% of GRCh38. By including difficult-to-map regions, this benchmark identifies eight times more false negatives in a short read variant call set relative to our previous benchmark.We have demonstrated the utility of this benchmark to reliably identify false positives and false negatives across technologies in more challenging regions, which enables continued technology and bioinformatics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrska-Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evani, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Barrio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome in a Bottle Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.212712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.215095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of individual base-pairs on in vivo target search and destruction kinetics of small RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.215095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base-pairing interactions mediate intermolecular target recognition in many biological systems and applications, including DNA repair, CRISPR, microRNA, small RNA (sRNA) and antisense oligo therapies. Even a single base-pair mismatch can cause a substantial difference in biological activity but presently we do not yet know how the target search kinetics in vivo are influenced by single nucleotide level changes. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to identify functionally relevant single point mutants of the bacterial sRNA, SgrS, and quantitative super-resolution microscopy to probe the mutational impact on the regulation of its primary target, ptsG mRNA. Our super-resolution imaging and analysis platform allowed us to further dissect mutational effects on SgrS lifetimes, and even subtle changes in the in vivo rates of target association, kon, and dissociation, koff. Mutations that disrupt binding of a chaperone protein, Hfq, and are distal to the mRNA annealing region still decreased kon and increased koff, providing an in vivo demonstration that Hfq directly facilitates sRNA-mRNA annealing. Single base-pair mismatches in the annealing region reduced kon by 24-31% and increased koff by 14-25%, extending the time it takes to find and destroy the target mRNA by about a third, depending on whether an AU or GC base-pair is disrupted. The effects of disrupting contiguous base-pairing are much more modest than that expected from thermodynamics, suggesting that Hfq also buffers base-pair disruptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovskyy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labhsetwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthey-Schulten, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.215095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of individual base-pairs on in vivo target search and destruction kinetics of small RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domino: reconstructing intercellular signaling dynamics with transcription factor activation in model biomaterial environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomaterials serve as the basis of implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and multiple other biomedical therapeutics. New technologies, such as single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), are enabling characterization of the biomaterial response to an unprecedented level of detail, facilitating new discoveries in the complex cellular environment surrounding materials. We performed scRNAseq and integrated data sets from multiple experiments to create a single cell atlas of the biomaterials response that contains 42,156 cells from biological extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived and synthetic polyester (polycaprolactone, PCL) scaffold biomaterials implanted in murine muscle wounds. We identified 18 clusters of cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, multiple subsets of fibroblasts, and myeloid cells, many of which were previously unknown in the biomaterial response. To determine intra and intercellular signaling occurring between the numerous cell subsets, including immune-stromal interactions in the biomaterial response, we developed Domino (github.com/chris-cherry/domino), a computational tool which allows for identification of condition specific intercellular signaling patterns connected to transcription factor activation from single cell data. The Domino networks self-assembled into signaling modules and cellular subsets involved in signaling independent of clustering, defining interactions between immune, fibroblast, and tissue-specific modules with biomaterials-specific communication patterns. Further compilation and integration of biomaterials single cell data sets will delineate the impact of materials chemical and physical properties and biological factors, such as anatomical placement, age, or systemic disease, that will direct biomaterials design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garmire, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.218537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domino: reconstructing intercellular signaling dynamics with transcription factor activation in model biomaterial environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-dimensional video-based analysis of human gait using pose estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Walking is the primary mode of human locomotion. Accordingly, people have been interested in studying human gait since at least the fourth century BC. Human gait analysis is now common in many fields of clinical and basic research, but gold standard approaches - e.g., three-dimensional motion capture, instrumented mats or footwear, and wearables - are often expensive, immobile, data-limited, and/or require specialized equipment or expertise for operation. Recent advances in video-based pose estimation have suggested exciting potential for analyzing human gait using only two-dimensional video inputs collected from readily accessible devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets). However, we currently lack: 1) data about the accuracy of video-based pose estimation approaches for human gait analysis relative to gold standard measurement techniques and 2) an available workflow for performing human gait analysis via video-based pose estimation. In this study, we compared a large set of spatiotemporal and sagittal kinematic gait parameters as measured by OpenPose (a freely available algorithm for video-based human pose estimation) and three-dimensional motion capture from trials where healthy adults walked overground. We found that OpenPose performed well in estimating many gait parameters (e.g., step time, step length, sagittal hip and knee angles) while some (e.g., double support time, sagittal ankle angles) were less accurate. We observed that mean values for individual participants - as are often of primary interest in clinical settings - were more accurate than individual step-by-step measurements. We also provide a workflow for users to perform their own gait analyses and offer suggestions and considerations for future approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.218776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-dimensional video-based analysis of human gait using pose estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.208595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and function of a novel osmoregulated periplasmic fiber-forming high-molecular-weight carbohydrate of Myxococcus xanthus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.208595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osmoregulation is of central importance for living cells. In Gram-negative bacteria, strategies for osmoregulation and turgor maintenance in hypotonic environments include the synthesis, accumulation, and modification of periplasmic oligosaccharides. These osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs, formerly known as membrane-derived oligosaccharides or MDOs) promote water uptake and retention, keeping the cells in an optimal state of hydration. While our understanding of OPG-dependent osmoregulation in a number of model organisms like Escherichia coli is quite detailed, less is known about these processes in bacteria that live in environments characterized by strongly fluctuating osmolarity, such as soil. Here we describe that the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus lacks a canonical low-molecular-weight OPG, but instead possesses a novel high-molecular-weight, fiber-forming polysaccharide. Chemical analysis reveals that this polysaccharide is several thousand kilodaltons in size, composed of a highly branched decasaccharide repeat unit containing mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and rhamnose. Physiological experiments indicate that the polysaccharide is osmoregulated thereby functionally replacing the canonical OPG. Moreover, experiments indicate that this high-molecular-weight periplasmic polysaccharide forms a fibrillar meshwork that stabilizes the cell envelope during glycerol spore formation, a process during which the entire peptidoglycan of the cell is degraded and the rod-shaped vegetative cells convert into spherical spores.

SignificanceOsmoprotection is a necessity for every living cell, particularly in an environment with fluctuating osmolarity. In Gram-negative bacteria, low-molecular-weight osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) are an important component of the osmotic stress response in hypotonic environments. Here, we describe that the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus does not possess such an OPG but instead accumulates a novel high-molecular-weight fiber-forming polysaccharide in the periplasm in response to hypotonic conditions. This polymer is important for osmoprotection of the cells and plays a key role in the stabilization of the cell envelope during the conversion of rod-shaped vegetative cells into spherical spores. These results indicate that bacteria may use non-OPG carbohydrates for osmoprotection and cell wall stabilization during processes like cellular differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, J. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semeijn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoiczyk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.208595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and function of a novel osmoregulated periplasmic fiber-forming high-molecular-weight carbohydrate of Myxococcus xanthus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense reconstruction of elongated cell lineages: overcoming suboptimum lineage encoding and sparse cell sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring both lineage and cell-type information during brain development could elucidate transcriptional programs underling neuronal diversification. This is now feasible with single-cell RNA-seq combined with CRISPR-based lineage tracing, which generates genetic barcodes with cumulative CRISPR edits. This technique has not yet been optimized to deliver high-resolution lineage reconstruction of protracted lineages. Drosophila neuronal lineages are an ideal model to consider, as multiple lineages have been morphologically mapped at single-cell resolution. Here we find the parameter ranges required to encode a representative neuronal lineage emanating from 100 stem cell divisions. We derive the optimum editing rate to be inversely proportional to lineage depth, enabling encoding to persist across lineage progression. Further, we experimentally determine the editing rates of a Cas9-deaminase in cycling neural stem cells, finding near ideal rates to map elongated Drosophila neuronal lineages. Moreover, we propose and evaluate strategies to separate recurring cell-types for lineage reconstruction. Finally, we present a simple method to combine multiple experiments, which permits dense reconstruction of protracted cell lineages despite suboptimum lineage encoding and sparse cell sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sugino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyares, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense reconstruction of elongated cell lineages: overcoming suboptimum lineage encoding and sparse cell sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Larger organ size caused by obesity is a mechanism for higher cancer risk. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity increases significantly cancer risk in various organs. Although this has been recognized for decades, the mechanism through which this happens has never been explained. Here, we show that obese people (BMI [&ge;]30) have on average 55% (95%CI: 46%-66%), 68% (95%CI: 59%-76%), and 39% (95%CI: 29%-49%) larger kidneys, liver, and pancreas, respectively. We also find a significant linear relationship between the increase in organ volume and the increase in cancer risk (P-value<10-12). These results provide a mechanism explaining why obese individuals have higher cancer risk in several organs: the larger the organ volume the more cells at risk of becoming cancerous. These findings are important for a better understanding of the effects that obesity has on cancer risk and, more generally, for the development of better preventive strategies to limit the mortality caused by obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penisson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouladi, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayesteh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinreich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuille, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Larger organ size caused by obesity is a mechanism for higher cancer risk.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-cost 3D-printed inverted microscope to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a MODS culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe MODS is an important assay for early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug susceptibility. MODS is based in the microscopic observation, underneath, of the characteristic cords of Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies grown in liquid media. An inverted optical microscope is required to observe and interpret MODS cultures. Unfortunately, the cost of commercial inverted microscopes is not affordable in low resource settings in developing countries.

MethodologyTo perform a diagnosis of tuberculosis using the MODS assay, images with modest quality are enough for proper interpretation. Therefore, the use of a high cost commercial inverted optical microscope is not indispensable. In this study, we designed a prototype of an optical inverted microscope created with a 3D printer and based on a smartphone. The system was evaluated by comparison of manual interpretations of 226 TB positive MODS culture images and 207 negative MODS culture images.

SignificanceThe prototype resulted in a low-cost inverted optical microscope, with simple functioning, and whose parts have been manufactured using 3D printing techniques. The quality of the images was good enough and achieved a 100% concordance between the manual inspection with the developed microscope, and the standard diagnostics of MODS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salguedo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-cost 3D-printed inverted microscope to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a MODS culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic gene fusions in non-neoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection initiates prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and the initiating factors are unknown. Oncogenic TMPRSS2:ERG (ERG+) gene fusions are facilitated by DNA breaks and occur in up to 50% of prostate cancers1,2. Infection-driven inflammation is implicated in the formation of ERG+ fusions3, and we hypothesized that these fusions initiate in early inflammation-associated prostate cancer precursor lesions, such as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prior to cancer development. We investigated whether bacterial prostatitis is associated with ERG+ precancerous lesions in unique cases with active bacterial infections at time of radical prostatectomy. We identified a high frequency of ERG+ non-neoplastic-appearing glands in these cases, including ERG+ PIA transitioning to early invasive cancer. We verified TMPRSS2:ERG genomic rearrangements in precursor lesions using tri-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Identification of rearrangement patterns combined with whole prostate mapping in 3 dimensions confirmed multiple (up to 8) distinct ERG+ precancerous lesions in infected cases. Finally, we identified the pathogen-derived genotoxin colibactin as a potential source of DNA breaks in clinical cases as well as cultured prostate cells. Overall, we provide evidence that bacterial infections initiate driver gene alterations in prostate cancer. Furthermore, infection-induced ERG+ fusions are an early alteration in the carcinogenic process and PIA may serve as a direct precursor to prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.224154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic gene fusions in non-neoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection initiates prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Analysis of Human Coronaviruses Focusing on Nucleotide Variability and Synonymous Codon Usage Pattern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prevailing pandemic across the world due to SARSCoV-2 drawing great attention towards discovering its evolutionary origin. We perform an exploratory study to understand the variability of the whole coding region of possible proximal evolutionary neighbours of SARSCoV-2. We consider seven (07) human coronavirus strains from six different species as a candidate for our study.

First, we observe a good variability of nucleotides across candidate strains. We did not find a significant variation of GC content across the strains for codon position first and second. However, we interestingly see huge variability of GC-content in codon position 3rd (GC3), and pairwise mean GC-content (SARSCoV, MERSCoV), and (SARSCoV-2, hCoV229E) are quite closer. While observing the relative abundance of dinucleotide feature, we find a shared typical genetic pattern, i.e., high usage of GC and CT nucleotide pair at the first two positions (P12) of codons and the last two positions (P23) of codons, respectively. We also observe a low abundance of CG pair that might help in their evolution bio-process. Secondly, Considering RSCU score, we find a substantial similarity for mild class coronaviruses, i.e., hCoVOC43, hCoVHKU1, and hCoVNL63 based on their codon hit with high RSCU value ([&ge;] 1.5), and minim number of codons hit (count-9) is observed for MERSCoV. We see seven codons ATT, ACT, TCT, CCT, GTT, GCT and GGT with high RSCU value, which are common in all seven strains. These codons are mostly from Aliphatic and Hydroxyl amino acid group. A phylogenetic tree built using RSCU feature reveals proximity among hCoVOC43 and hCoV229E (mild). Thirdly, we perform linear regression analysis among GC content in different codon position and ENC value. We observe a strong correlation (significant p-value) between GC2 and GC3 for SARSCoV-2, hCoV229E and hCoVNL63, and between GC1 and GC3 for hCoV229E, hCoVNL63, SARSCoV. We believe that our findings will help in understanding the mechanism of human coronavirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.224386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Analysis of Human Coronaviruses Focusing on Nucleotide Variability and Synonymous Codon Usage Pattern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurological complications are common in patients with COVID-19. While SARS-CoV-2, the causal pathogen of COVID-19, has been detected in some patient brains, its ability to infect brain cells and impact their function are not well understood, and experimental models using human brain cells are urgently needed. Here we investigated the susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived monolayer brain cells and region-specific brain organoids to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found modest numbers of infected neurons and astrocytes, but greater infection of choroid plexus epithelial cells. We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs, which revealed productive SARS-CoV-2 infection that leads to increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. Together, our results provide evidence for SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and support use of hiPSC-derived brain organoids as a platform to investigate the cellular susceptibility, disease mechanisms, and treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pather, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubitt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Torre, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact Analysis of SARS-CoV2 on Signaling Pathways during COVID19 Pathogenesis using Codon Usage Assisted Host-Viral Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular mechanism of COVID19 disease pathogenesis helps in the rapid development of therapeutic targets. Usually, viral protein targets host proteins in an organized fashion. The pathogen may target cell signaling pathways to disrupt the pathway genes regular activities, resulting in disease. Understanding the interaction mechanism of viral and host proteins involved in different signaling pathways may help decipher the attacking mechanism on the signal transmission during diseases, followed by discovering appropriate therapeutic solutions.

The expression of any viral gene depends mostly on the host translational machinery. Recent studies report the great significance of codon usage biases in establishing host-viral protein-protein interactions (PPI). Exploiting the codon usage patterns between a pair of co-evolved host and viral proteins may present novel insight into the host-viral protein interactomes during disease pathogenesis. Leveraging the codon usage pattern similarity (and dissimilarity), we propose a computational scheme to recreate the hostviral protein interaction network (HVPPI). We use seventeen (17) essential signaling pathways for our current work and study the possible targeting mechanism of SARS-CoV2 viral proteins on such pathway proteins. We infer both negatively and positively interacting edges in the network. We can find a relationship where one host protein may target by more than one viral protein.

Extensive analysis performed to understand the network topologically and the attacking behavior of the viral proteins. Our study reveals that viral proteins, mostly utilize codons, rare in the targeted host proteins (negatively correlated interaction). Among non-structural proteins, NSP3 and structural protein, Spike (S) protein, are the most influential proteins in interacting multiple host proteins. In ranking the most affected pathways, MAPK pathways observe to be worst affected during the COVID-19 disease. A good number of targeted proteins are highly central in host protein interaction networks. Proteins participating in multiple pathways are also highly connected in their own PPI and mostly targeted by multiple viral proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrobarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.226217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact Analysis of SARS-CoV2 on Signaling Pathways during COVID19 Pathogenesis using Codon Usage Assisted Host-Viral Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell cytometry via multiplexed fluorescence prediction by label-free reflectance microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional imaging cytometry uses fluorescence markers to identify specific structures, but is limited in throughput by the labeling process. Here we develop a label-free technique that alleviates the physical staining and provides highly multiplexed readouts via a deep learning-augmented digital labeling method. We leverage the rich structural information and superior sensitivity in reflectance microscopy and show that digital labeling predicts highly accurate subcellular features after training on immunofluorescence images. We demonstrate up to 3x improvement in the prediction accuracy over the state-of-the-art. Beyond fluorescence prediction, we demonstrate that single-cell level structural phenotypes of cell cycles are correctly reproduced by the digital multiplexed images, including Golgi twins, Golgi haze during mitosis and DNA synthesis. We further show that the multiplexed readouts enable accurate multi-parametric single-cell profiling across a large cell population. Our method can dramatically improve the throughput for imaging cytometry toward applications for phenotyping, pathology, and high-content screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell cytometry via multiplexed fluorescence prediction by label-free reflectance microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved expression analysis comparing two selective retinal cell ablation paradigms in zebrafish reveals shared and cell-specific regenerative regulatory networks. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal Muller glia (MG) can act as stem-like cells to generate new neurons in both zebrafish and mice. In zebrafish, retinal regeneration is innate and robust, resulting in the replacement of lost neurons and restoration of visual function. In mice, exogenous stimulation of MG is required to reveal a dormant and, to date, limited regenerative capacity. Zebrafish studies have been key in revealing factors that promote regenerative responses in the mammalian eye. Increased understanding of how the regenerative potential of MG is regulated in zebrafish may therefore aid efforts to promote retinal repair therapeutically. Developmental signaling pathways are known to coordinate regeneration following widespread retinal cell loss. In contrast, less is known about how regeneration is regulated in the context of retinal degenerative disease, i.e., following the loss of specific retinal cell types. To address this knowledge gap, we compared transcriptomic responses underlying regeneration following targeted loss of rod photoreceptors or bipolar cells. In total, 2,531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with the majority being paradigm specific, including during early MG activation phases, suggesting the nature of the injury/cell loss informs the regenerative process from initiation onward. For example, early modulation of Notch signaling was implicated in the rod but not bipolar cell ablation paradigm and components of JAK/STAT signaling were implicated in both paradigms. To examine candidate gene roles in rod cell regeneration, including several immune-related factors, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to create G0 mutant larvae (i.e., "crispants"). Rod cell regeneration was inhibited in stat3 crispants, while mutating stat5a/b, c7b and txn accelerated rod regeneration kinetics. These data support emerging evidence that discrete responses follow from selective retinal cell loss and that the immune system plays a key role in regulating "fate-biased" regenerative processes.

Author SummaryBlinding diseases are linked to the loss of specific types of neurons in the retina. In humans, this eventually leads to loss of sight. In zebrafish, however, lost retinal neurons are regenerated resulting in restored vision. Our lab has developed zebrafish models that induce the loss of disease-relevant retinal neurons, thereby allowing us to study how individual cell types are regenerated. Here, to better understand how these processes are regulated, we compared gene expression changes occurring during loss and regeneration of two different retinal cell types, rod photoreceptors and bipolar interneurons. The majority of gene changes were specific to each cell type studied, providing strong evidence that genetic programs underlying stem cell activation vary depending on the cell type lost. We also found that the immune system was implicated as a regulator of regeneration in both models, but that individual immune-related genes were more strongly associated with one of the two models. Furthermore, disrupting multiple genes involved in immune system signaling led to enhanced rod regeneration. We hope that a better understanding of how retinal cell regeneration is regulated in zebrafish will aid efforts to develop regenerative therapeutics designed to restore sight to patients who have lost their vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved expression analysis comparing two selective retinal cell ablation paradigms in zebrafish reveals shared and cell-specific regenerative regulatory networks.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.237156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of extracellular vesicles and artificial nanoparticles with four orthogonal single-particle analysis platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.237156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We compared four orthogonal technologies for sizing, counting, and phenotyping of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic particles. The platforms were: single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP-IRIS) with fluorescence, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with fluorescence, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS), and nanoflow cytometry measurement (NFCM). EVs from the human T lymphocyte line H9 (high CD81, low CD63) and the promonocytic line U937 (low CD81, high CD63) were separated from culture conditioned medium (CCM) by differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) or a combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot (WB). Mixtures of synthetic particles (silica and polystyrene spheres) with known sizes and/or concentrations were also tested. MRPS and NFCM returned similar particle counts, while NTA detected counts approximately one order of magnitude lower for EVs, but not for synthetic particles. SP-IRIS events could not be used to estimate particle concentrations. For sizing, SP-IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM returned similar size profiles, with smaller sizes predominating (per power law distribution), but with sensitivity typically dropping off below diameters of 60 nm. NTA detected a population of particles with a mode diameter greater than 100 nm. Additionally, SP-IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM were able to identify at least three of four distinct size populations in a mixture of silica or polystyrene nanoparticles. Finally, for tetraspanin phenotyping, the SP-IRIS platform in fluorescence mode was able to detect at least two markers on the same particle, while NFCM detected either CD81 or CD63. Based on the results of this study, we can draw conclusions about existing single-particle analysis capabilities that may be useful for EV biomarker development and mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallick, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarwater, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivkovic, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vreeland, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulaitis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.237156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of extracellular vesicles and artificial nanoparticles with four orthogonal single-particle analysis platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Analysis of Human Induced Excitatory Neurons Supports a Strong Effect of Clozapine on Cholesterol Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antipsychotics are known to modulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters which is often thought to be the mechanism underlying their therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, other less studied consequences of antipsychotics on neuronal function may contribute to their efficacy. Revealing the complete picture behind their action is of paramount importance for precision medicine and accurate drug selection. Progress in cell engineering allows the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their differentiation to a variety of neuronal types, providing new tools to study antipsychotics. Here we use excitatory cortical neurons derived from iPSCs to explore their response to therapeutic levels of Clozapine as measured by their transcriptomic output, a proxy for neuronal homeostasis. To our surprise, but in agreement with the results of many investigators studying glial-like cells, Clozapine had a very strong effect on cholesterol metabolism. More than a quarter (12) of all annotated cholesterol genes (46) in the genome were significantly changed at FDR<0.1, all upregulated. This is a 35-fold enrichment with an adjusted p = 8 x10-11. Notably no other functional category showed evidence of enrichment. Cholesterol is a major component of the neuronal membrane and myelin but it does not cross the blood brain barrier, it is produced locally mostly by glia but also by neurons. By singling out increased expression of cholesterol metabolism genes as the main response of cortical excitatory neurons to antipsychotics, our work supports the hypothesis that cholesterol metabolism may be a contributing mechanism to the beneficial effects of Clozapine and possibly other antipsychotics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Analysis of Human Induced Excitatory Neurons Supports a Strong Effect of Clozapine on Cholesterol Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendrimer-targeted immunosuppression of microglia reactivity super-accelerates photoreceptor regeneration in the zebrafish retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muller glia (MG) function as injury-induced retinal stem cells in zebrafish but not mammals. Insights from zebrafish, however, have been used to stimulate limited regenerative responses from mammalian MG. Microglia/macrophages regulate MG stem cell activity in the chick, zebrafish and mouse. We previously showed that dexamethasone can accelerate retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Similarly, microglia ablation enhances regenerative outcomes in the mouse retina. Targeted immunomodulation may therefore enhance the regenerative potential of human MG. Nanoparticle-based immunomodulation is an emerging field with immense therapeutic potential. Here, we investigated how regeneration-enhancing dexamethasone treatments alter microglia behavior and how dendrimer-based targeting of dexamethasone to reactive microglia impact retinal regeneration kinetics. Intravital time-lapse imaging revealed specific dexamethasone-induced changes in microglia reactivity. Dendrimer-conjugated dexamethasone treatments resulted in: 1) decreased toxicity, 2) selective targeting of reactive microglia and, 3) "super-accelerated" retinal regeneration kinetics. These data support the use of dendrimer-based drug formulations for modulating microglia reactivity in degenerative disease contexts, especially as therapeutic strategies for promoting regenerative responses to neuronal cell loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhamptati, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendrimer-targeted immunosuppression of microglia reactivity super-accelerates photoreceptor regeneration in the zebrafish retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-4 receptor targeting as an effective immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many solid tumors including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) upregulation has been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation, apoptotic resistance, metastatic potential and a Th2 response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immunosuppressive cells in the TME including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) also express the IL4-R. We hypothesized that selective depletion of IL4-R bearing cells in TNBC may have dual cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic benefit. To selectively target IL-4R+ cells, we genetically constructed, expressed and purified DABIL-4, a fusion protein toxin consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin fused to murine IL-4. We found that DABIL-4 has potent and specific cytotoxic activity against TNBC cells in vitro. In murine TNBC models, DABIL-4 significantly reduced tumor growth, splenomegaly and lung metastases, and this was associated with reductions in MDSC, TAM and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) populations with a concomitant increase in the proportion of IFN{gamma}+ CD8 T-cells. The anti-tumor activity of DABIL-4 was absent in IL-4R KO mice directly implicating IL-4R directed killing as the mechanism of anti-tumor activity. Moreover, NanoString analysis of DABIL-4 treated TNBC tumors revealed marked decline in mRNA transcripts that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis. Our findings demonstrate that DABIL-4 is a potent targeted antitumor agent which depletes both IL-4R bearing tumor cells as well as immunosuppressive cell populations in the TME.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEIn solid tumors like breast cancer, Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression in the tumor microenvironment aids tumor growth and metastasis. IL-4R expression upon host immune cells further dampens antitumor immunity. In this study, we have genetically constructed a fusion protein toxin, DABIL-4, composed of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin and murine IL-4. DABIL-4 showed specific cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vitro. DABIL-4 also markedly inhibited TNBC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The primary activity of DABIL-4 was found to be depletion of IL-4R+ immune cells in combination with direct elimination of tumor cells. In conclusion, DABIL-4 targeting of both tumor and immunosuppressive host cells is a versatile and effective treatment strategy for TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddharth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-4 receptor targeting as an effective immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single amino acid mutations effect Zika virus replication in vitro and virulence in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2014-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas resulted in large deposits of next-generation sequencing data from clinical samples. This resource was mined to identify emerging mutations and trends in mutations as the outbreak progressed over time. Information on transmission dynamics, prevalence and persistence of intra-host mutants, and the position of a mutation on a protein were then used to prioritize 544 reported mutations based on their ability to impact ZIKV phenotype. Using this criteria, six mutants (representing naturally occurring mutations) were generated as synthetic infectious clones using a 2015 Puerto Rican epidemic strain PRVABC59 as the parental backbone. The phenotypes of these naturally occurring variants were examined using both cell culture and murine model systems. Mutants had distinct phenotypes, including changes in replication rate, embryo death, and decreased head size. In particular, a NS2B mutant previously detected during in vivo studies in rhesus macaques was found to cause lethal infections in adult mice, abortions in pregnant females, and increased viral genome copies in both brain tissue and blood of female mice. Additionally, mutants with changes in the region of NS3 that interfaces with NS5 during replication displayed reduced replication in the blood of adult mice. This analytical pathway, integrating both bioinformatic and wet lab experiments, provides a foundation for understanding how naturally occurring single mutations affect disease outcome and can be used to predict the of severity of future ZIKV outbreaks.

Author summaryTo determine if naturally occurring individual mutations in the Zika virus epidemic genotype effect viral virulence or replication rate in vitro or in vivo, we generated an infectious clone representing the epidemic genotype of stain Puerto Rico, 2015. Using this clone, six mutants were created by changing nucleotides in the genome to cause one to two amino acid substitutions in the encoded proteins. The six mutants we generated represent mutations that differentiated the early epidemic genotype from genotypes that were either ancestral or that occurred later in the epidemic. We assayed each mutant for changes in growth rate, and for virulence in adult mice and pregnant mice. Three of the mutants caused catastrophic embryo effects including increased embryonic death or significant decrease in head diameter. Three other mutants that had mutations in a genome region associated with replication resulted in changes in in vitro and in vivo replication rates. These results illustrate the potential impact of individual mutations in viral phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collette, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weilhammer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borucki, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single amino acid mutations effect Zika virus replication in vitro and virulence in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNPC-1.3 is a sex-specific transcription factor that drives male piRNA expression in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play essential roles in silencing repetitive elements to promote fertility in metazoans. Studies in worms, flies, and mammals reveal that piRNAs are expressed in a sex-specific manner. However, the mechanisms underlying this sex-specific regulation are unknown. Here we identify SNPC-1.3, a variant of a conserved subunit of the snRNA activating protein complex, as a male-specific piRNA transcription factor in C. elegans. Binding of SNPC-1.3 at male piRNA loci drives spermatogenic piRNA transcription and requires the core piRNA transcription factor SNPC-4. Loss of snpc-1.3 leads to depletion of male piRNAs and defects in male-dependent fertility. Furthermore, TRA-1, a master regulator of sex determination, binds to the snpc-1.3 promoter and represses its expression during oogenesis. Loss of TRA-1 targeting causes ectopic expression of snpc-1.3 and male piRNAs during oogenesis. Thus, sexual dimorphic regulation of snpc-1.3 coordinates male and female piRNA expression during germline development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNPC-1.3 is a sex-specific transcription factor that drives male piRNA expression in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SVCollector: Optimized sample selection for cost-efficient long-read population sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasingly important scenario in population genetics is when a large cohort has been genotyped using a low-resolution approach (e.g. microarrays, exome capture, short-read WGS), from which a few individuals are selected for resequencing using a more comprehensive approach, especially long-read sequencing. The subset of individuals selected should ensure that the captured genetic diversity is fully representative and includes variants across all subpopulations. For example, human variation has historically been focused on individuals with European ancestry, but this represents a small fraction of the overall diversity.

To address this goal, SVCollector (https://github.com/fritzsedlazeck/SVCollector) identifies the optimal subset of individuals for resequencing. SVCollector analyzes a population-level VCF file from a low resolution genotyping study. It then computes a ranked list of samples that maximizes the total number of variants present from a subset of a given size. To solve this optimization problem, SVCollector implements a fast greedy heuristic and an exact algorithm using integer linear programming. We apply SVCollector on simulated data, 2504 human genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project, and 3024 genomes from the 3K Rice Genomes Project and show the rankings it computes are more representative than widely used naive strategies. Notably, we show that when selecting an optimal subset of 100 samples in these two cohorts, SV-Collector identifies individuals from every subpopulation while naive methods yield an unbalanced selection. Finally, we show the number of variants present in cohorts of different sizes selected using this approach follows a power-law distribution that is naturally related to the population genetic concept of the allele frequency spectrum, allowing us to estimate the diversity present with increasing numbers of samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranallo-Benavidez, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SVCollector: Optimized sample selection for cost-efficient long-read population sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.238477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human muscle stem cells are refractory to aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.238477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is widely attributed to limitation in the capacity of muscle resident satellite cells to perform their myogenic function. This idea contains two notions that have not been comprehensively evaluated by experiment. First, it entails the idea that we damage and lose substantial amounts of muscle in the course of our normal daily activities. Second, it suggests that mechanisms of muscle repair are in some way exhausted, thus limiting muscle regeneration. A third option is that the aged environment becomes inimical to the conduct of muscle regeneration. In the present study we used our established model of human muscle xenografting to test whether muscle samples taken from cadavers, of a range of ages, maintained their myogenic potential after being transplanted into immunodeficient mice. We find no measurable difference in regeneration across the range of ages investigated up to 78 years of age. Moreover, we report that satellite cells maintained their myogenic capacity even when muscles were grafted 11 days postmortem in our model. We conclude that the loss of muscle mass with increasing age is not attributable to any intrinsic loss of myogenicity and is most likely a reflection of progressive and detrimental changes in the muscle micro-environment such as to disfavor the myogenic function of these cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novak, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioffe, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidelia-Lambert, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley Hill, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.238477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human muscle stem cells are refractory to aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amoeba predation of Cryptococcus neoformans results in pleiotropic changes to traits associated with virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytic amoeboid predators such as amoeba have been proposed to select for survival traits in soil microbes such as Cryptococcus neoformans that can also function in animal virulence by defeating phagocytic immune cells, such as macrophages. Several prior studies have shown that incubation of various fungal species with amoeba can enhance their virulence. However, the mechanisms by which fungi adapt to amoeba and thus change their virulence are unknown. In this study we exposed three strains of C. neoformans (1 clinical and 2 environmental) to predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii for prolonged periods of time and then analyzed surviving colonies phenotypically and genetically. Surviving colonies were comprised of cells that expressed either pseudohyphal or yeast phenotypes, which demonstrated variable expression of such traits associated with virulence such as capsule size, urease production and melanization. Phenotypic changes were associated with aneuploidy and DNA sequence mutations in some amoeba-passaged isolates, but not in others. Mutations in the gene encoding for the oligopeptide transporter (CNAG_03013; OPT1) were observed among amoeba-passaged isolates from each of the three strains. In addition, isolates derived from environmental strains gained the capacity for enhanced macrophage toxicity after amoeba selection and carried mutations on the CNAG_00570 gene, which encodes Pkr1 (AMP-dependent protein kinase regulator) but were less virulence in mice because they elicited more effective fungal-clearing immune responses. Our results indicate that C. neoformans survival under constant amoeba predation involves the generation of strains expressing pleiotropic phenotypic and genetic changes, which confer increase resistance against protozoal predation. Given the myriad of potential predators in soils the diversity observed among amoeba-selected strains suggests a bet-hedging strategy whereby variant diversity increases the likelihood that some will survive predation.

Author summaryCryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous environmental fungus that is also a leading cause of fatal fungal infection in humans, especially among immunocompromised patients. Cryptococcosis is a worldwide concern due to its high mortality rate. A major question in the field is how an environmental yeast such as C. neoformans becomes a human pathogen when it has no need for animal host in its life cycle. Previous studies showed evidence that C. neoformans increases its pathogenicity after interacting with its environmental predator amoebae. Amoebae behave like macrophages, an important immune cell in human body, so it is considered as a training ground for pathogens to resist macrophages. However, how C. neoformans changes its virulence through interacting with amoebae is unknown. Here, we exposed C. neoformans to amoebae for a long period of time. We found that C. neoformans cells recovered from amoebae manifested numerous changes to phenotypes related to its virulence and one of the amoeba-passaged C. neoformans cells had enhanced ability to kill macrophages. We further analyzed their genome sequences and found various mutations in different cells of amoeba-passaged C. neoformans, showing that DNA mutations may be the major cause of the phenotypic changes after interacting with amoebae. Our study indicates that fungal survival in the face of amoeba predation is associated with the emergence of pleiotropic phenotypic and genomic changes that increase the chance of fungal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liporagi-Lopes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Junior, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfect, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.241190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amoeba predation of Cryptococcus neoformans results in pleiotropic changes to traits associated with virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The female-specific VC neurons are mechanically activated, feed-forward motor neurons that facilitate serotonin-induced egg laying in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful execution of behavior requires coordinated activity and communication between multiple cell types. Studies using the relatively simple neural circuits of invertebrates have helped to uncover how conserved molecular and cellular signaling events shape animal behavior. To understand the mechanisms underlying neural circuit activity and behavior, we have been studying a simple circuit that drives egg-laying behavior in the nematode worm C. elegans. Here we show that the sex-specific, Ventral C (VC) motor neurons are important for vulval muscle contractility and egg laying in response to serotonin. Ca2+ imaging experiments show the VCs are active during times of vulval muscle contraction and vulval opening, and optogenetic stimulation of the VCs promotes vulval muscle Ca2+ activity. Blocking VC neurotransmission inhibits egg laying in response to serotonin and increases the failure rate of egg-laying attempts, indicating that VC signaling facilitates full vulval muscle contraction and opening of the vulva for efficient egg laying. We also find the VCs are mechanically activated in response to vulval opening. Optogenetic stimulation of the vulval muscles is sufficient to drive VC Ca2+ activity and requires muscle contractility, showing the presynaptic VCs and the postsynaptic vulval muscles can mutually excite each other. Together, our results demonstrate that the VC neurons facilitate efficient execution of egg-laying behavior by coordinating postsynaptic muscle contractility in response to serotonin and mechanosensory feedback.

Significance StatementMany animal motor behaviors are modulated by the neurotransmitters serotonin and acetylcholine. Such motor circuits also respond to mechanosensory feedback, but how neurotransmitters and mechanoreceptors work together to coordinate behavior is not well understood. We address these questions using the egg-laying circuit in C. elegans where we can manipulate presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic muscle activity in behaving animals while recording circuit responses through Ca2+ imaging. We find that the cholinergic VC motoneurons are important for proper vulval muscle contractility and egg laying in response to serotonin. Muscle contraction also activates the VCs, forming a positive feedback loop that promotes full contraction for egg release. In all, mechanosensory feedback provides a parallel form of modulation that shapes circuit responses to neurotransmitters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopchock, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The female-specific VC neurons are mechanically activated, feed-forward motor neurons that facilitate serotonin-induced egg laying in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Midkine in chick and mouse retinas: neuroprotection, glial reactivity and the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that midkine (MDK), a basic heparin-binding growth factor, is involved in the development and regeneration of the zebrafish retina. However, very little is known about MDK in the retinas of warm-blooded vertebrates. We investigate the expression patterns of MDK and related factors, roles in neuronal survival, and influence upon the formation of Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in chick and mouse model systems. By using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we find that MDK is upregulated during Muller glia (MG) maturation in chick development and when stimulated to reprogram into MGPCs after NMDA damage or FGF2/Insulin treatment. Interestingly, MDK is significantly up-regulated by MG in damaged chick retinas, but down-regulated by MG in damaged mouse retinas. In both chick and mouse retinas, exogenous MDK selectively up-regulates cFOS and pS6 (a readout of mTOR-signaling) in MG. In the chick, intraocular injections of MDK before injury is neuroprotective with an observed decrease in dying neurons and microglial reactivity, inducing fewer proliferating MGPCs. Blocking MDK signaling with Na3VO4 following blocks neuroprotective effects with an increase the number of dying cells and negates the pro-proliferative effects on MGPCs. Inhibitors of PP2A and Pak1 associated with MDK integrin {beta}1 signaling had MG specific inhibitory effects on MGPC formation. In mice, MDK administration with NMDA damage drives a small but significant increase in MGPCs. We conclude that MDK expression is dynamically regulated in reactive Muller glia and during reprogramming into MGPCs. MDK acts to coordinate glial activity, neuronal survival, and may act in an autocrine manner to influence the re-programming of Muller glia into proliferating MGPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch-Kelleher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Midkine in chick and mouse retinas: neuroprotection, glial reactivity and the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing in situ Virus-Host Range and Interaction Dynamics through Gene Fusion with epicPCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses impact microbial diversity, phenotype, and gene flow through virus-host interactions that in turn alter ecology and biogeochemistry. Though metagenomics surveys are rapidly cataloging viral diversity, capturing specific virus-host interactions in situ would identify hosts for novel viruses and reveal influential ecological or environmental factors. We leveraged metagenomics and a high-throughput, cultivation-independent gene fusion technique (epicPCR) to investigate viral diversity and virus-host interactions over time in a critical estuarine environment, the Chesapeake Bay. EpicPCR captured in situ virus-host interactions for viral clades with no closely related database representatives. Abundant freshwater Actinobacteria lineages were the most common hosts for these poorly characterized viruses, and observed viral interactions with one abundant Actinobacterial population (Rhodoluna) were correlated with environmental factors. Tracking virus-host interaction dynamics also revealed ecological differences between multi-host (generalist) and single-host (specialist) viruses. Generalist viruses had significantly longer periods with observed virus-host interactions but specialist viruses were observed interacting with hosts at lower minimum abundances, suggesting more efficient interactions. Together, these observations reveal ecological differences between generalist and specialist viruses that provide insight into evolutionary trade-offs. Capturing in situ interactions with epicPCR revealed environmental and ecological factors that shape virus-host interactions, highlighting epicPCR as a scalable new tool in viral ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakowski, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora-Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zablocki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preheim, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.250803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing in situ Virus-Host Range and Interaction Dynamics through Gene Fusion with epicPCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric histone inheritance regulates stem cell fate in Drosophila midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how distinct cell fates are established and maintained through epigenetic mechanisms in multicellular organisms. Here, we report that preexisting (old) and newly synthesized (new) histones H3 and H4 are asymmetrically inherited by the distinct daughter cells during asymmetric division of Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs). By contrast, in symmetrically dividing ISCs that produce two self-renewed stem cells, old and new H3 and H4 show symmetric inheritance patterns. These results indicate that asymmetric histone inheritance is tightly associated with the distinct daughter cell fates. To further understand the biological significance of this asymmetry, we express a mutant histone that compromises asymmetric histone inheritance pattern. We find increased symmetric ISC division and ISC tumors during aging under this condition. Together, our results demonstrate that asymmetric histone inheritance is important for establishing distinct cell identities in a somatic stem cell lineage, consistent with previous findings in asymmetrically dividing male germline stem cells in Drosophila. Therefore, this work sheds light on the principles of histone inheritance in regulating stem cell fate in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zion, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric histone inheritance regulates stem cell fate in Drosophila midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cleavage Site Specificity for Processing of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integral membrane zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 is important for human health and longevity. ZMPSTE24 performs a key proteolytic step in maturation of prelamin A, the precursor of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A. Mutations in the genes encoding either prelamin A or ZMPSTE24 that prevent cleavage cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and related progeroid disorders. ZMPSTE24 has a novel structure, with seven transmembrane spans that form a large water-filled membrane chamber whose catalytic site faces the chamber interior. Prelamin A is the only known mammalian substrate for ZMPSTE24, however, the basis of this specificity remains unclear. To define the sequence requirements for ZMPSTE24 cleavage, we mutagenized the eight residues flanking the prelamin A scissile bond (TRSY{downarrow}LLGN) to all other 19 amino acids, creating a library of 152 variants. We also replaced these eight residues with sequences derived from putative ZMPSTE24 cleavage sites from amphibian, bird, and fish prelamin A. Cleavage of prelamin A variants was assessed using an in vivo yeast assay that provides a sensitive measure of ZMPSTE24 processing efficiency. We found that residues on the C-terminal side of the cleavage site are most sensitive to changes. Consistent with other zinc metalloproteases, including thermolysin, ZMPSTE24 preferred hydrophobic residues at the P1 position (Leu647), but in addition, showed a similar, albeit muted, pattern at P2. Our findings begin to define a consensus sequence for ZMPSTE24 that helps to clarify how this physiologically important protease functions and may ultimately lead to identifying additional substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babatz, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cleavage Site Specificity for Processing of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.255042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring DNA mechanics on the genome scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.255042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical deformations of DNA such as bending are ubiquitous and implicated in diverse cellular functions1. However, the lack of high-throughput tools to directly measure the mechanical properties of DNA limits our understanding of whether and how DNA sequences modulate DNA mechanics and associated chromatin transactions genome-wide. We developed an assay called loop-seq to measure the intrinsic cyclizability of DNA - a proxy for DNA bendability - in high throughput. We measured the intrinsic cyclizabilities of 270,806 50 bp DNA fragments that span the entire length of S. cerevisiae chromosome V and other genomic regions, and also include random sequences. We discovered sequence-encoded regions of unusually low bendability upstream of Transcription Start Sites (TSSs). These regions disfavor the sharp DNA bending required for nucleosome formation and are co-centric with known Nucleosome Depleted Regions (NDRs). We show biochemically that low bendability of linker DNA located about 40 bp away from a nucleosome edge inhibits nucleosome sliding into the linker by the chromatin remodeler INO80. The observation explains how INO80 can create promoter-proximal nucleosomal arrays in the absence of any other factors2 by reading the DNA mechanical landscape. We show that chromosome wide, nucleosomes are characterized by high DNA bendability near dyads and low bendability near the linkers. This contrast increases for nucleosomes deeper into gene bodies, suggesting that DNA mechanics plays a previously unappreciated role in organizing nucleosomes far from the TSS, where nucleosome remodelers predominate. Importantly, random substitution of synonymous codons does not preserve this contrast, suggesting that the evolution of codon choice has been impacted by selective pressure to preserve sequence-encoded mechanical modulations along genes. We also provide evidence that transcription through the TSS-proximal nucleosomes is impacted by local DNA mechanics. Overall, this first genome-scale map of DNA mechanics hints at a  mechanical code with broad functional implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovnikov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eustermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hejna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopfner, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.255042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring DNA mechanics on the genome scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of histone inheritance patterns in the Drosophila female germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells have the unique ability to undergo asymmetric division which produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical, but commit to different cell fates. The loss of this balanced asymmetric outcome can lead to many diseases, including cancer and tissue dystrophy. Understanding this tightly regulated process is crucial in developing methods to treat these abnormalities. Here, we report that produced from a Drosophila female germline stem cell asymmetric division, the two daughter cells differentially inherit histones at key genes related to either maintaining the stem cell state or promoting differentiation, but not at constitutively active or silenced genes. We combined histone labeling with DNA Oligopaints to distinguish old versus new histone distribution and visualize their inheritance patterns at single-gene resolution in asymmetrically dividing cells in vivo. This strategy can be widely applied to other biological contexts involving cell fate establishment during development or tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahney, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viets-Layng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.255455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of histone inheritance patterns in the Drosophila female germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.256768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Botanical Medicines with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.256768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bartonella henselae is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium which is the causative agent of cat scratch disease. In humans, infections with B. henselae can result in acute or chronic systemic infections with various clinical symptoms including local skin lesions, malaise, aches, chills, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, or meningoencephalitis. The current treatment for Bartonella infections with antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin is not always effective presumably due to bacterial persistence. There have been various anecdotal reports of herbal extracts used for treating patients with persistent Bartonella infections but their activity on B. henselae is unknown. To test the potential antimicrobial activity of botanical or herbal medicines and develop better therapies for persistent Bartonella infections, in this study, we screened an herbal product collection against stationary phase B. henselae in vitro using SYBR Green I/ propidium iodide (PI) viability assay. These herbal medicines were selected by the fact that they are commonly used to treat Lyme and co-infections by patients and herbalists, and as a follow-up to our recent study where these herbs were tested against B. burgdorferi. We identified five herbal product extracts that had high activity against stationary phase B. henselae at 0.5% (v/v), including Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra, Polygonum cuspidatum, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Scutellaria barbata. Among them, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra, and Polygonum cuspidatum could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at 0.25% (v/v) in drug exposure time-kill assay, whereas Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria barbata showed relatively poor activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. Our findings may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.256768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Botanical Medicines with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenine DNA demethylase ALKBH1 regulates mammalian axon regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that DNA N6-methyladenine (N6-mA) modification is emerging to be a novel and important epigenetic regulator of mammalian gene transcription. Several studies demonstrated DNA N6-mA in human or rodents was regulated by methyltransferase N6AMT1 and demethylase ALKBH1. Moreover, studies in mouse brain or human glioblastoma cells showed that reduced level of N6-mA or higher level of ALKBH1 was correlated with up regulated levels of genes associated with neuronal development. We thus investigated the functional roles of ALKBH1 in sensory axon regeneration. Our results showed that ALKBH1 regulated the level of N6-mA in sensory neurons, and upon peripheral nerve injury ALKBH1 was up regulated in mouse sensory neurons. Functionally, knocking down ALKBH1 in sensory neurons resulted in reduced axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, which could be rescued by simultaneously knocking down N6AMT1. Moreover, knocking down ALKBH1 led to decreased levels of many neurodevelopment regulatory genes, including neuritin that is well known to enhance axon growth and regeneration. Our study not only revealed a novel physiological function of DNA N6-mA, but also identified a new epigenetic mechanism regulating mammalian axon regeneration.

Significance StatementThe study demonstrated that DNA N6-methyladenine (N6-mA) modification played important roles in regulation of sensory axon regeneration, likely through controlling the expression of neurodevelopmental associated genes. The results will add new evidence about the physiological function of DNA N6-mA and its regulatory demethylase ALKBH1 in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.258038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenine DNA demethylase ALKBH1 regulates mammalian axon regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD300lf conditional knockout mouse reveals strain-specific cellular tropism for murine norovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastrointestinal infection in humans and mice. Understanding human norovirus (HuNoV) cell tropism has important implications for our understanding of viral pathogenesis. Murine norovirus (MNoV) is extensively used as a surrogate model for HuNoV. We previously identified CD300lf as the receptor for MNoV. Here, we generated a Cd300lf conditional knockout (CD300lfF/F) mouse to elucidate the cell tropism of persistent and non-persistent strains of murine norovirus. Using this mouse model, we demonstrate that CD300lf expression on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and on tuft cells in particular, is essential for transmission of the persistent MNoV strain CR6 (MNoVCR6) in vivo. In contrast, the nonpersistent MNoV strain CW3 (MNoVCW3) does not require CD300lf expression on IECs for infection. However, deletion of CD300lf in myelomonocytic cells (LysM Cre+) partially reduces CW3 viral load in lymphoid and intestinal tissues. Disruption of CD300lf expression on B cells (CD19 Cre), neutrophils (Mrp8 Cre), and dendritic cells (CD11c Cre) did not affect CW3 viral RNA levels. Finally, we show that the transcription factor STAT1, which is critical for the innate immune response, partially restricts the cell tropism of MNoVCW3 to LysM+ cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD300lf expression on tuft cells is essential for MNoVCR6, that myelomonocytic cells are a major, but not exclusive, target cell of MNoVCW3, and that STAT1 signaling restricts the cellular tropism of MNoVCW3. This provides the first genetic system to study the cell type-specific role of CD300lf in norovirus pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting in up to 200,000 deaths each year. The receptor and cell tropism of HuNoV in immunocompetent humans are unclear. We use murine norovirus (MNoV) as a model for HuNoV. We recently identified CD300lf as the sole physiologic receptor for MNoV. Here, we leverage this finding to generate a Cd300lf conditional knockout mouse to decipher the contributions of specific cell types to MNoV infection. We demonstrate that persistent MNoVCR6 requires CD300lf expression on tuft cells. In contrast, multiple CD300lf+ cell types, dominated by myelomonocytic cells, are sufficient for non-persistent MNoVCW3 infection. CD300lf expression on epithelial cells, B cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells is not critical for MNoVCW3 infection. Mortality associated with MNoVCW3 strain in Stat1-/- mice does not require CD300lf expression on LysM+ cells, highlighting that both CD300lf receptor expression and innate immunity regulate MNoV cell tropism in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graziano, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nice, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.258467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD300lf conditional knockout mouse reveals strain-specific cellular tropism for murine norovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the mechanical code of genome and epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence features have long been known to influence the local mechanical properties and shapes of DNA. However, a mechanical code (i.e. a comprehensive mapping between DNA sequence and mechanical properties), if it exists, has been difficult to experimentally determine because direct means of measuring the mechanical properties of DNA are typically limited in throughput. Here we use Loop-seq - a recently developed technique to measure the intrinsic cyclizabilities (a proxy for bendability) of DNA fragments in genomic-scale throughput - to characterize the mechanical code. We tabulate how DNA sequence features (distribution patterns of all possible dinucleotides and dinucleotide pairs) influence intrinsic cyclizability, and build a linear model to predict intrinsic cyclizability from sequence. Using our model, we predict that DNA mechanical landscape shapes nucleosome organization around the promoters of various organisms and at the binding site of the transcription factor CTCF, and that hyperperiodic DNA in C. elegans leads to globally curved DNA segments. By performing loop-seq on random libraries in the presence or absence of CpG methylation, we show that CpG methylation leads to global stiffening of DNA in a wide sequence context, and predict based on our model that CpG methylation widely changes the mechanical landscape around mouse promoters. It suggests how epigenetic modifications of DNA might alter gene expression and mediate cellular adaptation by affecting critical processes around promoters that require mechanical deformations of DNA, such as nucleosome organization and transcription initiation. Finally, we show that the genetic code and the mechanical code are linked: sequence-dependent mechanical properties of coding DNA constrains the amino acid sequence despite the degeneracy in the genetic code. Our measurements explain why the pattern of nucleosome organization along genes influences the distribution of amino acids in the translated polypeptide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovnikov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the mechanical code of genome and epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-emitting diode-based transcranial photoacoustic measurement of sagittal sinus oxyhemoglobin saturation in hypoxic neonatal piglets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a light-emitting diode (LED)-based transcranial photoacoustic measurement (LED-trPA) of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) saturation at superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in hypoxic neonatal piglets. The optimal LED imaging wavelengths and frame averaging scheme were determined based on in vivo characterization of transcranial sensitivity. Based on the framework (690/850 nm with >20 frame averaging), graded hypoxia was successfully identified in neonatal piglets in vivo with less than 10.0 % of root mean squared error (RMSE). This preclinical study suggests the feasibility of a rapid, cost-effective, and safe LED-trPA monitoring of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and prompt interventions for clinical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-emitting diode-based transcranial photoacoustic measurement of sagittal sinus oxyhemoglobin saturation in hypoxic neonatal piglets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository of high-resolution postmortem magnetic resonance imaging: the second phase of the archive of digital records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A comparison of neuroanatomical features of the brain between humans and our evolutionary relatives, nonhuman primates, is key to understanding the human brain system and the neural basis of mental and neurological disorders. Although most comparative MRI studies of human and nonhuman primate brains have been based on brains of primates that had been used as subjects in experiments, it is essential to investigate various species of nonhuman primates in order to elucidate and interpret the diversity of neuroanatomy features among humans and nonhuman primates. To develop a research platform for this purpose, it is necessary to harmonize the scientific contributions of studies with the standards of animal ethics, animal welfare, and the conservation of brain information for long-term continuation of the field. In previous research, we first developed an open-resource repository of anatomical images obtained using 9.4-T ex vivo MRI of postmortem brain samples from 12 nonhuman primate species, and which are stored at the Japan Monkey Centre. In the present study, as a second phase, we released a collection of T2-weighted images and diffusion tensor images obtained in nine species: white-throated capuchin, Bolivian squirrel monkey, stump-tailed macaque, Tibet monkey, Sykes monkey, Assamese macaque, pig-tailed macaque, crested macaque, and chimpanzee. Our image repository should facilitate scientific discoveries in the field of comparative neuroscience. This repository can also promote animal ethics and animal welfare in experiments with nonhuman primate models by optimizing methods for in vivo and ex vivo MRI scanning of brains and supporting veterinary neuroradiological education. In addition, the repository is expected to contribute to conservation, preserving information about the brains of various primates, including endangered species, in a permanent digital form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shintaku, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minamimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.263517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository of high-resolution postmortem magnetic resonance imaging: the second phase of the archive of digital records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.262832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural crest-derived neurons are replaced by a newly identified mesodermal lineage in the post-natal and aging enteric nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.262832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteric nervous system (ENS), a collection of neural cells contained in the wall of the gut, is of fundamental importance to gastrointestinal and systemic health. According to the prevailing paradigm, the ENS arises from progenitor cells migrating from the neural crest and remains largely unchanged thereafter. Here, we show that the lineage composition of maturing ENS changes with time, with a decline in the canonical lineage of neural-crest derived neurons and their replacement by a newly identified lineage of mesoderm-derived neurons. Single cell transcriptomics and immunochemical approaches establish a distinct expression profile of mesoderm-derived neurons. The dynamic balance between the proportions of neurons from these two different lineages in the post-natal gut is dependent on the availability of their respective trophic signals, GDNF-RET and HGF-MET. With increasing age, the mesoderm-derived neurons become the dominant form of neurons in the ENS, a change associated with significant functional effects on intestinal motility which can be reversed by GDNF supplementation. Transcriptomic analyses of human gut tissues show reduced GDNF-RET signaling in patients with intestinal dysmotility which is associated with reduction in neural crest-derived neuronal markers and concomitant increase in transcriptional patterns specific to mesoderm-derived neurons. Normal intestinal function in the adult gastrointestinal tract therefore appears to require an optimal balance between these two distinct lineages within the ENS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.262832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural crest-derived neurons are replaced by a newly identified mesodermal lineage in the post-natal and aging enteric nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy subjects and patients with first episode psychosis (FEP): a 7-Tesla MRS study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective7 Tesla (T) longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers a precise measurment of metabolic levels in human brain via a non-invasive approach. Studying longitudinal changes in neurometabolites could help identify trait and state markers for diseases and understand inconsistent findings from different researchers due to differences in the age of study participants and duration of illness. This study is the first to report novel longitudinal patterns in young adulthood from both physiological and pathological viewpoints using 7T MRS.

MethodsUtilizing a four-year longitudinal cohort with 38 first episode psychosis (FEP) patients (onset within 2 years) and 48 healthy controls (HC), the authors examined the annual percentage changes of 9 neurometabolites in 5 brain regions.

ResultsBoth FEP patients and HC subjects were found to have significant longitudinal reductions in glutamate (Glu) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Only FEP patients were found to have a significant decrease over time in {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), and total choline (tCho: phosphocholine plus glycerophosphocholine) in the ACC. Uniquely, glutathione (GSH) was found to have a near zero annual percentage change in both FEP patients and HC subjects in all 5 brain regions over a four-year timespan in young adulthood.

ConclusionsGSH could be a trait marker for diagnostic applications at least in young adulthood. Glu, GABA, NAA, mI, and tCho in the ACC are associated with the patients status and could be state markers for mechanistic studies of psychotic disorders, including those for progressive pathological changes and medication effects in young adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy subjects and patients with first episode psychosis (FEP): a 7-Tesla MRS study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging meningeal inflammation in CNS autoimmunity identifies a therapeutic role for BTK inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis is associated with worse clinical outcomes and greater cortical pathology. Despite progress in identification of this process in multiple sclerosis patients using post-contrast FLAIR imaging, early trials attempting to target meningeal inflammation have been unsuccessful. There is a lack of appropriate model systems to screen potential therapeutic agents targeting meningeal inflammation. We utilized ultra-high field (11.7 Tesla) MRI to perform post-contrast FLAIR imaging in SJL/J mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced using immunization with proteolipid protein peptide (PLP139-151) and complete Freunds adjuvant. Imaging was performed in both a cross-sectional and longitudinal fashion at time-points ranging from 2 to 14 weeks post-immunization. Following imaging, we euthanized animals and collected tissue for pathological evaluation, which identified dense cellular infiltrates corresponding to areas of contrast-enhancement involving the leptomeninges. These areas of meningeal inflammation contained B cells (B220+), T cells (CD3+) and myeloid cells (Mac2+). We also noted features consistent with tertiary lymphoid tissue within these areas - presence of peripheral node addressin (PNAd) positive structures, CXCL13 producing cells and FDC-M1+ follicular dendritic cells. In the cortex adjacent to areas of meningeal inflammation we identified astrocytosis, microgliosis, demyelination and evidence of axonal stress/damage. Since areas of meningeal contrast enhancement persisted over several weeks in longitudinal experiments, we utilized this model to test the effects of a therapeutic intervention on established meningeal inflammation. We randomized mice with evidence of meningeal contrast enhancement on MRI scans performed at 6 weeks post-immunization, to treatment with either vehicle or evobrutinib (a Brutons tyrosine kinase inhibitor) for a period of 4 weeks. These mice underwent serial imaging and we examined the effect of treatment on the areas of meningeal contrast enhancement and noted a significant reduction in the evobrutinib group compared to vehicle (30% reduction versus 5% increase; P = 0.003). We utilized ultra-high field MRI imaging to identify areas of meningeal inflammation and to track them over time in SJL/J mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and then utilized this model to identify Brutons tyrosine kinase inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach to target meningeal inflammation. The results of this study provide support for future studies in multiple sclerosis patients with imaging evidence of meningeal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenningloh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshcert, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absinta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Villamizar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Zijl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging meningeal inflammation in CNS autoimmunity identifies a therapeutic role for BTK inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Phased Canis lupus familiaris Labrador Retriever Reference Genome Utilizing High Molecular Weight DNA Extraction Methods and High Resolution Sequencing Technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reference genome fidelity is critically important for genome wide association studies (GWAS), yet many are incomplete or too dissimilar from the study population. A typical whole genome sequencing approach implies short-read technologies resulting in fragmented assemblies with regions of ambiguity low complexity. Further information is lost by economic necessity when genotyping populations, as lower resolution technologies such as genotyping arrays are commonly utilized. Here we present a phased reference genome for Canis lupus familiaris utilizing high molecular weight sequencing technologies. We tested wet lab and bioinformatic approaches to demonstrate a minimum workflow to generate the 2.4 gigabase genome for a Labrador Retriever. The resulting de novo assembly required eight Oxford Nanopore R9.4 flowcells (~23X depth) and running a 10X Genomics library on the equivalent of one lane of an Illumina NovaSeq S1 flowcell (~88X depth), bringing the cost of generating a nearly complete reference genome to less than $10K. Mapping of publicly available short-read data from ten Labrador Retrievers against this breed-specific reference resulted in an average of approximately 1% more aligned reads compared to mapping against the current gold standard reference (CanFam3.1, p<0.001), indicating a more complete breed-specific reference. An average 15% reduction of variant calls was observed from the same mapped data, which increases the chance of identifying low effect size variants in a GWAS. We believe that by incorporating the cost to produce a full genome assembly into any large-scale canine genotyping study, an investigator can make an informed cost/benefit analysis regarding genotyping technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Player, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verratti, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradburne, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Phased Canis lupus familiaris Labrador Retriever Reference Genome Utilizing High Molecular Weight DNA Extraction Methods and High Resolution Sequencing Technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynapsEM: computer-assisted synapse morphometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structural features of a synapse, in part, determine its output. Synapses are extremely small and tightly packed with vesicles and other organelles. Visualizing synaptic structure requires imaging by electron microscopy, and the features in micrographs must be quantified using morphometry. Three parameters are typically assessed from each specimen: 1) the sizes of individual vesicles and organelles, 2) the absolute number and densities of organelles, and 3) distances between organelles and key features at synapses such as active zone membranes and dense projections. For data to be valid, the analysis must be repeated from hundreds or thousands of images from several biological replicates, a daunting task. Here we report a custom computer program to analyze these features: SynapsEM. In short, we developed macros for ImageJ/Fiji to record x,y-coordinates of segmented structures; the coordinates are then exported as text files. Independent investigators can reload the images and text files to confirm or re-evaluate the segmentation using ImageJ. The Matlab program calculates and reports key synaptic parameters from the coordinates. Since the values are calculated, rather than measured from each micrograph, other parameters can be extracted in Matlab by additional scripting. Thus, this program can accelerate morphometry of synapses and promote a more comprehensive analysis of synaptic ultrastructure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynapsEM: computer-assisted synapse morphometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
gEAR: gene Expression Analysis Resource portal for community-driven, multi-omic data exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gEAR portal (gene Expression Analysis Resource, umgear.org) is an open access community-driven tool for multi-omic and multi-species data visualization, analysis and sharing. The gEAR supports visualization of multiple RNA-seq data types (bulk, sorted, single cell/nucleus) and epigenomics data, from multiple species, time points and tissues in a single-page, user-friendly browsable format. An integrated scRNA-seq workbench provides access to raw data of scRNA-seq datasets for de novo analysis, as well as marker-gene and cluster comparisons of pre-assigned clusters. Users can upload, view, analyze and privately share their own data in the context of previously published datasets. Short, permanent URLs can be generated for dissemination of individual or collections of datasets in published manuscripts. While the gEAR is currently curated for auditory research with over 90 high-value datasets organized in thematic profiles, the gEAR also supports the BRAIN initiative (via nemoanalytics.org) and is easily adaptable for other research domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottfried, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrysostomou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matern, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[gEAR: gene Expression Analysis Resource portal for community-driven, multi-omic data exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.273110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Refoldability is Pervasive Across the E. coli Proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.273110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foundational paradigm of protein folding is that the primary sequence of a protein contains all the information needed for it to adopt a specific native structure1,2. This remarkable property is explained by Anfinsens thermodynamic hypothesis3,4, which asserts that because native states minimize the Gibbs free energy of a protein molecule under physiological conditions, proteins can reliably navigate to their native structures and remain in those states by ergodically sampling their free energy landscapes5. Most experiments of protein folding - conducted on purified, small, single-domain soluble proteins - follow the proportion of protein molecules that are folded as a function of time, temperature, denaturant concentration, or sequence6-8, and have yielded immense insight into the molecular determinants that underpin stable globular folds9,10. However, our reliance on the thermodynamic hypothesis as a ground truth to interpret these experiments has limited our ability to study the folding of complex proteins or to consider alternative non-thermodynamic scenarios11,12. Here, we introduce an experimental approach to probe protein refolding for whole proteomes. We accomplish this by first unfolding and refolding E. coli lysates, and then interrogating the resulting protein structures using a permissive protease that preferentially cleaves at flexible regions. Using mass spectrometry, we analyze the digestion patterns to globally assess structural differences between native and  refolded proteins. These studies reveal that following denaturation, many proteins are incapable of navigating back to their native structures. Our results signal a pervasive role for co-translational folding in shaping protein biogenesis, and suggest that the apparent stability of many native states derive from kinetic persistence rather than thermodynamic stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>To, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarbox, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.273110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Refoldability is Pervasive Across the E. coli Proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.270983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo genome assembly of the Tobacco Hornworm moth (Manduca sexta) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.270983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is a lepidopteran insect that is used extensively as a model system for studying insect biology, development, neuroscience and immunity. However, current studies rely on the highly fragmented reference genome Msex_1.0, which was created using now-outdated technologies and is hindered by a variety of deficiencies and inaccuracies. We present the new reference genome for M. sexta, JHU_Msex_v1.0, applying a combination of modern technologies in a de novo assembly to increase continuity, accuracy, and completeness. The assembly is 470 Mb and is ~20x more continuous than the original assembly, with scaffold N50 >14 Mb. We annotated the assembly by lifting over existing annotations and supplementing with additional supporting RNA-based data for a total of 25,256 genes. The new reference assembly is accessible in annotated form for public use. We demonstrate that improved continuity of the M. sexta genome improves resequencing studies and benefits future research on M. sexta as a model organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romer, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.270983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo genome assembly of the Tobacco Hornworm moth (Manduca sexta)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity of age-related neural hyperactivity along the CA3 transverse axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related memory deficits are correlated with neural hyperactivity in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Abnormal CA3 hyperactivity in aged rats has been proposed to contribute to an imbalance between the normal tradeoff between pattern separation and pattern completion, resulting in overly rigid representations. Recent evidence of functional heterogeneity along the CA3 transverse axis suggests that proximal CA3 supports pattern separation while distal CA3 supports pattern completion. It is not known whether age-related CA3 hyperactivity is uniformly represented along the CA3 transverse axis. We examined the firing rates of CA3 neurons from male young and aged Long-Evans rats along the CA3 transverse axis. Consistent with prior studies, young CA3 cells showed an increasing gradient in mean firing rate from proximal to distal CA3. However, aged CA3 cells showed an opposite trend, with a decreasing gradient from proximal to distal CA3. Thus, CA3 cells in aged rats were hyperactive in proximal CA3, but possibly hypoactive in distal CA3, compared to young rats. We suggest that, in combination with altered inputs from the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus, the proximal CA3 region of aged rats may switch from its normal function that reflects the pattern separation output of the DG and instead performs a computation that reflects an abnormal bias toward pattern completion. In parallel, distal CA3 of aged rats may create weaker attractor basins that promote bistable representations under certain conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity of age-related neural hyperactivity along the CA3 transverse axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in the Gut Microbiota of Common Marmosets: Differences with Colony of Origin and Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of the gut microbiome may aid understanding and management of natural and experimental disease states in research animals, thereby promoting reproducibility. In this study, the rectal bacterial communities of three separate common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) breeding colonies were defined using 16S rRNA sequencing of rectal swab samples. Study animals originated from two German colonies and a United States colony (JHU). The two German cohorts, previously fed the same diet, were imported into the JHU facility; they were then isolated, transitioned onto JHU diet, and then moved into rooms housing JHU animals. To dissect the contributions of diet and integration in shaping the rectal bacterial community, samples were collected from German origin marmosets upon JHU arrival (baseline), following diet transition (100 d), and following cohousing (390 d). Baseline and 390 d samples were collected from stably maintained JHU marmosets. Bacterial community composition was distinct between all three cohorts at baseline, suggesting that factors other than primary diet confer significant differences between captive populations. Beta-diversity of the animals from the two German colonies converged by 100 d but remained distinct from JHU sample beta-diversity throughout the 390-d study, indicating that diet had greater influence on bacterial community composition than did housing animals within the same room. Our results demonstrate substantial differences in gut bacteria between different captive marmoset colonies, with persistence of these differences following husbandry standardization and housing integration. Goals of rigor and reproducibility in research underscore the need to consider microbial differences between marmosets of diverse origin.

ImportanceCharacterizing gut microbial populations is expected to promote health and enhance research reproducibility in animal studies. As use of common marmosets as animal models of human diseases expands, evaluating the marmoset gut bacterial community will be critical for interpreting research findings, especially as marmosets are prone to gastrointestinal inflammation. In this study, using 16S rRNA sequencing of rectal swab samples, we compared bacterial community among three captive colonies of marmosets at baseline and following importation of cohorts from two of the colonies into the third colony. Diet history had sustained influence on bacterial community composition, while housing the animals within the same room over a period of eight months did not appear to be a major factor. These persistent differences in marmoset gut bacterial community highlight the need for careful consideration of animal origin as a variable in marmoset research studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonvisky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLimans, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen See, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamendella, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in the Gut Microbiota of Common Marmosets: Differences with Colony of Origin and Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest single-cohort prospective longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and childrens health in the United States. A cohort of n= 11,880 children aged 9-10 years (and their parents/guardians) were recruited across 22 sites and are being followed with in-person visits on an annual basis for at least 10 years. The study approximates the US population on several key sociodemographic variables, including sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Data collected include assessments of health, mental health, substance use, culture and environment and neurocognition, as well as geocoded exposures, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-genome genotyping. Here, we describe the ABCD Study aims and design, as well as issues surrounding estimation of meaningful associations using its data, including population inferences, hypothesis testing, power and precision, control of covariates, interpretation of associations, and recommended best practices for reproducible research, analytical procedures and reporting of results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeringa, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariyadath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.276451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water Controls Membrane Protein Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through the insertion of nonpolar side chains into the bilayer, the hydrophobic effect has long been accepted as a driving force for membrane protein folding. However, how the changing chemical composition of the bilayer affects the magnitude side chain transfer free energies [Formula] has historically not been well understood. A particularly challenging region for experimental interrogation is the bilayer interfacial region that is characterized by a steep polarity gradient. In this study we have determined the [Formula] for nonpolar side chains as a function of bilayer position using a combination of experiment and simulation. We discovered an empirical correlation between the surface area of nonpolar side chain, the transfer free energies, and the local water concentration in the membrane that allows for [Formula] to be accurately estimated at any location in the bilayer. Using these water-to-bilayer [Formula] values, we calculated the interface-to-bilayer transfer free energy [Formula]. We find that the [Formula] are similar to the "biological", translocon-based transfer free energies, indicating that the translocon energetically mimics the bilayer interface. Together these findings can be applied to increase the accuracy of computational workflows used to identify and design membrane proteins, as well as bring greater insight into our understanding of how disease-causing mutations affect membrane protein folding and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water Controls Membrane Protein Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Substrate Requirements for Cleavage of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Integral Membrane Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integral membrane zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 plays a key role in the proteolytic processing of farnesylated prelamin A, the precursor of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A. Failure of this processing step results in the accumulation of permanently farnesylated forms of prelamin A which cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), as well as related progeroid disorders, and may also play a role in physiological aging. ZMPSTE24 is an intriguing and unusual protease because its active site is located inside of a closed intramembrane chamber formed by seven transmembrane spans with side portals in the chamber permitting substrate entry. The specific features of prelamin A that make it the sole known substrate for ZMPSTE24 in mammalian cells are not well-defined. At the outset of this work it was known that farnesylation is essential for prelamin A cleavage in vivo and that the C-terminal region of prelamin A (41 amino acids) is sufficient for recognition and processing. Here we investigated additional features of prelamin A that are required for cleavage by ZMPSTE24 using a well-established humanized yeast system. We analyzed the 14-residue C-terminal region of prelamin A that lies between the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site and the farnesylated cysteine, as well 23-residue region N-terminal to the cleavage site, by generating a series of alanine substitutions, alanine additions, and deletions in prelamin A. Surprisingly, we found that there is considerable flexibility in specific requirements for the length and composition of these regions. We discuss how this flexibility can be reconciled with ZMPSTE24s selectivity for prelamin A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossberg, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odinammadu, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Substrate Requirements for Cleavage of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Integral Membrane Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-cell interactions and innate immune response to an enteric pathogen in a human intestinal enteroid-neutrophil co-culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are recruited to the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to inflammation, injury, and infection. Herein, we report the development and the characterization of an ex vivo tissue co-culture model consisting of human primary intestinal enteroid monolayers and PMN, and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN-epithelial cell interaction and response to Shigella, a primary cause of childhood dysentery. Cellular adaptation and tissue integration, barrier function, PMN phenotypic and functional attributes, and innate immune responses were examined. PMN within the enteroid monolayers acquired a distinct activated/migratory phenotype that was influenced by direct epithelial cell contact as well as by molecular signals. Seeded on the basal side of the intestinal monolayer, PMN intercalated within the epithelial cells and moved paracellularly toward the apical side. Co-cultured PMN also increased basal secretion of IL-8. Shigella added to the apical surface of the monolayers evoked additional PMN phenotypic adaptations, including increased expression of cell surface markers associated with chemotaxis and cell degranulation (CD47, CD66b, and CD88). Apical Shigella infection triggered rapid transmigration of PMN to the luminal side, NET formation as well as bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Shigella infection modulated cytokine production in the co-culture; apical MCP-1, TNF-, and basolateral IL-8 production were downregulated, while basolateral IL-6 secretion was increased. We demonstrated, for the first time, PMN phenotypic adaptation, mobilization, and coordinated epithelial cell-PMN innate response upon Shigella infection in the human intestinal environment. The enteroid monolayer-PMN co-culture represents a technical innovation for mechanistic interrogation of gastrointestinal physiology, host-microbe interaction, innate immunity, and evaluation of preventive/therapeutic tools.

ImportanceStudies of mucosal immunity and microbial host cell interaction have traditionally relied on animal models and in vitro tissue culture using immortalized cancer cell lines, which render non-physiological and often unreliable results. Herein we report the development and characterization of an ex vivo enteroid-PMN co-culture consisting of normal human intestinal epithelium and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN and epithelial cell interaction and function in the context of Shigella infection. We demonstrated tissue-driven phenotypic and functional adaptation of PMN and a coordinated epithelial cell and PMN response to Shigella, a primary cause of dysentery in young children in the developing world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemme-Dumit, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasetti, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-cell interactions and innate immune response to an enteric pathogen in a human intestinal enteroid-neutrophil co-culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Scores for Kidney Function to the Circulating Proteome, and Incident Kidney Diseases: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed numerous loci for kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR). The relationship of polygenic predictors of eGFR, risk of incident adverse kidney outcomes, and the plasma proteome is not known. We developed a genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) using a weighted average of 1.2 million SNPs for eGFR using the LDpred algorithm, summary statistics generated by a European-ancestry (EA) meta-analysis of the CKDGen Consortium (N=558,423) and UK Biobank GWAS for eGFR (90% of the cohort; N=289,432), followed by best parameter selection using data from the remaining 10% of the UK Biobank (N=32,159). We then tested the association of the PRS among 8,886 EA participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (mean age: 54{+/-}6 years, 53% female) with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage kidney disease (ESKD), kidney failure (KF), and acute kidney injury (AKI). We also examined 4,877 plasma proteins measured at two time points (visit 3 (1993-95) and visit 5 (2011-13)) in relation to the PRS and compared associations between the proteome and eGFR itself. All models were adjusted for age, sex, center, and the first 10 principal components of ancestry. The developed PRS had an R2 for eGFR of 0.07 in ARIC. Over 30 years of follow up, the number of incident CKD, ESKD, KF, and AKI were 2,959, 137, 470, and 1,723, respectively. The PRS showed significant associations with all outcomes: hazard ratios (95% CI) per 1 SD lower PRS were 1.33 (1.28, 1.39), 1.20 (1.00, 1.42), 1.17 (1.06, 1.28), and 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) for incident CKD, ESKD, KF, and AKI respectively. The PRS was significantly associated (Bonferroni threshold P<1.02 x 10-5) with 108 proteins at both time points. The strongest associations were with cystatin-C (a marker of kidney function used in clinical practice), collagen alpha-1 (XV) chain, and desmocollin-2. All significant correlations with the PRS were negative, except those of testican-2 and angiostatin. Correlations of proteins with eGFR were much stronger than those with the PRS. Overall, we demonstrated that the PRS for eGFR is now sufficiently strong to capture risk for a spectrum of incident kidney diseases as well as broadly influence the plasma proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surapaneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogeveen, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grams, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Scores for Kidney Function to the Circulating Proteome, and Incident Kidney Diseases: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balrog: A universal protein model for prokaryotic gene prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-cost, high-throughput sequencing has led to an enormous increase in the number of sequenced microbial genomes, with well over 100,000 genomes in public archives today. Automatic genome annotation tools are integral to understanding these organisms, yet older gene finding methods must be retrained on each new genome. We have developed a universal model of prokaryotic genes by fitting a temporal convolutional network to amino-acid sequences from a large, diverse set of microbial genomes. We incorporated the new model into a gene finding system, Balrog (Bacterial Annotation by Learned Representation Of Genes), which does not require genome-specific training and which matches or outperforms other state-of-the-art gene finding tools. Balrog is freely available under the MIT license at https://github.com/salzberg-lab/Balrog.

Author summaryAnnotating the protein-coding genes in a newly sequenced prokaryotic genome is a critical part of describing their biological function. Relative to eukaryotic genomes, prokaryotic genomes are small and structurally simple, with 90% of their DNA typically devoted to protein-coding genes. Current computational gene finding tools are therefore able to achieve close to 99% sensitivity to known genes using species-specific gene models.

Though highly sensitive at finding known genes, all current prokaryotic gene finders also predict large numbers of additional genes, which are labelled as "hypothetical protein" in GenBank and other annotation databases. Many hypothetical gene predictions likely represent true protein-coding sequence, but it is not known how many of them represent false positives. Additionally, all current gene finding tools must be trained specifically for each genome as a preliminary step in order to achieve high sensitivity. This requirement limits their ability to detect genes in fragmented sequences commonly seen in metagenomic samples.

We took a data-driven approach to prokaryotic gene finding, relying on the large and diverse collection of already-sequenced genomes. By training a single, universal model of bacterial genes on protein sequences from many different species, we were able to match the sensitivity of current gene finders while reducing the overall number of gene predictions. Our model does not need to be refit on any new genome. Balrog (Bacterial Annotation by Learned Representation of Genes) represents a fundamentally different yet effective method for prokaryotic gene finding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balrog: A universal protein model for prokaryotic gene prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.288258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility of Integrating Canine Olfaction with Chemical and Microbial Profiling of Urine to Detect Lethal Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.288258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the developed world. A more sensitive and specific detection strategy for lethal prostate cancer beyond serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) population screening is urgently needed. Diagnosis by canine olfaction, using dogs trained to detect cancer by smell, has been shown to be both specific and sensitive. While dogs themselves are impractical as scalable diagnostic sensors, machine olfaction for cancer detection is testable. However, studies bridging the divide between clinical diagnostic techniques, artificial intelligence, and molecular analysis remains difficult due to the significant divide between these disciplines. We tested the clinical feasibility of a cross-disciplinary, integrative approach to early prostate cancer biosensing in urine using trained canine olfaction, volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) artificial neural network (ANN)-assisted examination, and microbial profiling in a double-blinded pilot study. Two dogs were trained to detect Gleason 9 prostate cancer in urine collected from biopsy-confirmed patients. Biopsy-negative controls were used to assess canine specificity as prostate cancer biodetectors. Urine samples were simultaneously analyzed for their VOC content in headspace via GC-MS and urinary microbiota content via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing. In addition, the dogs diagnoses were used to train an ANN to detect significant peaks in the GC-MS data. The canine olfaction system was 71% sensitive and between 70-76% specific at detecting Gleason 9 prostate cancer. We have also confirmed VOC differences by GC-MS and microbiota differences by 16S rDNA sequencing between cancer positive and biopsy-negative controls. Furthermore, the trained ANN identified regions of interest in the GC-MS data, informed by the canine diagnoses. Methodology and feasibility are established to inform larger-scale studies using canine olfaction, urinary VOCs, and urinary microbiota profiling to develop machine olfaction diagnostic tools. Scalable multi-disciplinary tools may then be compared to PSA screening for earlier, non-invasive, more specific and sensitive detection of clinically aggressive prostate cancers in urine samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guest, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partin, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangold, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mclean, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stathatou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mershin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.288258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility of Integrating Canine Olfaction with Chemical and Microbial Profiling of Urine to Detect Lethal Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling molecular mechanisms of immunity and cancer-resistance using the genomes of the Neotropical bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Pteronotus mesoamericanus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are exceptional among mammals for their powered flight, extended lifespans, and robust immune systems. To investigate the genomic underpinnings of unique bat adaptations, we sequenced the genomes of the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Mesoamerican mustached bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus) and compared them to a diverse collection of 13 additional bat species together with other mammals. We used the Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read platform to generate highly complete assemblies (N50: 28-29Mb) and facilitate analysis of complex genomic regions containing duplicated genes. Using gene family size analysis, we found that the type I interferon locus was contracted by eight genes in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of bats, shifting the proportion of interferon-{omega} to interferon- and making interferon-{omega} the most common type I interferon in bats. Antiviral genes stimulated by type I interferons were also rapidly evolving, with interferon-induced transmembrane genes experiencing a lineage-specific duplication and strong positive selection in the gene IFIT2. Moreover, the lineage of phyllostomid bats showed an unprecedented expansion of PRDM9, a recombination-related gene also involved in infection responses, raising the possibility that this gene contributes to bat antiviral defenses. These modifications in the bat innate immune system may be important adaptations allowing them to harbor viruses asymptomatically. We additionally found evidence of positive selection on the branch leading to the MRCA of bats acting on 33 tumor suppressors and six DNA repair genes, which may contribute to the low cancer rates and longevity observed across bats. These new genomic resources enable insights into the extraordinary adaptations of bats, with implications for mammalian evolutionary studies and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheben, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendivil Ramos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheim, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling molecular mechanisms of immunity and cancer-resistance using the genomes of the Neotropical bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Pteronotus mesoamericanus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supraphysiological testosterone induces ferroptosis and activates NF-kappaB mediated immune pathways in prostate cancer through nucleophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery that androgens play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) has led to the development of androgen deprivation therapy as a first line of treatment against PCa. However, paradoxical growth inhibition has been observed, both experimentally and clinically, in a subset of PCa upon administration of supraphysiological levels of testosterone (SupraT). Here we report that SupraT activates cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors and induces growth inhibition of SupraT-sensitive PCa cells. This is initiated by induction of two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, namely, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy. Consequently, autophagosomal DNA activates nucleic acid sensors that converge on NF-kappaB to drive immune signaling pathways. Chemokines and cytokines secreted by the tumor cells in response to SupraT results in increased migration of cytotoxic immune cells to tumor beds of animal xenografts and patient tumors. Collectively, our findings indicate that SupraT may inhibit a subset of PCa by activating nucleic acid sensors and downstream immune signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owoyemi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyapati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanacharoen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topiwala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennen, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carducci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denmeade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.286252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supraphysiological testosterone induces ferroptosis and activates NF-kappaB mediated immune pathways in prostate cancer through nucleophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DETECTION OF INCIPIENT PANCREATIC CANCER WITH NOVEL TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN MOUSE MODELS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy, as 90% of patients do not survive beyond five years from diagnosis. This dismal prognosis is largely due to the advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis, which precludes potentially curative surgical resection. Although early detection strategies hold significant promise for improving patient outcomes, there is still no accurate diagnostic tool to detect incipient PDAC. Here, we sought to develop antibodies for the early detection of PDAC by positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. Accordingly, we establish a pipeline to generate novel tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell-surface proteins of PDAC patient-derived organoids (PDOs). We identify a panel of 16 tumor organoid-binding antibodies (TOBi-bodies) that display high reactivity to human PDAC tissues but not to matched adjacent normal pancreas. We then employ biochemical, flow cytometric, mass spectrometric, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout methods to determine the cognate antigens of these TOBi-bodies. We identify two mAbs that bind to tumor-specific variants of the surface protein CEACAM6 and show minimal binding to normal tissues. PET imaging in mouse models using these TOBi-bodies enables the detection of incipient human organoid-derived PDAC tumors that are rather undetectable by palpation or high-resolution ultrasound imaging techniques. We propose that further development of these mAbs as PET radiotracers could facilitate the early detection and accurate staging of PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oni, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goos, J. A. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyabayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biffi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plenker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaritano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DETECTION OF INCIPIENT PANCREATIC CANCER WITH NOVEL TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN MOUSE MODELS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of AmpC-mediated-βlactam resistance requires a single lytic transglycosylase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The remarkable ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA to plant cells has allowed the generation of important transgenic crops. One challenge of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation is eliminating the bacteria after plant transformation to prevent detrimental effects to plants and the release of engineered bacteria to the environment. Here we use a reverse genetics approach to identify genes involved in ampicillin resistance with the goal of utilizing these antibiotic-sensitive strains for plant transformations. We show that treating A. tumefaciens C58 with ampicillin led to increased {beta}-lactamase production, a response dependent on the broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase AmpC and its transcription factor AmpR. Loss of the putative ampD orthologue, atu2113, led to constitutive production of AmpC-dependent {beta}-lactamase activity and ampicillin resistance. Finally, one cell wall remodeling enzyme, MltB3, was necessary for the AmpC-dependent {beta}-lactamase activity and its loss elicited ampicillin and carbenicillin sensitivity in the A. tumefaciens C58 and GV3101 strains. Furthermore, GV3101{Delta} mltB3 transforms plants with comparable efficiency to wildtype but can be cleared with sub-lethal concentrations of ampicillin. The functional characterization of the genes involved in the inducible ampicillin resistance pathway of A. tumefaciens constitutes a major step forward in efforts to reduce the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of this bacterium.

IMPORTANCEAgrobacterium tumefaciens, a significant biotechnological tool for production of transgenic plant lines, is highly resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics, posing challenges for various applications. One challenge is the efficient elimination of A. tumefaciens from transformed plant tissue without using levels of antibiotics that are toxic to the plants. Here, we present the functional characterization of genes involved in {beta}-lactam resistance in A. tumefaciens. Knowledge about proteins that promote or inhibit {beta}-lactam resistance will enable the development of strains to improve the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated plant genetic transformations. Effective removal of Agrobacterium from transformed plant tissue has the potential to maximize crop yield and food production, improving the outlook for global food security.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Cuilan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of AmpC-mediated-βlactam resistance requires a single lytic transglycosylase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in fbiD(Rv2983) as a novel determinant of resistance to pretomanid and delamanid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nitroimidazole pro-drugs delamanid and pretomanid comprise one of only two new antimicrobial classes approved to treat tuberculosis (TB) in 50 years. Prior in vitro studies suggest a relatively low barrier to nitroimidazole resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but clinical evidence is limited to date. We selected pretomanid-resistant M. tuberculosis mutants in two mouse models of TB using a range of pretomanid doses. The frequency of spontaneous resistance was approximately 10-5 CFU. Whole genome sequencing of 161 resistant isolates from 47 mice revealed 99 unique mutations, 91% of which occurred in 1 of 5 genes previously associated with nitroimidazole activation and resistance: fbiC (56%), fbiA (15%), ddn (12%), fgd (4%) and fbiB (4%). Nearly all mutations were unique to a single mouse and not previously identified. The remaining 9% of resistant mutants harbored mutations in Rv2983, a gene not previously associated with nitroimidazole resistance but recently shown to be a guanylyltransferase necessary for cofactor F420 synthesis. Most mutants exhibited high-level resistance to pretomanid and delamanid, although Rv2983 and fbiB mutants exhibited high-level pretomanid resistance, but relatively small changes in delamanid susceptibility. Complementing an Rv2983 mutant with wild-type Rv2983 restored susceptibility to pretomanid and delamanid. By quantifying intracellular F420 and its precursor Fo in overexpressing and loss-of-function mutants, we provide further evidence that Rv2983 is necessary for F420 biosynthesis. Finally, Rv2983 mutants and other F420H2-deficient mutants displayed hypersusceptibility to some antibiotics and to concentrations of malachite green found in solid media used to isolate and propagate mycobacteria from clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rifat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanoix, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashiri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacchettini, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in fbiD(Rv2983) as a novel determinant of resistance to pretomanid and delamanid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of varicella-zoster virus VLT-ORF63 fusion transcript induces broad viral gene expression during reactivation from neuronal latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) establishes lifelong neuronal latency in most humans world-wide, reactivating in one-third to cause herpes zoster and occasionally chronic pain. How VZV establishes, maintains and reactivates from latency is largely unknown. Latent VZV gene expression is restricted to VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT) and open reading frame 63 (ORF63) in naturally VZV-infected human trigeminal ganglia (TG). Notably, these transcript levels positively correlated suggesting co-regulated transcription during latency. Here, we used direct RNA-sequencing to identify fusion transcripts that combine VLT and ORF63 loci (VLT-ORF63) and are expressed during both lytic and latent VZV infections. Furthermore, real-time PCR, RNA in situ hybridization and 5 rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) all confirmed VLT-ORF63, but not canonical ORF63, expression in human TG. During lytic infection, one of the two major VLT-ORF63 isoforms encodes a novel fusion protein combining VLT and ORF63 proteins (pVLT-ORF63). In vitro, VLT is transcribed in latently VZV-infected human sensory neurons, whereas VLT-ORF63 expression is induced by reactivation stimuli. Moreover, the pVLT-ORF63-encoding VLT-ORF63 isoform induced transcription of lytic VZV genes. Collectively, our findings show that VZV expresses a unique set of VLT-ORF63 transcripts, potentially involved in the transition from latency to lytic VZV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouwendijk, W. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depledge, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovis, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonjic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verjans, G. M. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of varicella-zoster virus VLT-ORF63 fusion transcript induces broad viral gene expression during reactivation from neuronal latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroinflammation characterizes multiple neurologic diseases, including primary inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and classical neurodegenerative diseases. Aberrant activation of the innate immune system contributes to disease progression in these conditions, but drugs that modulate innate immunity, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS), are lacking. The CNS-pene-trant natural product bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) attenuates neuroinflammation by targeting innate myeloid cells. Supplies of natural bryo-1 are limited but a recent scalable synthesis has enabled access to it and its analogs (termed bryologs), the latter providing a path to more efficacious, better tolerated, and more accessible agents. Here, we show that multiple synthetically accessible bryologs replicate the anti-inflammatory effects of bryo-1 on innate immune cells in vitro, and a lead bryolog attenuates neuroinflammation in vivo - actions mechanistically dependent on PKC binding. Our findings identify bryologs as promising drug candidates for targeting innate immunity in neuroinflammation and create a platform for evaluation of synthetic PKC modulators in neuroinflammatory diseases such as MS.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wender, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.276923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent regulation of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry genes and cell death programs correlates with COVID-19 disease severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.276923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) maintains cardiovascular and renal homeostasis but also serves as the entry receptor for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. COVID-19 disease severity, while highly variable, is typically lower in pediatric patients than adults (particularly the elderly), but increased rates of hospitalizations requiring intensive care are observed in infants than in older children. The reasons for these differences are unknown. To detect potential age-based correlates of disease severity, we measured ACE2 protein expression at the single cell level in human lung tissue specimens from over 100 donors from [~]4 months to 75 years of age. We found that expression of ACE2 in distal lung epithelial cells generally increases with advancing age but exhibits extreme intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity. Notably, we also detected ACE2 expression on neonatal airway epithelial cells and within the lung parenchyma. Similar patterns were found at the transcript level: ACE2 mRNA is expressed in the lung and trachea shortly after birth, downregulated during childhood, and again expressed at high levels in late adulthood in alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, we find that apoptosis, which is a natural host defense system against viral infection, is also dynamically regulated during lung maturation, resulting in periods of heightened apoptotic priming and dependence on pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins including MCL-1. Infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2 triggers an unfolded protein stress response and upregulation of the endogenous MCL-1 inhibitor Noxa; in juveniles, MCL-1 inhibition is sufficient to trigger apoptosis in lung epithelial cells - this may limit virion production and inflammatory signaling. Overall, we identify strong and distinct correlates of COVID-19 disease severity across lifespan and advance our understanding of the regulation of ACE2 and cell death programs in the mammalian lung. Furthermore, our work provides the framework for potential translation of apoptosis modulating drugs as novel treatments for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inde, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deskin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghelfi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarosiek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.276923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent regulation of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry genes and cell death programs correlates with COVID-19 disease severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemiluminescent protease probe for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a top-ten cause of death worldwide. Successful treatment is often limited by insufficient diagnostic capabilities, especially at the point of care in low-resource settings. The ideal diagnostic must be fast, cheap, and require minimal clinical resources while providing high sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to differentiate live from dead bacteria. We describe here the development of a Fast, Luminescent, and Affordable Sensor of Hip1 (FLASH) for the diagnosis and monitoring of drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). FLASH is a selective chemiluminescent substrate for the Mtb protease Hip1 that when processed, produces visible light that can be measured with a high signal to noise ratio using inexpensive sensors. FLASH is sensitive to fmol of recombinant Hip1 enzyme in vitro and can detect as few as thousands of Mtb cells in culture or in human sputum samples within minutes. The probe is highly selective for Mtb compared to other non-tuberculous mycobacteria and can distinguish live from dead cells. Importantly, FLASH can be used to measure antibiotic killing of Mtb in culture with greatly accelerated timelines compared to traditional protocols. Overall, FLASH has the potential to enhance both TB diagnostics and drug resistance monitoring in resource-limited settings.

One Sentence SummaryA luminescent probe enables sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and drug susceptibility testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Cuervo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemiluminescent protease probe for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.298596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting ischemia-induced KCC2 hypofunction rescues refractory neonatal seizures and mitigates epileptogenesis in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.298596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonatal seizures pose a clinical challenge for their early detection, acute management, and mitigation of long-term comorbidities. A major cause of neonatal seizures is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy that results in seizures that are frequently refractory to the first-line anti-seizure medication phenobarbital (PB). One proposed mechanism for PB-inefficacy during neonatal seizures is the reduced expression and function of the neuron-specific K+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2), the main neuronal Cl- extruder that maintains chloride homeostasis and influences the efficacy of GABAergic inhibition. To determine if PB-refractoriness after ischemic neonatal seizures is dependent upon KCC2 hypofunction and can be rescued by KCC2 functional enhancement, we investigated the recently developed KCC2 functional enhancer CLP290 in a CD-1 mouse model of refractory ischemic neonatal seizures quantified with vEEG. We report that acute CLP290 intervention can rescue PB-resistance, KCC2 expression, and the development of epileptogenesis after ischemic neonatal seizures. KCC2 phosphorylation sites have a strong influence over KCC2 activity and seizure susceptibility in adult experimental epilepsy models. Therefore, we investigated seizure susceptibility in two different knock-in mice in which either phosphorylation of S940 or T906/T1007 was prevented. We report that KCC2 phosphorylation regulates both neonatal seizure susceptibility and CLP290-mediated KCC2 functional enhancement. Our results validate KCC2 as a clinically relevant target for refractory neonatal seizures and provide insights for future KCC2 drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.298596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting ischemia-induced KCC2 hypofunction rescues refractory neonatal seizures and mitigates epileptogenesis in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.303826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Msp1/ATAD1 restores mitochondrial function in Zellweger Spectrum Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.303826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders (PBDs) are a class of inherited metabolic disorders with profound neurological and other phenotypes. The most severe PBDs are caused by mutations in peroxin genes, which result in nonfunctional peroxisomes typically through impaired protein import. In order to better understand the molecular causes of Zellweger Spectrum Disease (ZSD) -the most severe PBDs -, we investigated the fate of peroxisomal mRNAs and proteins in ZSD model systems. We found that loss of peroxisomal import has no effect on peroxin mRNA expression or translational efficiency. Instead, peroxin proteins--still produced at high levels-- aberrantly accumulate on the mitochondrial membrane, impairing respiration and ATP generation. Finally, we rescued mitochondrial function in fibroblasts derived from human patients with ZSD by overexpressing ATAD1, an AAA-ATPase that functions in mitochondrial quality control. These findings might provide a new focus of PBD therapies in supporting quality control pathways that protect mitochondrial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuebel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lettlova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidwell, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschek, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyriou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh-Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.19.303826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Msp1/ATAD1 restores mitochondrial function in Zellweger Spectrum Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.300913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid detection of inter-clade recombination in SARS-CoV-2 with Bolotie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.300913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to detect recombination in pathogen genomes is crucial to the accuracy of phylogenetic analysis and consequently to forecasting the spread of infectious diseases and to developing therapeutics and public health policies. However, previous methods for detecting recombination and reassortment events cannot handle the computational requirements of analyzing tens of thousands of genomes, a scenario that has now emerged in the effort to track the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Furthermore, the low divergence of near-identical genomes sequenced in short periods of time presents a statistical challenge not addressed by available methods. In this work we present Bolotie, an efficient method designed to detect recombination and reassortment events between clades of viral genomes. We applied our method to a large collection of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and discovered hundreds of isolates that are likely of a recombinant origin. In cases where raw sequencing data was available, we were able to rule out the possibility that these samples represented co-infections by analyzing the underlying sequence reads. Our findings further show that several recombinants appear to have persisted in the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.300913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid detection of inter-clade recombination in SARS-CoV-2 with Bolotie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.304279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A causal study of bumetanide on a marker of excitatory-inhibitory balance in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.304279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bumetanide has received much interest as a potential pharmacological modulator of the putative imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) signaling that is thought to characterize autism spectrum conditions. Yet, currently, no studies of bumetanide efficacy have used an outcome measure that is modeled to depend on E/I balance in the brain. In this manuscript, we present the first causal study of the effect of bumetanide on an objective marker of E/I balance in the brain, binocular rivalry, which we have previously shown to be sensitive to pharmacological manipulation of GABA. Using a within-subjects placebo-control crossover design study, we show that, contrary to expectation, acute administration of bumetanide does not alter binocular rivalry dynamics in neurotypical adult individuals. Neither changes in response times nor response criteria can account for these results. These results raise important questions about the efficacy of acute bumetanide administration for altering E/I balance in the human brain, and highlight the importance of studies using objective markers of the underlying neural processes that drugs hope to target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botch, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.304279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A causal study of bumetanide on a marker of excitatory-inhibitory balance in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.308874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline DNA replication shapes the recombination landscape in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.308874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryGenetic recombination generates novel trait combinations and understanding how recombination is distributed across the genome is key to modern genetics. The PRDM9 protein defines recombination hotspots, however megabase-scale recombination patterning is independent of PRDM9. The single round of DNA replication, which precedes recombination in meiosis, may establish these patterns, therefore we devised a novel approach to study meiotic replication that includes robust and sensitive mapping of replication origins. We find that meiotic DNA replication is distinct; reduced origin firing slows replication in meiosis and a distinctive replication pattern in human males underlies the sub-telomeric increase in recombination. We detected a robust correlation between replication and both contemporary and ancestral recombination and found that replication origin density coupled with chromosome size determines the recombination potential of individual chromosomes. Our findings and methods have far-reaching implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying DNA replication, genetic recombination, and the landscape of mammalian germline variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pratto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K.-W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloutier, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahiya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellard, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camerini-Otero, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.308874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline DNA replication shapes the recombination landscape in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.309138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coarse Raman and optical diffraction tomographic imaging enable label-free phenotyping of isogenic breast cancer cells of varying metastatic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.309138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of the metastatic potential represents one of the most important tasks for molecular imaging of cancer. While molecular imaging of metastases has witnessed substantial progress as an area of clinical inquiry, determining precisely what differentiates the metastatic phenotype has proven to be more elusive underscoring the need to marry emerging imaging techniques with tumor biology. In this study, we utilize both the morphological and molecular information provided by 3D optical diffraction tomography and Raman spectroscopy, respectively, to propose a label-free route for optical phenotyping of cancer cells at single-cell resolution. By using an isogenic panel of cell lines derived from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that vary in their metastatic potential, we show that 3D refractive index tomograms can capture subtle morphological differences among the parental, circulating tumor cells, and lung metastatic cells. By leveraging the molecular specificity of Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate that coarse Raman microscopy is capable of rapidly mapping a sufficient number of cells for training a random forest classifier that can accurately predict the metastatic potential of cells at a single-cell level. We also leverage multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares decomposition of the spectral dataset to demarcate spectra from cytoplasm and nucleus, and test the feasibility of identifying metastatic phenotypes using the spectra only from the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions. Overall, our study provides a rationale for employing coarse Raman mapping to substantially reduce measurement time thereby enabling the acquisition of reasonably large training datasets that hold the key for label-free single-cell analysis and, consequently, for differentiation of indolent from aggressive phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.309138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coarse Raman and optical diffraction tomographic imaging enable label-free phenotyping of isogenic breast cancer cells of varying metastatic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable element control disrupted by meiotic drive in a stalk-eyed fly genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some stalk-eyed flies in the genus Teleopsis carry selfish genetic elements that induce sex ratio meiotic drive (SR) and impact the fitness of male and female carriers. Here, we produced a chromosome-level genome assembly of the stalk-eyed fly, T. dalmanni, to elucidate patterns of genomic divergence associated with the presence of drive elements. We find evidence for multiple nested inversions along the sex ratio haplotype and widespread differentiation and divergence between XSR and XSR along the entire chromosome. These include a striking XSR-specific expansion of an array of partial copies of JASPer, a gene necessary for maintenance of euchromatin and regulation of transposable element expression (TEs). In addition, the genome contains tens of thousands of TE insertions and hundreds of transcriptionally and insertionally active TE families. Moreover, we find that several TE families are differentially expressed and/or present at a different copy number in SR male testes, suggesting an association between these two categories of selfish genetic elements in this species. We identify T. dalmanni orthologs of genes involved in genome defense via the piRNA pathway, including core members maelstrom, piwi and Argonaute3, that have diverged in sequence, expression or copy number between the SR and standard (ST) X chromosomes, consistent with altered TE regulation in flies carrying a sex ratio X chromosome. Overall, the evidence suggests that this ancient XSR polymorphism has had a variety of impacts on repetitive DNA and its regulation in this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinhardt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paczolt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable element control disrupted by meiotic drive in a stalk-eyed fly genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phospho-regulated ensemble signal motif of α-TAT1 drives dynamic microtubule acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporally dynamic microtubule acetylation underlies diverse physiological events ranging from cell migration to intracellular trafficking, autophagy and viral infections. Despite its ubiquity, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sole microtubule acetylating agent, -tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 (-TAT1) remain obscure. Here we report that dynamic intracellular localization of -TAT1 unexpectedly determines the efficiency of microtubule acetylation. Specifically, we newly identified a conserved signal motif in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of -TAT1, consisting of three competing regulatory elements - nuclear export, nuclear import and cytosolic retention. Their balance is tuned via phosphorylation by serine-threonine kinases including CDK1 and CK2. While the un-phosphorylated form resides both in the cytosol and nucleus, the phosphorylated form binds to specific 14-3-3 adapters and accumulates in the cytosol for maximal substrate access. Cytosolic localization of -TAT1 predominantly mediates microtubule acetylation, cell proliferation and DNA damage response. In contrast to other molecules with a similar phospho-regulated signal motif including transcription factors, -TAT1 uniquely uses the nucleus as a hideout. As amino acid mutations to the motif have been reported in cancer patients, the present mechanism of subcellular -TAT1 localization may help uncover a spatiotemporal code of microtubule acetylation in normal and aberrant cell functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phospho-regulated ensemble signal motif of α-TAT1 drives dynamic microtubule acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.298851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADPriboDB v2.0: An Updated Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.298851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation is a protein modification responsible for biological processes such as DNA repair, RNA regulation, cell cycle, and biomolecular condensate formation. Dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation is implicated in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viral infection. We developed ADPriboDB (adpribodb.leunglab.org) to facilitate studies in uncovering insights into the mechanisms and biological significance of ADP-ribosylation. ADPriboDB 2.0 serves as a one-stop repository comprising 48,346 entries and 9,097 ADP-ribosylated proteins, of which 6,708 were newly identified since the original database release. In this updated version, we provide information regarding the sites of ADP-ribosylation in 32,946 entries. The wealth of information allows us to interrogate existing databases or newly available data. For example, we found that ADP-ribosylated substrates are significantly associated with the recently identified human protein interaction networks associated with SARS-CoV-2, which encodes a conserved protein domain called macrodomain that binds and removes ADP-ribosylation. In addition, we create a new interactive tool to visualize the local context of ADP-ribosylation, such as structural and functional features as well as other post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitination). This information provides opportunities to explore the biology of ADP-ribosylation and generate new hypotheses for experimental testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayyappan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visanpattanasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sazeides, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.298851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADPriboDB v2.0: An Updated Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread methylation quantitative trait loci and their role in schizophrenia risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (DNAm) regulates gene expression and may represent gene-environment interactions. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, we surveyed DNAm in a large sample (n=344) of human brain tissues. We identify widespread genetic influence on local methylation levels throughout the genome, with 76% of SNPs and 38% of CpGs being part of methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs). These associations can further be clustered into regions that are differentially methylated by a given SNP, highlighting putative functional regions that explain much of the heritability associated with risk loci. Furthermore, some CpH sites associated with genetic variation. We have established a comprehensive, single base resolution view of association between genetic variation and genomic methylation, and implicate schizophrenia GWAS-associated variants as influencing the epigenetic plasticity of the brain.

One-sentence summaryMost genetic variants associated with DNA methylation levels, and implicated schizophrenia GWAS variants in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perzel Mandell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semick, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread methylation quantitative trait loci and their role in schizophrenia risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.314252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting and phasing minor single-nucleotide variants from long-read sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.314252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular genetic heterogeneity is common in many biological conditions including cancer, microbiome, co-infection of multiple pathogens. Detecting and phasing minor variants, which is to determine whether multiple variants are from the same haplotype, play an instrumental role in deciphering cellular genetic heterogeneity, but are still difficult because of technological limitations. Recently, long-read sequencing technologies, including those by Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore, have provided an unprecedented opportunity to tackle these challenges. However, high error rates make it difficult to take full advantage of these technologies. To fill this gap, we introduce iGDA, an open-source tool that can accurately detect and phase minor single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), whose frequencies are as low as 0.2%, from raw long-read sequencing data. We also demonstrated that iGDA can accurately reconstruct haplotypes in closely-related strains of the same species (divergence[&ge;] 0.011%) from long-read metagenomic data. Our approach, therefore, presents a significant advance towards the complete deciphering of cellular genetic heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.314252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting and phasing minor single-nucleotide variants from long-read sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of retinal neurogenesis by somatostatin signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptides have been reported to regulate progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis in the central nervous system. However, these studies have typically been conducted using pharmacological agents in ex vivo preparations, and in vivo evidence for their developmental function is generally lacking. Recent scRNA-Seq studies have identified multiple neuropeptides and their receptors as being selectively expressed in neurogenic progenitors of the embryonic mouse and human retina. This includes Sstr2, whose ligand somatostatin is transiently expressed by immature retinal ganglion cells. By analyzing retinal explants treated with selective ligands that target these receptors, we found that Sstr2-dependent somatostatin signaling induces a dose-dependent inhibition of photoreceptor generation while increasing the relative fraction of primary progenitor cells. These effects were confirmed by scRNA-Seq analysis of retinal explants and abolished in Sstr2-deficient retinas. Although no changes in the relative fraction of primary progenitors or photoreceptor precursors were observed in Sstr2-deficient retinas in vivo, scRNA-Seq analysis demonstrated accelerated differentiation of neurogenic progenitors. We conclude that Sstr2 signaling may act to negatively regulate retinal neurogenesis in combination with other retinal ganglion cell-derived secreted factors such as Shh, although in vivo Sstr2 is dispensable for normal retinal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.314104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of retinal neurogenesis by somatostatin signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic auxotrophy remains stable after continuous evolution and in co-culture with mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolutionary stability and possible context-dependence of biological containment techniques is critical as engineered microbes are increasingly under consideration for applications beyond biomanufacturing. While batch cultures of synthetic auxotrophic Escherichia coli previously exhibited undetectable escape throughout 14 days of monitoring, the long-term effectiveness of synthetic auxotrophy is unknown. Here, we report automated continuous evolution of a synthetic auxotroph using custom chemostats that supply a decreasing concentration of essential biphenylalanine (BipA). After 100 days of evolution in three separate trials, populations exhibit no observable escape and are capable of normal growth rates at 10-fold lower BipA concentration than the ancestral synthetic auxotroph. Allelic reconstruction of three proteins implicated in small molecule transport reveals their contribution to increased fitness at low BipA concentrations. Mutations do not appear in orthogonal translation machinery nor in synthetic auxotrophic markers. Based on its evolutionary stability, we introduce the progenitor synthetic auxotroph directly to mammalian cell culture. We observe containment of bacteria without detrimental effects on HEK293T cells. Overall, our findings reveal that synthetic auxotrophy is effective on timescales and in contexts that enable diverse applications.

One Sentence SummaryTo ascertain whether life inevitably finds a way, we continuously evolve an Escherichia coli strain that was not able to escape from engineered biocontainment before, and we find that it does not escape even after 100 days of evolution, nor does it escape when added to mammalian cell culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunjapur, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hysolli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic auxotrophy remains stable after continuous evolution and in co-culture with mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting blood GLUcose data with R package iglu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) data play an increasing role in clinical practice as they provide detailed quantification of blood glucose levels during the entire 24-hour period. The R package iglu implements a wide range of CGM-derived metrics for measuring glucose control and glucose variability. The package also allows to visualize CGM data using time-series and lasagna plots. A distinct advantage of iglu is that it comes with a point-and-click graphical user interface (GUI) which makes the package widely accessible to users regardless of their programming experience. Thus, open-source and easy to use iglu package will help advance CGM research and CGM data analyses. R package iglu is publicly available on CRAN and at https://github.com/irinagain/iglu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muschelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punjabi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynanova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.310482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting blood GLUcose data with R package iglu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db/db mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity can lead to recurrent upper airway obstruction (obstructive sleep apnea, OSA) during sleep as well as alveolar hypoventilation. We have previously shown that leptin stimulates breathing and treats OSA in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin-resistant diet-induced obese mice. Our previous data also suggest that leptins respiratory effects may occur in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). We selectively expressed leptin receptor LepRb in the DMH neurons of obese LepRb-deficient db/db mice (LepRb-DMH mice), which hypoventilate at baseline, and showed that intracerebroventricular injection of leptin in these animals increased inspiratory flow, tidal volume and minute ventilation during NREM sleep without any effect on the quality of NREM sleep or CO2 production. Leptin had no effect on upper airway obstruction in LepRb-DMH animals. We conclude that leptin stimulates breathing and treats obesity related hypoventilation acting on LepRb-positive neurons in the DMH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosamane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabassa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dergacheva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury-Curado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polotsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db/db mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-course single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional dynamics and heterogeneity of limbal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived limbal stem cells (hPSC-derived LSCs) provide a promising cell source for corneal transplants and ocular surface reconstruction. Although recent efforts in the identification of LSC markers have increased our understanding of the biology of LSCs, the lack of knowledge of the developmental origin, cell fate determination, and identity of human LSCs hindered the establishment of differentiation protocols for hPSC-derived LSCs and hold back their clinical application. Here, we performed a time-course single-cell RNA-seq to investigate transcriptional heterogeneity and expression changes of LSCs derived from human embryonic stem cells. Based on current protocol, expression heterogeneity of reported LSC markers were identified in subpopulations of differentiated cells. EMT has been shown to occur during differentiation process, which could possibly result in generation of untargeted cells. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed transcriptional changes and signatures of commitment of hPSCs-derived LSCs and their progeny - the transit amplifying cells. Furthermore, several new makers of LSCs were identified, which could facilitate elucidating the identity and developmental origin of human LSCs in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-course single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional dynamics and heterogeneity of limbal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pseudomolecule assembly of the Rocky Mountain elk genome reveals putative immune system gene loss near chromosomal fissions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) is a major reservoir for Brucella abortus in the Greater Yellowstone area, which has significant economic implications to the cattle industry. Vaccination attempts against intracellular bacterial diseases in elk populations have not been successful due to a negligible adaptive cellular immune response. A lack of genomic resources has impeded attempts to better understand why vaccination does not induce protective immunity. To overcome this limitation, PacBio, Illumina, and HiC sequencing with a total of 686-fold coverage was used to assemble the elk genome into 35 pseudomolecules. A robust gene annotation was generated resulting in 18,013 gene models and 33,422 mRNAs. The accuracy of the assembly was assessed using synteny to the red deer and cattle genomes identifying several chromosomal rearrangements, fusions and fissions. Because this genome assembly and annotation provide a foundation for genome-enabled exploration of Cervus species, we demonstrate its utility by exploring the conservation of immune system-related genes. We conclude by comparing cattle immune system-related genes to the elk genome, revealing nine putative gene losses in elk.

Author SummaryBrucellosis, also known as contagious abortion, is a bacterial disease that commonly affects livestock and remains prevalent in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis). Since the 1920s the USDA has led a program to eradicate Brucellosis from cattle, yet wild Rocky Mountain elk continue to be a source of transmission. Attempts to vaccinate wild elk herds have been unsuccessful, due to a poor and short-lived immune response. To investigate the genetic basis for this inherent difference, we created the first genome and annotation for the Rocky Mountain elk. This genome assembly is of the highest quality and contains single linear sequences for all 35 chromosomes. In order to generate gene models, an array of RNA-Seq data and proteins from many different organ tissues and cells were used in gene prediction software. Specifically, we compare cattle immune system genes with the Rocky Mountain elk, revealing the putative loss of nine immune-system related genes in elk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masonbrink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayles, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggiatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson-Welder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.320150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pseudomolecule assembly of the Rocky Mountain elk genome reveals putative immune system gene loss near chromosomal fissions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.314245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying Machine Learning to Increase Efficiency and Accuracy of Meta-Analytic Review 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.314245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapidly burgeoning quantity and complexity of publications makes curating and synthesizing information for meta-analyses ever more challenging. Meta-analyses require manual review of abstracts for study inclusion, which is time consuming, and variation among reviewer interpretation of inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting a paper to be included in a review can impact a studys outcome. To address these challenges in efficiency and accuracy, we propose and evaluate a machine learning approach to capture the definition of inclusion/exclusion criteria using a machine learning model to automate the selection process. We trained machine learning models on a manually reviewed dataset from a meta-analysis of resilience factors influencing psychopathology development. Then, the trained models were applied to an oncology dataset and evaluated for efficiency and accuracy against trained human reviewers. The results suggest that machine learning models can be used to automate the paper selection process and reduce the abstract review time while maintaining accuracy comparable to trained human reviewers. We propose a novel approach which uses model confidence to propose a subset of abstracts for manual review, thereby increasing the accuracy of the automated review while reducing the total number of abstracts requiring manual review. Furthermore, we delineate how leveraging these models more broadly may facilitate the sharing and synthesis of research expertise across disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorelik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorelik, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridout, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimarko, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peisch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuramkote, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nrusimha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.314245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying Machine Learning to Increase Efficiency and Accuracy of Meta-Analytic Review]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antinociceptive, hypothermic, and appetitive effects of vaped and injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats: exposure and dose-effect comparisons by strain and sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in drug vapor exposure systems utilizing e-cigarette technology have enabled evaluation of {Delta}-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor effects in laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to 1) establish a range of parameters of THC vapor exposure in rats sufficient to produce a behavioral dose-effect curve in a battery of tasks sensitive to THC; 2) to investigate sex differences in the effects of THC vapor exposure and THC injection (intraperitoneal, IP) on these behaviors in two strains of outbred rats. Male and female Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats (N=22, 5-6/group) received THC via IP injection (1-20 mg/kg) and passive exposure to THC vapor (200 mg/ml; 5 conditions) in a within subject design. The effects of vaped and injected THC were determined using the tail-withdrawal assay for nociception, rectal measurements of body temperature, and progressive-ratio responding for food pellets. Plasma THC concentrations were assessed after 10 mg/kg IP THC or THC vapor. THC produced dose and exposure-dependent antinociception and hypothermia. THC vapor produced inverted U-shaped effects in motivation to obtain food, while IP THC reduced PR breakpoints. Plasma THC concentrations were higher after 10 mg/kg IP THC (152 ng/mL) compared to the highest vapor exposure condition tested (38 ng/mL). THC vapor exposure produces reliable, dose-orderly effects on nociception, body temperature, and food-maintained behavior that is comparable to effects observed after IP THC. There are considerable differences between the time course of behavioral outcomes produced by these two different routes of administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antinociceptive, hypothermic, and appetitive effects of vaped and injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats: exposure and dose-effect comparisons by strain and sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-locking of resting-state brain networks with the gastric basal electrical rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A network of myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal in the corpus of the stomach serves as its "pacemaker", continuously generating a ca. 0.05 Hz electrical slow wave, which is transmitted to the brain chiefly by vagal afferents. A recent study combining resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) with concurrent surface electrogastrography (EGG), with cutaneous electrodes placed on the epigastrium, found 12 brain regions with activity that was significantly phase-locked with this gastric basal electrical rhythm. Therefore, we asked whether fluctuations in brain resting state networks (RSNs), estimated using a spatial independent component analysis (ICA) approach, might be synchronized with the stomach. In the present study, in order to determine whether any RSNs are phase-locked with the gastric rhythm, an individual participant underwent 22 scanning sessions; in each, two 15-minute runs of concurrent EGG and rsfMRI data were acquired. EGG data from three sessions had weak gastric signals and were excluded; the other 19 sessions yielded a total of 9.5 hours of data. The rsfMRI data were analyzed using group ICA; RSN time courses were estimated using dual regression; for each run, the phase-locking value (PLV) was computed between each RSN and the gastric signal. To assess statistical significance, PLVs from all pairs of "mismatched" data (EGG and rsfMRI data acquired on different days) were used as surrogate data to generate a null distribution for each RSN. Of a total of 18 RSNs, three were found to be significantly phase-locked with the basal gastric rhythm, namely, a cerebellar network, a dorsal somatosensory-motor network, and a default mode network. Disruptions to the gut-brain axis, which sustains interoceptive feedback between the central nervous system and the viscera, are thought to be involved in various disorders; manifestation of the infra-slow rhythm of the stomach in brain rsfMRI data could be useful for studies in clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-locking of resting-state brain networks with the gastric basal electrical rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Adaptive Electrode Selection to Maximize Simultaneously Recorded Neuron Yield 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural-Matrix style, high-density electrode arrays for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) and neuroscientific research require the use of multiplexing: Each recording channel can be routed to one of several electrode sites on the array. This capability allows the user to flexibly distribute recording channels to the locations where the most desirable neural signals can be resolved. For example, in the Neuropixel probe, 960 electrodes can be addressed by 384 recording channels. However, currently no adaptive methods exist to use recorded neural data to optimize/customize the electrode selections per recording context. Here, we present an algorithm called classification-based selection (CBS) that optimizes the joint electrode selections for all recording channels so as to maximize isolation quality of detected neurons. We show, in experiments using Neuropixels in non-human primates, that this algorithm yields a similar number of isolated neurons as would be obtained if all electrodes were recorded simultaneously. Neuron counts were 41-85% improved over previously published electrode selection strategies. The neurons isolated from electrodes selected by CBS were a 73% match, by spike timing, to the complete set of recordable neurons around the probe. The electrodes selected by CBS exhibited higher average per-recording-channel signal-to-noise ratio. CBS, and selection optimization in general, could play an important role in development of neurotechnologies for BMI, as signal bandwidth becomes an increasingly limiting factor. Code and experimental data have been made available1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Adaptive Electrode Selection to Maximize Simultaneously Recorded Neuron Yield]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Diversity of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injury and loss of oligodendrocytes can cause demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. To improve our understanding of oligodendrocyte development, which could facilitate development of remyelination-based treatment strategies, we performed single-cell-transcriptomic-analysis of developing human oligodendrocyte-precursor-cells (hOPCs). We engineered knock-in hESC-reporter lines in which an Identification-and-Purification tag is expressed under control of the endogenous, OPC-specific, PDGFR promoter, and performed time-course single-cell-RNA-sequencing of purified hOPCs. Our analysis uncovered marked transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFR+ hOPCs and identified regulatory genes and networks that control their differentiation and myelination competence. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed two distinct trajectories for the development of oligodendrocytes vs astrocytes from hOPCs. We also identified novel transcription factors and other genes that developing hOPCs potentially use to choose between oligodendrocyte vs astrocyte lineages. In addition, pathway enrichment analysis followed by pharmacological intervention of those pathways confirm that mTOR and cholesterol biosynthesis signaling pathways are involved in maturation of oligodendrocytes from hOPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devkota, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.328971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Diversity of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals cell type-specific molecular signatures across reward circuitry in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell/nucleus technologies are powerful tools to study cell type-specific expression in the human brain, but most large-scale efforts have focused on characterizing cortical brain regions and their constituent cell types. However, additional brain regions - particularly those embedded in basal ganglia and limbic circuits - play important roles in neuropsychiatric disorders and addiction, suggesting a critical need to better understand their molecular characteristics. We therefore created a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) resource across five human brain regions (hippocampus, HPC; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC; subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, sACC; nucleus accumbens, NAc; and amygdala, AMY), with emphasis on the NAc and AMY, given their involvement in reward signaling and emotional processing. We identified distinct and potentially novel neuronal subpopulations, which we validated by smFISH for various subclasses of NAc interneurons and medium spiny neurons (MSNs). We additionally benchmarked these datasets against published datasets for corresponding regions in rodent models to define cross-species convergence and divergence across analogous cell subclasses. We characterized the transcriptomic architecture of regionally-defined neuronal subpopulations, which revealed strong patterns of similarities in specific neuronal subclasses across the five profiled regions. Finally, we measured genetic associations between risk for psychiatric disease and substance use behaviors with each of the regionally-defined cell types. This analysis further supported NAc and AMY involvement in risk for psychiatric illness by implicating specific neuronal subpopulations, and highlighted potential involvement of an MSN population associated with stress signaling in genetic risk for substance use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadashivaiah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.329839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals cell type-specific molecular signatures across reward circuitry in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting Brain Disease-Related Connectome Subgraphs by Adaptive Dense Subgraph Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group-level brain connectome analysis has attracted increasing interest in neuropsychiatric research with the goal of identifying connectomic subnetworks (subgraphs) that are systematically associated with brain disorders. However, extracting disease-related subnetworks from the whole brain connectome has been challenging, because no prior knowledge is available regarding the sizes and locations of the subnetworks. In addition, neuroimaging data is often mixed with substantial noise that can further obscure informative subnetwork detection. We propose a likelihood-based adaptive dense subgraph discovery (ADSD) model to extract disease-related subgraphs from the group-level whole brain connectome data. Our method is robust to both false positive and false negative errors of edge-wise inference and thus can lead to a more accurate discovery of latent disease-related connectomic subnetworks. We develop computationally efficient algorithms to implement the novel ADSD objective function and derive theoretical results to guarantee the convergence properties. We apply the proposed approach to a brain fMRI study for schizophrenia research and identify well-organized and biologically meaningful subnetworks that exhibit schizophrenia-related salience network centered connectivity abnormality. Analysis of synthetic data also demonstrates the superior performance of the ADSD method for latent subnetwork detection in comparison with existing methods in various settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culbreth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting Brain Disease-Related Connectome Subgraphs by Adaptive Dense Subgraph Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence evaluation and comparative analysis of novel assays for intact proviral HIV-1 DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV proviral reservoir is the major barrier to cure. The predominantly replication-defective proviral landscape makes the measurement of virus that is likely to cause rebound upon ART-cessation challenging. To address this issue, novel assays to measure intact HIV proviruses have been developed. The Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA) is a high-throughput assay that uses two probes to exclude the majority of defective proviruses and determine the frequency of intact proviruses, albeit without sequence confirmation. Quadruplex PCR with four probes (Q4PCR), is a lower-throughput assay that uses limiting dilution long distance PCR amplification followed by qPCR and near-full length genome sequencing (nFGS) to estimate the frequency of sequence-confirmed intact proviruses and provide insight into their clonal composition. To explore the advantages and limitations of these assays, we compared IPDA and Q4PCR measurements from 39 ART-suppressed people living with HIV. We found that IPDA and Q4PCR measurements correlated with one another but frequencies of intact proviral DNA differed by approximately 19-fold. This difference may be in part due to inefficiencies in long distance PCR amplification of proviruses in Q4PCR, leading to underestimates of intact proviral frequencies. In addition, nFGS analysis within Q4PCR explained that some of this difference is explained by proviruses that are classified as intact by IPDA but carry defects elsewhere in the genome. Taken together, this head-to-head comparison of novel intact proviral DNA assays provides important context for their interpretation in studies to deplete the HIV reservoir and shows that together the assays bracket true reservoir size.

ImportanceThe Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA) and Quadruplex PCR (Q4PCR) represent major advances in accurately quantifying and characterizing the replication competent HIV reservoir. This study compares the two novel approaches for measuring intact HIV proviral DNA in samples from 39 ART-suppressed people living with HIV, thereby informing ongoing efforts to deplete the HIV reservoir in cure-related trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaebler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcinelli, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtagh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchherr, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruc, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence evaluation and comparative analysis of novel assays for intact proviral HIV-1 DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging alters the mediating effect of endogenous GABA on the interaction between functional connectivity and motor-state transitions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flexible adjustment of ongoing behavior challenges the nervous systems dynamic control mechanisms and has shown to be specifically susceptible to age-related decline. Previous work links endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with behavioral efficiency across perceptual and cognitive domains, with potentially the strongest impact on those behaviors that require a high level of dynamic control. Based on the integrated analyses of behavior and modulation of interhemispheric phase-based connectivity during dynamic motor state transitions and endogenous GABA concentration, we provide converging evidence for age-related differences in the behaviorally more beneficial state of endogenous GABA concentration. We suggest that the increased interhemispheric connectivity seen in the older adults represents a compensatory mechanism caused by rhythmic entrainment of neural populations in homotopic motor cortices. This mechanism appears to be most relevant in the presence of a less optimal tuning of the inhibitory tone to uphold the required flexibility of behavioral action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heise, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda Delgado, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Monteiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinnen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging alters the mediating effect of endogenous GABA on the interaction between functional connectivity and motor-state transitions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional landscape of PTEN loss in primary prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTEN is the most frequently lost tumor suppressor in primary prostate cancer (PCa) and its loss is associated with aggressive disease. However, the transcriptional changes associated with PTEN loss in PCa have not been described in detail. Here, we applied a meta-analysis approach, leveraging two large PCa cohorts with experimentally validated PTEN and ERG status, to derive a transcriptomic signature of PTEN loss, while also accounting for potential confounders due to ERG rearrangements. Strikingly, the signature indicates a strong activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems upon PTEN loss, as well as an expected activation of cell-cycle genes. Moreover, we made use of our recently developed FC-R2 expression atlas to expand this signature to include many non-coding RNAs recently annotated by the FANTOM consortium. With this resource, we analyzed the TCGA-PRAD cohort, creating a comprehensive transcriptomic landscape of PTEN loss in PCa that comprises both the coding and an extensive non-coding counterpart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidotto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebot, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyekucheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.332049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional landscape of PTEN loss in primary prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.327114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the Galaxy's reference data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.327114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryProperly and effectively managing reference datasets is an important task for many bioinformatics analyses. Refgenie is a reference asset management system that allows to easily organize, retrieve, and share such datasets. Here, we describe the integration of refgenie into the Galaxy platform. Server administrators are able to configure Galaxy to make use of reference datasets made available on a refgenie instance. Additionally, a Galaxy Data Manager tool has been developed to provide a graphical interface to refgenies remote reference retrieval functionality. A large collection of reference datasets has also been made available using the CVMFS repository from GalaxyProject.org, with mirrors across the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia, enabling easy use outside of Galaxy.

Availability and implementationThe ability of Galaxy to use refgenie assets was added to the core Galaxy framework in version 20.05, which is available from https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy under the Academic Free License version 3.0. The refgenie Data Manager tool can be installed via the Galaxy ToolShed, with source code managed at https://github.com/BlankenbergLab/galaxy-tools-blankenberg/tree/main/data_managers/data_manager_refgenie_pull and released using an MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VijayKrishna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman-Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguinoa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golitsynskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolarczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccuru, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langhorst, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornika, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima Morais, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heusden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puertas-Gallardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.327114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the Galaxy's reference data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related differences in network structure and dynamic synchrony of cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive trajectories vary greatly across older individuals, and the neural mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly understood. Here, we propose a mechanistic framework of cognitive variability in older adults, linking the influence of white matter microstructure on fast and effective communications between brain regions. Using diffusion tensor imaging and electroencephalography, we show that individual differences in white matter network organization are associated with network clustering and efficiency in the alpha and high-gamma bands, and that functional network dynamics partly explain individual cognitive control performance in older adults. We show that older individuals with high versus low structural network clustering differ in task-related network dynamics and cognitive performance. These findings were corroborated by investigating magnetoencephalography networks in an independent dataset. This multimodal brain connectivity framework of individual differences provides a holistic account of how differences in white matter microstructure underlie age-related variability in dynamic network organization and cognitive performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mijalkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related differences in network structure and dynamic synchrony of cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.305565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronin-1 is necessary for enteric pathogen-induced transcytosis across human ileal enteroid monolayers expressing M cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.305565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the intestine, luminal sampling by microfold (M) cells is crucial for inducing protective mucosal immune responses but can also serve as an entry pathway for pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. Enteric pathogens can influence intestinal M cell function; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of uptake and transcytosis of gut cargo by human M cells remain to be determined. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for regulating human M cell function requires a relevant human model. In this study, human ileal enteroids established from healthy donors were grown as confluent monolayers on permeable supports and differentiated to express mature M cells. Enteric pathogens including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC), and human rotavirus were apically exposed to M cell enteroid monolayers. M cell-mediated uptake and transcytosis was compared in enteroids infected by pathogenic or commensal bacteria (HS strain). EPEC and AIEC, but not HS, stimulated M cell uptake and transcytosis. We discovered that this pathogenspecific effect was dependent on expression of coronin 1a, a cytoskeletal remodeling protein. Using stable coronin 1a knockdown (KD) enteroids, we observed that EPEC-stimulated transcytosis of fluorescent beads was lost and associated with a significant decrease in the number of glycoprotein-2 positive (Gp-2+ve) M cells. The results of these studies demonstrate that coronin 1a is required for uptake and transcytosis of luminal cargo across human M cells and that coronin 1a is necessary for differentiation of mature M cells that actively transcytose luminal gut antigens in response to pathogenic, but not commensal, microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staab, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latanich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaper, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.305565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronin-1 is necessary for enteric pathogen-induced transcytosis across human ileal enteroid monolayers expressing M cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.333807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature and species-dependent regulation of browning in retrobulbar fat. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.333807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrobulbar fat deposits surround the posterior retina and optic nerve head, but their function and origin are obscure. We report that mouse retrobulbar fat is a neural crest-derived tissue histologically and transcriptionally resembles interscapular brown fat. In contrast, human retrobulbar fat closely resembles white adipose tissue. Retrobulbar fat is also brown in other rodents, which are typically housed at temperatures below thermoneutrality, but is white in larger animals. We show that retrobulbar fat in mice housed at thermoneutral temperature show reduced expression of the brown fat marker Ucp1, and histological properties intermediate between white and brown fat. We conclude that retrobulbar fat can potentially serve as a site of active thermogenesis, that this capability is both temperature and species-dependent, and that this may facilitate regulation of intraocular temperature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.333807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature and species-dependent regulation of browning in retrobulbar fat.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation of redox homeostasis by the small RNA SHOxi in haloarchaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haloarchaea are highly resistant to oxidative stress, however, a comprehensive understanding of the processes regulating this remarkable response is lacking. Oxidative stress-responsive small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have been reported in the model archaeon, Haloferax volcanii, but targets and mechanisms have not been elucidated. Using a combination of high throughput and reverse molecular genetic approaches, we elucidated the functional role of the most up-regulated intergenic sRNA during oxidative stress in H. volcanii, named Small RNA in Haloferax Oxidative Stress (SHOxi). SHOxi was predicted to form a stable secondary structure with a conserved stem-loop region as the potential binding site for trans-targets. NAD-dependent malic enzyme mRNA, identified as a putative target of SHOxi, interacted directly with a putative "seed" region within the predicted stem loop of SHOxi. Malic enzyme is an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate into pyruvate using NAD+ as a cofactor. The destabilization of malic enzyme mRNA, and the decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio, resulting from the direct RNA-RNA interaction between SHOxi and its trans-target was essential for the survival of H. volcanii to oxidative stress. These findings indicate that SHOxi likely regulates redox homeostasis during oxidative stress by the post-transcriptional destabilization of malic enzyme mRNA. SHOxi-mediated regulation provides evidence that the fine-tuning of metabolic cofactors could be a core strategy to mitigate damage from oxidative stress and confer resistance. This study is the first to establish the regulatory effects of sRNAs on mRNAs during the oxidative stress response in Archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional regulation of redox homeostasis by the small RNA SHOxi in haloarchaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-invariant time registration of 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles and its application to human chronotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By collecting data continuously over 24 hours, accelerometers and other wearable devices can provide novel insights into circadian rhythms and their relationship to human health. Existing approaches for analyzing diurnal patterns using these data, including the cosinor model and functional principal components analysis, have revealed and quantified population-level diurnal patterns, but considerable subject-level variability remained uncaptured in features such as wake/sleep times and activity intensity. This remaining informative variability could provide a better understanding of chronotypes, or behavioral manifestations of ones underlying 24-hour rhythm. Curve registration, or alignment, is a technique in functional data analysis that separates "vertical" variability in activity intensity from "horizontal" variability in time-dependent markers like wake and sleep times; this data-driven approach is well-suited to studying chronotypes using accelerometer data. We develop a parametric registration framework for 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles represented as dichotomized into epoch-level states of activity or rest. Specifically, we estimate subject-specific piecewise linear time-warping functions parametrized with a small set of parameters. We apply this method to data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and illustrate how estimated parameters give a more flexible quantification of chronotypes compared to traditional approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipunnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrack, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-invariant time registration of 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles and its application to human chronotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filamins are highly conserved actin-crosslinking proteins that regulate organization of the actin cytoskeleton. As key components of versatile signaling scaffolds, filamins are implicated in developmental anomalies and cancer. Multiple isoforms of filamins exist, raising the possibility of distinct functions for each isoform during development and in disease. Here, we provide an initial characterization of jitterbug (jbug), which encodes one of the two filamin-type proteins in Drosophila. We generate Jbug antiserum that recognizes all of the spliced forms and reveals differential expression of different Jbug isoforms during development, and a significant maternal contribution of Jbug protein. To reveal the function of Jbug isoforms, we create new genetic tools, including a null allele that deletes all isoforms, hypomorphic alleles that affect only a subset, and UAS lines for Gal4-driven expression of the major isoforms. Using these tools, we demonstrate that Jbug is required for viability and that specific isoforms are required in the formation of actin-rich protrusions including thoracic bristles in adults and ventral denticles in the embryo. We also show that specific isoforms of Jbug show differential localization within epithelia and that maternal and zygotic loss of jbug disrupts Crumbs (Crb) localization in several epithelial cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity alters Ace2 and Tmprss2 expression in lung, trachea, and esophagus in a sex-dependent manner: Implications for COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a major risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. The underlying basis of this association is likely complex in nature. The host-cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) are important for viral cell entry. It is unclear whether obesity alters expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 in the lower respiratory tract. Here, we show that: 1) Ace2 expression is elevated in the lung and trachea of diet-induced obese male mice and reduced in the esophagus of obese female mice relative to lean controls; 2) Tmprss2 expression is increased in the trachea of obese male mice but reduced in the lung and elevated in the trachea of obese female mice relative to lean controls; 3) in chow-fed lean mice, females have higher expression of Ace2 in the lung and esophagus as well as higher Tmprss2 expression in the lung but lower expression in the trachea compared to males; and 4) in diet-induced obese mice, males have higher expression of Ace2 in the trachea and higher expression of Tmprss2 in the lung compared to females, whereas females have higher expression of Tmprss2 in the trachea relative to males. Our data indicate diet- and sex-dependent modulation of Ace2 and Tmprss2 expression in the lower respiratory tract and esophagus. Given the high prevalence of obesity worldwide and a sex-biased mortality rate, we discuss the implications and relevance of our results for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity alters Ace2 and Tmprss2 expression in lung, trachea, and esophagus in a sex-dependent manner: Implications for COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Brain Glutathione is Higher in Older Age and Correlates with Mobility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain markers of oxidative damage increase with advancing age. In response, brain antioxidant levels may also increase with age, although this has not been well investigated. Here we used edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify endogenous levels of glutathione (GSH, one of the most abundant brain antioxidants) in 37 young (mean: 21.8 (2.5) years; 19 F) and 23 older adults (mean: 72.8 (8.9) years; 19 F). Accounting for age-related atrophy, we identified higher frontal and sensorimotor GSH levels for the older compared to the younger adults. For the older adults only, higher sensorimotor (but not frontal) GSH was correlated with poorer balance, gait, and manual dexterity. This suggests a regionally-specific relationship between higher brain oxidative stress levels and motor performance declines with age. We suggest these findings reflect a compensatory upregulation of GSH in response to increasing brain oxidative stress with normal aging. Together, these results provide insight into age differences in brain antioxidant levels and implications for motor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyatt, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Jerez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hass, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.339507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Brain Glutathione is Higher in Older Age and Correlates with Mobility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential in vitro activity of individual drugs and bedaquiline-rifabutin combinations against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current treatment options for lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections have limited effectiveness. To maximize the use of existing antibacterials and to help inform regimen design for treatment, we assessed the in vitro bactericidal activity of single drugs against actively multiplying and net non-replicating M. abscessus populations in nutrient-rich and nutrient starvation conditions, respectively. As single drugs, bedaquiline and rifabutin exerted bactericidal activity only against nutrient-starved and actively growing M. abscessus, respectively. However, when combined, both bedaquiline and rifabutin were able to specifically contribute bactericidal activity at relatively low, clinically relevant concentrations against both replicating and non-replicating bacterial populations. The addition of a third drug, amikacin, further enhanced the bactericidal activity of the bedaquiline-rifabutin combination against nutrient-starved M. abscessus. Overall, these in vitro data suggest that bedaquiline-rifabutin may be a potent backbone combination to support novel treatment regimens for M. abscessus infections. This rich dataset of differential time-and concentration-dependent activity of drugs, alone and together, against M. abscessus also highlights several issues affecting interpretation and translation of in vitro findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential in vitro activity of individual drugs and bedaquiline-rifabutin combinations against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of RNA and protein condensation by the P granule protein MEG-3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ granules are RNA-protein condensates in germ cells. The mechanisms that drive germ granule assembly are not fully understood. MEG-3 is an intrinsically-disordered protein required for germ (P) granule assembly in C. elegans. MEG-3 forms gel-like condensates on liquid condensates assembled by PGL proteins. MEG-3 is related to the GCNA family and contains an N-terminal disordered region (IDR) and a predicted ordered C-terminus featuring an HMG-like motif (HMGL). Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, we find the MEG-3 C-terminus is necessary and sufficient to build MEG-3/PGL co-condensates independent of RNA. The HMGL domain is required for high affinity MEG-3/PGL binding in vitro and for assembly of MEG-3/PGL co-condensates in vivo. The MEG-3 IDR binds RNA in vitro and is required but not sufficient to recruit RNA to P granules. Our findings suggest that P granule assembly depends in part on protein-protein interactions that drive condensation independent of RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.340570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of RNA and protein condensation by the P granule protein MEG-3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflight head stabilization associated with wingbeat cycle and sonar emissions in the Egyptian fruit bat. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory processing of environmental stimuli during locomotion is critical for the successful execution of goal-directed behaviors and navigating around obstacles. The outcome of these sensorimotor processes can be challenged by head movements that perturb the sensory coordinate frames directing behaviors. In the case of visually-guided behaviors, visual gaze stabilization results from the integrated activity of the vestibuloocular reflex and motor efference copy originating within circuits driving locomotor behavior. A recent videographic study showed that echolocating bats exhibit inflight head stabilization during a target identification and landing task, though compensatory timing of the bats sonar signals was not reported. In the present investigation we tested hypotheses that head stabilization is more broadly implemented during epochs of exploratory flight, and is temporally associated with emitted sonar signals, which would optimize acoustic gaze. This was achieved by measuring head and body kinematics with motion sensors secured to the head and body of free-flying Egyptian fruit bats. These devices were integrated with ultrasonic microphones to record the bats sonar emissions and elucidate their temporal association with periods of head stabilization. Head accelerations in the Earth-vertical axis were asymmetric with respect to wing downbeat and upbeat relative to body accelerations. This indicated that inflight head and body accelerations were uncoupled, outcomes consistent with the implementation of head movements that limit vertical acceleration during wing downbeat. Furthermore, sonar emissions during stable flight occurred most often during wing downbeat and head stabilization, supporting the conclusion that head stabilization behavior optimized sonar gaze and environmental interrogation via echolocation.

Summary statementDirect measurements of head and body kinematics from affixed motion sensors revealed head stabilization behaviors during exploratory flights in bats. Most sonar emissions were temporally correlated with this behavior, thereby contributing to the optimization of acoustic gaze.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossborough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stidsholt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflight head stabilization associated with wingbeat cycle and sonar emissions in the Egyptian fruit bat.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic exposure of ErbB TKIs inhibits DRA expression and activity through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diarrhea is the major side effect of first- and second-generation ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the mechanism of which remains incompletely understood. The current studies were carried out over the time frame that ErbB TKIs usually initiate diarrhea. We report in Caco-2/bbe cells that exposure of ErbB TKIs, but not non-ErbB TKIs for six days at clinically-relevant concentrations significantly reduced the expression of DRA and inhibited apical Cl-/HCO3-exchange activity. The ErbB TKIs decreased DRA expression through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway. The blockade of ERK phosphorylation by ErbB TKIs decreased the phosphorylation of Elk-1 and the amount of total and p-CREB, and reduced the expression of C-Fos, which is part of the AP-1 complex that maintain DRA expression. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that ErbB TKIs decrease expression and activity of DRA, which occurs over the time frame that these drugs clinically cause diarrhea, and since DRA is part of the intestinal neutral NaCl absorptive process, the reduced absorption is likely to represent a major contributor to the ErbB TKI-associated diarrhea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic exposure of ErbB TKIs inhibits DRA expression and activity through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CpelTdm.jl: a Julia package for targeted differential DNA methylation analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIdentifying regions of the genome that demonstrate significant differences in DNA methylation between groups of samples is an important problem in computational epigenetics. Available methods assume that methylation occurs in a statistically independent manner at individual cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites or perform analysis using empirically estimated joint probability distributions of methylation patterns at no more than 4 contiguous CpG sites. These approaches can lead to poor detection performance and loss of reliability and reproducibility due to reduced specificity and sensitivity in the presence of insufficient data.

ResultsTo accommodate data obtained with different bisulfite sequencing technologies, such as RRBS, ERRBS, and WGBS, and improve statistical power, we developed CpelTdm.jl, a Julia package for targeted differential analysis of DNA methylation stochasticity between groups of unmatched or matched samples. This package performs rigorous statistical analysis of methylation patterns within regions of the genome specified by the user that takes into account correlations in methylation and results in robust detection of genomic regions exhibiting statistically significant differences in methylation stochasticity. CpelTdm.jl does not only detect mean methylation differences, as it is commonly done by previous methods, but also differences in methylation entropy and, more generally, between probability distributions of methylation.

Availability and ImplementationThis Julia package is supported for Windows, MacOS, and Linux, and can be freely downloaded from GitHub: https://github.com/jordiabante/CpelTdm.jl.

Contactsjabante1@jhu.edu or goutsias@jhu.edu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutsias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CpelTdm.jl: a Julia package for targeted differential DNA methylation analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.343285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urine single cell RNA-sequencing in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis reveals inflammatory signatures in immune cells and podocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.343285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) requires a renal biopsy, which is invasive and can be problematic in children and in some adults. We used single cell RNA-sequencing to explore disease-related cellular signatures in 23 urine samples from 12 FSGS subjects. We identified immune cells, predominantly monocytes, and renal epithelial cells, including podocytes. Analysis revealed M1 and M2 monocyte subsets, and podocytes showing high expression of genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We confirmed M1 and M2 gene signatures using published monocyte/macrophage data from lupus nephritis and cancer. Using renal transcriptomic data from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE), we found that urine cell immune and EMT signature genes showed higher expression in FSGS biopsies compared to minimal change disease biopsies. These results suggest that urine cell profiling may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in nephrotic syndrome and aid in identifying novel biomarkers and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latt, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership in RA and SLE (AMP RA/SLE) consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.343285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urine single cell RNA-sequencing in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis reveals inflammatory signatures in immune cells and podocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.346965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of transmembrane beta-barrels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.346965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of naturally occurring transmembrane {beta}-barrel proteins (TMBs) to spontaneously insert into lipid bilayers and form stable transmembrane pores is a remarkable feat of protein evolution and has been exploited in biotechnology for applications ranging from single molecule DNA and protein sequencing to biomimetic filtration membranes. Because it has not been possible to design TMBs from first principles, these efforts have relied on re-engineering of naturally occurring TMBs that generally have a biological function very different from that desired. Here we leverage the power of de novo computational design coupled with a "hypothesis, design and test" approach to determine principles underlying TMB structure and folding, and find that, unlike almost all other classes of protein, locally destabilizing sequences in both the {beta}-turns and {beta}-strands facilitate TMB expression and global folding by modulating the kinetics of folding and the competition between soluble misfolding and proper folding into the lipid bilayer. We use these principles to design new eight stranded TMBs with sequences unrelated to any known TMB and show that they insert and fold into detergent micelles and synthetic lipid membranes. The designed proteins fold more rapidly and reversibly in lipid membranes than the TMB domain of the model native protein OmpA, and high resolution NMR and X-ray crystal structures of one of the designs are very close to the computational model. The ability to design TMBs from first principles opens the door to custom design of TMBs for biotechnology and demonstrates the value of de novo design to investigate basic protein folding problems that are otherwise hidden by evolutionary history.

One sentence summarySuccess in de novo design of transmembrane {beta}-barrels reveals geometric and sequence constraints on the fold and paves the way to design of custom pores for sequencing and other single-molecule analytical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vorobieva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiving, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockwell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamm, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.346965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of transmembrane beta-barrels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian Cell Proliferation Requires Noncatalytic Functions of O-GlcNAc Transferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of all mammalian cell types, is essential for cell proliferation. Why OGT is required for cell growth is not known. OGT performs two enzymatic reactions in the same active site. In one, it glycosylates thousands of different proteins, and in the other, it proteolytically cleaves another essential protein involved in gene expression. Deconvoluting OGTs myriad cellular roles has been challenging because genetic deletion is lethal; complementation methods have not been established. Here, we developed approaches to replace endogenous OGT with separation-of-function variants to investigate the importance of OGTs enzymatic activities for cell viability. Using genetic complementation, we found that OGTs glycosyltransferase function is required for cell growth but its protease function is dispensable. We next used complementation to construct a cell line with degron-tagged wild-type OGT. When OGT was degraded to very low levels, cells stopped proliferating but remained viable. Adding back catalytically-inactive OGT rescued growth. Therefore, OGT has an essential noncatalytic role that is necessary for cell proliferation. By developing a method to quantify how OGTs catalytic and noncatalytic activities affect protein abundance, we found that OGTs noncatalytic functions often affect different proteins from its catalytic functions. Proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the actin cytoskeleton were especially impacted by the noncatalytic functions. We conclude that OGT integrates both catalytic and noncatalytic functions to control cell physiology.

SignificanceMammalian cells contain only one glycosyltransferase, OGT, that operates in the nucleus and cytoplasm rather than the secretory pathway. OGT is required for cell proliferation, but a basic unanswered question is what OGT functions are essential. This question is challenging to address because OGT has thousands of glycosylation substrates, two different enzymatic activities, and a large number of binding partners. Here, by establishing genetic tools to replace endogenous OGT with variants that preserve only a subset of its activities, we show that only a low level of glycosylation activity is required to maintain cell viability; however, cell proliferation requires noncatalytic OGT function(s). The ability to replace OGT with variants provides a path to identifying its essential substrates and binding partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian Cell Proliferation Requires Noncatalytic Functions of O-GlcNAc Transferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoprophylaxis vaccination with a Plasmodium liver stage autophagy mutant affords enhanced and long-lasting protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically-attenuated sporozoite vaccines can elicit long-lasting protection against malaria but pose risks of breakthrough infection. Chemoprophylaxis vaccination (CVac) has proven to be the most effective vaccine strategy against malaria. Though CVac with WT sporozoites confers better immunity, the overhanging threat of drug resistance limits its use as a vaccine. Here, we demonstrate that a liver stage-specific mutant of Plasmodium berghei when used as a vaccine under a CVac regimen provides superior long-lasting protection, in both inbred and outbred mice, as compared to WT-CVac. Uniquely, the protection elicited by this mutant is predominantly dependent on a CD8+T-cell response through an IFN-{gamma}-independent mechanism and is associated with a stable population of antigen-experienced CD8+T cells. Jointly, our findings support the benefit of liver stage mutants as vaccines over WT, under a CVac protocol. This vaccination strategy is also a powerful model to study the mechanisms of protective immunity and discover new protective antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoprophylaxis vaccination with a Plasmodium liver stage autophagy mutant affords enhanced and long-lasting protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nearBynding: A flexible pipeline characterizing protein binding to local RNA structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The etiology of diseases driven by dysregulated mRNA metabolism can be elucidated by characterizing the responsible RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Although characterizations of RBPs have been mainly focused on their binding sequences, not much has been investigated about their preferences for RNA structures. We present nearBynding, an R/Bioconductor pipeline that incorporates RBP binding sites and RNA structure information to discern structural binding preferences for an RBP. nearBynding visualizes RNA structure at and proximal to sites of RBP binding transcriptome-wide, analyzes CLIP-seq data without peak-calling, and provides a flexible scaffold to study RBP binding preferences relative to diverse RNA structure data types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.352591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nearBynding: A flexible pipeline characterizing protein binding to local RNA structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.353508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin neurons modulate learning rate through uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.353508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulating how fast to learn is critical for flexible behavior. Learning about the consequences of actions should be slow in stable environments, but accelerate when that environment changes. Recognizing stability and detecting change is difficult in environments with noisy relationships between actions and outcomes. Under these conditions, theories propose that uncertainty can be used to modulate learning rates ("meta-learning"). We show that mice behaving in a dynamic foraging task exhibit choice behavior that varied as a function of two forms of uncertainty estimated from a meta-learning model. The activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons tracked both types of uncertainty in the foraging task, as well as in a dynamic Pavlovian task. Reversible inhibition of serotonin neurons in the foraging task reproduced changes in learning predicted by a simulated lesion of meta-learning in the model. We thus provide a quantitative link between serotonin neuron activity, learning, and decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.353508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin neurons modulate learning rate through uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allantoin induces pruritus by activating MrgprD in chronic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease is a disease with decreased, irreversible renal function. Pruritus is the most common skin symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially in end-stage renal disease (AKA chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus [CKD-aP]); however, the underlying molecular and neural mechanism of the CKD-aP in patients remains obscure. Our data show that the level of allantoin increases in the serum of CKD-aP and CKD model mice. Allantoin could induce scratching behavior in mice and active DRG neurons; the calcium influx and the action potential were significantly reduced in DRG neurons of MrgprD KO or TRPV1 KO mice. U73122, an antagonist of PLC, could also block calcium influx in DRG neurons induced by allantoin. Thus, our results concluded that allantoin plays an important role in CKD-aP, mediated by MrgprD and TrpV1, in CKD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>yang, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sun, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>guan, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chen, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liu, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sheng, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tao, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>shi, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhu, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.354654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allantoin induces pruritus by activating MrgprD in chronic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive and scalable quantification of splicing differences with MntJULiP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of mRNA is an essential gene regulatory mechanism with important roles in development and disease. We present MntJULiP, a method for comprehensive and accurate quantification of splicing differences between two or more conditions. MntJULiP implements novel Dirichlet-multinomial and zero-inflated negative binomial models within a Bayesian framework to detect both changes in splicing ratios and in absolute splicing levels of introns with high accuracy, and can find classes of variation overlooked by reference tools. Additionally, a mixture model allows multiple conditions to be compared simultaneously. Highly scalable, it processed hundreds of GTEx samples in <1 hour to reveal splicing constituents of tissue differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.355941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive and scalable quantification of splicing differences with MntJULiP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA TARGETED HIGH-DEFINITION TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION ON INHIBITORY CONTROL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe neural underpinnings of inhibitory control, an executive cognitive control function, has been a topic of interest for several decades due to both its clinical significance and the maturation of cognitive science disciplines. Behavioral, imaging, and electrophysiological studies suggest that the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) serves as a primary hub in a network of regions engaged in inhibition. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) allows us to modulate neural function to assess cortical contribution to cognitive functioning. The present study targeted HD-tDCS modulation of preSMA to affect inhibition. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 20 min of Sham, Anodal, or Cathodal stimulation prior to completing a semantically cued go/nogo task while electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded. Both anodal and cathodal stimulation improved inhibitory performance as measured by faster reaction times and increased (greater negative) N2 event-related potentials (ERPs). In contrast, the Sham group did not show such changes. We did not find support for the anodal/cathodal dichotomy for HD neural stimulation. These findings constitute an early investigation into role of the preSMA in inhibitory control and in exploring application of HD-tDCS to the preSMA in order to improve inhibitory control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLaRosa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanneste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA TARGETED HIGH-DEFINITION TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION ON INHIBITORY CONTROL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.332486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The highly evolvable nature of the antibiotic efflux protein TolC limits use of phages and bacterial toxins as antibacterial agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.332486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages and bacterial toxins are promising antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. In fact, bacteriophages have recently been successfully used to treat life-threatening infections caused by MDR bacteria [1-3]. One potential problem with using these antibacterial agents is the evolution of resistance against them in the long term. Here, we studied the fitness landscape of the Escherichia coli TolC protein, an outer membrane protein that is exploited by a pore forming toxin called colicin E1 and by TLS-phage [4, 5]. By systematically assessing the distribution of fitness effects (DFEs) of ~9,000 single amino acid replacements in TolC using either positive (antibiotics and bile salts) or negative (colicin E1 and TLS-phage) selection pressures, we quantified evolvability of the TolC. We demonstrated that the TolC is highly optimized for the efflux of antibiotics and bile salts. In contrast, under colicin E1 and TLS phage selection, TolC sequence is very sensitive to mutation. Our findings suggest that TolC is a highly evolvable target limiting the potential clinical use of bacteriophages and bacterial toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamer, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaszek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toprak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.332486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The highly evolvable nature of the antibiotic efflux protein TolC limits use of phages and bacterial toxins as antibacterial agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.357400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and microscopic evidence of stable high density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.357400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia, a widespread bacterium that can reduce pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, has been detected within populations of Anopheles (An.) malaria vectors. In the An. gambiae complex, the primary vectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolbachia strains are at low density and infection frequencies in wild populations. PCR-independent evidence is required to determine whether Wolbachia strains are true endosymbionts in Anopheles given most studies to date have used nested-PCR to identify strains. Here we report high-density strains found in geographically diverse populations of An. moucheti and An. demeilloni. Fluorescent in situ hybridization localized a heavy infection in the ovaries of An. moucheti and maternal transmission was observed. Genome sequencing of both strains obtained genome depths and coverages comparable to other known infections. Notably, homologs of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (cif) genes were present indicating these strains possess the capacity to induce the phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility which allows Wolbachia to spread through populations. The characteristics of these two strains suggest they are ideal candidates for Wolbachia biocontrol strategies in Anopheles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandibabone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhokiya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messenger, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornett, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cansado-Utrilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bantuzeko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagstaff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkondjio, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.357400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and microscopic evidence of stable high density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating protein copy numbers with interaction networks to quantify stoichiometry in mammalian endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that drive processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) are expressed at various copy numbers within a cell, from hundreds (e.g. auxilin) to millions (e.g. clathrin). Between cell types with identical genomes, copy numbers further vary significantly both in absolute and relative abundance. These variations contain essential information about each proteins function, but how significant are these variations and how can they be quantified to infer useful functional behavior? Here, we address this by quantifying the stoichiometry of proteins involved in the CME network. We find robust trends across three cell types in proteins that are sub- vs super-stoichiometric in terms of protein function, network topology (e.g. hubs), and abundance. To perform this analysis, we first constructed the interface resolved network of 82 proteins involved in CME in mammals, plus lipid and cargo binding partners, totaling over 600 specific binding interactions. Our model solves for stoichiometric balance by optimizing each copy of a protein interface to match up to its partner interfaces, keeping the optimized copies as close as possible to observed copies. We find highly expressed, structure-forming proteins such as actin and clathrin do tend to be super-stoichiometric, or in excess of their partners, but they are not the most extreme cases. We test sensitivity of network stoichiometry to protein removal and find that hub proteins tend to be less sensitive to removal of any single partner, thus acting as buffers that compensate dosage changes. As expected, tightly coupled protein pairs (e.g. CAPZA2 and CAPZB) are strongly correlated. Unexpectedly, removal of functionally similar cargo adaptor proteins produces widely variable levels of disruption to the network stoichiometry. Our results predict that knockdown of the adaptor protein DAB2 will globally impact the stoichiometry of most other cargo adaptor proteins in Hela cells, with significantly less impact in fibroblast cells. This inexpensive analysis can be applied to any protein network, synthesizing disparate sources of biological data into a relatively simple and intuitive model of binding stoichiometry that can aid in dynamical modeling and experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating protein copy numbers with interaction networks to quantify stoichiometry in mammalian endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of LC3-associated phagocytosis in the macrophage response to Paracoccidioides spp. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paracoccidiomycosis is a systemic fungal infection that is endemic in Latin America. The etiologic agents are thermodimorphic fungi from the Paracoccidiodes genus, which are facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages. LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical form of autophagy, is important in the immune response to similar pathogens, so we sought to determine the role LAP plays in the macrophage response to Paracoccidioides spp. By immunofluorescence, we found that LC3 was recruited to phagosomes containing Paracoccidioides spp. in both RAW264.7 and J774.16 cell lines and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Interference with autophagy using RNAi against ATG5 reduced the antifungal activity of J774.16 cells, showing that LC3 recrutiment is important for proper control of the fungus by macrophages. Finally, we used pharmacological Syk kinase and NAPH oxidase inhibitors, which inhibit signalling pathways necessary for macrophage LAP against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, to dissect part of the signaling pathways that trigger LAP agains Paracoccidioides spp. Interestingly, these inhibitors did not decrease LAP against P. brasiliensis, possibly due to differences in the fungal cell surface compositions. These observations suggest a potential role for autophagy as target for host-directed paracoccidioidomycosis therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G. P. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgonha, K. C. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, T. K. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabricant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavo, F. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, L. F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paes, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Pereira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of LC3-associated phagocytosis in the macrophage response to Paracoccidioides spp.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1 proteins compact DNA into mechanically and positionally stable phase separated domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals HP1-mediated heterochromatin forms positionally and mechanically stable genomic domains even though the component HP1 paralogs, HP1, HP1{beta}, and HP1{gamma}, display rapid on-off dynamics. Here we investigate whether phase-separation by HP1 proteins can explain these biological observations. Using bulk and single-molecule methods, we show that, within phase-separated HP1-DNA condensates, HP1 acts as a dynamic liquid, while compacted DNA molecules are constrained in local territories. These condensates are resistant to large forces yet can be readily dissolved by HP1{beta}. Finally, we find that differences in each HP1 paralogs DNA compaction and phase-separation properties arise from their respective disordered regions. Our findings suggest a generalizable model for genome organization in which a pool of weakly bound proteins collectively capitalize on the polymer properties of DNA to produce self-organizing domains that are simultaneously resistant to large forces at the mesoscale and susceptible to competition at the molecular scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keenen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1 proteins compact DNA into mechanically and positionally stable phase separated domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases present a challenge for systems biology, due to the lack of reliable animal models and the difficulties in obtaining samples from patients at early stages of disease, when interventions might be most effective. Studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons could overcome these challenges and dramatically accelerate and broaden therapeutic strategies. Here we undertook a network-based multi-omic characterization of iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS patients carrying genetically dominant hexanucleotide expansions in C9orf72 to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between DNA, RNA, epigenetics and protein in the same pool of tissue. ALS motor neurons showed the expected C9orf72-related alterations to specific nucleoporins and production of dipeptide repeats. RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and data-independent acquisition mass-spectrometry (DIA-MS) proteomics were then performed on the same motor neuron cultures. Using integrative computational methods that combined all of the omics, we discovered a number of novel dysregulated pathways including biological adhesion and extracellular matrix organization and disruption in other expected pathways such as RNA splicing and nuclear transport. We tested the relevance of these pathways in vivo in a C9orf72 Drosophila model, analyzing the data to determine which pathways were causing disease phenotypes and which were compensatory. We also confirmed that some pathways are altered in late-stage neurodegeneration by analyzing human postmortem C9 cervical spine data. To validate that these key pathways were integral to the C9 signature, we prepared a separate set of C9orf72 and control motor neuron cultures using a different differentiation protocol and applied the same methods. As expected, there were major overall differences between the differentiation protocols, especially at the level of in individual omics data. However, a number of the core dysregulated pathways remained significant using the integrated multiomic analysis. This new method of analyzing patient specific neural cultures allows the generation of disease-related hypotheses with a small number of patient lines which can be tested in larger cohorts of patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The NeuroLINCS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panther, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandefro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banuelos, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocksdale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holewenski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassie, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante-Chong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Murray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamoorthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.362269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation of epithelial dectin-1 through an IL-33-STAT3 axis in allergic disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allergic diseases arise in susceptible individuals in part because of decrements in protective pathways. The mechanism by which these anti-inflammatory molecules become repressed remains unclear. We have previously reported that epithelial dectin-1 prevents aberrant type 2 responses and is downregulated in the epithelium of allergic patients. Here we report that dectin-1 is constitutively expressed by the respiratory epithelium in humans, and that IL-33 specifically acts as a repressor of dectin-1. Mechanistically, this occurs via IL-33-dependent STAT3 activation and the subsequent repression of the dectin-1 gene, CLEC7A. We have identified a novel enhancer region upstream of the proximal promoter of CLEC7A that is only accessible in epithelial cells, but not in hematopoietic cells. Epigenetic repression of CLEC7A through this newly identified locus, downstream of an aberrant IL-33-STAT3 axis, occurs in the epithelium of allergic individuals. Collectively, our data identify a mechanism of epigenetic fine-tuning of dectin-1 expression in epithelial cells that may participate in allergenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yong, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.364067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of epithelial dectin-1 through an IL-33-STAT3 axis in allergic disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.359992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.359992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glial cells that share many features with neuronal progenitors, generate small numbers of neurons in the postnatal hypothalamus, but the identity of these neurons and the molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that tanycyte-specific disruption of the NFI family of transcription factors (Nfia/b/x) robustly stimulates tanycyte proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis. Single-cell RNA- and ATAC-Seq analysis reveals that NFI factors repress Shh and Wnt signaling in tanycytes, and small molecule modulation of these pathways blocks proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis in Nfia/b/x-deficient mice. We show that Nfia/b/x-deficient tanycytes give rise to multiple mediobasal hypothalamic neuronal subtypes that can mature, integrate into hypothalamic synaptic circuitry, and selectively respond to changes in internal states. These findings identify molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to selectively remodel the hypothalamic neural circuitry that controls homeostatic physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.359992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.362855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reaction-Diffusion Model of Cortical Atrophy Spread during Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.362855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.This study introduces a reaction-diffusion model of atrophy spread across the rhinal cortex during early stages of Alzheimers disease. Our finite elements model of atrophy spread is motivated by histological evidence of a spatio-temporally specific pattern of neurofibrillary tau accumulation, and evidence of grey matter atrophy correlating with sites of neurofibrillary tau accumulation. The goal is to estimate disease-related parameters such as the origin of atrophy, the speed at which atrophy spreads, and the stage of the disease. We solve a constrained optimization problem using the adjoint state method and gradient descent to match modeled cortical thickness to observed cortical thickness as calculated from 3T MRI scans. Simulation testing shows that disease-related parameters can be estimated accurately with as little as 2 years of annual observations, depending on the stage of the disease. Case studies of 3 subjects suggests that we can pinpoint the origin of atrophy to the anterior transentorhinal cortex, and that the speed of atrophy spread is less than 1 mm per year. In the future, this type of modeling could be useful to stage the progression of the disease prior to the onset of clinical symptoms.

2. Author SummaryMisfolded tau proteins are associated with Alzheimers disease. They are known to accumulate and spread across the rhinal cortex, which is an area of the temporal lobe. Recent imaging studies suggest that we can detect grey matter thinning that occurs in pattern similar to tau spread. In this study, we introduce a model of disease spread to examine where thinning begins, how fast it spreads, and the stage of the disease. The results show that the origin of thinning corresponds with the earliest known location of tau accumulation, and spreads at a rate of less than 1 mm per year. Future work may focus on staging the progression of the disease using this type of model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.362855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reaction-Diffusion Model of Cortical Atrophy Spread during Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.363440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipose Triglyceride Lipase is needed for homeostatic control of Sterol Element-Binding Protein-1c driven hepatic lipogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.363440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is translated as an inactive precursor-protein that is proteolytically activated to promote fatty-acid (FA) biosynthesis, when unsaturated (u)FAs are scarce. During fasting, however, lipogenesis is low, and adipose-tissue lipolysis supplies the organism with FAs. Adipose TriGlyceride Lipase (ATGL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for lipolysis, and it preferentially hydrolyzes uFAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that ATGL-derived FAs may suppress the proteolytic activation of SREBP-1c in the liver. Here we show that (i) SREBP-1c is inactive during fasting but active after refeeding, (ii) uFA species liberated by ATGL suppress SREBP-1c activation in vitro, (iii) SREBP-1c is hyper-activated in livers of mice lacking ATGL, and (iv) pharmacological inhibition of ATGL selectively activates SREBP-1c in hepatocytes. Our findings highlight an ATGL/SREBP-1c axis, instrumental to coordinate lipogenesis and lipolysis, whose homeostatic regulation is crucial to avoid severe diseases including diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and even cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wieser, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena de la Sancha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reicher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breinbauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenshade, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zechner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesely, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.363440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipose Triglyceride Lipase is needed for homeostatic control of Sterol Element-Binding Protein-1c driven hepatic lipogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Coding of Human Odorants in the Mosquito Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti employs olfaction to locate humans. We applied neural activity mapping to define the molecular and cellular logic of how the mosquito brain is wired to detect two human odorants that are attractive when blended together. We determined that the human breath volatile carbon dioxide (CO2) is detected by the largest unit of olfactory coding in the antennal lobe of the mosquito brain. Synergistically, CO2 detection gates pre-synaptic calcium signaling in olfactory sensory neuron axon terminals that innervate unique antennal lobe regions tuned to the human sweat odorant L-(+)-lactic acid. We propose that simultaneous detection of the signature human volatiles CO2 and L-(+)-lactic acid disinhibits a multimodal olfactory network for hunting humans in the mosquito brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauxe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spikol, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Coding of Human Odorants in the Mosquito Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-compartment tumor organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organoid cultures are widely used because they preserve many features of cancer cells in vivo. Here, we developed high-throughput oil-in-water droplet microtechnology to generate highly uniform, small-volume, multi-compartment organoids. Each organoid culture features a microenvironmental architecture that mimics both the basement membrane and stromal barriers. This matrix architecture, which allows accessing both proliferative and invasive features of cancer cells in a single platform, has profound effect on observed drug responsiveness and tumor progression that correlate well with in vivo and clinical outcomes. The method was tested on multiple types of cancer cells including primary cells and immortalized cell lines, and we determined our platform is suitable even for cells of poor organoid-forming ability. These new organoids also allow for direct orthotopic mouse implantation of cancer cells with unprecedented success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanto, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.367334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-compartment tumor organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative molecular and immunoregulatory analysis of extracellular vesicles from Candida albicans and Candida auris. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida auris is a recently described multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungus that is increasingly responsible for healthcare associated outbreaks across the world. Bloodstream infections of this fungus cause death in up to 70% of the cases. Aggravating this scenario, C. auris disease-promoting mechanisms are poorly understood. Fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying a broad range of molecules including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and RNA, many of which are virulence factors. Here, we carried out a comparative molecular characterization of C. auris and C. albicans EVs and evaluated their capacity to modulate effector mechanisms of host immune defense. Using proteomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics, we found that C. auris released EVs with payloads that were strikingly different from EVs released by C. albicans. EVs released by C. auris potentiated the adhesion of this yeast to an epithelial cell monolayer. C. auris EVs also induced the expression of surface activation markers and cytokines by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Altogether, our findings show distinct profiles and properties of EVs released by C. auris and by C. albicans, and highlight the potential contribution of C. auris EVs to the pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamith-Miranda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillion, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrichter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amatuzzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative molecular and immunoregulatory analysis of extracellular vesicles from Candida albicans and Candida auris.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pruriception and neuronal coding in nociceptor subtypes in human and nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human, intradermal administration of {beta}-alanine (ALA) and bovine adrenal medulla peptide 8-22 (BAM8-22) evokes the sensation of itch. Currently, it is unknown which human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express the receptors of these pruritogens, MRGPRD and MRGPRX1 respectively, and which cutaneous afferents these pruritogens activate in primate. In situ hybridization studies revealed that MRGPRD and MRGPRX1 are co-expressed in a subpopulation of TRPV1+ human DRG neurons. In electrophysiological recordings in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina), subtypes of polymodal C-fiber nociceptors are preferentially activated by ALA and BAM8-22, with significant overlap. When pruritogens ALA, BAM8-22 and histamine, that activate different subclasses of C-fiber afferents, are administered in combination, human volunteers report itch and nociceptive sensations similar to those induced by a single pruritogen. Our results provide evidence for differences in pruriceptive processing between primates and rodents, and do not support the spatial contrast theory of coding of itch and pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solinski, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malewicz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ieong, H. F.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartke, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMotte, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pruriception and neuronal coding in nociceptor subtypes in human and nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-cadherin promotes cell hyper-proliferation in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loss of the intercellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is a hallmark of the epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT), during which tumor cells transition into an invasive phenotype. Accordingly, E-cadherin has long been considered a tumor suppressor gene. Using novel multi-compartment spheroids and multiple in vivo models, we show that E-cadherin promotes a hyper-proliferative phenotype in breast cancer cells via interaction with the transmembrane receptor EGFR. This interaction results in the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, leading to a significant increase in proliferation via the activation of transcription factors including c-Fos. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK activity in E-cadherin positive breast cancer cells significantly decreases both tumor growth and macro-metastasis in vivo. This work provides evidence for a novel role of E-cadherin in breast tumor growth and identifies a potential new target to treat hyper-proliferative E-cadherin-positive breast tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-cadherin promotes cell hyper-proliferation in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.368852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDE1 inhibition modulates Cav1.2 channel to stimulate cardiomyocyte contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.368852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activation of protein kinase A (PKA) stimulates excitation-contraction coupling, increasing cardiac contractility. This is clinically leveraged by beta-adrenergic stimulation ({beta}-ARs) or phosphodiesterase-3 inhibition (PDE3i), though both approaches are limited by arrhythmia and chronic myocardial toxicity. Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibition (PDE1i) also augments cAMP and was recently shown in rabbit cardiomyocytes to augment contraction independent of {beta}-AR stimulation or blockade, and with less intracellular calcium rise than {beta}-ARs or PDE3i. Early testing of PDE1 inhibition in humans with neuro-degenerative disease and dilated heart failure has commenced. Yet, the molecular mechanisms for PDE1i inotropic effects remain largely unknown.

ObjectiveDefine the mechanism(s) whereby PDE1i increases contractility.

Methods and ResultsPrimary guinea pig myocytes which express the cAMP-hydrolyzing PDE1C isoform found in larger mammals and humans were studied. The potent, selective PDE1i (ITI-214) did not alter cell shortening or Ca2+ transients under resting conditions whereas both increased with {beta}-ARs or PDE3i. However, PDE1i enhanced shortening with less Ca2+ rise in a PKA-dependent manner when combined with low-dose adenylate cyclase stimulation (Forskolin). Unlike PDE3i, PDE1i did not augment {beta}-AR responses. Whereas {beta}-ARs reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and increased sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ content in conjunction with greater phosphorylation of troponin I, myosin binding protein C, and phospholamban, PDE1i did none of this. However, PDE1i increased Cav1.2 channel conductance similar to PDE3i in a PKA-dependent manner. Myocyte shortening and peak Ca2+ transients were more sensitive to Cav1.2 blockade with nitrendipine combined with PDE1i versus PDE3i. Lastly, PDE1i was found to be far less arrythmogenic than PDE3i.

ConclusionsPDE1i enhances contractility by a PKA-dependent increase in Cav1.2 conductance without concomitant myofilament desensitization. The result is less rise in intracellular Ca2+ and arrhythmia compared to {beta}-ARs and/or PDE3i. PDE1i could be a novel positive inotrope for failing hearts without the toxicities of {beta}-ARs and PDE3i.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.368852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDE1 inhibition modulates Cav1.2 channel to stimulate cardiomyocyte contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exosome-Mediated mRNA Delivery For SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression-dependent, Spike-only vaccines have been developed, deployed, and shown to be effective in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. However, additional approaches to vaccine development may be needed to meet existing and future challenges posed by emerging Spike variant strains, as well as a likely need for different antigen-delivery systems that are safe and effective for regular, periodic re-administration. We report here the development of mRNA-loaded exosomes, demonstrate that they can mediate the functional expression of heterologous proteins in vitro and in vivo, and have fewer adverse effects than comparable doses of lipid nanoparticles. Furthermore, we applied this approach to the development of an exosome-based, multiplexed mRNA vaccine that drives expression of immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins. This vaccine elicited long-lasting cellular and humoral responses to Nucleocapsid and to Spike, demonstrating that exosome-based mRNA formulations represent a previously unexplored platform in the fight against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atai, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exosome-Mediated mRNA Delivery For SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.355651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Polymodal Chemosensory Receptor Expression in <em>Drosophila</em> Olfactory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.355651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster olfactory neurons have long been thought to express only one chemosensory receptor gene family. There are two main olfactory receptor gene families in Drosophila, the Odorant Receptors (ORs) and the Ionotropic Receptors (IRs). The dozens of odorant binding receptors in each family require at least one co-receptor gene in order to function: Orco for ORs, and Ir25a, Ir8a, and Ir76b for IRs. Using a new genetic knock-in strategy, we targeted the four co-receptors representing the main chemosensory families in Drosophila (Orco, Ir8a, Ir76b, Ir25a). Co-receptor knock-in expression patterns were verified as accurate representations of endogenous expression. We find extensive overlap in expression among the different co-receptors. As defined by innervation into antennal lobe glomeruli, Ir25a is broadly expressed in 88% of all olfactory sensory neuron classes and is co-expressed in 82% of Orco+ neuron classes, including all neuron classes in the maxillary palp. Orco, Ir8a, and Ir76b expression patterns are also more expansive than previously assumed. Single sensillum recordings from Orco-expressing Ir25a mutant antennal and palpal neurons identify changes in olfactory responses. These results suggest co-expression of chemosensory receptors is common in olfactory neurons. Together, our data present the first comprehensive map of chemosensory co-receptor expression and reveal their unexpected widespread co-expression in the fly olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Task, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afify, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vulpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.355651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Polymodal Chemosensory Receptor Expression in <em>Drosophila</em> Olfactory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retardation of folding rates of substrate proteins in the nanocage of GroEL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. Coli. ATP-consuming chaperonin machinery, a complex between GroEL and GroES, has evolved to facilitate folding of substrate proteins (SPs) that cannot do so spontaneously. A series of kinetic experiments show that the SPs are encapsulated in the GroEL/ES nano cage for a short duration. If confining the SPs in the predominantly polar cage of GroEL in order to help folding, the assisted folding rate, relative to the bulk value, should always be enhanced. Here, we show that this is not the case for the folding of rhodanese in the presence of the full machinery of GroEL/ES and ATP. The assisted folding rate of rhodanese decreases. Based on our finding and those reported in other studies, we suggest that the ATP-consuming chaperonin machinery has evolved to optimize the product of the folding rate and the yield of the folded SPs on the biological time scale. Neither the rate nor the yield is separately maximized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koculi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirumalai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retardation of folding rates of substrate proteins in the nanocage of GroEL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging the Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery to Systematically Map Functional Epigenetic Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery (MDEMs) have emerged as a class of Mendelian disorders caused by loss-of-function variants in epigenetic regulators. Although each MDEM has a different causative gene, they exhibit several overlapping disease manifestations. Here, we hypothesize that this phenotypic convergence is a consequence of common abnormalities at the epigenomic level, which directly or indirectly lead to downstream convergence at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, we seek to identify abnormalities shared across multiple MDEMs, in order to pinpoint locations where epigenetic variation is causally related to disease phenotypes. To this end, we perform a comprehensive interrogation of chromatin (ATAC-Seq) and expression (RNA-Seq) states in B cells from mouse models of three MDEMs (Kabuki types 1&2 and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes). We build on recent work in covariate-powered multiple testing to develop a new approach for the overlap analysis, which enables us to find extensive overlap primarily localized in gene promoters. We show that disruption of chromatin accessibility at promoters often leads to disruption of downstream gene expression, and identify 463 loci and 249 genes with shared disruption across all three MDEMs. As an example of how widespread dysregulation leads to specific phenotypes, we show that subtle expression alterations of multiple, IgA-relevant genes, collectively contribute to IgA deficiency in KS1 and RT1. In contrast, we predict that KS2 does not have IgA deficiency, and confirm this observation in vivo. We propose that the joint study of MDEMs offers a principled approach for systematically mapping functional epigenetic variation in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilarowski, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinousky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging the Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery to Systematically Map Functional Epigenetic Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay for Determining Recent HIV-1 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGiven the challenges and costs associated with implementing HIV-1 incidence assay testing, there is great interest in evaluating the use of commercial HIV diagnostic tests for determining recent HIV infection. A diagnostic test with the capability of providing reliable data for the determination of recent HIV infection without substantial modifications to the test protocol would have a significant impact on HIV surveillance. The Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay is an antigen/antibody immunoassay, which meets the criteria as the first screening test in the recommended HIV laboratory diagnostic algorithm for the United States.

MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the performance characteristics of the ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo signal-to-cutoff ratio (S/Co) for determining recent infection, including estimation of the mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) and false recent rate (FRR), and selection of recency cutoffs.

ResultsThe MDRI estimates for the S/Co recency cutoff of 400 is within the 4 to 12 months range recommended for HIV incidence assays, and the FRR rate for this cutoff was 1.5%. Additionally, ARCHITECT Combo S/Co values were compared relative to diagnostic test results from two prior prospective HIV-1 diagnostic studies in order to validate the use of the S/Co for both diagnostic and recency determination.

ConclusionDual-use of the ARCHITECT Combo assay data for diagnostic and incidence purposes would reduce the need for separate HIV incidence testing and allow for monitoring of recent infection for incidence estimation and other public health applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curtis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHovitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassaye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adimora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofotokun, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolivar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Switzer, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.374017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay for Determining Recent HIV-1 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building blocks of protein structures - Physics meets Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The native state structures of globular proteins are stable and well-packed indicating that self-interactions are favored over protein-solvent interactions under folding conditions. We use this as a guiding principle to derive the geometry of the building blocks of protein structures - -helices and strands assembled into {beta}-sheets - with no adjustable parameters, no amino acid sequence information, and no chemistry. There is an almost perfect fit between the dictates of mathematics and physics and the rules of quantum chemistry. Our theory establishes an energy landscape that channels protein evolution by providing sequence-independent platforms for elaborating sequence-dependent functional diversity. Our work highlights the vital role of discreteness in life and has implications for the creation of artificial life and on the nature of life elsewhere in the cosmos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skrbic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maritan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacometti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banavar, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.375105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building blocks of protein structures - Physics meets Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LongTron: Automated Analysis of Long Read Spliced Alignment Accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLong read sequencing has increased the accuracy and completeness of assemblies of various organisms genomes in recent months. Similarly, spliced alignments of long read RNA sequencing hold the promise of delivering much longer transcripts of existing and novel isoforms in known genes without the need for error-prone transcript assemblies from short reads. However, low coverage and high-error rates potentially hamper the widespread adoption of long-read spliced alignments in annotation updates and isoform-level expression quantifications.

ResultsAddressing these issues, we first develop a simulation of error modes for both Oxford Nanopore and PacBio CCS spliced-alignments. Based on this we train a Random Forest classifier to assign new long-read alignments to one of two error categories, a novel category, or label them as non-error. We use this classifier to label reads from the spliced-alignments of the popular aligner minimap2, run on three long read sequencing datasets, including NA12878 from Oxford Nanopore and PacBio CCS, as well as a PacBio SKBR3 cancer cell line. Finally, we compare the intron chains of the three long read alignments against individual splice sites, short read assemblies, and the output from the FLAIR pipeline on the same samples.

Our results demonstrate a substantial lack of precision in determining exact splice sites for long reads during alignment on both platforms while showing some benefit from postprocessing. This work motivates the need for both better aligners and additional post-alignment processing to adjust incorrectly called putative splice-sites and clarify novel transcripts support.

Availability and implementationSource code for the random forest implemented in python is available at https://github.com/schatzlab/LongTron under the MIT license. The modified version of GffCompare used to construct Table 3 and related is here: https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/gffcompare/releases/tag/0.11.2LT

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@117255borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@95a815org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14e21faorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@98e040org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aab93e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL O_FLOATNOTable 3.C_FLOATNO O_TABLECAPTIONIsoform comparison table, using gene models from Gencode V29, plus the isoforms from all the union of annotations; both exact and fuzz comparisons of the set of long-read derived isoforms which 1) match in number of introns or 2) are contained or contain a reference isoform. Percentages use the "Total Intron Chains" as the denominator for the row.

C_TABLECAPTION C_TBL Supplementary InformationSupplementary notes and figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.376871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LongTron: Automated Analysis of Long Read Spliced Alignment Accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Modulation of SPCA2 Reverses Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase SPCA2 is a tumor suppressor in triple receptor negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive molecular subtype that lacks tailored treatment options. Low expression of SPCA2 in TNBC confers poor survival prognosis in patients. Previous work has established that re-introducing SPCA2 to TNBC cells restores basal Ca2+ signaling, represses mesenchymal gene expression, mitigates tumor migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. In this study, we examined the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in TNBC cell lines. We show that the pan-HDACi vorinostat and the class I HDACi romidepsin induce dose-dependent upregulation of SPCA2 transcript with concurrent downregulation of mesenchymal markers and tumor cell migration characteristic of epithelial phenotype. Silencing SPCA2 abolished the ability of HDACi to reverse epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Independent of ATPase activity, SPCA2 elevated resting Ca2+ levels to activate downstream components of non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. HDACi treatment led to SPCA2-dependent phosphorylation of CAMKII and {beta}-catenin, turning Wnt signaling off. We conclude that SPCA2 mediates the efficacy of HDACi in reversing EMT in TNBC by a novel mode of non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. Our findings provide incentive for screening epigenetic modulators that exploit Ca2+ signaling pathways to reverse EMT in breast tumors.

Simple SummaryThe triple receptor negative breast cancer subtype, or TNBC, currently has no tailored treatment options. TNBC is highly metastatic, associated with high patient mortality, and disproportionately occurs in Black/African American women where it contributes to racial disparities in health outcomes. Therefore, we focused on new therapeutic approaches to TNBC. We discovered that levels of the Calcium-ATPase SPCA2 are abnormally low in TNBC and that these low levels correlate with poor survival prognosis in patients. Previously, we showed that recombinant SPCA2 prevented TNBC cells from acquiring aggressive  mesenchymal properties associated with metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. These findings motivated us to search for drugs that turn the SPCA2 gene back on in TNBC cells. In this study, we show that histone deacetylase inhibitors increase SPCA2 levels, activate Ca2+ signaling and convert cancer cells to a less aggressive  epithelial state. These findings could lead to new treatment options for TNBC.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=140 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/379685v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b2565org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14317forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bdbd34org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d0bd83_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.379685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Modulation of SPCA2 Reverses Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate anterior insular cortex represents economic decision variables postulated by Prospect theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, risk attitude is highly context-dependent, varying with wealth levels or for different potential outcomes, such as gains or losses. These behavioral effects are well described by Prospect Theory, with the key assumption that humans represent the value of each available option asymmetrically as gain or loss relative to a reference point. However, it remains unknown how these computations are implemented at the neuronal level. Using a new token gambling task, we found that macaques, like humans, change their risk attitude across wealth levels and gain/loss contexts. Neurons in their anterior insular cortex (AIC) encode the  reference point (i.e. the current wealth level of the monkey) and the  asymmetric value function (i.e. option value signals are more sensitive to change in the loss than in the gain context) as postulated by Prospect Theory. In addition, changes in the activity of a subgroup of AIC neurons are correlated with the inter-trial fluctuations in choice and risk attitude. Taken together, we find that the role of primate AIC in risky decision-making is to monitor contextual information used to guide the animals willingness to accept risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate anterior insular cortex represents economic decision variables postulated by Prospect theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.381749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GABAergic signaling promotes early-life seizures in epileptic SYNGAP1+/- mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.381749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSYNGAP1 encephalopathy is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by pathogenic loss of function variants. Syngap1-heterozygous (Het+/-) mice demonstrate progressive epilepsy with multiple seizure phenotypes in adulthood. Here, we investigate early-life seizures in Het+/- pups and explore of Syngap1 encephalopathy during development.

MethodsPost-natal day 7 (P7) and P12 mice were investigated by tethered video-electroencephalographic (vEEG). The effects of GABAergic drugs phenobarbital (PB) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) were investigated at P7 and P12, respectively. 24h tethered vEEG was performed at P24, and telemetric 24h vEEG with 6h sleep deprivation was performed at P35. The effect of perampanel (PMP), an AMPA receptor antagonist, was investigated at P24.

ResultsHet+/- mice have spontaneous early-life seizures that lack an overt behavioral phenotype. These subclinical seizures are refractory to PB, but the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) antagonist PTZ significantly reduced seizure frequency suggesting that GABAergic signaling may promote seizure generation in Het+/- pups. At juvenile ages, Het+/- pups recapitulated the early emergence of high gamma (35-50Hz) during NREM and disruption of behavioral-state gamma homeostasis. This biomarker was significantly exacerbated in Het+/- pups after increasing sleep pressure with sleep deprivation.

SignificanceSeizures during development have adverse effects on cognitive function. Therefore, an improved understanding of the SYNGAP1 epilepsy during developmental ages is necessary to delineate the deleterious interactions between aberrant synaptic function and recurrent seizures. The development of evidence-based therapies for early-life intervention will benefit from these insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammanuel, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.381749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GABAergic signaling promotes early-life seizures in epileptic SYNGAP1+/- mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogel-coating improves the in-vivo stability of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to track the levels of specific molecules, such as drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers, in the living body, in real time and for long durations would improve our understanding of health and our ability to diagnose, treat and monitor disease. To this end, we are developing electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors, a general platform supporting high-frequency, real-time molecular measurements in the living body. Here we report that the addition of an agarose hydrogel protective layer to E-AB sensors significantly improves their baseline stability when deployed in the complex, highly time-varying environments found in vivo. The improved stability is sufficient that these hydrogel-protected sensors achieved good baseline stability when deployed in situ in the veins, muscles, bladder, or tumors of living rats without the use of the drift correction approaches traditionally required in such placements. Finally, this improved stability is achieved without any significant, associated "costs" in terms of detection limits, response times, or biocompatibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo-Curras, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaxco, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogel-coating improves the in-vivo stability of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adding software to package management systems can increase their citation by 280% 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of biomedical methods and protocols are being disseminated as open-source software packages. When put in concert with other packages, they can execute in-depth and comprehensive computational pipelines. Therefore, their integration with other software packages plays a prominent role in their adoption in addition to their availability. Accordingly, package management systems are developed to standardize the discovery and integration of software packages. Here we study the impact of package management systems on software dissemination and their scholarly recognition. We study the citation pattern of more than 18,000 scholarly papers referenced by more than 23,000 software packages hosted by Bioconda, Bioconductor, BioTools, and ToolShed--the package management systems primarily used by the Bioinformatics community. Our results suggest that there is significant evidence that the scholarly papers citation count increases after their respective software was published to package management systems. Additionally, our results show that the impact of different package management systems on the scholarly papers recognition is of the same magnitude. These results may motivate scientists to distribute their software via package management systems, facilitating the composition of computational pipelines and helping reduce redundancy in package development.

Significance StatementSoftware packages are the building blocks of computational pipelines. A myriad of packages are developed; however, the lack of integration and discovery standards hinders their adoption, leaving most scientists scholarly contributions unrecognized. Package management systems are developed to facilitate software dissemination and integration. However, developing software to meet their code and packaging standards is an involved process. Therefore, our study results on the significant impact of the package management systems on scholarly papers recognition can motivate scientists to invest in disseminating their software via package management systems. Dissemination of more software via package management systems will lead to a more straightforward composition of computational pipelines and less redundancy in software packages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.385211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adding software to package management systems can increase their citation by 280%]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.386631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HTT silencing delays onset and slows progression of Huntington disease like phenotype: Monitoring with a novel neurovascular biomarker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.386631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited, fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, coding for pathologic mutant HTT protein (mHTT). Because of its gain-of-function mechanism and monogenic etiology, strategies to lower HTT are being actively investigated as disease-modifying therapies. Most approaches are currently targeted at the manifest HD stage, when clinical outcomes are used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. However, as almost 50% of striatal volume has been lost at the time of onset of manifest HD it would be preferable to begin therapy in the premanifest period. An unmet challenge is how to evaluate therapeutic efficacy before the presence of clinical symptoms as outcome measures. To address this, we have been developing more sensitive biomarkers such as functional neuroimaging with the goal of identifying noninvasive biomarkers that provide insight into the best time to introduce HTT-lowering treatment. In this study, we mapped the temporal trajectories of arteriolar cerebral blood volumes (CBVa) using inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy (iVASO) MRI technique in an HD mouse model. Significantly elevated CBVa was evident in premanifest zQ175 HD mice prior to motor deficits and striatal atrophy, recapitulating altered CBVa in human premanifest HD. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated non-allele-specific HTT silencing in striatal neurons restored altered CBVa in premanifest zQ175 mice, delayed onset of striatal atrophy, and slowed the progression of motor phenotype and brain pathology. This study showed the potential of CBVa as a noninvasive fMRI biomarker for premanifest HD clinical trials and demonstrates long-term benefits of introducing an HTT lowering treatment in the premanifest HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zijl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.386631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HTT silencing delays onset and slows progression of Huntington disease like phenotype: Monitoring with a novel neurovascular biomarker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human methylome variation across Infinium 450K data on the Gene Expression Omnibus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While DNA methylation (DNAm) is the most-studied epigenetic mark, few recent studies probe the breadth of publicly available DNAm array samples. We collectively analyzed 35,360 Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450K DNAm array samples published on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We learned a controlled vocabulary of sample labels by applying regular expressions to metadata and used existing models to predict various sample properties including epigenetic age. We found approximately two-thirds of samples were from blood, one-quarter were from brain, and one-third were from cancer patients. 19% of samples failed at least one of Illuminas 17 prescribed quality assessments; signal distributions across samples suggest modifying manufacturer-recommended thresholds for failure would make these assessments more informative. We further analyzed DNAm variances in seven tissues (adipose, nasal, blood, brain, buccal, sperm, and liver) and characterized specific probes distinguishing them. Finally, we compiled DNAm array data and metadata, including our learned and predicted sample labels, into database files accessible via the recountmethylation R/Bioconductor companion package. Its vignettes walk the user through some analyses contained in this paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maden, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human methylome variation across Infinium 450K data on the Gene Expression Omnibus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative efficacy of the novel diarylquinoline TBAJ-587 and bedaquiline against a resistant Rv0678 mutant in a mouse model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since its conditional approval in 2012, bedaquiline (BDQ) has been a valuable tool for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. More recently, a novel short-course regimen combining BDQ with pretomanid and linezolid won approval to treat highly drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clinical reports of emerging BDQ resistance have identified mutations in Rv0678 that de-repress the expression of the MmpL5/MmpS5 efflux transporter as the most common cause. Because the effect of these mutations on bacterial susceptibility to BDQ is relatively small (e.g., 2-8x MIC shift), increasing the BDQ dose would increase antibacterial activity but also pose potential safety concerns, including QTc prolongation. Substitution of BDQ with another diarylquinoline with superior potency and/or safety has the potential to overcome these limitations. TBAJ-587 has greater in vitro potency than BDQ, including against Rv0678 mutants, and may offer a larger safety margin. Using a mouse model of tuberculosis and different doses of BDQ and TBAJ-587, we found that against wild-type M. tuberculosis H37Rv and an isogenic Rv0678 mutant, TBAJ-587 has greater efficacy against both strains than BDQ, whether alone or in combination with pretomanid and either linezolid or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide. TBAJ-587 also reduced the emergence of resistance to diarylquinolines and pretomanid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative efficacy of the novel diarylquinoline TBAJ-587 and bedaquiline against a resistant Rv0678 mutant in a mouse model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.388595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A short course of Tofacitinib sustains the immunoregulatory effect of CTLA4-Ig in presence of inflammatory cytokines and promotes long-term survival of murine cardiac allografts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.388595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Costimulation blockade-based regimens are a promising strategy for management of transplant recipients. However, maintenance immunosuppression via CTLA4-Ig monotherapy is characterized by high frequency of rejection episodes. Recent evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines contribute to alloreactive T cell activation in a CD28-independent manner, a reasonable contributor to the limited efficacy of CTLA4-Ig. In this study, we investigated the possible synergism of a combined short-term inhibition of cytokine signaling and CD28 engagement on the modulation of rejection. Our results demonstrate that the JAK/STAT inhibitor Tofacitinib restored the immunomodulatory effect of CTLA4-Ig on mouse alloreactive T cells in presence of inflammatory cytokines. Tofacitinib exposure conferred dendritic cells with a tolerogenic phenotype reducing their cytokine secretion and costimulatory molecules expression. JAK inhibition also directly affected T cell activation. In vivo, the combination of CTLA4-Ig and Tofacitinib induced long-term survival of heart allografts and, importantly, it was equally effective when using grafts subjected to prolonged ischemia. Transplant survival correlated with a reduction in effector T cells and intragraft accumulation of regulatory T cells. Collectively, our studies demonstrate a powerful synergism between CTLA4-Ig and Tofacitinib and suggest their combined use is a promising strategy for improved management of transplanted patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalifian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandacher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.388595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A short course of Tofacitinib sustains the immunoregulatory effect of CTLA4-Ig in presence of inflammatory cytokines and promotes long-term survival of murine cardiac allografts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related Changes in Memory for Object and Position-In-Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been considerable focus on investigating age-related memory changes in cognitively healthy older adults, in the absence of neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have reported age-related domain-specific changes in older adults, showing increased difficulty encoding and processing object information but minimal to no impairment in processing spatial information compared to younger adults.

However, few of these studies have examined age-related changes in the encoding of concurrently presented object and spatial stimuli, specifically the integration of both spatial and non-spatial (object) information. To more closely resemble real-life memory encoding and the integration of both spatial and non-spatial information, the current study developed a new experimental paradigm with novel environments that allowed for the placement of different objects in different positions within the environment. The current findings show that older adults have decreased performance in recognizing changes of the object position within the spatial context but no significant differences in recognizing changes in the identity of the object within the spatial context compared to younger adults. These findings suggest there may be potential age-related differences in the mechanisms underlying the representations of complex environments and furthermore, the integration of spatial and non-spatial information may be differentially processed relative to independent and isolated representations of object and spatial information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related Changes in Memory for Object and Position-In-Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of object size, manipulability, and stability on neural responses to inanimate objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human occipitotemporal cortex, brain responses to depicted inanimate objects have a large-scale organization by real-world object size. Critically, the size of objects in the world is systematically related to behaviorally-relevant properties: small objects are often grasped and manipulated (e.g., forks), while large objects tend to be less motor-relevant (e.g., tables), though this relationship does not always have to be true (e.g., picture frames and wheelbarrows). To determine how these two dimensions interact, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants viewed a stimulus set of small and large objects with either low or high motor-relevance. The results revealed that the size organization was evident for objects with both low and high motor-relevance; further, a motor-relevance map was also evident across both large and small objects. Targeted contrasts revealed that typical combinations (small motor-relevant vs. large non-motor-relevant) yielded more robust topographies than the atypical covariance contrast (small non-motor-relevant vs. large motor-relevant). In subsequent exploratory analyses, a factor analysis revealed that the construct of motor-relevance was better explained by two underlying factors: one more related to manipulability, and the other to whether an object moves or is stable. The factor related to manipulability better explained responses in lateral small-object preferring regions, while the factor related to object stability (lack of movement) better explained responses in ventromedial large-object preferring regions. Taken together, these results reveal that the structure of neural responses to objects of different sizes further reflect behavior-relevant properties of manipulability and stability, and contribute to a deeper understanding of some of the factors that help the large-scale organization of object representation in high-level visual cortex.

Highlights- Examined the relationship between real-world size and motor-relevant properties in the structure of responses to inanimate objects.
- Large scale topography was more robust for contrast that followed natural covariance of small motor-relevant vs. large non-motor-relevant, over contrast that went against natural covariance.
- Factor analysis revealed that manipulability and stability were, respectively, better explanatory predictors of responses in small- and large-object regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caramazza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of object size, manipulability, and stability on neural responses to inanimate objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.380337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Ancestry Informative Markers in Uterine Neoplasms from Women of European, African and Asian Ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.380337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of ancestry-linked peptide variants in disease-relevant patient tissues represents a foundational step to connect patient ancestry with molecular disease pathogenesis. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encoding missense substitutions within tryptic peptides exhibiting high allele frequencies in European, African, and East Asian populations, termed peptide ancestry informative markers (pAIMs), were prioritized from 1000 genomes. In silico analysis shows that as few as 20 pAIMs can determine ancestry proportions similarly to >260K SNPs (R2=0.9905). Multiplexed proteomic analysis of >100 human endometrial cancer cell lines and uterine leiomyoma tissues resulted in the quantitation of 62 pAIMs that correlate with self-described race and genotype-confirmed patient ancestry. Candidates include a D451E substitution in GC vitamin D-binding protein previously associated with altered vitamin D levels in African and European populations. These efforts describe a generalized set of markers for proteoancestry assessment that will further support studies investigating the impact of ancestry on the human proteome and how this relates to the pathogenesis of uterine neoplasms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bateman, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abulez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrads, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, P.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segars, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hendy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darcy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casablanca, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrads, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.380337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Ancestry Informative Markers in Uterine Neoplasms from Women of European, African and Asian Ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.392787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine receptor identified as BASP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.392787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cocaine is a behavioral stimulant with substantial abuse potential related to its positively rewarding actions 1,2. Cocaine inhibits the reuptake inactivation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine at high nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations 2. There is evidence for substantially more potent influences of cocaine. For instance, Calligaro and Eldefrawi reported binding of [3H]cocaine to brain membranes with a dissociation constant of about 16 nM 3. At 10 nM concentration, cocaine elicits environmental place conditioning in planarians 4. Furthermore, 1nM cocaine enhances dopamine D2 receptor agonist-mediated signaling 5. Inhibition of amine reuptake by cocaine is substantially less potent than some of these high affinity actions. Thus, evidence for a specific, high affinity receptor for cocaine that mediates its behavioral actions has been lacking. We now report high affinity binding of cocaine to the membrane-associated brain acid soluble protein-1 (BASP1) with a Kd of 7 nM. Knocking down BASP1 in the striatum inhibits [3H]cocaine binding to striatal synaptosomes. Depletion of BASP1 in the nucleus accumbens diminishes locomotor stimulation, acquisition, and expression of locomotor sensitization to cocaine. Our findings indicate that BASP1 is a pharmacologically relevant receptor for cocaine and a putative therapeutic target for psychostimulant addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harraz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishikura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.392787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine receptor identified as BASP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
find-tfbs: a tool to identify functional non-coding variants associated with complex human traits using open chromatin maps and phased whole-genome sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWhole-genome DNA sequencing (WGS) enables the discovery of non-coding variants, but tools are lacking to prioritize the subset that functionally impacts human phenotypes. DNA sequence variants that disrupt or create transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) can modulate gene expression. find-tfbs efficiently scans phased WGS in large cohorts to identify and count TFBSs in regulatory sequences. This information can then be used in association testing to find putatively functional non-coding variants associated with complex human diseases or traits.

ResultsWe applied find-tfbs to discover functional non-coding variants associated with hematological traits in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) WGS dataset (Nmax=44,709). We identified >2000 associations at P<1x10-9, implicating specific blood cell-types, transcription factors and causal genes. The vast majority of these associations are captured by variants identified in large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for blood-cell traits. find-tfbs is computationally efficient and robust, allowing for the rapid identification of non-coding variants associated with multiple human phenotypes in very large sample size.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/Helkafen/find-tfbs and https://github.com/Helkafen/find-tfbs-demo

Contactssebastian.meric.de.bellefon@umontreal.ca and guillaume.lettre@umontreal.ca

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meric de Bellefon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibord, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coban-Akdemir, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lettre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[find-tfbs: a tool to identify functional non-coding variants associated with complex human traits using open chromatin maps and phased whole-genome sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in functional connectivity distribution after transcranial direct-current stimulation: a connectivity density point of view 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this manuscript we consider the problem of relating functional connectivity measurements viewed as statistical distributions to outcomes. We demonstrate the utility of using the distribution of connectivity on a study of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging association with an intervention. Specifically, we consider 47 primary progressive aphasia (PPA) patients with various levels of language abilities. These patients were randomly assigned to two treatment arms, tDCS (transcranial direct-current stimulation and language therapy) vs sham (language therapy only), in a clinical trial. We propose a novel approach to analyze the effect of direct stimulation on functional connectivity. We estimate the density of correlations among the regions of interest (ROIs) and study the difference in the density post-intervention between treatment arms. We discover that it is the tail of the density, rather than the mean or lower order moments of the distribution, that demonstrates a significant impact in the classification. This approach has several benefits. Among them, it drastically reduces the number of multiple comparisons compared to edge-wise analysis. In addition, it allows for the investigation of the impact of functional connectivity on the outcomes where the connectivity is not geometrically localized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapkini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.395160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in functional connectivity distribution after transcranial direct-current stimulation: a connectivity density point of view]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.394866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rif1 regulates telomere length through conserved HEAT repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.394866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In budding yeast, Rif1 negatively regulates telomere length, but the mechanism of this regulation has remained elusive. Previous work identified several functional domains of Rif1, but none of these has been shown to mediate telomere length. To define Rif1 domains responsible for telomere regulation, we localized truncations of Rif1 to a single specific telomere and measured telomere length of that telomere compared to bulk telomeres. We found that a domain in the N-terminus containing HEAT repeats, Rif1177-996, was sufficient for length regulation when tethered to the telomere. Charged residues in this region were previously proposed to mediate DNA binding. We found that mutation of these residues disrupted telomere length regulation even when Rif1 was tethered to the telomere. Mutation of other conserved residues in this region, which were not predicted to interact with DNA, also disrupted telomere length maintenance, while mutation of conserved residues distal to this region did not. Our data suggests that conserved amino acids in the region from 436 to 577 play a functional role in telomere length regulation, which is separate from their proposed DNA-binding function. We propose that the Rif1 HEAT repeats region represents a protein-protein binding interface that mediates telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shubin, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayangsari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swett, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.394866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rif1 regulates telomere length through conserved HEAT repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.395228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.395228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and synaptic remodeling. Here we show that though the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system has a limited number of neurons, sleep is necessary for both processes. In addition, it is unclear in any system if sleep collaborates with experience to alter synapses between specific neurons and whether this ultimately affects behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined connections and well-described contributions to behavior. We show that spaced odor-training and post-training sleep induce long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a pair of interneurons, the AIYs, which play a role in odor-seeking behavior. In worms that consolidate memory, both sleep and odor conditioning are required to diminish inhibitory synaptic connections between the AWC chemosensory neurons and the AIYs. Thus, we demonstrate in a living organism that sleep is required for events immediately after training that drive memory consolidation and alter synaptic structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Lobato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saifuddin, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordquist, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiminez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baradwaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujimoto, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churgin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang-Yen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanHoven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Etoile, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.395228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COUNTEN an AI-driven tool for rapid, and objective structural analyses of the Enteric Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Healthy gastrointestinal functions require a healthy Enteric Nervous System (ENS). ENS health is often defined by the presence of normal ENS structure. However, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of normal ENS structure as current methodologies of manual enumeration of neurons within tissue and ganglia can only parse limited tissue regions; and are prone to error, subjective bias, and peer-to-peer discordance. Thus, there is a need to craft objective methods and robust tools to capture and quantify enteric neurons over a large area of tissue and within multiple ganglia. Here, we report on the development of an AI-driven tool COUNTEN which parses HuC/D-immunolabeled adult murine myenteric ileal plexus tissues to enumerate and classify enteric neurons into ganglia in a rapid, robust, and objective manner. COUNTEN matches trained humans in identifying, enumerating and clustering myenteric neurons into ganglia but takes a fraction of the time, thus allowing for accurate and rapid analyses of a large tissue region. Using COUNTEN, we parsed thousands of myenteric neurons and clustered them in hundreds of myenteric ganglia to compute metrics that help define the normal structure of the adult murine ileal myenteric plexus. We have made COUNTEN freely and openly available to all researchers, to facilitate reproducible, robust, and objective measures of ENS structure across mouse models, experiments, and institutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Frittelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltschmidt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COUNTEN an AI-driven tool for rapid, and objective structural analyses of the Enteric Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.395616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulating enzymatic reactions in Escherichia coli utilizing light-responsive cellular compartments based on liquid-liquid phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.395616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymatic reactions in cells are well organized into different compartments, among which protein-based membraneless compartments formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) are believed to play important roles1,2. Hijacking them for our own purpose has promising applications in metabolic engineering3. Yet, it is still hard to precisely and dynamically control target enzymatic reactions in those compartments4. To address those problems, we developed Photo-Activated Switch in E. coli (PhASE), based on phase separating scaffold proteins and optogenetic tools. In this system, a protein of interest (POI) can be enriched up to 15-fold by LLPS-based compartments from cytosol within only a few seconds once activated by light, and become fully dispersed again within 15 minutes. Furthermore, we explored the potentiality of the LLPS-based compartment in enriching small organic molecules directly via chemical-scaffold interaction. With enzymes and substrates co-localized under light induction, the overall reaction efficiency could be enhanced. Using luciferin and catechol oxidation as model enzymatic reactions, we found that they could accelerate 2.3-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, when regulated by PhASE. We anticipate our system to be an extension of the synthetic biology toolkit, facilitating rapid recruitment and release of POIs, and reversible regulation of enzymatic reactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.395616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulating enzymatic reactions in Escherichia coli utilizing light-responsive cellular compartments based on liquid-liquid phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling Germline Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire with gAIRR Suite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic profiling of germline adaptive immune receptor repertoire (AIRR), including T cell receptor (TR) and immunoglobulin (IG), is imaginably relevant to numerous immune-related conditions, but currently insurmountable due to high genetic complexity. Our gAIRR Suite comprises three modules. gAIRR-seq, a probe capture-based targeted sequencing pipeline, profiles AIRR from individual DNA samples. gAIRR-call and gAIRR-annotate call alleles from gAIRR-seq reads and annotate whole-genome assemblies respectively. We gAIRR-seqed TRV and TRJ of seven Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) DNA samples with 100% accuracy, and discovered novel alleles. We also gAIRR-seqed and gAIRR-called a subject from both the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and oral mucosal cells. The calling results from these two cell types have a high concordance (99% for all known AIRR alleles). We gAIRR-annotated 36 genomes to cumulatively unearth 325 novel TRV alleles and 29 novel TRJ alleles. We could further profile the flanking sequences, including the recombination signal sequence (RSS). We validated two structural variants for HG002. We uncovered substantial conflicts of AIRR genes in references GRCh37 and GRCh38. The gAIRR Suite can potentially benefit future genetic study and clinical applications of various immune-related phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, A. C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.399857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling Germline Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire with gAIRR Suite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling functions of the visual cortex using task-specific deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human visual cortex enables visual perception through a cascade of hierarchical computations in cortical regions with distinct functionalities. Here, we introduce an AI-driven approach to discover the functional mapping of the visual cortex. We related human brain responses to scene images measured with functional MRI (fMRI) systematically to a diverse set of deep neural networks (DNNs) optimized to perform different scene perception tasks. We found a structured mapping between DNN tasks and brain regions along the ventral and dorsal visual streams. Low-level visual tasks mapped onto early brain regions, 3-dimensional scene perception tasks mapped onto the dorsal stream, and semantic tasks mapped onto the ventral stream. This mapping was of high fidelity, with more than 60% of the explainable variance in nine key regions being explained. Together, our results provide a novel functional mapping of the human visual cortex and demonstrate the power of the computational approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling functions of the visual cortex using task-specific deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.403089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.403089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In noisy but stationary environments, decisions should be based on the temporal integration of sequentially sampled evidence. This strategy has been supported by many behavioral studies and is qualitatively consistent with neural activity in multiple brain areas. By contrast, decision-making in the face of non-stationary sensory evidence remains poorly understood. Here, we trained monkeys to identify the dominant color of a dynamically refreshed bicolor patch that becomes informative after a variable delay. Animals' behavioral responses were briefly suppressed after evidence changes, and many neurons in the frontal eye field displayed a corresponding dip in activity at this time, similar to that frequently observed after stimulus onset. Generalized drift-diffusion models revealed consistency of behavior and neural activity with brief suppression of motor output, but not with pausing or resetting of evidence accumulation. These results suggest that momentary arrest of motor preparation is an important component of dynamic perceptual decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.403089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation with correlated noise predicts negative interval correlations in neuronal spike trains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative correlations in the sequential evolution of interspike intervals (ISIs) are a signature of memory in neuronal spike-trains. They provide coding benefits including firing-rate stabilization, improved detectability of weak sensory signals, and enhanced transmission of information by improving signal-to-noise ratio. Primary electrosensory afferent spike-trains in weakly electric fish fall into two categories based on the pattern of SCCs: non-bursting units have negative SCCs which remain negative but decay to zero with increasing lags (Type I SCCs), and bursting units have oscillatory (alternating sign) SCCs which damp to zero with increasing lags (Type II SCCs). Here, we predict and match observed ISI serial correlations in these afferents using a stochastic dynamic threshold model. We determine SCCs as a function of an arbitrary discrete noise correlation function Rk, where k is a multiple of the mean ISI. The function permits forward and inverse calculations of SCCs. Both types of SCCs can be generated by adding colored noise to the spike threshold with Type I SCCs generated with slow noise and Type II SCCs generated with fast noise. We show that a first-order autoregressive (AR) process with a single parameter is sufficient to predict and accurately match both types of afferent SCCs, the type being determined by the sign of the AR parameter. The predicted and experimentally observed SCCs are in geometric progression. The theory predicts that the limiting sum of SCCs is -0.5 yielding a perfect DC-block in the power spectrum of the spike train. Observed SCCs from afferents have a limiting sum that is slightly larger at -0.475 {+/-} 0.04 (mean {+/-} s.d.). We conclude that the underlying process for generating ISIs may be a simple combination of low-order autoregressive (AR) processes, and discuss the results from the perspective of optimal coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation with correlated noise predicts negative interval correlations in neuronal spike trains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.402651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.402651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells is a major mechanism of HIV-1 persistence and a barrier to cure. Potential causes are homeostatic proliferation, effects of HIV-1 integration, and interaction with antigens. Here we show that it is possible to link antigen responsiveness, full proviral sequence, integration site, and T cell receptor {beta}-chain (TCR{beta}) sequence to examine the role of recurrent antigenic exposure in maintaining the HIV-1 reservoir. We isolated Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- and Gag-responding CD4+ T cells from 10 treated individuals. Proviral populations in CMV-responding cells were dominated by large clones, including clones harboring replication-competent proviruses. TCR{beta} repertoires showed high clonality driven by converging adaptive responses. Although some proviruses were in genes linked to HIV-1 persistence (BACH2, STAT5B, MKL1), proliferation of infected cells under antigenic stimulation occurred regardless of the site of integration. Paired TCR{beta}-integration site analysis showed that infection could occur early or late in the course of a clones response to antigen and could generate infected cell populations too large to be explained solely by homeostatic proliferation. Together these findings implicate antigen-driven clonal selection as a major factor in HIV-1 persistence, a finding that will be a difficult challenge to eradication efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroosh, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodehouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobles, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolick, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushman, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.402651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are complex bridges that connect discrete neurons into vast networks that send, receive, and encode diverse forms of information. However, they must remain dynamic in order to adapt to changing inputs. Here, we report that the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR) physically links together key molecules in focal adhesion signaling at the synapse. In challenging mice with a battery of neurocognitive tasks, we first discover that BVR null (BVR-/-) mice exhibit profound deficits in learning and memory. We uncover that these deficits may be explained by a loss of focal adhesion signaling that is both transcriptionally and biochemically disrupted in BVR-/- hippocampi. We learn that BVR mediates focal adhesion signaling by physically bridging the initiatory kinases FAK/Pyk2 to the effector kinase Src. Activated Src normally promotes synaptic plasticity by phosphorylating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but FAK/Pyk2 are unable to bind and stimulate Src without BVR. Src itself is a molecular hub upon which many signaling pathways converge in order to stimulate NMDA neurotransmission, positioning BVR at a prominent intersection of synaptic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokhunts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacarys, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between parallel sensorimotor learning systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation benefits from learning in two parallel systems: one that has access to explicit knowledge, and another that relies on implicit, unconscious correction. However, it is unclear how these systems interact: does enhancing one systems contributions, for example through instruction, impair the other, or do they learn independently? Here we illustrate that certain contexts can lead to competition between implicit and explicit learning. In some cases, each system is responsive to a task-related visual error. This shared error appears to create competition between these systems, such that when the explicit system increases its response, errors are siphoned away from the implicit system, thus reducing its learning. This model suggests that explicit strategy can mask changes in implicit error sensitivity related to savings and interference. Other contexts suggest that the implicit system can respond to multiple error sources. When these error sources conflict, a second type of competition occurs. Thus, the data show that during sensorimotor adaptation, behavior is shaped by competition between parallel learning systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della-Maggiore, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between parallel sensorimotor learning systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMDAR-independent acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine mediated modulation of synaptic eligibility traces into LTD in mice visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In reward-based learning, synaptic eligibility traces are a well-defined theoretical solution for the conversion of initial co-activation of pre and postsynaptic neurons into long-term changes in synaptic strength by reward-linked neuromodulators. However, the types of neuromodulators involved in such a phenomenon in mouse visual cortex remain unknown. To characterize the Ex vivo condition, we used optogenetic stimulation of channelrhodopsin-(ChR2) expressing Cre/Ai32(ChR2-eYFP); Tph2-Cre/Ai32(ChR2-eYFP); Thi-Cre/Ai32(ChR2-eYFP) homozygous mice, which release acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, respectively. With these mice it is possible to measure the transformation of eligibility traces into long-term changes by endogenous neuromodulators. Here we delineated that layer 2/3 neurons in the visual cortex showed no LTD after conditioning with paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (ppLFS; 2Hz, 15 min). However, if conditioning was paired with acetylcholine, serotonin, or norepinephrine release upon 473 nm optical stimulation in brain slices, LTD occurs in every case. Thus, our data suggests a new pathway to connect the gap between stimulus and reward. Moreover, we found that stimulation by theta-glass or metal stimulators evoked IPSC traces with the same amplitudes but differences in decay kinetics, further questioning the appropriate use of stimulators in brain slices for evoking an event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMDAR-independent acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine mediated modulation of synaptic eligibility traces into LTD in mice visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional maps of the primate cortex revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primate cerebral cortex is organized into specialized areas representing different functional modalities (e.g., vision, audition, touch) and their associations along a continuous surface. The functional maps of these areas, however, are often investigated in a single modality at a time. Here, we developed and applied to awake primates a polarization-enhanced wide-field optical imaging method for measuring cortical hemodynamics through the intact skull. Adjacent somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortices were noninvasively localized and rapidly parcellated in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate model featuring a smooth cortex. Detailed somatotopy, tonotopy, and retinotopy were also mapped out on an individual-subject basis, with a new pure-tone-responsive tonotopic gradient discovered outside the auditory core. Moreover, the motion-sensitive extent surrounding the primate-specific MT/V5 and the location of a face-sensitive patch were both revealed with respect to retinotopy. This approach provides a powerful tool for mapping the functional landscape across modalities in a single non-human primate subject, and thus opens new opportunities for probing how primate cortical system is organized to enable real-world behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional maps of the primate cortex revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic signal integration in Drosophila Mushroom Body Output Neuron (MBON) essential for learning and memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to associate neutral stimuli with valence information and to store these associations as memories forms the basis for decision making. To determine the underlying computational principles, we build a realistic computational model of a central decision module within the Drosophila mushroom body (MB), the flys center for learning and memory. Our model combines the electron microscopy-based architecture of one MB output neuron (MBON-3), the synaptic connectivity of its 948 presynaptic Kenyon cells (KCs), and its membrane properties obtained from patch-clamp recordings. We show that this neuron is electrotonically compact and that synaptic input corresponding to simulated odor input robustly drives its spiking behavior. Therefore, sparse innervation by KCs can efficiently control and modulate MBON activity in response to learning with minimal requirements on the specificity of synaptic localization. This architecture allows efficient storage of large numbers of memories using the flexible stochastic connectivity of the circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hafez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escribano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirtz, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pielage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.413500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic signal integration in Drosophila Mushroom Body Output Neuron (MBON) essential for learning and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multi-omics reveals elevated plasticity and stem-cell-like blasts relevant to the poor prognosis of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infant ALL is a devastating malignancy caused by rearrangements of the KMT2A gene (KMT2A-r) in approximately 70% of patients. The outcome is dismal and younger age at diagnosis is associated with increased risk of relapse. To discover age-specific differences and critical drivers that mediate the poor outcome in KMT2A-r ALL, we subjected KMT2A-r leukemias and normal hematopoietic cells from patients of different ages to multi-omic single cell analysis using scRNA-Seq, scATAC-Seq and snmC-Seq2. We uncovered the following critical new insights: Leukemia cells from infants younger than 6 months have a greatly increased lineage plasticity and contain a hematopoietic stem and progenitor-like (HSPC-like) population compared to older infants. We identified an immunosuppressive signaling circuit between the HSPC-like blasts and cytotoxic lymphocytes in younger patients. Both observations offer a compelling explanation for the ability of leukemias in young infants to evade chemotherapy and immune mediated control. Our analysis also revealed pre-existing lymphomyeloid primed progenitor and myeloid blasts at initial diagnosis of B-ALL. Tracking of leukemic clones in two patients whose leukemia underwent a lineage switch documented the evolution of such clones into frank AML. These findings provide critical insights into KMT2A-r ALL and have potential clinical implications for targeted inhibitors or multi-target immunotherapy approaches. Beyond infant ALL, our study demonstrates the power of single cell multi-omics to detect tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting rare but critical subpopulations within a malignant population that ultimately determines patient outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alikarami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flournoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libbrecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felmeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.413930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multi-omics reveals elevated plasticity and stem-cell-like blasts relevant to the poor prognosis of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overt visual attention and value computation in complex risky choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional models of decision making under uncertainty explain human behavior in simple situations with a minimal set of alternatives and attributes. Some of them, such as prospect theory, have been proven successful and robust in such simple situations. Yet, less is known about the preference formation during decision making in more complex cases. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that attention plays a role in the decision process but most theories make simplifying assumptions about where attention is deployed. In this study, we replace these assumptions by measuring where humans deploy overt attention, i.e. where they fixate. To assess the influence of task complexity, participants perform two tasks. The simpler of the two requires participants to choose between two alternatives with two attributes each (four items to consider). The more complex one requires a choice between four alternatives with four attributes each (16 items to consider). We then compare a large set of model classes, of different levels of complexity, by considering the dynamic interactions between uncertainty, attention and pairwise comparisons between attribute values. The task of all models is to predict what choices humans make, using the sequence of observed eye movements for each participant as input to the model. We find that two models outperform all others. The first is the two-layer leaky accumulator which predicts human choices on the simpler task better than any other model. We call the second model, which is introduced in this study, TNPRO. It is modified from a previous model from management science and designed to deal with highly complex decision problems. Our results show that this model performs well in the simpler of our two tasks (second best, after the accumulator model) and best for the complex task. Our results suggest that, when faced with complex choice problems, people prefer to accumulate preference based on attention-guided pairwise comparisons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyngaard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeric, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overt visual attention and value computation in complex risky choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ characterization of the 3D microanatomy of the pancreas and pancreatic cancer at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates the tumor microenvironment is highly associated with tumorigenesis through regulation of cellular physiology, signaling systems, and gene expression profiles of cancer cells. Yet the mechanisms by which the microenvironment evolves from normal pancreas architecture to precursor lesions and invasive cancer is poorly understood. Obtaining high-content and high-resolution information from a complex tumor microenvironment in large volumetric landscapes represents a key challenge in the field of cancer biology. To address this challenge, we established a novel method to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) centimeter-scale tissues containing billions of cells from serially sectioned histological samples, utilizing deep learning approaches to recognize eight distinct tissue subtypes from hematoxylin and eosin stained sections at micrometer and single-cell resolution. Using samples from a range of normal, precancerous, and invasive pancreatic cancer tissue, we map in 3D modes of cancer invasion in the tumor microenvironment, and emphasize the need for further 3D quantification of biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grahn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahesh Babu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ characterization of the 3D microanatomy of the pancreas and pancreatic cancer at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spike D614G mutation increases SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, viral load, and transmission but the molecular mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. We report here that spike is trafficked to lysosomes and that the D614G mutation enhances the lysosomal sorting of spike and the lysosomal accumulation of spike-positive punctae in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Spike trafficking to lysosomes is an endocytosis-independent, V-ATPase-dependent process, and spike-containing lysosomes drive lysosome clustering but display poor lysotracker labeling and reduced uptake of endocytosed materials. These results are consistent with a lysosomal pathway of coronavirus biogenesis and raise the possibility that a common mechanism may underly the D614G mutations effects on spike protein trafficking in infected cells and the accelerated entry of SARS-CoV-2 into uninfected cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.417022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential expression levels of Sox9 in early neocortical radial glial cells regulate the decision between stem cell maintenance and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) in the dorsal forebrain directly or indirectly produce excitatory projection neurons and macroglia of the neocortex. Recent evidence shows that the pool of RGCs is more heterogeneous than originally thought and that progenitor subpopulations can generate particular neuronal cell types. Using single cell RNA sequencing, we have studied gene expression patterns of two subtypes of RGCs that differ in their neurogenic behavior. One progenitor type rapidly produces postmitotic neurons, whereas the second progenitor remains relatively quiescence before generating neurons. We have identified candidate genes that are differentially expressed between these RGCs progenitor subtypes, including the transcription factor Sox9. Using in utero electroporation, we demonstrate that elevated Sox9 expression in progenitors prevents RGC division and leads to the generation of upper-layer cortical neurons from these progenitors at later ages. Our data thus reveal molecular differences between cortical progenitors with different neurogenic behavior and indicates that Sox9 is critical for the maintenance of RGCs to regulate the generation of upper layer neurons.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe existence of heterogeneity in the pool of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of cellular diversity in the cerebral cortex has been an interesting topic of debate for many years. Here we describe the existence of a subpopulation of RGCs with reduced neurogenic behavior at early embryonic ages presenting a particular molecular signature. This molecular signature consists of differential expression of some genes including the transcription factor Sox9, found to be a specific master regulator of this subpopulation of progenitor cells. Functional experiments perturbing Sox9 expressions levels reveal its instructive role in the regulation of the neurogenic behavior of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of upper layer projection neurons at later ages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabra-Beser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves Medeiros de Araujo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Sanz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.417931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential expression levels of Sox9 in early neocortical radial glial cells regulate the decision between stem cell maintenance and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamics and free energy landscape of BAR-domain dimerization from molecular simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all proteins interact specifically with other proteins, often forming reversible bound structures whose stability is critical to function. Proteins with BAR domains function to bind to, bend, and remodel biological membranes, where the dimerization of BAR domains is a key step in this function. Here we characterize the binding thermodynamics of homodimerization between the LSP1 BAR domain proteins in solution, using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. By combining the MARTINI coarse-grained protein models with enhanced sampling through metadynamics, we construct a two-dimensional free energy surface quantifying the bound versus unbound ensembles as a function of two distance variables. Our simulations portray a heterogeneous and extraordinarily stable bound ensemble for these modeled LSP1 proteins. The proper crystal structure dimer has a large hydrophobic interface that is part of a stable minima on the free energy surface, which is enthalpically the minima of all bound structures. However, we also find several other stable nonspecific dimers with comparable free energies to the specific dimer. Through structure-based clustering of these bound structures, we find that some of these  nonspecific contacts involve extended tail regions that help stabilize the higher-order oligomers formed by BAR-domains, contacts that are separated from the homodimer interface. We find that the known membrane-binding residues of the LSP1 proteins rarely participate in any of the bound interfaces, but that both patches of residues are aligned to interact with the membrane in the specific dimer. Hence, we would expect a strong selection of the specific dimer in binding to the membrane. The effect of a 100mM NaCl buffer reduces the relative stability of nonspecific dimers compared to the specific dimer, indicating that it would help prevent aggregation of the proteins. With these results, we provide the first free energy characterization of interaction pathways in this important class of membrane sculpting domains, revealing a variety of interfacial contacts outside of the specific dimer that may help stabilize its oligomeric assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maisuria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadyani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamics and free energy landscape of BAR-domain dimerization from molecular simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.416495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.416495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphatidylethanolamine made in mitochondria has long been recognized as an important precursor for phosphatidylcholine production that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, the strict mitochondrial localization of the enzyme that makes PE in the mitochondrion, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1), was questioned. Since a dual localization of Psd1 to the ER would have far-reaching implications, we initiated our study to independently re-assess the subcellular distribution of Psd1. Our results support the unavoidable conclusion that the vast majority, if not all, of functional Psd1 resides in the mitochondrion. Through our efforts, we discovered that mutant forms of Psd1 that impair a self-processing step needed for it to become functional are dually localized to the ER when expressed in a PE-limiting environment. We conclude that severely impaired cellular PE metabolism provokes an ER-assisted adaptive response that is capable of identifying and resolving nonfunctional mitochondrial precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acoba, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejatfard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.416495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by targeted depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells using a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are present in elevated numbers in TB patients and have been found to be permissive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proliferation. To determine whether depletion of MDSCs may improve host control of TB, we used a novel diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein known as DABIL-4 that targets and depletes IL-4-receptor positive cells. We show that DABIL-4 depletes both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSC in the mouse TB model, and that it reduces the lung bacillary burden of Mtb. These results indicate that MDSC-depleting therapies targeting the IL4 receptor are beneficial in TB and offer an avenue towards host-directed TB therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by targeted depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells using a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.419655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed imaging of biosensors in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.419655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent biosensors allow for real-time monitoring of biochemical activities in cells, but their multiplexing capacity is severely limited by the availability of spectral space. We overcome this problem by developing a set of barcoding proteins that are spectrally separable from commonly used FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)-based and single-fluorophore biosensors. Mixed populations of barcoded cells expressing different biosensors can be concurrently imaged and computationally unmixed to achieve highly multiplexed tracking of biochemical activities in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.419655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly multiplexed imaging of biosensors in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with genetic risk factors defined by recurrent episodes of mania/hypomania, depression and circadian rhythm abnormalities. While lithium is an effective drug for BD, 30-40% of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Previous work has demonstrated that lithium affects the expression of "clock genes" and that lithium responders (Li-R) can be distinguished from non-responders (Li-NR) by differences in circadian rhythms. However, rhythm abnormalities in BD have not been evaluated in neurons and it is unknown if neuronal rhythms differ between Li-R and Li-NR. We used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to culture neuronal precursor cells (NPC) and glutamatergic neurons from BD patients and controls. We identified strong circadian rhythms in Per2-luc expression in NPCs and neurons from controls and Li-R. NPC rhythms in Li-R had a shorter circadian period. Li-NR rhythms were low-amplitude and profoundly weakened. In NPCs and neurons, expression of PER2 was higher in both BD groups compared to controls. In neurons, PER2 protein expression was higher in BD than controls, especially in Li-NR samples. In single cells, NPC and neuron rhythms in both BD groups were desynchronized compared to controls. Lithium lengthened period in Li-R and control neurons but failed to alter rhythms in Li-NR. In contrast, temperature entrainment increased amplitude across all groups, and partly restored rhythms in Li-NR neurons. We conclude that neuronal circadian rhythm abnormalities are present in BD and most pronounced in Li-NR. Rhythm deficits in BD may be partly reversible through stimulation of entrainment pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenburgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coryell, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oedegaard, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsoe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple technique to classify diffraction data from dynamic proteins according to individual polymorphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One often observes small but measurable differences in diffraction data measured from different crystals of a single protein. These differences might reflect structural differences in the protein and potentially reflect the natural dynamism of the molecule in solution. Partitioning these mixed-state data into single-state clusters is a critical step to extract information about the dynamic behavior of proteins from hundreds or thousands of single-crystal data sets. Mixed-state data can be obtained deliberately (through intentional perturbation) or inadvertently (while attempting to measure highly redundant single-crystal data). State changes may be expressed as changes in morphology, so that a subset of the polystates may be observed as polymorphs. After mixed-state data are deliberately or inadvertently measured, the challenge is to sort the data into clusters that may represent relevant biological polystates. Here we address this problem using a simple multi-factor clustering approach that classifies each data set using independent observables in order to assign each data set to the correct location in conformation space. We illustrate this method using two independent observables (unit cell constants and intensities) to cluster mixed-state data from chymotrypsinogen (ChTg) crystals. We observe that the data populate an arc of the reaction trajectory as ChTg is converted into chymotrypsin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitler, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozakov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakoncic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple technique to classify diffraction data from dynamic proteins according to individual polymorphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between intraocular and intracranial pressure effects on the optic nerve head in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial pressure (ICP) has been proposed to play an important role in the sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP) and susceptibility to glaucoma. However, the in vivo effects of simultaneous, controlled, acute variations in ICP and IOP have not been directly measured. We quantified the deformations of the anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) and scleral canal at Bruchs membrane opening (BMO) under acute elevation of IOP and/or ICP.

Four eyes of three monkeys were imaged in vivo with OCT under four pressure conditions: IOP and ICP either at baseline or elevated. The BMO and ALC were reconstructed from manual delineations. From these, we determined canal area at the BMO (BMO area), BMO aspect ratio and planarity, and ALC median depth relative to the BMO plane. To better account for the pressure effects on the imaging, we also measured ALC visibility as a percent of the BMO area. Further, ALC depths were analyzed only in regions where the ALC was visible in all pressure conditions. Bootstrap sampling was used to obtain mean estimates and confidence intervals, which were then used to test for significant effects of IOP and ICP, independently and in interaction.

Response to pressure manipulation was highly individualized between eyes, with significant changes detected in a majority of the parameters. Significant interactions between ICP and IOP occurred in all measures, except ALC visibility. On average, ICP elevation expanded BMO area by 0.17mm2 at baseline IOP, and contracted BMO area by 0.02 mm2 at high IOP. ICP elevation decreased ALC depth by 10m at baseline IOP, but increased depth by 7 m at high IOP. ALC visibility decreased as ICP increased, both at baseline (-10%) and high IOP (-17%). IOP elevation expanded BMO area by 0.04 mm2 at baseline ICP, and contracted BMO area by 0.09 mm2 at high ICP. On average, IOP elevation caused the ALC to displace 3.3 m anteriorly at baseline ICP, and 22 m posteriorly at high ICP. ALC visibility improved as IOP increased, both at baseline (5%) and high ICP (8%).

In summary, changing IOP or ICP significantly deformed both the scleral canal and the lamina of the monkey ONH, regardless of the other pressure level. There were significant interactions between the effects of IOP and those of ICP on LC depth, BMO area, aspect ratio and planarity. On most eyes, elevating both pressures by the same amount did not cancel out the effects. Altogether our results show that ICP affects sensitivity to IOP, and thus that it can potentially also affect susceptibility to glaucoma.

Research Highlights- In vivo ONH deformations caused by acute, controlled, simultaneous changes in IOP and/or ICP can be directly visualized and measured in the monkey eye using OCT.
- Acute changes of either IOP or ICP significantly deformed both the scleral canal and the lamina cribrosa, regardless of the other pressure level.
- Pressures interacted, meaning that the effects of one pressure depended significantly on the level of the other pressure.
- Elevating both pressures did not cancel out the effects of one of them being elevated.
- Our results show that ICP affects sensitivity to IOP, and thus that it can potentially also affect susceptibility to glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between intraocular and intracranial pressure effects on the optic nerve head in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Identification of Stiffness Markers in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While essential to our understanding of solid tumor progression, the study of cell and tissue mechanics has yet to find traction in the clinic. Determining tissue stiffness, a mechanical property known to promote a malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo, is not part of the standard algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Instead, clinicians routinely use mammograms to identify malignant lesions and radiographically dense breast tissue is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. Whether breast density is related to tumor tissue stiffness, and what cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor contribute the most to its stiffness are not well understood. Through training of a deep learning network and mechanical measurements of fresh patient tissue, we create a bridge in understanding between clinical and mechanical markers. The automatic identification of cellular and extracellular features from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides reveals that global and local breast tissue stiffness best correlate with the percentage of straight collagen. Global breast tissue mechanics correlate weakly with the percentage of blood vessels and fibrotic tissue, and non-significantly with the percentage of fat, ducts, tumor cells, and wavy collagen in tissue. Importantly, the percentage of dense breast tissue does not directly correlate with tissue stiffness or straight collagen content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Identification of Stiffness Markers in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megadepth: efficient coverage quantification for BigWigs and BAMs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA common way to summarize sequencing datasets is to quantify data lying within genes or other genomic intervals. This can be slow and can require different tools for different input file types.

ResultsMegadepth is a fast tool for quantifying alignments and coverage for BigWig and BAM/CRAM input files, using substantially less memory than the next-fastest competitor. Megadepth can summarize coverage within all disjoint intervals of the Gencode V35 gene annotation for more than 19,000 GTExV8 BigWig files in approximately one hour using 32 threads. Megadepth is available both as a command-line tool and as an R/Bioconductor package providing much faster quantification compared to the rtracklayer package.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/ChristopherWilks/megadepth, https://bioconductor.org/packages/megadepth.

Contactchris.wilks@jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megadepth: efficient coverage quantification for BigWigs and BAMs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of PI3-kinase activity of inositol polyphosphate multikinase impairs PDK1-mediated AKT activation, cell migration, and intestinal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the inositol phosphate (IP) pathway which converts IP3 to IP4 and IP5. In mammalian cells, IPMK can also act as a phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3-kinase). We previously found that IPMK is a critical PI3-kinase activator of AKT. Here, we show that IPMK mediates AKT activation by promoting membrane localization and activation of PDK1. The PI3-kinase activity of IPMK is dispensable for membrane localization of AKT, which is entirely controlled by classical PI3-kinase (p110,{beta},{gamma} , {delta}). By contrast, we found that PDK1 membrane localization was largely independent of classical PI3-kinase. Membrane localization of PDK1 stimulates cell migration by dissociating ROCK1 from inhibitory binding to RhoE and promoting ROCK1-mediated myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Deletion of IPMK impairs cell migration associated with the abolition of PDK1-mediated ROCK1 disinhibition and subsequent MLC phosphorylation. To investigate the physiological relevance of IPMK-mediated AKT activation, we generated mice selectively lacking IPMK in epithelial cells of the intestine, where IPMK is highly expressed. Deletion of IPMK in intestinal epithelial cells markedly reduced AKT phosphorylation and diminished numbers of Paneth cells - a crypt-resident epithelial cell type that generates the physiological niche for intestinal stem cells. Ablation of IPMK impaired intestinal epithelial cell regeneration basally and after; chemotherapy-induced damage, suggesting a broad role for IPMK in the activation of AKT and intestinal tissue regeneration. In summary, the PI3-kinase activity of IPMK promotes membrane localization of PDK1, a critical kinase whereby AKT maintains intestinal homeostasis.

One Sentence SummaryPI3-kinase activity of IPMK is essential for activation of AKT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wank, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of PI3-kinase activity of inositol polyphosphate multikinase impairs PDK1-mediated AKT activation, cell migration, and intestinal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional tagging of endogenous proteins and rapid selection of cell pools (Rapid generation of endogenously tagged piwi in ovarian somatic sheath cells.) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combination of genome-editing and epitope tagging provides a powerful strategy to study proteins with high affinity and specificity while preserving their physiological expression patterns. However, stably modifying endogenous genes in cells that do not allow for clonal selection has been challenging. Here, we present a simple and fast strategy to generate stable, endogenously tagged alleles in a non-transformed cell culture model. At the example of piwi in Drosophila ovarian somatic sheath cells, we show that this strategy enables the generation of an N-terminally tagged protein that emulates the expression level and subcellular localization of the wild type protein and forms functional Piwi-piRNA complexes. We present a concise workflow to establish modified cells, characterize the edited allele and probe the function of the tagged protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marlin Andrews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genzor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elchert, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional tagging of endogenous proteins and rapid selection of cell pools (Rapid generation of endogenously tagged piwi in ovarian somatic sheath cells.)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 on bladder-innervating afferents induces peripheral and central hypersensitivity to bladder distension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the sensory mechanisms innervating the bladder is paramount to developing efficacious treatments for chronic bladder hypersensitivity conditions. The contribution of Mas-gene-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr) to bladder signalling is currently unknown. Here we show in mice with single-cell RT-PCR that sub-populations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the mouse bladder express MrgprA3 (14%) and MrgprC11 (38%), either individually or in combination, with high levels of co-expression with Trpv1 (81-89%). Calcium imaging studies demonstrated MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 agonists (chloroquine, BAM8-22 and neuropeptide FF) activated sub-populations of bladder-innervating DRG neurons, showing functional evidence of co-expression between MrgprA3, MrgprC11 and TRPV1. In ex vivo bladder-nerve preparations chloroquine, BAM8-22 and neuropeptide FF all evoked mechanical hypersensitivity in sub-populations (20-41%) of bladder afferents. These effects were absent in recordings from Mrgpr-cluster{Delta}-/- mice. In vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that application of an MrgprA3/C11 agonist cocktail induced neuronal hyper-excitability in 44% of bladder-innervating DRG neurons. Finally, in vivo instillation of an MrgprA3/C11 agonist cocktail into the bladder of wild-type mice induced a significant activation of dorsal horn neurons within the lumbosacral spinal cord, as quantified by pERK-immunoreactivity. This MrgprA3/C11 agonist-induced activation was particularly apparent within the superficial dorsal horn and the sacral parasympathetic nuclei of wild-type, but not Mrgpr-cluster{Delta}-/- mice. This study demonstrates, for the first time, functional expression of MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 in bladder afferents. Activation of these receptors is not required for normal bladder function but does trigger hypersensitivity to distension, a critically valuable factor for therapeutic target development.

Significance statementDetermining how bladder afferents become sensitized is the first step in finding effective treatments for common urological disorders such as overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Here we show that two of the key receptors, MrgprA3 and MrgprC11, that mediate itch from the skin are also expressed on afferents innervating the bladder. Activation of these receptors results in sensitization of bladder afferents, resulting in sensory signals being sent into the spinal cord that prematurely indicate bladder fullness. Targeting bladder afferents expressing MrgprA3 or MrgprC11 and preventing their sensitisation may provide a novel approach for treating overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grundy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Caraballo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brierley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 on bladder-innervating afferents induces peripheral and central hypersensitivity to bladder distension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare coding variants in 35 genes associate with circulating lipid levels: a multi-ancestry analysis of 170,000 exomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale gene sequencing studies for complex traits have the potential to identify causal genes with therapeutic implications. We performed gene-based association testing of blood lipid levels with rare (minor allele frequency<1%) predicted damaging coding variation using sequence data from >170,000 individuals from multiple ancestries: 97,493 European, 30,025 South Asian, 16,507 African, 16,440 Hispanic/Latino, 10,420 East Asian, and 1,182 Samoan. We identified 35 genes associated with circulating lipid levels. Ten of these: ALB, SRSF2, JAK2, CREB3L3, TMEM136, VARS, NR1H3, PLA2G12A, PPARG and STAB1 have not been implicated for lipid levels using rare coding variation in population-based samples. We prioritize 32 genes identified in array-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci based on gene-based associations, of which three: EVI5, SH2B3, and PLIN1, had no prior evidence of rare coding variant associations. Most of the associated genes showed evidence of association in multiple ancestries. Also, we observed an enrichment of gene-based associations for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol drug target genes, and for genes closest to GWAS index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Our results demonstrate that gene-based associations can be beneficial for drug target development and provide evidence that the gene closest to the array-based GWAS index SNP is often the functional gene for blood lipid levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornbos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Salinas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci-Fulton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardissino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas-Olmos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnycastle, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bown, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtt, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centeno-Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras-Cubas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare coding variants in 35 genes associate with circulating lipid levels: a multi-ancestry analysis of 170,000 exomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
15-PGDH as a Negative Regulator of Age-Related Organ Fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence implicates the eicosanoid molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in conferring a regenerative phenotype to multiple organ systems following tissue injury. As aging is in part characterized by loss of tissue stem cells regenerative capacity, we tested the hypothesis that the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) contributes to the diminished organ fitness of aged mice. Here we demonstrate that genetic loss of 15-PGDH (Hpgd) confers a protective effect on aging of murine hematopoietic and gastrointestinal (GI) tissues. Aged mice lacking 15-PGDH display increased hematopoietic output as assessed by peripheral blood cell counts, bone marrow and splenic stem cell compartments, and accelerated post-transplantation recovery compared to their WT counterparts. Loss of Hpgd expression also resulted in enhanced GI fitness and reduced local inflammation in response to colitis. Together these results suggest that 15-PGDH negatively regulates aged tissue regeneration, and that 15-PGDH inhibition may be a viable therapeutic strategy to ameliorate age-associated loss of organ fitness.

ARTICLE SUMMARY15-PGDH as a Driver of Age-Related Tissue Dysfunction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadiono, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christo, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jogasuria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broncano, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasturi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[15-PGDH as a Negative Regulator of Age-Related Organ Fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARprolink: a photoaffinity probe for identifying poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modification of proteins with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is an important component of the DNA damage response. Four PAR synthesis inhibitors have recently been approved for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Despite its clinical significance, a molecular understanding of PAR function, including its binding partners, remains incomplete. In this work, we synthesize a PAR photoaffinity probe that captures and isolates endogenous PAR binders. Our method identified dozens of known PAR-binding proteins and hundreds of novel binders involved in DNA repair, RNA processing, and metabolism. PAR binding by eight candidates was confirmed using pull-down and/or electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Using PAR probes of defined lengths, we detected proteins that preferentially bind to 40-mer over 8-mer PAR, indicating that polymer length may regulate the outcome and timing of PAR signaling pathways. This investigation produces the first census of PAR-binding proteins, provides a proteome-wide view of length-selective PAR binding, and associates PAR binding with RNA metabolism and the formation of biomolecular condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARprolink: a photoaffinity probe for identifying poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resolution copy number inference in cancer using short-molecule nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome copy number is an important source of genetic variation in health and disease. In cancer, clinically actionable Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) can be inferred from short-read sequencing data, enabling genomics-based precision oncology. Emerging Nanopore sequencing technologies offer the potential for broader clinical utility, for example in smaller hospitals, due to lower instrument cost, higher portability, and ease of use. Nonetheless, Nanopore sequencing devices are limited in terms of the number of retrievable sequencing reads/molecules compared to short-read sequencing platforms. This represents a challenge for applications that require high read counts such as CNA inference. To address this limitation, we targeted the sequencing of short-length DNA molecules loaded at optimized concentration in an effort to increase sequence read/molecule yield from a single nanopore run. We show that sequencing short DNA molecules reproducibly returns high read counts and allows high quality CNA inference. We demonstrate the clinical relevance of this approach by accurately inferring CNAs in acute myeloid leukemia samples. The data shows that, compared to traditional approaches such as chromosome analysis/cytogenetics, short molecule nanopore sequencing returns more sensitive, accurate copy number information in a cost effective and expeditious manner, including for multiplex samples. Our results provide a framework for the sequencing of relatively short DNA molecules on nanopore devices with applications in research and medicine, that include but are not limited to, CNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wappel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resolution copy number inference in cancer using short-molecule nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A persistent invasive phenotype in post-hypoxic tumor cells is revealed by novel fate-mapping and computational modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia is a critical factor in solid tumors that has been associated with cancer progression and aggressiveness. We recently developed a hypoxia-fate mapping system that allowed the tracing of post-hypoxic cells within a tumor for the first time. This novel approach, based on an oxygen-dependent fluorescent switch, made the investigation of the post-hypoxic phenotype possible. The system allowed us to measure key biological features such as oxygen distribution, cell proliferation and migration. Using this data, we developed a computational model to investigate the motility and phenotypic persistence of hypoxic and post-hypoxic cells during tumor progression. The behavior of hypoxic and post-hypoxic cells was defined by phenotypic persistence time, cell movement bias and the fraction of cells that respond to an enhanced migratory stimulus. Our studies revealed that post-hypoxic cells have an enhanced persistent migratory phenotype that promotes the formation of invasive structures ("plumes") expanding towards the oxygenated tumor regions. This work combined advanced cell tracking and imaging techniques with mathematical modeling, and revealed for the first time that a persistent invasive migratory phenotype that develops under hypoxic conditions enhances their escape into non-hypoxic tumor regions to invade the surrounding tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocha, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtoglu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzcar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhoyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A persistent invasive phenotype in post-hypoxic tumor cells is revealed by novel fate-mapping and computational modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-Temporal Coordination Of Transcription Preinitiation Complex Assembly In Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) requires preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly at gene promoters. In the dynamic nucleus where thousands of promoters are broadly distributed in chromatin, it is unclear how ten individual components converge on any target to establish the PIC. Here, we use live-cell, single-molecule tracking in S. cerevisiae to document subdiffusive, constrained exploration of the nucleoplasm by PIC components and Mediators key functions in guiding this process. On chromatin, TBP, Mediator, and Pol II instruct assembly of a short-lived PIC, which occurs infrequently but efficiently at an average promoter where initiation-coupled disassembly may occur within a few seconds. Moreover, PIC exclusion by nucleosome encroachment underscores regulated promoter accessibility by chromatin remodeling. Thus, coordinated nuclear exploration and recruitment to accessible targets underlies dynamic PIC establishment in yeast. Collectively, our study provides a global spatio-temporal model for transcription initiation in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuguchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-Temporal Coordination Of Transcription Preinitiation Complex Assembly In Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-or-none disconnection of pyramidal inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons gates ocular dominance plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disinhibition is an obligatory initial step in the remodeling of cortical circuits by sensory experience. Our investigation on disinhibitory mechanisms in the classical model of ocular dominance plasticity uncovered an unexpected novel form of experience-dependent circuit plasticity. In layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex monocular deprivation triggers a complete, "all-or-none", elimination of connections from pyramidal cells onto nearby parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PyrPV). This circuit plasticity is unique as it is transient, local and discrete. It lasts only one day, and it does not manifest as widespread changes in synaptic strength, rather, only about half of local connections are lost and the remaining ones are not affected in strength. Mechanistically, the deprivation-induced loss of PyrPV is contingent on a reduction of the protein neuropentraxin2 (NPTX2). Functionally, the loss of PyrPV is absolutely necessary for ODP. We surmise, therefore, that this "all-or-none" loss of local PyrPV circuitry gates experience-dependent cortical plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murase, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-or-none disconnection of pyramidal inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons gates ocular dominance plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyruvate oxidase as a key determinant of pneumococcal viability during transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier endothelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN / pneumococcus), invades myriad of host tissues following efficient breaching of cellular barriers. However, strategies adopted by pneumococcus for evasion of host intracellular defences governing successful transcytosis across host cellular barriers remain elusive. In this study, using brain endothelium as a model host barrier, we observed that pneumococcus containing endocytic vacuoles (PCVs) formed following SPN internalization into brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), undergo early maturation and acidification, with a major subset acquiring lysosome-like characteristics. Exploration of measures that would preserve pneumococcal viability in the lethal acidic pH of these lysosome-like vacuoles revealed a critical role of the two-component system response regulator, CiaR, which has been previously implicated in induction of acid tolerance response. Pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), a key sugar metabolizing enzyme that catalyses oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl phosphate, was found to contribute to acid stress tolerance, presumably via acetyl phosphate-mediated phosphorylation and activation of CiaR, independent of its cognate kinase CiaH. Hydrogen peroxide, the by-product of SpxB catalysed reaction, was also found to improve pneumococcal intracellular survival, by oxidative inactivation of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins, thus compromising the degradative capacity of the host lysosomes. Expectedly, a {Delta}spxB mutant was found to be significantly attenuated in its ability to survive inside the BMEC endocytic vacuoles, reflecting in its reduced transcytosis ability. Collectively, our studies establish SpxB as an important virulence determinant facilitating pneumococcal survival inside host cells, ensuring successful trafficking across host cellular barriers.

AUTHOR SUMMARYEukaryotic cells which constitute host barriers have innate immune defences to restrict microbial passage into sterile compartments. This necessitates need for pathogens to devise strategies to evade these, for successful establishment of disease. In this study, by focussing on the blood-brain barrier endothelium, we investigate the mechanisms which enable the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae to traverse host barriers. Pyruvate oxidase, a pneumococcal sugar metabolizing enzyme was found to play a critical role in this key event, owing to production of acetyl phosphate and hydrogen peroxide via its enzymatic activity. On one hand, acetyl phosphate, by contributing to activation of acid tolerance stress response, enabled pneumococci to maintain viability in the lethal acidic pH of the lysosome-like vacuoles inside brain endothelium. On the other, hydrogen peroxide, was found to oxidise and inactivate a subset of degradative lysosomal enzymes. This two-pronged approach, aided by pyruvate oxidase, enabled pneumococci to evade intracellular degradation for successful transcytosis across the endothelium. Thus, pyruvate oxidase is a key determinant of pneumococcal virulence and hence can potentially serve as a viable candidate for therapeutic interventions for better management of invasive pneumococcal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyruvate oxidase as a key determinant of pneumococcal viability during transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier endothelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning to Summarize and Provide Context for Sleep and Eating Schedules. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative timing of sleep and of eating within the circadian day is important for human health. Despite much data on sleep, and a growing data set for eating, there remains a need for an interpretative framework for the understanding of this data for health decisions. This study provides a new statistical and machine learning analysis of more than 500 participants in the Daily24 project. From their data, and the analysis, we propose a framework for determining the classification of participants into different chronotypes and with that the ability to realize the potential impact of daily circadian habits on health. We propose that our resulting distribution curves could be used, similar to NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data for pediatric growth, as a measure for circadian misalignment and used to help guide re-entrainment schedules.

Author summaryDaily habits can be positive, negative or neutral for human health. Generally sleep and eating schedules are assumed without thought for their potential to help or interfere with health. In this study we propose a framework, based on data from more than 500 participants, for evaluating the relative timing of meals and sleep schedules. This evaluation, similar to pediatric growth charts, can guide clinical suggestions for those at the extremes, while helping others to realize that they are unusual relative to the population average
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budavari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning to Summarize and Provide Context for Sleep and Eating Schedules.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human brain region-specific variably methylated regions (VMRs) are enriched for heritability of distinct neuropsychiatric traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDDNA methylation dynamics in the brain are associated with normal development and neuropsychiatric disease and differ across functionally distinct brain regions. Previous studies of genome-wide methylation differences among human brain regions focused on limited numbers of individuals and one to two brain regions.

RESULTSUsing GTEx samples, we have generated a resource of DNA methylation in purified neuronal nuclei from 8 brain regions as well as lung and thyroid tissues from 12-23 donors. We identified differentially methylated regions between brain regions (DMRs) among neuronal nuclei in both CpG (181,146) and non-CpG (264,868) contexts, few of which were unique to a single pair-wise comparison. This significantly expands the knowledge of differential methylation across the brain by 10-fold. In addition, we present the first differential methylation analysis among neuronal nuclei from basal ganglia tissues and identified 2,295 unique CpG DMRs, many associated with ion transport. Consistent with prior studies, CpG DMRs were enriched in regulatory regions while non-CpG DMRs were enriched in intergenic regions. We also identified 81,130 regions of variably CpG methylated regions (VMRs), i.e. variable methylation among individuals in the same brain region, which were enriched in regulatory regions and in CpG DMRs. Many VMRs were unique to a specific brain region, with only 202 common across all brain regions, as well as lung and thyroid. VMRs identified in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus were enriched for heritability of schizophrenia.

CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that epigenetic variation in these particular human brain regions could be associated with the risk for this neuropsychiatric disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzardi, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazanoglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.02.425010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human brain region-specific variably methylated regions (VMRs) are enriched for heritability of distinct neuropsychiatric traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ancient cardioprotective mechanisms of ACE2 bestow SARS-CoV-2 with a wide host range 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infects a broader range of mammalian species than previously anticipated, suggesting there may be additional unknown hosts wherein the virus can evolve and potentially circumvent effective vaccines. We find that SARS-CoV-2 gains a wide host range by binding ACE2 sites essential for ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity. Six mutations found only in rodent species immune to SARS-CoV-2 are sufficient to abolish viral binding to human and dog ACE2. This is achieved through context-dependent mutational effects (intramolecular epistasis) conserved despite ACE2 sequence divergence between species. Across mammals, this epistasis generates sequence-function diversity, but through structures all bound by SARS-CoV-2. Mutational trajectories to the mouse conformation not bound by SARS-CoV-2 are blocked, by single mutations functionally deleterious in isolation, but compensatory in combination, explaining why human polymorphisms at these sites are virtually non-existent. Closed to humans, this path was opened to rodents via permissive cardiovascular phenotypes and ancient increases to ACE2 activity, serendipitously granting SARS-CoV-2 immunity. This reveals how ancient evolutionary trajectories are linked with unprecedented phenotypes such as COVID-19 and suggests extreme caution should be taken to monitor and prevent emerging animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2.

One sentence summaryA conserved mechanism essential for ACE2 catalytic activity is exploited by SARS-CoV-2 binding, allowing the virus to infect a wide range of species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castiglione, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duh, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.03.425115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ancient cardioprotective mechanisms of ACE2 bestow SARS-CoV-2 with a wide host range]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barth syndrome cellular models have dysregulated respiratory chain complex I and mitochondrial quality control due to abnormal cardiolipin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked genetic condition caused by defects in TAZ, which encodes a transacylase involved in the remodeling of the inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). As such, CL has been implicated in numerous mitochondrial functions, and the role of defective CL in the clinical pathology of BTHS is under intense investigation. We used untargeted proteomics, shotgun lipidomics, gene expression analysis, and targeted metabolomics to identify novel areas of mitochondrial dysfunction in a new model of TAZ deficiency in HEK293 cells. Functional annotation analysis of proteomics data revealed abnormal regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (CI), driven by the reduced abundance of 6 CI associated proteins in TAZ-deficient HEK293 cells: MT-ND3, NDUFA5, NDUFAB1, NDUFB2, NDUFB4, and NDUFAF1. This resulted in reduced assembly and function of CI in TAZ-deficient HEK293 cells as well as BTHS patient derived lymphoblast cells. We also identified increased abundance of PARL, a rhomboid protein involved in the regulation of mitophagy and apoptosis, and abnormal downstream processing of PGAM5, another mediator of mitochondrial quality control, in TAZ-deficient cells. Lastly, we modulated CL via the phospholipase inhibitor bromoenol lactone and the CL targeted SS-peptide, SS-31, and showed that each is able to remediate abnormalities in CI abundance as well as PGAM5 processing. Thus, mitochondrial respiratory chain CI and PARL/PGAM5 regulated mitochondrial quality control, both of whose functions localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane, are dysregulated due to TAZ deficiency and are partially remediated via modulation of CL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franca Anzmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniezek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barth syndrome cellular models have dysregulated respiratory chain complex I and mitochondrial quality control due to abnormal cardiolipin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving variant calling using population data and deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale population variant data is often used to filter and aid interpretation of variant calls in a single sample. These approaches do not incorporate population information directly into the process of variant calling, and are often limited to filtering which trades recall for precision. In this study, we develop population-aware DeepVariant models with a new channel encoding allele frequencies from the 1000 Genomes Project. This model reduces variant calling errors, improving both precision and recall in single samples, and reduces rare homozygous and pathogenic clinvar calls cohort-wide. We assess the use of population-specific or diverse reference panels, finding the greatest accuracy with diverse panels, suggesting that large, diverse panels are preferable to individual populations, even when the population matches sample ancestry. Finally, we show that this benefit generalizes to samples with different ancestry from the training data even when the ancestry is also excluded from the reference panel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving variant calling using population data and deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo deciduous dental eruption in LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing data on bonobo and chimpanzee dental eruption timing are derived predominantly from captive individuals or deceased wild individuals. However, recent advances in noninvasive photographic monitoring of living, wild apes have greatly expanded our knowledge of chimpanzee dental eruption in relatively healthy individuals under naturalistic conditions. We employ similar methods to expand on this knowledge by reporting deciduous dental eruption ages in living, wild bonobos and chimpanzees from LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gombe National Park, Tanzania, respectively. Deciduous dental eruption ages in our sample generally fall within the range of variation previously documented for captive chimpanzees. We also found substantial variation in deciduous canine eruption timing, particularly among bonobos. One bonobo had a deciduous canine present by 227 days old while another did not have a deciduous canine present at 477 days old. As more data accumulate from these populations, future studies should consider sources of variation in deciduous canine eruption timing and relationships with other aspects of life history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonsdorf, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbenz-Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augusto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canington, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo deciduous dental eruption in LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance and identification of a founder variant in the epilepsy-associated gene, SZT2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biallelic pathogenic variants in SZT2 result in a neurodevelopmental disorder with shared features, including early-onset epilepsy, developmental delay, macrocephaly, and corpus callosum abnormalities. SZT2 is as a critical scaffolding protein in the amino acid sensing arm of the mTOR signaling pathway. Due to its large size (3432 amino acids), lack of crystal structure, and absence of functional domains, it is difficult to determine the pathogenicity of SZT2 missense and in-frame deletions. We report a cohort of twelve individuals with biallelic SZT2 variants and phenotypes consistent with SZT2-related neurodevelopmental disorder. The majority of this cohort contained one or more SZT2 variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We developed a novel individualized platform to functionally characterize SZT2 VUSs. We identified a recurrent in-frame deletion (SZT2 p.Val1984del) which was determined to be a loss-of-function variant and therefore likely pathogenic. Haplotype analysis determined this single in-frame deletion is a founder variant in those of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Overall, we present a FACS-based rapid assay to distinguish pathogenic variants from VUSs in SZT2, using an approach that is widely applicable to other mTORopathies including the most common causes of the focal genetic epilepsies, DEPDC5, TSC1/2, MTOR and NPRL2/3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happ, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwaibold, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Hicks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassevent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accogli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Sahra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekhilevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershkovitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millichap, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvill, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance and identification of a founder variant in the epilepsy-associated gene, SZT2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent inactivation (CDI) of CaV channels is a critical regulatory process required for tuning the kinetics of Ca2+ entry for different cell types and physiologic responses. Calmodulin (CaM) resides on the IQ domain of the CaV carboxy-tail, such that Ca2+ binding initiates a reduction in channel open probability, manifesting as CDI. This regulatory process exerts a significant impact on Ca2+ entry and is tailored by alternative splicing. CaV1.3 and CaV1.4 feature a long-carboxy-tail splice variant that modulates CDI through a competitive mechanism. In these channels, the distal-carboxy-tail (DCT) harbors an inhibitor of CDI (ICDI) module that competitively displaces CaM from the IQ domain, thereby diminishing CDI. While this overall mechanism is now well-described, the detailed interaction loci for ICDI binding to the IQ domain is yet to be elucidated. Here, we perform alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the IQ and ICDI domains and evaluate the contribution of neighboring regions. We identify multiple critical residues within the IQ domain, ICDI and the nearby A region of the channel, which are required for high affinity IQ/ICDI binding. Importantly, disruption of this interaction commensurately diminishes ICDI function, as seen by the re-emergence of CDI in mutant channels. Furthermore, analysis of the homologous ICDI region of CaV1.2 reveals a selective effect of this channel region on CaV1.3 channels, implicating a cross-channel modulatory scheme in cells expressing both channel subtypes. In all, these findings provide new insights into a molecular rheostat that fine tunes Ca2+ entry and supports normal neuronal and cardiac function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-type specificity of dorsal raphe projections to ventral tegmental area 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The midbrain dorsal raphe (DR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) contain two of the brains main ascending neuromodulatory transmitters: serotonin and dopamine. We studied the pathway from DR to VTA using single-cell RNA sequencing, anatomical tracing, and electrophysiology and behavior in mice. Single-cell sequencing confirmed a differential distribution of dopamine cell types between medial and lateral aspects of the VTA. This molecular diversity included differential expression of a subset of glutamatergic and serotonergic receptors. Anatomical data showed that distinct serotonergic and glutamatergic populations of DR neurons project to distinct medial-lateral locations in VTA. Physiological data showed that serotonergic neurons are positioned to excite putative dopaminergic neurons in lateral VTA on short timescales (within trial), and inhibit them on long timescales (on the next trial). Our results reveal precise anatomical specificity of DR projections to VTA, and suggest a functional role for serotonergic modulation of dopaminergic function across multiple timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucantonio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-type specificity of dorsal raphe projections to ventral tegmental area]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Online learning for orientation estimation during translation in an insect ring attractor network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect neural systems are a promising source of inspiration for new algorithms for navigation, especially on low size, weight, and power platforms. There have been unprecedented recent neuroscience breakthroughs with Drosophila in behavioral and neural imaging experiments as well as the mapping of detailed connectivity of neural structures. General mechanisms for learning orientation in the central complex (CX) of Drosophila have been investigated previously; however, it is unclear how these underlying mechanisms extend to cases where there is translation through an environment (beyond only rotation), which is critical for navigation in robotic systems. Here, we develop a CX neural connectivity-constrained model that performs sensor fusion, as well as unsupervised learning of visual features for path integration; we demonstrate the viability of this circuit for use in robotic systems in simulated and physical environments. Furthermore, we propose a theoretical understanding of how distributed online unsupervised network weight modification can be leveraged for learning in a trajectory through an environment by minimizing of orientation estimation error. Overall, our results here may enable a new class of CX-derived low power robotic navigation algorithms and lead to testable predictions to inform future neuroscience experiments.

SummaryAn insect neural connectivity-constrained model performs sensor fusion and online learning for orientation estimation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symonette, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Online learning for orientation estimation during translation in an insect ring attractor network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective enhancement of neural coding in V1 underlies fine discrimination learning in tree shrew. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual discrimination improves with training, a phenomenon that is thought to reflect plastic changes in the responses of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). However, the identity of the neurons that undergo change, the nature of the changes, and the consequences of these changes for other visual behaviors remain unclear. Using chronic in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging to monitor the responses of neurons in V1 of tree shrews learning a Go/No-Go fine orientation discrimination task, we find increases in neural population measures of discriminability for task-relevant stimuli that correlate with performance and depend on a select subset of neurons with preferred orientations that include the rewarded stimulus and nearby orientations biased away from the non-rewarded stimulus. Learning is accompanied by selective enhancement in the response of these neurons to the rewarded stimulus that further increases their ability to discriminate the task stimuli. These changes persist outside of the trained task and predict observed enhancement and impairment in performance of other discriminations, providing evidence for selective persistent learning-induced plasticity in V1 with significant consequences for perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective enhancement of neural coding in V1 underlies fine discrimination learning in tree shrew.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomic analysis and characterization of Staphylococcus sp. AOAB, isolated from a notoriously invasive Mnemiopsis leidyi gut revealed multiple antibiotic resistance determinants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a coagulase-negative, vancomycin and oxacillin-susceptible novel bacterium of the genus Staphylococcus. Staphylococcus sp. strain AOAB was isolated from the stomodeum (gut) of the Mnemiopsis leidyi from Mobile Bay, Alabama USA. A polyphasic taxonomic approach comprised of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics was used for analysis. The dominant respiratory quinone detected was MK-7 (100%). Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (40.52%), anteiso-C17:0 (13.04 %), C-18:0 (11.53%) and C-20:0 (10.45%). The polar lipid profile consisted of glycolipid, phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Although strain AOAB had a 16SrRNA gene sequence similarity of 99% with S. warneri SG1, S. pasteuri, S. devriesei KS-SP_60, S. lugdunensis HKU09-01, S. epidermidis RP62A, S. haemolyticus JCSC1435 and S. hominis DM 122, it was be distinguished from those species based on Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using 6 marker genes (16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, dnaJ, sodA and tuf). MLSA revealed strain AOAB to be closely related to S. warneri SG1 and S. pasteuri SP1 but distinct from two hitherto known species. These results were confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (closest ANI of 84.93% and 84.58% identity against S. warneri SG1 and S. pasteuri SP1 respectively). In-silico DNA-DNA hybridization was <70% (33.1 % and 32.8% against S. warneri SG1 and S. pasteuri SP1 respectively), which further confirmed that the strain was a potential novel Staphylococcus species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariita, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomic analysis and characterization of Staphylococcus sp. AOAB, isolated from a notoriously invasive Mnemiopsis leidyi gut revealed multiple antibiotic resistance determinants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low oxygen arrests Babesia duncani schizonts and leads to increased drug susceptibilities in hamster erythrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied the effect of oxygen concentrations on the in vitro growth and drug susceptibility of Babesia duncani. We found that the growth of B. duncani required high level oxygen and the culture condition at ambient aerobic condition (21% O2) was optimal. Compared with ambient air, our results further showed that low oxygen (6-16%) could arrest B. duncani schizonts and lead to high susceptibilities to antiparasitic drugs atovaquone, pyrimethamine, quinine, and chloroquine at certain concentrations in vitro. Drug susceptibilities of other Babesia spp impacted by O2 levels need to be studied in the future, and this study indicates that culturing conditions of Babesia spp should be considered and reestablished for generating more comparable and reliable results in drug research in the future.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/426147v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6414b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8ad845org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17cd3bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@30f1f2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIThe in vitro growth of B. duncani requires high level oxygen and the culture condition of 5% CO2 ambient air is optimal
C_LIO_LILow level oxygen results B. duncani in low growth rate and high schizont ratio in vitro
C_LIO_LICompared with 5% CO2 ambient air, in vitro drug susceptibilities of B. duncani can be significantly increased when cultured in microaerobic condition
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzo, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low oxygen arrests Babesia duncani schizonts and leads to increased drug susceptibilities in hamster erythrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modifying TIMER, a slow-folding DsRed derivative, for optimal use in quickly-dividing bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is now well appreciated that members of pathogenic bacterial populations exhibit heterogeneity in growth rates and metabolic activity, and it is known this can impact the ability to eliminate all members of the bacterial population during antibiotic treatment. It remains unclear which pathways promote slowed bacterial growth within host tissues, primarily because it has been difficult to identify and isolate slow growing bacteria from host tissues for downstream analyses. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a novel variant of TIMER, a slow-folding fluorescent protein, to identify subsets of slowly dividing bacteria within host tissues. The original TIMER folds too slowly for fluorescence accumulation in quickly replicating bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis), however this TIMER42 variant accumulates signal in late stationary phase cultures of E. coli and Y. pseudotuberculosis. We show TIMER42 signal also accumulates during exposure to sources of nitric oxide (NO), suggesting TIMER42 signal detects growth-arrested bacterial cells. In a mouse model of Y. pseudotuberculosis deep tissue infection, TIMER42 signal is clearly detected, and primarily accumulates in bacteria expressing markers of stationary phase growth. There was not significant overlap between TIMER42 signal and NO-exposed subpopulations of bacteria within host tissues, suggesting NO stress was transient, allowing bacteria to recover from this stress and resume replication. This novel TIMER42 variant represents a new faster folding TIMER that will enable additional studies of slow-growing subpopulations of bacteria, specifically within bacterial species that quickly divide.

Author SummaryWe have generated a variant of TIMER that can be used to mark slow-growing subsets of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which has a relatively short division time, similar to E. coli. We used a combination of site-directed and random mutagenesis to generate the TIMER42 variant, which has red fluorescent signal accumulation in post-exponential or stationary phase cells. We found that nitric oxide (NO) stress is sufficient to promote TIMER42 signal accumulation in culture, however within host tissues, TIMER42 signal correlates with a stationary phase reporter (dps). These results suggest NO may cause an immediate arrest in bacterial cell division, but during growth in host tissues exposure to NO is transient, allowing bacteria to recover from this stress and resume cell division. Thus instead of indicating a response to host stressors, TIMER42 signal accumulation within host tissues appears to identify slow-growing cells that are experiencing nutrient limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modifying TIMER, a slow-folding DsRed derivative, for optimal use in quickly-dividing bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomaterials direct functional B cell response in a material specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells are an adaptive immune target of biomaterials development in vaccine research but despite their role in wound healing have not been studied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We evaluated the B cell response to biomaterial scaffold materials implanted in a muscle wound; a biological extracellular matrix (ECM) and synthetic polyester polycaprolactone. In the local muscle tissue, small numbers of B cells are recruited in response to tissue injury and biomaterial implantation. ECM materials induced plasmablasts in lymph nodes and antigen presentation in the spleen while the synthetic PCL implants delayed B cell migration and induced an antigen presenting phenotype. In muMt- mice lacking B cells, the fibrotic response to the synthetic biomaterials decreased. Immunofluorescence confirmed antigen presenting B cells in fibrotic tissue surrounding silicone breast implants. In sum, the adaptive B cell immune response to biomaterial depends on composition and induces local, regional and systemic immunological changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport Huyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blosser, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomaterials direct functional B cell response in a material specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial drivers and pre-cancer populations collaborate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with limited treatment options and poor survival. We studied 73 samples from 21 patients (7 treatment-naive and 14 treated with neoadjuvant regimens), analyzing distinct spatial units and performing bulk proteogenomics, single cell sequencing, and cellular imaging. Spatial drivers, including mutant KRAS, SMAD4, and GNAQ, were associated with differential phosphosignaling and metabolic responses compared to wild type. Single cell subtyping discovered 12 of 21 tumors with mixed basal and classical features. Trefoil factor family members were upregulated in classical populations, while the basal populations showed enhanced expression of mesenchymal genes, including VIM and IGTB1. Acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) populations, present in 95% of patients, with 46% reduction of driver mutation fractions compared to tumor populations, exhibited suppressive and oncogenic features linked to morphologic states. We identified coordinated expression of TIGIT in exhausted and regulatory T cells and Nectin receptor expression in tumor cells. Higher expression of angiogenic and stress response genes in dendritic cells compared to tumor cells suggests they have a pro-tumorigenic role in remodeling the microenvironment. Treated samples contain a three-fold enrichment of inflammatory CAFs when compared to untreated samples, while other CAF subtypes remain similar. A subset of tumor and/or ADM-specific biomarkers showed differential expression between treatment groups, and several known drug targets displayed potential cross-cell type reactivities. This resolution that spatially defined single cell omics provides reveals the diversity of tumor and microenvironment populations in PDAC. Such understanding may lead to more optimal treatment regimens for patients with this devastating disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAcinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) cells represent a genetic and morphologic transition state between acinar and tumor cells.
C_LIO_LIInflammatory cancer associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) are a major component of the PDAC TME and are significantly higher in treated samples
C_LIO_LIReceptor-ligand analysis reveals tumor cell-TME interactions through NECTIN4-TIGIT
C_LIO_LITumor and ADM cell proteogenomics differ between treated and untreated samples, with unique and shared potential drug targets
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasinghe, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herndon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storrs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyczalkowski, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fronick, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thammavong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMichael, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelbaum, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasnoff, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeb, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendl, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serasanambati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashl, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terekhanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naser Al Deen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaubelt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoghi, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ch</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial drivers and pre-cancer populations collaborate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cost of correcting for error during sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from error is often a slow process. To accelerate learning, previous motor adaptation studies have focused on explicit factors such as reward or punishment, but the results have been inconsistent. Here, we considered the idea that a movement error carries an implicit cost for the organism because the act of correcting for error consumes time and energy. If this implicit cost could be modulated, it may robustly alter how the brain learns from error. To vary the cost of error, we considered a simple saccade adaptation task but combined it with motion discrimination: movement errors resulted in corrective saccades, but those corrections took time away from acquiring information in the discrimination task. We then modulated error cost using coherence of the discrimination task and found that when error cost was large, pupil diameter increased, and the brain learned more from error. However, when error cost was small, the pupil constricted, and the brain learned less from the same error. Thus, during sensorimotor adaptation, the act of correcting for error carried an implicit cost for the brain. Modulating this cost affects how the brain learns from error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cost of correcting for error during sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 Links Inflammation to Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a pathological mediator of he development, progression, and clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. Inflammation is associated with EC dysfunction, but the responsible mechanisms are not well characterized. There is substantial evidence that serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is increased in pro-inflammatory states and that elevated PCSK9 levels are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes after controlling for traditional risk factors, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.

Here we investigate PCSK9 as a novel link between inflammation and vascular EC dysfunction, as assessed by nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, increased PCSK9 mRNA expression and PCSK9 protein levels in isolated human aortic ECs, which were accompanied by reduced total and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels and NO bioavailability. Finally, genetic PCSK9 reduction utilizing a PCSK9 specific siRNA in human aortic ECs resulted in the rescue of phosphorylated eNOS protein levels and NO bioavailability.

Our results demonstrate that PCSK9 is increased in human aortic ECs exposed to a pro-inflammatory stimulus and that this increase is associated with EC dysfunction. Silencing of TNF-mediated augmentation of PCSK9 expression utilizing a small interfering RNA against PCSK9 rescued the inflammation-induced EC dysfunction. These results indicate that PCSK9 is a causal link between inflammation and EC dysfunction, a potent driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leucker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amat-Codina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstenblith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 Links Inflammation to Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior insula-associated social novelty recognition: orchestrated regulation by a local retinoic acid cascade and oxytocin signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDeficits in social cognition consistently underlie functional disabilities in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that the anterior insula is a  common core brain region that is impaired across neurological and psychiatric disorders, which include social cognition deficits. Nevertheless, neurobiological mechanisms of the anterior insula for social cognition remain elusive.

MethodsTo determine the role of anterior insula in social cognition, we manipulated expression of Cyp26B1, an anterior insula-enriched molecule that is crucial for retinoic acid degradation and involved in the pathology of neuropsychiatric conditions. Social cognition was mainly assayed using the three-chamber social interaction test. We conducted multimodal analyses at the molecular, cellular, circuitry, and behavioral levels.

ResultsAt the molecular/cellular level, anterior insula-mediated social novelty recognition is maintained by proper activity of the layer 5 pyramidal neurons, for which retinoic acid-mediated gene transcription can play a role. We also demonstrate that oxytocin influences the anterior insula-mediated social novelty recognition, not by direct projection of oxytocin neurons, nor by direct diffusion of oxytocin to the anterior insula, which contrasts the modes of oxytocin regulation onto the posterior insula. Instead, oxytocin affects oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus where serotonergic neurons are projected to the anterior insula. Furthermore, we show that serotonin 5HT2C receptor expressed in the anterior insula influences social novelty recognition.

ConclusionsAnterior insula plays a pivotal role in social novelty recognition that is partly regulated by a local retinoic acid cascade, but also remotely regulated by oxytocin via a non-classic mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannals, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash-Padgett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior insula-associated social novelty recognition: orchestrated regulation by a local retinoic acid cascade and oxytocin signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRge3.0: a comprehensive microRNA and tRF sequencing analysis pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs and tRFs are classes of small non-coding RNAs, known for their roles in translational regulation of genes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have enabled high-throughput small RNA-seq studies, which require robust alignment pipelines. Our laboratory previously developed miRge and miRge2.0, as flexible tools to process sequencing data for annotation of miRNAs and other small-RNA species and further predict novel miRNAs using a support vector machine approach. Although, miRge2.0 is a leading analysis tool in terms of speed with unique quantifying and annotation features, it has a few limitations. We present miRge3.0 which provides additional features along with compatibility to newer versions of Cutadapt and Python. The revisions of the tool include the ability to process Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs) to account for PCR duplicates while quantifying miRNAs in the datasets and an accurate GFF3 formatted isomiR tool. miRge3.0 also has speed improvements benchmarked to miRge2.0, Chimira and sRNAbench. Finally, miRge3.0 output integrates into other packages for a streamlined analysis process and provides a cross-platform Graphical User Interface (GUI). In conclusion miRge3.0 is our 3rd generation small RNA-seq aligner with improvements in speed, versatility, and functionality over earlier iterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRge3.0: a comprehensive microRNA and tRF sequencing analysis pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR Del/Rei: A simple, flexible and efficient pipeline for scarless genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scarless genome editing of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is crucial for the precise modeling of genetic disease. Here we present CRISPR Del/Rei, a two-step deletion-reinsertion strategy with high editing efficiency and simple PCR-based screening that generates isogenic clones in ~2 months. We apply our strategy to edit iPSCs at 3 loci with only rare off target editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wahbeh, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdollahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR Del/Rei: A simple, flexible and efficient pipeline for scarless genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myocardial BDNF regulates cardiac bioenergetics through the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is markedly decreased in heart failure patients. Both BDNF and its receptor, Tropomyosin Related Kinase Receptor (TrkB), are expressed in cardiomyocytes, however the role of myocardial BDNF signaling in cardiac pathophysiology is poorly understood. We found that cardiac-specific TrkB knockout (cTrkB KO) mice displayed a blunted adaptive cardiac response to exercise, with attenuated upregulation of transcription factor networks controlling mitochondrial biogenesis/metabolism, including Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1). The cTrkB KO mice developed an exacerbated heart failure progression with transaortic constriction. The downregulation of PGC-1 in cTrkB KO mice exposed to exercise or TAC resulted in decreased cardiac energetics. We further unraveled that BDNF induces PGC-1 upregulation and bioenergetics through a novel signaling pathway, the pleiotropic transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1). Taken together, our findings suggest that myocardial BDNF plays a critical role in regulating cellular energetics in the cardiac stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiva, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myocardial BDNF regulates cardiac bioenergetics through the transcription factor Yin Yang 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Perturbation Profiles Reveal Concordance between Autism Blood Transcriptome Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has made quantifying disease specific molecular changes a challenge. Blood based transcriptomic assays have been performed to isolate these molecular changes and provide biomarkers to aid in ASD diagnoses, etiological understanding, and potential treatment1-6. However, establishing concordance amongst these studies is made difficult in part by the variation in methods used to call putative biomarkers. Here we use personal perturbation profiles to establish concordance amongst these datasets and reveal a pool of 1,189 commonly perturbed genes and new insights into poorly characterized genes that are perturbed in ASD subjects. We find the resultant perturbed gene pools to include the following unnamed genes: C18orf25, C15orf39, C1orf109, C1orf43, C19orf12, C6orf106, C3orf58, C19orf53, C17orf80, C4orf33, C21orf2, C10orf2, C1orf162, C10orf25 and C10orf90. Investigation into these genes using differential correlation analysis and the text mining tool Chilibot reveal interesting connections to DNA damage, ubiquitination, R-loops, autophagy, and mitochondrial damage. Our results support evidence that these cellular events are relevant to ASD molecular mechanisms. The personalized perturbation profile analysis scheme, as described in this work, offers a promising way to establish concordance between seemingly discordant expression datasets and expose the relevance of new genes in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laird, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.427953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Perturbation Profiles Reveal Concordance between Autism Blood Transcriptome Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reagent-free Raman and quantitative phase imaging offer a unique morpho-molecular platform for recognition of malignancy and stages of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common malignancies which account for nearly one-third of all pediatric cancers. The current diagnostic assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require expensive reagents. Here, we report a label-free approach featuring diffraction phase imaging and Raman microscopy that can retrieve both morphological and molecular attributes for label-free optical phenotyping of individual B cells. By investigating leukemia cell lines of early and late stages along with the healthy B cells, we show that phase image can capture subtle morphological differences among the healthy, early, and late stages of leukemic cells. By exploiting its biomolecular specificity, we demonstrate that Raman microscopy is capable of accurately identifying not only different stages of leukemia cells, but also individual cell lines at each stage. Overall, our study provides a rationale for employing this hybrid modality to screen leukemia cells using the widefield QPI and using Raman microscopy for accurate differentiation of early and late-stage phenotypes. This contrast-free and rapid diagnostic tool exhibits great promise for clinical diagnosis and staging of leukemia in the near future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandikar, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reagent-free Raman and quantitative phase imaging offer a unique morpho-molecular platform for recognition of malignancy and stages of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals multiple loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) measured from blood specimens is a minimally invasive marker of mitochondrial function that exhibits both inter-individual and intercellular variation. To identify genes involved in regulating mitochondrial function, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 465,809 White individuals from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the UK Biobank (UKB). We identified 133 SNPs with statistically significant, independent effects associated with mtDNA-CN across 100 loci. A combination of fine-mapping, variant annotation, and co-localization analyses were used to prioritize genes within each of the 133 independent sites. Putative causal genes were enriched for known mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (p = 3.09 x 10-15) and the gene ontology (GO) terms for mtDNA metabolism (p = 1.43 x 10-8) and mtDNA replication (p = 1.2 x 10-7). A clustering approach leveraged pleiotropy between mtDNA-CN associated SNPs and 41 mtDNA-CN associated phenotypes to identify functional domains, revealing three distinct groups, including platelet activation, megakaryocyte proliferation, and mtDNA metabolism. Finally, using mitochondrial SNPs, we establish causal relationships between mitochondrial function and a variety of blood cell related traits, kidney function, liver function and overall (p = 0.044) and non-cancer mortality (p = 6.56 x 10-4).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyatt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacprowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHARGE Aging and Longevity Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitlani, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunetta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals multiple loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tTARGIT AAVs: A sensitive and flexible method to manipulate intersectional neuronal populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While Cre-dependent viral systems permit the manipulation of many neuron types, some cell populations cannot be targeted by a single DNA recombinase. Although the combined use of Flp and Cre recombinases can overcome this limitation, insufficient recombinase activity can reduce the efficacy of existing Cre+Flp-dependent viral systems. We developed a sensitive dual recombinase-activated viral approach: tTA-driven Recombinase-Guided Intersectional Targeting (tTARGIT) AAVs. tTARGIT AAVs utilize a Flp-dependent tetracycline transactivator (tTA) "Driver" AAV and a tetracycline response element (TRE)-driven, Cre-dependent "Payload" AAV to express the transgene of interest. We employed this system in Slc17a6FlpO;LeprCre mice to manipulate LepRb neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH; LepRbVMH neurons) while omitting neighboring LepRb populations. We defined the circuitry of LepRbVMH neurons and roles for these cells in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Thus, the tTARGIT system mediates robust recombinase-sensitive transgene expression, permitting the precise manipulation of previously intractable neural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affinati, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flak, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tTARGIT AAVs: A sensitive and flexible method to manipulate intersectional neuronal populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local adaptation and archaic introgression shape global diversity at human structural variant loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large genomic insertions, deletions, and inversions are a potent source of functional and fitness-altering variation, but are challenging to resolve with short-read DNA sequencing alone. While recent long-read sequencing technologies have greatly expanded the catalog of structural variants (SVs), their costs have so far precluded their application at population scales. Given these limitations, the role of SVs in human adaptation remains poorly characterized. Here, we used a graph-based approach to genotype 107,866 long-read-discovered SVs in short-read sequencing data from diverse human populations. We then applied an admixture-aware method to scan these SVs for patterns of population-specific frequency differentiation--a signature of local adaptation. We identified 220 SVs exhibiting extreme frequency differentiation, including several SVs that were among the lead variants at their corresponding loci. The top two signatures traced to separate insertion and deletion polymorphisms at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, together tagging a 325 Kbp haplotype that swept to high frequency and was subsequently fragmented by recombination. Alleles defining this haplotype are nearly fixed (60-95%) in certain Southeast Asian populations, but are rare or absent from other global populations composing the 1000 Genomes Project. Further investigation revealed that the haplotype closely matches with sequences observed in two of three high-coverage Neanderthal genomes, providing strong evidence of a Neanderthal-introgressed origin. This extraordinary episode of positive selection, which we infer to have occurred between 1700 and 8400 years ago, corroborates the role of immune-related genes as prominent targets of adaptive archaic introgression. Our study demonstrates how combining recent advances in genome sequencing, genotyping algorithms, and population genetic methods can reveal signatures of key evolutionary events that remained hidden within poorly resolved regions of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local adaptation and archaic introgression shape global diversity at human structural variant loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CloudReg: Automatic Terabyte-Scale Cross-Modal Brain Volume Registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying terabyte-scale multi-modal human and animal imaging data requires scalable analysis tools. We developed CloudReg, an open-source, automatic, terabyte-scale, cloud-based image analysis pipeline that pre-processes and registers cross-modal volumetric datasets with artifacts via spatially-varying polynomial intensity transform. CloudReg accurately registers the following datasets to their respective atlases: in vivo human and ex vivo macaque brain magnetic resonance imaging, ex vivo mouse brain micro-computed tomography, and cleared murine brain light-sheet microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CloudReg: Automatic Terabyte-Scale Cross-Modal Brain Volume Registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.427793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.427793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to understand genetic variability involved in an individuals susceptibility to chronic pain support a role for upstream regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. To examine the transcriptomic and epigenetic basis of chronic pain that resides in the peripheral nervous system, we used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to identify novel molecular pathways associated with pain hypersensitivity in two well-studied persistent pain models induced by Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve and intra-plantar injection of Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) in rats. Our RNA-seq studies identify a variety of biological process related to synapse organization, membrane potential, transmembrane transport, and ion binding. Interestingly, genes that encode transcriptional regulators were disproportionately downregulated in both models. Our ATAC-seq data provide a comprehensive map of chromatin accessibility changes in the DRG. A total of 1123 regions showed changes in chromatin accessibility in one or both models when compared to the naive and 31 shared differentially accessible regions (DAR)s. Functional annotation of the DARs identified disparate molecular functions enriched for each pain model which suggests that chromatin structure may be altered differently following sciatic nerve injury and hind paw inflammation. Motif analysis identified 17 DNA sequences known to bind transcription factors in the CCI DARs and 33 in the CFA DARs. Two motifs were significantly enriched in both models. Our improved understanding of the changes in chromatin accessibility that occur in chronic pain states may identify regulatory genomic elements that play essential roles in modulating gene expression in the DRG.

SummaryShared transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in two animal models improves our understanding of how chromatin structural changes alter DRG gene expression under persistent pain conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfro, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.427793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAV-Txnip prolongs cone survival and vision in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease, affecting >20 million people worldwide. Loss of daylight vision typically occurs due to the dysfunction/loss of cone photoreceptors, the cell type that initiates our color and high acuity vision. Currently, there is no effective treatment for RP, other than gene therapy for a limited number of specific disease genes. To develop a gene-agnostic therapy, we screened {approx}20 genes for their ability to prolong cone photoreceptor survival in vivo. Here, we report an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing Txnip, which prolongs the survival of cone photoreceptors and improves visual acuity in RP mouse models. A Txnip allele, C247S, which blocks the association of Txnip with thioredoxin, provides an even greater benefit. Additionally, the rescue effect of Txnip depends on lactate dehydrogenase b (Ldhb), and correlates with the presence of healthier mitochondria, suggesting that Txnip saves RP cones by enhancing their lactate catabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAV-Txnip prolongs cone survival and vision in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome and transcriptome of a pathogenic yeast, Candida nivariensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a highly contiguous genome and transcriptome of the pathogenic yeast, Candida nivariensis. We sequenced both the DNA and RNA of this species using both the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Illumina platforms. We assembled the genome into an 11.8 Mb draft composed of 16 contigs with an N50 of 886 Kb, including a circular mitochondrial sequence of 28 Kb. Using direct RNA nanopore sequencing and Illumina cDNA sequencing, we constructed an annotation of our new assembly, supplemented by lifting over genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome and transcriptome of a pathogenic yeast, Candida nivariensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.427517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.427517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is a devastating disease that kills over half a million people each year1. Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes into mammalian hosts undergo a clinically silent phase of obligatory development and replication in hepatocytes before initiating the life-threatening blood-stage of malaria2. Thus, understanding the immune responses elicited by Plasmodium infection in the liver is key to controlling clinical malaria and transmission3,4. Here, we show that Plasmodium DNA can be detected by AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) sensors in the infected hepatocytes, resulting in Caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell-death. However, Caspase-1 was observed to undergo only partial cleavage in hepatocytes, limiting pyroptosis, and the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines classically associated with Caspase-1 activation. We discovered that the extent of Caspase-1 cleavage in cells is determined by the expression of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). ASC expression is inherently low in hepatocytes, and transgenically enhancing it in the hepatocytes induced complete processing of Caspase-1, efficient secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced pyroptotic cell-death, and markedly improved control of malaria infection in the liver. In addition to describing a novel pathway of natural immunity to malaria, our findings uncover a key aspect of liver biology that may have been exploited during evolution by successful hepatotropic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques-da-Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peissig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancox, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pewe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanneganti, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurup, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.427517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Similarity Structure of Real-World Memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do we mentally organize our memories of life events? Two episodes may be connected because they share a similar location, time period, activity, spatial environment, or social and emotional content. However, we lack an understanding of how each of these dimensions contributes to the perceived similarity of two life memories. We addressed this question with a data-driven approach, eliciting pairs of real-life memories from participants. Participants annotated the social, purposive, spatial, temporal, and emotional characteristics of their memories. We found that the overall similarity of memories was influenced by all of these factors, but to very different extents. Emotional features were the most consistent single predictor of overall memory similarity. Memories with different emotional tone were reliably perceived to be dissimilar, even when they occurred at similar times and places and involved similar people; conversely, memories with a shared emotional tone were perceived as similar even when they occurred at different times and places, and involved different people. A predictive model explained over half of the variance in memory similarity, using only information about (i) the emotional properties of events and (ii) the primary action or purpose of events. Emotional features may make an outsized contribution to event similarity because they provide compact summaries of an events goals and self-related outcomes, which are critical information for future planning and decision making. Thus, in order to understand and improve real-world memory function, we must account for the strong influence of emotional and purposive information on memory organization and memory search.

SignificanceOur brains enable us to understand and act within the present, informed by previous, related life experience. But how are our life experiences organized so that one event can be related to another? Theories have suggested that we use spatiotemporal, social, causal, purposive, and emotional dimensions to inter-relate our memories; however, these organizing principles are usually studied using impersonal laboratory stimuli. Here, we mapped and modeled the connections between peoples own annotated life memories. We found that life events are linked by a variety of factors, but are predominantly connected in memory by their primary activity and emotional character. This highlights a need for theories of memory organization and retrieval to better account for the role of high-level actions and emotions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomita, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barense, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Similarity Structure of Real-World Memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric Regulation of the EphA2 Receptor Intracellular Region by Serine/Threonine Kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases play a key role in cell-cell communication. However, lack of structural information on the entire multi-domain intracellular region of any Eph receptor has hindered detailed understanding of their signaling mechanisms. Here, we use an integrative structural biology approach combining X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, to gain the first insights into the structure and dynamics of the entire EphA2 intracellular region. EphA2 promotes cancer malignancy through a poorly understood non-canonical form of signaling that depends on serine/threonine phosphorylation of the linker connecting the EphA2 kinase and SAM domains. We uncovered two distinct molecular mechanisms that may function in concert to mediate the effects of linker phosphorylation through an orchestrated allosteric regulatory network. The first involves a shift in the equilibrium between a "closed" configuration of the EphA2 intracellular region and an "open" more extended configuration induced by the accumulation of phosphorylation sites in the linker. This implies that cooperation of multiple serine/threonine kinase signaling networks is necessary to promote robust EphA2 non-canonical signaling. The second involves allosteric rearrangements in the kinase domain and juxtamembrane segment induced by phosphorylation of some linker residues, suggesting a link between EphA2 non-canonical signaling and canonical signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation. Given the key role of EphA2 in cancer malignancy, this new knowledge can inform therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lechtenberg, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric Regulation of the EphA2 Receptor Intracellular Region by Serine/Threonine Kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic shifts of tumor associated macrophages and STAT3 mediated suppression of myeloid derived suppressor cells drive sensitization of HER2+ tumor immunity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how novel therapeutic combinations alter solid tumor microenvironments (TME) in immunosuppressive tumors such as breast cancer is essential to improve their responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Entinostat, an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has been shown to improve responses to ICIs in various tumor models with immunosuppressive TMEs, but the precise alterations induced by entinostat and mechanisms of synergy with ICIs remain unknown. Here, we employ single-cell RNA-sequencing on HER2 overexpressing breast tumors from mice treated with entinostat + ICIs to characterize these changes across cell types in the TME. This analysis demonstrates that treatment with entinostat induces a shift from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor TME signature characterized predominantly by changes in the myeloid cells. Notably, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are shifted toward the less suppressive granulocytic phenotype in association with reduced signaling through the STAT3 pathway. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages are shifted toward an anti-tumor M1 phenotype by epigenetic reprogramming. Overall, these entinostat-induced TME changes reduce immunosuppression and increase mechanisms of tumor cell killing to improve ICI responses and broaden the population of patients who could potentially benefit from immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christmas, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos-Torres, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic shifts of tumor associated macrophages and STAT3 mediated suppression of myeloid derived suppressor cells drive sensitization of HER2+ tumor immunity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speed limits of protein assembly with reversible membrane localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-assembly is often studied in a three-dimensional (3D) solution, but a significant fraction of binding events involve proteins that can reversibly bind and diffuse along a two-dimensional (2D) surface. In a recent study, we quantified how proteins can exploit the reduced dimension of the membrane to trigger complex formation. Here, we derive a single expression for the characteristic timescale of this multi-step assembly process, where the change in dimensionality renders rates and concentrations effectively time-dependent. We find that proteins can accelerate complex formation due to an increase in relative concentration, driving more frequent collisions which often wins out over slow-downs due to diffusion. Our model contains two protein populations that associate with one another and use a distinct site to bind membrane lipids, creating a complex reaction network. However, by identifying two major rate-limiting pathways to reach an equilibrium steady-state, we derive an accurate approximation for the mean first passage time when lipids are in abundant supply. Our theory highlights how the  sticking rate, or effective adsorption coefficient of the membrane is central in controlling timescales. We also derive a corrected localization rate to quantify how the geometry of the system and diffusion can reduce rates of localization. We validate and test our results using kinetic and reaction-diffusion simulations. Our results establish how the speed of key assembly steps can shift by orders-of-magnitude when membrane localization is possible, which is critical to understanding mechanisms used in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speed limits of protein assembly with reversible membrane localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac progenitors auto-regulate second heart field cell fate via Wnt secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper heart formation requires coordinated development of two anatomically distinct groups of cells - the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF). Given that congenital heart defects are often restricted to derivatives of the FHF or SHF, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms controlling their development. Wnt signaling has previously been implicated in SHF proliferation; however, the source of Wnts remains unknown. Through comparative gene analysis, we found upregulation of Wnts and Wnt receptor/target genes in the FHF and SHF, respectively, raising the possibility that early cardiac progenitors may secrete Wnts to influence SHF cell fate. To probe this further, we deleted Wntless (Wls), a gene required for Wnt ligand secretion, in various populations of precardiac cells. Deletion of Wls in Mesp1+ cells resulted in formation of a single chamber heart with left ventricle identity, implying compromised SHF development. This phenotype was recapitulated by deleting Wls in cells expressing Islet1, a pan-cardiac marker. Similarly, Wls deletion in cells expressing Nkx2.5, a later-expressed pan-cardiac marker, resulted in hypoplastic right ventricle, a structure derived from the SHF. However, no developmental defects were observed when deleting Wls in SHF progenitors. To gain mechanistic insights, we isolated Mesp1-lineage cells from developing embryos and performed single-cell RNA-sequencing. Our comprehensive single cell transcriptome analysis revealed that Wls deletion dysregulates developmental trajectories of both anterior and posterior SHF cells, marked by impaired proliferation and premature differentiation. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of local precardiac mesodermal Wnts in SHF fate decision, providing fundamental insights into understanding heart field development and chamber formation.

Significance StatementThere is significant interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying heart formation to develop treatments and cures for patients suffering from congenital heart disease. In particular, we were interested in the intricacies of first (FHF) and second heart field (SHF) development, as many congenital heart defects present with heart field-specific etiologies. Here, we uncovered a novel relationship between specified cardiac progenitor cells and second heart field progenitors. Through genetic manipulation of Wnt secretion in developing mouse embryos, we identified a population of cardiac progenitor cells that acts as a local source of Wnts which are necessary for proper SHF development. Our single cell transcriptomic analysis of developing anterior mesoderm showed cardiac progenitor-secreted Wnts function through regulation of differentiation and proliferation among SHF progenitors. Thus, this study provides insight into the source and timing of Wnts required for SHF development, and points to the crucial role of co-developing cell populations in heart development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac progenitors auto-regulate second heart field cell fate via Wnt secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory reconstruction identifies dysregulation of perinatal maturation programs in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A primary limitation in the clinical application of pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) is the failure of these cells to achieve full functional maturity. In vivo, cardiomyocytes undergo numerous adaptive changes during perinatal maturation. By contrast, PSC-CMs fail to fully undergo these developmental processes, instead remaining arrested at an embryonic stage of maturation. To date, however, the precise mechanisms by which directed differentiation differs from endogenous development, leading to consequent PSC-CM maturation arrest, are unknown. The advent of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has offered great opportunities for studying CM maturation at single cell resolution. However, perinatal cardiac scRNA-seq has been limited owing to technical difficulties in the isolation of single CMs. Here, we used our previously developed large particle fluorescence-activated cell sorting approach to generate an scRNA-seq reference of mouse in vivo CM maturation with extensive sampling of perinatal time periods. We subsequently generated isogenic embryonic stem cells and created an in vitro scRNA-seq reference of PSC-CM directed differentiation. Through trajectory reconstruction methods, we identified a perinatal maturation program in endogenous CMs that is poorly recapitulated in vitro. By comparison of our trajectories with previously published human datasets, we identified a network of nine transcription factors (TFs) whose targets are consistently dysregulated in PSC-CMs across species. Notably, we demonstrated that these TFs are only partially activated in common ex vivo approaches to engineer PSC-CM maturation. Our study represents the first direct comparison of CM maturation in vivo and in vitro at the single cell level, and can be leveraged towards improving the clinical viability of PSC-CMs.

Significance StatementThere is a significant clinical need to generate mature cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. However, to date, most differentiation protocols yield phenotypically immature cardiomyocytes. The mechanisms underlying this poor maturation state are unknown. Here, we used single cell RNA-sequencing to compare cardiomyocyte maturation pathways in endogenous and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We found that in vitro, cardiomyocytes fail to undergo critical perinatal gene expression changes necessary for complete maturation. We found that key transcription factors regulating these changes are poorly expressed in vitro. Our study provides a better understanding of cardiomyocyte maturation both in vivo and in vitro, and may lead to improved approaches for engineering mature cardiomyocytes from stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory reconstruction identifies dysregulation of perinatal maturation programs in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured representation of clinical genetic results is necessary for advancing precision medicine. The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Networks Phase III program initially used a commercially developed XML message format for standardized and structured representation of genetic results for electronic health record (EHR) integration. In a desire to move towards a standard representation, the network created a new standardized format based upon Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR), to represent clinical genomics results. These new standards improve the utility of HL7 FHIR as an international healthcare interoperability standard for management of genetic data from patients. This work advances the establishment of standards that are being designed for broad adoption in the current health information technology landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babb, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimuth, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granite, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedotov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangash, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestor, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.429037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Video-based quantification of human movement frequency using pose estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessment of repetitive movements (e.g., finger tapping) is a hallmark of motor examinations in several neurologic populations. These assessments are traditionally performed by a human rater via visual inspection; however, advances in computer vision offer potential for remote, quantitative assessment using simple video recordings. Here, we evaluated a pose estimation approach for measurement of human movement frequency from smartphone videos. Ten healthy young participants provided videos of themselves performing five repetitive movement tasks (finger tapping, hand open/close, hand pronation/supination, toe tapping, leg agility) at four target frequencies (1-4 Hz). We assessed the ability of a workflow that incorporated OpenPose (a freely available whole-body pose estimation algorithm) to estimate movement frequencies by comparing against manual frame-by-frame (i.e., ground-truth) measurements for all tasks and target frequencies using repeated measures ANOVA, Pearsons correlations, and intraclass correlations. Our workflow produced largely accurate estimates of movement frequencies; only the hand open/close task showed a significant difference in the frequencies estimated by pose estimation and manual measurement (while statistically significant, these differences were small in magnitude). All other tasks and frequencies showed no significant differences between pose estimation and manual measurement. Pose estimation-based detections of individual events (e.g., finger taps, hand closures) showed strong correlations with manual detections for all tasks and frequencies. In summary, our pose estimation-based workflow accurately tracked repetitive movements in healthy adults across a range of tasks and movement frequencies. Future work will test this approach as a fast, low-cost, accessible approach to quantitative assessment of repetitive movements in clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Video-based quantification of human movement frequency using pose estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased energy expenditure and protection from diet-induced obesity in mice lacking the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a central component to cardiometabolic diseases, predisposing patients to both heart failure and diabetes. As therapeutics targeting caloric intake have limited long-term efficacy, greater interest has been on increasing thermogenic energy expenditure. Cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, are important second messengers that are critical for the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis. These are regulated not only by their synthesis but also by their degradation. Pharmacological inhibitors of the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) increased PKG signaling and UCP1 expression in adipocytes. To elucidate the role of PDE9 on energy balance and glucose homeostasis in vivo, mice carrying a targeted disruption of the PDE9 gene, Pde9a, were fed a nutrient matched high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD). Pde9a-/- mice were resistant to obesity induced by a HFD. Pde9a-/- mice exhibited a global increase in energy expenditure while the brown adipose tissue had elevated expression of Ucp1 and other thermogenic genes. The reduced adiposity of HFD-fed Pde9a-/- mice was associated with improvements in glucose handling and hepatic steatosis. These findings support the conclusion that PDE9 is a critical regulator of energy metabolism and suggest that inhibiting this enzyme may be an important avenue to explore for combating metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased energy expenditure and protection from diet-induced obesity in mice lacking the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colonic epithelial adaptation to EGFR-independent growth induces induces chromosomal instability and is accelerated by prior injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although much is known about the gene mutations required to drive colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, the tissue-specific selective microenvironments in which neoplasia arises remains less characterized. Here, we determined whether modulation of intestinal stem cell niche morphogens alone can exert a neoplasia-relevant selective pressure on normal colonic epithelium. Using adult stem cell-derived murine colonic epithelial organoids (colonoids), we employed a strategy of sustained withdrawal of EGF and EGFR inhibition to select for and expand survivors. EGFR-signaling-independent (iEGFR) colonoids emerged over rounds of selection and expansion. Colonoids derived from a mouse model of chronic mucosal injury showed an enhanced ability to adapt to EGFR inhibition. Whole-exome and transcriptomic analyses of iEGFR colonoids demonstrated acquisition of deleterious mutations and altered expression of genes implicated in EGF signaling, pyroptosis, and CRC. iEGFR colonoids acquired dysplasia-associated cytomorphologic changes, an increased proliferative rate, and the ability to survive independently of other required niche factors. These changes were accompanied by emergence of aneuploidy and chromosomal instability; further, the observed mitotic segregation errors were significantly associated with loss of interkinetic nuclear migration, a fundamental and dynamic process underlying intestinal epithelial homeostasis. This study provides key evidence that chromosomal instability and other phenotypes associated with neoplasia can be induced ex vivo via adaptation to EGF withdrawal in normal and stably euploid colonic epithelium, without introducing cancer-associated driver mutations. In addition, prior mucosal injury accelerates this evolutionary process.

Key definitionsColonoids: adult stem cell-derived colonic epithelial organoids

iEGFR: in vitro selective conditions devoid of EGF (epidermal growth factor) and including an EGFR (EGF receptor) inhibitor 1

iEGFR colonoids: colonoids tolerant to iEGFR culture conditions with growth and survival similar to unselected passage-matched controls

INM: Interkinetic nuclear migration
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonic epithelial adaptation to EGFR-independent growth induces induces chromosomal instability and is accelerated by prior injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central obesity with cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a major global contributor to human disease, and effective therapies are needed. Here, we show inhibiting cyclic-GMP selective phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9-I) suppresses established diet-induced obesity and CMS in ovariectomized female and male mice. PDE9-I reduces abdominal, hepatic, and myocardial fat accumulation, stimulates mitochondrial activity in brown and white fat, and improves CMS, without altering activity or food intake. PDE9 localizes to mitochondria, and its inhibition stimulates lipolysis and mitochondrial respiration coupled to PPAR-dependent gene regulation. PPAR upregulation is required for PDE9-I metabolic efficacy and is absent in non-ovariectomized females that also display no metabolic benefits from PDE9-I. The latter is compatible with estrogen receptor- altering PPAR chromatin binding identified by ChIPSeq. In humans with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, myocardial expression of PPARA and its regulated genes is reduced versus control. These findings support testing PDE9-I to treat obesity/CMS in men and postmenopausal women.

SummaryOral inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 9 stimulates mitochondrial fat metabolism and lipolysis, reducing central obesity without changing appetite
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangoiti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast activation protein regulates natural killer cell migration, extravasation and tumor infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in physiologic and pathologic conditions such as pregnancy, infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. In cancer, numerous strategies have been designed to exploit the cytolytic properties of NK cells, with variable success. A major hurdle to NK-cell focused therapies is NK cell recruitment and infiltration into tumors. While the chemotaxis pathways regulating NK recruitment to different tissues are well delineated, the mechanisms human NK cells employ to physically migrate are ill-defined. We show for the first time that human NK cells express fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface protease previously thought to be primarily expressed by activated fibroblasts. FAP degrades the extracellular matrix to facilitate cell migration and tissue remodeling. We used novel in vivo zebrafish and in vitro 3D culture models to demonstrate that FAP knock out and pharmacologic inhibition restrict NK cell migration, extravasation, and invasion through tissue matrix. Notably, forced overexpression of FAP promotes NK cell invasion through matrix in both transwell and tumor spheroid assays, ultimately increasing tumor cell lysis. Additionally, FAP overexpression enhances NK cells invasion into a human tumor in immunodeficient mice. These findings demonstrate the necessity of FAP in NK cell migration and present a new approach to modulate NK cell trafficking and enhance cell-based therapy in solid tumors.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=129 SRC="FIGDIR/small/429622v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d6d9e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b6790org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc581eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ad2129_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Veken, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast activation protein regulates natural killer cell migration, extravasation and tumor infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LevioSAM: Fast lift-over of alternate reference alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs more population genetics datasets and population-specific references become available, the task of translating ("lifting") read alignments from one reference coordinate system to another is becoming more common. Existing tools generally require a chain file, whereas VCF files are the more common way to represent variation. Existing tools also do not make effective use of threads, creating a post-alignment bottleneck.

ResultsLevioSAM is a tool for lifting SAM/BAM alignments from one reference to another using a VCF file containing population variants. LevioSAM uses succinct data structures and scales efficiently to many threads. When run downstream of a read aligner, levioSAM completes in less than 13% the time required by an aligner when both are run with 16 threads.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/alshai/levioSAM

Contacttmun1@jhu.edu, langmea@cs.jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LevioSAM: Fast lift-over of alternate reference alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using Multiple Biomarkers of an Underlying Common Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWMendelian Randomization (MR) analysis is increasingly popular for testing the causal effect of exposures on disease outcomes using data from genome-wide association studies. In some settings, the underlying exposure, such as systematic inflammation, may not be directly observable, but measurements can be available on multiple biomarkers or other types of traits that are coregulated by the exposure. We propose a method for MR analysis on latent exposures (MRLE), which tests the significance for, and the direction of, the effect of a latent exposure by leveraging information from multiple related traits. The method is developed by constructing a set of estimating functions based on the second-order moments of GWAS summary association statistics for the observable traits, under a structural equation model where genetic variants are assumed to have indirect effects through the latent exposure and potentially direct effects on the traits. Simulation studies show that MRLE has well-controlled type I error rates and enhanced power compared to single-trait MR tests under various types of pleiotropy. Applications of MRLE using genetic association statistics across five inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-, and MCP-1) provide evidence for potential causal effects of inflammation on increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, colorectal cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis, while standard MR analysis for individual biomarkers fails to detect consistent evidence for such effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using Multiple Biomarkers of an Underlying Common Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-dependent activation of actin elongation factor mDia1 protects the cytoskeleton from mechanical damage and facilitates stress fiber repair. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasticity of cell mechanics underlies a wide range of cell and tissue behaviors allowing cells to migrate through narrow spaces, resist shear forces, and safeguard against mechanical damage. Such plasticity depends on spatiotemporal regulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, but mechanisms of adaptive change in cell mechanics remain elusive. Here, we report a mechanism of mechanically activated actin polymerization at focal adhesions, specifically requiring the actin elongation factor mDia1. By combining live-cell imaging with mathematical modelling, we show that actin polymerization at focal adhesions exhibits pulsatile dynamics where spikes of mDia1 activity are triggered by contractile forces. The suppression of mDia1-mediated actin polymerization increases tension on stress fibers leading to an increased frequency of spontaneous stress fiber damage and decreased efficiency of zyxin-mediated stress fiber repair. We conclude that tension-controlled actin polymerization acts as a safety valve dampening excessive tension on the actin cytoskeleton and safeguarding stress fibers against mechanical damage.

SUMMARYValencia et al. report that tension-controlled actin polymerization at focal adhesions mediated by formin mDia1 controls mechanical tension on stress fibers. Suppression of mDia1 increases tension on the actin cytoskeleton leading to a higher rate of stress fiber damage and less efficient stress fiber repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valencia, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-dependent activation of actin elongation factor mDia1 protects the cytoskeleton from mechanical damage and facilitates stress fiber repair.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human SAGA is an essential co-activator complex that regulates gene expression by interacting with enhancer-bound activators, recruiting transcriptional machinery, and modifying chromatin near promoters. Subunit variations and the metazoan-specific requirement of SAGA in development hinted at unique structural features of the human complex. Our 2.9 [A] structure of human SAGA reveals intertwined functional modules flexibly connected to a core that distinctively integrates mammalian paralogs, incorporates U2 splicing subunits, and features a unique interface between the core and the activator-binding TRRAP. Our structure sheds light on unique roles and regulation of human coactivators with implications for transcription and splicing that have relevance in genetic diseases and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible blood-brain barrier opening utilizing the membrane active peptide melittin in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly controls entry of molecules and cells into the brain, restricting the delivery of therapeutics. Blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) utilizes reversible disruption of cell-cell junctions between brain microvascular endothelial cells to enable transient entry into the brain. Development of BBBO techniques has been hindered by a lack of physiological models for in vitro study. Here, we utilize an in vitro tissue-engineered microvessel model to demonstrate that melittin, a membrane active peptide present in bee venom, supports BBBO. From endothelial and neuronal viability studies, we identify the accessible concentration range for BBBO. We then use a tissue-engineered model of the human BBB to optimize dosing and elucidate the mechanism of opening. Melittin and other membrane active variants transiently increase paracellular permeability via disruption of cell-cell junctions. In mice, we demonstrate a minimum clinically effective intra-arterial dose of 3 M{middle dot}min melittin, which is reversible within one day and neurologically safe. Melittin-induced BBBO represents a novel platform for delivery of therapeutics into the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linville, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible blood-brain barrier opening utilizing the membrane active peptide melittin in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin 7 is enriched at the plasma membrane to promote vesicle docking and control synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin (SYT) 7 has emerged as key regulator of presynaptic function, but its localization and precise function in the synaptic vesicle cycle remain unclear. Here, we used iGluSnFR to optically and directly interrogate glutamate release, at the single bouton level, in SYT7 KO dissociated mouse hippocampal neurons. We analyzed asynchronous release, paired pulse facilitation, and synaptic vesicle replenishment, and found that SYT7 contributes to each of these processes to different degrees.  Zap-and-freeze electron microscopy revealed that loss of SYT7 impairs the docking of synaptic vesicles after a stimulus and the recovery of depleted synaptic vesicles after a stimulus train. To execute these functions, SYT7 must be targeted to the plasma membrane via {gamma}-secretase-mediated cleavage of the amino terminus, followed by palmitoylation. The complex sorting itinerary of SYT7 endows this Ca2+-sensor with the ability to control crucial forms of synaptic function and plasticity.

O_LISYT7 mediated asynchronous release, paired pulse facilitation, and synaptic vesicle replenishment was observed optically at individual hippocampal synapses
C_LIO_LILocalization, trafficking, and stability of SYT7 is dependent on processing by {gamma}-secretase
C_LIO_LIShort term plasticity defects arise in SYT7KOs due to decreased docking of synaptic vesicles after stimulation
C_LIO_LISYT7 promotes paired-pulse facilitation and asynchronous release via distinct mechanisms
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vevea, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptotagmin 7 is enriched at the plasma membrane to promote vesicle docking and control synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond massive univariate tests: Covariance regression reveals complex patterns of functional connectivity related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, age, sex, and response control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We applied a novel Covariate Assisted Principal (CAP) whole-matrix regression approach to identify resting-state functional connectivity (FC) brain networks associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and response control. Participants included 8-12 year-old children with ADHD (n=115, 29 girls) and typically developing controls (n=102, 35 girls) with a resting-state fMRI scan and go/no-go task behavioral data. We modeled three sets of covariates to identify resting-state networks associated with ADHD, age, sex, and response control. Four networks were identified across models revealing complex interactions between subregions of cognitive control, default mode, subcortical, visual, and somatomotor networks that relate to age, response control, and a diagnosis of ADHD among girls and boys. Unique networks were also identified in each of the three models suggesting some specificity to the covariates of interest. These findings demonstrate the utility of our novel covariance regression approach to studying functional brain networks relevant for development, behavior, and psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosch, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond massive univariate tests: Covariance regression reveals complex patterns of functional connectivity related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, age, sex, and response control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Fission Regulates Transcription of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Embryonic Hearts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes severe congenital heart diseases and prenatal/neonatal lethality. The lack of sufficient knowledge regarding how mitochondrial abnormalities affect cardiogenesis poses a major barrier for the development of clinical applications that target inborn heart defects due to mitochondrial deficiency. Mitochondrial morphology, which is regulated by fission and fusion, plays key roles in determining mitochondrial activity. Drp1 encodes a dynamin-related GTPase required for mitochondrial fission. To investigate the role of mitochondrial fission on cardiogenesis during the embryonic metabolic shift period, we specifically inactivated Drp1 in second heart field derived structures. Deletion of Drp1 in embryonic cardiomyocytes led to severe defects in mitochondrial morphology, ultrastructure, and activity. These defects caused increased cell death, decreased cell survival, disorganized cardiomyocytes, and embryonic lethality. Through characterizing this model, we reveal a novel AMPK-SIRT7-GABPB axis that relays the mitochondrial fission anomaly to reduced transcription of ribosomal protein genes in mutant cardiomyocytes. We therefore provide the first mouse genetic evidence to show that mitochondrial fission is essential for embryonic heart development. Furthermore, we uncovered a novel signaling cascade that mediates the crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and protein synthesis. Our research provides further mechanistic insight regarding how mitochondrial dysfunction causes pathological molecular and cellular alterations during cardiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Fission Regulates Transcription of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Embryonic Hearts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying retinal development have not been completely elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in developmental processes. Nevertheless, the identification of EVs in human retinal tissue, characterization of their cargo, and analysis of their potential role in retina development has not been accomplished. Three-dimensional retinal tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provide an ideal developmental system to achieve this goal. Here we report that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids release exosomes and microvesicles with small noncoding RNA cargo. EV miRNA cargo-predicted targetome correlates with GO pathways involved in mechanisms of retinogenesis relevant to specific developmental stages corresponding to hallmarks of native human retina development. Furthermore, uptake of EVs by human retinal progenitor cells leads to changes in gene expression correlated with EV miRNA cargo predicted gene targets, and mechanisms involved in retinal development, ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Bellver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benito-Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onwumere, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mighty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amponsah-Antwi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einbond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharbaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchaikovskaya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peinado, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canto-Soler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redenti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Target in Pathologically Distinct Mouse Models of Tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to develop more effective and shorter-course therapies for tuberculosis have included a focus on host-directed therapy (HDT). The goal of HDT is to modulate the host response to infection, thereby improving immune defenses to reduce the duration of antibacterial therapy and/or the amount of lung damage. As a mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses involved in eliminating intracellular pathogens, autophagy is a potential target for HDT in tuberculosis. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to impede autophagy, pharmacologic mTOR inhibition could provide effective HDT. mTOR exists within two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex-2 (mTORC2). Rapamycin and its analogs only partially inhibit mTORC1. We hypothesized that novel mTOR kinase inhibitors blocking both complexes would have expanded therapeutic potential. We compared the effects of two mTOR inhibitors: rapamycin and the orally available mTOR kinase domain inhibitor CC214-2, which blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2, as adjunctive therapies against murine TB, when added to the first-line regimen (RHZE) or the novel bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid (BPaL) regimen. Neither mTOR inhibitor affected lung CFU counts after 4-8 weeks of treatment when combined with BPaL or RHZE. However, addition of CC214-2 to BPaL and RHZE was associated with significantly fewer relapses in C3HeB/FeJ compared to addition of rapamycin and, in RHZE-treated mice, resulted in fewer relapses compared to RHZE alone. Therefore, CC214-2 and related mTOR kinase inhibitors may be more effective candidates for HDT than rapamycin analogs and may have the potential to shorten the duration of TB treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawryluk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Target in Pathologically Distinct Mouse Models of Tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated in vivo tracking of cortical oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes exert a profound influence on neural circuits by accelerating axon potential conduction, altering excitability and providing metabolic support. As oligodendrogenesis continues in the adult brain and is essential for myelin repair, uncovering the factors that control their dynamics is necessary to understand the consequences of adaptive myelination and develop new strategies to enhance remyelination in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Unfortunately, few methods exist for analysis of oligodendrocyte dynamics, and even fewer are suitable for in vivo investigation. Here, we describe the development of a fully automated cell tracking pipeline using convolutional neural networks (Oligo-Track) that provides rapid volumetric segmentation and tracking of thousands of cells over weeks in vivo. This system reliably replicated human analysis, outperformed traditional analytic approaches, and extracted injury and repair dynamics at multiple cortical depths, establishing that oligodendrogenesis after cuprizone-mediated demyelination is suppressed in deeper cortical layers. Volumetric data provided by this analysis revealed that oligodendrocyte soma size progressively decreases after their generation, and declines further prior to death, providing a means to predict cell age and eventual cell death from individual time points. This new CNN-based analysis pipeline offers a rapid, robust method to quantitatively analyze oligodendrocyte dynamics in vivo, which will aid in understanding how changes in these myelinating cells influence circuit function and recovery from injury and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated in vivo tracking of cortical oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the Physiological Origin of Event-Related Potentials using Electrocorticography in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scientific and clinical value of event-related potentials (ERPs) depends on understanding the contributions to them of three possible mechanisms: (1) additivity of time-locked voltage changes; (2) phase resetting of ongoing oscillations; (3) asymmetrical oscillatory activity. Their relative contributions are currently uncertain. This study uses analysis of human electrocorticographic activity to quantify the origins of movement-related potentials (MRPs) and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). The results show that MRPs are generated primarily by endogenous additivity (88%). In contrast, P1 and N1 components of AEPs are generated almost entirely by exogenous phase reset (93%). Oscillatory asymmetry contributes very little. By clarifying ERP mechanisms, these results enable creation of ERP models; and they enhance the value of ERPs for understanding the genesis of normal and abnormal auditory or sensorimotor behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moheimanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpaw, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the Physiological Origin of Event-Related Potentials using Electrocorticography in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic modulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of inherited aortic aneurysm conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is a rare systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, neurodevelopmental, cutaneous, and cardiovascular manifestations, including aortic root aneurysm. It has significant phenotypic overlap with both Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). We previously reported that SGS is caused by heterozygous mutations in the Sloan-Kettering Institute proto-oncogene (SKI), which encodes a potent suppressor of transforming growth factor beta (TGF{beta}) target gene expression. Herein, we show that mouse lines harboring orthologous amino acid substitutions in Ski recapitulate multiple human SGS phenotypic manifestations, including skin collagen deposition, skeletal kyphosis, behavioral hypoactivity, and aortic root aneurysm. Furthermore, aortic root aneurysm in SGS mice is associated with both increased acetylation of histone H3 at lysine-27 (H3K27) and TGF{beta} target gene expression, all of which can be ameliorated by pharmacological CBP/P300 inhibition in vivo; similar findings were seen in cultured dermal fibroblast from SGS patients. Aortic root growth is also abrogated in a mouse model of MFS by selective CBP/P300 inhibition in association with blunted expression of TGF{beta} target genes. These data document excessive H3K27 acetylation and hence TGF{beta} target gene expression in the pathogenesis of inherited presentations of aortic root aneurysm and the therapeutic potential of pharmacological epigenetic modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagirzadeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacFarlane, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.431010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic modulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of inherited aortic aneurysm conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.430873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis, Physiochemical and Biological evaluation of Inclusion Complex of Benzyl Isothiocyanate encapsulated in cyclodextrins for triple negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.430873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), an organic dietary compound, is allied with a major role in the potential chemopreventive effects. BITC has acknowledged rising attention as a therapeutic compound to be used in medicine because of its high potency and characteristic biopharmaceutical properties, like high permeability with marginal aqueous solubility. The highly volatile and hydrophobic nature brought a need to provide a suitable delivery-matrix to BITC to exploit its pharmacological potential to the fullest. It has been successfully incorporated in {beta}-CD and HP-{beta}-CD using acoustic forces and thoroughly characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, DSC, TEM, and SAXS. The complexation helped in masking the acute odour, achieving a controlled release of BITC, and made its use viable by prolonging the retention time and thereby sustaining the biological effects. Different models like Higuchi, first-order kinetic decay, Korsmeyer-Peppas model were applied, suggesting a diffusion-controlled mechanism of release. Also, the bioaccessibility and stability of BITC in an in vitro digestion model was evaluated. The main objective of the present work was to systemically study the credibility of BITC-CD complexes in well-established tumor mimicking 2D cell culture models and produce a conclusive report on its chemotherapeutic activity. The in vitro anti-cancer activity of BITC and the formed sonochemical complexes was confirmed by MTT assay and further evaluated using apoptosis assay and production of ROS like moieties. Cell cycle analysis was done to evaluate the growth inhibitory mechanism of BITC. Strikingly, BITC and its complexes showcased ROS generation and lysosome-mediated cell death. Effect on cell migration was assessed using wound healing assay. The results promptly suggest the functional efficacy of the CDs in releasing BITC and attest the ability of the complexes to provide alternate to otherwise remedially sparse triple-negative breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uppal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.430873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis, Physiochemical and Biological evaluation of Inclusion Complex of Benzyl Isothiocyanate encapsulated in cyclodextrins for triple negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corollary discharge prevents signal distortion and enhances sensing during locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory feedback during movement entails sensing a mix of externally- and self-generated stimuli (respectively, exafference and reafference). In many peripheral sensory systems, a parallel copy of the motor command, a corollary discharge, is thought to eliminate sensory feedback during behaviors. However, reafference has important roles in motor control, because it provides real-time feedback on the animals motions through the environment. In this case, the corollary discharge must be calibrated to enable feedback while avoiding negative consequences like sensor fatigue. The undulatory motions of fishes bodies generate induced flows that are sensed by the lateral line sensory organ, and prior work has shown these reafferent signals contribute to the regulation of swimming kinematics. Corollary discharge to the lateral line reduces the gain for reafference, but cannot eliminate it altogether. We develop a data-driven model integrating swimming biomechanics, hair cell physiology, and corollary discharge to understand how sensory modulation is calibrated during locomotion in larval zebrafish. In the absence of corollary discharge, lateral line afferent units exhibit the highly heterogeneous habituation rates characteristic of hair cell systems, typified by decaying sensitivity and phase distortions with respect to an input stimulus. Activation of the corollary discharge prevents habituation, reduces response heterogeneity, and regulates response phases in a narrow interval around the time of the peak stimulus. This suggests a synergistic interaction between the corollary discharge and the polarization of lateral line sensors, which sharpens sensitivity along their preferred axes. Our integrative model reveals a vital role of corollary discharge for ensuring precise feedback, including proprioception, during undulatory locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunsford, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corollary discharge prevents signal distortion and enhances sensing during locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin is primed at endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamin mediates fission of vesicles from the plasma membrane during endocytosis. Typically, dynamin is recruited from the cytosol to endocytic sites, requiring seconds to tens of seconds. However, ultrafast endocytosis in neurons internalizes vesicles as quickly as 50 ms during synaptic vesicle recycling. Here we demonstrate that Dynamin 1 is pre-recruited to endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis. Specifically, Dynamin 1xA, a splice variant of Dynamin 1, interacts with Syndapin 1 to form molecular condensates on the plasma membrane when the proline-rich domain of this variant is dephosphorylated. When this domain is mutated to include phosphomimetic residues or Syndapin 1s dynamin-interacting domain is mutated, Dynamin 1xA becomes diffuse, and consequently, ultrafast endocytosis slows down by [~]100-fold. Mechanistically, Syndapin 1 acts as an adaptor by binding the plasma membrane and stores Dynamin 1xA at endocytic sites. This cache bypasses the recruitment step and accelerates endocytosis at synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenske, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumrich, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarebidaki, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohl-Kielczynski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimbuch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenmund, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin is primed at endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D stochastic simulation of chemoattractant-mediated excitability in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the last decade, a consensus has emerged that the stochastic triggering of an excitable system drives pseudopod formation and subsequent migration of amoeboid cells. The presence of chemoattractant stimuli alters the threshold for triggering this activity and can bias the direction of migration. Though noise plays an important role in these behaviors, mathematical models have typically ignored its origin and merely introduced it as an external signal into a series of reaction-diffusion equations. Here we consider a more realistic description based on a reaction-diffusion master equation formalism to implement these networks. In this scheme, noise arises naturally from a stochastic description of the various reaction and diffusion terms. Working on a three-dimensional geometry in which separate compartments are divided into a tetrahedral mesh, we implement a modular description of the system, consisting of G-protein coupled receptor signaling (GPCR), a local excitation-global inhibition mechanism (LEGI), and signal transduction excitable network (STEN). Our models implement detailed biochemical descriptions whenever this information is available, such as in the GPCR and G-protein interactions. In contrast, where the biochemical entities are less certain, such as the LEGI mechanism, we consider various possible schemes and highlight the differences between them. Our stimulations show that even when the LEGI mechanism displays perfect adaptation in terms of the mean level of proteins, the variance shows a dose-dependence. This differs between the various models considered, suggesting a possible means for determining experimentally among the various potential networks. Overall, our simulations recreate temporal and spatial patterns observed experimentally in both wild-type and perturbed cells, providing further evidence for the excitable system paradigm. Moreover, because of the overall importance and ubiquity of the modules we consider, including GPCR signaling and adaptation, our results will be of interest beyond the field of directed migration.

Author summaryThough the term noise usually carries negative connotations, it can also contribute positively to the characteristic dynamics of a system. In biological systems, where noise arises from the stochastic interactions between molecules, its study is usually confined to genetic regulatory systems in which copy numbers are small and fluctuations large. However, noise can have important roles when the number of signaling molecules is large. The extension of pseudopods and the subsequent motion of amoeboid cells arises from the noise-induced trigger of an excitable system. Chemoattractant signals bias this triggering thereby directing cell motion. To date, this paradigm has not been tested by mathematical models that account accurately for the noise that arises in the corresponding reactions. In this study, we employ a reaction-diffusion master equation approach to investigate the effects of noise. Using a modular approach and a three-dimensional cell model with specific subdomains attributed to the cell membrane and cortex, we explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of the system. Our simulations recreate many experimentally-observed cell behaviors thereby supporting the biased-excitable hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D stochastic simulation of chemoattractant-mediated excitability in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human breast milk enhances intestinal mucosal barrier function and innate immunity in a pediatric human enteroid model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milks impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin expression. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide -defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR expression and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified cellular and molecular pathways involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>In, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemme-Dumit, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVine, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrerio, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasetti, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human breast milk enhances intestinal mucosal barrier function and innate immunity in a pediatric human enteroid model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remyelination restores myelin content on distinct neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons in the cerebral cortex exhibit diverse patterns of myelination, with some axons devoid of myelin, some exhibiting discontinuous patches of myelin, and others continuous myelin that is interrupted only by nodes of Ranvier. Oligodendrocytes establish this pattern by sorting through a high density of potential targets to select a small cohort of axons for myelination; however, the myelination patterns established on distinct excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the cortex remain to be fully defined and little is known about the extent to which these patterns are restored after oligodendrocyte regeneration. Here we show that axons in layer I of the somatosensory cortex, a key region for integration of input from local and distant sources, exhibit an extraordinarily diverse range of myelination patterns, even among distinct neuronal subtypes. Although larger axons were more often selected for myelination, neuronal identity profoundly influenced the probability of myelination. The relative differences in myelination among neuron subtypes were preserved between cortical areas with widely varying myelin density, suggesting that regional differences in myelin abundance arises through local control of oligodendrogenesis, rather than selective reduction of myelin on distinct neuron subtypes. By following the loss and regeneration of myelin sheaths along defined neurons in vivo we show that even though the distribution of myelin on individual PV and VM neuron axons was altered following remyelination, the overall myelin content on these neurons was restored. The findings suggest that local changes in myelin can be tolerated, allowing opportunistic selection of available targets by newly formed oligodendrocytes to restore relative differences in myelin content between functionally distinct neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remyelination restores myelin content on distinct neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finding Druggable Sites in Proteins using TACTICS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure-based drug discovery efforts require knowledge of where drug-binding sites are located on target proteins. To address the challenge of finding druggable sites, we developed a machine-learning algorithm called TACTICS (Trajectory-based Analysis of Conformations To Identify Cryptic Sites), which uses an ensemble of molecular structures (such as molecular dynamics simulation data) as input. First, TACTICS uses k-means clustering to select a small number of conformations that represent the overall conformational heterogeneity of the data. Then, TACTICS uses a random forest model to identify potentially bindable residues in each selected conformation, based on protein motion and geometry. Lastly, residues in possible binding pockets are scored using fragment docking. As proof-of-principle, TACTICS was applied to the analysis of simulations of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and methyltransferase and the Yersinia pestis aryl carrier protein. Our approach recapitulates known small-molecule binding sites and predicts the locations of sites not previously observed in experimentally determined structures. The TACTICS code is available at https://github.com/Albert-Lau-Lab/tactics_protein_analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandak, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.21.432120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finding Druggable Sites in Proteins using TACTICS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.431480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating DNA methylation potential energy landscapes from nanopore sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.431480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput third-generation sequencing devices, such as the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION sequencer, can generate long reads that span thousands of bases. This new technology opens the possibility of considering a wide range of epigenetic modifications and provides the capability of interrogating previously inaccessible regions of the genome, such as highly repetitive regions, as well as of performing comprehensive allele-specific methylation analysis, among other applications. It is well-known, however, that detection of DNA methylation from nanopore data results in a substantially reduced per-read accuracy when comparing to WGBS, due to noise introduced by the sequencer and its underlying chemistry. It is therefore imperative that methods are developed for the reliable modeling and analysis of the DNA methylation landscape using nanopore data. Here we introduce such method that takes into account the presence of noise introduced by the ONT sequencer and, by using simulations, we provide evidence of its potential. The proposed approach establishes a solid foundation for the development of a comprehensive framework for the statistical analysis of DNA methylation, and possibly of other epigenetic marks, using third-generation sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutsias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.431480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating DNA methylation potential energy landscapes from nanopore sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Draft metagenomes of endolithic cyanobacteria and co-habitants from hyper-arid deserts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria are essential to microbial communities inhabiting translucent rocks in hyper-arid deserts. Metagenomic studies revealed unique adaptations of these cyanobacteria but validation of the corresponding metabolic pathways remained challenging without access to isolates. Here we present high-quality metagenome assembled genomes for cyanobacteria, and their heterotrophic companions, isolated from endolithic substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Draft metagenomes of endolithic cyanobacteria and co-habitants from hyper-arid deserts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of intrinsic antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium avium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is one of the most prevalent causes of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary infection in the United States, yet it remains understudied. Current MAC treatment requires more than a year of intermittent to daily combination antibiotic therapy, depending on disease severity. In order to shorten and simplify curative regimens, it is important to identify the innate bacterial factors contributing to reduced antibiotic susceptibility, namely antibiotic tolerance genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide transposon screen to elucidate M. avium genes that play a role in the bacteriums tolerance to first- and second-line antibiotics. We identified a total of 193 unique M. avium mutants with significantly altered susceptibility to at least one of the four clinically used antibiotics we tested, including two mutants (in DFS55_00905 and DFS55_12730) with panhypersusceptibility. The products of the antibiotic tolerance genes we have identified may represent novel targets for future drug development studies aimed at shortening the duration of therapy for MAC infections.

ImportanceThe prolonged treatment required to eradicate Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is likely due to the presence of subpopulations of antibiotic-tolerant bacteria with reduced susceptibility to currently available drugs. However, little is known about the genes and pathways responsible for antibiotic tolerance in MAC. In this study, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify M. avium antibiotic tolerance genes, whose products may represent attractive targets for the development of novel adjunctive drugs capable of shortening curative treatment for MAC infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matern, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of intrinsic antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium avium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple and robust method for automating analysis of naïve and regenerating peripheral nerves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundManual axon histomorphometry (AH) is time- and resource-intensive, which has inspired many attempts at automation. However, there has been little investigation on implementation of automated programs for widespread use. Ideally such a program should be able to perform AH across imaging modalities and nerve states. AxonDeepSeg (ADS) is an open source deep learning program that has previously been validated in electron microscopy. We evaluated the robustness of ADS for peripheral nerve axonal histomorphometry in light micrographs prepared using two different methods.

MethodsAxon histomorphometry using ADS and manual analysis (gold-standard) was performed on light micrographs of naive or regenerating rat median nerve cross-sections prepared with either toluidine-resin or osmium-paraffin embedding protocols. The parameters of interest included axon count, axon diameter, myelin thickness, and g-ratio.

ResultsManual and automatic ADS axon counts demonstrated good agreement in naive nerves and moderate agreement on regenerating nerves. There were small but consistent differences in measured axon diameter, myelin thickness and g-ratio; however, absolute differences were small. Both methods appropriately identified differences between naive and regenerating nerves. ADS was faster than manual axon analysis.

ConclusionsWithout any algorithm retraining, ADS was able to appropriately identify critical differences between naive and regenerating nerves and work with different sample preparation methods of peripheral nerve light micrographs. While there were differences between absolute values between manual and ADS, ADS performed consistently and required much less time. ADS is an accessible and robust tool for AH that can provide consistent analysis across protocols and nerve states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hricz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malapati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Guionneau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Adad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple and robust method for automating analysis of naïve and regenerating peripheral nerves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic synchronization of dengue epidemics in Thailand: the roles played by temperature and immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial distribution of dengue and its vectors (spp. Aedes) may be the widest it has ever been, and projections suggest that climate change may allow the expansion to continue. However, the largest impacts of climate change on dengue might be in regions where the pathogen is already endemic. In these areas, the waxing and waning of immunity has a large impact on temporal dynamics of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Here, we use 51 years of data across 72 provinces and characterise spatio-temporal patterns of dengue in Thailand, where dengue has caused almost 1.5 million cases over the last thirty years, and examine the roles played by temperature and dynamics of immunity in giving rise to those patterns. We find that timescales of multiannual oscillations in dengue vary in space and time and uncover an interesting spatial phenomenon: Thailand has experienced multiple, periodic synchronization events. We show that patterns in synchrony of dengue are consistent with those observed in temperature. Applying a temperature-driven dengue model, we explore how dynamics of immunity interact with temperature to produce the observed multiannual dynamics and patterns in synchrony. While multiannual oscillations are readily produced by immunity in absence of multiannual timescales in temperature, synchrony in temperature can synchronise dengue dynamics in different locations. However, at higher mean temperatures and lower seasonal variation, immune dynamics become more predominant, and dengue dynamics become more insensitive to multiannual fluctuations in temperature. These findings can help underpin predictions of disease patterns as global temperatures rise.

Author summary
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Carreras, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapham, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iamsirithaworn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doung-Ngern, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic synchronization of dengue epidemics in Thailand: the roles played by temperature and immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin remodelers such as the SWI/SNF complex coordinate metazoan development through broad regulation of chromatin accessibility and transcription, ensuring normal cell cycle control and cellular differentiation in a lineage-specific and temporally restricted manner. Mutations in genes encoding the structural subunits of chromatin, such as histone subunits, and chromatin regulating factors (CRFs) are associated with a variety of disease mechanisms including cancer metastasis, in which cancer co-opts cellular invasion programs functioning in healthy cells during development. Here we utilize Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion as an in vivo model to identify the suite of chromatin agents and CRFs that promote cellular invasiveness. We demonstrate that the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex is a critical regulator of AC invasion, with pleiotropic effects on both G0 cell cycle arrest and activation of invasive machinery. Using targeted protein degradation and enhanced RNA interference (RNAi) vectors, we show that SWI/SNF contributes to AC invasion in a dose-dependent fashion, with lower levels of activity in the AC corresponding to aberrant cell cycle entry and increased loss of invasion. Our data specifically implicate the SWI/SNF BAF assembly in the regulation of the G0 cell cycle arrest in the AC, whereas the SWI/SNF PBAF assembly promotes AC invasion via cell cycle-independent mechanisms, including attachment to the basement membrane (BM) and activation of the pro-invasive fos-1/FOS gene. Together these findings demonstrate that the SWI/SNF complex is necessary for two essential components of AC invasion: arresting cell cycle progression and remodeling the BM. The work here provides valuable single-cell mechanistic insight into how the SWI/SNF assemblies differentially contribute to cellular invasion and how SWI/SNF subunit-specific disruptions may contribute to tumorigeneses and cancer metastasis.

SUMMARY STATEMENTCellular invasion through the basement membrane by the C. elegans anchor cell requires both BAF and PBAF SWI/SNF assemblies to arrest the cell cycle and promote the expression of pro-invasive genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pars, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, F. E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrman, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delos Reyes, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medwig-Kinney, T. N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.432977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing IFNL3 Autoantibodies in Severe COVID-19 Identified Using Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self-Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.432977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unbiased antibody profiling can identify the targets of an immune reaction. A number of likely pathogenic autoreactive antibodies have been associated with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 infection; yet, many additional autoantibodies likely remain unknown. Here we present Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self Assembly (MIPSA), a technique that produces ORFeome-scale libraries of proteins covalently coupled to uniquely identifying DNA barcodes for analysis by sequencing. We used MIPSA to profile circulating autoantibodies from 55 patients with severe COVID-19 against 11,076 DNA-barcoded proteins of the human ORFeome library. MIPSA identified previously known autoreactivities, and also detected undescribed neutralizing interferon lambda 3 (IFN-{lambda}3) autoantibodies. At-risk individuals with anti-IFN-{lambda}3 antibodies may benefit from interferon supplementation therapies, such as those currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

One-Sentence SummaryMolecular Indexing of Proteins by Self Assembly (MIPSA) identifies neutralizing IFNL3 autoantibodies in patients with severe COVID-19.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/432977v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a3c55aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f1c840org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@920bc7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@43633e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Credle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangkhapreecha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyskind, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.432977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing IFNL3 Autoantibodies in Severe COVID-19 Identified Using Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self-Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miQC: An adaptive probabilistic framework for quality control of single-cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSingle-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has made it possible to profile gene expression in tissues at high resolution. An important preprocessing step prior to performing downstream analyses is to identify and remove cells with poor or degraded sample quality using quality control (QC) metrics. Two widely used QC metrics to identify a  low-quality cell are (i) if the cell includes a high proportion of reads that map to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded genes and (ii) if a small number of genes are detected. Current best practices use these QC metrics independently with either arbitrary, uniform thresholds (e.g. 5%) or biological context-dependent (e.g. species) thresholds, and fail to jointly model these metrics in a data-driven manner. Current practices are often overly stringent and especially untenable on lower-quality tissues, such as archived tumor tissues.

ResultsWe propose a data-driven QC metric (miQC) that jointly models both the proportion of reads mapping to mtDNA genes and the number of detected genes with mixture models in a probabilistic framework to predict the low-quality cells in a given dataset. We demonstrate how our QC metric easily adapts to different types of single-cell datasets to remove low-quality cells while preserving high-quality cells that can be used for downstream analyses.

AvailabilitySoftware available at https://github.com/greenelab/miQC. The code used to download datasets, perform the analyses, and reproduce the figures is available at https://github.com/greenelab/mito-filtering.

ContactStephanie C. Hicks (shicks19@jhu.edu) and Anna Vaharautio (anna.vaharautio@helsinki.fi)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erkan, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vähärautio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miQC: An adaptive probabilistic framework for quality control of single-cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of Bdnf from promoter I following electroconvulsive seizures contributes to structural plasticity in neurons of the piriform cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a treatment for psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) is hypothesized to depend on induction of molecular and cellular events that trigger structural plasticity in neurons. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) in animal models can help to inform our understanding of how electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) impacts the brain. ECS induces structural plasticity in neuronal dendrites in many brain regions, including the piriform cortex, a highly epileptogenic region that has also been implicated in depression. ECS-induced structural plasticity is associated with differential expression of unique isoforms encoding the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but the functional significance of these transcripts in dendritic plasticity is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that different Bdnf isoforms are expressed non-stochastically across neurons of the piriform cortex following ECS. Specifically, cells expressing Bdnf exon 1-containing transcripts show a unique spatial recruitment pattern in response to ECS. We further demonstrate that Bdnf Ex1 expression in these cells is necessary for ECS-induced dendritic spine plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramnauth, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardian, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of Bdnf from promoter I following electroconvulsive seizures contributes to structural plasticity in neurons of the piriform cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomics Analyses Reveal Dynamic Bioenergetic Pathways and Functional Remodeling of the Heart During Intermittent Fasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsIntermittent fasting (IF) reduces cardiovascular risk factors in animals and humans, and can protect the heart against ischemic injury in models of myocardial infarction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. To delineate molecular and cellular adaptations of the heart to IF, we carried out system-wide comprehensive analyses of proteome and phosphoproteome, complemented with transcriptome profiling, followed by functional analysis.

Methods and resultsIn order to understand molecular and cellular remodeling of the heart during IF, we employed advanced mass spectrometry for system-wide profiling of the proteome and phosphoproteome of heart tissues obtained from mice maintained for 6 months on either daily 12- or 16-hour fasting, every-other-day fasting or ad libitum control feeding regimens. We also performed transcriptome analyses using RNA sequencing to evaluate whether the observed molecular responses to IF occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. IF regimens significantly affected pathways that regulate cyclic GMP signaling, lipid and amino acid metabolism, cell adhesion, cell death, and inflammation. Comparison of differentially expressed proteome and transcriptome upon IF showed the higher correlation of pathway alternation in short IF regimen but the inverse correlation of metabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and immune processes in longer IF regimens. In addition, functional echocardiographic analyses demonstrated that IF enhances stress-induced cardiac performance.

ConclusionOur systematic multi-omics study elucidates a molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the hearts function and its vulnerability to injury and disease.

Translational perspectiveIntermittent fasting is emerging as a desirable lifestyle adaptation to impact cardiovascular health through the modulation of molecular and cellular mechanisms, and by acting on disease risk factors. Evidence from numerous studies indicates that the fasting cycles are highly and consistently effective in protecting against cardiovascular diseases and improving cardiac health in animals and human. Using multi-omics, here we dissect distinct molecular adaptations of the heart to different intermittent fasting regimens. Our results unveil novel cardioprotective mechanisms and open up new avenues for innovative pharmacological approaches to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli-Shaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liehn, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajeev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swa, H. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, D. T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratttanasopa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fann, D. Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayan, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, G. Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallilankaraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelderblom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singaraja, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomics Analyses Reveal Dynamic Bioenergetic Pathways and Functional Remodeling of the Heart During Intermittent Fasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nrf2 Regulates β-cell Mass by Suppressing Cell Death and Promoting Proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Finding therapies that can protect and expand functional {beta}-cell mass is a major goal of diabetes research. Here we generated {beta}-cell-specific conditional knockout and gain-of-function mouse models and used human islet transplant experiments to examine how manipulating Nrf2 levels affects {beta}-cell survival, proliferation and mass. Depletion of Nrf2 in {beta}-cells resulted in decreased glucose-stimulated {beta}-cell proliferation ex vivo and decreased adaptive {beta}-cell proliferation and {beta}-cell mass expansion after a high fat diet in vivo. Nrf2 protects {beta}-cells from apoptosis after a high fat diet. Nrf2 loss-of-function decreases Pdx1 abundance and insulin content. Activating Nrf2 in a {beta}-cell-specific manner increases {beta}-cell proliferation and {beta}-cell mass. Human islets transplanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice and treated systemically with CDDO-Me, an Nrf2 activator, display increased {beta}-cell proliferation. Thus, Nrf2 regulates {beta}-cell mass and is an exciting therapeutic target for expanding {beta}-cell mass in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumel-Alterzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brill, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Pierre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ocana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nrf2 Regulates β-cell Mass by Suppressing Cell Death and Promoting Proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.433705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCOR and BCORL1 mutations disrupt PRC1.1 repressive function in leukemia by unlinking the RING-PCGF1 enzymatic core from target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.433705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BCOR and its paralog BCORL1 encode subunits of the Polycomb repressive complex 1.1 (PRC1.1) and are recurrently mutated in myeloid malignancies. We show that leukemia-associated BCOR/BCORL1 mutations unlink the PRC1.1 RING-PCGF enzymatic core from the KDM2B-containing chromatin targeting auxiliary subcomplex, either by causing complete protein loss or expression of a C-terminally truncated protein lacking the PCGF Ub-like fold discriminator (PUFD) domain. By uncoupling PRC1.1 repressive function from target genes, BCOR/BCORL1 mutations activate aberrant cell signaling programs that confer acquired resistance to treatment. This study provides a mechanistic basis for Polycomb repressive dysfunction as a key oncogenic driver in myeloid malignancies and identifies a potential strategy for targeted therapy in BCOR-mutated cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearhart, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fares, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apffel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondek, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luskin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardwell, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.433705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCOR and BCORL1 mutations disrupt PRC1.1 repressive function in leukemia by unlinking the RING-PCGF1 enzymatic core from target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Ectopic Beat Probability with Simplified Statistical Models that Account for Experimental Uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectopic beats (EBs) are cellular arrhythmias that can trigger lethal arrhythmias. Simulations using biophysically-detailed cardiac myocyte models can reveal how model parameters influence the probability of these cellular arrhythmias, however such analyses can pose a huge computational burden. Here, we develop a simplified approach in which logistic regression models (LRMs) are used to define a mapping between the parameters of complex cell models and the probability of EBs (P(EB)). As an example, in this study, we build an LRM for P(EB) as a function of diastolic cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load, and kinetic parameters of the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). This approach, which we refer to as arrhythmia sensitivity analysis, allows for evaluation of the relationship between these arrhythmic event probabilities and their associated parameters. This LRM is also used to demonstrate how uncertainties in experimentally measured values determine the uncertainty in P(EB). In a study of the role of [Ca2+]SR uncertainty, we show a special property of the uncertainty in P(EB), where with increasing [Ca2+]SR uncertainty, P(EB) uncertainty first increases and then decreases. Lastly, we demonstrate that IK1 suppression, at the level that occurs in heart failure myocytes, increases P(EB).

Author summaryAn ectopic beat is an abnormal cellular electrical event which can trigger dangerous arrhythmias in the heart. Complex biophysical models of the cardiac myocyte can be used to reveal how cell properties affect the probability of ectopic beats. However, such analyses can pose a huge computational burden. We develop a simplified approach that enables a highly complex biophysical model to be reduced to a rather simple statistical model from which the functional relationship between myocyte model parameters and the probability of an ectopic beat is determined. We refer to this approach as arrhythmia sensitivity analysis. Given the efficiency of our approach, we also use it to demonstrate how uncertainties in experimentally measured myocyte model parameters determine the uncertainty in ectopic beat probability. We find that, with increasing model parameter uncertainty, the uncertainty in probability of ectopic beat first increases and then decreases. In general, our approach can efficiently analyze the relationship between cardiac myocyte parameters and the probability of ectopic beats and can be used to study how uncertainty of these cardiac myocyte parameters influences the ectopic beat probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winlsow, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Ectopic Beat Probability with Simplified Statistical Models that Account for Experimental Uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A viral genome packaging ring-ATPase is a flexibly coordinated pentamer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-subunit ring-ATPases carry out a myriad of biological functions, including genome packaging in viruses. Though the basic structures and functions of these motors have been well-established, the mechanisms of ATPase firing and motor coordination are poorly understood. Here, by direct counting using single-molecule fluorescence, we have determined that the active bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging motor consists of five subunits of gp17. By systematically doping motors with an ATPase-defective subunit and selecting single motors containing a precise count of active/inactive subunit(s), we found, unexpectedly, that the packaging motor can tolerate an inactive sub-unit. However, motors containing an inactive subunit(s) exhibit fewer DNA engagements, a higher failure rate in encapsidation, reduced packaging velocity, and increased pausing. These findings suggest a new packaging model in which the motor, by re-adjusting its grip on DNA, can skip an inactive subunit and resume DNA translocation, contrary to the prevailing notion of strict coordination amongst motor subunits of other packaging motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottadiel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafabakhsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemla, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A viral genome packaging ring-ATPase is a flexibly coordinated pentamer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential condensation of sister chromatids coordinates with Cdc6 to ensure distinct cell cycle progression in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells undergo asymmetric division to produce both a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. During Drosophila male germline stem cell (GSC) asymmetric division, preexisting old histones H3 and H4 are enriched in the self-renewed stem daughter cell, whereas the newly synthesized H3 and H4 are enriched in the differentiating daughter cell. However, the biological consequences in the two daughter cells resulting from asymmetric histone inheritance remained to be elucidated. In this work, we track both old and new histones throughout GSC cell cycle using high spatial and temporal resolution microscopy. We find several unique features differentiating old versus new histone-enriched sister chromatids, including nucleosome density, chromosomal condensation, and H3 Ser10 phosphorylation. These distinct chromosomal features lead to their differential association with Cdc6, an essential component of the pre-replication complex, which subsequently contributes to asynchronous initiation of DNA replication in the two resulting daughter cells. Disruption of asymmetric histone inheritance abolishes both differential Cdc6 association and asynchronous S-phase entry, demonstrating that asymmetric histone acts upstream of these critical events during cell cycle progression. Furthermore, GSC defects are detected under these conditions, indicating a connection between histone inheritance, cell cycle progression and cell fate decision. Together, these studies reveal that cell cycle remodeling as a crucial biological  readout of asymmetric histone inheritance, which precedes and could lead to other well-known readouts such as differential gene expression. This work also enhances our understanding of asymmetric histone inheritance and epigenetic regulation in other stem cells or asymmetrically dividing cells in multicellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential condensation of sister chromatids coordinates with Cdc6 to ensure distinct cell cycle progression in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex, age, tissue, and disease patterns of matrisome expression in GTEx transcriptome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has historically been explored through proteomic methods. Whether or not global transcriptomics can yield meaningful information on the human matrisome is unknown. Gene expression data from 17,382 samples across 52 tissues, were obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Additional datasets were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program and the Gene Expression Omnibus for comparisons. Gene expression levels generally recapitulated proteome-derived matrisome expression patterns. Further, matrisome gene expression properly clustered tissue types, with some matrisome genes including SERPIN family members having tissue-restricted expression patterns. Deeper analyses revealed 388 genes varied by age and 222 varied by sex in at least one tissue, with expression correlating with digitally imaged histologic tissue features. A comparison of TCGA tumor, TCGA adjacent normal and GTEx normal tissues demonstrated robustness of the GTEx samples as a generalized control, while also determining a common primary tumor matrisome. Additionally, GTEx tissues served as a useful non-diseased control in a separate study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis matrix changes. Altogether, these findings indicate that the transcriptome, in general, and GTEx in particular, has value in understanding the state of organ ECM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex, age, tissue, and disease patterns of matrisome expression in GTEx transcriptome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic evaluation of transcriptomics-based deconvolution methods and references using thousands of clinical samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating cell type composition of blood and tissue samples is a biological challenge relevant in both laboratory studies and clinical care. In recent years, a number of computational tools have been developed to estimate cell type abundance using gene expression data. While these tools use a variety of approaches, they all leverage expression profiles from purified cell types to evaluate the cell type composition within samples. In this study, we compare ten deconvolution tools and evaluate their performance while using each of eleven separate reference profiles. Specifically, we have run deconvolution tools on over 4,000 samples with known cell type proportions, spanning both immune and stromal cell types. Twelve of these represent in vitro synthetic mixtures and 300 represent in silico synthetic mixtures prepared using single cell data. A final 3,728 clinical samples have been collected from the Framingham Cohort, for which cell populations have been quantified using electrical impedance cell counting. When tools are applied to the Framingham dataset, the tool EPIC produces the highest correlation while GEDIT produces the lowest error. The best tool for other datasets is varied, but CIBERSORT and GEDIT most consistently produce accurate results. In terms of reference choice, we find that the Human Primary Cell Atlas (HPCA) and references published by the EPIC authors produce accurate results for the largest number of tools and datasets. When applying deconvolution to blood samples, the leukocyte reference matrix LM22 is also a suitable choice, usually (but not always) outperforming HPCA and EPIC. Running time varies substantially across tools. For as many as 5052 samples, SaVanT and dtangle reliably finish in under one minute, while slower tools may require up to two hours. However, when using custom references, CIBERSORT can run very slowly, taking over 24 hours to complete for large datasets. We conclude that combining the best tools with optimal reference datasets can provide significant gains in accuracy when carrying out deconvolution tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic evaluation of transcriptomics-based deconvolution methods and references using thousands of clinical samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhyloCSF++: A fast and user-friendly implementation of PhyloCSF with annotation tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPhyloCSF++ is an efficient and parallelized C++ implementation of the popular PhyloCSF method to distinguish protein-coding and non-coding regions in a genome based on multiple sequence alignments. It can score alignments or produce browser tracks for entire genomes in the wig file format. Additionally, PhyloCSF++ annotates coding sequences in GFF/GTF files using precomputed tracks or computes and scores multiple sequence alignments on the fly with MMseqs2.

AvailabilityPhyloCSF++ is released under the AGPLv3 license. Binaries and source code are available at https://github.com/cpockrandt/PhyloCSFpp. The software can be installed through bioconda. A variety of tracks can be accessed through ftp://ftp.ccb.jhu.edu/pub/software/phylocsfpp/.

Contactpockrandt@jhu.edu, martin.steinegger@snu.ac.kr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhyloCSF++: A fast and user-friendly implementation of PhyloCSF with annotation tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face processing of social cognition in patients with first episode psychosis: Its deficits and association with the right subcallosal anterior cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical importance of social cognition is well acknowledged in patients with psychosis, in particular those with first episode psychosis (FEP). Nevertheless, its brain substrates and circuitries remain elusive, lacking precise analysis between multimodal brain characteristics and behavioral sub-dimensions within social cognition. In the present study, we examined face processing of social cognition in 79 FEP patients and 80 healthy controls (HCs). We looked for a possible correlation between face processing and multimodal MRI characteristics such as resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and brain volume. We observed worse recognition accuracy, longer recognition response time, and longer memory response time in FEP patients when compared with HCs. Of these, memory response time was selectively correlated with specific rsFCs, which included the right subcallosal sub-region of BA24 in the ACC (scACC), only in FEP patients. The volume of this region was also correlated with memory response time in FEP patients. The scACC is functionally and structurally important in FEP-associated abnormalities of face processing measures in social cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piancharoen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schretlen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face processing of social cognition in patients with first episode psychosis: Its deficits and association with the right subcallosal anterior cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community Evaluation of Glycoproteomics Informatics Solutions Reveals High-Performance Search Strategies of Glycopeptide Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycoproteome profiling (glycoproteomics) is a powerful yet analytically challenging research tool. The complex tandem mass spectra generated from glycopeptide mixtures require sophisticated analysis pipelines for structural determination. Diverse software aiding the process have appeared, but their relative performance remains untested. Conducted through the HUPO Human Proteome Project - Human Glycoproteomics Initiative, this community study, comprising both developers and users of glycoproteomics software, evaluates the performance of informatics solutions for system-wide glycopeptide analysis. Mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics datasets from human serum were shared with all teams. The relative team performance for N- and O-glycopeptide data analysis was comprehensively established and validated through orthogonal performance tests. Excitingly, several high-performance glycoproteomics informatics solutions were identified. While the study illustrated that significant informatics challenges remain, as indicated by a high discordance between annotated glycopeptides, lists of high-confidence (consensus) glycopeptides were compiled from the standardised team reports. Deep analysis of the performance data revealed key performance-associated search variables and led to recommendations for improved "high coverage" and "high accuracy" glycoproteomics search strategies. This study concludes that diverse software for comprehensive glycopeptide data analysis exist, points to several high-performance search strategies, and specifies key variables that may guide future software developments and assist informatics decision-making in glycoproteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagesan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kletter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liquet-Weiland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechref, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelamegham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Khuong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegg, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pioch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakalli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulz, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofronov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadlmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakhrushev, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community Evaluation of Glycoproteomics Informatics Solutions Reveals High-Performance Search Strategies of Glycopeptide Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the three-way feedback between cellular contractility, actin polymerization, and adhesion turnover resolves the contradictory effects of RhoA and Rac1 on endothelial junction dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation and recovery of gaps in the vascular endothelium governs a wide range of physiological and pathological phenomena, from angiogenesis to atherosclerosis and tumor cell extravasation. However, the interplay between the mechanical and signaling processes that drive dynamic behavior in vascular endothelial cells is not well understood. In this study, we propose a chemo-mechanical model to investigate the maintenance of endothelial junctions as dependent on the crosstalk between actomyosin contractility, VE-cadherin bond turnover, and actin polymerization, which mediate the forces exerted on the cell-cell interface. Our theoretical model reveals that active cell tension can stabilize cadherin bonds within an adhesion, but excessive RhoA signaling can drive bond dissociation and junction failure. While Rac1-mediated actin polymerization aids gap closure, high levels of Rac1 may also facilitate junction weakening. Combining the modeling framework with novel experiments, we identify how dynamic rupture and heal cycles emerge and, further, describe why gaps tend to localize at multi-cell contacts. Beyond, our analysis also indicates that a critical balance between RhoA and Rac1 expression is required to maintain junction stability and limit endothelial dysfunction. The model predicts how pharmacological modulation of actin polymerization and cell contractility impacts junction stability, with predictions subsequently validated experimentally. Our proposed framework can help guide the development of therapeutics that target the Rho family of GTPases and downstream active mechanical processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeendarbary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escribano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spill, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Aznar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svitkina, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the three-way feedback between cellular contractility, actin polymerization, and adhesion turnover resolves the contradictory effects of RhoA and Rac1 on endothelial junction dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Bi-Ethnic Study of Plasma Proteome Leads to Comprehensive Mapping of cis-pQTL and Models for Proteome-wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved understanding of genetic regulation of proteome can facilitate the identification of causal mechanisms for complex traits. We analyzed data on 4,657 plasma proteins from 7,213 European American (EA) and 1,871 African American (AA) individuals from the ARIC study, and further replicated findings on 467 AA individuals from the AASK study. Here we identified 2,004 proteins in EA and 1,618 in AA, with majority overlapping, which showed associations with common variants in cis-regions. Availability of AA samples led to smaller credible sets and significant number of population-specific cis-pQTLs. Elastic-net produced powerful models for protein prediction in both populations. An application of proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) to serum urate and gout, implicated several proteins, including IL1RN, revealing the promise of the drug anakinra to treat acute gout flares. Our study demonstrates the value of large and diverse ancestry study for genetic mechanisms of molecular phenotypes and their relationship with complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köttgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grams, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Bi-Ethnic Study of Plasma Proteome Leads to Comprehensive Mapping of cis-pQTL and Models for Proteome-wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of electrophysiological data from Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum presents challenges for spike detection. Complex spikes have waveforms that vary significantly from one event to the next, raising the problem of misidentification. Even when complex spikes are detected correctly, the simple spikes may belong to a different P-cell, raising the danger of misattribution. Here, we analyzed data from over 300 P-cells in marmosets, macaques, and mice, using an open-source, semi-automated software called P-sort that addresses the spike identification and attribution problems. Like other sorting software, P-sort relies on nonlinear dimensionality reduction to cluster spikes. However, it also uses the statistical relationship between simple and complex spikes to merge seemingly disparate clusters, or split a single cluster. In comparison with expert manual curation, occasionally P-sort identified significantly more complex spikes, as well as prevented misattribution of clusters. Three existing automatic sorters performed less well, particularly for identification of complex spikes. To improve development of analysis tools for the cerebellum, we provide labeled data for 313 recording sessions, as well as statistical characteristics of waveforms and firing patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soetedjo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accurate genome-wide predictions and structural modeling of protein-protein interactions using Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions play a crucial role in almost all cellular processes. Identifying interacting proteins reveals insight into living organisms and yields novel drug targets for disease treatment. Here, we present a publicly available, automated pipeline to predict genome-wide protein-protein interactions and produce high-quality multimeric structural models.

Application of our method to the Human and Yeast genomes yield protein-protein interaction networks similar in quality to common experimental methods. We identified and modeled Human proteins likely to interact with the papain-like protease of SARS-CoV2s non-structural protein 3 (Nsp3). We also produced models of SARS-CoV2s spike protein (S) interacting with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein receptor (MOG) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). The presented method is capable of confidently identifying interactions while providing high-quality multimeric structural models for experimental validation.

The interactome modeling pipeline is available at usegalaxy.org and usegalaxy.eu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accurate genome-wide predictions and structural modeling of protein-protein interactions using Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS CAUSES LONG TERM CHANGES IN GOBLETCELL FUNCTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOne of the features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a defect in the protective mucus layer. This has been attributed to a reduced number of goblet cells (GC). However, it is not known whether abnormal GC mucus secretion also contributes to the reduced mucus layer. Our aims were to test the hypothesis that GC secretion was abnormal in UC with the changes persistent in colonoids even in the absence of immune cells.

DesignColonoids were established from intestinal stem cells of healthy subjects (HS) and from patients with UC (inactive and active sites). Colonoids were maintained as undifferentiated (UD) or induced to differentiate (DF) and studied as 3D or monolayers on Transwell filters. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Carbachol and PGE2 mediated stimulation followed by examination of mucus layer by MUC2 IF/confocal microscopy and TEM were performed.

ResultsColonoids derived from patients with UC can be propagated over many passages; however, they exhibit a reduced rate of growth and TEER compared with colonoids from HS. Differentiated UC colonoid monolayers form a thin and non-continuous mucus layer. UC colonoids have increased expression of secretory lineage markers: ATOH1 and SPDEF, including MUC2 positive GCs and ChgA positive enteroendocrine cells but failed to secrete mucin when exposed to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and PGE2, which caused increased secretion in HS. Exposure to TNF- (5days), reduced the number of GC with a greater percentage decrease in UC colonoids compared to HS.

ConclusionsAbnormal mucus layer in UC is due to long term changes in epithelial cells that lead to abnormal mucus secretion as well as effects of the inflammatory environment to reduce the number of GC. This continued defect in GC mucus secretion may be involved in UC recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>In, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS CAUSES LONG TERM CHANGES IN GOBLETCELL FUNCTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Water as a Function of Age and Weight in Normal Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rats are frequently used to study water content of normal and injured brain, as well as changes in response to various osmotherapeutic regimens. Magnetic resonance imaging in humans has shown that brain water content declines with age as a result of progressive myelination. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in brain water content during rat development and aging. Brain water content was measured by standard techniques in 129 normal male Sprague-Dawley rats that ranged in age (weight) from 13 to 149 days (18 to 759 g). Overall, the results demonstrated a decrease from 85.59% to 76.56% water content with increasing age (weight). Nonlinear allometric functions relating brain water to age and weight were determined. These findings provide age-related context for prior rat studies of brain water, emphasize the importance of using similarly aged controls in studies of brain water, and indicate that age-related changes in brain water content are not specific to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scafidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Water as a Function of Age and Weight in Normal Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific transcript diversity is regulated by a maternal pioneer factor in early Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Co-transcriptional splicing coordinates the processes of transcription and splicing and is driven by transcription factors (TFs) and diverse RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Yet the mechanisms by which specific TFs and RBPs function together in context-specific ways to drive precise co-transcriptional splicing at each of thousands of genomic loci remains unknown. Therefore, we have used sex-specific splicing in Drosophila as a model to understand how the function of TFs and RBPs is coordinated to transcribe and process specific RNA transcripts at the correct genomic locations. We show widespread sex-specific transcript diversity occurs much earlier than previously thought and present a new pipeline called time2splice to quantify splicing changes over time. We define several mechanisms by which the essential and functionally-conserved CLAMP TF functions with specific RBPs to precisely regulate co-transcriptional splicing: 1) CLAMP links the DNA of gene bodies of sex-specifically spliced genes directly to the RNA of target genes and physically interacts with snRNA and protein components of the splicing machinery; 2) In males, CLAMP regulates the distribution of the highly conserved RBP Maleless (MLE) (RNA Helicase A) to prevent aberrant sex-specific splicing; 3) In females, CLAMP modulates alternative splicing by directly binding to target DNA and RNA and indirectly through regulating the splicing of sex lethal, the master regulator of sex determination. Overall, we provide new insight into how TFs function specifically with RBPs to drive alternative splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larschan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific transcript diversity is regulated by a maternal pioneer factor in early Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explicit and implicit depth-cue integration: evidence of systematic biases with real objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a previous series of experiments using virtual stimuli, we found evidence that 3D shape estimation agrees to a superadditivity rule of depth-cue combination. According to this rule, adding depth cues leads to greater perceived depth magnitudes and, in principle, to depth overestimation. The mechanism underlying the superadditivity effect can be fully accounted for by a normative theory of cue integration, through the adaptation of a model of cue integration termed the Intrinsic Constraint (IC) model. As for its nature, it remains unclear whether superadditivity is a byproduct of the artificial nature of virtual environments, causing explicit reasoning to infiltrate behavior and inflate the depth judgments when a scene is richer in depth cues, or the genuine output of the process of depth-cue integration. In the present study, we addressed this question by testing whether the IC models prediction of superadditivity generalizes beyond VR environments to real world situations. We asked participants to judge the perceived 3D shape of cardboard prisms through a matching task. To assay the potential influence of explicit control over those perceptual estimates, we also asked participants to reach and hold the same objects with their fingertips and we analyzed the in-flight grip size during the reaching. Using physical objects ensured that all visual information was fully consistent with the stimulis 3D structure without computer-generated artifacts. We designed a novel technique to carefully control binocular and monocular 3D cues independently from one another, allowing to add or remove depth information from the scene seamlessly. Even with real objects, participants exhibited a clear superadditivity effect in both explicit and implicit tasks. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect was accurately predicted by the IC model. These results confirm that superadditivity is an inherent feature of depth estimation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campagnoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explicit and implicit depth-cue integration: evidence of systematic biases with real objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.435728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-stage Linked Component Analysis for Joint Decomposition of Multiple Biologically Related Data Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.435728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWIntegrative analysis of multiple data sets has the potential of fully leveraging the vast amount of high throughput biological data being generated. In particular such analysis will be powerful in making inference from publicly available collections of genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data sets which are designed to study shared biological processes, but which vary in their target measurements, biological variation, unwanted noise, and batch variation. Thus, methods that enable the joint analysis of multiple data sets are needed to gain insights into shared biological processes that would otherwise be hidden by unwanted intra-data set variation. Here, we propose a method called two-stage linked component analysis (2s-LCA) to jointly decompose multiple biologically related experimental data sets with biological and technological relationships that can be structured into the decomposition. The consistency of the proposed method is established and its empirical performance is evaluated via simulation studies. We apply 2s-LCA to jointly analyze four data sets focused on human brain development and identify meaningful patterns of gene expression in human neurogenesis that have shared structure across these data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.435728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-stage Linked Component Analysis for Joint Decomposition of Multiple Biologically Related Data Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-genomic Matching Statistics for Targeted Nanopore Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing is an increasingly powerful tool for genomics. Recently, computational advances have allowed nanopores to sequence in a targeted fashion; as the sequencer emits data, software can analyze the data in real time and signal the sequencer to eject "non-target" DNA molecules. We present a novel method called SPUMONI, which enables rapid and accurate targeted sequencing with the help of efficient pangenome indexes. SPUMONI uses a compressed index to rapidly generate exact or approximate matching statistics (half-maximal exact matches) in a streaming fashion. When used to target a specific strain in a mock community, SPUMONI has similar accuracy as minimap2 when both are run against an index containing many strains per species. However SPUMONI is 12 times faster than minimap2. SPUMONIs index and peak memory footprint are also 15 to 4 times smaller than minimap2, respectively. These improvements become even more pronounced with even larger reference databases; SPUMONIs index size scales sublinearly with the number of reference genomes included. This could enable accurate targeted sequencing even in the case where the targeted strains have not necessarily been sequenced or assembled previously. SPUMONI is open source software available from https://github.com/oma219/spumoni.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-genomic Matching Statistics for Targeted Nanopore Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
minicore: Fast scRNA-seq clustering with various distance measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses typically begin by clustering a gene-by-cell expression matrix to empirically define groups of cells with similar expression profiles. We describe new methods and a new open source library, minicore, for efficient k-means++ center finding and k-means clustering of scRNA-seq data. Minicore works with sparse count data, as it emerges from typical scRNA-seq experiments, as well as with dense data from after dimensionality reduction. Minicores novel vectorized weighted reservoir sampling algorithm allows it to find initial k-means++ centers for a 4-million cell dataset in 1.5 minutes using 20 threads. Minicore can cluster using Euclidean distance, but also supports a wider class of measures like Jensen-Shannon Divergence, Kullback-Leibler Divergence, and the Bhattacharyya distance, which can be directly applied to count data and probability distributions.

Further, minicore produces lower-cost centerings more efficiently than scikit-learn for scRNA-seq datasets with millions of cells. With careful handling of priors, minicore implements these distance measures with only minor (<2-fold) speed differences among all distances. We show that a minicore pipeline consisting of k-means++, localsearch++ and minibatch k-means can cluster a 4-million cell dataset in minutes, using less than 10GiB of RAM. This memory-efficiency enables atlas-scale clustering on laptops and other commodity hardware. Finally, we report findings on which distance measures give clusterings that are most consistent with known cell type labels.

AvailabilityThe open source library is at https://github.com/dnbaker/minicore. Code used for experiments is at https://github.com/dnbaker/minicore-experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyjack, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[minicore: Fast scRNA-seq clustering with various distance measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 and a guide RNA function to target specific genomic loci for generation of a double stranded break. Catalytic dead versions of Cas9 (dCas9) no longer cause double stranded breaks and instead can serve as molecular scaffolds to target additional enzymatic proteins to specific genomic loci. To generate mutations in selected genomic residues, dCas9 can be used for genomic base editing by fusing a cytidine deaminase to induce C>T (or G>A) mutations at targeted sites. Here, we test base editing in Drosophila by expressing a transgenic Drosophila base editor (DBE2, based on the mammalian BE2) which consists of a fusion protein of cytidine deaminase, dCas9, and uracil glycosylase inhibitor. We utilized transgenic lines expressing gRNAs along with pan-tissue expression of the Drosophila Base Editor (Actin5C-DBE2) and found high rates of base editing at multiple targeted loci in the 20 bp target sequence. Highest rates of conversion of C>T were found in positions 3-9 of the gRNA targeted site, with conversion reaching nearly 100% of targeted DNA is somatic tissues. The simultaneous use of two gRNA targeting a genomic region spaced [~]50 bps apart led to mutations between the two gRNA targets, implicating a method to broaden the available sites accessible to targeting. These results indicate base editing is efficient in Drosophila, and could be used to induce point mutations at select loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral Antibody Epitope Selection is a Heritable Trait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is enormous variability in human immune responses to viral infections. However, the genetic factors that underlie this variability are not well characterized. We used VirScan, a high-throughput viral epitope scanning technology, to analyze the antibody binding specificities of twins and SNP-genotyped individuals. These data were used to estimate the heritability and identify genomic loci associated with antibody epitope selection, response breadth, and the control of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) viral load. We identified 4 epitopes of EBV that were heritably targeted, and at least two EBNA-2 binding specificities that were associated with variants in the MHC class-II locus. We identified an EBV serosignature that predicted viral load in white blood cells and was associated with genetic variants in the MHC class-I locus. Our study provides a new framework for identifying genes important for pathogen immunity, with specific implications for the genetic architecture of EBV humoral responses and the control of viral load.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clipman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liechti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christofidou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral Antibody Epitope Selection is a Heritable Trait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide important for maternal physiology and childcare, including parturition and milk ejection during nursing1-8. Suckling triggers oxytocin release, but other sensory cues- specifically infant cries- can elevate oxytocin levels in new human mothers9-11 indicating that cries can activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons. Here we describe a neural circuit routing auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons. We performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings and photometry from identified oxytocin neurons in awake maternal mice presented with pup calls. We found that oxytocin neurons responded to pup vocalizations, but not pure tones, via input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus, and repetitive thalamic stimulation induced lasting disinhibition of oxytocin neurons. This circuit gates central oxytocin release and maternal behavior in response to calls, providing a mechanism for the integration of sensory cues from the offspring in maternal endocrine networks to ensure modulation of brain state for efficient parenting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valtcheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoid signaling promotes the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating progenitor cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocannabinoids (eCB) are lipid-based neurotransmitters that are known to influence synaptic function in the visual system. eCBs are also known to suppress neuroinflammation in different pathological states. However, nothing is known about the roles of the eCB system during reprogramming of Muller glia (MG) into proliferating progenitor-like cells in the retina. Accordingly, we used the chick and mouse model to characterize expression patterns of eCB-related genes and applied pharmacological agents to examine how the eCB system impacts glial reactivity and the capacity of MG to become Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). We probed single cell RNA-seq libraries to identify eCB-related genes and identify cells with dynamic patterns of expression in damaged retinas. MG and inner retinal neurons expressed the eCB receptor CNR1, as well as enzymes involved in eCB metabolism. In the chick, intraocular injections of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and Anandamide (AEA) potentiated the formation of MGPCs. Consistent with these findings, CNR1-agonists and MGLL-inhibitor promoted reprogramming, whereas CNR1-antagonist and inhibitors of eCB synthesis suppressed reprogramming. Surprisingly, retinal microglia were largely unaffected by increases or decreases in eCB signaling in both chick and mouse models. However, eCB-signaling suppressed the activation of NFkB-reporter in MG in damaged mouse retinas. We conclude that the eCB system in the retina influences the reactivity of MG and is important for regulating glial reactivity and the reprogramming of MG into proliferating MGPCs, but not for regulating the reactivity of immune cells in the retina.

Main PointsMuller glia express CNR1 receptor and endocannabinoid synthesis genes.

Endocannabinoids after retinal damage promote the formation of Muller glia derived progenitor cells in chick.

Endocannabinoids reduce NFkB activity in mouse Muller glia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reske, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoid signaling promotes the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating progenitor cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Freely accessible ready to use global infrastructure for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic is the first global health crisis to occur in the age of big genomic data.Although data generation capacity is well established and sufficiently standardized, analytical capacity is not. To establish analytical capacity it is necessary to pull together global computational resources and deliver the best open source tools and analysis workflows within a ready to use, universally accessible resource. Such a resource should not be controlled by a single research group, institution, or country. Instead it should be maintained by a community of users and developers who ensure that the system remains operational and populated with current tools. A community is also essential for facilitating the types of discourse needed to establish best analytical practices. Bringing together public computational research infrastructure from the USA, Europe, and Australia, we developed a distributed data analysis platform that accomplishes these goals. It is immediately accessible to anyone in the world and is designed for the analysis of rapidly growing collections of deep sequencing datasets. We demonstrate its utility by detecting allelic variants in high-quality existing SARS-CoV-2 sequencing datasets and by continuous reanalysis of COG-UK data. All workflows, data, and documentation is available at https://covid19.galaxyproject.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambla De Argila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosakovsky Pond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Freely accessible ready to use global infrastructure for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulforaphane exhibits in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has incited a global health crisis. Currently, there are no orally available medications for prophylaxis for those exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and limited therapeutic options for those who develop COVID-19. We evaluated the antiviral activity of sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally occurring, orally available, well-tolerated, nutritional supplement present in high concentrations in cruciferous vegetables with limited side effects. SFN inhibited in vitro replication of four strains of SARS-CoV-2 as well as that of the seasonal coronavirus HCoV-OC43. Further, SFN and remdesivir interacted synergistically to inhibit coronavirus infection in vitro. Prophylactic administration of SFN to K18-hACE2 mice prior to intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly decreased the viral load in the lungs and upper respiratory tract and reduced lung injury and pulmonary pathology compared to untreated infected mice. SFN treatment diminished immune cell activation in the lungs, including significantly lower recruitment of myeloid cells and a reduction in T cell activation and cytokine production. Our results suggest that SFN is a promising treatment for prevention of coronavirus infection or treatment of early disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villabona-Rueda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolken, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones-Brando, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulforaphane exhibits in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 8 molecular mimicry of ephrin ligands facilitates cell entry and triggers EphA2 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is an oncogenic virus that enters cells by fusion of the viral and endosomal cellular membranes in a process mediated by viral surface glycoproteins. One of the cellular receptors hijacked by HHV-8 to gain access to cells is the EphA2 tyrosine kinase receptor, and the mechanistic basis of EphA2-mediated viral entry remains unclear. Using X-ray structure analysis, targeted mutagenesis and binding studies, we here show that the HHV-8 envelope glycoprotein complex gH/gL binds with sub-nanomolar affinity to EphA2 via molecular mimicry of the receptors cellular ligands, ephrins, revealing a pivotal role for the conserved gH residue E52 and the amino-terminal peptide of gL. Using FSI-FRET and cell contraction assays, we further demonstrate that the gH/gL complex also functionally mimics ephrin ligand by inducing EphA2 receptor association via its dimerization interface, thus triggering receptor signaling for cytoskeleton remodeling. These results now provide novel insight into the entry mechanism of HHV-8, opening avenues for the search of therapeutic agents that could interfere with HHV-8 related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Light, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado-Calvo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederzoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neipel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human herpesvirus 8 molecular mimicry of ephrin ligands facilitates cell entry and triggers EphA2 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Little evidence that Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) protect their caches by responding to cues about a conspecific's desire and visual perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corvids appear to be capable of adjusting their behaviour according to anothers perspective, knowledge and desire. For example, Eurasian jays have been found to employ a variety of cache protection strategies to minimise cache loss by responding to cues about the visual perspective or current desire of an observing conspecific. However, it is not known whether these jays (or any other corvid) can integrate multiple cues about different mental states and perform the optimal response accordingly. Across five experiments, we found little evidence that our Eurasian jays responded to either the visual perspective or current desire of another agent. In Experiments 1 and 2 we investigated whether Eurasian jays can limit the risk of cache loss by responding simultaneously to cues about the desire and perspective of a potential conspecific pilferer. Building on established paradigms, we used opaque and clear barriers to manipulate the observers visual access to cache locations, and specific satiety to manipulate the observers desire towards different types of food. Across both experiments the jays caching pattern provided no evidence that they could integrate information about the observers desire and perspective. Moreover, the results were also inconsistent with the previously reported effects that jays protect their caches by responding to either the visual access or specific satiety of the observer independently. To gain further insight into these unexpected results, we conducted three more experiments. In Experiments 3 and 4, we attempted to replicate the previous finding that Eurasian jays prefer to cache behind an opaque barrier over a clear barrier when observed by a conspecific than when caching in private. In Experiment 5, we further investigated the previous finding that jays preferentially cache a type of food that had been eaten to satiety by a conspecific over a food that had not been eaten by the conspecific. Experiments 3, 4 and 5 found no significant effects in the direction of the previously reported effects, questioning their robustness. We conclude by discussing the implications of our study for the field of corvid cognition and highlight several key issues that affect the reliability of comparative cognition research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amodio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupenye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostojic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Little evidence that Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) protect their caches by responding to cues about a conspecific's desire and visual perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional selectivity for naturalistic social interaction perception in the human superior temporal sulcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognizing others social interactions is a crucial human ability. Using simple stimuli, previous studies have shown that social interactions are selectively processed in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), but prior work with movies has suggested that social interactions are processed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), part of the theory of mind network. It remains unknown to what extent social interaction selectivity is observed in real world stimuli when controlling for other covarying perceptual and social information, such as faces, voices, and theory of mind. The current study utilizes a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) movie paradigm and advanced machine learning methods to uncover the brain mechanisms uniquely underlying naturalistic social interaction perception. We analyzed two publicly available fMRI datasets, collected while both male and female human participants (n = 17 and 18) watched two different commercial movies in the MRI scanner. By performing voxel-wise encoding and variance partitioning analyses, we found that broad social-affective features predict neural responses in social brain regions, including the STS and mPFC. However, only the STS showed robust and unique selectivity specifically to social interactions, independent from other covarying features. This selectivity was observed across two separate fMRI datasets. These findings suggest that naturalistic social interaction perception recruits dedicated neural circuity in the STS, separate from the theory of mind network, and is a critical dimension of human social understanding.

Significance StatementSocial interaction perception guides our daily behavior, yet it is unknown how our brain processes real-world social interaction scenes. Here, we demonstrate that social brain areas, including the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), are sensitive to broad social-affective information in naturalistic movies, replicating prior results with controlled paradigms. We show for the first time however, that the STS, but not mPFC, selectively processes social interactions in natural movies, independent of other co-occurring perceptual and social features, including motion, presence of faces, speech, and mentalizing about others. Our results suggest that social interaction perception is a crucial dimension of social understanding represented in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional selectivity for naturalistic social interaction perception in the human superior temporal sulcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal regulation of green and red cone specification in human retinas and retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trichromacy is unique to primates among mammals, enabled by blue (short/S), green (medium/M), and red (long/L) cones. In humans and Old World monkeys, cones make a poorly understood choice between M and L cone subtype fates. To determine mechanisms specifying M and L cones, we developed an approach to visualize expression of the highly similar M- and L-opsin mRNAs. M-opsin, but not L-opsin, was observed during early human eye development, suggesting that M cones are generated before L cones. In adult human tissue, the early-developing central retina contained a mix of M and L cones compared to the late-developing peripheral region, which contained a high proportion of L cones. Retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzymes are highly expressed early in retinal development. High RA signaling early was sufficient to promote M cone fate and suppress L cone fate in retinal organoids. Across a human population sample, natural variation in the ratios of M and L cone subtypes was associated with a noncoding polymorphism in the NR2F2 gene, a mediator of RA signaling. Our data suggest that RA promotes M cone fate early in development to generate the pattern of M and L cones across the human retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadyniak, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchenbecker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal regulation of green and red cone specification in human retinas and retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting skeletal stature using ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesAncient DNA provides an opportunity to separate the genetic and environmental bases of complex traits by allowing direct estimation of genetic values in ancient individuals. Here, we test whether genetic scores for height in ancient individuals are predictive of their actual height, as inferred from skeletal remains. We estimate the contributions of genetic and environmental variables to observed phenotypic variation as a first step towards quantifying individual sources of morphological variation.

Materials and MethodsWe collected stature estimates and femur lengths from West Eurasian skeletal remains with published genome-wide ancient DNA data (n=167, dating from 33,000-850 BP). We also recorded genetic sex, genetic ancestry, date and paleoclimate data for each individual, and{delta} 13C and{delta} 15N stable isotope values where available (n=67).

ResultsA polygenic score (PRS) for height predicts 6.8% of the variance in femur length in our data (n=117, SD=0.0068%, p<0.001), controlling for sex, ancestry, and date. This is consistent with the predictive power of height PRS in present-day populations and the low coverage of ancient samples. Comparatively, sex explains about 15% of the variance in femur length in our sample. Environmental effects also likely play a role in variation, independent of genetics, though with considerable uncertainty (longitude: R2=0.0317, SD=0.009, p=0.019).

DiscussionPolygenic scores explain a small but significant proportion of the variance in height in ancient individuals, though not enough to make useful predictions of individual phenotypes. However, environmental variables also contribute to phenotypic outcomes and understanding their interaction with direct genetic predictions will provide a framework with which to model how plasticity and genetic changes ultimately combine to drive adaptation and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moots, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shbat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarello, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting skeletal stature using ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Dimensions of Association Link Migraine Symptoms and Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migraine is a heterogeneous disorder with variable symptoms and responsiveness to therapy. Due to previous analytic shortcomings, variance in migraine symptoms has been weakly and inconsistently related to brain function. Taking advantage of neural network organization measured through resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and advanced statistical analysis, sophisticated symptom-brain mapping can now be performed. In the current analysis we used data from two sites (n=102 and 41), and performed Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), relating RSFC with a broad range of migraine symptoms ranging from headache characteristics to sleep abnormalities. This identified three dimensions of covariance between symptoms and RSFC. Importantly, none of these dimensions bore any relationship with subject motion. The first dimension was related to headache intensity, headache frequency, pain catastrophizing, affect, sleep disturbances, and somatic abnormalities, and was associated with frontoparietal and dorsal attention network connectivity, both of which are major cognitive networks. Additionally, RSFC scores from this dimension - both the baseline value and the change from baseline to post-intervention - were associated with clinical responsiveness to mind-body therapy. The second dimension was related to an inverse association between pain and anxiety, and to default mode network connectivity. The final dimension was related to pain catastrophizing, and salience, sensorimotor and default mode network connectivity. These unique symptom/brain-mappings over three dimensions provide novel network targets to modify specific ensembles of symptoms. In addition to performing CCA, we evaluated the current clustering of migraine patients into episodic and chronic subtypes, and found no evidence to support this clustering. However, when using RSFC scores from the three significant dimensions, we identified a novel clustering of migraine patients into four biotypes with unique functional connectivity patterns. These findings provide new insight into individual variability in migraine, and could serve as the foundation for novel therapies that take advantage of migraine heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krimmel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjanwala, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haythornthwaite, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Dimensions of Association Link Migraine Symptoms and Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsomedial striatal activity tracks completion of behavioral sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For proper execution of goal-directed behaviors, individuals require both a general representation of the goal and an ability to monitor their own progress toward that goal. Here, we examine how dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region pivotal for forming associations among stimuli, actions, and outcomes, encodes the execution of goal-directed action sequences that require self-monitoring of behavior. We trained rats to complete a sequence of at least 5 consecutive lever presses (without visiting the reward port) to obtain a reward and recorded the activity of individual cells in DMS while rats performed the task. We found that the pattern of DMS activity gradually changed during the execution of the sequence, permitting accurate decoding of sequence progress from neural activity at a population level. Moreover, this sequence-related activity was blunted on trials where rats did not complete a sufficient number of presses. Overall, these data suggest a link between DMS activity and the execution of behavioral sequences that require monitoring of ongoing behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandaele, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.437899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsomedial striatal activity tracks completion of behavioral sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic audio-movies reveal common spatial organization across "visual" cortices of different blind individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Occipital cortices of different sighted people contain analogous maps of visual information (e.g., foveal vs. peripheral space). In congenital blindness, "visual" cortices enhance responses to nonvisual stimuli. Do deafferented visual cortices of different blind people represent common informational maps? We leverage a naturalistic stimulus paradigm and inter-subject pattern similarity analysis to address this question. Blindfolded sighted (S, n=22) and congenitally blind (CB, n=22) participants listened to three auditory excerpts from movies; a naturalistic spoken narrative; and matched degraded auditory stimuli (i.e., shuffled sentences and backwards speech) while undergoing fMRI scanning. In a parcel-based whole brain analysis, we measured the spatial activity patterns evoked by each unique, ten-second segment of each auditory clip. We then compared each subjects spatial pattern to that of all other subjects in the same group (CB or S) within and across segments. In both blind and sighted groups, segments of meaningful auditory stimuli produced distinctive patterns of activity that were shared across individuals. Crucially, only in the CB group, this segment-specific, cross-subject pattern similarity effect emerged in visual cortex, but only for meaningful naturalistic stimuli and not backwards speech. These results suggest that spatial activity patterns within deafferented visual cortices encode meaningful, segment-level information contained in naturalistic auditory stimuli, and that these representations are spatially organized in a similar fashion across blind individuals.

Significance StatementRecent neuroimaging studies show that the so-called "visual" cortices activate during non-visual tasks in people who are born blind. Do the visual cortices of people who are born blind develop similar representational maps? While congenitally blind individuals listened to naturalistic auditory stimuli (i.e., sound clips from movies), distinct timepoints within each stimulus elicited unique spatial activity patterns in visual cortex, and these patterns were shared across different people. These findings suggest that in blindness, the visual cortices encode meaningful information embedded in naturalistic auditory signals in a spatially distributed manner, and that a common representational map can emerge in visual cortex independent of visual experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiotile, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic audio-movies reveal common spatial organization across "visual" cortices of different blind individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms that ensure speed and fidelity in eukaryotic translation termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation termination, which liberates a nascent polypeptide from the ribosome specifically at stop codons, must occur accurately and rapidly. We established single-molecule fluorescence assays to track the dynamics of ribosomes and two requisite release factors (eRF1 and eRF3) throughout termination using an in vitro-reconstituted yeast translation system. We found that the two eukaryotic release factors bind together to recognize stop codons rapidly and elicit termination via a tightly regulated, multi-step process that resembles tRNA selection during translation elongation. Because the release factors are conserved from yeast to humans, the molecular events that underlie yeast translation termination are likely broadly fundamental to eukaryotic protein synthesis.

One Sentence SummaryDirect visualization of eukaryotic translation reveals the dynamics of termination at stop codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsepius, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puglisi, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms that ensure speed and fidelity in eukaryotic translation termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is it that simple? Linear mapping models in cognitive neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cognitive neuroscience studies use large feature sets to predict and interpret brain activity patterns. Feature sets take many forms, from human stimulus annotations to representations in deep neural networks. Of crucial importance in all these studies is the mapping model, which defines the space of possible relationships between features and neural data. Until recently, most encoding and decoding studies have used linear mapping models. Increasing availability of large datasets and computing resources has recently allowed some researchers to employ more flexible nonlinear mapping models instead; however, the question of whether nonlinear mapping models can yield meaningful scientific insights remains debated. Here, we discuss the choice of a mapping model in the context of three overarching desiderata: predictive accuracy, interpretability, and biological plausibility. We show that, contrary to popular intuition, these desiderata do not map cleanly onto the linear/nonlinear divide; instead, each desideratum can refer to multiple research goals, each of which imposes its own constraints on the mapping model. Moreover, we argue that, instead of categorically treating the mapping models as linear or nonlinear, we should instead aim to estimate the complexity of these models. We show that, in many cases, complexity provides a more accurate reflection of restrictions imposed by various research goals. Finally, we outline several complexity metrics that can be used to effectively evaluate mapping models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzellotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslavsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is it that simple? Linear mapping models in cognitive neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 golden Syrian hamster model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males compared with females, including hospitalizations and deaths. Animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Adult male and female golden Syrian hamsters (8-10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 105 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2/USA-WA1/2020 and euthanized at several time points during the acute (i.e., virus actively replicating) and recovery (i.e., after the infectious virus has been cleared) phases of infection. There was no mortality, but infected male hamsters experienced greater morbidity, losing a greater percentage of body mass, developing more extensive pneumonia as noted on chest computed tomography, and recovering more slowly than females. Treatment of male hamsters with estradiol did not alter pulmonary damage. Virus titers in respiratory tissues, including nasal turbinates, trachea, and lungs, and pulmonary cytokine concentrations, including IFN{beta} and TNF, were comparable between the sexes. However, during the recovery phase of infection, females mounted two-fold greater IgM, IgG, and IgA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-RBD) in both plasma and respiratory tissues. Female hamsters also had significantly greater IgG antibodies against whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and mutant S-RBDs, as well as virus neutralizing antibodies in plasma. The development of an animal model to study COVID-19 sex differences will allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 associated sex differences seen in the human population.

ImportanceMen experience more severe outcomes from COVID-19 than women. Golden Syrian hamsters were used to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of a human clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. After inoculation, male hamsters experienced greater sickness, developed more severe lung pathology, and recovered more slowly than females. Sex differences in disease could not be reversed by estradiol treatment in males and were not explained by either virus replication kinetics or the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. During the recovery period, antiviral antibody responses in the respiratory tract and plasma, including to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, were greater in females than male hamsters. Greater lung pathology during the acute phase combined with reduced antiviral antibody responses during the recovery phase of infection in males than females illustrate the utility of golden Syrian hamsters as a model to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine-induced immunity and protection.

One Sentence SummaryFollowing SARS-CoV-2 infection, male hamsters experience worse clinical disease and have lower antiviral antibody responses than females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 golden Syrian hamster model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the neural correlates of habit in the dorsal striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have recently reported sustained inhibition in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and sustained excitation in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) during execution of a lever press sequence in a discrete-trials task promoting habit. This sustained dorsostriatal activity was present early on, and did not clearly change in step with improved performance over ten training sessions. Early onset of sequence-related neural activity could have resulted from rapid habitual learning promoted by presentation of lever cues, predicting reward availability and delivery. To test this hypothesis, we compared DLS and DMS spiking activity in the discrete trials habit-promoting task with two task variants that promote goal-directed behavior. Comparison of the three tasks revealed that mean neuronal spiking activity was generally sustained across the lever press sequence in the task promoting habit and characterized by overall excitation in DLS and inhibition in DMS relative to baseline. In contrast, mean activity differences in DLS and DMS were much less prominent, and most changes occurred transiently around individual lever presses, in the tasks promoting goal-directed behavior. These results indicate that sequence delineation cues, such as the lever cues in these studies, promote habitual behavior and that this habitual behavior is encoded in the striatum by cue-triggered sustained DLS excitation and DMS inhibition that likely reflects cue-elicited behavioral chunking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandaele, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the neural correlates of habit in the dorsal striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensuring scientific reproducibility in bio-macromolecular modeling via extensive, automated benchmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each year vast international resources are wasted on irreproducible research. The scientific community has been slow to adopt standard software engineering practices, despite the increases in high-dimensional data, complexities of workflows, and computational environments. Here we show how scientific software applications can be created in a reproducible manner when simple design goals for reproducibility are met. We describe the implementation of a test server framework and 40 scientific benchmarks, covering numerous applications in Rosetta bio-macromolecular modeling. High performance computing cluster integration allows these benchmarks to run continuously and automatically. Detailed protocol captures are useful for developers and users of Rosetta and other macromolecular modeling tools. The framework and design concepts presented here are valuable for developers and users of any type of scientific software and for the scientific community to create reproducible methods. Specific examples highlight the utility of this framework and the comprehensive documentation illustrates the ease of adding new tests in a matter of hours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolf-Bryfogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Aharon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krys, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljubetic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loshbaugh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy Burman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teets, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachnin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey-Kellogg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler-Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensuring scientific reproducibility in bio-macromolecular modeling via extensive, automated benchmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal prediction of cell cycle position using transfer learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cell cycle is a highly conserved, continuous process which controls faithful replication and division of cells. Single-cell technologies have enabled increasingly precise measurements of the cell cycle both as a biological process of interest and as a possible confounding factor. Despite its importance and conservation, there is no universally applicable approach to infer position in the cell cycle with high-resolution from single-cell RNA-seq data.

ResultsHere, we present tricycle, an R/Bioconductor package, to address this challenge by leveraging key features of the biology of the cell cycle, the mathematical properties of principal component analysis of periodic functions, and the use of transfer learning. We estimate a cell cycle embedding using a fixed reference dataset and project new data into this reference embedding; an approach that overcomes key limitations of learning a dataset dependent embedding. Tricycle then predicts a cell-specific position in the cell cycle based on the data projection. The accuracy of tricycle compares favorably to gold-standard experimental assays, which generally require specialized measurements in specifically constructed in vitro systems. Using internal controls which are available for any dataset, we show that tricycle predictions generalize to datasets with multiple cell types, across tissues, species and even sequencing assays.

ConclusionsTricycle generalizes across datasets, is highly scalable and applicable to atlas-level single-cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carosso, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal prediction of cell cycle position using transfer learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-opting propelling and perturbing appendages facilitates strenuous ground self-righting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terrestrial animals must self-right when overturned on the ground, but this locomotor task is strenuous. To do so, the discoid cockroach often pushes its wings against the ground to begin a somersault which rarely succeeds. As it repeatedly attempts this, the animal probabilistically rolls to the side to self- right. During winged self-righting, the animal flails its legs vigorously. Here, we studied whether wing opening and leg flailing together facilitate strenuous ground self-righting. Adding mass to increase hind leg flailing kinetic energy increased the animals self-righting probability. We then developed a robot with similar strenuous self-righting behavior and used it as a physical model for systematic experiments. The robots self-righting probability increased with wing opening and leg flailing amplitudes. A potential energy landscape model revealed that, although wing opening did not generate sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the high pitch potential energy barrier to somersault, it reduced the barrier for rolling, facilitating the small kinetic energy from leg flailing to probabilistically overcome it to self-right. The model also revealed that the stereotyped body motion during self-righting emerged from physical interaction of the body and appendages with the ground. Our work demonstrated the usefulness of potential energy landscape for modeling self-righting transitions.

Impact statementAnimals can, and robots should, use different types of appendages together to propel and perturb themselves to self-right when overturned, a strenuous yet crucial locomotor task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Othayoth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-opting propelling and perturbing appendages facilitates strenuous ground self-righting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE ε4 allele advances the age-dependent decline of amyloid β clearance in the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionOur previous study indicated that the pericapillary clearance of amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) declines with age in APOE 3/3 subjects. Here, we examine whether the APOE {varepsilon}4 allele has an impact on this age-related decline.

MethodsWe examined 69 autopsy brains of APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}4 or APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}3 individuals (30-65 years) for the immunohistochemical localization of intracellular, extracellular, and pericapillary A{beta} in the cerebral cortex.

ResultsIn APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}4 individuals, the percentage of A{beta} positive pericapillary spaces began to decrease (p=0.030), and the number of extracellular A{beta} particles increased in the early 30s (p=0.0008). Those average values were significantly lower (p<0.0001) and higher (p<0.0001), respectively, compared to APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}3 individuals.

DiscussionOur observations indicate that APOE {varepsilon}4 allele advances by one decade at the onset of age-related decline in A{beta} glymphatic clearance. This finding supports early clinical intervention and stratification by APOE genotype to prevent A{beta} deposition and AD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kageyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudow, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southall, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE ε4 allele advances the age-dependent decline of amyloid β clearance in the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.438683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of early chick hypothalamic development reveals that hypothalamic cells are induced from prethalamic-like progenitors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.438683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily ancient brain region that regulates many innate behaviors, but its development is still poorly understood. To identify molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic specification and patterning, we used single-cell RNA-Seq to profile multiple stages of early hypothalamic development in the chick. We observe that hypothalamic neuroepithelial cells are initially induced from prethalamic-like cells. Two distinct hypothalamic progenitor populations emerge later, which give rise to paraventricular/mammillary and tuberal hypothalamus. At later developmental stages, the regional organization of the chick and mouse hypothalamus closely resembles one another. This study identifies selective markers for major subdivisions of the developing chick hypothalamus and many uncharacterized candidate regulators of hypothalamic patterning and neurogenesis. As proof of concept for the power of the dataset, we demonstrate that follistatin, a novel prethalamic progenitor-like marker, inhibits hypothalamic induction. This study both clarifies the organization of the early developing hypothalamus and identifies novel molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic induction, regionalization, and neurogenesis.

HighlightsO_LIEarly hypothalamic development was profiled in chick using scRNA-Seq and multiplexed HCR.
C_LIO_LIHypothalamic cells are induced from prethalamic-like neuroepithelial cells.
C_LIO_LIDistinct paraventricular/mammillary and tuberal progenitor populations emerge later, and hypothalamic organization is evolutionarily conserved.
C_LIO_LIPrethalamic progenitor-derived follistatin inhibits hypothalamic specification.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/438683v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Place, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placzek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.438683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of early chick hypothalamic development reveals that hypothalamic cells are induced from prethalamic-like progenitors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of TDP-43 function and rimmed vacuoles persist after T cell depletion in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common acquired muscle disease in adults over age 50, yet it remains unclear whether the disease is primarily driven by T cell-mediated autoimmunity. IBM muscle biopsies exhibit nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 in muscle cells, a pathologic finding observed initially in neurodegenerative disease, and nuclear loss of TDP-43 in neurons causes aberrant RNA splicing. Here, we show that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression, as determined by inclusion of cryptic exons, occurs in skeletal muscle of IBM patients. Out of 119 muscle biopsies tested, RT-PCR-mediated detection of cryptic exon expression is 84% sensitive and 99% specific for diagnosing IBM, indicating utility as a functional and diagnostic biomarker. To determine the role of T cells in pathogenesis, we generated a novel xenograft model by transplanting human IBM muscle into the hindlimb of immunodeficient mice. Xenografts from IBM patients display robust regeneration of human myofibers and recapitulate both inflammatory and degenerative features of the disease. Myofibers in IBM xenografts are invaded by human, oligoclonal CD8+ T cells and exhibit MHC-I upregulation, rimmed vacuoles, mitochondrial pathology, p62-positive inclusions, and nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43, resulting in expression of cryptic exons. Depletion of human T cells within IBM xenografts by treating mice intraperitoneally with anti-CD3 (OKT3) suppresses MHC-I upregulation, but rimmed vacuoles and loss of TDP-43 function persist. These data suggest that myofiber degeneration occurs independent of T cells, and muscle cell-intrinsic mechanisms, such as loss of TDP-43 splicing repression, drive IBM pathogenesis.

One Sentence SummaryDepletion of T cells in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis suppresses inflammation but not TDP-43 pathology or muscle degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenschmidt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikenaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinal-Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of TDP-43 function and rimmed vacuoles persist after T cell depletion in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality genome and methylomes illustrate features underlying evolutionary success of oaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Quercus, which emerged ~55 million years ago during globally warm temperatures, diversified into ~450 species. We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of a California endemic oak, Quercus lobata, revealing features consistent with oak evolutionary success. Effective population size remained large throughout history despite declining since the early Miocene. Analysis of 39,373 mapped protein-coding genes outlined copious duplications consistent with genetic and phenotypic diversity, both by retention of genes created during the ancient{gamma} whole genome hexaploid duplication event and by tandem duplication within families, including the numerous resistance genes and also unexpected candidate genes for an incompatibility system involving multiple non-self-recognition genes. An additional surprising finding is that subcontext-specific patterns of DNA methylation associated with transposable elements reveal broadly-distributed heterochromatin in intergenic regions, similar to grasses (another highly successful taxon). Collectively, these features promote genetic and phenotypic variation that would facilitate adaptability to changing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sork, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitz-Gibbon, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gugger, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality genome and methylomes illustrate features underlying evolutionary success of oaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Fronto-Striatal Connectivity is Organized into Discrete Functional Subnetworks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is interconnected with the cerebral cortex via multiple recurrent loops that play a major role in many neuropsychiatric conditions. Primate cortico-striatal connections can be precisely mapped using invasive tract-tracing. However, noninvasive human research has not mapped these connections with anatomical precision, limited by the practice of averaging neuroimaging data across individuals. Here we utilized highly-sampled resting-state functional connectivity MRI for individually-specific precision functional mapping of cortico-striatal connections. We identified ten discrete, individual-specific subnetworks linking cortex--predominately frontal cortex--to striatum. These subnetworks included previously unknown striatal connections to the human language network. The discrete subnetworks formed a stepped rostral-caudal gradient progressing from nucleus accumbens to posterior putamen; this organization was strongest for projections from medial frontal cortex. The stepped gradient organization fit patterns of fronto-striatal connections better than a smooth, continuous gradient. Thus, precision subnetworks identify detailed, individual-specific stepped gradients of cortico-striatal connectivity that include human-specific language networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaggar, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Fronto-Striatal Connectivity is Organized into Discrete Functional Subnetworks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAZ/TEAD complex regulates TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis in iPSC-derived renal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses by replacement of functional tissue compartments with fibrosis, representing a maladaptive repair process. Shifting kidney repair towards a physiologically-intact architecture, rather than fibrosis, is key to blocking CKD progression. In this study, we developed a fibrosis model that uses human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based three-dimensional renal organoids, in which exogenous TGF-{beta}1 induces production of extracellular matrix. In these organoids, TGF- {beta}1 increased transcription factor tafazzin (TAZ) expression. Further, in human kidney biopsies, nuclear TAZ expression was markedly increased in mild and moderate fibrosis. In cultured renal tubular cells expressing a fibrogenic program, TAZ formed a trimeric complex with phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (p-SMAD3) and TEA domain protein (TEAD)-4. Overexpression of TEAD4 protein suppressed collagen-11 (COL1A1) promoter activity, and expression of TAZ attenuated this inhibition. INT-767, a dual bile acid receptor agonist binding farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), decreased the TGF-{beta}1-induced increase in p-SMAD3 and TAZ, and preserved renal organoid architecture. These data demonstrate, in an iPSC-derived renal organoid fibrosis model, that INT767 prevents fibrosis programs early in the course of tubular injury through modulation of the TEAD4/TAZ pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delsante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deneshpajouhnejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenaroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.440011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAZ/TEAD complex regulates TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis in iPSC-derived renal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the impressive advances in diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition and analysis that have taken place during the Human Connectome era, dMRI tractography is still an imperfect source of information on the circuitry of the brain. In this review, we discuss methods for post mortem validation of dMRI tractography, fiber orientations, and other microstructural properties of axon bundles that are typically extracted from dMRI data. These methods include anatomic tracer studies, Klinglers dissection, myelin stains, label-free optical imaging techniques, and others. We provide an overview of the basic principles of each technique, its limitations, and what it has taught us so far about the accuracy of different dMRI acquisition and analysis approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yendiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Cappellen van Walsum, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface residues and non-additive interactions stabilize a consensus homeodomain protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the widely reported success of consensus design in producing highly stabilized proteins, little is known about the physical mechanisms underlying this stabilization. Here we explore the potential sources of stabilization by performing a systematic analysis of the 29 substitutions that we previously found to collectively stabilize a consensus homeodomain compared to an extant homeodomain. By separately introducing groups of consensus substitutions that alter or preserve charge state, occur at varying degrees of residue burial, and occur at positions of varying degrees of conservation, we determine the extent to which these three features contribute to the consensus stability enhancement. Surprisingly, we find that the largest total contribution to stability comes from consensus substitutions on the protein surface and that the largest per-substitution contributions come from substitutions that maintain charge state, suggesting that although consensus proteins are often enriched in charged residues, consensus stabilization does not result primarily from charge-charge interactions. Although consensus substitutions at strongly conserved positions also contribute disproportionately to stabilization, significant stabilization is also contributed from substitutions at weakly conserved positions. Furthermore, we find that identical consensus substitutions show larger stabilizing effects when introduced into the consensus background than when introduced into an extant homeodomain, indicating that synergistic, stabilizing interactions among the consensus residues contribute to consensus stability enhancement of the homeodomain.

Significance StatementProteins composed of consensus sequences from multiple sequence alignments are often more stable than extant proteins used to create them. Often about half the residues in a consensus protein differ from those of extant proteins. The contributions of these differences to stability are unknown. Here we substitute groups of residues with different properties (conservation, charge variation, solvent accessibility) to determine which substitutions lead to consensus stabilization. We find that surface and charge-conserving substitutions contribute to stability, that weakly-conserved substitutions make a significant collective contribution to stability, and that there is a significant non-additive contribution to stability in the consensus background. These results provide insights to the sequence origins of consensus stabilization and the evolutionary constraints that determine protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sternke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface residues and non-additive interactions stabilize a consensus homeodomain protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting PBX1 Transcription Signaling as a Novel Cancer Therapeutic Strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PBX1 (pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor 1) is a transcription factor involved in diverse cellular functions including organ development, stem cell renewal, and tumorigenesis. PBX1 is localized at chr1q23.3, a frequently amplified chromosomal region, and it is overexpressed in many human malignancies including breast, lung, melanoma, and ovarian carcinomas. Cancer cells with elevated PBX1 signaling are particularly vulnerable to PBX1-withdrawal. We designed a series of small molecule compounds capable of docking to the interface between PBX1 and its cognate DNA target sequence and identified a lead compound, T417, which efficiently hindered the formation of the PBX1 transcriptional complex and affected the transcription of PBX1 target genes. In cell-based assays, T417 significantly suppressed long-term self-renewal and proliferation of cancer cells expressing high levels of PBX1 but not of those expressing low levels of PBX1. T417 also re-sensitized platinum-resistant ovarian tumor cells to carboplatin and produced synergistic anti-tumorigenic effects in vivo in combination with carboplatin. Normal tissues were spared, likely due to the lower PBX1 expression levels. Since PBX1 functions as a molecular hub in developing cancer recurrence and treatment resistance, our data highlight the potential of targeting the PBX-DNA interface as a therapeutic strategy for patients whose tumors rely on PBX1 activation for survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanto, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting PBX1 Transcription Signaling as a Novel Cancer Therapeutic Strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate assignment of disease liability to genetic variants using only population data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe growing size of public variant repositories prompted us to test the accuracy of predicting pathogenicity of DNA variants using population data alone.

MethodsUnder the a priori assumption that the ratio of the prevalence of variants in healthy and affected populations form two distinct distributions (pathogenic and benign), we used a Bayesian method to assign probability of a variant belonging to either distribution.

ResultsThe approach, termed BayPR, accurately parsed 300 of 313 expertly curated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) variants: 284 of 296 pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in one distribution and 16 of 17 benign/likely benign (B/LB) variants in another. BayPR produced an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.99 for 103 functionally-confirmed missense CFTR variants, equal to or exceeding ten commonly used algorithms (AUC range: 0.54 to 0.99). Application of BayPR to expertly curated variants in eight genes associated with seven Mendelian conditions assigned [&ge;]80% disease-causing probability to 1,350 of 1,374 (98.3%) P/LP variants and [&le;]20% to 22 of 23 (95.7%) B/LB variants.

ConclusionAgnostic to variant type or functional effect, BayPR provides probabilities of pathogenicity for DNA variants responsible for Mendelian disorders using only variant counts in affected and unaffected population samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collaco, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raraigh, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacCarrick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogee, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate assignment of disease liability to genetic variants using only population data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS CoV-1 3a protein disrupts Golgi complex morphology and cargo trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses assemble by budding into the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, but the pathway of egress from infected cells is not well understood. Efficient egress of infectious bronchitis virus (a gamma coronavirus, CoV) requires neutralization of Golgi pH by the envelope (E) protein. This results in reduced rates of cargo traffic and disrupts Golgi morphology, but it protects the spike protein from aberrant proteolysis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV-1 E protein does not disrupt the Golgi, however. We show here that in transfected cells, the ORF3a protein of SARS CoV-1 disrupts Golgi morphology, cargo trafficking and luminal pH. Unlike the infectious bronchitis virus E protein, these functions of the SARS CoV-1 3a protein appear to require its viroporin activity. Thus, neutralization of acidic compartments may be a universal feature of CoV infection, although different viral proteins and mechanisms may be used to achieve this outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machamer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS CoV-1 3a protein disrupts Golgi complex morphology and cargo trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nascent clathrin lattices spontaneously disassemble without sufficient adaptor proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-coated structures must assemble on cell membranes to perform their primary function of receptor internalization. These structures show marked plasticity and instability, but what conditions are necessary to stabilize against disassembly have not been quantified. Recent in vitro fluorescence experiments have measured kinetics of stable clathrin assembly on membranes as controlled by key adaptor proteins like AP-2. Here, we combine this experimental data with microscopic reaction-diffusion simulations and theory to quantify mechanisms of stable vs unstable clathrin assembly on membranes. Both adaptor binding and dimensional reduction on the 2D surface are necessary to reproduce the cooperative kinetics of assembly. By applying our model to more physiologic-like conditions, where the stoichiometry and volume to area ratio are significantly lower than in vitro, we show that the critical nucleus contains ~25 clathrin, remarkably similar to sizes of abortive structures observed in vivo. Stable nucleation requires a stoichiometry of adaptor to clathrin that exceeds 1:1, meaning that AP-2 on its own has too few copies to nucleate lattices. Increasing adaptor concentration increases lattice sizes and nucleation speeds. For curved clathrin cages, we quantify both the cost of bending the membrane and the stabilization required to nucleate cages in solution. We find the energetics are comparable, suggesting that curving the lattice could offset the bending energy cost. Our model predicts how adaptor density controls stabilization of clathrin-coated structures against spontaneous disassembly, and shows remodeling and disassembly does not require ATPases, which is a critical advance towards predicting control of productive vesicle formation.

Significance StatementStochastic self-assembly of clathrin-coated structures on the plasma membrane is essential for transport into cells. We show here that even with abundant clathrin available, robust nucleation and growth into stable structures on membranes is not possible without sufficient adaptor proteins. Our results thus provide quantitative justification for why structures observed to form in vivo can still spontaneously disassemble over many seconds. The ATPases that drive clathrin disassembly after productive vesicle formation are therefore not necessary to control remodeling during growth. With parameterization against in vitro kinetics of assembly on membranes, our reaction-diffusion model provides a powerful and extensible tool for establishing determinants of productive assembly in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodt, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nascent clathrin lattices spontaneously disassemble without sufficient adaptor proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Computational Anatomy: Unifying the Molecular to Tissue Continuum via Measure Representations of the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe objective of this research is to unify the molecular representations of spatial transcriptomics and cellular scale histology with the tissue scales of Computational Anatomy for brain mapping.

Impact statementWe present a unified representation theory for brain mapping based on geometric measures of the micro-scale phenotypes of molecular disease simultaneously with the connectomic scales of complex interacting brain circuits.

IntroductionMapping across coordinate systems in computational anatomy allows us to understand structural and functional properties of the brain at the millimeter scale. New measurement technologies in digital pathology and spatial transcriptomics allow us to measure the brain molecule by molecule and cell by cell based on protein and transcriptomic identity. We currently have no mathematical representations for integrating consistently the tissue limits with the molecular particle descriptions. The formalism derived here demonstrates the methodology for transitioning consistently from the molecular scale of quantized particles - as first introduced by Dirac as the class of generalized functions - to the continuum and fluid mechanics scales appropriate for tissue.

MethodsWe introduce two methods based on notions of generalized function geometric measures and statistical mechanics. We use generalized functions expanded to include functional geometric descriptions - electrophysiology, transcriptomic, molecular histology - to represent the molecular biology scale integrated with a Boltzman like procedure to pass from the sparse particles to empirical probability laws on the functional state of the tissue.

ResultsWe demonstrate a unified mapping methodology for transferring molecular information in the transcriptome and histological scales to the human atlas scales for understanding Alzheimers disease.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate a unified brain mapping theory for molecular and tissue scales based on geometric measure representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Computational Anatomy: Unifying the Molecular to Tissue Continuum via Measure Representations of the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly task-specific and distributed neural connectivity in working memory revealed by single-trial decoding in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM), the capacity to briefly and intentionally maintain mental items, is key to successful goal-directed behaviour and impaired in a range of psychiatric disorders. To date, several brain regions, connections, and types of neural activity have been correlatively associated with WM performance. However, no unifying framework to integrate these findings exits, as the degree of their species- and task-specificity remains unclear. Here, we investigate WM correlates in three task paradigms each in mice and humans, with simultaneous multi-site electrophysiological recordings. We developed a machine learning-based approach to decode WM-mediated choices in individual trials across subjects from hundreds of electrophysiological measures of neural connectivity with up to 90% prediction accuracy. Relying on predictive power as indicator of correlates of psychological functions, we unveiled a large number of task phase-specific WM-related connectivity from analysis of predictor weights in an unbiased manner. Only a few common connectivity patterns emerged across tasks. In rodents, these were thalamus-prefrontal cortex delta- and beta-frequency connectivity during memory encoding and maintenance, respectively, and hippocampal-prefrontal delta- and theta-range coupling during retrieval, in rodents. In humans, task-independent WM correlates were exclusively in the gamma-band. Mostly, however, the predictive activity patterns were unexpectedly specific to each task and always widely distributed across brain regions. Our results suggest that individual tasks cannot be used to uncover generic physiological correlates of the psychological construct termed WM and call for a new conceptualization of this cognitive domain in translational psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strahnen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanaiah, S. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewe, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kätzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly task-specific and distributed neural connectivity in working memory revealed by single-trial decoding in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-weaning social isolation modulates reward-seeking behavior in a sex-specific manner in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social isolation is a growing concern in public health. Although isolation at any age is harmful, previous studies have shown that isolation during adolescence, correlating with critical periods of brain development, can impair cognitive function and increase the risk for psychiatric illness later in life. In this study, we utilized a mouse model of adolescent social isolation (SI) and compared performance of isolated and group-housed mice on touchscreen-based continuous performance test (CPT) and fixed ratio/progressive ratio (FR/PR) tasks in adulthood. SI increased sensitivity in the CPT in male mice and had no effect in female mice. The increase in sensitivity was consistent across time bins within the 45-minute testing session and there were no SI effects on reaction times or reward retrieval latencies. A possible confound for performance in the CPT would be SI-induced changes in reward-seeking or motivation for the strawberry milk reward. We next compared the SI mice to their group-housed littermate controls on both FR and PR schedules of reinforcement and found that male SI mice earned significantly more reinforcers on FR schedules of reinforcement and had higher breakpoints on PR schedules compared to their group-housed littermates. SI had no effect on FR or PR performance in female mice. These data indicate that SI during adolescence has striking, sex-specific effects on reward-seeking behavior in adult mice and may provide a useful behavioral model for studying the link between SI and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-weaning social isolation modulates reward-seeking behavior in a sex-specific manner in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel neuroanatomical integration and scaling define avian brain shape evolution and development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do large and unique brains evolve? Historically, comparative neuroanatomical studies have attributed the evolutionary genesis of highly encephalized brains to deviations along, as well as from, conserved scaling relationships among brain regions. However, the relative contributions of these concerted (integrated) and mosaic (modular) processes as drivers of brain evolution remain unclear, especially in non-mammalian groups. While proportional brain sizes have been the predominant metric used to characterize brain morphology to date, we perform a high-density geometric morphometric analysis on the encephalized brains of crown birds (Neornithes or Aves) compared to their stem taxa--the non-avialan coelurosaurian dinosaurs. When analyzed together with developmental neuroanatomical data of model archosaurs (Gallus, Alligator), crown birds exhibit a distinct allometric relationship that dictates their brain evolution and development. Furthermore, analyses by neuroanatomical regions reveal that the acquisition of this derived shape-to-size scaling relationship occurred in a mosaic pattern, where the  avian-grade optic lobe and cerebellum evolved first among non-avialan dinosaurs, followed by major changes to the evolutionary and developmental dynamics of cerebrum shape after the origin of Avialae.

Notably, the brain of crown birds is a more integrated structure than non-avialan archosaurs, implying that diversification of brain morphologies within Neornithes proceeded in a more coordinated manner, perhaps due to spatial constraints and abbreviated growth period. Collectively, these patterns demonstrate a plurality in evolutionary processes that generate encephalized brains in archosaurs and across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balanoff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignac, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, M. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel neuroanatomical integration and scaling define avian brain shape evolution and development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule imaging of chromatin remodelers reveals role of ATPase in promoting fast kinetics of target search and dissociation from chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conserved ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers establish and maintain genome-wide chromatin architectures of regulatory DNA during cellular lifespan, but the temporal interactions between remodelers and chromatin targets have been obscure. We performed live-cell single-molecule tracking for RSC, SWI/SNF, CHD1, ISW1, ISW2, and INO80 remodeling complexes in budding yeast and detected hyperkinetic behaviors for chromatin-bound molecules that frequently transition to the free state for all complexes. Chromatin-bound remodelers display notably higher diffusion than nucleosomal histones, and strikingly fast dissociation kinetics with 4-7 s mean residence times. These enhanced dynamics require ATP binding or hydrolysis by the catalytic ATPase, uncovering an additional function to its established role in nucleosome remodeling. Kinetic simulations show that multiple remodelers can repeatedly occupy the same promoter region on a timescale of minutes, implicating an unending  tug-of-war that controls a temporally shifting window of accessibility for the transcription initiation machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visanpattanasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule imaging of chromatin remodelers reveals role of ATPase in promoting fast kinetics of target search and dissociation from chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host regulator PARP1 contributes to sex differences and immune responses in a mouse model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating infectious disease responsible for nearly 2 million deaths annually that has a poorly understood male bias. Elucidating the basis of this male bias may enable precision medicine interventions for TB treatment and prevention. Here, we identify the master regulator Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) as a driver of TB sex differences. We found that infection with M. tuberculosis (M. tb) triggers robust PARP activation in mouse lungs, suggesting that PARP1 activation is a fundamental host response to TB. Remarkably, PARP1 deletion abolished known sex differences in TB cytokine responses and blunted the early induction of TNF, IL-1{beta}, IFN{gamma}, MCP-1, and IL-6, particularly in male mice. In contrast, PARP1 was required for IL-10 induction in male or female mice. PARP1 deletion was protective against TB in female mice, resulting in significantly prolonged survival and reduced bacterial burden, but impaired TB containment in male mice. Our findings indicate that PARP1 contributes to TB sex differences via sexually divergent immune regulation and uniquely enhances early proinflammatory responses in males that prove beneficial for TB containment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host regulator PARP1 contributes to sex differences and immune responses in a mouse model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional model of genomic data analysis - downloading data from centralized warehouses for analysis with local computing resources - is increasingly unsustainable. Not only are transfers slow and cost prohibitive, but this approach also leads to redundant and siloed compute infrastructure that makes it difficult to ensure security and compliance of protected data. The NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL; https://anvilproject.org) inverts this model, providing a unified cloud computing environment for data storage, management, and analysis. AnVIL eliminates the need for data movement, allows for active threat detection and monitoring, and provides scalable, shared computing resources that can be acquired by researchers as needed. This presents many new opportunities for collaboration and data sharing that will ultimately lead to scientific discoveries at scales not previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuichet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AnVIL Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.436044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Alcohol Exposure in Drosophila: Effects on Adult Phenotypes and Gene Expression in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to developmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral changes, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control found that 1 in 10 pregnant women report alcohol use and more than 3 million women in the USA are at risk of exposing their developing baby to alcohol. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent genetic model to study developmental effects of alcohol exposure because many individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly and economically under controlled environmental conditions. Flies exposed to alcohol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol-related phenotypes. Here, we show that adult flies that developed on ethanol-supplemented medium have decreased viability, reduced sensitivity to ethanol, and disrupted sleep and activity patterns. To assess the effects of exposure to alcohol during development on brain gene expression, we performed single cell RNA sequencing and resolved cell clusters with differentially expressed genes which represent distinct neuronal and glial populations. Differential gene expression showed extensive sexual dimorphism with little overlap between males and females. Gene expression differences following developmental alcohol exposure were similar to previously reported differential gene expression following cocaine consumption, suggesting that common neural substrates respond to both drugs. Genes associated with glutathione metabolism, lipid transport, glutamate and GABA metabolism, and vision feature in sexually dimorphic global multi-cluster interaction networks. Our results provide a blueprint for translational studies on alcohol-induced effects on gene expression in the brain that may contribute to or result from FASD in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mokashi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, T. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anholt, R. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Alcohol Exposure in Drosophila: Effects on Adult Phenotypes and Gene Expression in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A continuum membrane model predicts curvature sensing by helix insertion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein domains, such as ENTH (Epsin N-terminal homology) and BAR (bin/amphiphysin/rvs), contain amphipathic helices that drive preferential binding to curved membranes. However, predicting how the physical parameters of these domains control this  curvature sensing behavior is challenging due to the local membrane deformations generated by the nanoscopic helix on the surface of a large sphere. To overcome this challenge, we here use a deformable continuum model that accounts for the physical properties of the membrane and the helix insertion to predict curvature sensing behavior and is in good agreement with existing experimental data. Specifically, we show that the insertion can be modeled as a local change to the membranes spontaneous curvature,[Formula]. Using physically reasonable ranges of the membrane bending modulus [kcy], and a [Formula] of [~]0.2-0.3 nm-1, this approach provides excellent agreement with the energetics extracted from experiment. For small vesicles with high curvature, the insertion lowers the membrane energy by relieving strain on a membrane that is far from its preferred curvature of zero. For larger vesicles with low curvature, however, the insertion has the inverse effect, de-stabilizing the membrane by introducing more strain. The membrane energy cannot be directly predicted analytically, due to shape changes from surface relaxation around the anisotropic insertion. We formulate here an empirical expression that captures numerically calculated membrane energies as a function of both basic membrane properties (bending modulus [kcy] and radius R) as well as stresses applied by the inserted helix ([Formula] and area Ains). We show that the shape relaxation energy has a similar magnitude to the insertion energy, with a strong nonlinear dependence on [Formula]. We therefore predict how these physical parameters will alter the energetics of helix binding to curved vesicles, which is an essential step in understanding their localization dynamics during membrane remodeling processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A continuum membrane model predicts curvature sensing by helix insertion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citrullination of a phage displayed human peptidome library reveals the fine specificities of rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins can be targeted by antibodies associated with autoimmunity. Despite a growing appreciation for their intrinsic role in disease, there is a lack of highly multiplexed serological assays to characterize the fine specificities of PTM-directed autoantibodies. In this study, we used the programmable phage display technology, Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), to profile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associated anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) reactivities. Using both an unmodified and peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD)-modified phage display library consisting of ~250,000 overlapping 90 amino acid peptide tiles spanning the human proteome, PTM PhIP-Seq robustly identifies antibodies to citrulline-dependent epitopes. PTM PhIP-Seq was used to quantify key differences among RA patients, including PAD isoform specific ACPA profiles, and thus represents a powerful tool for proteome-scale antibody-binding analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roman-Melendez, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quizon, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astatke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citrullination of a phage displayed human peptidome library reveals the fine specificities of rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MG53 preserves neuromuscular junction integrity and alleviates ALS disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory failure from progressive respiratory muscle weakness is the most common cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Defects in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and progressive NMJ loss occur at early stages, thus stabilizing and preserving NMJs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to slow ALS disease progression. Here we demonstrate that NMJ damage is repaired by MG53, an intrinsic muscle protein involved in plasma membrane repair. Compromised diaphragm muscle membrane repair and NMJ integrity are early pathological findings in ALS. Diaphragm muscles from ALS mouse models show increased susceptibility to injury and intracellular MG53 aggregation, which is also a hallmark of human muscle samples from ALS patients. We show that systemic administration of recombinant human MG53 protein (rhMG53) in ALS mice protects against injury to diaphragm muscle, preserves NMJ integrity, and slows ALS disease progression. As MG53 is present in circulation in rodents and humans under physiological conditions, our findings provide proof-of-concept data supporting MG53 as a potentially safe and effective therapy to mitigate ALS progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MG53 preserves neuromuscular junction integrity and alleviates ALS disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.440964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An N-terminal Fusion Allele to Study Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.440964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia on neurons play critical roles in both the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). While it remains challenging to elucidate the precise roles for neuronal cilia, it is clear that a subset of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) preferentially localize to the cilia membrane. Further, ciliary GPCR signaling has been implicated in regulating a variety of behaviors. Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), is a GPCR expressed centrally in rodents known to be enriched in cilia. Here we have used MCHR1 as a model ciliary GPCR to develop a strategy to fluorescently tag receptors expressed from the endogenous locus in vivo. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we inserted the coding sequence of the fluorescent protein mCherry into the N-terminus of Mchr1. Analysis of the fusion protein (mCherryMCHR1) revealed its localization to neuronal cilia in the CNS, across multiple developmental time points and in various regions of the adult brain. Our approach simultaneously produced fortuitous in/dels altering the Mchr1 start codon resulting in a new MCHR1 knockout line. Functional studies using electrophysiology show a significant alteration of synaptic strength in MCHR1 knockout mice. A reduction in strength is also detected in mice homozygous for the mCherry insertion, suggesting that while the strategy is useful for monitoring the receptor, activity could be altered. However, both lines should aid in studies of MCHR1 function and contribute to our understanding of MCHR1 signaling in the brain. Additionally, this approach could be expanded to aid in the study of other ciliary GPCRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasso, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamba, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berbari, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.440964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An N-terminal Fusion Allele to Study Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provides an exciting avenue towards antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we have discovered a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, that is directly involved with SARS-CoV-2 machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia as well as promoting many symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. We demonstrate miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of COVID-19 positive patients, but not detected in COVID-19 negative patients. These findings indicate the potential for developing a novel, minimally invasive, COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we have developed a novel miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aykin-Burns, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corry, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paccanaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinig, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UNC COVID-19 Pathobiology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapoval, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treangen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered Cortical Activation Associated with Mirror Overflow Driven by Non-Dominant Hand Movement in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mirror overflow is involuntary movement that accompanies unilateral voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body, and is commonly seen in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD show asymmetry in mirror overflow between dominant and non-dominant hand, yet there are competing mechanistic accounts of why this occurs. Using EEG during a sequential, unimanual finger-tapping task, we found that children with ADHD exhibited significantly more mirror overflow than typically developing (TD) controls, especially during the tapping of the non-dominant hand. Furthermore, source-level EEG oscillation analysis revealed that children with ADHD showed decreased alpha (8-12 Hz) event-related desynchronization (ERD) compared with controls in both hemispheres, but only during tapping of the non-dominant hand. Moreover, only the ERD ipsilateral to the mirror overflow during non-dominant hand movement correlated with both magnitude of overflow movements and higher ADHD symptom severity (Conners ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsiveness scale) in children with ADHD. TD controls did not show these relationships. Our findings suggest that EEG differences in finger-tapping in ADHD are related primarily to voluntary movement in the non-dominant hand. Our results are also consistent with the Ipsilateral Corticospinal Tract (CST) Hypothesis, which posits that the atypical persistence of mirror overflow in ADHD may originate in the sensorimotor areas ipsilateral to mirror overflow and be transmitted via non-decussating CST fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered Cortical Activation Associated with Mirror Overflow Driven by Non-Dominant Hand Movement in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important question in organogenesis is how tissue-specific transcription factors interact with signaling pathways. In some cases, transcription factors define the context for how signaling pathways elicit tissue- or cell-specific responses, and in others, they influence signaling through transcriptional regulation of signaling components or accessory factors. We previously showed that during optic vesicle patterning, the Lim-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway to downstream targets without regulating the pathway itself. Here, we show that during early retinal neurogenesis, Lhx2 is a multilevel regulator of Shh signaling. Specifically, Lhx2 acts cell autonomously to control the expression of pathway genes required for efficient activation and maintenance of signaling in retinal progenitor cells. The Shh co-receptors Cdon and Gas1 are candidate direct targets of Lhx2 that mediate pathway activation, whereas Lhx2 directly or indirectly promotes the expression of other pathway components important for activation and sustained signaling. We also provide genetic evidence suggesting that Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Shh pathway to downstream targets. Through these interactions, Lhx2 establishes the competence for Shh signaling in retinal progenitors and the context for the pathway to promote early retinal neurogenesis. The temporally distinct interactions between Lhx2 and the Shh pathway in retinal development illustrate how transcription factors and signaling pathways adapt to meet stage-dependent requirements of tissue formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringuette, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEVINE, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives as Networks: Predicting Memory from the Structure of Naturalistic Events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we remember events, we often do not only recall individual events, but also the connections between them. However, extant research has focused on how humans segment and remember discrete events from continuous input, with far less attention given to how the structure of connections between events impacts memory. Here we conduct a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which subjects watch and recall a series of realistic audiovisual narratives. By transforming narratives into networks of events, we demonstrate that more central events--those with stronger semantic or causal connections to other events--are better remembered. During encoding, central events evoke larger hippocampal event boundary responses associated with memory formation. During recall, high centrality is associated with stronger activation in cortical areas involved in episodic recollection, and more similar neural representations across individuals. Together, these results suggest that when humans encode and retrieve complex real-world experiences, the reliability and accessibility of memory representations is shaped by their location within a network of events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives as Networks: Predicting Memory from the Structure of Naturalistic Events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial chaperone protein Hfq facilitates the annealing of sponge RNAs to small regulatory RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) in association with the chaperone protein Hfq regulate the expression of many target mRNAs. Since sRNAs action is crucial to engender a response to changing environmental conditions, their activity needs to be regulated. One such mechanism occurs at posttranscriptional level and involves sponge RNAs (or anti-sRNAs) which sequester sRNAs affecting their regulatory output. Both types of RNAs were identified on Hfq, but it is not known how Hfq interacts with RNA sponges and stimulates their base-pairing with sRNAs. Here, we used biochemical methods to demonstrate that anti-sRNAs resemble sRNAs by their structure and their modes of Hfq binding. Hfq facilitates sponge RNA annealing to sRNA, and each surface of the protein plays a particular role in the process. Moreover, we found that the efficiency of sponge RNA interactions with sRNAs can be improved, therefore, we propose that natural RNA sponges might not sequester sRNAs optimally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malecka, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobanska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olejniczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial chaperone protein Hfq facilitates the annealing of sponge RNAs to small regulatory RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of NRSF/REST via EHMT1 is association with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic evidence indicates disrupted epigenetic regulation as a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms that drive this association are undetermined. EHMT1 is an epigenetic repressor that is causal for Kleefstra Syndrome (KS), a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) leading to ID, and is associated with schizophrenia. Here, we show that reduced EHMT1 activity decreases NRSF/REST protein leading to abnormal neuronal gene expression and progression of neurodevelopment in human iPSC. We further show that EHMT1 regulates NRSF/REST indirectly via repression of miRNA leading to aberrant neuronal gene regulation and neurodevelopment timing. Expression of a NRSF/REST mRNA that lacks the miRNA-binding sites restores neuronal gene regulation to EHMT1 deficient cells. Importantly, the EHMT1-regulated miRNA gene set with elevated expression is enriched for NRSF/REST regulators with an association for ID and schizophrenia. This reveals a molecular interaction between H3K9 dimethylation and NSRF/REST contributing to the aetiology of psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alsaqati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isles, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bree, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of NRSF/REST via EHMT1 is association with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PodoCount: A robust, fully automated whole-slide podocyte quantification tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPodocyte depletion is an established indicator of glomerular injury and predicts clinical outcomes. The semi-quantitative nature of existing podocyte estimation methods or podometrics hinders incorporation of such analysis into experimental and clinical pathologic workflows. Computational image analysis offers a robust approach to automate podometrics through objective quantification of cell and tissue structure. Toward this goal, we developed PodoCount, a computational tool for quantitative analysis of podocytes, and validated the generalizability of the tool across a diverse dataset.

MethodsPodocyte nuclei and glomerular boundaries were labeled in murine whole kidney sections, n = 135, from six disease models and human kidney biopsies, n = 45, from diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients. Digital whole slide images (WSIs) of tissues were then acquired. Classical image analysis was applied to obtain podocyte nuclear and glomerular morphometrics. Statistically significant morphometric features, which correlated with each murine disease, were identified. Engineered features were also assessed for their ability to predict outcomes in human DN. PodoCount has been disbursed for other researchers as an open-source, cloud-based computational tool.

ResultsPodoCount offers highly accurate quantification of podocytes. Engineered podometric features were benchmarked against routine glomerular histopathology and were found to be significant predictors of disease diagnosis, proteinuria level, and clinical outcomes.

ConclusionsPodoCount offers high quantification performance in diverse murine disease models as well as in human DN. Resultant podometric features offers significant correlation with associated metadata as well as outcome. Our cloud-based end-user tool will provide a standardized approach for podometric analysis from gigapixel size WSIs in basic research and clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshpajouhnejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedernhofer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PodoCount: A robust, fully automated whole-slide podocyte quantification tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca2+ Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diarrhea occurs in 2-50% of cases of COVID-19 ([~]8% is average across series). The diarrhea does not appear to account for the disease mortality and its contribution to the morbidity has not been defined, even though it is a component of Long Covid or post-infectious aspects of the disease. Even less is known about the pathophysiologic mechanism of the diarrhea. To begin to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 diarrhea, we exposed human enteroid monolayers obtained from five healthy subjects and made from duodenum, jejunum, and proximal colon to live SARS-CoV-2 and virus like particles (VLPs) made from exosomes expressing SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (Spike, Nucleocapsid, Membrane and Envelope). Results: 1) Live virus was exposed apically for 90 min, then washed out and studied 2 and 5 days later. SARS-Cov-2 was taken up by enteroids and live virus was present in lysates and in the apical>>basolateral media of polarized enteroids 48 h after exposure. This is the first demonstration of basolateral appearance of live virus after apical exposure. High vRNA concentration was detected in cell lysates and in the apical and basolateral media up to 5 days after exposure. 2) Two days after viral exposure, cytokine measurements of media showed significantly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. 3) Two days after viral exposure, mRNA levels of ACE2, NHE3 and DRA were reduced but there was no change in mRNA of CFTR. NHE3 protein was also decreased. 4) Live viral studies were mimicked by some studies with VLP exposure for 48 h. VLPs with Spike-D614G bound to the enteroid apical surface and was taken up; this resulted in decreased mRNA levels of ACE2, NHE3, DRA and CFTR. 4) VLP effects were determined on active anion secretion measured with the Ussing chamber/voltage clamp technique. S-D614G acutely exposed to apical surface of human ileal enteroids did not alter the short-circuit current (Isc). However, VLPS-D614G exposure to enteroids that were pretreated for [~]24 h with IL-6 plus IL-8 induced a concentration dependent increase in Isc indicating stimulated anion secretion, that was delayed in onset by [~]8 min. The anion secretion was inhibited by apical exposure to a specific calcium activated Cl channel (CaCC) inhibitor (AO1) but not by a specific CFTR inhibitor (BP027); was inhibited by basolateral exposure to the K channel inhibit clortimazole; and was prevented by pretreatment with the calcium buffer BAPTA-AM. 5) The calcium dependence of the VLP-induced increase in Isc was studied in Caco-2/BBe cells stably expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6s. 24 h pretreatment with IL-6/IL-8 did not alter intracellular Ca2+. However, in IL-6/IL-8 pretreated cells, VLP S-D614G caused appearance of Ca2+waves and an overall increase in intracellular Ca2+ with a delay of [~]10 min after VLP addition. We conclude that the diarrhea of COVID-19 appears to an example of a calcium dependent inflammatory diarrhea that involves both acutely stimulated Ca2+ dependent anion secretion (stimulated Isc) that involves CaCC and likely inhibition of neutral NaCl absorption (decreased NHE3 protein and mRNA and decreased DRA mRNA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokladny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>In, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfute, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca2+ Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-based correction of barcode bias in massively parallel reporter assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA) are a high-throughput method for evaluating in vitro activities of thousands of candidate cis-regulatory elements (CREs). In these assays, candidate sequences are cloned upstream or downstream of a reporter gene tagged by unique DNA sequences. However, tag sequences may themselves affect reporter gene expression and lead to major potential biases in the measured cis-regulatory activity. Here, we present a sequence-based method for correcting tag sequence-specific effects and demonstrate that our method can significantly reduce this source of variation, and improve the identification of functional regulatory variants by MPRAs. We also show that our model captures sequence features associated with post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. Thus, this new method helps to not only improve detection of regulatory signals in MPRA experiments but also to design better MPRA protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-based correction of barcode bias in massively parallel reporter assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline Sex Determination regulates sex-specific signaling between germline stem cells and their niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of sexual identity in germ cells is critical for the development of male and female germline stem cells (GSCs) and production of sperm vs. eggs. Thus, this process is essential for sexual reproduction and human fertility. Germ cells depend on signals from the somatic gonad to determine their sex, but in organisms such as flies, mice and humans, the sex chromosome genotype of the germ cells is also important for germline sexual development. How somatic signals and germ cell-intrinsic cues act together to regulate germline sex determination is a key question about which little is known. We have found that JAK/STAT signaling in the GSC niche promotes male identity in germ cells and GSCs, in part by activating expression of the epigenetic reader Phf7. We have also found that JAK/STAT signaling is blocked in XX (female) germ cells through the intrinsic action of the sex determination gene Sex lethal, which preserves female identity. Thus, an important function of germline sexual identity is to control how GSCs respond to signals in their niche environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline Sex Determination regulates sex-specific signaling between germline stem cells and their niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel In Situ Activity Assay for Lysyl Oxidases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes (LOXs) catalyze oxidative deamination of lysine side chains on collagen and elastin to initialize cross-linking that is essential for the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elevated expression of LOXs is highly associated with diverse disease processes. To date, the inability to detect total LOX catalytic function in situ has limited the ability to fully elucidate the role of LOXs in pathobiological mechanisms. Using LOXL2 as a representative member of the LOX family, we developed an in situ activity assay by utilizing the strong reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde to label the LOX-catalyzed allysine (-CHO) residues with biotin-hydrazide. The biotinylated ECM proteins are then labeled via biotin-streptavidin interaction and detected by fluorescence microscopy. This assay detects the total LOX activity in situ for both overexpressed and endogenous LOXs in cells and tissue samples and can be used for studies of LOXs as therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steppan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel In Situ Activity Assay for Lysyl Oxidases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aplp1 and the Aplp1-Lag3 Complex facilitates transmission of pathologic alpha-synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologic -synuclein (-syn) spreads from cell-to-cell, in part, through binding to the lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag3). Here we report that amyloid {beta} precursor-like protein 1 (Aplp1) forms a complex with Lag3 that facilitates the binding, internalization, transmission, and toxicity of pathologic -syn. Deletion of both Aplp1 and Lag3 eliminates the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accompanying behavioral deficits induced by -syn preformed fibrils (PFF). Anti-Lag3 prevents the internalization of -syn PFF by disrupting the interaction of Aplp1 and Lag3, and blocks the neurodegeneration induced by -syn PFF in vivo. The identification of Aplp1 and the interplay with Lag3 for -syn PFF induced pathology advances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission of pathologic -syn and provides additional targets for therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing neurodegeneration in Parkinsons disease and related -synucleinopathies.

One Sentence SummaryAplp1 forms a complex with Lag3 that facilitates the binding, internalization, transmission, and toxicity of pathologic -synuclein.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=94 SRC="FIGDIR/small/442157v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d746bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@65acb2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12cf2f0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19d6e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Aplp1 and the Aplp1-Lag3 complex facilitates transmission of pathologic -synuclein.

Aplp1 is a receptor that drives pathologic -syn transmission, and genetic depletion of Aplp1 can significantly reduce the -synuclein pathogenesis. Aplp1 and Lag3 forms an Aplp1-Lag3 complex that accounts for substantial binding of pathologic -syn to cortical neurons. Together Aplp1 and Lag3 play a major role in pathologic -syn internalization, transmission and toxicity. Double knockout of Aplp1 and Lag3 and or a Lag3 antibody that disrupts the Aplp1 and Lag3 complex almost completely blocks -syn PFF-induced neurodegeneration.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuppagounder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriparna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.442157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aplp1 and the Aplp1-Lag3 Complex facilitates transmission of pathologic alpha-synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal study of a first episode psychosis cohort: potential markers of antipsychotic treatment resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment resistant (TR) psychosis is considered to be a significant cause of disability and functional impairment. Numerous efforts have been made to identify the clinical predictors of TR. However, the exploration of molecular and biological markers is still at an early stage. To understand the TR condition and identify potential molecular and biological markers, we analyzed demographic information, clinical data, structural brain imaging data, and molecular brain imaging data in 7 Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy, from a first episode psychosis cohort that includes 138 patients. Age, gender, race, smoking status, duration of illness, and antipsychotic dosages were controlled in the analyses. We found that TR patients had a younger age at onset, more hospitalizations, more severe negative symptoms, a significant reduction in the volumes of the hippocampus (HP) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), when compared to non-TR patients. The combination of multiple markers provided a better classification between TR and non-TR patients compared to any individual marker. Our study shows that ACC GSH, HP and SFG volumes, and age at onset could potentially be trait biomarkers for TR diagnosis, while hospitalization and negative symptoms could be used to evaluate the progression of the disease. Multimodal cohorts are essential in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenkare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal study of a first episode psychosis cohort: potential markers of antipsychotic treatment resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digital 3D Brain MRI Arterial Territories Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The locus and extent of brain damage in the event of vascular insult can be quantitatively established quickly and easily with vascular atlases. Although highly anticipated by clinicians and clinical researchers, no digital MRI arterial atlas is readily available for automated data analyses. We created a digital arterial territory atlas based on lesion distributions in 1,298 patients with acute stroke. The lesions were manually traced in the diffusion-weighted MRIs, binary stroke masks were mapped to a common space, probability maps of lesions were generated and the boundaries for each arterial territory was defined based on the ratio between probabilistic maps. The atlas contains the definition of four major supra- and infra-tentorial arterial territories: Anterior, Middle, Posterior Cerebral Arteries and Vertebro-Basilar, and sub-territories (thalamoperforating, lenticulostriate, basilar and cerebellar arterial territories), in two hierarchical levels. This study provides the first publicly-available, digital, 3D deformable atlas of arterial brain territories, which may serve as a valuable resource for large-scale, reproducible processing and analysis of brain MRIs of patients with stroke and other conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digital 3D Brain MRI Arterial Territories Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Basis of Variation in Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) protein degradation regulates protein abundance and eliminates mis-folded and damaged proteins from eukaryotic cells. Variation in UPS activity influences numerous cellular and organismal phenotypes. However, to what extent such variation results from individual genetic differences is almost entirely unknown. Here, we developed a statistically powerful mapping approach to characterize the genetic basis of variation in UPS activity. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we systematically mapped genetic influences on the N-end rule, a UPS pathway that recognizes N-degrons, degradation-promoting signals in protein N-termini. We identified 149 genomic loci that influence UPS activity across the complete set of N-degrons. Resolving four loci to individual causal nucleotides identified regulatory and missense variants in ubiquitin system genes whose products process (NTA1), recognize (UBR1 and DOA10), and ubiquitinate (UBC6) cellular proteins. Each of these genes contained multiple causal variants and several individual variants had substrate-specific effects on UPS activity. A cis-acting promoter variant that modulates UPS activity by altering UBR1 expression also alters the abundance of 36 proteins without affecting levels of the corresponding mRNAs. Our results demonstrate that natural genetic variation shapes the full sequence of molecular events in protein ubiquitination and implicate genetic influences on the UPS as a prominent source of post-translational variation in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekonnen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Basis of Variation in Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning modeling reveals a reward-history-dependent strategy underlying reversal learning in squirrel monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insight into psychiatric disease and development of therapeutics relies on behavioral tasks that study similar cognitive constructs in multiple species. The reversal learning task is one popular paradigm that probes flexible behavior, aberrations of which are thought to be important in a number of disease states. Despite widespread use, there is a need for a high-throughput primate model that can bridge the genetic, anatomic, and behavioral gap between rodents and humans. Here, we trained squirrel monkeys, a promising preclinical model, on an image-guided deterministic reversal learning task. We found that squirrel monkeys exhibited two key hallmarks of behavior found in other species: integration of reward history over many trials and a side-specific bias. We adapted a reinforcement learning model and demonstrated that it could simulate monkey-like behavior, capture training-related trajectories, and provide insight into the strategies animals employed. These results validate squirrel monkeys as a model in which to study behavioral flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedema, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Effinger, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradberry, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement learning modeling reveals a reward-history-dependent strategy underlying reversal learning in squirrel monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of melanotic Plasmodium spp. capsules in mosquitoes reveal eumelanin-pheomelanin composition and identify AgMesh as a modulator of parasite infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanins are structurally complex pigments produced by organisms in all domains of life. In insects, melanins are essential for survival and have key roles in cuticle sclerotization, wound healing and innate immunity. In this study, we used a diverse set of molecular, biochemical, and imaging approaches to characterize mosquito melanin involved in innate immune defense (melanotic capsules). We observed that melanotic capsules enclosing Plasmodium berghei ookinetes were composed of an acid-resistant and highly hydrophobic material with granular appearance, which are characteristic properties of melanins. Spectroscopical analyses reveal chemical signatures of eumelanins and pheomelanin. Furthermore, we identified a set of 14 acid-resistant mosquito proteins embedded within the melanin matrix possibly related to an anti-Plasmodium response. Among these, AgMESH, a mucin-related protein highly conserved among insects that is associated with the midgut brush border microvilli proteome of Anopheles gambiae and A. albimanus. AgMESH gene silencing in mosquitos was associated with reduced Plasmodium parasite infection, compromised integrity of the peritrophic matrix, and inability to synthesize a dityrosine network. Our results provide a new approach to study aspects of insect melanogenesis that revealed proteins associated with melanotic capsule, one of which was strongly implicated in the stabilization of the peritrophic matrix and pathogenesis of Plasmodium spp. mosquito infection. Given the conservation of AgMESH among disease-transmitting insect vector species, future analysis of this protein could provide fertile ground for the identification of strategies that block transmission of vector borne diseases to humans.

Significance StatementMalaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquito bites. Here, we adapt methodologies to study fungal melanogenesis to explore the melanin-based immune response of Anopheles gambiae against malaria parasites. We reveal that melanotic capsules against Plasmodium are composed of pheomelanin and eumelanin. We demonstrate that melanin-encapsulated Plasmodium is associated to acid-resistant mosquito gut proteins and identify several putative factors of the melanin-mediated immunity. Disruption of AgMESH, a surface-associated protein conserved among other mosquito vectors, demonstrates its ability to impaired formation of the dityrosine network and peritrophic matrix compromising parasite development within the mosquito gut. Our study provides a new approach to investigate the melanin-based defense mechanism in insects and identified a potential host molecule for developing novel universal vector-control schemes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacomini, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of melanotic Plasmodium spp. capsules in mosquitoes reveal eumelanin-pheomelanin composition and identify AgMesh as a modulator of parasite infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA toxicity and perturbation of rRNA processing in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSpinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) gene. The mutant ATXN2 protein with a polyglutamine tract is known to be toxic and contributes to the SCA2 pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVEHere we tested the hypothesis that the mutant ATXN2 transcript with an expanded CAG repeat (expATXN2) is also toxic and contributes to SCA2 pathogenesis.

METHODSThe toxic effect of expATXN2 transcripts on SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells and primary mouse cortical neurons was evaluated by caspase 3/7 activity and nuclear condensation assay, respectively. RNA immunoprecipitation assay was performed to identify RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that bind to expATXN2 RNA. Quantitative PCR was used to examine if rRNA processing is disrupted in SCA2 and Huntington disease (HD) human brain tissue.

RESULTSexpATXN2 RNA induces neuronal cell death, and aberrantly interacts with RBPs involved in RNA metabolism. One of the RBPs, transducin {beta}-like protein 3 (TBL3), involved in rRNA processing, binds to both expATXN2 and expanded huntingtin (expHTT) RNA in vitro. rRNA processing is disrupted in both SCA2 and HD human brain tissue.

CONCLUSIONThese findings provide the first evidence of a contributory role of expATXN2 transcripts in SCA2 pathogenesis, and further support the role expHTT transcripts in HD pathogenesis. The disruption of rRNA processing, mediated by aberrant interaction of RBPs with expATXN2 and expHTT transcripts, suggest a point of convergence in the pathogeneses of repeat expansion diseases with potential therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marque, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedglen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H. Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulst, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnicki, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA toxicity and perturbation of rRNA processing in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Wireless Device for Remote Continuous Blood Biomarker Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To perform precision medicine in real-time at home, a device capable of long-distance continuously monitoring target biomolecules in unprocessed blood under dynamic situations is essential. In this study, an integrative buffer-free wireless device is developed to measure drug concentrations in patients blood in real time for remote clinical healthcare. To demonstrate its capability, the drug molecules (i.e., small-molecule drug doxorubicin, DOX) are continuously measured in the unprocessed whole blood of live animals (e.g., rats). The dynamic changes of drug concentrations with sub-minute temporal resolution are recorded for an extended period of time ([~]8 hours). As an advance in remote diagnosis, this device would benefit the public by enabling long-distance precision medicine to prevent pandemics in advance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Wireless Device for Remote Continuous Blood Biomarker Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edaravone activates the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling pathway and protects mRNA-induced motor neurons from iPS cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpinal cord motor neurons (MNs) from human iPS cells (iPSCs) have wide applications in disease modeling and therapeutic development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other MN-associated neurodegenerative diseases. We need highly efficient MN differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived disease models that closely recapitulate the genetic and phenotypic complexity of ALS. An important application of these models is to understand molecular mechanisms of action of FDA-approved ALS drugs that only show modest clinical efficacy. Novel mechanistic insights will help us design optimal therapeutic strategies together with predictive biomarkers to achieve better efficacy.

MethodsWe induce efficient MN differentiation from iPSCs in 4 days using synthetic mRNAs coding two transcription factors (Ngn2 and Olig2) with phosphosite modification. These MNs after extensive characterization were applied in electrophysiological and neurotoxicity assays as well as transcriptomic analysis, to study the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms of edaravone, an FDA-approved drug for ALS, for improving its clinical efficacy.

ResultsWe generate highly pure and functional mRNA-induced MNs (miMNs) from normal and ALS iPSCs, as well as embryonic stem cells. Edaravone alleviates H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and electrophysiological dysfunction in miMNs, demonstrating its neuroprotective effect that was also found in the glutamate-induced miMN neurotoxicity model. Guided by the transcriptomic analysis, we show a previously unrecognized effect of edaravone to induce the GDNF receptor RET and the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a clinically translatable strategy to activate this key neuroprotective signaling. Notably, edaravone can replace required neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) to support long-term miMN survival and maturation, further supporting the neurotrophic function of edaravone-activated signaling. Furthermore, we show that edaravone and GDNF combined treatment more effectively protects miMNs from H2O2-induced neurotoxicity than single treatment, suggesting a potential combination strategy for ALS treatment.

ConclusionsThis study provides methodology to facilitate iPSC differentiation and disease modeling. Our discoveries will facilitate the development of optimal edaravone-based therapies for ALS and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=145 SRC="FIGDIR/small/443325v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.09.443325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edaravone activates the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling pathway and protects mRNA-induced motor neurons from iPS cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General Finite-Element Framework of the Virtual Fields Method in Nonlinear Elasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper presents a method to derive the virtual fields for identifying constitutive model parameters using the Virtual Fields Method (VFM). The VFM is an approach to identify unknown constitutive parameters using deformation fields measured across a given volume of interest. The general principle for solving identification problems with the VFM is first to derive parametric stress field, where the stress components at any point depend on the unknown constitutive parameters, across the volume of interest from the measured deformation fields. Applying the principle of virtual work to the parametric stress fields, one can write scalar equations of the unknown parameters and solve the obtained system of equations to deduce the values of unknown parameters. However, no rules have been proposed to select the virtual fields in identification problems related to nonlinear elasticity and there are multiple strategies possible that can yield different results. In this work, we propose a systematic, robust and automatic approach to reconstruct the systems of scalar equations with the VFM. This approach is well suited to finite-element implementation and can be applied to any problem provided that full-field deformation data are available across a volume of interest. We also successfully demonstrate the feasibility of the novel approach by multiple numerical examples. Potential applications of the proposed approach are numerous in biomedical engineering where imaging techniques are commonly used to observe soft tissues and where alterations of material properties are markers of diseased states.

List of symbols

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1addce2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1808699org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@104dadeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bd527aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@71ef75_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avril, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General Finite-Element Framework of the Virtual Fields Method in Nonlinear Elasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orc6 at replication fork enables efficient mismatch repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) is required for the initiation of DNA replication. The smallest subunit of ORC, Orc6, is essential for pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly and cell viability in yeast and for cytokinesis in metazoans. However, unlike other ORC components, the role of human Orc6 in replication remains to be resolved. Here, we identify an unexpected role for hOrc6, which is to promote S-phase progression post pre-RC assembly and DNA damage response. Orc6 localizes at the replication fork and is an accessory factor of the mismatch repair (MMR) complex. In response to oxidative damage during S-phase, often repaired by MMR, Orc6 facilitates MMR complex assembly and activity, without which the checkpoint signaling is abrogated. Mechanistically, Orc6 directly binds to MutS and enhances the chromatin-association of MutL, thus enabling efficient mismatch repair. Based on this, we conclude that hOrc6 plays a fundamental role in genome surveillance during S-phase.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=196 SRC="FIGDIR/small/443400v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bfdaa8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac791dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@436d1corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b07689_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIHuman Orc6 is dispensable for G1 licensing, but required for S-phase progression
C_LIO_LIHuman Orc6 at the replication fork is an accessory factor for MMR complex
C_LIO_LIDepletion of hOrc6 sensitizes cells to DNA damage and impairs ATR activation
C_LIO_LIHuman Orc6 regulates MMR complex assembly and activity
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadyrova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusumilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadyrov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasanth, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasanth, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orc6 at replication fork enables efficient mismatch repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoid tetrad effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female rats: sex, dose-effects and time course evaluations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rationale The legalization of medicinal use of Cannabis sativa in most US states and the removal of hemp from the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) controlled substances act has resulted in a proliferation of products containing {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) for oral consumption (e.g., edibles, oils and tinctures) that are being used for recreational and medicinal purposes. Objective This study examined the effects of cannabinoids THC and CBD when administered orally on measures of pain sensitivity, body temperature, locomotor activity, and catalepsy (i.e., cannabinoid tetrad) in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Methods Rats (N=24, 6 per sex/drug group) were administered THC (1-20 mg/kg), CBD (3-30 mg/kg), or sesame oil via oral gavage. Thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity (tail flick assay, von Frey test), rectal measurements for body temperature, locomotor activity, and the bar-test of catalepsy were completed. A separate group of rats (N=8/4 per sex) were administered morphine (5-20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal, IP) and evaluated for pain sensitivity as a positive control. Results We observed classic tetrad effects of antinociception, hypothermia, hyper- and hypolocomotion, and catalepsy after oral administration of THC that were long lasting (>7 hours). CBD modestly increased mechanical pain sensitivity and produced sex-dependent effects on body temperature and locomotor activity. Conclusions Oral THC and CBD produced long lasting effects, that differed in magnitude and time course when compared with other routes of administration. Examination of cannabinoid effects administered via different routes of administration, species, and in both males and females is critical to enhance translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoid tetrad effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female rats: sex, dose-effects and time course evaluations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colicin-mediated transport of DNA through the iron transporter FepA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colicins are protein antibiotics used by bacteria to eliminate competing Escherichia coli. Colicins frequently exploit outer membrane (OM) nutrient transporters to penetrate through the strictly impermeable bacterial cellular envelope. Here, applying live-cell fluorescence imaging we were able to follow colicin B (ColB) into E. coli and localize it within the periplasm. We further demonstrate that single-stranded DNA coupled to ColB is also transported into the periplasm, emphasizing that the import routes of colicins can be exploited to carry large cargo molecules into bacteria. Moreover, we characterize the molecular mechanism of ColB association with its OM receptor FepA, applying a combination of photo-activated crosslinking, mass spectrometry, and structural modeling. We demonstrate that complex formation is coincident with a large-scale conformational change in the colicin. Finally In vivo crosslinking experiments and supplementary simulations of the translocation process indicate that part of the colicin engages active transport by disguising itself to part of the cellular receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Khait, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webby, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housden, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliston, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleanthous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colicin-mediated transport of DNA through the iron transporter FepA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMNAT promotes glioma growth through regulating post-translational modifications of p53 to inhibit apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumors with poor prognosis and short survival. NAD+ has been shown to impact multiple processes that are dysregulated in cancer; however, anti-cancer therapies targeting NAD+ synthesis have been unsuccessful due to insufficient mechanistic understanding. Here we adapted a Drosophila glial neoplasia model and discovered the genetic requirement for NAD+ synthase nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) in glioma progression in vivo and in human glioma cells. Overexpressing enzymatically active NMNAT significantly promotes glial neoplasia growth and reduces animal viability. Mechanistic analysis suggests that NMNAT interferes with DNA damage-p53-caspase-3 apoptosis signaling pathway by enhancing NAD+-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and deacetylation of p53. Interestingly, NMNAT forms a complex with p53 and PTM enzyme PARP1 to facilitate PARylation. As PARylation and deacetylation reduce p53 pro-apoptotic activity, our results demonstrate that NMNAT promotes glioma progression through regulating p53 post-translational modifications. Our findings reveal a novel tumorigenic mechanism involving protein complex formation of p53 with NAD+ synthetic enzyme NMNAT and NAD+-dependent PTM enzymes that regulates glioma growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhai, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMNAT promotes glioma growth through regulating post-translational modifications of p53 to inhibit apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein is an elastic linear spring with a functional role in Plasmodium sporozoite motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) forms a dense coat on the surface of the sporozoite, the infective stage of the malaria parasite. The central repeat region of CSP is a critical component of the only licensed malaria vaccine yet little is known about its structure or function. We found that sporozoite mutants with severely truncated or scrambled repeats have impaired motility due to altered adhesion site formation and dynamics, suggesting that the CSP repeats provide a cohesive environment in which adhesion sites can form. We hypothesized that biophysical properties of the repeats are important in this role and interrogated this using single-molecule fluorescence-force spectroscopy. We show that the repeats are a stiff, linear spring with elastic properties, dependent upon length and lost when the repeats are scrambled. These data are the first evidence that the CSP repeat region serves a functional role during infection and motility, likely mediated through its biophysical properties.

SummaryNo clear function of the central repeat region of the malaria circumsporozoite protein has been described to date, despite its central role in the only licensed malaria vaccine. Here we use mutational analysis and single-molecule fluorescence-force spectroscopy to describe the structural properties and determine the function of this conserved region and important vaccine target.

HighlightsThe CSP repeats have properties of a linear spring

Scrambling or large truncations of the repeats leads to defects in sporozoite motility

Motility defects are attributed to abnormal formation of adhesion sites
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis-Bourozikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frischknecht, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein is an elastic linear spring with a functional role in Plasmodium sporozoite motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Origin of Bladder Cancer from Mucosal Field Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used whole-organ mapping to study loco-geographic molecular changes in evolution of human bladder cancer from mucosal field effects. The integrative multi-platform analyses based on genome-wide RNA sequencing, methylation, copy number variations, and whole exome sequencing identified over 100 dysregulated canonical pathways involving immunity, tissue differentiation and transformation as initiators of bladder carcinogenesis. Widespread dysregulation of interleukin signaling was the dominant change signifying the important role of inflammation and immunity in the incipient phases of urothelial carcinogenesis. The analyses of mutational patterns identified three types of mutations based on their geographic distribution and variant allele frequencies. The most common were low frequency subclonal mutations restricted to individual mucosal samples which were the progeny of their respective uroprogenitor cells. The two additional types of mutations were associated with clonal expansion and involved large areas of bladder mucosa. The first group referred to as  mutations, showed a low mutational frequency across the mucosa. The second group referred to as {beta} mutations increased in their frequencies with disease progression and a large proportion of them represented mutated transcriptional regulators controlling proliferation. Time modeling revealed that bladder carcinogenesis is spanning 10-15 years and can be divided into dormant and progressive phases. The progressive phase lasted 1-2 years and was primarily driven by {beta} mutations with high proliferative advantage. This is the first detailed molecular characterization of mucosal field effects initiating bladder carcinogenesis on the whole-organ scale. It provides novel insights into incipient phases of bladder carcinogenesis and biomarkers for early detection of bladder cancer as well as targets for preventive therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondaruk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaksik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogdell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodorescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Origin of Bladder Cancer from Mucosal Field Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactobacilli and acetobacters are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting they have evolved nutrient interdependencies that regulate their growths. The use of a chemically-defined medium (CDM) supporting the growth of both groups of bacteria would greatly facilitate identification of the precise metabolic interactions between these two groups of bacteria. While numerous such media have been developed that support specific strains of lactobacilli and acetobacters, there has not been a medium formulated to support both genera. We developed such a medium, based on a previous Lactobacillus CDM, by modifying the nutrient abundances to improve growth of both groups of bacteria. We further simplified the medium by substituting casamino acids for individual amino acids and the standard Wolfes vitamins and mineral stocks for individual vitamins and minerals, resulting in a reduction from 40 to 8 stock solutions. The new CDM and variations of it support robust growth of lactobacilli and acetobacters. We provide the composition and an example of its use to measure nutritional interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling of human orbital fat and differentiating orbital fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSOrbital fat hyperplasia has a central role in the manifestations of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). To better understand the pathways involved in adipogenesis in TAO, we have used transcriptomic methods to analyze gene expression in control and TAO patients, as well as in differentiating orbital fibroblasts (OFs).

MethodsWe performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on intraconal orbital fat to compare gene expression in control and TAO patients. We treated cultured OFs derived from TAO patients with media containing dexamethasone, insulin, rosiglitazone, and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) to induce adipogenesis. We used single nuclear RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq) profiling of treated OFs to compare gene expression over time in order to identify pathways that are involved in orbital adipogenesis in vitro and compared the dynamic patterns of gene expression identify differences in gene expression in control and TAO orbital fat.

ResultsOrbital fat from TAO and control patients segregate with principal component analysis (PCA). Numerous signaling pathways are enriched in orbital fat isolated from TAO patients. SnRNA-Seq of orbital fibroblasts undergoing adipogenesis reveals differential expression of adipocyte-specific genes over the developmental time course. Furthermore, genes that are enriched in TAO orbital fat are also upregulated in orbital adipocytes that differentiate in vitro, while genes that are enriched in control orbital fat are enriched in orbital fibroblasts prior to differentiation.

ConclusionsDifferentiating orbital fibroblasts serve as a model to study orbital fat hyperplasia seen in TAO. We demonstrate that the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and Wnt signaling pathways are differentially expressed early in orbital adipogenesis.

PrecisTo understand the pathways involved in adipogenesis in TAO, we used transcriptomic methods to analyze gene expression in control and TAO patients, as well as in differentiating OFs. We demonstrate that the IGF-1R and Wnt signaling pathways are differentially expressed during orbital adipogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulley, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbs, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling of human orbital fat and differentiating orbital fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent macrocycle inhibitors of the human SAGA deubiquitinating module 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SAGA transcriptional coactivator contains a four-protein subcomplex called the DUB module that removes ubiquitin from histone H2B-K120. The human DUB module contains the catalytic subunit, USP22, which is overexpressed in a number of cancers that are resistant to available therapies. We screened a massive combinatorial library of cyclic peptides and identified potent inhibitors of USP22. The top hit was highly specific for USP22 as compared to a panel of 44 other human DUBs. Cells treated with peptide had increased levels of H2B monoubiquitination, demonstrating the ability of the cyclic peptides to enter human cells and inhibit H2B deubiquitination. These macrocycle inhibitors are, to our knowledge, the first reported inhibitors of USP22/SAGA DUB module and show promise for development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikenoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent macrocycle inhibitors of the human SAGA deubiquitinating module]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"How do we do this at a distance?!" A descriptive study of remote undergraduate research programs during COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic shut down undergraduate research programs across the U.S. Twenty-three sites offered remote undergraduate research programs in the life sciences during summer 2020. Given the unprecedented offering of remote research experiences, we carried out a study to describe and evaluate these programs. Using structured templates, we documented how programs were designed and implemented, including who participated. Through focus groups and surveys, we identified programmatic strengths and shortcomings as well as recommendations for improvements from the perspectives of participating students. Strengths included the quality of mentorship, opportunities for learning and professional development, and development of a sense of community. Weaknesses included limited cohort building, challenges with insufficient structure, and issues with technology. Although all programs had one or more activities related to diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice, these topics were largely absent from student reports even though programs coincided with a peak in national consciousness about racial inequities and structural racism. Our results provide evidence for designing remote REUs that are experienced favorably by students. Our results also indicate that remote REUs are sufficiently positive to further investigate their affordances and constraints, including the potential to scale up offerings, with minimal concern about disenfranchising students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erickson, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustus-Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoob, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branchaw, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrechen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Crespo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchoudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Lugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reithel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.443632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["How do we do this at a distance?!" A descriptive study of remote undergraduate research programs during COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLA Gene Expression Mediates Tumor Immunogenicity and Escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) expression contributes to the activation of anti-tumor immunity through interactions with T cell receptors. However, pan-cancer HLA-mediated immunogenicity and immunoediting mechanisms has not been systematically studied. In a retrospective analysis of 33 tumor types from the Cancer Genome Atlas, we uncovered HLA class I and class II differential expression, which outperformed traditional clinical metrics in predicting patient survival. We also characterized the distribution of HLA supertypes across cancers and showed that patients with high HLA allelic diversity and gene expression had better prognosis. Immune microenvironments with varied survival outcomes could be predicted using a neural network model trained on HLA expression data. Furthermore, we identified a subset of tumors which upregulated HLA class I but not class II genes and exploited HLA-mediated escape strategies. Our results suggest the potential of using HLA expression data to predict patient prognosis. Taken together, we emphasize the crucial role of HLA upregulation in shaping prolonged anti-tumor immunity.

SynopsisIn a retrospective analysis of 11080 patients of 33 TCGA cancer types, we showed HLA class I and class II differential expression shape various immune microenvironments and tumor immunoediting mechanisms, predicting tumor immunogenicity and patient survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLA Gene Expression Mediates Tumor Immunogenicity and Escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-aware inference of human chromosome abnormalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extra or missing chromosomes--a phenomenon termed aneuploidy--frequently arises during human meiosis and embryonic mitosis and is the leading cause of pregnancy loss, including in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). While meiotic aneuploidies affect all cells and are deleterious, mitotic errors generate mosaicism, which may be compatible with healthy live birth. Large-scale abnormalities such as triploidy and haploidy also contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but remain hidden from standard sequencing-based approaches to preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A). The ability to reliably distinguish meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies, as well as abnormalities in genome-wide ploidy may thus prove valuable for enhancing IVF outcomes. Here, we describe a statistical method for distinguishing these forms of aneuploidy based on analysis of low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data, which is the current standard in the field. Our approach overcomes the sparse nature of the data by leveraging allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured in a population reference panel. The method, which we term LD-informed PGT-A (LD-PGTA), retains high accuracy down to coverage as low as 0.05x and at higher coverage can also distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II errors based on signatures spanning the centromeres. LD-PGTA provides fundamental insight into the origins of human chromosome abnormalities, as well as a practical tool with the potential to improve genetic testing during IVF.

Significance StatementWhole chromosome gains and losses--termed aneuploidies--are the leading cause of human pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Recent work has demonstrated that in addition to harmful meiotic aneuploidies, mitotic aneuploidies (which lead to mosaic embryos harboring cells with different numbers of chromosomes) may also be common in preimplantation embryos but potentially compatible with healthy birth. Here we developed and tested a method for distinguishing these forms of aneuploidy using genetic testing data from 8154 IVF embryos. We re-classified embryos based on signatures of meiotic and mitotic error, while also revealing lethal forms of chromosome abnormality that were hidden to existing approaches. Our method complements standard protocols for preimplantation and prenatal genetic testing, while offering insight into the biology of early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouves, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-aware inference of human chromosome abnormalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein detection in blood with single-molecule imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to identify and characterize individual biomarker protein molecules in patient blood samples could enable diagnosis of diseases at an earlier stage, when treatment is typically more effective. Single-molecule imaging offers a promising approach to accomplish this goal. However, thus far single-molecule imaging methods have only been used to monitor protein molecules in solutions or cell lysates, and have not been translated into the clinical arena. Furthermore, the detection limit of these methods has been confined to the picomolar (10-12 M) range. In many diseases, the circulating concentrations of biomarker proteins fall several orders of magnitude below this range. Here we describe Single-Molecule Augmented Capture (SMAC), a single-molecule imaging technique to visualize, quantify, and characterize individual protein molecules of interest down to the subfemtomolar (<10-15 M) range, even in complex biologic fluids. We demonstrate SMAC in a wide variety of applications with human blood samples, including the analysis of disease-associated secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and rare intracellular proteins. Using ovarian cancer as a model, a lethal malignancy in which high-grade disease is driven almost universally by alterations in the TP53 gene and frequently only diagnosed at a late, incurable stage, we found that mutant pattern p53 proteins are released into the blood in patients at an early stage in disease progression. SMAC opens the door to the application of single-molecule imaging in non-invasive disease profiling and allows for the analysis of circulating mutant proteins as a new class of highly specific disease biomarkers. The SMAC platform can be adapted to multiplex or high-throughput formats to characterize heterogeneous biochemical and structural features of circulating proteins-of-interest.

One Sentence SummaryA single-molecule imaging approach detects individual disease-specific protein molecules, including mutant intracellular proteins, in blood samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein detection in blood with single-molecule imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel entropy-based metrics for predicting choice behavior based on local response to reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, behavioral scientists have used the matching law to quantify how animals distribute their choices between multiple options in response to reinforcement they receive. More recently, many reinforcement learning (RL) models have been developed to explain choice by integrating reward feedback over time. Despite reasonable success of RL models in capturing choice on a trial-by-trial basis, these models cannot capture variability in matching. To address this, we developed novel metrics based on information theory and applied them to choice data from dynamic learning tasks in mice and monkeys. We found that a single entropy-based metric can explain 50% and 41% of variance in matching in mice and monkeys, respectively. We then used limitations of existing RL models in capturing entropy-based metrics to construct a more accurate model of choice. Together, our novel entropy-based metrics provide a powerful, model-free tool to predict adaptive choice behavior and reveal underlying neural mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitmaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel entropy-based metrics for predicting choice behavior based on local response to reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proportional recovery rule redux: Arguments for its biological and predictive relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proportional recovery rule (PRR) posits that most stroke survivors can expect to reduce a fixed proportion of their motor impairment. As a statistical model, the PRR explicitly relates change scores to baseline values - an approach that has the potential to introduce artifacts and flawed conclusions. We describe approaches that can assess associations between baseline and changes from baseline while avoiding artifacts due either to mathematical coupling or regression to the mean due to measurement error. We also describe methods that can compare different biological models of recovery. Across several real datasets, we find evidence for non-artifactual associations between baseline and change, and support for the PRR compared to alternative models. We conclude that the PRR remains a biologically-relevant model of recovery, and also introduce a statistical perspective that can be used to assess future models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia de la Garza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byblow, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwakkel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proportional recovery rule redux: Arguments for its biological and predictive relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
recount3: summaries and queries for large-scale RNA-seq expression and splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present recount3, a resource consisting of over 750,000 publicly available human and mouse RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) samples uniformly processed by our new Monorail analysis pipeline. To facilitate access to the data, we provide the recount3 and snapcount R/Bioconductor packages as well as complementary web resources. Using these tools, data can be downloaded as study-level summaries or queried for specific exon-exon junctions, genes, samples, or other features. Monorail can be used to process local and/or private data, allowing results to be directly compared to any study in recount3. Taken together, our tools help biologists maximize the utility of publicly available RNA-seq data, especially to improve their understanding of newly collected data. recount3 is available from http://rna.recount.bio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[recount3: summaries and queries for large-scale RNA-seq expression and splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.444987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct movement patterns generate stages of spider web-building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.444987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geometric complexity and stereotypy of spider webs have long generated interest in their algorithmic origin. Like other examples of animal architecture, web construction is the result of several assembly phases that are driven by distinct behavioral stages coordinated to build a successful structure. Manual observations have revealed a range of sensory cues and movement patterns used during web construction, but methods to systematically quantify the dynamics of these sensorimotor patterns are lacking. Here, we apply an analytical pipeline to quantify web-making behavior of the orb-weaver Uloborus diversus. Position tracking revealed stereotyped stages of construction that could occur in typical or atypical progressions across individuals. Using an unsupervised clustering approach, we identified general and stage-specific leg movements. A Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model revealed that stages of web-building are characterized by stereotyped sequences of actions largely shared across individuals, regardless of whether these stages progress in a typical or atypical fashion. Web stages could be predicted based on action-sequences alone, revealing that web-stages are a physical manifestation of underlying behavioral phases.

HighlightsO_LISpider centroid trajectories indicate stereotyped progression of web-building stages.
C_LIO_LIUnsupervised movement clustering reveals a shared set of movements which correspond to previously defined behaviors that define web-making across individuals.
C_LIO_LIStages of web-building use both stage-specific and non-specific behaviors.
C_LIO_LIStereotyped and distinct action sequences are predictive of stages of web-building.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.444987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct movement patterns generate stages of spider web-building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurotrophin signaling is modulated by specific transmembrane domain interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurotrophin receptors p75 and TrkA play an important role in the development and survival of the nervous system. Biochemical data suggest that p75 and TrkA regulate the activities of each other. For instance, p75 is able to regulate the response of TrkA to lower concentrations of NGF and TrkA promotes p75 shedding by -secretases in a ligand-dependent manner. The current model is that p75 and TrkA are regulated by means of a physical direct interaction, however the nature of such interaction has been elusive so far. Here using NMR in micelles, multiscale molecular dynamics (MD), FRET and functional studies we identified and characterized the direct interaction between TrkA and p75 through the transmembrane domains (TMDs). MD of p75-TMD mutants suggests that although the interaction between TrkA and p75 TMDs is maintained, a specific protein interface is required to facilitate TrkA active homodimerization in the presence of NGF. The same mutations in the TMD protein interface of p75 reduced the activation of TrkA by NGF and cell differentiation. In summary we provide a structural model of the p75/TrkA receptor complex stabilized by transmembrane domain interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadezhdin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncharuk, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseniev, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurotrophin signaling is modulated by specific transmembrane domain interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GraFT: Graph Filtered Temporal Dictionary Learning for Functional Neural Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical imaging of calcium signals in the brain has enabled researchers to observe the activity of hundreds-to-thousands of individual neurons simultaneously. Current methods predominantly focus on matrix factorization and aim at detecting neurons in the imaged field-of-view, and then inferring the corresponding time-traces. The explicit locality constraints on the cell shapes additionally limits the applicability to optical imaging at different scales (i.e., dendritic or widefield data). Here we present a new method that frames the problem of isolating independent fluorescing components as a dictionary learning problem. Specifically, we focus on the time-traces, which are the main quantity used in scientific discovery, and learn the dictionary of time traces with the spatial maps acting as the presence coefficients encoding which pixels the time traces are active in. Furthermore, we present a novel graph filtering model which redefines connectivity between pixels in terms of their shared temporal activity, rather than spatial proximity. This model greatly eases the ability of our method to handle data with complex non-local spatial structure, such as dendritic imaging. We demonstrate important properties of our method, such as robustness to initialization, implicitly inferring number of neurons and simultaneously detecting different neuronal types, on both synthetic data and real data examples. Specifically, we demonstrate applications of our method to calcium imaging both at the dendritic, somatic, and widefield scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cermak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GraFT: Graph Filtered Temporal Dictionary Learning for Functional Neural Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological Constraints Can Improve Prediction inPrecision Oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many gene signatures have been developed by applying machine learning (ML) on omics profiles, however, their clinical utility is often hindered by limited interpretability and unstable performance in different datasets. Here, we show the importance of embedding prior biological knowledge in the decision rules yielded by ML approaches to build robust classifiers. We tested this by applying different ML algorithms on gene expression data to predict three difficult cancer phenotypes: bladder cancer progression to muscle invasive disease; response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer, and prostate cancer metastatic progression. We developed two sets of classifiers: mechanistic, by restricting the training process to features capturing a specific biological mechanism; and agnostic, in which the training didnt use any a priori biological information. Mechanistic models had a similar or better performance to their agnostic counterparts in the testing data, with enhanced stability, robustness, and interpretability. Our findings support the use of biological constraints to develop robust and interpretable gene signatures with high translational potential.

MotivationOmics-based gene signatures often suffer from overfitting and reduced performance when tested on independent data. This usually results from the discrepancy between the high number of features compared to the much smaller number of samples used in the training process, which results in the machine learning algorithm perfectly fitting the training data with a subsequent deterioration in performance in independent cohorts. We introduce a mechanistic framework to mitigate overfitting and improve interpretability by constraining the training process to simple rank-based decision rules recapitulating relevant, cancer-related, biological mechanisms. Our approach aims at reducing the number of training variables to a pre-defined set of biologically important features in the form of gene pairs. The classification mechanism depends entirely on the relative ordering of these pairs, making it robust to data preprocessing techniques, improving the overall interpretability of the resulting models with significant translational implications. Most importantly, these pairs are configured in such a way that the decision rules resulting from the genes relative order embed and recapitulate specific biological mechanism, inherently enhancing the classifiers interpretability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coady, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanettini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological Constraints Can Improve Prediction inPrecision Oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Satellite glia are the major glial type found in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and wrap around cell bodies of sympathetic and sensory neurons that are very diverse. Other than their close physical association with peripheral neurons, little is known about this glial population. Here, we performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis and identified five different populations of satellite glia from sympathetic and sensory ganglia. We identified three shared populations of satellite glia enriched in immune-response genes, immediate-early genes and ion channels/ECM-interactors, respectively. Sensory- and sympathetic-specific satellite glia are differentially enriched for modulators of lipid synthesis and metabolism. Sensory glia are also specifically enriched for genes involved in glutamate turnover. Further, satellite glia and Schwann cells can be distinguished by unique transcriptional signatures. This study reveals remarkable heterogeneity of satellite glia in the peripheral nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mapps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The completion of the first telomere-to-telomere human genome, T2T-CHM13, enables exploration of the full epigenome, removing limitations previously imposed by the missing reference sequence. Existing epigenetic studies omit unassembled and unmappable genomic regions (e.g. centromeres, pericentromeres, acrocentric chromosome arms, subtelomeres, segmental duplications, tandem repeats). Leveraging the new assembly, we were able to measure enrichment of epigenetic marks with short reads using k-mer assisted mapping methods. This granted array-level enrichment information to characterize the epigenetic regulation of these satellite repeats. Using nanopore sequencing data, we generated base level maps of the most complete human methylome ever produced. We examined methylation patterns in satellite DNA and revealed organized patterns of methylation along individual molecules. When exploring the centromeric epigenome, we discovered a distinctive dip in centromere methylation consistent with active sites of kinetochore assembly. Through long-read chromatin accessibility measurements (nanoNOMe) paired to CUT&RUN data, we found the hypomethylated region was extremely inaccessible and paired to CENP-A/B binding. With long-reads we interrogated allele-specific, longrange epigenetic patterns in complex macro-satellite arrays such as those involved in X chromosome inactivation. Using the single molecule measurements we can clustered reads based on methylation status alone distinguishing epigenetically heterogeneous and homogeneous areas. The analysis provides a framework to investigate the most elusive regions of the human genome, applying both long and short-read technology to grant new insights into epigenetic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.443420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Segmental duplications and their variation in a complete human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their importance in disease and evolution, highly identical segmental duplications (SDs) have been among the last regions of the human reference genome (GRCh38) to be finished. Based on a complete telomere-to-telomere human genome (T2T-CHM13), we present the first comprehensive view of human SD organization. SDs account for nearly one-third of the additional sequence increasing the genome-wide estimate from 5.4% to 7.0% (218 Mbp). An analysis of 266 human genomes shows that 91% of the new T2T-CHM13 SD sequence (68.3 Mbp) better represents human copy number. We find that SDs show increased single-nucleotide variation diversity when compared to unique regions; we characterize methylation signatures that correlate with duplicate gene transcription and predict 182 novel protein-coding gene candidates. We find that 63% (35.11/55.7 Mbp) of acrocentric chromosomes consist of SDs distinct from rDNA and satellite sequences. Acrocentric SDs are 1.75-fold longer (p=0.00034) than other SDs, are frequently shared with autosomal pericentromeric regions, and are heteromorphic among human chromosomes. Comparing long-read assemblies from other human (n=12) and nonhuman primate (n=5) genomes, we use the T2T-CHM13 genome to systematically reconstruct the evolution and structural haplotype diversity of biomedically relevant (LPA, SMN) and duplicated genes (TBC1D3, SRGAP2C, ARHGAP11B) important in the expansion of the human frontal cortex. The analysis reveals unprecedented patterns of structural heterozygosity and massive evolutionary differences in SD organization between humans and their closest living relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitart, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercuri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulovari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Segmental duplications and their variation in a complete human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2001, Celera Genomics and the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published their initial drafts of the human genome, which revolutionized the field of genomics. While these drafts and the updates that followed effectively covered the euchromatic fraction of the genome, the heterochromatin and many other complex regions were left unfinished or erroneous. Addressing this remaining 8% of the genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium has finished the first truly complete 3.055 billion base pair (bp) sequence of a human genome, representing the largest improvement to the human reference genome since its initial release. The new T2T-CHM13 reference includes gapless assemblies for all 22 autosomes plus Chromosome X, corrects numerous errors, and introduces nearly 200 million bp of novel sequence containing 2,226 paralogous gene copies, 115 of which are predicted to be protein coding. The newly completed regions include all centromeric satellite arrays and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes, unlocking these complex regions of the genome to variational and functional studies for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves-Lindsay, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of linear combination modeling strategies for GABA-edited MRS at 3T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeJ-difference-edited spectroscopy is a valuable approach for the in vivo detection of {gamma}-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) with MRS. A recent expert consensus article recommends linear combination modeling (LCM) of edited MRS but does not give specific details of implementation. This study explores different modeling strategies to adapt LCM for GABA-edited MRS.

Methods61 medial parietal lobe GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS spectra from a recent 3T multi-site study were modeled using 102 different strategies combining six different approaches to account for co-edited macromolecules, three modeling ranges, three baseline knot spacings, and the use of basis sets with or without homocarnosine. The resulting GABA and GABA+ estimates (quantified relative to total creatine), the residuals at different ranges, SDs and CVs, and Akaike information criteria, were used to evaluate the models performance.

ResultsSignificantly different GABA+ and GABA estimates were found when a well-parameterized MM3co basis function was included in the model. The mean GABA estimates were significantly lower when modeling MM, while the CVs were similar. A sparser spline knot spacing led to lower variation in the GABA and GABA+ estimates, and a narrower modeling range - only including the signals of interest - did not substantially improve or degrade modeling performance. Additionally, results suggest that LCM can separate GABA and the underlying co-edited MM3co. Incorporating homocarnosine into the modeling did not significantly improve variance in GABA+ estimates.

ConclusionGABA-edited MRS is most appropriately quantified by LCM with a well-parameterized co-edited MM3co basis function with a constraint to the non-overlapped MM0.93, in combination with a sparse spline knot spacing (0.55 ppm) and a modeling range between 0.5 and 4 ppm.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/445817v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@129ce60org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac3797org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1759d69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b190a3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG 102 strategies to model GABA-edited MRS with linear combination modeling were evaluated to quantify GABA and GABA+ in Osprey. Significantly different GABA and GABA+ estimates were found when a well-parameterized macro-molecule at 3 ppm was included. The findings suggest that linear combination modeling needs to be adapted for quantification of GABA-edited MRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of linear combination modeling strategies for GABA-edited MRS at 3T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic reversion impacts MDS/AML evolution in the short telomere syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited mutations in telomerase and other telomere maintenance genes manifest in the premature aging short telomere syndromes. Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) account for 75% of associated malignancies, but how these cancers overcome the germline telomere defect is unknown. We used targeted ultra-deep sequencing to detect candidate somatic reversion mutations hypothesizing they may promote MDS/AML evolution. While no controls carried somatic mutations in telomere maintenance genes (0 of 28), 29% of adults with germline telomere maintenance defects carried at least one (16 of 56, P<0.001). In addition to TERT promoter mutations which were present in 19%, we identified POT1 and TERF2IP mutations in 13%. POT1 mutations impaired telomere binding and in some cases were identical to those found in familial melanoma associated with longer telomere length. Exclusively in patients with germline defects in telomerase RNA (TR), we identified somatic mutations in nuclear RNA exosome genes, RBM7, SKIV2L2, and DIS3, where loss-of-function upregulates mature TR levels. Paradoxically, somatic reversion events were more prevalent in patients who were MDS/AML-free (P=0.01, RR 5.0, 95% CI 1.4-18.9), and no MDS/AML patient had more than one mutant clone (P=0.048). Our data identify diverse somatic adaptive mechanisms in the short telomere syndromes, and raise the possibility that their presence alleviates the telomere crisis that promotes transformation to MDS/AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schratz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayasinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosner, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasch-Semenza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armanios, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic reversion impacts MDS/AML evolution in the short telomere syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jasmine: Population-scale structural variant comparison and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing availability of long-reads is revolutionizing studies of structural variants (SVs). However, because SVs vary across individuals and are discovered through imprecise read technologies and methods, they can be difficult to compare. Addressing this, we present Jasmine (https://github.com/mkirsche/Jasmine), a fast and accurate method for SV refinement, comparison, and population analysis. Using an SV proximity graph, Jasmine outperforms five widely-used comparison methods, including reducing the rate of Mendelian discordance in trio datasets by more than five-fold, and reveals a set of high confidence de novo SVs confirmed by multiple long-read technologies. We also present a harmonized callset of 205,192 SVs from 31 samples of diverse ancestry sequenced with long reads. We genotype these SVs in 444 short read samples from the 1000 Genomes Project with both DNA and RNA sequencing data and assess their widespread impact on gene expression, including within several medically relevant genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jasmine: Population-scale structural variant comparison and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Successful IL-12 cancer immunotherapy requires NK cell-derived CCL5 for anti-tumor DC-T cell crosstalk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell-directed cancer immunotherapy often fails to generate lasting tumor control. Harnessing additional effectors of the immune response against tumors may strengthen the clinical benefit of immunotherapies. Here, we demonstrate that therapeutic targeting of the IFN{gamma}-IL-12 pathway relies on the ability of a population of tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells to orchestrate an anti-tumor microenvironment. Particularly, utilizing an engineered adenoviral platform, we show that paracrine IL-12 enhances functional DC-CD8 T cell interactions to generate adaptive anti-tumor immunity. This effect depends on the abundance of trNK cells and specifically their capacity to produce the cDC1-chemoattractant CCL5. Failure to respond to IL-12 and other IFN{gamma}-inducing therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade in tumors with low trNK cell infiltration could be overcome by intra-tumoral delivery of CCL5. Our findings reveal a novel barrier for T cell-focused therapies and offer mechanistic insights into how T cell-NK cell-DC crosstalk can be enhanced to promote anti-tumor immunity and overcome resistance.

SignificanceWe identified the lack of CCL5-producing, tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells as a barrier to T cell-focused therapies. While IL-12 induces anti-tumoral DC-T cell crosstalk in trNK cellrich tumors, resistance to IL-12 or anti-PD-1 in trNK cellpoor tumors can be overcome by the additional delivery of CCL5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirchhammer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefny, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruecher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoszek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaytseva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thommen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanczak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plueckthun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zippelius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Successful IL-12 cancer immunotherapy requires NK cell-derived CCL5 for anti-tumor DC-T cell crosstalk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody structure prediction using interpretable deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic antibodies make up a rapidly growing segment of the biologics market. However, rational design of antibodies is hindered by reliance on experimental methods for determining antibody structures. In recent years, deep learning methods have driven significant advances in general protein structure prediction. Here, we present DeepAb, a deep learning method for predicting accurate antibody FV structures from sequence. We evaluate DeepAb on two benchmark sets - one balanced for structural diversity and the other composed of clinical-stage therapeutic antibodies - and find that our method consistently outperforms the leading alternatives. Previous deep learning methods have operated as "black boxes" and offered few insights into their predictions. By introducing a directly interpretable attention mechanism, we show that our network attends to physically important residue pairs. For example, in prediction of one CDR H3 residue conformation, the network attends to proximal aromatics and a key hydrogen bonding interaction that constrain the loop conformation. Finally, we present a novel mutant scoring metric derived from network confidence and show that for a particular antibody, all eight of the top-ranked mutations improve binding affinity. These results suggest that this model will be useful for a broad range of antibody prediction and design tasks.

SignificanceAccurate structure models are critical for understanding the properties of potential therapeutic antibodies. Conventional methods for protein structure determination require significant investments of time and resources and may fail. Although greatly improved, methods for general protein structure prediction still cannot consistently provide the accuracy necessary to understand or design antibodies. We present a deep learning method for antibody structure prediction and demonstrate improvement over alternatives on diverse, therapeutically relevant benchmarks. In addition to its improved accuracy, our method reveals interpretable outputs about specific amino acids and residue interactions that should facilitate design of novel therapeutic antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody structure prediction using interpretable deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of N1-methylation of G37 in tRNA induces ribosome stalling and reprograms gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N1-methylation of G37 is required for a subset of tRNAs to maintain the translational reading-frame. While loss of m1G37 increases ribosomal +1 frameshifting, whether it incurs additional translational defects is unknown. Here we address this question by applying ribosome profiling to gain a genome-wide view of the effects of m1G37 deficiency on protein synthesis. Using E. coli as a model, we show that m1G37 deficiency induces ribosome stalling at codons that are normally translated by m1G37-containing tRNAs. Stalling occurs during decoding of affected codons at the ribosomal A site, indicating a distinct mechanism than that of +1 frameshifting, which occurs after the A site. Enzyme and cell-based assays show that m1G37 deficiency reduces tRNA aminoacylation and in some cases peptide-bond formation. We observe changes of gene expression in m1G37 deficiency similar to those in the starvation-induced stringent response, consistent with the notion that loss of tRNA aminoacylation activates the response. This work demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of m1G37 that emphasizes its role throughout the entire elongation cycle of protein synthesis, providing new insight into its essentiality for bacterial growth and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masuda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of N1-methylation of G37 in tRNA induces ribosome stalling and reprograms gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biologically Interpretable Graph Convolutional Network to Link Genetic Risk Pathways and Neuroimaging Phenotypes of Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe propose a novel end-to-end framework for whole-brain and whole-genome imaging-genetics. Our genetics network uses hierarchical graph convolution and pooling operations to embed subject-level data onto a low-dimensional latent space. The hierarchical network implicitly tracks the convergence of genetic risk across well-established biological pathways, while an attention mechanism automatically identifies the salient edges of this network at the subject level. In parallel, our imaging network projects multimodal data onto a set of latent embeddings. For interpretability, we implement a Bayesian feature selection strategy to extract the discriminative imaging biomarkers; these feature weights are optimized alongside the other model parameters. We couple the imaging and genetic embeddings with a predictor network, to ensure that the learned representations are linked to phenotype. We evaluate our framework on a schizophrenia dataset that includes two functional MRI paradigms and gene scores derived from Single Nucleotide Polymorphism data. Using repeated 10-fold cross-validation, we show that our imaging-genetics fusion achieves the better classification performance than state-of-the-art baselines. In an exploratory analysis, we further show that the biomarkers identified by our model are reproducible and closely associated with deficits in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pergola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biologically Interpretable Graph Convolutional Network to Link Genetic Risk Pathways and Neuroimaging Phenotypes of Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells prune axons in the mouse neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the developing brain undergo extensive structural refinement as nascent circuits adopt their mature form1. This transformation is facilitated by the engulfment and degradation of excess axonal branches and inappropriate synapses by surrounding glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes2,3. However, the small size of phagocytic organelles and the complex, highly ramified morphology of glia has made it difficult to determine the contribution of these and other glial cell types to this process. Here, we used large scale, serial electron microscopy (ssEM) with computational volume segmentation to reconstruct the complete 3D morphologies of distinct glial types in the mouse visual cortex. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the fine processes of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a population of abundant, highly dynamic glial progenitors4, frequently surrounded terminal axon branches and included numerous phagolysosomes (PLs) containing fragments of axons and presynaptic terminals. Single- nucleus RNA sequencing indicated that cortical OPCs express key phagocytic genes, as well as neuronal transcripts, consistent with active axonal engulfment. PLs were ten times more abundant in OPCs than in microglia in P36 mice, and declined with age and lineage progression, suggesting that OPCs contribute very substantially to refinement of neuronal circuits during later phases of cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabaddy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorstad, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleckert, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ih, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartavull, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlateski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macarico da Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligodendrocyte precursor cells prune axons in the mouse neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic and epigenetic landscape of the Arabidopsis centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres attach chromosomes to spindle microtubules during cell division and, despite this conserved role, show paradoxically rapid evolution and are typified by complex repeats. We used ultra-long-read sequencing to generate the Col-CEN Arabidopsis thaliana genome assembly that resolves all five centromeres. The centromeres consist of megabase-scale tandemly repeated satellite arrays, which support high CENH3 occupancy and are densely DNA methylated, with satellite variants private to each chromosome. CENH3 preferentially occupies satellites with least divergence and greatest higher-order repetition. The centromeres are invaded by ATHILA retrotransposons, which disrupt genetic and epigenetic organization of the centromeres. Crossover recombination is suppressed within the centromeres, yet low levels of meiotic DSBs occur that are regulated by DNA methylation. We propose that Arabidopsis centromeres are evolving via cycles of satellite homogenization and retrotransposon-driven diversification.

One-sentence summaryLong read sequencing and assembly of the Arabidopsis centromeres reveals their genetic and epigenetic topography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naish, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wlodzimierz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tock, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambing, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakutani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.30.446350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic and epigenetic landscape of the Arabidopsis centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal autocorrelation weave human brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput experimental methods in neuroscience have led to an explosion of techniques for measuring complex interactions and multi-dimensional patterns. However, whether sophisticated measures of emergent phenomena can be traced back to simpler low-dimensional statistics is largely unknown. To explore this question, we examine resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data using complex topology measures from network neuroscience. We show that spatial and temporal autocorrelation are reliable statistics which explain numerous measures of network topology. Surrogate timeseries with subject-matched spatial and temporal autocorrelation capture nearly all reliable individual and regional variation in these topology measures. Network topology changes during aging are driven by spatial autocorrelation, and multiple serotonergic drugs causally induce the same topographic change in temporal autocorrelation. This reductionistic interpretation of widely-used complexity measures may help link them to neurobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal autocorrelation weave human brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rab11-Family Interacting Proteins reveal selective interaction of mammalian recycling endosomes with the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole in a Rab11- and Arf6-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After invasion of mammalian cells, the parasite Toxoplasma gondii multiplies in a self-made membrane-bound compartment, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). We previously showed that intravacuolar Toxoplasma interacts with many host cell organelles, especially recycling endosomes, and further manipulates the host endocytic recycling through the sequestration of Rab11 vesicles into the PV. Mammalian Rab-PV interactions are likely mediated by Toxoplasma and host proteins that remain to be identified. In this context, we have examined the specificity of host Rab vesicle interaction with the PV by monitoring the recruitment of subtypes of Rab11 vesicles differing in their composition in Rab11-Family Interacting Proteins (FIPs). We found that vesicles with FIPs from Class I (FIP1C, FIP2, FIP5) or Class II (FIP3, FIP4) are distributed at the PV and detected to varying degrees inside the PV. The PV delivery of vesicles with FIPs from Class I, but not Class II, is Rab11-dependent. In addition to Rab11, FIP3 binds to Arf6, and vesicles associated with FIP3-Arf6 complexes are observed within the PV. Binding of FIP3 to either Rab11 or Arf6 significantly increases the internalization of vesicles into the PV. These data point to a selective process of host recycling endosome recognition and scavenging mediated by Toxoplasma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rab11-Family Interacting Proteins reveal selective interaction of mammalian recycling endosomes with the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole in a Rab11- and Arf6-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raman spectroscopy reveals phenotype switches in breast cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accurate analytical characterization of metastatic phenotype at primary tumor diagnosis and its evolution with time are critical for controlling metastatic progression of cancer. Here, we report a label-free optical strategy using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning to identify distinct metastatic phenotypes observed in tumors formed by isogenic murine breast cancer cell lines of progressively increasing metastatic propensities. Our Raman spectra-based random forest analysis provided evidence that machine learning models built on spectral data can allow the accurate identification of metastatic phenotype of independent test tumors. By silencing genes critical for metastasis in highly metastatic cell lines, we showed that the random forest classifiers provided predictions consistent with the observed phenotypic switch of the resultant tumors towards lower metastatic potential. Furthermore, the spectral assessment of lipid and collagen content of these tumors was consistent with the observed phenotypic switch. Overall, our findings indicate that Raman spectroscopy may offer a novel strategy to evaluate metastatic risk during primary tumor biopsies in clinical patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindranathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivers, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaharoff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raman spectroscopy reveals phenotype switches in breast cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Biomarker Screening of Alzheimer's Disease by Machine Learning and Graphene-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the most common cause of dementia, the study of Alzheimers disease (AD) faces challenges in terms of understanding the cause, monitoring the pathogenesis, and developing early diagnosis and effective treatment. Rapid and accurate identification of AD biomarkers in the brain is critical to provide key insights into AD and facilitate the development of early diagnosis methods. In this work, we developed a platform that enables a rapid screening of AD biomarkers by employing graphene-assisted Raman spectroscopy and machine learning interpretation in AD transgenic animal brains. Specifically, we collected Raman spectra on slices of mouse brains with and without AD and used machine learning to classify AD and non-AD spectra. By contacting monolayer graphene with the brain slices, the accuracy was significantly increased from 77% to 98% in machine learning classification. Further, using linear supporting vector machine (SVM), we identified a spectral feature importance map that reveals the importance of each Raman wavenumber in classifying AD and non-AD spectra. Based on this spectral feature importance map, we identified AD biomarkers including A{beta} and tau proteins, and other potential biomarkers, such as triolein, phosphatidylcholine, and actin, which have been confirmed by other biochemical studies. Our Raman-machine learning integrated method with interpretability is promising to greatly accelerate the study of AD and can be extended to other tissues, biofluids, and for various other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granzier-Nakajima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biase, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzi, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Biomarker Screening of Alzheimer's Disease by Machine Learning and Graphene-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Lineage-Specific Dynamic Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression During Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic and temporally specific gene regulatory changes may underlie unexplained genetic associations with complex disease. During a dynamic process such as cellular differentiation, the overall cell type composition of a tissue (or an in vitro culture) and the gene regulatory profile of each cell can both experience significant changes over time. To identify these dynamic effects in high resolution, we collected single-cell RNA-sequencing data over a differentiation time course from induced pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes, sampled at 7 unique time points in 19 human cell lines. We employed a flexible approach to map dynamic eQTLs whose effects vary significantly over the course of bifurcating differentiation trajectories, including many whose effects are specific to one of these two lineages. Our study design allowed us to distinguish true dynamic eQTLs affecting a specific cell lineage from expression changes driven by potentially non-genetic differences between cell lines such as cell composition. Additionally, we used the cell type profiles learned from single-cell data to deconvolve and re-analyze data from matched bulk RNA-seq samples. Using this approach, we were able to identify a large number of novel dynamic eQTLs in single cell data while also attributing dynamic effects in bulk to a particular lineage. Overall, we found that using single cell data to uncover dynamic eQTLs can provide new insight into the gene regulatory changes that occur among heterogeneous cell types during cardiomyocyte differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elorbany, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Lineage-Specific Dynamic Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression During Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P2X4 Purinergic Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Aggressive Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men and treatment options for metastatic PCa are limited. There is a critical need to identify new mechanisms that contribute to PCa progression, that distinguish benign from lethal disease, and that have potential for therapeutic targeting. P2X4 belongs to the P2 purinergic receptor family that is commonly upregulated in cancer and is associated with poorer outcomes. Herein, we report that the P2X4 purinergic receptor is overexpressed in PCa, associated with PCa metastasis, and a driver of tumor development in vivo. We observed P2X4 protein expression primarily in epithelial cells of the prostate, a subset of CD66+ neutrophils, and most CD68+ macrophages. Our analysis of tissue microarrays representing 491 PCa cases demonstrated significantly elevated P2X4 expression in cancer compared to benign tissue spots, in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, in cancer from White compared to Black men, and in PCa with ERG positivity or with PTEN loss. High P2X4 expression in benign tissues was likewise associated with the development of metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Treatment with P2X4-specific agonist CTP increased transwell migration and invasion of PC3, DU145, and CWR22Rv1 PCa cells. P2X4 antagonist 5-BDBD treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability of PC3, DU145, LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, TRAMP-C2, Myc-CaP, BMPC1, and BMPC2 cells and decreased DU145 cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of P2X4 attenuated growth, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. Finally, knockdown of P2X4 in Myc-CaP cells resulted in significantly attenuated subcutaneous allograft growth in FVB/NJ mice. Collectively, these data strongly support a role for the P2X4 purinergic receptor in PCa aggressiveness and identifies P2X4 as a candidate for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.446195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P2X4 Purinergic Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Aggressive Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.444885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a Comprehensive Variation Benchmark for Challenging Medically-Relevant Autosomal Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.444885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repetitive nature and complexity of multiple medically important genes make them intractable to accurate analysis, despite the maturity of short-read sequencing, resulting in a gap in clinical applications of genome sequencing. The Genome in a Bottle Consortium has provided benchmark variant sets, but these excluded some medically relevant genes due to their repetitiveness or polymorphic complexity. In this study, we characterize 273 of these 395 challenging autosomal genes that have multiple implications for medical sequencing. This extended, curated benchmark reports over 17,000 SNVs, 3,600 INDELs, and 200 SVs each for GRCh37 and GRCh38 across HG002. We show that false duplications in either GRCh37 or GRCh38 result in reference-specific, missed variants for short- and long-read technologies in medically important genes including CBS, CRYAA, and KCNE1. Our proposed solution improves variant recall in these genes from 8% to 100%. This benchmark will significantly improve the comprehensive characterization of these medically relevant genes and guide new method development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisupati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahraeian, S. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo-Salazar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio-Rodriguez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evani, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoln, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebbert, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.444885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a Comprehensive Variation Benchmark for Challenging Medically-Relevant Autosomal Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome specific telomere lengths and the minimal functional telomere revealed by nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a method to tag telomeres and measure telomere length by nanopore sequencing in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Nanopore allows long read sequencing through the telomere, subtelomere and into unique chromosomal sequence, enabling assignment of telomere length to a specific chromosome end. We observed chromosome end specific telomere lengths that were stable over 120 cell divisions. These stable chromosome specific telomere lengths may be explained by stochastic clonal variation or may represent a new biological mechanism that maintains equilibrium unique to each chromosomes end. We examined the role of RIF1 and TEL1 in telomere length regulation and found that TEL1 is epistatic to RIF1 at most telomeres, consistent with the literature. However, at telomeres that lack subtelomeric Y sequences, tel1{Delta} rif1{Delta} double mutants had a very small, but significant, increase in telomere length compared to the tel1{Delta} single mutant, suggesting an influence of Y elements on telomere length regulation. We sequenced telomeres in a telomerase-null mutant (est2{Delta}) and found the minimal telomere length to be around 75bp. In these est2{Delta} mutants there were many apparent telomere recombination events at individual telomeres before the generation of survivors, and these events were significantly reduced in est2{Delta} rad52{Delta} double mutants. The rate of telomere shortening in the absence of telomerase was similar across all chromosome ends at about 5 bp per generation. This new method gives quantitative, high resolution telomere length measurement at each individual chromosome end, suggests possible new biological mechanisms regulating telomere length, and provides capability to test new hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sholes, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome specific telomere lengths and the minimal functional telomere revealed by nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical waves mediate the cellular response to electric fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrotaxis, the directional migration of cells in a constant electric field, is important in regeneration, development, and wound healing. Electrotaxis has a slower response and a smaller dynamic range than guidance by other cues, suggesting that the mechanism of electrotaxis share both similarities and differences with chemical-gradient-sensing pathways. We examined a mechanism centered on the excitable system consisting of cortical waves of biochemical signals coupled to cytoskeletal reorganization, which has been implicated in random cell motility. We use electro-fused giant Dictyostelium discoideum cells to decouple waves from cell motion and employ nanotopographic surfaces to limit wave dimensions and lifetimes. We demonstrate that wave propagation in these cells is guided by electric fields. The wave area and lifetime gradually increase in the first 10 minutes after an electric field is turned on, leading to more abundant and wider protrusions in the cell region nearest the cathode. The wave directions display "U-turn" behavior upon field reversal, and this switch occurs more quickly on nanotopography. Our results suggest that electric fields guide cells by controlling waves of signal transduction and cytoskeletal activity, which underlie cellular protrusions. Whereas surface receptor occupancy triggers both rapid activation and slower polarization of signaling pathways, electric fields appear to act primarily on polarization, explaining why cells respond to electric fields more slowly than to other guidance cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campanello, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourwitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourkas, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical waves mediate the cellular response to electric fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Epigenomic and High-Throughput Functional Enhancer Profiling Reveals Determinants of Enhancer Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEnhancers are distal cis-regulatory elements required for cell-specific gene expression and cell fate determination. In cancer, enhancer variation has been proposed as a major cause of inter-patient heterogeneity - however, most predicted enhancer regions remain to be functionally tested.

ResultsAnalyzing 128 epigenomic histone modification profiles of primary GC samples, normal gastric tissues, and GC cell lines, we report a comprehensive catalog of 75,730 recurrent predicted enhancers, the majority of which are tumor-associated in vivo (>50,000) and associated with lower somatic mutation rates inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Applying Capture-based Self-Transcribing Active Regulatory Region sequencing (CapSTARR-seq) to the enhancer catalog, we observed significant correlations between CapSTARR-seq functional activity and H3K27ac/H3K4me1 levels. Super-enhancer regions exhibited increased CapSTARR-seq signals compared to regular enhancers even when decoupled from native chromatin contexture. We show that combining histone modification and CapSTARR-seq functional enhancer data improves the prediction of enhancer-promoter interactions and pinpointing of germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), and trans-acting TFs involved in GC expression. Specifically, we identified cancer-relevant genes (e.g. ING1, ARL4C) whose expression between patients is influenced by enhancer differences in genomic copy number and germline SNPs, and HNF4 as a master trans-acting factor associated with GC enhancer heterogeneity.

ConclusionsOur study indicates that combining histone modification and functional assay data may provide a more accurate metric to assess enhancer activity than either platform individually, and provides insights into the relative contribution of genetic (cis) and regulatory (trans) mechanisms to GC enhancer functional heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anene-Nzelu, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen Skanderup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Epigenomic and High-Throughput Functional Enhancer Profiling Reveals Determinants of Enhancer Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocyte androgen receptor in females mediates androgen-induced hepatocellular glucose mishandling and systemic insulin resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Androgen excess is one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-aged women, affecting up to 20% of this population. Women with elevated androgens often exhibit hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. The mechanisms of how elevated androgens affect metabolic function are not clear. Hyperandrogenemia in a dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated female mouse model induces whole body insulin resistance possibly through activation of the hepatic androgen receptor (AR). We investigated the role of hepatocyte AR in hyperandrogenemia-induced metabolic dysfunction by using several approaches to delete hepatic AR via animal-, cell-, and clinical-based methodologies. We conditionally disrupted hepatocyte AR in female mice developmentally (LivARKO) or acutely by tail vein injection of an adeno-associated virus with a liver-specific promoter for Cre expression in ARfl/fl mice (adLivARKO). We observed normal metabolic function in littermate female Control (ARfl/fl) and LivARKO (ARfl/fl; Cre+/-) mice. Following chronic DHT treatment, female Control mice treated with DHT (Con-DHT) developed impaired glucose tolerance, pyruvate tolerance, and insulin tolerance, not observed in LivARKO mice treated with DHT (LivARKO-DHT). Further, during an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, the glucose infusion rate was improved in LivARKO-DHT mice compared to Con-DHT mice. Liver from LivARKO, and primary hepatocytes derived from LivARKO, and adLivARKO mice were protected from DHT-induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis. These data support a paradigm in which elevated androgens in females disrupt metabolic function via hepatic AR and insulin sensitivity was restored by deletion of hepatic AR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauvais-Jarvis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segars, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocyte androgen receptor in females mediates androgen-induced hepatocellular glucose mishandling and systemic insulin resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive fold switching in a ubiquitous protein superfamily 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of millions of structured proteins sustain life through chemical interactions and catalytic reactions1. Though dynamic, these proteins are assumed to be built upon fixed scaffolds of secondary structure, -helices and {beta}-sheets. Experimentally determined structures of over >58,000 non-redundant proteins support this assumption, though it has recently been challenged by [~]100 fold-switching proteins2. These "metamorphic3" proteins, though ostensibly rare, raise the question of how many uncharacterized proteins have shapeshifting-rather than fixed-secondary structures. To address this question, we developed a comparative sequence-based approach that predicts fold-switching proteins from differences in secondary structure propensity. We applied this approach to the universally conserved NusG transcription factor family of [~]15,000 proteins, one of which has a 50-residue regulatory subunit experimentally shown to switch between -helical and {beta}-sheet folds4. Our approach predicted that 25% of the sequences in this family undergo similar -helix {rightleftharpoons} {beta}-sheet transitions, a frequency two orders of magnitude larger than previously observed. Our predictions evade state-of-the-art computational methods but were confirmed experimentally by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for all 10 assiduously chosen dissimilar variants. These results suggest that fold switching is a pervasive mechanism of transcriptional regulation in all kingdoms of life and imply that numerous uncharacterized proteins may also switch folds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive fold switching in a ubiquitous protein superfamily]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Puerto Rican individual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Until 2019, the human genome was available in only one fully-annotated version, GRCh38, which was the result of 18 years of continuous improvement and revision. Despite dramatic improvements in sequencing technology, no other genome was available as an annotated reference until 2019, when the genome of an Ashkenazi individual, Ash1, was released. In this study, we describe the assembly and annotation of a second individual genome, from a Puerto Rican individual whose DNA was collected as part of the Human Pangenome project. The new genome, called PR1, is the first true reference genome created from an individual of African descent. Due to recent improvements in both sequencing and assembly technology, and particularly to the use of the recently completed CHM13 human genome as a guide to assembly, PR1 is more complete and more contiguous than either GRCh38 or Ash1. Annotation revealed 37,755 genes (of which 19,999 are protein-coding), including 12 additional gene copies that are present in PR1 and missing from CHM13. 57 genes have fewer copies in PR1 than in CHM13, 9 map only partially, and 3 genes (all non-coding) from CHM13 are entirely missing from PR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Puerto Rican individual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related increases in reaction time result from slower preparation, not delayed initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work indicates that healthy younger adults can prepare accurate responses faster than their voluntary reaction times indicate, leaving a seemingly unnecessary delay of 80-100ms before responding. Here we examined how the preparation of movements, initiation of movements, and the delay between them are affected by ageing. Participants made planar reaching movements in two conditions. The  Free Reaction Time condition assessed the voluntary reaction times with which participants responded to the appearance of a stimulus. The  Forced Reaction Time condition assessed the minimum time actually needed to prepare accurate movements by controlling the time allowed for movement preparation. The time taken to both initiate movements in the Free Reaction Time and to prepare movements in the Forced Response condition increased with age. Notably, the time required to prepare accurate movements was significantly shorter than participants self-selected initiation times; however, the delay between movement preparation and initiation remained consistent across the lifespan (~90ms). These results indicate that the slower reaction times of healthy older adults are not due to an increased hesitancy to respond, but can instead be attributed to changes in their ability to process stimuli and prepare movements accordingly, consistent with age-related changes in brain structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related increases in reaction time result from slower preparation, not delayed initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of cancer cell fractions and clone trees from multi-region sequencing of tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMulti-region sequencing of one or multiple biopsies of solid tumors from a patient can be used to improve our understanding of the diversity of subclones in the patients tumor and shed light on the evolutionary history of the disease. Due to the large number of possible evolutionary relationships between clones and the fundamental uncertainty of the mutational composition of subclones, elucidating the most probable evolutionary relationships poses statistical and computational challenges. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model called PICTograph to model uncertainty in the assignment of mutations to subclones and an approach to reduce the space of possible graphical models that postulate their evolutionary origin. Compared to available methods, our approach provided more consistent and accurate estimates of cancer cell fractions and better tree topology reconstruction over a range of simulated clonal diversity. Application of PICTograph to whole exome sequencing data of individuals with pancreatic cancer precursor lesions confirmed known early occurring mutations and indicated substantial molecular diversity, including multiple distinct subclones (range 6 - 12) and intra-sample mixing of subclones. As the complete evolutionary history for some patients was not identifiable, we used ensemble-based visualizations to distinguish between highly probable evolutionary relationships recovered in multiple models from uncertain relationships occurring in a small subset of models. These analyses indicate that PICTograph provides a useful approximation to evolutionary inference, particularly when the evolutionary course of a patients cancer is complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of cancer cell fractions and clone trees from multi-region sequencing of tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel and accurate full-length HTT mouse model for Huntington's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the generation and characterization of a novel Huntingtons disease (HD) mouse model BAC226Q by using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, expressing full-length human HTT with [~]226 CAG-CAA repeats and containing endogenous human HTT promoter and regulatory elements. BAC226Q recapitulated a full-spectrum of age-dependent and progressive HD-like phenotypes without unwanted and erroneous phenotypes. BAC226Q mice developed normally, and gradually exhibited HD-like mood and cognitive phenotypes at 2 months. From 3-4 months, BAC226Q mice showed robust progressive motor deficits. At 11 months, BAC226Q mice showed significant reduced life span, gradual weight loss and exhibit neuropathology including significant brain atrophy specific to striatum and cortex, striatal neuronal death, widespread huntingtin inclusions and reactive pathology. Therefore, the novel BAC226Q mouse accurately recapitulating robust, age-dependent, progressive HD-like phenotypes will be a valuable tool for studying disease mechanisms, identifying biomarkers and testing gene-targeting therapeutic approaches for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel and accurate full-length HTT mouse model for Huntington's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulome-wide association study identifies enhancer properties associated with risk for schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic risk for complex traits is strongly enriched in non-coding genomic regions involved in gene regulation, especially enhancers. However, we lack adequate tools to connect the characteristics of these disruptions to genetic risk. Here, we propose RWAS (Regulome Wide Association Study), a new framework to identify the characteristics of enhancers that contribute to genetic risk for disease. Applying our technique to interrogate genetic risk for schizophrenia, we found that risk-associated enhancers in this disease are predominantly active in the brain, evolutionarily conserved, and AT-rich. The association between AT percentage and risk corresponds to an overrepresentation in risk-associated enhancers for the binding sites of transcription factors that recognize AT-rich cis-regulatory motifs. Several of the TFs identified in our model as being overrepresented in risk-associated enhancers, including MEF2C, are master regulators of neuronal development. The genes that encode several of these TFs are themselves located at genetic risk loci for schizophrenia. This list also includes brain-expressed TFs that have not previously been linked to schizophrenia. In summary, we developed a generalizable approach that integrates GWAS summary statistics with enhancer characteristics to identify risk factors in tissue-specific regulatory regions.

AUTHOR SUMMARYEnhancers are regulatory regions that influence gene expression via the binding of transcription factors. Risk for many heritable diseases is enriched in regulatory regions, including enhancers. In this study, we introduce a novel method of testing for association between enhancer attributes and risk and use this method to determine the enhancer characteristics that are associated with risk for schizophrenia. We found that enhancers associated with schizophrenia risk are both evolutionarily conserved and in physical contact with mutation-intolerant genes, many of which have neurodevelopmental functions. Risk-associated enhancers are also AT-rich and contain binding sites for neurodevelopmental transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulome-wide association study identifies enhancer properties associated with risk for schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-free cell-type deconvolution of pixel-resolution spatially resolved transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technological advancements have enabled spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling but at multi-cellular pixel resolution, thereby hindering the identification of cell-type-specific spatial patterns and gene expression variation. To address this challenge, we developed STdeconvolve as a reference-free approach to deconvolve underlying cell-types comprising such multi-cellular pixel resolution spatial transcriptomics (ST) datasets. Using simulated as well as real ST datasets from diverse spatial transcriptomics technologies comprising a variety of spatial resolutions such as Spatial Transcriptomics, 10X Visium, DBiT-seq, and Slide-seq, we show that STdeconvolve can effectively recover cell-type transcriptional profiles and their proportional representation within pixels without reliance on external single-cell transcriptomics references. STdeconvolve provides comparable performance to existing reference-based methods when suitable single-cell references are available, as well as potentially superior performance when suitable single-cell references are not available. STdeconvolve is available as an open-source R software package with the source code available at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/STdeconvolve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-free cell-type deconvolution of pixel-resolution spatially resolved transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human embryoid bodies as a novel system for genomic studies of functionally diverse cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most disease-associated loci, though located in putatively regulatory regions, have not yet been confirmed to affect gene expression. One reason for this could be that we have not examined gene expression in the most relevant cell types or conditions. Indeed, even large-scale efforts to study gene expression broadly across tissues are limited by the necessity of obtaining human samples post-mortem, and almost exclusively from adults. Thus, there is an acute need to expand gene regulatory studies in humans to the most relevant cell types, tissues, and states. We propose that embryoid bodies (EBs), which are organoids that contain a multitude of cell types in dynamic states, can provide an answer. Single cell RNA-sequencing now provides a way to interrogate developmental trajectories in EBs and enhance the potential to uncover dynamic regulatory processes that would be missed in studies of static adult tissue. Here, we examined the properties of the EB model for the purpose mapping inter-individual regulatory differences in a large variety of cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human embryoid bodies as a novel system for genomic studies of functionally diverse cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporation of data from multiple hypervariable regions when analyzing bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short read 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is a common technique used in microbiome research. However, inaccuracies in estimated bacterial community composition can occur due to amplification bias of the targeted hypervariable region. A potential solution is to sequence and assess multiple hypervariable regions in tandem, yet there is currently no consensus as to the appropriate method for analyzing this data. Additionally, there are many sequence analysis resources for data produced from the Illumina platform, but fewer open-source options available for data from the Ion Torrent platform. Herein, we present an analysis pipeline using an open-source analysis platform that integrates data from multiple hypervariable regions and is compatible with data produced from the Ion Torrent platform. We used the ThermoFisher Ion 16S Metagenomics Kit and a mock community of 20 bacterial strains to assess taxonomic classification of amplicons from 6 separate hypervariable regions (V2, V3, V4, V6-7, V8, V9) using our analysis pipeline. We report that different hypervariable regions have different specificities for taxonomic classification, which also had implications for global level analyses such as alpha and beta diversity. Finally, we utilize a generalized linear modeling approach to statistically integrate the results from multiple hypervariable regions and apply this methodology to data from a small clinical cohort. We conclude that scrutinizing sequencing results separately by hypervariable region provides a more granular view of the taxonomic classification achieved by each primer set as well as the concordance of results across hypervariable regions. However, the data across all hypervariable regions can be combined using generalized linear models to statistically evaluate overall differences in community structure and relatedness among sample groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporation of data from multiple hypervariable regions when analyzing bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Processing of Sensory Prediction Error and Task Error during Motor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit motor recalibration allows us to flexibly move in novel and changing environments. Conventionally, implicit recalibration is thought to be driven by errors in predicting the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors). However, recent studies have shown that implicit recalibration is also influenced by errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Exactly how sensory prediction errors and task errors interact to drive implicit recalibration and, in particular, whether task errors alone might be sufficient to drive implicit recalibration remain unknown. To test this, we induced task errors in the absence of sensory prediction errors by displacing the target mid-movement. We found that task errors alone failed to induce implicit recalibration. In additional experiments, we simultaneously varied the size of sensory prediction errors and task errors. We found that implicit recalibration driven by sensory prediction errors could be continuously modulated by task errors, revealing an unappreciated dependency between these two sources of error. Moreover, implicit recalibration was attenuated when the target was simply flickered in its original location, even though this manipulation did not affect task error - an effect likely attributed to attention being directed away from the feedback cursor. Taken as a whole, the results were accounted for by a computational model in which sensory prediction errors and task errors, modulated by attention, interact to determine the extent of implicit recalibration.

Authors summaryWhat information does the brain use to maintain precise calibration of the sensorimotor system? Using a reaching task paired with computational modeling, we find that movements are implicitly recalibrated by errors in predicting both the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors) as well as errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Even though task errors alone do not elicit implicit recalibration, they nonetheless modulate implicit recalibration when sensory prediction error is present. The results elucidate an unappreciated interaction between these two sources of error in driving implicit recalibration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Processing of Sensory Prediction Error and Task Error during Motor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting adenine synthesis attenuates glioblastoma cell stemness and temozolomide resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain cancer exhibiting high levels of drug resistance, a feature partially imparted by tumor cell stemness. Recent work shows that homozygous MTAP deletion, a genetic alteration occurring in about half of all GBMs, promotes stemness in GBM cells. Exploiting MTAP loss-conferred deficiency in adenine salvage, we demonstrate that transient adenine blockade via treatment with L-Alanosine (ALA), an inhibitor of de novo adenine synthesis, attenuates stemness of MTAP-deficient GBM cells. This ALA-induced reduction in stemness is accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function, highlighted by diminished spare respiratory capacity. Direct pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial respiration recapitulates the effect of ALA on GBM cell stemness, suggesting ALA targets stemness partially via affecting mitochondrial function. Finally, in agreement with diminished stemness and compromised mitochondrial function, we show that ALA sensitizes GBM cells to temozolomide (TMZ) in vitro and in an orthotopic GBM model. Collectively, these results identify critical roles of adenine supply in maintaining mitochondrial function and stemness of GBM cells, highlight a critical role of mitochondrial function in sustaining GBM stemness, and implicate adenine synthesis inhibition as a complementary approach for treating MTAP-deleted GBMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirozzi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting adenine synthesis attenuates glioblastoma cell stemness and temozolomide resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pickering stabilization of a dynamic intracellular emulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are cellular compartments that form by phase separation in the absence of limiting membranes. Studying the P granules of C. elegans, we find that condensate dynamics are regulated by protein clusters that adsorb to the condensate interface. Using in vitro reconstitution, live observations and theory, we demonstrate that localized assembly of P granules is controlled by MEG-3, an intrinsically disordered protein that forms low dynamic assemblies on P granules. Following classic Pickering emulsion theory, MEG-3 clusters lower surface tension and slow down coarsening. During zygote polarization, MEG-3 recruits DYRK/MBK-2 kinase to accelerate localized growth of the P granule emulsion. By tuning condensate-cytoplasm exchange, interfacial clusters regulate the structural integrity of biomolecular condensates, reminiscent of the role of lipid bilayers in membrane-bound organelles.

One Sentence SummaryBiomolecular condensates are stabilized by interfacial nanoscale protein clusters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Folkmann, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pickering stabilization of a dynamic intracellular emulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Norepinephrine Potentiates and Serotonin Depresses Visual Cortical Responses by Transforming Eligibility Traces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement allows organisms to learn which stimuli predict subsequent biological relevance. Hebbian mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are insufficient to account for reinforced learning because neuromodulators signaling biological relevance are delayed with respect to the neural activity associated with the stimulus. A theoretical solution is the concept of eligibility traces (eTraces), silent synaptic processes elicited by activity which upon arrival of a neuromodulator are converted into a lasting change in synaptic strength. Previously we demonstrated in visual cortical slices the Hebbian induction of eTraces and their conversion into LTP and LTD by the retroactive action of norepinephrine and serotonin Here we show in vivo in V1 that the induction of eTraces and their conversion to LTP/D by norepinephrine and serotonin respectively potentiates and depresses visual responses. We also show that the integrity of this process is crucial for ocular dominance plasticity, a canonical model of experience-dependent plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Norepinephrine Potentiates and Serotonin Depresses Visual Cortical Responses by Transforming Eligibility Traces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of dose, duration and host immune status on ultrashort telacebec treatment in a mouse model of Buruli ulcer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telacebec (Q203) is a new anti-tuberculosis drug in clinical development with extremely potent activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU). The potency of Q203 has prompted investigation of its potential role in ultra-short, even single-dose, treatment regimens for BU in mouse models. However, the relationships of Q203 dose and duration and host immune status to treatment outcomes remain unclear, as does the risk of emergence of drug resistance with Q203 monotherapy. In the present study, immunocompetent BALB/c and immunocompromised SCID-beige mice were infected in both hind footpads and treated eight weeks later. In both mouse strains, controls received rifampin-clarithromycin; others received Q203 at 0.5 or 2 mg/kg/d for 5 or 10 days. Additionally, BALB/c mice received a single dose of 2.5 or 10 mg/kg or 3.3 mg/kg/d for 3 days. Treatment response was based on changes in footpad swelling and CFU counts at the end of treatment as well as 4 and 13 weeks after stopping treatment. Efficacy depended on total dose more than duration. Total doses of 5-20 mg/kg rendered nearly all BALB/c mice culture-negative 13 weeks post-treatment without selection of Q203-resistant bacteria. Although less potent in SCID-beige mice, Q203 still rendered the majority of footpads culture-negative at total doses of 10-20 mg/kg. However, Q203 resistance was identified in relapse isolates from some SCID-beige mice. Overall, these results support the potential of Q203 monotherapy for single-dose or other ultra-short therapy for BU, although highly immunocompromised hosts may require higher doses or durations and/or combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of dose, duration and host immune status on ultrashort telacebec treatment in a mouse model of Buruli ulcer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrashort treatment with telacebec alone and with companion drugs in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mouse footpad models of Buruli ulcer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The antimicrobial treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, or Buruli ulcer (BU), has a long duration and is therefore burdensome and linked to indirect costs for affected patients. The new antimycobacterial drug telacebec (Q203) has previously shown promising treatment-shortening potential in mouse models of BU. In the present study, we investigated the potential of Q203 to reduce the treatment duration further. The first experiment investigated the possibility of cure by one, three or five doses of Q203 (2 mg/kg) with or without a companion drug (bedaquiline, BDQ, clofazimine, CFZ, or clarithromycin, CLR) in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The second experiment assessed the effect of five doses of Q203 with or without BDQ or CFZ on Mycobacterium ulcerans infection of immunocompromised SCID-beige mice with the aim to evaluate the contribution of host immunity to treatment efficacy. In BALB/c mice, a treatment duration as short as 3 days was sufficient to prevent relapse in nearly all footpads and a single dose of Q203 with or without BDQ or CFZ prevented relapse in approximately 50% of footpads. Unlike in BALB/c mice, a small percentage of SCID-beige mouse footpads were culture-positive after a treatment duration of five days, highlighting an important role of host immunity for M. ulcerans clearance. Our results confirm the marked potency and prolonged bactericidal and sterilizing effects of Q203, even in immunocompromised SCID-beige mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omansen, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrashort treatment with telacebec alone and with companion drugs in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mouse footpad models of Buruli ulcer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aliquoting of isobaric labeling reagents for low concentration and single cell proteomics samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of isobaric tagging reagents enabled more accurate, high-throughput quantitative proteomics by enabling multiple samples to be multiplexed. One drawback of these workflows is the relative expense of the proprietary isobaric reagents, which is often only second to the expense of the instruments themselves. These highly reactive chemical tags are only commercially available in relatively large aliquots compared to the typical amounts of peptides analyzed in proteomic workflows today. Excess reagents are typically disposed of following a single labeling experiment or those performed within a few days of opening a new kit. We present a simple procedure to aliquot commercial isobaric tagging reagents and demonstrate the successful and high efficiency labeling of multiple samples over a period of six months. The samples presented herein were selected as the most diverse ones labeled by prepared aliquots from a single labeling reagent kit over this period. We observe comparable labeling efficiency from 100 microgram to 100 picograms of peptide when labeling samples from both human digest standards, cancer cell lines prepared in-house and from cells directly obtained from human organ donors, despite differences in cell type, lysis, and digestion procedures. No labeling experiment of whole human proteomics samples achieved less than 92% labeling efficiency over this period. When preparing phosphoproteomic samples 6 months after the date of the aliquoting procedure, we observed a decrease in labeling efficiency to approximately 86%, indicating the end of the useful lifetime of aliquots prepared in this manner. Over this period, we have effectively reduced the reagent costs of each experiment to less than 10% of the predicted costs when following the manufacturer instructions for use and disposal. While aliquoting of reagents can be performed by hand, we provide a complete template for automatic aliquoting using an affordable liquid handling robot, including plans for 3D printing of two parts we have found useful for streamlining this procedure.

Abstract Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=197 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/449560v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aliquoting of isobaric labeling reagents for low concentration and single cell proteomics samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible encoding of objects and space in single cells of the dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is involved in the formation of memories that require associations among stimuli to construct representations of space and the items and events within that space. Neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), an initial input region of the hippocampus, have robust spatial tuning, but it is unclear how nonspatial information may be integrated with spatially modulated firing at this stage. We recorded from the DG of 21 adult mice as they foraged for food in an environment that contained discrete objects. By classifying recorded DG cells into putative granule cells and mossy cells, we examined how the addition or displacement of objects affected the spatial firing of these DG cell types. We found DG cells with multiple firing fields at a fixed distance and direction from objects (landmark vector cells) as well as cells that exhibited localized changes in spatial firing when objects in the environment were manipulated. When mice were exposed to a second environment with the same objects, DG spatial maps were completely reorganized, suggesting standard global remapping, and a largely different subset of cells responded to object manipulations. Together, these data reveal the capacity of DG cells to detect small changes in the environment, while preserving a stable spatial representation of the overall context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible encoding of objects and space in single cells of the dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progression and Resolution of SARS-1 CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To catalyze SARS-CoV-2 research including development of novel interventive and preventive strategies, we characterized progression of disease in depth in a robust COVID-19 animal model. In this model, male and female golden Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020. Groups of inoculated and mock-inoculated uninfected control animals were euthanized at day 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days post-inoculation to track multiple clinical, pathology, virology, and immunology outcomes. SARS-CoV-2-inoculated animals consistently lost body weight during the first week of infection, had higher lung weights at terminal timepoints, and developed lung consolidation per histopathology and quantitative image analysis measurements. High levels of infectious virus and viral RNA were reliably present in the respiratory tract at days 2 and 4 post-inoculation, corresponding with widespread necrosis and inflammation. At day 7, when infectious virus was rare, interstitial and alveolar macrophage infiltrates and marked reparative epithelial responses (type II hyperplasia) dominated in the lung. These lesions resolved over time, with only residual epithelial repair evident by day 28 post-inoculation. The use of quantitative approaches to measure cellular and morphologic alterations in the lung provides valuable outcome measures for developing therapeutic and preventive interventions for COVID-19 using the hamster COVID-19 model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenhuis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarwater, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progression and Resolution of SARS-1 CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titers of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg van Saparoea, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitaris, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luirink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Transcription Factors Control Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression to Maintain Cell Fate Stability and Restrict Reprogramming of Differentiated Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The comprehensive characterization of mechanisms safeguarding cell fate identity in differentiated cells is crucial for 1) our understanding of how differentiation is maintained in healthy tissues or misregulated in disease states and 2) to improve our ability to use direct reprogramming for regenerative purposes. To uncover novel fate-stabilizing regulators, we employed a genome-wide TF siRNA screen followed by a high-complexity combinatorial evaluation of top performing hits, in a cardiac reprogramming assay in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and subsequently validated our findings in cardiac, neuronal and iPSCs reprogramming assays in primary human fibroblasts and adult endothelial cells. This approach identified a conserved set of 4 TFs (ATF7IP, JUNB, SP7, and ZNF207 [AJSZ]) that robustly opposes cell fate reprogramming, as demonstrated by up to 6-fold increases in efficiency upon AJSZ knockdown in both lineage- and cell type-independent manners. Mechanistically, ChIP-seq and single-cell ATAC-seq analyses, revealed that AJSZ bind to both open and closed chromatin in a genome-wide and regionalized fashion, thereby limiting reprogramming TFs access to target DNA and ability to remodel the chromatin. In parallel, integration of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data followed by systematic functional gene testing, identified that AJSZ also promote cell fate stability by proximally down-regulating a conserved set of genes involved in the regulation of cell fate specification (MEF2C), proteome remodeling (TPP1, PPIC), ATP homeostasis (EFHD1), and inflammation signaling (IL7R), thereby limiting cells ability to undergo large-scale phenotypic changes. Finally, simultaneous knock-down of AJSZ in combination with cardiac reprogramming TFs overexpression improved heart function by 250% as compared to no treatment and 50% as compared to MGT, 1 month after myocardial infarction. In sum, this study uncovers a novel evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating cell fate stability in differentiated cells and also identifies AJSZ as promising therapeutic targets for regenerative purposes in adult organs.

Significance StatementDifferentiated cells can be converted from one cell type into another by overexpressing lineage-determining transcription factors. Direct lineage reprogramming represents a promising strategy for regenerative medicine, but current clinical applications remain limited by the low yield of the reprogramming process. Here, we present the identification and detailed mechanistic study of a novel mechanisms opposing reprogramming process and promoting cell fate stability. Using a highthroughput screening technique, we identified four transcription factors that act as blockades to cell type change. By tracking chromatin and gene expression changes, we reconstructed a conserved pathway mediating cell fate stability in differentiated cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Missinato, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loreti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amatya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Transcription Factors Control Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression to Maintain Cell Fate Stability and Restrict Reprogramming of Differentiated Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study and functional validation implicates JADE1 in tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy with features distinct from but also overlapping with Alzheimer disease (AD). While both exhibit Alzheimer-type temporal lobe neurofibrillary degeneration alongside amnestic cognitive impairment, PART develops independently of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) deposition in plaques. The pathogenesis of PART is unknown, but evidence suggests it is associated with genes that promote tau pathology as well as others that protect from A{beta} toxicity. Here, we performed a genetic association study in an autopsy cohort of individuals with PART (n=647) using Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage as a quantitative trait adjusting for sex, age, genotyping platform, and principal components. We found significant associations with some candidate loci associated with AD and progressive supranuclear palsy, a primary tauopathy (SLC24A4, MS4A6A, HS3ST1, MAPT and EIF2AK3). Genome-wide association analysis revealed a novel significant association with a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 4 (rs56405341) in a locus containing three genes, including JADE1 which was significantly upregulated in tangle-bearing neurons by single-soma RNA-seq. Immunohistochemical studies using antisera targeting JADE1 protein revealed localization within tau aggregates in autopsy brain from tauopathies containing isoforms with four microtubule-binding domain repeats (4R) and mixed 3R/4R, but not with 3R exclusively. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed a direct and specific binding of JADE1 protein to tau containing four (4R) and no N-terminal inserts (0N4R) in post-mortem human PART brain tissue. Finally, knockdown of the Drosophila JADE1 homolog rhinoceros (rno) enhanced tau-induced toxicity and apoptosis in vivo in a humanized 0N4R mutant tau knock-in model as quantified by rough eye phenotype and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in the fly brain. Together, these findings indicate that PART has a genetic architecture that partially overlaps with AD and other tauopathies and suggests a novel role for JADE1 as a mediator of neurofibrillary degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton-Howard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangoor, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcora, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhangale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayalon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attems, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesulam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woltjer,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study and functional validation implicates JADE1 in tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-dependent biotinylation to elucidate the interactome of TNK2 non-receptor tyrosine kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases represent an important class of signaling molecules which are involved in driving diverse cellular pathways. Although, the large majority have been well-studied in terms of their protein-binding partners, the interactomes of some of the key non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as TNK2 (also known as activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 or ACK1) have not been systematically investigated. Aberrant expression and hyperphosphorylation of TNK2 has been implicated in a number of cancers. However, the exact proteins and cellular events that mediate phenotypic changes downstream of TNK2 are unclear. Biological systems that employ proximity-dependent biotinylation methods, such as BioID, are being increasingly used to map protein-protein interactions as they provide increased sensitivity in discovering interaction partners. In this study, we employed BioID coupled to the biotinylation site identification technology (BioSITe) method that we recently developed to perform molecular mapping of intracellular proteins associated with TNK2. We also employed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to quantitatively explore the interactome of TNK2. By performing a controlled comparative analysis between full-length TNK2 and its truncated counterpart, we were not only able to confidently identify site-level biotinylation of previously well-established TNK2 binders and substrates such as NCK1, NCK2, CTTN, STAT3, but also discover several novel TNK2 interacting partners. We validated TNK2 interaction with one of the novel TNK2 interacting protein, clathrin interactor 1 (CLINT1), using immunoblot analysis. Overall, this work reveals the power of the BioSITe method coupled to BioID and highlights several molecules that warrant further exploration to assess their functional significance in TNK2-mediated signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tahir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugundu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udainiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-dependent biotinylation to elucidate the interactome of TNK2 non-receptor tyrosine kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
daf-16/FOXO blocks adult cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae via lin-41/TRIM71 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tissue-specific stem cells maintain the ability to produce multiple cell types during long periods of non-division, or quiescence. FOXO transcription factors promote quiescence and stem cell maintenance, but the mechanisms by which FOXO proteins promote multipotency during quiescence are still emerging. The single FOXO ortholog in C. elegans, daf-16, promotes entry into a quiescent and stress-resistant larval stage called dauer in response to adverse environmental cues. During dauer, stem and progenitor cells maintain or re-establish multipotency to allow normal development to resume after dauer. We find that during dauer, daf-16/FOXO prevents epidermal stem cells (seam cells) from prematurely adopting differentiated, adult characteristics. In particular, dauer larvae that lack daf-16 misexpress collagens that are normally adult-enriched. Using col-19p::gfp as an adult cell fate marker, we find that all major daf-16 isoforms contribute to opposing col-19p::gfp expression during dauer. By contrast, daf-16(0) larvae that undergo non-dauer development do not misexpress col-19p::gfp. Adult cell fate and the timing of col-19p::gfp expression are regulated by the heterochronic gene network, including lin-41 and lin-29. lin-41 encodes an RNA-binding protein orthologous to LIN41/TRIM71 in mammals, and lin-29 encodes a conserved zinc finger transcription factor. In non-dauer development lin-41 opposes adult cell fate by inhibiting the translation of lin-29, which directly activates col-19 transcription and promotes adult cell fate. We find that during dauer, lin-41 blocks col-19p::gfp expression, but surprisingly, lin-29 is not required in this context. Additionally, daf-16 promotes the expression of lin-41 in dauer larvae. The col-19p::gfp misexpression phenotype observed in dauer larvae with reduced daf-16 requires the downregulation of lin-41, but does not require lin-29. Taken together, this work demonstrates a novel role for daf-16/FOXO as a heterochronic gene that promotes expression of lin-41/TRIM71 to contribute to multipotent cell fate in a quiescent stem cell model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirick, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cale, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitter-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galagali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranke, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolbert, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblock, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[daf-16/FOXO blocks adult cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae via lin-41/TRIM71]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chasing perfection: validation and polishing strategies for telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing technologies and genome assembly methods have enabled the recent completion of the first Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) human genome assembly, which resolves complex segmental duplications and large tandem repeats, including centromeric satellite arrays in a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM13). Though derived from highly accurate sequencing, evaluation revealed that the initial T2T draft assembly had evidence of small errors and structural misassemblies. To correct these errors, we designed a novel repeat-aware polishing strategy that made accurate assembly corrections in large repeats without overcorrection, ultimately fixing 51% of the existing errors and improving the assembly QV to 73.9. By comparing our results to standard automated polishing tools, we outline common polishing errors and offer practical suggestions for genome projects with limited resources. We also show how sequencing biases in both PacBio HiFi and Oxford Nanopore Technologies reads cause signature assembly errors that can be corrected with a diverse panel of sequencing technologies
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mc Cartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chasing perfection: validation and polishing strategies for telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Betacoronavirus-specific alternate splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses can subvert a number of cellular processes in order to block innate antiviral responses, and many viruses interact with cellular splicing machinery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was shown to suppress global mRNA splicing, and at least 10 SARS-CoV-2 proteins bind specifically to one or more human RNAs. Here, we investigate 17 published experimental and clinical datasets related to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as datasets from the betacoronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS as well as Streptococcus pneumonia, HCV, Zika virus, Dengue virus, influenza H3N2, and RSV. We show that genes showing differential alternative splicing in SARS-CoV-2 have a similar functional profile to those of SARS-CoV and MERS and affect a diverse set of genes and biological functions, including many closely related to virus biology. Additionally, the differentially spliced transcripts of cells infected by coronaviruses were more likely to undergo intron-retention, contain a pseudouridine modification and a smaller number of exons than differentially spliced transcripts in the control groups. Viral load in clinical COVID-19 samples was correlated with isoform distribution of differentially spliced genes. A significantly higher number of ribosomal genes are affected by DAS and DGE in betacoronavirus samples, and the betacoronavirus differentially spliced genes are depleted for binding sites of RNA-binding proteins. Our results demonstrate characteristic patterns of differential splicing in cells infected by SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS, potentially modifying a broad range of cellular functions and affecting a diverse set of genes and biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlebach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Betacoronavirus-specific alternate splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate positioning of functional residues is critical for the design of new protein functions, but has remained difficult because of the prevalence of irregular local geometries in active sites. Here we introduce two computational methods that build local protein geometries from sequence with atomic accuracy: fragment kinematic closure (FKIC) and loophash kinematic closure (LHKIC). FKIC and LHKIC integrate two approaches: robotics-inspired kinematics of protein backbones and insertion of peptide fragments, and show up to 140-fold improvements in native-like predictions over either approach alone. We then integrate these methods into a new design protocol, pull-into-place (PIP), to position functionally important sidechains via design of new structured loop conformations. We validate PIP by remodeling a sizeable active site region in an enzyme and confirming the engineered new conformations of two designs with crystal structures. The described methods can be applied broadly to the design of many new protein geometries and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krivacic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Conchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.450352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NOVEL CELL LINE MODELS OF CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.450352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDResistance to androgen deprivation therapies is a major driver of mortality in advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, there is a need to develop new pre-clinical models that allow the investigation of resistance mechanisms and the assessment of drugs for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.

METHODSWe generated two novel cell line models (LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR) which were derived by passaging LAPC4 and VCaP cells in vivo and in vitro under castrate conditions. We performed detailed transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses (SWATH-MS) to delineate expression differences between castration-sensitive and castration-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, we characterized the in vivo and in vitro growth characteristics of the novel cell line models.

RESULTSThe two cell line derivatives LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR showed castration resistant growth in vitro and in vivo which was only minimally inhibited by AR antagonists, enzalutamide and bicalutamide. High-dose androgen treatment resulted in significant growth arrest of VCaP-CR but not in LAPC4-CR cells. Both cell lines maintained AR expression, but exhibited distinct expression changes on the mRNA and protein level. Integrated analyses including data from LNCaP and the previously described castration resistant LNCaP-abl cells revealed an expression signature of castration resistance.

CONCLUSIONSThe two novel cell line models LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR and their comprehensive characterization on the RNA and protein level represent important resources to study the molecular mechanisms of castration resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamidipati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esopi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.04.450352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NOVEL CELL LINE MODELS OF CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.451050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fly Cell Atlas: a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult fruit fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.451050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to obtain single cell transcriptomes for stable cell types and dynamic cell states is ushering in a new era for biology. We created the Tabula Drosophilae, a single cell atlas of the adult fruit fly which includes 580k cells from 15 individually dissected sexed tissues as well as the entire head and body. Over 100 researchers from the fly community contributed annotations to >250 distinct cell types across all tissues. We provide an in-depth analysis of cell type-related gene signatures and transcription factor markers, as well as sexual dimorphism, across the whole animal. Analysis of common cell types that are shared between tissues, such as blood and muscle cells, allowed the discovery of rare cell types and tissue-specific subtypes. This atlas provides a valuable resource for the entire Drosophila community and serves as a comprehensive reference to study genetic perturbations and disease models at single cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Waegeneer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolluru, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardeux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brbic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattikota, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnorrer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nystul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho-Santos, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White-Cooper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galenza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, J. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FCA Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aerts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.04.451050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fly Cell Atlas: a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult fruit fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-cysteine is an endogenous regulator of neural progenitor cell dynamics in the mammalian brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
D-amino acids are increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules in the mammalian central nervous system. However, the D-stereoisomer of the amino acid with the fastest in vitro spontaneous racemization rate, cysteine, has not been examined in mammals. Using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and an stereospecific luciferase assay, we identify endogenous D-cysteine in the mammalian brain. We identify serine racemase (SR), which generates the NMDA glutamate receptor co-agonist D-serine, as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for D-cysteine. Levels of D-cysteine are enriched over twentyfold in the embryonic mouse brain compared to the adult. D-cysteine reduces the proliferation of cultured mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by approximately 50%, effects not shared with D-serine or L-cysteine. The antiproliferative effect of D-cysteine is mediated by the transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3a. The selective influence of D-cysteine on NPC proliferation is reflected in overgrowth and aberrant lamination of the cerebral cortex in neonatal SR knockout mice. Finally, we perform an unbiased screen for D-cysteine-binding proteins in NPCs by immunoprecipitation with a D-cysteine-specific antibody followed by mass spectrometry. This approach identifies myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) as a putative D-cysteine-binding protein. Together, these results establish endogenous mammalian D-cysteine and implicate it as a physiologic regulator of NPC homeostasis in the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harraz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadalla, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-cysteine is an endogenous regulator of neural progenitor cell dynamics in the mammalian brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily oscillation of the excitation/inhibition ratio is disrupted in two mouse models of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations to the balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I ratio) are postulated to underlie behavioral phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and mouse models. However, in wild type mice the E/I ratio is not constant, but instead oscillates across the 24h day. Therefore, we tested whether the E/I oscillation, rather than the overall E/I ratio, is disrupted in two ASD-related mouse lines: Fmr1 KO and BTBR, models of syndromic and idiopathic ASD, respectively. The E/I ratio is dysregulated in both models, but in different ways: the oscillation is lost in Fmr1 KO and reversed in BTBR mice. In both models these phenotypes associate with differences the timing of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission and endocannabinoid signaling compared to wild type mice, but not with altered sleep. These findings raise the possibility that ASD-related phenotypes may be produced by a mismatch of E/I to the appropriate behavioral state, rather than alterations to overall E/I levels per se.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Ferrall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily oscillation of the excitation/inhibition ratio is disrupted in two mouse models of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MONI: A Pangenomics Index for Finding MEMs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, Gagie et al. proposed a version of the FM-index, called the r-index, that can store thousands of human genomes on a commodity computer. Then Kuhnle et al. showed how to build the r-index efficiently via a technique called prefix-free parsing (PFP) and demonstrated its effectiveness for exact pattern matching. Exact pattern matching can be leveraged to support approximate pattern matching but the r-index itself cannot support efficiently popular and important queries such as finding maximal exact matches (MEMs). To address this shortcoming, Bannai et al. introduced the concept of thresholds, and showed that storing them together with the r-index enables efficient MEM finding -- but they did not say how to find those thresholds. We present a novel algorithm that applies PFP to build the r-index and find the thresholds simultaneously and in linear time and space with respect to the size of the prefix-free parse. Our implementation called MONI can rapidly find MEMs between reads and large sequence collections of highly repetitive sequences. Compared to other read aligners - PuffAligner, Bowtie2, BWA-MEM, and CHIC - MONI used 2-11 times less memory and was 2-32 times faster for index construction. Moreover, MONI was less than one thousandth the size of competing indexes for large collections of human chromosomes. Thus, MONI represents a major advance in our ability to perform MEM finding against very large collections of related references.

AvailabilityMONI is publicly available at https://github.com/maxrossi91/moni.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MONI: A Pangenomics Index for Finding MEMs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid-to-mesenchymal NGF-p75 signaling coordinates skeletal cell migration during repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone regeneration following injury is initiated by inflammatory signals and occurs in association with infiltration by sensory nerve fibers. Together, these events are believed to coordinate angiogenesis and tissue reprogramming, but the mechanism of coupling immune signals to re-innervation and osteogenesis is unknown. Here, we found that NGF is expressed following cranial bone injury and signals via p75 in resident mesenchymal osteogenic precursors to impact their migration into the damaged tissue. Mice lacking Ngf in myeloid cells demonstrated reduced migration of osteogenic precursors to the injury site with consequently delayed bone healing. These features were phenocopied by mice lacking p75 in Pdgfra+ osteoblast precursors. Single-cell transcriptomics identified mesenchymal subpopulations with potential roles in cell migration and immune response, altered in the context of p75 deletion. Together, these results identify the role of p75 signaling pathway in coordinating skeletal cell migration during early bone repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sono, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid-to-mesenchymal NGF-p75 signaling coordinates skeletal cell migration during repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial photoacoustic characterization of neurovascular physiology during early-stage photothrombotic stroke in neonatal piglets in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perinatal ischemic stroke is estimated to occur in 1/2300-1/5000 live births, but early differential diagnosis from global hypoxia-ischemia is often difficult. In this study, we tested the ability of a hand-held transcranial photoacoustic (PA) imaging to non-invasively detect a focal photothrombotic stroke (PTS) within 2 hours of stroke onset in a gyrencephalic piglet brain. 17 stroke lesions of approximately 1-cm2 area were introduced randomly in anterior or posterior cortex via the light/dye PTS technique in anesthetized neonatal piglets (n = 11). The contralateral non-ischemic region served as control tissue for discrimination contrast for the PA hemoglobin metrics: HbO2 saturation, total hemoglobin (tHb), and individual quantities of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 and HbR). The PA-derived tissue HbO2 saturation at 2 hours yielded a significant separation between control and affected regions-of-interest (p < 0.0001), which were well matched with 24-hr post-stroke cerebral infarction confirmed in the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained image. The quantity of HbO2 also displayed a significant contrast (p = 0.021), whereas tHb and HbR did not. The analysis on receiver operating characteristic curves and multivariate data analysis also agreed with the results above. This study shows that a hand-held transcranial PA neuroimaging can detect a regional thrombotic stroke in cerebral cortex of a neonatal piglet. In particular, we conclude that the HbO2 saturation metric can be used alone to identify regional stroke lesions. The lack of change in tHb may be related to arbitrary hand-held imaging configuration and/or entrapment of red blood cells within the thrombotic stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiler, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial photoacoustic characterization of neurovascular physiology during early-stage photothrombotic stroke in neonatal piglets in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seasonal nature in the outbreaks of respiratory viral infections with increased transmission during low temperatures has been well established. The current COVID-19 pandemic makes no exception, and temperature has been suggested to play a role on the viability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike glycoprotein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to initiate viral fusion. Studying the effect of temperature on the receptor-Spike interaction, we observed a significant and stepwise increase in RBD-ACE2 affinity at low temperatures, resulting in slower dissociation kinetics. This translated into enhanced interaction of the full Spike to ACE2 receptor and higher viral attachment at low temperatures. Interestingly, the RBD N501Y mutation, present in emerging variants of concern (VOCs) that are fueling the pandemic worldwide, bypassed this requirement. This data suggests that the acquisition of N501Y reflects an adaptation to warmer climates, a hypothesis that remains to be tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta Vergara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlarbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prive, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brochiero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boivin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced chemotaxis through spatially-regulated absolute concentration robustness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemotaxis, the directional motility of cells in response to spatial gradients of chemical cues, is a fundamental process behind a wide range of biological events, including the innate immune response and cancer metastasis. Recent advances in cell biology have shown that the protrusions that enable amoeboid cells to move are driven by the stochastic threshold crossings of an underlying excitable system. As a cell encounters a chemoattractant gradient, the size of this threshold is regulated spatially so that the crossings are biased towards the front of the cell. For efficient directional migration, cells must limit undesirable lateral and rear-directed protrusions. The inclusion of a control mechanism to suppress these unwanted firings would enhance chemotactic efficiency. It is known that absolute concentration robustness (ACR) exerts tight control over the mean and variance of species concentration. Here, we demonstrate how the coupling of the ACR mechanism to the cellular signaling machinery reduces the likelihood of threshold crossings in the excitable system. Moreover, we show that using the cells innate gradient sensing apparatus to direct the action of ACR to the rear, suppresses the lateral movement of the cells and that this results in improved chemotactic performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced chemotaxis through spatially-regulated absolute concentration robustness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for carbapenam C-alkylation by TokK, a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobalamin- or B12-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes acting during carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis carry out radical-mediated methyl transfers that underlie the therapeutic usefulness of these essential medicines. Here we present x-ray crystal structures of TokK, which are representative of this functional class, containing its two metallocofactors and determined in the presence and absence of carbapenam substrate. The structures give the first visualization of a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylase that employs the radical mechanism shared by a vast majority of these enzymes. The structures provide insight into the stereochemistry of initial C6 methylation and suggests that substrate positioning governs the rate of each methylation event.

One Sentence SummaryStructural insight into a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylase that performs three sequential radical-mediated methylations to install the C6 side chain of a carbapenem antibiotic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knox, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for carbapenam C-alkylation by TokK, a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit motifs and graph properties of connectome development in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network science is a powerful tool that can be used to better explore the complex structure of brain networks. Leveraging graph and motif analysis tools, we interrogate C. elegans connectomes across multiple developmental time points and compare the resulting graph characteristics and substructures over time. We show the evolution of the networks and highlight stable invariants and patterns as well as those that grow or decay unexpectedly, providing a substrate for additional analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit motifs and graph properties of connectome development in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glby, is a PBP with β-lactamase activity and is required for in vivo viability of M. abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of Mycobacteroides abscessus, Mab, (also known as Mycobacterium abscessus) has been increasing steadily globally. Patients with structural lung conditions such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at high risk of developing pulmonary Mab disease. The disease is often recurrent as the current treatment regimen is considered sub-efficacious. The cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria is required for their viability and its biosynthetic pathway is enriched in proteins whose inhibition is the basis for two of the most widely used classes of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. The peptidoglycan of Mab is distinct from that of most bacteria as its synthesis involves penicillin binding proteins (PBP) and L,D-transpeptidases. Here, we demonstrate that Mab gene locus MAB_3167c encodes a PBP (hereafter referred to as Glby) and is required for normal planktonic growth in liquid broth. Glby exhibits a strong {beta}-lactamase activity and is sensitive to {beta}-lactamase inhibitors. In a mouse model of pulmonary Mab disease, mutant lacking this gene was unable to proliferate, gradually cleared and undetectable after three weeks. In a collection of 1.046 Mab clinical isolates, there is evidence that changes in amino acid sequence that compromise Glby function are not favored. These evidences suggest that an agent that can inhibit Glby in vivo has the potential to be an efficacious treatment against Mab disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggioncalda, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glby, is a PBP with β-lactamase activity and is required for in vivo viability of M. abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile elements and highly repetitive genomic regions are potent sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of large, composite or arrayed repeat elements and those found in more complex regions of the genome require a complete, linear genome assembly. Here we present the first de novo repeat discovery and annotation of a complete human reference genome, T2T-CHM13v1.0. We identified novel satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for known repeats and mobile elements, characterized new classes of complex, composite repeats, and provided comprehensive annotations of retroelement transduction events. Utilizing PRO-seq to detect nascent transcription and nanopore sequencing to delineate CpG methylation profiles, we defined the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including for the first time those found in centromeres. Together, these data provide expanded insight into the diversity, distribution and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojenski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pparα and fatty acid oxidation coordinate hepatic transcriptional architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fasting requires tight coordination between the metabolism and transcriptional output of hepatocytes to maintain systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis. Genetically-defined deficits in hepatic fatty acid oxidation result in dramatic fasting-induced hepatocyte lipid accumulation and induction of genes for oxidative metabolism, thereby providing a mouse model to interrogate the mechanisms by which the liver senses and transcriptionally responds to fluctuations in lipid levels. While fatty acid oxidation is required for a rise in acetyl-CoA and subsequent lysine acetylation following a fast, changes in histone acetylation (total, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac) associated with transcription do not require fatty acid oxidation. Instead, excess fatty acids prompt induction of lipid catabolic genes largely via ligand-activated Ppar. We observe that active enhancers in fasting mice are enriched for Ppar binding motifs, and that inhibition of hepatic fatty acid oxidation results in elevated enhancer priming and acetylation proximal to Ppar binding sites within regulatory elements largely associated with genes in lipid metabolism. Also, a greater number of Ppar-associated H3K27ac signal changes occur at active enhancers compared to promoters, suggesting a genomic mechanism for Ppar to tune target gene expression levels. Overall, these data demonstrate the requirement for Ppar activation in maintaining transcriptionally permissive hepatic genomic architecture particularly when fatty acid oxidation is limiting.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIFasting-induced transcription and histone acetylation are largely independent of acetyl-CoA concentration.
C_LIO_LIDeficits in fatty acid oxidation prompt epigenetic changes and Ppar-sensitive transcription.
C_LIO_LIFasting prompts enhancer priming and acetylation proximal to Ppar binding sites independent of Ppar.
C_LIO_LIPatterns of Ppar target genes can be distinguished by epigenetic marks at promoters and enhancers.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavagnini, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pparα and fatty acid oxidation coordinate hepatic transcriptional architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing human genome assemblies have almost entirely excluded highly repetitive sequences within and near centromeres, limiting our understanding of their sequence, evolution, and essential role in chromosome segregation. Here, we present an extensive study of newly assembled peri/centromeric sequences representing 6.2% (189.9 Mb) of the first complete, telomere-to-telomere human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13). We discovered novel patterns of peri/centromeric repeat organization, variation, and evolution at both large and small length scales. We also found that inner kinetochore proteins tend to overlap the most recently duplicated subregions within centromeres. Finally, we compared chromosome X centromeres across a diverse panel of individuals and uncovered structural, epigenetic, and sequence variation at single-base resolution across these regions. In total, this work provides an unprecedented atlas of human centromeres to guide future studies of their complex and critical functions as well as their unique evolutionary dynamics.

One-sentence summaryDeep characterization of fully assembled human centromeres reveals their architecture and fine-scale organization, variation, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhwani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunyavskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes de Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerpedjiev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared to its predecessors, the Telomere-to-Telomere CHM13 genome adds nearly 200 Mbp of sequence, corrects thousands of structural errors, and unlocks the most complex regions of the human genome to clinical and functional study. Here we demonstrate how the new reference universally improves read mapping and variant calling for 3,202 and 17 globally diverse samples sequenced with short and long reads, respectively. We identify hundreds of thousands of novel variants per sample--a new frontier for evolutionary and biomedical discovery. Simultaneously, the new reference eliminates tens of thousands of spurious variants per sample, including up to 12-fold reduction of false positives in 269 medically relevant genes. The vast improvement in variant discovery coupled with population and functional genomic resources position T2T-CHM13 to replace GRCh38 as the prevailing reference for human genetics.

One Sentence SummaryThe T2T-CHM13 reference genome universally improves the analysis of human genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdeyev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.451380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking ultra-high molecular weight DNA preservation methods for long-read and long-range sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.451380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in vertebrate genomics require sampling from a broad range of tissue types, taxa, and localities. Recent advancements in long-read and long-range genome sequencing have made it possible to produce high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies for almost any organism. However, adequate tissue preservation for the requisite ultra-high molecular weight DNA (uHMW DNA) remains a major challenge. Here we present a comparative study of preservation methods for field and laboratory tissue sampling, across vertebrate classes and different tissue types. We find that no single method is best for all cases. Instead, the optimal storage and extraction methods vary by taxa, by tissue, and by down-stream application. Therefore, we provide sample preservation guidelines that ensure sufficient DNA integrity and amount required for use with long-read and long-range sequencing technologies across vertebrates. Our best practices generated the uHMW DNA needed for the high-quality reference genomes for Phase 1 of the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), whose ultimate mission is to generate chromosome-level reference genome assemblies of all [~]70,000 extant vertebrate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahn, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bista, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinnere Pettersson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komoroske, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.451380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking ultra-high molecular weight DNA preservation methods for long-read and long-range sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is tightly controlled by tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) that is regulated by phosphorylation from kinases responding to environmental cues. Protein kinase G specifically modifies serine-1365 (S1364, human), and its phosphorylation (or phosphomimetic SE mutant) potently blocks mTORC1 co-activation by pathological stress, while a phospho-silenced (SA) mutation does the opposite. Neither alter basal mTORC1 activity. Here we show S1365 exerts biased control over mTORC1 activity (S6K phosphorylation) modifying ERK1/2 but not Akt-dependent stimulation. Whereas mTORC1 activation by endothelin-1 is potently modified by S1365 status, insulin or PDGF stimulation are unaltered. TSC2-S1365 is also phosphorylated upon ET-1 but not insulin stimulation in a PKG-dependent manner, revealing intrinsic bias. Neither energy or nutrient modulation of mTORC1 are impacted by S1365. Consistent with these results, knock-in mice with either TSC2 SA or SE mutations develop identical obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver disease from a high fat diet. Thus, S1365 provides an ERK1/2-selective mTORC1 control mechanism and a genetic means to modify pathological versus physiological mTOR stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinilla-Vera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grajeda Martinez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Employing DNA as a high-density data storage medium has paved the way for next-generation digital storage and biosensing technologies. However, the multipart architecture of current DNA-based recording techniques renders them inherently slow and incapable of recording fluctuating signals with sub-hour frequencies. To address this limitation, we developed a simplified system employing a single enzyme, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), to transduce environmental signals into DNA. TdT adds nucleotides to the 3 ends of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a template-independent manner, selecting bases according to inherent preferences and environmental conditions. By characterizing TdT nucleotide selectivity under different conditions, we show that TdT can encode various physiologically relevant signals like Co2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ concentrations and temperature changes in vitro. Further, by considering the average rate of nucleotide incorporation, we show that the resulting ssDNA functions as a molecular ticker tape. With this method we accurately encode a temporal record of fluctuations in Co2+ concentration to within 1 minute over a 60-minute period. Finally, we engineer TdT to allosterically turn off in the presence of physiologically relevant concentration of calcium. We use this engineered TdT in concert with a reference TdT to develop a two-polymerase system capable of recording a single step change in Ca2+ signal to within 1 minute over a 60-minute period. This work expands the repertoire of DNA-based recording techniques by developing a novel DNA synthesis-based system that can record temporal environmental signals into DNA with minutes resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castinado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic and genomic diversification in complex carbohydrate degrading human gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiotic bacteria are responsible for the majority of complex carbohydrate digestion in the human colon. Since the identities and amounts of dietary polysaccharides directly impact the gut microbiota, determining which microorganisms consume specific nutrients is central to defining the relationship between diet and gut microbial ecology. Using a custom phenotyping array, we determined carbohydrate utilization profiles for 354 members of the Bacteroidetes, a dominant saccharolytic phylum. There was wide variation in the numbers and types of substrates degraded by individual bacteria, but phenotype-based clustering grouped members of the same species indicating that each species performs characteristic roles. The ability to utilize dietary polysaccharides and endogenous mucin glycans was negatively correlated, suggesting exclusion between these niches. By analyzing related Bacteroides ovatus/xylanisolvens strains that vary in their ability to utilize mucin glycans, we addressed whether gene clusters that confer this complex, multi-locus trait are being gained or lost in individual strains. Pangenome reconstruction of these strains revealed a remarkably mosaic architecture in which genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism are highly variable and bioinformatics data provide evidence of interspecies gene transfer that might explain this genomic heterogeneity. Global transcriptomic analyses suggest that the ability to utilize mucin has been lost in some lineages of B. ovatus and B. xylanisolvens, which still harbor residual gene clusters that are involved in mucin utilization by strains that still actively express this phenotype. Our data provide insight into the breadth and complexity of carbohydrate metabolism in the microbiome and the underlying genomic events that shape these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pudlo, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atherly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrapon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic and genomic diversification in complex carbohydrate degrading human gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classification of Free-Living Body Posture with ECG Patch Accelerometers: Application to the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWAs health studies increasingly monitor free-living heart performance via ECG patches with accelerometers, researchers will seek to investigate cardio-electrical responses to physical activity and sedentary behavior, increasing demand for fast, scalable methods to process accelerometer data. We provide the first published analysis of tri-axial accelerometry data from Zio XT patch and introduce an extension of posture classification algorithms for use with ECG patches worn in the free-living environment. Our novel extensions to posture classification include (1) estimation of an upright posture for each individual without the reference measurements used by existing posture classification algorithms; (2) correction for device removal and re-positioning using novel spherical change-point detection; and (3) classification of upright and recumbent periods using a clustering and voting process rather than a simple inclination threshold used in other algorithms. Methods were built using data from 14 participants from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), and applied to 1, 250 MACS participants. As no posture labels exist in the free-living environment, we evaluate the algorithm against labelled data from the Towson Accelerometer Study and against data labelled by hand from the MACS study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etzkorn, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heravi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classification of Free-Living Body Posture with ECG Patch Accelerometers: Application to the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockout of E-cadherin in adult mouse epithelium results in emphysema and airway disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease, characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, alveolar loss (emphysema), and airflow limitation due to excessive mucus secretion (chronic bronchitis), that can occur even after the injurious agent is removed. It is slated to rise to the 3rd leading cause of death due to chronic disease by 2030 globally, and the 4th leading cause of death due to chronic disease in the USA. While there is substantial evidence indicating loss of E-cadherin in the lung epithelium of patients with COPD, it is not known if this is causal to the disease. We investigated if loss of E-cadherin can result in lung disease using in both in vitro models of primary, differentiated human cells and in mouse models. Using a cell type-specific promoter using Cre/LoxP mice system to knock-out E- cadherin in ciliated and alveolar epithelial cell (Type 1 and Type 2) populations in adult mouse models, we determined that loss of E-cadherin caused airspace enlargement, as well as increased airway hyperresponsiveness indicating that it does have a causative role in causing COPD. Strategies to upregulate CDH1 (encodes for E-cadherin) in CHBEs and cigarette-smoke injured NHBEs can rescue the dysfunctional epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capodanno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wally, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmik, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaykaner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockout of E-cadherin in adult mouse epithelium results in emphysema and airway disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac-generated sympathetic stress alters heart-brain communication, reduces EEG-theta activity, and increases locomotor behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system modulates heart function on a beat-to-beat basis via increasingly understood mechanisms. Conversely, whether and how humoral/functional cardiac variations shape brain activity and adaptive behavior remains unclear. This study shows that mice overexpressing adenylyl cyclase type 8 in myocytes (TGAC8), characterized by persistently elevated heart rate/contractility, also display increased locomotion. This effect is sustained by enhanced gamma rhythms, as evidenced by simultaneous behavioral and EEG/ECG monitoring. These changes are specific because they are not paralleled by other modifications, such as heightened anxiety-like behavior. In unison, TGAC8 mice hippocampus exhibits upregulated GABA-A receptors, whose activation chiefly accounts for gamma activity generation. Moreover, the Granger causality analysis between ECG and EEG attests to the causal involvement of the autonomic component of the heartbeat in shaping EEG gamma oscillations in a bottom-up modality. Mechanistically, TGAC8 harbors elevated circulating dopamine/DOPA levels of cardiac origin and upregulated hippocampal D5 dopamine receptor levels. In synergy with the GABA-A receptor, D5 activation favors hippocampal inhibitory currents that drive EEG gamma oscillations. These studies, therefore, inform how heart-initiated functional and/or humoral modifications reverberate back to the brain to modulate specific primary adaptive responses, such as locomotion.

SignificanceThe brain is continuously aware of the functional status of many bodily organs, modulating, for instance, the hearts activity beat-by-beat. Conversely, how cardiac activity modifications impact brain function and behavior is less understood. We disclose that augmenting myocyte adenyl cyclase 8 (AC8) activity in mice increases their locomotion. Elevated cardiac AC8 levels lead to higher circulating dopamine and DOPA, hormones crucially involved in movement control, and increased expression of the hippocampuss GABA-A and D5 receptors; the activation of the latter modifies hippocampal gamma oscillations shaping locomotor activity. Thus, the brain interprets changes in myocardial AC8 activity as a "sustained exercise-like" situation and responds by activating areas commanding to increase locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menicucci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasnain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodaballapur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemignani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac-generated sympathetic stress alters heart-brain communication, reduces EEG-theta activity, and increases locomotor behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development and diversity of neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus has been insufficiently characterized. We sequenced the transcriptomes of 40,927 cells from the prenatal human hypothalamus spanning from 6 to 25 gestational weeks and 25,424 mature neurons in regions of the adult human hypothalamus, revealing a temporal trajectory from proliferative stem cell populations to mature neurons and glia. Developing hypothalamic neurons followed branching trajectories leading to 170 transcriptionally distinct neuronal subtypes in ten hypothalamic nuclei in the adult. The uniqueness of hypothalamic neuronal lineages was examined developmentally by comparing excitatory lineages present in cortex and inhibitory lineages in ganglionic eminence from the same individuals, revealing both distinct and shared drivers of neuronal maturation across the human forebrain. Cross-species comparisons to the mouse hypothalamus identified human-specific POMC populations expressing unique combinations of transcription factors and neuropeptides. These results provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic view of human hypothalamus development at cellular resolution.

One-Sentence SummaryUsing single-cell genomics, we reconstructed the developmental lineages by which precursor populations give rise to 170 distinct neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bale, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread germline genetic heterogeneity of human ribosomal RNA genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphism drives survival under stress and provides adaptability. Genetic polymorphism of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes derives from internal repeat variation of this multicopy gene, and from interindividual variation. A considerable amount of rRNA sequence heterogeneity has been proposed but has been challenging to estimate given the scarcity of accurate reference sequences. We identified four rDNA copies on chromosome 21 (GRCh38) with 99% similarity to recently introduced reference sequence KY962518.1. Pairwise alignment of the rRNA coding sequences of these copies showed differences in sequence and length. We customized a GATK bioinformatics pipeline using the four rDNA loci, spanning a total 145 kb, for variant calling. We employed whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from the 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 and analyzed variants in 2,504 individuals from 26 populations. Using the pipeline, we identified a total of 3,790 variant positions. The variants positioned non-randomly on the rRNA gene. Invariant regions included the promoter, early 5 ETS, 5.8S, ITS1 and certain regions of the 28S rRNA, and large areas of the intragenic spacer. 18S rRNA coding region had very few variants, while a total of 470 variant positions were observed on 28S rRNA. The majority of the 28S rRNA variants located on highly flexible human-expanded rRNA helical folds ES7L and ES27L, suggesting that these represent positions of diversity and are potentially under continuous evolution. These findings provide a genetic view for rRNA heterogeneity and raise the need to functional assess how the 28S rRNA variants affect ribosome functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eklund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NV, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread germline genetic heterogeneity of human ribosomal RNA genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of reward history on decision-making and movement vigor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During foraging, animals explore a site and harvest reward, and then abandon that site and travel to the next opportunity. One aspect of this behavior involves decision-making, while the other involves movement control. We recently proposed that control of decision-making and movements may be linked via a desire to maximize a single normative utility: the sum of all rewards acquired, minus all efforts expended, divided by time. If this is the case, then the history of rewards, and not just its immediate availability, should dictate how long one decides to stay and harvest reward, and how fast one travels to the next opportunity. We tested this theory in a series of experiments in which humans used their hand to harvest tokens at a reward patch, and then used their arm to reach toward a subsequent opportunity. Experiencing a history of poor rewards not only led people to forage longer, but they also reached slower toward the next reward site. Thus, reward history had a consistent effect on both the decision-making process regarding when to abandon a reward site, and the motor control process regarding how fast to move to the next opportunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sukumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of reward history on decision-making and movement vigor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional connectomics spanning multiple areas of mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the brain we must relate neurons functional responses to the circuit architecture that shapes them. Here, we present a large functional connectomics dataset with dense calcium imaging of a millimeter scale volume. We recorded activity from approximately 75,000 neurons in primary visual cortex (VISp) and three higher visual areas (VISrl, VISal and VISlm) in an awake mouse viewing natural movies and synthetic stimuli. The functional data were co-registered with a volumetric electron microscopy (EM) reconstruction containing more than 200,000 cells and 0.5 billion synapses. Subsequent proofreading of a subset of neurons in this volume yielded reconstructions that include complete dendritic trees as well the local and inter-areal axonal projections that map up to thousands of cell-to-cell connections per neuron. Here, we release this dataset as an open-access resource to the scientific community including a set of tools that facilitate data retrieval and downstream analysis. In accompanying papers we describe our findings using the dataset to provide a comprehensive structural characterization of cortical cell types1-3 and the most detailed synaptic level connectivity diagram of a cortical column to date2, uncovering unique cell-type specific inhibitory motifs that can be linked to gene expression data4. Functionally, we identify new computational principles of how information is integrated across visual space5, characterize novel types of neuronal invariances6 and bring structure and function together to decipher a general principle that wires excitatory neurons within and across areas7, 8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MICrONs Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celii, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatsenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froudarakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinz, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebditch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptiste, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional connectomics spanning multiple areas of mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential as novel drug carriers for the treatment of various diseases. These lipid bilayer vesicles are naturally abundant in mammalian tissues and circulation, can be loaded with therapeutic small molecule drugs, (si)RNA, proteins and CRISPR/Cas9, and may be engineered for retention by specific tissues. However, many questions remain on the optimal dosing, administration route, and pharmacokinetics of EVs. Previous studies have addressed biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in rodents, but little evidence is available from larger animals. Here, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Expi293F-derived EVs labelled with a highly sensitive nanoluciferase reporter (palmGRET) in a non-human primate model (Macaca nemestrina), comparing intravenous (IV) and intranasal (IN) administration over a 125-fold dose range. We report that EVs administered IV had markedly longer circulation times in plasma than previously reported in mice, and were detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after 30-60 minutes. Already after one minute following IV administration, we observed EV uptake by PBMCs, most notably B-cells. EVs were detected in liver and spleen within one hour of IV administration. None of the IN doses resulted in readily detectable EV levels in plasma, CSF, or organs, suggesting that IN delivery of EVs in large animals including humans may require reconsideration or pretreatment approaches. Furthermore, EV circulation times strongly decreased after repeated IV administration, possibly due to immune responses and with clear implications for xenogeneic EV-based therapeutics. We hope that our findings from this baseline study in macaques will help to inform future research and therapeutic development of EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonvisky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keratin 19 interacts with GSK3β to regulate its nuclear accumulation and degradation of cyclin D3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin D3 regulates the G1/S transition and is frequently overexpressed in several cancer types including breast cancer, where it promotes tumor progression. Here, we show that a cytoskeletal protein keratin 19 (K19) physically interacts with a serine/threonine kinase GSK3{beta} and prevents GSK3{beta}-dependent degradation of cyclin D3. The absence of K19 allowed active GSK3{beta} to accumulate in the nucleus and degrade cyclin D3. Specifically, the head domain of K19 was required to sustain inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3{beta} Ser9, prevent nuclear accumulation of GSK3{beta}, and maintain cyclin D3 levels and cell proliferation. K19 was found to interact with GSK3{beta} and K19-GSK3{beta} interaction was mapped out to require Ser10 and Ser35 residues on the head domain of K19. Unlike wildtype K19, S10A and S35A mutants failed to maintain total and nuclear cyclin D3 levels and induce cell proliferation. Finally, we show that the K19-GSK3{beta}-cyclin D3 pathway affected sensitivity of cells towards inhibitors to cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). Overall, these findings establish a role for K19 in the regulation of GSK3{beta}-cyclin D3 pathway and demonstrate a potential strategy for overcoming resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiufekchiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lising, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keratin 19 interacts with GSK3β to regulate its nuclear accumulation and degradation of cyclin D3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a surface receptor that, in the central nervous system, is exclusively expressed on microglia. TREM2 variants have been linked to increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases, but the functional effects of microglial TREM2 remain largely unknown. To this end, we investigated TAR-DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43)-related neurodegenerative disease via viral-mediated expression of human TDP-43 protein (hTDP-43) in neonatal and adult mice or inducible expression of hTDP43 with defective nuclear localization signals in transgenic mice. We found that TREM2 deficiency impaired microglia phagocytic clearance of pathological TDP-43, and enhanced neuronal damage and motor function impairments. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that hTDP-43 induced a TREM2-dependent subpopulation of microglia with high CD11c expression and higher phagocytic ability. Using mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we further demonstrated an interaction between TDP-43 and TREM2, in vitro and in vivo, in hTDP-43-expressing transgenic mouse brains. We computationally identified the region within hTDP-43 that interacts with TREM2 and observed the potential interaction in ALS patient tissues. Our data reveal the novel interaction between TREM2 and TDP-43, highlighting that TDP-43 is a possible ligand for microglial TREM2 and the interaction mediates neuroprotection of microglial TREM2 in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The META tool optimizes metagenomic analyses across sequencing platforms and classifiers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in the field of metagenomics is the selection of the correct combination of sequencing platform and downstream metagenomic analysis algorithm, or  classifier. Here, we present the Metagenomic Evaluation Tool Analyzer (META), which produces simulated data and facilitates platform and algorithm selection for any given metagenomic use case. META-generated in silico read data are modular, scalable, and reflect user-defined community profiles, while the downstream analysis is done using a variety of metagenomic classifiers. Reported results include information on resource utilization, time-to-answer, and performance. Real-world data can also be analyzed using selected classifiers and results benchmarked against simulations. To test the utility of the META software, simulated data was compared to real-world viral and bacterial metagenomic samples run on four different sequencers and analyzed using 12 metagenomic classifiers. Lastly, we introduce  META Score: a unified, quantitative value which rates an analytic classifiers ability to both identify and count taxa in a representative sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Player, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguinaldo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maszkiewicz, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verratti, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradburne, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The META tool optimizes metagenomic analyses across sequencing platforms and classifiers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the atypical chemokine receptor CCRL2 in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of new molecular pathways supporting the growth of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) stem and progenitor cells is needed to understand clinical variation and develop targeted therapies. Within myeloid malignancies, men have worse outcomes compared to women, suggesting male sex hormone driven effects in malignant hematopoiesis. The androgen receptor promotes the expression of five granulocyte-colony factor receptor regulated genes. Among them, CCRL2 encodes an atypical chemokine receptor that regulates cytokine signaling in differentiated granulocytes but its role in myeloid malignancies is unknown. Our study revealed that CCRL2 is upregulated in stem and progenitor cells from patients with MDS and secondary acute leukemia. CCRL2 knockdown suppressed the growth and clonogenicity of MDS92 and MDS-L cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, CCRL2 knockdown significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, and STAT5 in MDS cells. CCRL2 co-precipitated with JAK2 and its suppression decreased the interaction of JAK2 with STAT proteins. Cell lines expressing JAK2V617F showed less effect of CCRL2 knockdown on growth and clonogenicity compared to those expressing wild type. However, the selective JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib potentiated the effects of CCRL2 knockdown in MDS and leukemia cells expressing both wild type JAK2 and JAK2V617F. In conclusion, our results implicate CCRL2 as a mediator of MDS and secondary acute leukemia cell growth, in part through JAK2/STAT signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KARANTANOS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodorescu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodolou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmenstine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkhowa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondek, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moliterno, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the atypical chemokine receptor CCRL2 in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks controlling temporal patterning, neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the mammalian retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs), consisting of transcription factors and their target cis- regulatory sequences, control neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the developing central nervous system, but their organization is poorly characterized. In this study, we performed integrated single-cell RNA- and scATAC-seq analysis in both mouse and human retina to profile dynamic changes in gene expression, chromatin accessibility and transcription factor footprinting during retinal neurogenesis. We identified multiple interconnected, evolutionarily-conserved GRNs consisting of cell type-specific transcription factors that both activate expression of genes within their own network and often inhibit expression of genes in other networks. These GRNs control state transitions within primary retinal progenitors that underlie temporal patterning, regulate the transition from primary to neurogenic progenitors, and drive specification of each major retinal cell type. We confirmed the prediction of this analysis that the NFI transcription factors Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix selectively activate expression of genes that promote late-stage temporal identity in primary retinal progenitors. We also used GRNs to identify additional transcription factors that promote (Insm1/2) and inhibit (Tbx3, Tcf7l1/2) rod photoreceptor specification in postnatal retina. This study provides an inventory of cis- and trans-acting factors that control retinal development, identifies transcription factors that control the temporal identity of retinal progenitors and cell fate specification, and will potentially guide cell-based therapies aimed at replacing retinal neurons lost due to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.31.454200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks controlling temporal patterning, neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the mammalian retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic Analysis of Developing Human Retina and Organoids Reveals Cell-Specific Cis-Regulatory Elements and Mechanisms of Non-Coding Genetic Disease Risk. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) play a critical role in the development, maintenance, and disease-states of all human cell types. In the human retina, CREs have been implicated in a variety of inherited retinal disorders. To characterize cell-class-specific CREs in the human retina and elucidate their potential functions in development and disease, we performed single-nucleus (sn)ATAC-seq and snRNA-seq on the developing and adult human retina and on human retinal organoids. These analyses allowed us to identify cell-class-specific CREs, enriched transcription factor binding motifs, putative target genes, and to examine how these features change over development. By comparing DNA accessibility between the human retina and retinal organoids we found that CREs in organoids are highly correlated at the single-cell level, validating the use of organoids as a model for studying disease-associated CREs. As a proof of concept, we studied the function of a disease-associated CRE at 5q14.3 in organoids, identifying its principal target gene as the miR-9-2 primary transcript and demonstrating a dual role for this CRE in regulating neurogenesis and gene regulatory programs in mature glia. This study provides a rich resource for characterizing cell-class-specific CREs in the human retina and showcases retinal organoids as a model in which to study the function of retinal CREs that influence retinal development and disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISingle-cell map of cis-regulatory elements in developing and adult human retina.
C_LIO_LICorrelation of single-cell DNA accessibility between human retina and retinal organoids.
C_LIO_LIAssociation of disease risk loci with cell-class-specific accessibility.
C_LIO_LIModeling of enhancer function at the 5q14.3 retinal disease-risk locus.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkins-Perry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eade, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.31.454254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic Analysis of Developing Human Retina and Organoids Reveals Cell-Specific Cis-Regulatory Elements and Mechanisms of Non-Coding Genetic Disease Risk.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.453806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CHK-2 antagonizing phosphatase PPM-1.D regulates meiotic entry via catalytic and non-catalytic activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.453806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from the stem cell/progenitor fate to meiosis is mediated by several redundant post-transcriptional regulatory pathways in C. elegans. Interfering with all three branches causes tumorous germlines. SCFPROM-1 comprises one branch and mediates a scheduled degradation step at entry into meiosis. prom-1 mutants show defects in timely initiation of events of meiotic prophase I, resulting in high rates of embryonic lethality. Here, we identify the phosphatase PPM-1.D/Wip1 as crucial substrate for PROM-1. We report that PPM-1.D antagonizes CHK-2 kinase, a key regulator for meiotic prophase initiation e.g., DNA double strand breaks, chromosome pairing and synaptonemal complex formation. We propose that PPM-1.D controls the amount of active CHK-2 by both catalytic and non-catalytic activities, where strikingly the non-catalytic regulation seems to be crucial at meiotic entry. PPM-1.D sequesters CHK-2 at the nuclear periphery and programmed SCFPROM-1 mediated degradation of PPM-1.D liberates the kinase and promotes meiotic entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baudrimont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paouneskou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blundon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schedl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jantsch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.453806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CHK-2 antagonizing phosphatase PPM-1.D regulates meiotic entry via catalytic and non-catalytic activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene-dependent yeast cell death pathway requires AP-3 vesicle trafficking leading to vacuole membrane permeabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unicellular eukaryotes are suggested to undergo self-inflicted destruction. However, molecular details are sparse by comparison to the mechanisms of cell death known for human cells and animal models. Here we report a molecular pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leading to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization and cell death. Following exposure to heat-ramp conditions, a model of environmental stress, we observed that yeast cell death occurs over several hours, suggesting an ongoing molecular dying process. A genome-wide screen for death-promoting factors identified all subunits of the AP-3 adaptor complex. AP-3 promotes stress-induced cell death through its Arf1-GTPase-dependent vesicle trafficking function, which is required to transport and install proteins on the vacuole/lysosome membrane, including a death-promoting protein kinase Yck3. Time-lapse microscopy revealed a sequence of events where AP-3-dependent vacuole permeability occurs hours before the loss of plasma membrane integrity. An AP-3-dependent cell death pathway appears to be conserved in the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolp, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalisi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene-dependent yeast cell death pathway requires AP-3 vesicle trafficking leading to vacuole membrane permeabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Cognitive States Predict Individual Variability in Behavior and Modulate with EEG Functional Connectivity during Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluctuations in strategy, attention, or motivation can cause large variability in performance across task trials. Typically, this variability is treated as noise, and assumed to cancel out, leaving supposedly stable relationships among behavior, neural activity, and experimental task conditions. Those relationships, however, could change with a participants internal cognitive states, and variability in performance may carry important information regarding those states, which cannot be directly measured. Therefore, we used a mathematical, state-space modeling framework to estimate internal states from measured behavioral data, quantifying each participants sensitivity to factors such as past errors or distractions, to predict their reaction time fluctuations. We show how modeling these states greatly improves trial-by-trial prediction of behavior. Further, we identify EEG functional connectivity features that modulate with each state. These results illustrate the potential of this approach and how it could enable quantification of intra- and inter-individual differences and provide insight into their neural bases.

Statement of RelevanceCognitive behavioral performance and its neural bases vary both across individuals and within individuals over time. Understanding this variability may be key to the success of clinical or educational interventions. Internal cognitive states reflecting differences in strategy, attention, and motivation may drive much of these inter- and intra-individual differences, but often cannot be reliably controlled or measured in cognitive neuroscience research. The mathematical modeling framework developed here uses measured data to estimate a participants dynamic, internal cognitive states, with each state derived from specific factors hypothesized to affect attention, motivation or strategy. The results highlight potential sources of behavioral variability and reveal EEG features that modulate with each state. Our method quantifies and characterizes individual behavioral differences and highlights their underlying neural mechanisms, which could be used for future targeted training or neuromodulation therapies to improve cognitive performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beauchene, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Cognitive States Predict Individual Variability in Behavior and Modulate with EEG Functional Connectivity during Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquitos health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host- preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission- stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic screens identify connections between ribosome recycling and nonsense mediated decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decay of messenger RNA with a premature termination codon (PTC) by nonsense mediated decay (NMD) is an important regulatory pathway for eukaryotes and an essential pathway in mammals. NMD is typically triggered by the ribosome terminating at a stop codon that is aberrantly distant from the poly-A tail. Here, we use a fluorescence screen to identify factors involved in NMD in S. cerevisiae. In addition to the known NMD factors, including the entire UPF family (UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3), as well as NMD4 and EBS1, we identify factors known to function in post-termination recycling and characterize their contribution to NMD. We then use a series of modified reporter constructs that block both elongating and scanning ribosomes downstream of stop codons and demonstrate that a deficiency in recycling of 80S ribosomes or 40S subunits stabilizes NMD substrates. These observations in S. cerevisiae expand on recently reported data in mammals indicating that the 60S recycling factor ABCE1 is important for NMD (1, 2) by showing that increased activities of both elongating and scanning ribosomes (80S or 40S) in the 3UTR correlate with a loss of NMD.

Author SummaryIn this work, we aim to understand the mechanism of targeting mRNAs for decay via the long-studied nonsense mediated decay (NMD) pathway. We demonstrate that efficient large and small subunit ribosome recycling are necessary components of NMD. We go on to provide evidence that either scanning or actively translating ribosomes in the 3UTR disrupt the decay of NMD targets. Our work highlights the importance of the composition of the 3UTR in NMD signaling and emphasizes the need for this region to indeed be untranslated for NMD to occur. Exon junction complexes (EJCs) in the 3UTR are known to induce NMD, however, in the budding yeast system used here, the NMD targets are EJC-free. Therefore, our data support a model in which factors other than EJCs may accumulate in the 3UTR and provide a signal for NMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Orazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltri, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loll-Krippleber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic screens identify connections between ribosome recycling and nonsense mediated decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-organ transcriptomic comparison reveals universal factors during maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Various cell types can be derived from stem cells. However, these cells are immature and do not match their adult counterparts in functional capabilities, limiting their use in disease modeling and cell therapies. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of maturation in vivo. However, it is unknown if there are genes and pathways conserved across organs during maturation. To address this, we performed a time-series analysis of the transcriptome of the mouse heart, brain, liver, and kidney and analyzed their trajectories over time. In addition, gene regulatory networks were reconstructed to determine overlapping expression patterns. Based on these, we identified commonly upregulated and downregulated pathways across all four organs. Key upstream regulators were also predicted based on the temporal expression of downstream genes. These findings suggest the presence of universal regulators during organ maturation, which may help us develop a general strategy to mature stem cell-derived cells in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-organ transcriptomic comparison reveals universal factors during maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.452489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VistoSeg: a MATLAB pipeline to process, analyze and visualize high resolution histology images for Visium spatial transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.452489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpatial transcriptomics is a next-generation sequencing technology that combines the strengths of transcriptome-wide RNA-sequencing with histological imaging to generate spatial maps of gene expression in intact tissue sections. The 10x Genomics Visium and Visium-Immunofluorescence (Visium-IF) platforms are widely available commercial technologies for quantifying spatially-resolved gene expression. These technologies directly couple gene expression with high resolution histological or immunofluorescence images that contain rich morphological information about the tissue section. However, extracting and integrating image features with gene expression data remains challenging.

ResultsUsing MATLAB, we developed VistoSeg, which is a pipeline to process, analyze, and interactively visualize the high-resolution images from the 10x Genomics Visium and Visium-IF platforms. The output from VistoSeg can then be integrated with the spatial-molecular information in downstream analyses using common programming languages, such as R or Python.

ConclusionVistoSeg provides user-friendly tools for integrating image-derived metrics from histological and immunofluorescent images with spatially-resolved gene expression data. This integrated approach can advance our understanding of the transcriptional landscape within tissue architecture. VistoSeg is freely available at http://research.libd.org/VistoSeg/.

Impact StatementTechnologies for measuring gene activity levels, referred to as gene expression, have been evolving over decades and are the core of the transcriptomics subfield within genomics. The first report describing individual cell gene expression is from 2009 and as a method it became commercially available in 2014. While single cell transcriptomics increased our resolution beyond homogenate tissue, the advent of spatial transcriptomics technologies and commercial availability of spatial gene expression platforms, such as Visium, has facilitated studying gene expression in anatomical context. Visium measures local gene expression within the histological organization of single 6.5 mm2 cryosection of tissue. Spatially-resolved transcriptomics provides a new challenge: integrating spatial gene expression with high resolution tissue images (brightfield histology or fluorescent antibody staining). VistoSeg image processing software is compatible with both Visium and Visium-IF from 10x Genomics, which are spatially-resolved transcriptomics assays employing histological and immunofluorescent images, respectively. From these images, the number of cells, identity of cell types, and other image-derived markers can be obtained for thousands of 2,375 {micro}m2 spots, where genome-wide gene expression is also measured. VistoSeg provides tools that enable processing these images in the context of gene expression maps to integrate these two high dimensional data types, and thus help unlock the new frontier in transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catallini, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.452489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VistoSeg: a MATLAB pipeline to process, analyze and visualize high resolution histology images for Visium spatial transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lesser Pacific striped octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model for the study of octopuses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cephalopods have the potential to become useful experimental models in various fields of science, particularly in neuroscience, physiology, and behavior. Their complex nervous systems, intricate color- and texture-changing body patterns, and problem-solving abilities have attracted the attention of the biological research community, while the high growth rates and short life cycles of some species render them suitable for laboratory culture. Octopus chierchiae is a small octopus native to the central Pacific coast of North America whose predictable reproduction, short time to maturity, small adult size, and ability to lay multiple egg clutches (iteroparity) make this species ideally suited to laboratory culture. Here we describe novel methods for culture of O. chierchiae, with emphasis on enclosure designs, feeding regimes, and breeding management. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of multigenerational culture of O. chierchiae. Specifically, O. chierchiae bred in the laboratory grows from a 3.5-millimeter mantle length at hatching to an adult mantle length of approximately 20-30 millimeters in 250-300 days, with 14-15% survivorship to over 400 days of age in first and second generations. O. chierchiae sexually matures at around an estimated six months of age and, unlike most octopus species, can lay multiple clutches of eggs, approximately every 30-90 days. Eggs are large and hatchlings emerge as direct developing octopuses. Based on these results, we propose that O. chierchiae possesses both the practical and biological features needed for a model octopus that can be cultured repeatedly to address a wide range of fundamental biological questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grearson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakmar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gire, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivitilli, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lesser Pacific striped octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model for the study of octopuses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large field-of-view incoherent volumetric imaging in living human retina by confocal oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging of the human retina is instrumental to monitor and diagnose blinding conditions. Although coherent retinal imaging is well established by optical coherence tomography, it is still a large void for incoherent volumetric imaging in the human retina. Here, we report confocal oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CoSLO), to fill that void and harness incoherent optical contrast in 3D. CoSLO uses oblique scanning laser and remote focusing to acquire depth signal in parallel, avoid the lengthy z-stacking, and image a large field of view (FOV). In addition, confocal gating is introduced by a linear sensor array to improve the contrast and resolution. For the first time, we achieved incoherent 3D human retinal imaging with >20{degrees} viewing angle within only 5 seconds. The depth resolution is [~]45 microns in vivo. We demonstrated label-free incoherent contrast by CoSLO, revealing unique features in the retina. CoSLO will be an important technique for clinical care of retinal conditions and fundamental vision science, by offering unique volumetric incoherent contrasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large field-of-view incoherent volumetric imaging in living human retina by confocal oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Isogenic Cell Line Panel for Sequence-based Screening of Targeted Anti-cancer Drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the creation and characterization of an isogenic cell line panel representing common cancer pathways, with multiple features optimized for high-throughput screening. More than 1,800 cell lines from three normal human cells were generated using CRISPR-technologies. Surprisingly, we discovered most of these lines did not result in complete gene inactivation, despite integration of sgRNA at the desired genomic site. However, a subset of the lines harbored true, biallelic disruptions of the targeted tumor suppressor gene, yielding a final panel of 100 well-characterize lines covering 19 pathways frequently subject to loss of function in cancers. This panel included genetic markers optimized for sequence-based ratiometric assays for drug-based screening assays. To illustrate the potential utility of this panel, we developed a multiplexed high-throughput screen that identified Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 as a selective growth inhibitor of cells with inactivation of TP53. These cell lines and screening approach should prove useful for researchers studying a variety of cellular and biochemical phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Isogenic Cell Line Panel for Sequence-based Screening of Targeted Anti-cancer Drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling bottlenecks, modularity, and context-dependency in behavioral control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In almost all animals, the transfer of information from the brain to the motor circuitry is facilitated by a relatively small number of neurons, leading to a constraint on the amount of information that can be transmitted. Our knowledge of how animals encode information through this pathway, and the consequences of this encoding, however, is limited. In this study, we use a simple feed-forward neural network to investigate the consequences of having such a bottleneck and identify aspects of the network architecture that enable robust information transfer. We are able to explain some recently observed properties of descending neurons - that they exhibit a modular pattern of connectivity and that their excitation leads to consistent alterations in behavior that are often dependent upon the prior behavioral state (context-dependency). Our model predicts that in the presence of an information bottleneck, such a modular structure is needed to increase the efficiency of the network and to make it more robust to perturbations. However, it does so at the cost of an increase in context-dependency. Despite its simplicity, our model is able to provide intuition for the trade-offs faced by the nervous system in the presence of an information processing constraint and makes predictions for future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinkina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravasio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling bottlenecks, modularity, and context-dependency in behavioral control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro activity of bedaquiline and imipenem against actively growing, nutrient-starved, and intracellular Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease is difficult to treat due to intrinsic drug resistance and the persistence of drug-tolerant bacteria. Currently, the standard of care is a multi-drug regimen with at least 3 active drugs, preferably including a {beta}-lactam (imipenem or cefoxitin). These regimens are lengthy, toxic, and have limited efficacy. The search for more efficacious regimens led us to evaluate bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline licensed for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. We performed in vitro time-kill experiments to evaluate the activity of bedaquiline alone and in combination with the first-line drug imipenem against M. abscessus under various conditions. Against actively growing bacteria, bedaquiline was largely bacteriostatic and antagonized the bactericidal activity of imipenem. Contrarily, against nutrient-starved persisters, bedaquiline was bactericidal, while imipenem was not, and bedaquiline drove the activity of the combination. In an intracellular infection model, bedaquiline and imipenem had additive bactericidal effects. Correlations between ATP levels and the bactericidal activity of imipenem and its antagonism by bedaquiline were observed. Interestingly, the presence of Tween 80 in the media affected the activity of both drugs, enhancing the activity of imipenem and reducing that of bedaquiline. Overall, these results show that bedaquiline and imipenem interact differently depending on culture conditions. Previously reported antagonistic effects of bedaquiline on imipenem were limited to conditions with actively multiplying bacteria and/or the presence of Tween 80, whereas the combination was additive or indifferent against nutrient-starved and intracellular M. abscessus, where promising bactericidal activity of the combination suggests it may have a role in future treatment regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro activity of bedaquiline and imipenem against actively growing, nutrient-starved, and intracellular Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phased Mutations and Complex Rearrangements in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines through Linked-Read Whole Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A limited number of cell lines have fueled the majority of preclinical Prostate cancer (PCa) research. Despite tremendous effort in characterizing their molecular profiles, comprehensive whole genome sequencing with allelic phasing of somatic genome alterations has not been undertaken to date. Here, we utilized whole genome Linked-read sequencing to obtain haplotype information from the seven most commonly used PCa cell lines (PC3, LNCaP, DU145, CWR22Rv1, VCaP, LAPC4, MDA-PCa-2b), four castrate resistant (CR) subclones (LNCaP_Abl, LNCaP_C42b, VCaP-CR, LAPC4-CR), and an immortalized prostate epithelial line RWPE-1. Phasing of mutations allowed derivation of "Gene-level Haplotype" to assess whether a gene harbored heterozygous mutations in one or both alleles, providing a comprehensive catalogue of mono or bi-allelically inactivated genes. Phased structural variant analysis allowed identification of complex rearrangement chains consistent with chromothripsis and chromoplexy, with breakpoints occurred across a single allele, providing further evidence that complex SVs occurred in a concerted event, rather than through accumulation of multiple independent rearrangements. Additionally, comparison of parental and CR subclones revealed previously known and novel genomic alterations associated with the CR clones. This study therefore comprehensively characterized phased genomic alterations in the commonly used PCa cell lines and provided a useful resource for future cancer research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phased Mutations and Complex Rearrangements in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines through Linked-Read Whole Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncanonical Notch signals have opposing roles during cardiac development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch pathway is an ancient intercellular signaling system with crucial roles in numerous cell-fate decision processes across species. While the canonical pathway is activated by ligand-induced cleavage and nuclear localization of membrane-bound Notch, Notch can also exert its activity in a ligand/transcription-independent fashion, which is conserved in Drosophila, Xenopus, and mammals. However, the noncanonical role remains poorly understood in in vivo processes. Here we show that increased levels of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in the early mesoderm inhibit heart development, potentially through impaired induction of the second heart field (SHF), independently of the transcriptional effector RBP-J. Similarly, inhibiting Notch cleavage, shown to increase noncanonical Notch activity, suppressed SHF induction in embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived mesodermal cells. In contrast, NICD overexpression in late cardiac progenitor cells lacking RBP-J resulted in an increase in heart size. Our study suggests that noncanonical Notch signaling has stagespecific roles during cardiac development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulistio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncanonical Notch signals have opposing roles during cardiac development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The light chain of the L9 antibody is critical for binding circumsporozoite protein minor repeats and preventing malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
L9 is a potent human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that preferentially binds two adjacent NVDP minor repeats and cross-reacts with NANP major repeats of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on malaria-infective sporozoites. Understanding this mAbs ontogeny and mechanisms of binding PfCSP to neutralize sporozoites will facilitate vaccine development. Here, we isolated mAbs clonally related to L9 and showed that this B-cell lineage has baseline NVDP affinity and evolves to acquire NANP reactivity. Pairing the L9 kappa light chain (L9{kappa}) with clonally-related heavy chains resulted in chimeric mAbs that cross-linked two NVDP, cross-reacted with NANP, and more potently neutralized sporozoites compared to their original light chain. Structural analyses revealed that chimeric mAbs bound the minor repeat motif in a type-1 {beta}-turn seen in other repeat-specific antibodies. These data highlight the importance of L9{kappa} in binding NVDP on PfCSP to neutralize SPZ and suggest that PfCSP-based immunogens might be improved by presenting [&ge;]2 NVDP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurlburt, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francica, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pancera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The light chain of the L9 antibody is critical for binding circumsporozoite protein minor repeats and preventing malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cDNA-detector: Detection and removal of cDNA contamination in DNA sequencing libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exogenous cDNA introduced into an experimental system, either intentionally or accidentally, can appear as added read coverage over that gene in next-generation sequencing libraries derived from this system. If not properly recognized and managed, this cross-contamination with exogenous signal can lead to incorrect interpretation of research results. Yet, this problem is not routinely addressed in current sequence processing pipelines. Here, we present cDNA-detector, a computational tool to identify and remove exogenous cDNA contamination in DNA sequencing experiments. We apply cDNA-detector to several highly-cited public databases (TCGA, ENCODE, NCBI SRA) and show that contaminant genes appear in sequencing experiments where they lead to incorrect coverage peak calls. Our findings highlight the importance of sensitive detection and removal of contaminant cDNA from NGS libraries before downstream analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheinbay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cDNA-detector: Detection and removal of cDNA contamination in DNA sequencing libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.454903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Executive System Activation in Youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.454903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low socioeconomic status has been shown to have detrimental effects on cognitive performance, including working memory (WM). As executive systems that support WM undergo functional neurodevelopment during adolescence, environmental stressors at both individual and community levels may have a particularly strong impact on cognitive outcomes. Here, we sought to examine how neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) impacts task-related activation of the executive system during adolescence, and to determine whether this effect mediates the relationship between neighborhood SES and WM performance. To address these questions, we studied 1,158 youths (age 8-22) that completed a fractal n-back WM task during fMRI at 3T as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. We found that higher neighborhood SES was associated with greater activation of the executive system to WM load, including the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and precuneus. These associations remained significant when controlling for related factors like parental education and exposure to traumatic events. Furthermore, high dimensional multivariate mediation analysis identified two distinct patterns of brain activity within the executive system that significantly mediated the relationship between neighborhood SES and task performance. Together, these findings underscore the importance of the neighborhood environment in shaping executive system function and WM in youth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtha, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pines, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.454903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Executive System Activation in Youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two parallel sRNA amplification cycles contribute to RNAi inheritance in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is a conserved mechanism that uses small RNAs (sRNAs) to tune gene expression. In C. elegans, exposure to dsRNA induces the production of gene-specific sRNAs that are propagated to progeny not exposed to the dsRNA trigger. We present evidence that RNAi inheritance is mediated by two parallel sRNA amplification loops. The first loop, dependent on the nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1, targets nascent transcripts, and reduces but does not eliminate productive transcription at the locus. The second loop, dependent on the conserved helicase ZNFX-1, targets mature transcripts and concentrates them in perinuclear condensates (nuage). Each amplification loop generates a distinct class of sRNAs, with the ZNFX-1 loop responsible for the bulk of sRNA production on the region targeted by the trigger. By independently targeting nascent and mature transcripts, the HRDE-1 and ZNFX-1 loops ensure maximum silencing in progeny not exposed to the trigger.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two parallel sRNA amplification cycles contribute to RNAi inheritance in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome collisions in bacteria promote ribosome rescue by triggering mRNA cleavage by SmrB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome rescue pathways recycle stalled ribosomes and target problematic mRNAs and aborted proteins for degradation. In bacteria, it remains unclear how rescue pathways distinguish ribosomes stalled in the middle of a transcript from actively translating ribosomes. In a genetic screen in E. coli, we discovered a novel rescue factor that has endonuclease activity. SmrB cleaves mRNAs upstream of stalled ribosomes, allowing the ribosome rescue factor tmRNA (which acts on truncated mRNAs) to rescue upstream ribosomes. SmrB is recruited by ribosome collisions; cryo-EM structures of collided disomes from E. coli and B. subtilis reveal a distinct and conserved arrangement of the individual ribosomes and the composite SmrB binding site. These findings reveal the underlying mechanism by which ribosome collisions trigger ribosome rescue in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratzat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome collisions in bacteria promote ribosome rescue by triggering mRNA cleavage by SmrB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A user-friendly tool for cloud-based whole slide image segmentation, with examples from renal histopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImage-based machine learning tools hold great promise for clinical applications in nephropathology and kidney research. However, the ideal end-users of these computational tools (e.g., pathologists and biological scientists) often face prohibitive challenges in using these tools to their full potential, including the lack of technical expertise, suboptimal user interface, and limited computation power.

MethodsWe have developed Histo-Cloud, a tool for segmentation of whole slide images (WSIs) that has an easy-to-use graphical user interface. This tool runs a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN) for segmentation of WSIs in the cloud and allows the extraction of features from segmented regions for further analysis.

ResultsBy segmenting glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and vascular structures from renal and non-renal WSIs, we demonstrate the scalability, best practices for transfer learning, and effects of dataset variability. Finally, we demonstrate an application for animal model research, analyzing glomerular features in murine models of aging, diabetic nephropathy, and HIV associated nephropathy.

ConclusionThe ability to access this tool over the internet will facilitate widespread use by computational non-experts. Histo-Cloud is open source and adaptable for segmentation of any histological structure regardless of stain. Histo-Cloud will greatly accelerate and facilitate the generation of datasets for machine learning in the analysis of kidney histology, empowering computationally novice end-users to conduct deep feature analysis of tissue slides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutnick, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jen, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A user-friendly tool for cloud-based whole slide image segmentation, with examples from renal histopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related Immune-Stromal Networks Inhibit Response to Regenerative Immunotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with immunological changes that compromise response to infections and vaccines, exacerbate inflammatory diseases and could potentially mitigate tissue repair. Even so, age-related changes to the immune response to tissue damage and regenerative medicine therapies remain unknown. Here, we characterized how aging induces senescence and immunological changes that inhibit tissue repair and therapeutic response to a clinical regenerative biological scaffold derived from extracellular matrix. Tissue signatures of inflammation and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling increased with injury and treatment in aged animals, and computational analysis uncovered age-associated senescent-T cell communication that promotes type 3 immunity in T cells. Local inhibition of type 3 immune activation using IL17-neutralizing antibodies improved healing and restored therapeutic response to the regenerative biomaterial, promoting muscle repair in older animals. These results provide insights into tissue immune dysregulation that occurs with aging that can be targeted to rejuvenate repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related Immune-Stromal Networks Inhibit Response to Regenerative Immunotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal protein misfolding intermediates can bypass the proteostasis network and remain soluble and non-functional 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded protein conformations with decreased functionality can bypass the proteostasis machinery and remain soluble in vivo. This is an unexpected phenomenon as several cellular quality control mechanisms have evolved to rid cells of misfolded proteins. Three questions, then, are: how is it structurally possible for long-lived, soluble, misfolded proteins to bypass the proteostasis machinery and processes? How widespread are these soluble, misfolded states across the proteome? And how long do they persist for? Here, we address these questions using coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations of the synthesis, termination, and post-translational dynamics of a representative set of cytosolic E. coli proteins. We predict that half of all proteins exhibit subpopulations of misfolded conformations that are likely to bypass molecular chaperones, avoid aggregation, and not be rapidly degraded. These misfolded states may persist for months or longer for some proteins. Structurally characterizing these misfolded states, we observe they have a large amount of native structure, but also contain localized misfolded regions from non-native changes in entanglement, in which a protein segment threads through a loop formed by another portion of the protein that is not found in the native state. The surface properties of these misfolded states are native like, suggesting they may bypass the proteostasis machinery and its regulatory processes to remain soluble, while their entanglements make these states long-lived kinetic traps, as disentanglement requires unfolding of already folded portions of the protein. In terms of function, we predict that one-third of proteins have subpopulations that misfold into less-functional states that have structurally perturbed functional sites yet remain soluble. Data from limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry experiments, which interrogate the misfolded conformations populated by proteins upon unfolding and refolding, are consistent with the structural changes seen in the entangled states of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase upon misfolding. These results provide an explanation for how proteins can misfold into soluble conformations with reduced functionality that can bypass cellular quality controls, and indicate, unexpectedly, this may be a wide-spread phenomenon in proteomes. Such entanglements are observed in many native structures, suggesting the non-native entanglements we observe are plausible. More broadly, these near-native entangled structures suggest a hypothesis for how synonymous mutations can modulate downstream protein structure and function, with these mutations partitioning nascent proteins between these kinetically trapped states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trovato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal protein misfolding intermediates can bypass the proteostasis network and remain soluble and non-functional]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How synonymous mutations alter enzyme structure andfunction over long time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The specific activity of enzymes can be altered over long time scales in cells by synonymous mutations, which change an mRNA molecules sequence but not the encoded proteins primary structure. How this happens at the molecular level is unknown. Here, we investigate this issue by applying multiscale modeling to three E. coli enzymes - type III chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, D-alanine-D-alanine ligase B, and dihydrofolate reductase. This modeling involves coarse-grained simulations of protein synthesis and post-translational behavior, all-atom simulations as a test of robustness, and QM/MM calculations to characterize enzymatic function. We first demonstrate that our model predicts experimentally measured changes in specific activity due to synonymous mutations. Then, we show that changes in codon translation rates induced by synonymous mutations cause shifts in co-translational and post-translational folding pathways that kinetically partition molecules into subpopulations that very slowly interconvert to the native, functional state. These long-lived states exhibit reduced catalytic activity, as demonstrated by their increased activation energies for the reactions they carry out. Structurally, these states resemble the native state, with localized misfolding near the active sites of the enzymes. The localized misfolding involves noncovalent lasso entanglements - a topology in which the protein backbone forms a loop closed by noncovalent native contacts which is then threaded by another portion of the protein. Such entanglements are often kinetic traps, as they can require a large proportion of the protein to unfold, which is energetically unfavorable, before they can disentangle and attain the native state. The near-native structures of these misfolded states allow them to bypass the proteostasis machinery and remain soluble, as they exhibit similar hydrophobic surface areas as the native state. These entangled structures persist in all-atom simulations as well, indicating that these conclusions are independent of model resolution. Moreover, the structures of long-lived entangled states are supported by agreement with limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry results. Thus, synonymous mutations cause shifts in the co- and post-translational structural ensemble of proteins, whose altered subpopulations lead to long-term changes in the specific activities of some enzymes. The formation of entangled subpopulations is a plausible mechanism through which changes in translation elongation rate alter ensemble-averaged specific activities, which can ultimately affect the efficiency of biochemical pathways and phenotypic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neti, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How synonymous mutations alter enzyme structure andfunction over long time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DNA sensors AIM2 and IFI16 are NET-binding SLE autoantigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acid binding proteins are frequently targeted as autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other interferon (IFN)-linked rheumatic diseases. The AIM-like receptors (ALRs) are IFN-inducible innate sensors that form supramolecular assemblies along double-stranded DNA of various origins. Here, we identify the ALR Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) as a novel autoantigen in SLE, with similar properties to the established ALR autoantigen interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Our SLE cohort revealed a frequent co-occurrence of anti-AIM2, anti-IFI16 and anti-DNA antibodies, and higher clinical measures of disease activity in patients positive for antibodies against these ALRs. We examined neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as DNA scaffolds on which these antigens might interact in a pro-immune context, finding that both ALRs bind NETs in vitro and in SLE renal tissues. We demonstrate that ALR binding causes NETs to resist degradation by DNase I, suggesting a mechanism whereby extracellular ALR-NET interactions may promote sustained IFN signaling. Our work suggests that extracellular ALRs bind NETs, leading to DNase resistant nucleoprotein fibers that are targeted as autoantigens in SLE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antiochos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenaroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mecoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casciola-Rosen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DNA sensors AIM2 and IFI16 are NET-binding SLE autoantigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid synthase influence glial reactivity and promote the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity for retinal regeneration varies greatly across vertebrates species. A recent comparative epigenetic and transcriptomic investigation of Muller glial (MG) in the retinas of fish, birds and mice revealed that Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) are among the most highly up-regulated genes in activated chick MG (Hoang et al., 2020). Herein we provide an in-depth follow-up investigation to describe patterns of expression and how FABPs and fatty acid synthase (FASN) influence glial cells in the chick retina. During development, FABP7 is highly expressed by embryonic retinal progenitor cells (eRPCs) and maturing MG, whereas FABP5 is gradually up-regulated in maturing MG and remains elevated in mature glial cells. PMP2 (FABP8) is expressed by oligodendrocytes and FABP5 is expressed by non-astrocytic inner retinal glial cells, and both of these FABPs are significantly up-regulated in activated MG in damaged or growth factor-treated retinas. In addition to suppressing the formation of MGPCs, we find that FABP-inhibition suppressed the accumulation of proliferating microglia, although the microglia appeared highly reactive. scRNA-seq analyses of cells treated with FABP-inhibitor revealed distinct changes in patterns of expression suggesting that FABPs are involved in the transitions of MG from a resting state to a reactive state and conversion from reactive MG to MGPCs. Inhibition of FABPs in undamaged retinas had a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profiles of MG, with up-regulation of genes associated with gliogenesis, decreases in genes associated with neurogenesis, and suppression of the ability of MG to become MGPCs. scRNA-seq analyses of microglia indicated that FABP inhibition enhances gene modules related to reactivity, proliferation and cytokine signaling. We find that the proliferation of retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) is unaffected by FABP-inhibitor. Upstream of FABP activity, we inhibited FASN in damaged retinas, which reduced numbers of dying cells, increased the proliferation of microglia, and potently suppressed the formation MGPCs in damaged retinas. We conclude that the activity of FASN and FABPs are required early during the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Fatty acid metabolism and cell signaling involving fatty acids are important in regulating glial homeostasis in the retina, and the dedifferentiation and proliferation of microglia and MGPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hodiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawthorn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathoot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid synthase influence glial reactivity and promote the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Data-Independent Acquisition Approach for Proteomic Analysis at Single-Cell Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell proteomic analysis provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity allowing the characterization of the cellular microenvironment which is difficult to accomplish in bulk proteomic analysis. Currently, single-cell proteomic studies utilize data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with a TMT labelled carrier channel. Due to the extremely imbalanced MS signals among the carrier channel and other TMT reporter ions, the quantification is compromised. Thus, data-independent acquisition (DIA)-MS should be considered as an alternative approach towards single-cell proteomic study since it generates reproducible quantitative data. However, there are limited reports on the optimal workflow for DIA-MS-based single-cell analysis. Herein, we report an optimized DIA workflow for single-cell proteomics using Orbitrap Lumos Tribrid instrument. We utilized a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and induced drug resistant polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs) to evaluate our established workflow. We found that a short LC gradient was preferable for peptides extracted from single cell level with less than 2 ng sample amount. The total number of co-searching peptide precursors was also critical for protein and peptide identifications at nano- and sub-nano-gram levels. Post-translationally modified peptides could be identified from a nano-gram level of peptides. Using the optimized workflow, up to 1,500 protein groups were identified from a single PACC corresponding to 0.2 ng of peptides. Furthermore, about 200 peptides with phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination were identified from global DIA analysis of 100 cisplatin resistant PACCs (20 ng). Finally, we used this optimized DIA approach to compare the whole proteome of MDA-MB-231 parental cells and induced PACCs at a single-cell level. We found the single-cell level comparison could reflect real protein expression changes and identify the protein copy number. Our results demonstrate that the optimized DIA pipeline can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for single-cell as well as sub-nano-gram proteomic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T.-S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuczler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.457000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Data-Independent Acquisition Approach for Proteomic Analysis at Single-Cell Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of miR-181c in Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently identified a nuclear-encoded miRNA (miR-181c) in cardiomyocytes that can translocate into mitochondria to regulate mitochondrial gene (mt-COX1), and influence obesity-induced cardiac dysfunction through mitochondrial pathway. Liver plays a pivotal role during obesity. Therefore, we hypothesized that miR-181c plays an important role in pathophysiological complications associated with obesity. We used miR-181c/d-/- mice to study the miR-181c role in lipogenesis in hepatocytes during diet-induced obesity (DIO). Indirect calorimetric measurements were made during the 26 weeks high fat diet (HFD) exposure. qPCR was performed to examine the gene expression involved in lipid synthesis. Here, we show that miR-181c/d-/- mice are not protected against all metabolic consequences of HFD exposure. After 26 weeks of the HFD, miR-181c/d-/- mice had a significantly higher body fat (%) compared to WT. Glucose tolerance tests showed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, indicative of insulin insensitivity in the miR-181c/d-/- mice. HFD-fed miR-181c/d-/- mice had higher serum and liver triglyceride levels compared to HFD-fed WT mice. qPCR data demonstrated that several genes which are regulated by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) were upregulated in miR-181c/d-/- liver compared to WT liver. Furthermore, an AAV-8 was used to deliver miR-181c, in vivo, to validate the potential role of miR-181c in the liver. miR-181c delivery attenuate the lipogenesis by downregulating the same lipid synthesis genes in the liver. In hepatocytes, miR-181c regulates lipid biosynthesis by targeting IDH1. Taken together, the data indicate that overexpression of miR-181c can be beneficial for various lipid metabolism disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akiyoshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boersma, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OBrien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenbergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamashiro, K. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of miR-181c in Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upstrap for estimating power and sample size in complex models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Power and sample size calculation are major components of statistical analyses. The upstrap resampling method introduced by Crainiceanu and Crainiceanu (2018) was proposed as a general solution to this problem but has not been assessed in numerical experiments. We evaluate the power estimation properties of the upstrap for target data sets that are larger or smaller than the original observed data set. We also expand the scope of upstrap and propose a solution to estimate the power to detect: (1) an effect size observed in the original data; and (2) an effect size chosen by a researcher. Simulations include the following scenarios: one- and two-sample t-tests; linear regression with both Gaussian and binary outcomes; multilevel mixed effects models with both Gaussian and binary outcomes. In addition, our simulations consider cases where the distribution of a covariate in the target setting is preserved and when it is purposefully changed compared to the original data set. We illustrate the approach using a reanalysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial of malaria transmission. The GitHub repository with R code used in manuscript analyses is available at https://git.io/J0TH1. The accompanying data are publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upstrap for estimating power and sample size in complex models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopE prevents uptake by M cells and instigates M cell extrusion in human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many pathogens use M cells to access the underlying Peyers patches and spread to systemic sites via the lymph as demonstrated by ligated loop murine intestinal models. However, the study of interactions between M cells and microbial pathogens has stalled due to the lack of cell culture systems. To overcome this obstacle, we use human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers containing five intestinal cell types including M cells to study the interactions between the enteric pathogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) and M cells. The Yptb type three secretion system (T3SS) effector Yops inhibit host defenses including phagocytosis and are critical for colonization of the intestine and Peyers patches. Therefore, it is not understood how Yptb traverses through M cells to breach the epithelium. By growing Yptb under two physiological conditions that mimic the early infectious stage (low T3SS-expression) or host-adapted stage (high T3SS-expression), we found that large numbers of Yptb specifically associated with M cells, recapitulating murine studies. Transcytosis through M cells was significantly higher by Yptb expressing low levels of T3SS, because YopE and YopH prevented Yptb uptake. YopE also caused M cells to extrude from the epithelium without inducing cell-death or disrupting monolayer integrity. Sequential infection with early infectious stage Yptb reduced host-adapted Yptb association with M cells. These data underscore the strength of enteroids as a model by discovering that Yops impede M cell function, indicating that early infectious stage Yptb more effectively penetrates M cells while the host may defend against M cell penetration of host-adapted Yptb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fasciano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasanayake, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breault, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isberg, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mecsas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopE prevents uptake by M cells and instigates M cell extrusion in human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsN activates septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthase in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The FtsN protein of Escherichia coli and other proteobacteria is an essential and highly conserved bitopic membrane protein that triggers the inward synthesis of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) during cell division. Previous work has shown that the activation of sPG synthesis by FtsN involves a series of interactions of FtsN with other divisome proteins and the cell wall. Precisely how FtsN achieves this role is unclear, but a recent study has shown that FtsN promotes the relocation of the essential sPG synthase FtsWI from an FtsZ-associated track (where FtsWI is inactive) to an sPG-track (where FtsWI engages in sPG synthesis). Whether FtsN works by displacing FtsWI from the Z-track or capturing/retaining FtsWI on the sPG-track is not known. Here we use single-molecule imaging and genetic manipulation to investigate the organization and dynamics of FtsN at the septum and how they are coupled to sPG synthesis activity. We found that FtsN exhibits a spatial organization and dynamics distinct from those of the FtsZ-ring. Single FtsN molecules move processively as a single population with a speed of [~] 9 nm s-1, similar to the speed of active FtsWI molecules on the sPG-track, but significantly different from the [~] 30 nm s-1 speed of inactive FtsWI molecules on the FtsZ-track. Furthermore, the processive movement of FtsN is independent of FtsZs treadmilling dynamics but driven exclusively by active sPG synthesis. Importantly, only the essential domain of FtsN, a three-helix bundle in the periplasm, is required to maintain the processive complex containing both FtsWI and FtsN on the sPG-track. We conclude that FtsN activates sPG synthesis by forming a processive synthesis complex with FtsWI exclusively on the sPG-track. These findings favor a model in which FtsN captures or retains FtsWI on the sPG-track rather than one in which FtsN actively displaces FtsWI from the Z-track.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaus, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsN activates septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthase in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear RNA binding regulates TDP-43 nuclear localization and passive nuclear export 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear clearance of the DNA/RNA-binding protein TDP-43 is a pathologic hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia that remains unexplained. Moreover, our current understanding of TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling does not fully explain the predominantly nuclear localization of TDP-43 in healthy cells. Here, we used permeabilized and live-cell models to investigate TDP-43 nuclear export and the role of RNA in TDP-43 localization. We show that TDP-43 nuclear efflux occurs in low-ATP conditions and independent of active mRNA export, consistent with export by passive diffusion through nuclear pore channels. TDP-43 nuclear residence requires binding to GU-rich nuclear intronic pre-mRNAs, based on the induction of TDP-43 nuclear efflux by RNase and GU-rich oligomers and TDP-43 nuclear retention conferred by pre-mRNA splicing inhibitors. Mutation of TDP-43 RNA recognition motifs disrupts TDP-43 nuclear accumulation and abolishes transcriptional blockade-induced TDP-43 nuclear efflux, demonstrating strict dependence of TDP-43 nuclear localization on RNA binding. Thus, the nuclear abundance of GU-rich intronic pre-mRNAs, as dictated by the balance of transcription and pre-mRNA processing, regulates TDP-43 nuclear sequestration and availability for passive nuclear export.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaepfel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear RNA binding regulates TDP-43 nuclear localization and passive nuclear export]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural basis of reading is highly consistent across many languages and scripts. Are there alternative neural routes to reading? How does the sensory modality of symbols (tactile vs. visual) influence their neural representations? We examined these questions by comparing reading of visual print (sighted group, n=19) and tactile Braille (congenitally blind group, n=19). Blind and sighted readers were presented with written (words, consonant strings, non-letter shapes) and spoken stimuli (words, backward speech) that varied in word-likeness. Consistent with prior work, the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) was active during Braille and visual reading. A posterior/anterior vOTC word-form gradient was observed only in sighted readers with more anterior regions preferring larger orthographic units (words). No such gradient was observed in blind readers. Consistent with connectivity predictions, in blind compared to sighted readers, posterior parietal cortices were recruited to a greater degree and contained word-preferring patches. Lateralization of Braille in blind readers was predicted by laterality of spoken language and reading hand. The effect of spoken language increased along a cortical hierarchy, whereas effect of reading-hand waned. These results suggested that the neural basis of reading is influenced by symbol modality and spoken language and support connectivity-based views of cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saccone, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell competition between wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant cells prevents disease relapse after stem cell transplantation in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a major cause of treatment-related morbidity and mortality in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The cellular and molecular mechanisms for MPN relapse are not well understood. Here, we established a murine model of MPN relapse, in which [~]60% of the MPN recipient mice develop disease relapse after receiving stem cell transplantation with wild-type marrow donor. Using this model, we find that impaired wild-type cell function is associated with MPN disease relapse. We also show that competition between wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant cells can modulate the immune cell composition and PD-L1 expression induced by the JAK2V617F oncogene. These results suggest that cell competition between wild-type donor cells and JAK2V617F mutant recipient cells can prevent MPN disease relapse after stem cell transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castiglione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell competition between wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant cells prevents disease relapse after stem cell transplantation in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cyclin Cln1 controls polyploid titan cell formation following a stress-induced G2 arrest in Cryptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans produces polyploid titan cells in response to the host lung environment that are critical for host adaptation and subsequent disease. We analyzed the in vivo and in vitro cell cycles to identify key aspects of the C. neoformans cell cycle that are important for the formation of titan cells. We identified unbudded 2C cells, referred to as a G2 arrest, produced both in vivo and in vitro in response to various stresses. Deletion of the non-essential cyclin Cln1 resulted in over-production of titan cells in vivo, and transient morphology defects upon release from stationary phase in vivo. Using a copper-repressible promoter PCTR4-CLN1 strain and a two-step in vitro titan cell formation assay, our in vitro studies revealed Cln1 functions after the G2 arrest. These studies highlight unique cell cycle alterations in C. neoformans that ultimately promote genomic diversity and virulence in this important fungal pathogen.

ImportanceDysregulation of the cell cycle underlies many human genetic diseases and cancers. Yet numerous organisms, including microbes, also manipulate the cell cycle to generate both morphologic and genetic diversity as a natural mechanism to enhance their chances for survival. The eukaryotic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans generates morphologically distinct polyploid titan cells critical for host adaptation and subsequent disease. We analyzed the C. neoformans in vivo and in vitro cell cycles to identify changes required to generate the polyploid titan cells. C. neoformans paused cell cycle progression in response to various environmental stresses after DNA replication and before morphological changes associated with cell division, referred to as a G2 arrest. Release from this G2 arrest was coordinated by the cyclin Cln1. Reduced CLN1 expression after the G2 arrest was associated with polyploid titan cell production. These results demonstrate a mechanism to generate genomic diversity in eukaryotic cells through manipulation of the cell cycle that has broad disease implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altamirano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cyclin Cln1 controls polyploid titan cell formation following a stress-induced G2 arrest in Cryptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.456776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase pathway drives intratumoral B cell maintenance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.456776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells have been implicated as central regulators of immune responses in settings as diverse as mammalian pregnancy, mucosal tolerance, chronic infection states, autoimmunity, and the tumor microenvironment. Despite the established importance of B cells in these environments, the mechanisms by which B cells are maintained in these contexts remain undefined. Here, we report that IDO1 pathway inhibition with D-1-methyl-tryptophan (D-1MT) and linrodostat significantly decreases tumor infiltrating B (TIL-B) cells in a preclinical model of melanoma. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of murine melanoma demonstrate TIL-B cells are heterogeneous but primarily express markers consistent with an immune stimulatory phenotype. D-1MT decreases splenic B cells and bone marrow derived B cell precursors in tumor-bearing mice, suggesting that IDO1 pathway inhibition impedes B cell maturation. D-1MT decreases intratumoral myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are essential for maintenance of TIL-B cells. Unlike D-1MT, genetic deletion of tumor Ido1 does not impact TIL-B or MDSC numbers. In human solid tumors, intratumoral IDO1 expression consistently associates with high expression of a pan-B cell gene signature, and in patients with melanoma, scRNAseq analysis of tumor samples revealed most TIL-B cells express IDO1. Collectively, our data reveal the impact of pharmacologic IDO1 inhibition on B cells, which may have therapeutic implications for patients with solid tumors by informing the design of future oncology clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragaki, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dordai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desiderio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resar, L. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.456776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase pathway drives intratumoral B cell maintenance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Gene-wise Differences in Latent Space Projections Across Cell Types and Species in Single Cell Data using scProject 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent space techniques have emerged as powerful tools to identify genes and gene sets responsible for cell-type and species-specific differences in single-cell data. Transfer learning methods can compare learned latent spaces across biological systems. However, the robustness that comes from leveraging information across multiple genes in transfer learning is often attained at the sacrifice of gene-wise precision. Thus, methods are needed to identify genes, defined as important within a particular latent space, that significantly differ between contexts. To address this challenge, we have developed a new framework, scProject, and a new metric, projectionDrivers, to quantitatively examine latent space usage across single-cell experimental systems while concurrently extracting the genes driving the differential usage of the latent space between defined contrasts. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy, utility, and scalability of scProject with projectionDrivers and provide experimental validation for predicted species-specific differences between the developing mouse and human retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baraban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Gene-wise Differences in Latent Space Projections Across Cell Types and Species in Single Cell Data using scProject]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel multifunctional role for Hsp70 in binding post-translational modifications on clients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hsp70 interactions are critical for cellular viability and the response to stress. Previous attempts to characterize Hsp70 interactions have been limited by their transient nature and inability of current technologies to distinguish direct vs bridged interactions. We report the novel use of cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to comprehensively characterize the budding yeast Hsp70 protein interactome. Using this approach, we have gained fundamental new insights into Hsp70 function, including definitive evidence of Hsp70 self-association as well as multi-point interaction with its client proteins. In addition to identifying a novel set of direct Hsp70 interactors which can be used to probe chaperone function in cells, we have also identified a suite of PTM-associated Hsp70 interactions. The majority of these PTMs have not been previously reported and appear to be critical in the regulation of client protein function. These data indicate that one of the mechanisms by which PTMs contribute to protein function is by facilitating interaction with chaperones. Taken together, we propose that XL-MS analysis of chaperone complexes may be used as a unique way to identify biologically-important PTMs on client proteins.

O_LIIn vivo confirmation of Hsp70 dimerization
C_LIO_LIComprehensive direct interactome of Hsp70
C_LIO_LIMulti-domain interactions between Hsp70 and client proteins
C_LIO_LIIdentification of novel biologically-important client protein PTMs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitika,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takakuwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segarra, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatebayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel multifunctional role for Hsp70 in binding post-translational modifications on clients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans melanization incorporates multiple catecholamines to produce polytypic melanin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanin is a major virulence factor in pathogenic fungi that enhances the ability of fungal cells to resist immune clearance. Cryptococcus neoformans is an important human pathogenic fungus that synthesizes melanin from exogenous tissue catecholamine precursors during infection, but the type of melanin made in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is unknown. We analyzed the efficacy of various catecholamines found in brain tissue in supporting melanization using animal brain tissue and synthetic catecholamine mixtures reflecting brain tissue proportions. Solid-state NMR spectra of the melanin pigment produced from such mixtures yielded more melanin than expected if only the preferred constituent dopamine had been incorporated, suggesting uptake of additional catecholamines. Probing the biosynthesis of melanin using radiolabeled catecholamines revealed that C. neoformans melanization simultaneously incorporated more than one catecholamine, implying that the pigment was polytypic in nature. Nonetheless, melanin derived from individual or mixed catecholamines had comparable ability to protect C. neoformans against ultraviolet light and oxidants. Our results indicate that melanin produced during infection differs depending on the catecholamine composition of tissue and that melanin pigment synthesized in vivo is likely to accrue from the polymerization of a mixture of precursors. From a practical standpoint our results strongly suggest that using dopamine as a polymerization precursor is capable of producing melanin pigment comparable to that produced during infection. On a more fundamental level our findings uncover additional structural complexity for natural cryptococcal melanin by demonstrating that pigment produced during human infection is likely to be composed of polymerized moieties derived from chemically different precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans melanization incorporates multiple catecholamines to produce polytypic melanin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Macromolecular MR Spectrum in Healthy Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMobile macromolecules (MMs) from amino acids, cytosolic proteins and mobile lipids contribute a significant spectral background underlying the metabolite signals in the MR spectrum. A recent consensus recommends that MM contributions should be removed or included in modeling basis sets for determination of metabolite concentrations and/or metabolite ratios. The purpose of this study was to acquire the MM spectrum from healthy participants at a range of ages, and to investigate changes in the signals with age and sex groups.

MethodsInversion time (TI) series were acquired to determine an optimal inversion time to null the metabolite signals. Experiments were carried out using a single adiabatic hyperbolic-secant inversion pulse. After the preliminary experiment, 102 volunteers (49M/53F) between 20 and 69 years were recruited for in vivo data acquisition in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The protocol consisted of a T1-weighted MPRAGE for structural images, followed by PRESS localization using a voxel size of 30 x 26 x 26 mm3 with pre-inversion (TR/TI 2000/600 ms) and CHESS water suppression. Metabolite-nulled spectra were modeled using a reduced basis set (NAA, Cr, Cho, Glu) and a flexible spline baseline (0.1 ppm knot spacing) followed by subtraction of the modeled metabolite signals to yield a  clean MM spectrum, using the Osprey software. Pearsons correlation coefficient was calculated between integrals and age for the 14 MM signals between 0.9-4.2 ppm. One-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences between age groups. An independent t-test was carried out to determine differences between sexes. Relationships between brain tissues with age and sex groups were also measured.

ResultsMM spectra were successfully acquired in 99 (CSO) and 96 (PCC) of 102 subjects. No significant correlations were seen between age and MM integrals. One-way ANOVA also suggested no age-group differences for any MM peak (all p > 0.004). No differences were observed between sex groups. The voxels were segmented as 80 {+/-} 4% white matter, 18 {+/-} 4% gray matter, and 2 {+/-} 1% CSF for CSO and 28 {+/-} 4% white matter, 61 {+/-} 4% gray matter and 11 {+/-} 1% CSF for PCC. WM and GM showed a significant (p < 0.05) negative linear association with age in the WM-predominant CSO (R = -0.29) and GM-predominant PCC regions (R = -0.57) respectively while CSF increased significantly with age in both regions.

ConclusionOur findings indicate that the MM spectrum is stable across a large age range and between sexes, suggesting a pre-defined MM basis function can be used for linear combination modeling of metabolite data from different age and sex groups.

HighlightsO_LIA large publicly available MM-aging dataset is presented.
C_LIO_LIMacromolecule signals do not change with age between 20 and 70.
C_LIO_LIThere is no sex difference for macromolecule integrals.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Macromolecular MR Spectrum in Healthy Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional microenvironment regulates gene expression, function, and tight junction dynamics of iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier microvessels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in brain health and disease. In the BBB, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are connected by tight junctions which regulate paracellular transport, and express specialized transporter systems which regulate transcellular transport. However, existing in vitro models of the BBB display variable physiological accuracy across a wide range of characteristics including gene/protein expression and barrier function. Here, we use an isogenic family of fluorescently-labeled iPSC-derived BMEC-like cells (iBMECs) and brain pericyte-like cells (iPCs) within two-dimensional confluent monolayers (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered microvessels to explore how 3D microenvironment regulates gene expression and function of the in vitro BBB. We show that 3D microenvironment (shear stress, cell-ECM interactions, and cylindrical geometry) increases BBB phenotype and endothelial identity, and alters angiogenic and cytokine responses in synergy with pericyte co-culture. Tissue-engineered microvessels incorporating junction-labeled iBMECs enable study of the real-time dynamics of tight junctions during homeostasis and in response to physical and chemical perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linville, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifno, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerenberg, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional microenvironment regulates gene expression, function, and tight junction dynamics of iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier microvessels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally dynamic antagonism between transcription and chromatin compaction controls stochastic photoreceptor specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic mechanisms diversify cell fates during development. How cells randomly choose between two or more fates remains poorly understood. In the Drosophila eye, the random mosaic of two R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). Here, we investigated how cis-regulatory elements and trans factors regulate nascent transcriptional activity and chromatin compaction at the ss gene locus during R7 development. We find that the ss locus is in a compact state in undifferentiated cells. An early enhancer drives ss transcription in all R7 precursors to open the ss locus. In differentiating cells, transcription ceases and the ss locus stochastically remains open or compacts. In SsON R7s, ss is open and competent for activation by a late enhancer, whereas in SsOFF R7s, ss is compact and repression prevents expression. Our results suggest that a temporally dynamic antagonism, in which transcription drives decompaction and then compaction represses transcription, controls stochastic cell fate specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voortman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus-Follini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally dynamic antagonism between transcription and chromatin compaction controls stochastic photoreceptor specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal cortex activity underlying the production of diverse vocal signals during social communication in marmoset monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal communication is essential for social behaviors in humans and many non-human primates. While the frontal cortex has been shown to play a crucial role in human speech production, its role in vocal production in non-human primates has long been questioned. Recent studies have shown activation in single neurons in the monkey frontal cortex during vocal production in relatively isolated environment. However, little is known about how the frontal cortex is engaged in vocal production in ethologically relevant social context, where different types of vocal signals are produced for various communication purposes. Here we studied single neuron activities and local field potentials (LFP) and in the frontal cortex of marmoset monkeys while the animal engaged in vocal exchanges with other conspecifics in a social environment. Marmosets most frequently produced four types of vocalizations with distinct acoustic structures, three of which were typically not produced in isolation. We found that both single neuron activities and LFP were modulated by the production of each of the four call types. Moreover, the neural modulations in the frontal cortex showed distinct patterns for different call types, suggesting a representation of vocal signal features. In addition, we found that theta-band LFP oscillations were phase-locked to the phrases of twitter calls, which indicates the coordination of temporal structures of vocalizations. Our results suggested important functions of the marmoset frontal cortex in supporting the production of diverse vocalizations in vocal communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal cortex activity underlying the production of diverse vocal signals during social communication in marmoset monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus degradation impairs performance in a rodent continuous performance test 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention is a core cognitive domain that is often disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) are the most common clinical assay of sustained attention. In CPTs, participants produce a behavioral response to target stimuli and refrain from responding to non-target stimuli. Performance in CPTs is measured as the ability to discriminate between targets and non-targets. Rodent versions of CPTs (rCPT) have been developed and validated with both anatomical and pharmacological studies, providing a translational platform for understanding the neurobiology of sustained attention. In human studies, using degraded stimuli (decreased contrast) in CPTs impairs performance and patients with schizophrenia experience a larger decrease in performance compared to healthy controls. In this study, we tested multiple levels of stimulus degradation in a touchscreen version of the CPT in mice. We found that stimulus degradation significantly decreased performance in both males and females. The changes in performance consisted of a decrease in stimulus discrimination, measured as d, and increases in hit reaction time and reaction time variability. These findings are in line with the effects of stimulus degradation in human studies. Overall, female mice demonstrated a more liberal response strategy than males, but response strategy was not affected by stimulus degradation. These data extend the utility of the mouse CPT by demonstrating that stimulus degradation produces equivalent behavioral responses in mice and humans. Therefore, the degraded stimuli rCPT has high translational value as a preclinical assay of sustained attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallock, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus degradation impairs performance in a rodent continuous performance test]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A terrain treadmill to study small animal locomotion through large obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge to understanding locomotion in complex 3-D terrain with large obstacles is to create tools for controlled, systematic lab experiments. Existing terrain arenas only allow observations at small spatiotemporal scales ([~]10 body length, [~]10 stride cycles). Here, we create a terrain treadmill to enable high-resolution observations of animal locomotion through large obstacles over large spatiotemporal scales. An animal moves through modular obstacles on an inner sphere, while a rigidly-attached, concentric, transparent outer sphere rotated with the opposite velocity via closed-loop feedback to keep the animal on top. During sustained locomotion, a discoid cockroach moved through pillar obstacles for 25 minutes ({approx} 2500 strides) over 67 m ({approx} 1500 body lengths), and was contained within a radius of 4 cm (0.9 body length) for 83% of the duration, even at speeds of up to 10 body length/s. The treadmill enabled observation of diverse locomotor behaviors and quantification of animal-obstacle interaction.

Summary StatementA device keeps a small animal on top of a sphere while it traverses obstacles, creating a "terrain treadmill" to study locomotion over a long time and distance at high-resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Othayoth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strebel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A terrain treadmill to study small animal locomotion through large obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Transmission of Task-Relevant Information in Cortical Neuronal Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During auditory task performance, cortical processing of task-relevant information enables mammals to recognize sensory input and flexibly select behavioral responses. In mouse auditory cortex, small neuronal networks encode behavioral choice during a pure-tone detection task, but it is poorly understood how neuronal networks encode behavioral choice during a pure-tone discrimination task where tones have to be categorized into targets and non-targets. While the interactions between networked neurons are thought to encode behavioral choice, it remains unclear how patterns of neuronal network activity indicate the transmission of task-relevant information within the network. To this end, we trained mice to behaviorally discriminate target vs. non-target pure-tones while we used in vivo 2-photon imaging to record neuronal population activity in primary auditory cortex layer 2/3. We found that during task performance, a specialized subset of neurons transiently encoded intersection information, i.e., sensory information that was used to inform behavioral choice. Granger causality analysis showed that these neurons formed functional networks in which task-relevant information was transmitted sequentially between neurons. Differences in network structure between target and non-target sounds encoded behavioral choice. Correct behavioral choices were associated with shorter timescale communication between neurons. In summary, we find that specialized neuronal populations in auditory cortex form functional networks during auditory task performance whose structures depend on both sensory input and behavioral choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocillari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzeri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Transmission of Task-Relevant Information in Cortical Neuronal Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust designation of meiotic crossover sites by CDK-2 through phosphorylation of the MutSγ complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crossover formation is essential for proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Here we show that C. elegans Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2) forms a complex with cyclin-like protein COSA-1 and supports crossover formation by promoting conversion of meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) into crossover-specific recombination intermediates. Further, we identify MutS{gamma} component MSH-5 as a CDK-2 phosphorylation target. MSH-5 has a disordered C-terminal tail that contains 13 potential CDK phosphosites and is required to concentrate crossover-promoting proteins at recombination sites. Phosphorylation of the MSH-5 tail appears dispensable in a wild- type background, but when MutS{gamma} activity is partially compromised, crossover formation and retention of CDK-2/COSA-1 at recombination sites are exquisitely sensitive to phosphosite loss. Our data support a model in which robustness of crossover designation reflects a positive feedback mechanism involving CDK-2-mediated phosphorylation and scaffold-like properties of the MSH-5 C-terminal tail, features that combine to promote full recruitment and activity of crossover-promoting complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haversat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woglar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerib, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust designation of meiotic crossover sites by CDK-2 through phosphorylation of the MutSγ complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged tonic pain in healthy humans enhances functional connectivity of descending pain modulation networks involving the amygdala, periaqueductal gray and parabrachial nucleus to cortical sensory-discriminative areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionResting state functional connectivity (FC) is widely used to assess functional brain alterations in patients with chronic pain. However, reports of FC changes accompanying tonic pain in pain-free persons is rare. A brain network disrupted during chronic pain is a network we term the Descending Pain Modulatory Network (DPMN). Here, we evaluate the effect of tonic pain on FC of this network: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala (AMYG), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and parabrachial nuclei (PBN).

MethodsIn 50 pain-free participants (30F), we induced tonic pain using a capsaicin-heat pain model. We used functional MRI to measure resting BOLD signal during pain-free rest where participants experienced warmth and tonic pain where participants experienced the same temperature thermode combined with capsaicin. We evaluated FC from ACC, AMYG, PAG, and PBN with correlation of self-report pain intensity with FC during both states. We hypothesized tonic pain would disrupt FC dyads within the DPMN. We used partial correlation to determine FC correlated with pain intensity and BOLD signal.

ResultsOf hypothesized FC dyads, PAG and subgenual ACC was weakly disrupted during tonic pain (F=3.34; p=0.074; pain-free>pain d=0.25). sgACC-PAG FC became positively related to pain intensity (R=0.38; t=2.81; p=0.007). Right PBN-PAG FC during pain-free rest positively correlated with subsequently experienced pain (R=0.44; t=3.43; p=0.001). During tonic pain, FC of this connection was abolished (paired t=-3.17; p=0.0026). During pain-free rest, FC between left AMYG and right superior parietal lobule and caudate nucleus were positively correlated with subsequent pain. During tonic pain, FC between left AMYG and right inferior temporal and superior frontal gyri negatively correlated with pain. Subsequent pain positively correlated with right AMYG FC and right claustrum; left and right primary visual cortex; right middle temporal gyrus and right temporo-occipitoparietal junction. Finally, subsequent pain positively correlated with PAG FC and left cerebellum, left dorsolateral prefrontal, right posterior cingulate cortex and paracentral lobule, inferior parietal lobule, medial precuneus and PBN.

ConclusionWe demonstrate 1) tonic pain weakly disrupts of sgACC-PAG FC; 2) sgACC-PAG tonic pain FC positively correlates with pain; 3) right PBN-PAG FC predicts subsequent pain and is abolished during tonic pain. Finally, we reveal PAG- and right AMYG-anchored networks which predict intensity of tonic pain. Our findings suggest specific connectivity patterns within the DPMN at rest predict experienced pain and are modulated by tonic pain. These nodes and their functional modulation may reveal new therapeutic targets for neuromodulation and biomarkers to guide interventions.

HighlightsO_LIParabrachial-periaqueductal gray (PAG) functional connectivity (FC) predicts pain
C_LIO_LISubgenual anterior cingulate cortex-PAG FC correlates with pain during tonic pain
C_LIO_LIPAG- and amydalocortical networks at rest predict tonic pain intensity
C_LIO_LIResting FC of PAG supports cortical targets of neuromodulation to control pain
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meeker, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullapalli, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged tonic pain in healthy humans enhances functional connectivity of descending pain modulation networks involving the amygdala, periaqueductal gray and parabrachial nucleus to cortical sensory-discriminative areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Correlation Between Cell and Nucleus Size is Explained by an Eukaryotic Cell Growth Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, the cell volume is observed to be strongly correlated with the nuclear volume. The slope of this correlation depends on the cell type, growth condition, and the physical environment of the cell. We develop a computational model of cell growth and proteome increase, incorporating the kinetics of amino acid import, protein/ribosome synthesis and degradation, and active transport of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. We also include a simple model of ribosome biogenesis and assembly. Results show that the cell volume is tightly correlated with the nuclear volume, and the cytoplasm-nucleoplasm transport rates strongly influences the cell growth rate as well as the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm ratio. Ribosome assembly and the ratio of ribosomal proteins to mature ribosomes also influence the cell volume and the cell growth rate. We find that in order to regulate the cell growth rate and the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm ratio, the cell must optimally control groups of kinetic parameters together, which could explain the quantitative roles of canonical growth pathways. Finally, using an extension of our model and single cell RNAseq data, it is possible to construct a detailed proteome distribution, provided that a quantitative cell division mechanism is known.

Author summaryWe develop computational model of cell proteome increase and cell growth to compute the cell volume to nuclear volume ratio. The model incorporates essential kinetics of protein and ribosome synthesis/degradation, and their transport across the nuclear envelope. The model also incorporates ribosome biogenesis and assembly. The model identifies the most important parameters in determining the cell growth rate and the nucleoplasm/cytoplasm ratio, and provides a computational starting point to construct the cell proteome based on the RNAseq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janmey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Correlation Between Cell and Nucleus Size is Explained by an Eukaryotic Cell Growth Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A plethora of experimental studies have shown that long-term synaptic plasticity can be expressed pre- or postsynaptically depending on a range of factors such as developmental stage, synapse type, and activity patterns. The functional consequences of this diversity are not clear, although it is understood that whereas postsynaptic expression of plasticity predominantly affects synaptic response amplitude, presynaptic expression alters both synaptic response amplitude and short-term dynamics. In most models of neuronal learning, long-term synaptic plasticity is implemented as changes in connective weights. The consideration of long-term plasticity as a fixed change in amplitude corresponds more closely to post-than to presynaptic expression, which means theoretical outcomes based on this choice of implementation may have a postsynaptic bias. To explore the functional implications of the diversity of expression of long-term synaptic plasticity, we adapted a model of long-term plasticity, more specifically spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), such that it was expressed either independently pre- or postsynaptically, or in a mixture of both ways. We compared pair-based standard STDP models and a biologically tuned triplet STDP model, and investigated the outcomes in a minimal setting, using two different learning schemes: in the first, inputs were triggered at different latencies, and in the second a subset of inputs were temporally correlated. We found that presynaptic changes adjusted the speed of learning, while postsynaptic expression was more efficient at regulating spike timing and frequency. When combining both expression loci, postsynaptic changes amplified the response range, while presynaptic plasticity allowed control over postsynaptic firing rates, potentially providing a form of activity homeostasis. Our findings highlight how the seemingly innocuous choice of implementing synaptic plasticity by single weight modification may unwittingly introduce a postsynaptic bias in modelling outcomes. We conclude that pre- and postsynaptically expressed plasticity are not interchangeable, but enable complimentary functions.

Author summaryDifferences between functional properties of pre- or postsynaptically expressed long-term plasticity have not yet been explored in much detail. In this paper, we used minimalist models of STDP with different expression loci, in search of fundamental functional consequences. Biologically, presynaptic expression acts mostly on neurotransmitter release, thereby altering short-term synaptic dynamics, whereas postsynaptic expression affects mainly synaptic gain. We compared models where plasticity was expressed only presynaptically or postsynaptically, or in both ways. We found that postsynaptic plasticity had a bigger impact over response times, while both pre- and postsynaptic plasticity were similarly capable of detecting correlated inputs. A model with biologically tuned expression of plasticity also completed these tasks over a range of frequencies. Also, postsynaptic spiking frequency was not directly affected by presynaptic plasticity of short-term plasticity alone, however in combination with a postsynaptic component, it helped restrain positive feedback, contributing to activity homeostasis. In conclusion, expression locus may determine affinity for distinct coding schemes while also contributing to keep activity within bounds. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully implementing expression of plasticity in biological modelling, since the locus of expression may affect functional outcomes in simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizusaki, B. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöström, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide-Angle, Monocular Head Tracking using Passive Markers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Camera images can encode large amounts of visual information of an animal and its environment, enabling high fidelity 3D reconstruction of the animal and its environment using computer vision methods. Most systems, both markerless (e.g. deep learning based) and marker-based, require multiple cameras to track features across multiple points of view to enable such 3D reconstruction. However, such systems can be expensive and are challenging to set up in small animal research apparatuses.

We present an open-source, marker-based system for tracking the head of a rodent for behavioral research that requires only a single camera with a potentially wide field of view. The system features a lightweight visual target and computer vision algorithms that together enable high-accuracy tracking of the six-degree-of-freedom position and orientation of the animals head. The system, which only requires a single camera positioned above the behavioral arena, robustly reconstructs the pose over a wide range of head angles (360{whitebullet} in yaw, and approximately {+/-}120{whitebullet} in roll and pitch).

Experiments with live animals demonstrate that the system can reliably identify rat head position and orientation. Evaluations using a commercial optical tracker device show that the system achieves accuracy that rivals commercial multi-camera systems.

Our solution significantly improves upon existing monocular marker-based tracking methods, both in accuracy and in allowable range of motion.

The proposed system enables the study of complex behaviors by providing robust, fine-scale measurements of rodent head motions in a wide range of orientations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vagvolgyi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide-Angle, Monocular Head Tracking using Passive Markers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batch Effects are Causal Effects: Applications in Human Connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Batch effects, undesirable sources of variability across multiple experiments, present significant challenges for scientific and clinical discoveries. Batch effects can (i) produce spurious signals and/or (ii) obscure genuine signals, contributing to the ongoing reproducibility crisis. Because batch effects are typically modeled as classical statistical effects, they often cannot differentiate between sources of variability due to confounding biases, which may lead them to erroneously conclude batch effects are present (or not). We formalize batch effects as causal effects, and introduce algorithms leveraging causal machinery, to address these concerns. Simulations illustrate that when non-causal methods provide the wrong answer, our methods either produce more accurate answers or "no answer", meaning they assert the data are an inadequate to confidently conclude on the presence of a batch effect. Applying our causal methods to 27 neuroimaging datasets yields qualitatively similar results: in situations where it is unclear whether batch effects are present, non-causal methods confidently identify (or fail to identify) batch effects, whereas our causal methods assert that it is unclear whether there are batch effects or not. In instances where batch effects should be discernable, our techniques produce different results from prior art, each of which produce results more qualitatively similar to not applying any batch effect correction to the data at all. This work therefore provides a causal framework for understanding the potential capabilities and limitations of analysis of multi-site data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batch Effects are Causal Effects: Applications in Human Connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric cooperation in β-lactam binding to a non-classical transpeptidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptidoglycan (PG) is atypical as its synthesis involves a new enzyme class, L,D-transpeptidases. Prior studies of L,D-transpeptidases have identified only the catalytic site that binds to peptide moiety of the PG substrate or {beta}-lactam antibiotics. This insight was leveraged to develop mechanism of its activity and inhibition by {beta}-lactams. Here we report identification of an allosteric site at a distance of 21 [A] from the catalytic site that binds the sugar moiety of PG substrates (hereafter referred to as the S-pocket). This site also binds a second {beta}-lactam molecule and influences binding at the catalytic site. We provide evidence that two {beta}-lactam molecules bind co-operatively to this enzyme, one non-covalently at the S-site and one covalently at the catalytic site. This dual {beta}-lactam binding phenomenon is previously unknown and is an observation that may offer novel approaches for the structure-based design of new {beta}-lactam antibiotics for M. tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juneja, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric cooperation in β-lactam binding to a non-classical transpeptidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A generalized cortical activity pattern at internally-generated mental context boundaries during unguided narrative recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current theory and empirical studies suggest that humans segment continuous experiences into events based on the mismatch between predicted and actual sensory inputs; detection of these "event boundaries" evokes transient neural responses. However, boundaries can also occur at transitions between internal mental states, without relevant external input changes. To what extent do such "internal boundaries" share neural response properties with externally-driven boundaries? We conducted an fMRI experiment where subjects watched a series of short movies and then verbally recalled the movies, unprompted, in the order of their choosing. During recall, transitions between movies thus constituted major boundaries between internal mental contexts, generated purely by subjects unguided thoughts. Following the offset of each recalled movie, we observed stereotyped spatial activation patterns in the default mode network, especially the posterior medial cortex, consistent across different movie contents and even across the different tasks of movie watching and recall. Surprisingly, the between-movie boundary patterns did not resemble patterns at boundaries between events within a movie. Thus, major transitions between mental contexts elicit neural phenomena shared across internal and external modes and distinct from within-context event boundary detection, potentially reflecting a cognitive state related to the flushing and reconfiguration of situation models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A generalized cortical activity pattern at internally-generated mental context boundaries during unguided narrative recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and potential future spillovers of SARS-like coronaviruses into humans pose a major threat to human health and the global economy 1-7. Development of broadly effective coronavirus vaccines that can mitigate these threats is needed 8, 9. Notably, several recent studies have revealed that vaccination of recovered COVID-19 donors results in enhanced nAb responses compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination alone 10-13. Here, we utilized a targeted donor selection strategy to isolate a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to sarbecoviruses from two such donors. Many of the bnAbs are remarkably effective in neutralization against sarbecoviruses that use ACE2 for viral entry and a substantial fraction also show notable binding to non-ACE2-using sarbecoviruses. The bnAbs are equally effective against most SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and many neutralize the Omicron variant. Neutralization breadth is achieved by bnAb binding to epitopes on a relatively conserved face of the receptor binding domain (RBD) as opposed to strain-specific nAbs to the receptor binding site that are commonly elicited in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination 14-18. Consistent with targeting of conserved sites, select RBD bnAbs exhibited in vivo protective efficacy against diverse SARS-like coronaviruses in a prophylaxis challenge model. The generation of a large panel of potent bnAbs provides new opportunities and choices for next-generation antibody prophylactic and therapeutic applications and, importantly, provides a molecular basis for effective design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The language network supports both lexical access and sentence generation during language production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fronto-temporal brain network has long been implicated in language comprehension. However, this networks role in language production remains debated. In particular, it remains unclear whether all or only some language regions contribute to production, and which aspects of production these regions support. Across three fMRI experiments that rely on robust individual-subject analyses, we characterize the language networks response to high-level production demands. We report three novel results. First, sentence production, spoken or typed, elicits a strong response throughout the language network. Second, the language network responds to both phrase-structure building and lexical access demands, although the response to phrase-structure building is stronger and more spatially extensive, present in every language region. Finally, contra some proposals, we find no evidence of brain regions--within or outside the language network--that selectively support phrase-structure building in production relative to comprehension. Instead, all language regions respond more strongly during production than comprehension, suggesting that production incurs a greater cost for the language network. Together, these results align with the idea that language comprehension and production draw on the same knowledge representations, which are stored in a distributed manner within the language-selective network and are used to both interpret and generate linguistic utterances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekelman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The language network supports both lexical access and sentence generation during language production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1) functions as a molecular switch for cellular adaptation to hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lack of oxygen (hypoxia and anoxia) is detrimental to cell function and survival and underlies many disease conditions. Hence, metazoans have evolved mechanisms to adapt to low oxygen. One such mechanism, metabolic suppression, decreases the cellular demand for oxygen by downregulating ATP-demanding processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptation are poorly understood. Here, we report on the role of ndrg1a in hypoxia adaptation of the anoxia-tolerant zebrafish embryo. ndrg1a is expressed in the kidney and ionocytes, cell types that use large amounts of ATP to maintain ion homeostasis. ndrg1a mutants are viable and develop normally when raised under normal oxygen. However, their survival and kidney function is reduced relative to WT embryos following exposure to prolonged anoxia. We further demonstrate that Ndrg1a binds to the energy-demanding sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) pump under anoxia and is required for its degradation, which may preserve ATP in the kidney and ionocytes and contribute to energy homeostasis. Lastly, we show that sodium azide treatment, which increased lactate levels, was sufficient to trigger NKA degradation in an Ndrg1a-dependent manner. These findings support a model whereby Ndrg1a is essential for hypoxia adaptation and functions downstream of lactate signaling to induce NKA degradation, a process known to conserve cellular energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Ntansah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1) functions as a molecular switch for cellular adaptation to hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The iris controls the level of retinal illumination by controlling pupil diameter. It is a site of diverse ophthalmological diseases and it is a potential source of cells for ocular auto-transplantation. The present study provides foundational data on the mouse iris based on single nucleus RNA sequencing. More specifically, this work has (1) defined all of the major cell types in the mouse iris and ciliary body, (2) led to the discovery of two types of iris stromal cells and two types of iris sphincter cells, (3) revealed the differences in cell type-specific transcriptomes in the resting, constricted, and dilated states, and (4) identified and validated antibody and in situ hybridization probes that can be used to visualize the major iris cell types. By immunostaining for specific iris cell-types, we have observed and quantified distortions in nuclear morphology associated with iris dilation and clarified the neural crest contribution to the iris by showing that Wnt1-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute to nearly all iris cell types, whereas Sox10-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute only to stromal cells. This work should be useful as a point of reference for investigations of iris development, disease, and pharmacology, for the isolation and propagation of defined iris cell types, and for iris cell engineering and transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iCn3D: from Web-based 3D Viewer to Structure Analysis Tool in Batch Mode 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
iCn3D was initially developed as a web-based 3D molecular viewer. It then evolved from visualization into a full-featured interactive structural analysis software. It became a collaborative research instrument through the sharing of permanent, shortened URLs that encapsulate not only annotated visual molecular scenes, but also all underlying data and analysis scripts in a FAIR manner. More recently, with the growth of structural databases, the need to analyze large structural datasets systematically led us to use Python scripts and convert the code to be used in Node.js scripts. We showed a few examples of Python scripts at https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dpython to export secondary structures or PNG images from iCn3D. Users just need to replace the URL in the Python scripts to export other annotations from iCn3D. Furthermore, any interactive iCn3D feature can be converted into a Node.js script to be run in batch mode, enabling an interactive analysis performed on one or a handful of protein complexes to be scaled up to analysis features of large ensembles of structures. Currently available Node.js analysis scripts examples are available at https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dnode. This development will enable ensemble analyses on growing structural databases such as AlphaFold or RoseTTAFold on one hand and Electron Microscopy on the other. In this paper, we also review new features such as DelPhi electrostatic potential, 3D view of mutations, alignment of multiple chains, assembly of multiple structures by realignment, dynamic symmetry calculation, 2D cartoons at different levels, interactive contact maps, and use of iCn3D in Jupyter Notebook as described at https://pypi.org/project/icn3dpy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youkharibache, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchler-Bauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanczycki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madej, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchler, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkaram, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enoma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busby, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iCn3D: from Web-based 3D Viewer to Structure Analysis Tool in Batch Mode]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hobotnica: exploring molecular signature quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A Molecular Features Set (MFS), is a result of vast diversity of bioinformatics pipelines. In case when MFS is used for further analysis to distinguish between phenotypes, it is often referred to as a signature. Lack of the "gold standard" for most experimental data modalities makes it hard to provide valid estimation for a particular MFSs quality. Yet, this goal can partially be achieved by analyzing inner-sample Distance Matrix (DM) and their power to distinguish between phenotypes.

The quality of a DM can be assessed by summarizing its power to quantify the differences of inner-phenotype and outer-phenotype distances. This estimation of the DM quality can be construed as a measure of the MFSs quality.

Here we propose Hobotnica, an approach to estimate MFSs quality by their ability to stratify data, and assign them significance scores, that allows for collating various signatures and comparing their quality for contrasting groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stupnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sizykh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hobotnica: exploring molecular signature quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-activity relationships of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 spike variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The surge of COVID-19 infection cases is spurred by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.617. Here we report 38 cryo-EM structures, corresponding to the spike protein of the Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Kappa (B.1.617.1) variants in different functional states with and without its receptor, ACE2. Mutations on the N-terminal domain not only alter the conformation of the highly antigenic supersite of the Delta variant, but also remodel the glycan shield by deleting or adding N-glycans of the Delta and Gamma variants, respectively. Substantially enhanced ACE2 binding was observed for all variants, whose mutations on the receptor binding domain modulate the electrostatics of the binding interfaces. Despite their abilities to escape host immunity, all variants can be potently neutralized by three unique antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draczkowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.-T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-activity relationships of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 spike variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.459432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated levels of active Transforming Growth Factor β1 in the subchondral bone relate spatially to cartilage loss and impaired bone quality in human knee osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.459432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOver-activity of transforming growth factor {beta}1 (TGF{beta}1) in subchondral bone has a direct causal role in rodent models of knee osteoarthritis (OA), which can be blocked by TGF{beta}1 neutralisation. In this study, we investigated whether the spatially distributed level of active TGF{beta}1 in human subchondral bone associates with the characteristic structural, cellular and molecular parameters of human knee OA.

DesignSubchondral bone samples (35 OA arthroplasty patients, aged 69{+/-}9 years) were obtained from regions below either macroscopically present or denuded cartilage. Bone samples were processed to determine the concentration of active TGF{beta}1 (ELISA) and gene-specific mRNA expression (RT-PCR). Synchrotron micro-CT imaging was utilised to assess the bone microstructure, bone mineralization, the osteocyte lacunar network and bone matrix vascularity. Finally, samples were histologically examined for cartilage OARSI grading, quantification of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive cells and bone marrow micro-vasculature.

ResultsSubchondral bone below severely degenerated/depleted cartilage, characterised by impaired bone matrix quality due to sclerotic microarchitecture, disorganised collagen, high heterogeneity of the mineral distribution, contained increased concentrations of active TGF{beta}1, compared to adjacent areas with more intact cartilage. In addition, increased levels of active TGF{beta}1 related directly to increased bone volume while increased OARSI grade associated directly with morphometric characteristics (size, shape and orientation) of osteocyte lacunae.

ConclusionThese results indicate that increased active TGF{beta}1 associates spatially with impaired bone quality and the disease severity of human OA. This study therefore suggests that TGF{beta}1 could be a therapeutic target to prevent or reduce human disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarrington, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuliwaba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.459432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated levels of active Transforming Growth Factor β1 in the subchondral bone relate spatially to cartilage loss and impaired bone quality in human knee osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Random Forest Factorization Reveals Latent Structure in Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing data contain patterns of correlation that are poorly captured by techniques that rely on linear estimation or assumptions of Gaussian behavior. We apply random forest regression to scRNAseq data from mouse brains, which identifies the co-regulation of genes within specific cellular contexts. By analyzing the estimators of the random forest, we identify several novel candidate gene regulatory networks and compare these networks in aged and young mice. We demonstrate that cell populations have cell-type specific phenotypes of aging that are not detected by other methods, including the collapse of differentiating oligodendrocytes but not precursors or mature oligodendrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brenerman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Random Forest Factorization Reveals Latent Structure in Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Relapsing Mouse Model Studies from the Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens Initiative Database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading infectious disease-related cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of new and improved treatment regimens. Non-clinical evaluation of candidate drug combinations via the relapsing mouse model (RMM) is an important step in regimen development, through which candidate regimens that provide the greatest decrease in probability of relapse following treatment in mice may be identified for further development. Although RMM studies are a critical tool to evaluate regimen efficacy, making comprehensive "apples to apples" comparisons of regimen performance in the RMM has been a challenge, in large part due to the need to evaluate and adjust for variability across studies arising from differences in design and execution. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a model-based meta-analysis on data for 17 unique regimens obtained from a total of 1592 mice across 28 RMM studies. Specifically, a mixed-effects logistic regression model was developed that described the treatment duration-dependent probability of relapse for each regimen and identified relevant covariates contributing to inter-study variability. Using the model, covariate-normalized metrics of interest, namely treatment duration required to reach 50% and 10% relapse probability, were derived and used to compare relative regimen performance. Overall, the model-based meta-analysis approach presented herein enables cross-study comparison of efficacy in the RMM, and provides a framework whereby data from emerging studies may be analyzed in the context of historical data to aid in selecting candidate drug combinations for clinical evaluation as TB drug regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaerts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Relapsing Mouse Model Studies from the Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens Initiative Database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic stimuli reveal a critical period in visual cortex development: Evidence from adult-onset blindness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do life experiences impact cortical function? In people who are born blind, the "visual" cortices are recruited for nonvisual tasks such as Braille reading and sound localization (e.g., Collignon et al., 2011; Sadato et al., 1996). The mechanisms of this recruitment are not known. Do visual cortices have a latent capacity to respond to nonvisual information that is equal throughout the lifespan? Alternatively, is there a sensitive period of heightened plasticity that makes visual cortex repurposing possible during childhood? To gain insight into these questions, we leveraged naturalistic auditory stimuli to quantify and compare cross-modal responses congenitally blind (CB, n=22), adult-onset blind (vision loss >18 years-of-age, AB, n=14) and sighted (n=22) individuals. Participants listened to auditory excerpts from movies; a spoken narrative; and matched meaningless auditory stimuli (i.e., shuffled sentences, backwards speech) during fMRI scanning. These rich naturalistic stimuli made it possible to simultaneous engage a broad range of cognitive domains. We correlated the voxel-wise timecourses of different participants within each group. For all groups, all stimulus conditions induced synchrony in auditory cortex and for all groups only the narrative stimuli synchronized responses in higher-cognitive fronto-parietal and temporal regions. Inter-subject synchrony in visual cortices was high in the CB group for the movie and narrative stimuli but not for meaningless auditory controls. In contrast, visual cortex synchrony was equally low among AB and sighted blindfolded participants. Even many years of blindness in adulthood fail to enable responses to naturalistic auditory information in visual cortices of people who had sight as children. These findings suggest that cross-modal responses in visual cortex of people born blind reflect the plasticity of developing visual cortex during a sensitive period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiotile, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic stimuli reveal a critical period in visual cortex development: Evidence from adult-onset blindness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximal CA3 is the primary locus of age-related pattern separation deficits in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related deficits in pattern separation have been postulated to bias the output of hippocampal memory processing toward pattern completion, which can cause deficits in accurate memory retrieval. While the CA3 region of the hippocampus is often conceptualized as a homogeneous network involved in pattern completion, growing evidence demonstrates a functional gradient in CA3 along the transverse axis, as pattern-separated outputs (dominant in the more proximal CA3) transition to pattern-completed outputs (dominant in the more distal CA3). We examined the neural representations along the CA3 transverse axis in young (Y), aged memory-unimpaired (AU), and aged memory-impaired (AI) rats when different changes were made to the environment. Functional heterogeneity in CA3 was observed in Y and AU rats when the environmental similarity was high (altered cues or altered environment shapes in the same room), with more orthogonalized representations in proximal CA3 than in distal CA3. In contrast, AI rats showed reduced orthogonalization in proximal CA3 but showed normal (i.e., generalized) representations in distal CA3, with little evidence of a functional gradient. Under experimental conditions when the environmental similarity was low (different rooms), representations in proximal and distal CA3 remapped in all rats, showing that CA3 of AI rats is able to encode distinctive representations for inputs with greater dissimilarity. These experiments support the hypotheses that the aged-related bias towards hippocampal pattern completion is due to the loss in AI rats of the normal transition from pattern separation to pattern completion along the CA3 transverse axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilekeratne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximal CA3 is the primary locus of age-related pattern separation deficits in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minos: variant adjudication and joint genotyping of cohorts of bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-read variant calling for bacterial genomics is a mature field, and there are many widely-used software tools. Different underlying approaches (eg pileup, local or global assembly, paired-read use, haplotype use) lend each tool different strengths, especially when considering non-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) variation or potentially distant reference genomes. It would therefore be valuable to be able to integrate the results from multiple variant callers, using a robust statistical approach to "adjudicate" at loci where there is disagreement between callers. To this end, we present a tool, Minos, for variant adjudication by mapping reads to a genome graph of variant calls. Minos allows users to combine output from multiple variant callers without loss of precision. Minos also addresses a second problem of joint genotyping SNPs and indels in bacterial cohorts, which can also be framed as an adjudication problem.

We benchmark on 62 samples from 3 species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and an outbreak of 385 M. tuberculosis samples. Finally, we joint genotype a large M. tuberculosis cohort (N{approx}15k) for which the rifampicin phenotype is known. We build a map of non-synonymous variants in the RRDR (rifampicin resistance determining region) of the rpoB gene and extend current knowledge relating RRDR SNPs to heterogeneity in rifampicin resistance levels. We replicate this finding in a second M. tuberculosis cohort (N{approx}13k).

Minos is released under the MIT license, available at https://github.com/iqbal-lab-org/minos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letcher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colquhoun, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The CRyPTIC Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minos: variant adjudication and joint genotyping of cohorts of bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchronous spiking of cerebellar Purkinje cells during control of movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The information that the brain transmits from one region to another is often viewed through the lens of firing rates. However, if the output neurons could vary the timing of their spikes with respect to each other, then through synchronization they could highlight information that may be critical for control of behavior. In the cerebellum, the computations that are performed by the cerebellar cortex are conveyed to the nuclei via inhibition. Yet, synchronous activity entrains nucleus neurons, making them fire. Does the cerebellar cortex rely on spike synchrony within populations of Purkinje cells (P-cells) to convey information to the nucleus? We recorded from multiple P-cells while marmosets performed saccadic eye movements and organized them into populations that shared a complex spike response to error. Before movement onset, P-cells transmitted information via a rate code: the simple spike firing rates predicted the direction and velocity of the impending saccade. However, during the saccade, the spikes became temporally aligned within the population, signaling when to stop the movement. Thus, the cerebellar cortex relies on spike synchronization within a population of P-cells, not individual firing rates, to convey to the nucleus when to stop a movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchronous spiking of cerebellar Purkinje cells during control of movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyads in genetic association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic association studies of child health outcomes often employ family-based designs. One of the most popular family-based designs is the case-parent trio design that considers the smallest possible nuclear family consisting of two parents and their affected child. This trio design is particularly advantageous for studying relatively rare disorders because it is less prone to type 1 error inflation due to population stratification compared to population-based study designs (e.g., case-control studies). However, obtaining genetic data from both parents is difficult, from a practical perspective, and many large studies predominantly measure genetic variants in mother-child dyads. While some statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyad data (most commonly involving mother-child pairs) exist, it is not clear if they provide the same advantage as trio methods in protecting against population stratification, or if a specific dyad design (e.g., case-mother dyads vs. case-mother/control-mother dyads) is more advantageous. In this article, we review existing statistical methods for analyzing genome-wide data on dyads and perform extensive simulation experiments to benchmark their type I errors and statistical power under different scenarios. We extend our evaluation to existing methods for analyzing a combination of case-parent trios and dyads together. We apply these methods on genotyped and imputed data from multi-ethnic mother-child pairs only, case-parent trios only or combinations of both dyads and trios from the Gene, Environment Association Studies consortium (GENEVA), where each family was ascertained through a child affected by nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Results from the GENEVA study corroborate the findings from our simulation experiments. Finally, we provide recommendations for using statistical genetic association methods for dyads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyads in genetic association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two common and distinct forms of variation in human functional brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortex has a characteristic layout with specialized functional areas forming distributed large-scale networks. However, substantial work shows striking variation in this organization across people, which relates to differences in behavior. While most prior work treats all individual differences as equivalent and primarily linked to boundary shifts between the borders of regions, here we show that cortical  variants actually occur in two different forms. In addition to border shifts, variants also occur at a distance from their typical position, forming ectopic intrusions. Both forms of variants are common across individuals, but the forms differ in their location, network associations, and activations during tasks, patterns that replicate across datasets and methods of definition. Border shift variants also track significantly more with shared genetics than ectopic variants, suggesting a closer link between ectopic variants and environmental influences. Further, variant properties are categorically different between subgroups of individuals. Exploratory evidence suggests that variants can predict individual differences in behavior, but the two forms differ in which behavioral phenotypes they predict. This work argues that individual differences in brain organization commonly occur in two dissociable forms - border shifts and ectopic intrusions - suggesting that these types of variation are indexing distinct forms of cortical variation that must be separately accounted for in the analysis of cortical systems across people. This work expands our knowledge of cortical variation in humans and helps reconceptualize the discussion of how cortical systems variability arises and links to individual differences in cognition and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two common and distinct forms of variation in human functional brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directing multicellular organization by varying the aspect ratio of soft hydrogel microwells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organization with precise spatial definition is an essential step in a wide range of biological processes, including morphogenesis, development, and healing. Gradients and patterns of chemoattractants are well-described guides of multicellular organization, but the influences of three-dimensional geometry of soft hydrogels on multicellular organization are less well defined. Here, we report the discovery of a new mode of self-organization of endothelial cells in ring-like patterns on the perimeters of hydrogel microwells that is independent of protein or chemical patterning and is driven only by geometry and substrate stiffness. We observe quantitatively striking influences of both the microwell aspect ratio ({varepsilon} = perimeter/depth) and the hydrogel modulus. We systematically investigate the physical factors of cells and substrates that drive this multicellular behavior and present a mathematical model that explains the multicellular organization based upon balancing extracellular and cytoskeletal forces. These forces are determined in part by substrate stiffness, geometry, and cell density. The force balance model predicts the direction and distance of translational cell migration based on the dynamic interaction between tangential cytoskeletal tension and cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. We further show that the experimental observations can be leveraged to drive customized multicellular self-organization. Our observation of this multicellular behavior demonstrates the importance of the combinatorial effects of geometry and stiffness in complex biological processes. It also provides a new methodology for direction of cell organization that may facilitate the engineering of bionics and integrated model organoid systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pahapale, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarcelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romer, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directing multicellular organization by varying the aspect ratio of soft hydrogel microwells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-Bat Ultrasound Production in Moths is Globally and Phylogenetically Widespread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Warning signals are well known in the visual system, but rare in other modalities. Some moths produce ultrasonic sounds to warn bats of noxious taste or to mimic unpalatable models. Here we report results from a long-term study across the globe, assaying moth response to playback of bat echolocation. We tested 252 genera, spanning most families of large-bodied moths, and outline anti-bat ultrasound production in 52 genera, with eight new subfamily origins described. Based on acoustic analysis of ultrasonic emissions and palatability experiments with bats, it seems that acoustic warning and mimicry are the raison detre for sound production in most moths. However, some moths use high-density ultrasound capable of jamming bat sonar. In fact, we find preliminary evidence of independent origins of sonar jamming in at least six subfamilies. Palatability data indicates that jamming and warning are not mutually exclusive strategies. To explore the possible organization of anti-bat warning sounds into acoustic mimicry rings, we intensively studied a community of moths in Ecuador and found five distinct acoustic clusters using machine learning algorithms. While these data represent an early understanding of acoustic aposematism and mimicry across this megadiverse insect order, it is likely that ultrasonically-signaling moths comprise one of the largest mimicry complexes on earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homziak, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavell, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlihan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breinholt, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirk-Royal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-Bat Ultrasound Production in Moths is Globally and Phylogenetically Widespread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progenitor-intrinsic Metabolic Sensing Promotes Hematopoietic Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic homeostasis is maintained by stem and progenitor cells in part by extrinsic feedback cues triggered by mature cell loss. We demonstrate a different mechanism by which hematopoietic progenitors intrinsically anticipate and prevent the loss of mature progeny through metabolic switches. We examined hematopoiesis in mice conditionally deficient in long-chain fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, Cpt2), glutaminolysis (glutaminase, Gls), or mitochondrial pyruvate import (mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2, Mpc2). While genetic ablation of Cpt2 or Gls minimally impacted most blood lineages, deletion of Mpc2 led to a sharp decline in mature myeloid cells. However, MPC2-deficient myeloid cells rapidly recovered due to a transient increase in myeloid progenitor proliferation. Competitive bone marrow chimera and stable isotope tracing experiments demonstrated that this proliferative burst was intrinsic to MPC2-deficient progenitors and accompanied by a metabolic switch to glutaminolysis. Thus, hematopoietic progenitors intrinsically adjust to metabolic perturbations independently of feedback from downstream mature cells to maintain homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pizzato, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progenitor-intrinsic Metabolic Sensing Promotes Hematopoietic Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methodological considerations in analyzing synchronization of resting-state brain networks with the intrinsic electrical rhythm of the stomach: Advantages of weighted phase-locking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate the amplitude-weighted phase-locking value (awPLV) as a measure of synchronization of brain resting-state networks (RSNs) with the gastric basal electrical rhythm (BER).

MethodsA recent study combined rsfMRI with concurrent cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG), in a highly-sampled individual who underwent 22 scanning sessions (two 15-minute runs per session) at 3.0 Tesla. After excluding three sessions due to weak EGG signals, 9.5 hours of data remained, from which 18 RSNs were estimated using spatial independent component analysis. Previously, using the phase-locking value (PLV), three of the 18 RSNs were determined to be synchronized with the BER. However, RSN power fluctuations in the gastric frequency band could reduce sensitivity of PLV. Accordingly, the current reanalysis used awPLV to unweight contributions from low power epochs. Mismatched EGG and rsfMRI data (from different days) served as surrogate data; for each RSN, empirical awPLV was compared with chance-level awPLV using a Wilcoxon rank test. P-values were adjusted using with a false discovery rate of 0.05. Additionally, simulations were performed to compare PLV and awPLV error rates under settings with a known ground truth.

ResultsSimulations show high false-negative rates when using PLV, but not awPLV. Reanalysis of the highly-sampled individual data using awPLV indicates that 11 of the 18 RSNs were synchronized with the BER.

ConclusionSimulations indicate that awPLV is a more sensitive measure of stomach/brain synchronization than PLV. Reanalysis results imply communication between the enteric nervous system and brain circuits not typically considered responsive to gastric state or function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methodological considerations in analyzing synchronization of resting-state brain networks with the intrinsic electrical rhythm of the stomach: Advantages of weighted phase-locking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gaze-signaling hypothesis and the related cooperative-eye hypothesis posit that humans have evolved special external eye morphology, including exposed white sclera (the white of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze direction and thereby facilitate conspecific communication through joint-attentional interaction and ostensive communication. However, recent quantitative studies questioned these hypotheses based on new findings that humans are not necessarily unique in certain eye features compared to other great ape species. Therefore, there is currently a heated debate on whether external eye features of humans are distinguished from those of other apes and how such distinguished features contribute to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. This study leveraged updated image analysis techniques to test the uniqueness of human eye features in facial images of great apes. Although many eye features were similar between humans and other species, a key difference was that humans have uniformly white sclera which creates clear visibility of both eye outline and iris -the two essential features contributing to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. We then tested the robustness of the visibility of these features against visual noises such as darkening and distancing and found that both eye features remain detectable in the human eye, while eye outline becomes barely detectable in other species under these visually challenging conditions. Overall, we identified that humans have distinguished external eye morphology among other great apes, which ensures robustness of eye-gaze signal against various visual conditions. Our results support and also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furuichi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupenye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinwand, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans releases proteins during intracellular residence that affect the outcome of the fungal-macrophage interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can replicate and disseminate in mammalian macrophages. In this study, we analyzed fungal proteins identified in murine macrophage-like cells after infection with C. neoformans. To accomplish this, we developed a protocol to identify proteins released from cryptococcal cells inside macrophage-like cells; we identified 127 proteins of fungal origin in infected macrophage-like cells. Among the proteins identified was urease, a known virulence factor, and others such as transaldolase and phospholipase D, which have catalytic activities that could contribute to virulence. This method provides a straightforward methodology to study host-pathogen interactions. We chose to study further Yor1, a relatively uncharacterized protein belonging to the large family of ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC transporters). These transporters belong to a large and ancient protein family found in all extant phyla. While ABC transporters have an enormous diversity of functions across varied species, in pathogenic fungi they are better studied as drug efflux pumps. Analysis of C. neoformans yor1{Delta} strains revealed defects in non-lytic exocytosis and capsule size, when compared to wild-type strains. We detected no difference in growth rates, cell body size and vesicle secretion. Our results indicate that C. neoformans releases a large suite of proteins during macrophage infection, some of which can modulate fungal virulence and are likely to affect the fungal-macrophage interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans releases proteins during intracellular residence that affect the outcome of the fungal-macrophage interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of compression in the retelling of past events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we retell our past experiences, we aim to reproduce some version of the original events; this reproduced version is often temporally compressed relative to the original. How does such compression of memories manifest in brain activity? One possibility is that a compressed retrieved memory manifests as a neural pattern which is more dissimilar to the original, relative to a more detailed or vivid memory. However, we argue that measuring raw dissimilarity alone is insufficient, as it confuses a variety of interesting and uninteresting changes. To address this problem, we examine brain pattern changes that are consistent across people. We show that temporal compression in individuals retelling of past events predicts systematic encoding-to-recall transformations in a number of higher associative regions. These findings elucidate how neural representations are not simply reactivated, but can also be transformed due to temporal compression during a universal form of human memory expression: verbal retelling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of compression in the retelling of past events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Our Cells Become Our Selves: The Cellular Phylodynamic Biology of Growth and Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our lives begin with 1 cell, then 2, then 4, then the trillion cell adult, comprised of cell lineages, tissues, organs. How does this occur? Examination in numbers of cells, N, Cellular Phylodynamics, revealed two previously unappreciated processes: UNI-GROWTH, the slowing of growth that occurs as we become larger, caused by fewer cells dividing, captured by the Universal Mitotic Fraction and Universal Growth Equations, with accuracy confirmed for 13 species, including nematodes, mollusks, and vertebrates; and ALLO-GROWTH, the creation of body parts from Founder Cells, captured by the Cellular Allometric Growth Equation, which describes mitotic expansion by Cell-Heritable change in the Cell Cycle Time. These equations can generate cell lineage approximations, bringing the power of coalescent theory to developmental biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chodrow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Man, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannherz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCorpo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Our Cells Become Our Selves: The Cellular Phylodynamic Biology of Growth and Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved antibody structure prediction by deep learning of side chain conformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody engineering is becoming increasingly popular in medicine for the development of diagnostics and immunotherapies. Antibody function relies largely on the recognition and binding of antigenic epitopes via the loops in the complementarity determining regions. Hence, accurate high-resolution modeling of these loops is essential for effective antibody engineering and design. Deep learning methods have previously been shown to effectively predict antibody backbone structures described as a set of inter-residue distances and orientations. However, antigen binding is also dependent on the specific conformations of surface side chains. To address this shortcoming, we created DeepSCAb: a deep learning method that predicts inter-residue geometries as well as side chain dihedrals of the antibody variable fragment. The network requires only sequence as input, rendering it particularly useful for antibodies without any known backbone conformations. Rotamer predictions use an interpretable self-attention layer, which learns to identify structurally conserved anchor positions across several species. We evaluate the performance of our model for discriminating near-native structures from sets of decoys and find that DeepSCAb outperforms similar methods lacking side chain context. When compared to alternative rotamer repacking methods, which require an input backbone structure, DeepSCAb predicts side chain conformations competitively. Our findings suggest that DeepSCAb improves antibody structure prediction with accurate side chain modeling and is adaptable to applications in docking of antibody-antigen complexes and design of new therapeutic antibody sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akpinaroglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved antibody structure prediction by deep learning of side chain conformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering CAR-NK cells to secrete IL15 sustains their anti-AML functionality, but is associated with systemic toxicities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prognosis of patients with recurrent/refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) remains poor and cell-based immunotherapies hold promise to improve outcomes. NK cells can elicit an anti-leukemic response via a repertoire of activating receptors that bind AML surface ligands. NK cell adoptive transfer is safe but thus far has shown limited anti-AML efficacy. Here, we aimed to overcome this limitation by engineering NK cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to boost their anti-AML activity, and interleukin-15 (IL15) to enhance their persistence.

MethodsWe characterized in detail NK cell populations expressing a panel of AML (CD123)-specific CARs and/or IL15 in vitro and in AML xenograft models.

ResultsCARs with 2B4.{zeta} or 4-1BB.{zeta} signaling domains demonstrated greater cell surface expression and endowed NK cells with improved anti-AML activity in vitro. Initial in vivo testing revealed that only 2B4.{zeta} CAR-NK cells had improved anti-AML activity in comparison to untransduced (UTD) and 4-1BB.{zeta} CAR-NK cells. However, the benefit was transient due to limited CAR-NK cell persistence. Transgenic expression of secretory (s)IL15 in 2B4.{zeta} CAR and UTD NK cells improved their effector function in the setting of chronic antigen simulation in vitro. Multiparameter flow analysis after chronic antigen exposure identified the expansion of unique NK cell subsets. 2B4.{zeta}/sIL15 CAR and sIL15 NK cells maintained an overall activated NK cell phenotype. This was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis, which revealed a highly proliferative and activated signature in these NK cell groups. In vivo, 2B4.{zeta}/sIL15 CAR-NK cells had potent anti-AML activity in one model, while 2B4.{zeta}/sIL15 CAR and sIL15 NK cells induced lethal toxicity in a second model.

ConclusionTransgenic expression of CD123-CARs and sIL15 enabled NK cells to function in the setting of chronic antigen exposure but was associated with systemic toxicities. Thus, our study provides the impetus to explore inducible and controllable expression systems to provide cytokine signals to AML-specific CAR-NK cells before embarking on early phase clinical testing.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=161 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/461509v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (42K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4d09eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c61411org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f8097org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8375ac_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In BriefSecretion of IL15 from anti-CD123.2B4.CD3{zeta} CAR-NK cells enhances their activation and killing potential against Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, but carries the risk of severe systemic toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marple, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravich, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearnow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering CAR-NK cells to secrete IL15 sustains their anti-AML functionality, but is associated with systemic toxicities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Satellite glia are essential modulators of sympathetic neuron survival, activity, and autonomic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Satellite glia are the major glial cells in sympathetic ganglia, enveloping neuronal cell bodies. Despite this intimate association, how satellite glia contribute to sympathetic functions remain unclear. Here, we show that satellite glia are critical for metabolism, survival, and activity of sympathetic neurons and modulate autonomic behaviors in mice. Adult ablation of satellite glia results in impaired mTOR signaling, soma atrophy, reduced noradrenergic enzymes, and loss of sympathetic neurons. However, persisting neurons have elevated activity, and satellite glia-ablated mice show increased pupil dilation and heart rate, indicative of enhanced sympathetic tone. Satellite glia-specific deletion of Kir4.1, an inward-rectifying potassium channel, largely recapitulates the cellular defects observed in glia-ablated mice, suggesting that satellite glia act in part via extracellular K+ buffering. These findings highlight neuron-satellite glia as functional units in regulating sympathetic output, with implications for disorders linked to sympathetic hyper-activity such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mapps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Satellite glia are essential modulators of sympathetic neuron survival, activity, and autonomic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UCHL1 inhibited by A1 astrocytes facilitates aggregates clearance to promote neural stem cells activation after spinal cord injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is critically important for the adult neurogenesis. However, NSC activation is extremely limited after spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent evidence suggests that accumulation of protein aggregates impedes quiescent NSC activation. Here, we found ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase l-1 (UCHL1), an important deubiquitinating enzyme, functioned to facilitate NSC activation by clearing protein aggregations through ubiquitin-proteasome approach. Upregulation of UCHL1 enhanced NSC proliferation in the spinal cord after injury. Based on protein microarray analysis of SCI cerebrospinal fluid, it is further revealed that C3+ neurotoxic reactive astrocytes negatively regulated UCHL1 and aggresome clearance through C3/C3aR signaling, resulting in reduced capacity of NSC to activate. Furthermore, blockade of reactive astrocytes or C3/C3aR pathway led to enhanced NSC activation post-SCI. Together, this study elucidated a mechanism regulating NSC activation in the adult spinal cord involving the UCHL1-proteasome approach, which may provide potential molecular targets for NSC fate regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UCHL1 inhibited by A1 astrocytes facilitates aggregates clearance to promote neural stem cells activation after spinal cord injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myofibril orientation as a metric for characterizing heart disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myocyte disarray is a hallmark of many cardiac disorders. However, the relationship between alterations in the orientation of individual myofibrils and myofilaments to disease progression has been largely underexplored. This oversight has predominantly been due to a paucity of methods for objective and quantitative analysis. Here we introduce a novel, less-biased approach to quantify myofibrillar and myofilament orientation in cardiac muscle under near physiological conditions and demonstrate its superiority as compared to conventional histological assessments. Using small-angle X-ray diffraction, we first investigated changes in myofibrillar orientation at increasing sarcomere lengths in permeabilized, relaxed, wildtype mouse myocardium by assessing the angular spread of the 1,0 equatorial reflection (angle {sigma}). At a sarcomere length (SL) of 1.9 m, the angle {sigma} was 0.23{+/-}0.01 rad, decreased to 0.19{+/-}0.01 rad at a SL of 2.1 m, and further decreased to 0.15{+/-}0.01 rad at a SL of 2.3 m (p<0.0001). Angle {sigma} was significantly larger in R403Q, a MYH7 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) model, porcine myocardium (0.24{+/-}0.01 rad) compared to WT myocardium (0.14{+/-}0.005 rad, p<0.0001) as well as in human heart failure tissue (0.19{+/-}0.006 rad) when compared to non-failing samples (0.17{+/-}0.007 rad, p=0.01). These data indicate that diseased myocardium suffers from greater myofibrillar disorientation compared to healthy controls. Finally, we showed that conventional, histology-based analysis of disarray can be subject to user bias and/or sampling error and lead to false positives. Our method for directly assessing myofibrillar orientation avoids the artifacts introduced by conventional histological approaches that assess myocyte orientation and only indirectly evaluate myofibrillar orientation, and provides a precise and objective metric for phenotypically characterizing myocardium. The ability to obtain excellent X-ray diffraction patterns from frozen human myocardium provides a new tool for investigating structural anomalies associated with cardiac diseases.

Statement of SignificanceWe introduce a precise and quantitative approach to directly measure myofibrillar and myofilament orientation in cardiac muscle under near physiological conditions as a novel tool for phenotypically characterizing striated muscle systems. We use this technique to demonstrate that myocardium from disease model organisms and failing human myocardium suffers from greater myofibrillar disorientation compared to healthy controls. We also demonstrate that excellent diffraction patterns can be obtained from frozen and thawed human myocardium. Given the ready availability of frozen human heart tissue in tissue banks, this capability opens up a large space of potential experiments relating sarcomere structure to dysfunction in cardiac disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landim-Vieira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammarato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myofibril orientation as a metric for characterizing heart disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning in scene-preferring cortex for mid-level visual features gives rise to selectivity across multiple levels of stimulus complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scene-preferring portion of the human ventral visual stream, known as the parahippocampal place area (PPA), responds to scenes and landmark objects, which tend to be large in real-world size, fixed in location, and inanimate. However, the PPA also exhibits preferences for low-level contour statistics, including rectilinearity and cardinal orientations, that are not directly predicted by theories of scene- and landmark-selectivity. It is unknown whether these divergent findings of both low- and high-level selectivity in the PPA can be explained by a unified computational theory. To address this issue, we fit feedforward computational models of visual feature coding to the image-evoked fMRI responses of the PPA, and we performed a series of high-throughput experiments on these models. Our findings show that feedforward models of the PPA exhibit emergent selectivity across multiple levels of complexity, giving rise to seemingly high-level preferences for scenes and for objects that are large, spatially fixed, and inanimate/manmade while simultaneously yielding low-level preferences for rectilinear shapes and cardinal orientations. These results reconcile disparate theories of PPA function in a unified model of feedforward feature coding, and they demonstrate how multifaceted selectivity profiles naturally emerge from the feedforward computations of visual cortex and the natural statistics of images.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual neuroscientists characterize cortical selectivity by identifying stimuli that drive regional responses. A perplexing finding is that many higher-order visual regions exhibit selectivity profiles spanning multiple levels of complexity: they respond to highly complex categories, such as scenes and landmarks, but also to surprisingly simplistic features, such as specific contour orientations. Using large-scale computational analyses and human brain imaging, we show how multifaceted selectivity in scene-preferring cortex can emerge from the feedforward, hierarchical coding of visual features. Our work reconciles seemingly divergent findings of selectivity in scene-preferring cortex and suggests that surprisingly simple feedforward feature representations may be central to the category-selective organization of the human visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S. P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning in scene-preferring cortex for mid-level visual features gives rise to selectivity across multiple levels of stimulus complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growing Glycans in Rosetta: Accurate de novo glycan modeling, density fitting, and rational sequon design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbohydrates and glycoproteins modulate key biological functions. Computational approaches inform function to aid in carbohydrate structure prediction, structure determination, and design. However, experimental structure determination of sugar polymers is notoriously difficult as glycans can sample a wide range of low energy conformations, thus limiting the study of glycan-mediated molecular interactions. In this work, we expanded the RosettaCarbohydrate framework, developed and benchmarked effective tools for glycan modeling and design, and extended the Rosetta software suite to better aid in structural analysis and benchmarking tasks through the SimpleMetrics framework. We developed a glycan-modeling algorithm, GlycanTreeModeler, that computationally builds glycans layer-by-layer, using adaptive kernel density estimates (KDE) of common glycan conformations derived from data in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and from quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. After a rigorous optimization of kinematic and energetic considerations to improve near-native sampling enrichment and decoy discrimination, GlycanTreeModeler was benchmarked on a test set of diverse glycan structures, or "trees". Structures predicted by GlycanTreeModeler agreed with native structures at high accuracy for both de novo modeling and experimental density-guided building. GlycanTreeModeler algorithms and associated tools were employed to design de novo glycan trees into a protein nanoparticle vaccine that are able to direct the immune response by shielding regions of the scaffold from antibody recognition. This work will inform glycoprotein model prediction, aid in both X-ray and electron microscopy density solutions and refinement, and help lead the way towards a new era of computational glycobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adolf-Bryfogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapavolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raemisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutteke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growing Glycans in Rosetta: Accurate de novo glycan modeling, density fitting, and rational sequon design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed, yet poorly conserved, genetic elements whose biological functions are unclear and controversial. Some TA systems may provide bacteria with immunity to infection by their ubiquitous viral predators, the bacteriophage. To identify TA systems that protect E. coli MG1655 against phage, we searched for those frequently encoded near known phage defense genes in bacterial genomes. Two of the systems tested provide strong protection against phage infection and are homologs of DarTG, a recently discovered family of TA systems whose biological functions and natural activating conditions were unclear. We demonstrate that phage infection triggers the release of DarT toxin, a DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase, to modify viral DNA and prevent replication, thereby blocking the production of mature virions. Phages can evolve to overcome DarTG defense either through mutations to their DNA polymerase or to an anti-DarT factor, gp61.2, encoded by many T-even phages. Collectively, our results indicate that phage defense may be a common function for TA systems and reveal the mechanism by which DarTG systems inhibit phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeRoux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlehale, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodoro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct quantification of ligand-induced lipid and protein microdomains with distinctive signaling properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid rafts are known as highly ordered lipid domains that are enriched in saturated lipids such as the ganglioside GM1. While lipid rafts are believed to exist in cells and to serve as signaling platforms through their enrichment in signaling components, they have never been directly observed in the plasma membrane without treatments that artificially cluster GM1 into large lattices. Here we report that microscopic GM1-enriched domains can form, without lipid cross-linking, in the plasma membrane of live mammalian cells expressing the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase in response to its ligand ephrinA1-Fc. The GM1-enriched microdomains form concomitantly with EphA2-enriched microdomains, but only partially co-localize with them. To gain insight into how plasma membrane heterogeneity controls signaling, we quantify the degree of EphA2 segregation and study initial EphA2 signaling steps in both EphA2-enriched and EphA2-depleted domains. By measuring dissociation constants, we demonstrate that EphA2 oligomerization is the same in EphA2-enriched and -depleted domains. However, EphA2 interacts preferentially with its downstream effector SRC in EphA2-depleted domains. The ability to induce microscopic GM1-enriched domains in live cells using a ligand for a transmembrane receptor will give us unprecedented opportunities to study the biology of lipid rafts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct quantification of ligand-induced lipid and protein microdomains with distinctive signaling properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.461966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pre-Processing Pipeline to Quantify, Visualize andReduce Technical Variation in Protein Microarray 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.461966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technical variation, or variation from non-biological sources, is present in most laboratory assays. Correcting for this variation enables analysts to extract a biological signal that informs questions of interest. However, each assay has different sources and levels of technical variation and the choice of correction methods can impact downstream analyses. Compared to similar assays such as DNA microarrays, relatively few methods have been developed and evaluated for protein microarrays, a versatile tool for measuring levels of various proteins in serum samples. Here, we propose a pre-processing pipeline to correct for some common sources of technical variation in protein microarrays. The pipeline builds upon an existing normalization method by using controls to reduce technical variation. We evaluate our method using data from two protein microarray studies, and by simulation. We demonstrate that pre-processing choices impact the fluorescent-intensity based ranks of proteins, which in turn, impact downstream analysis.

1 Impact StatementProtein microarrays are in wide use in cancer research, infectious disease diagnostics and biomarker identification. To inform research and practice in these and other fields, technical variation must be corrected using normalization and pre-processing. Current protein microarray studies use a variety of normalization methods, many of which were developed for DNA microarrays, and therefore are based on assumptions and data that are not ideal for protein microarrays. To address this issue, we develop, evaluate, and implement a pre-processing pipeline that corrects for technical variation in protein microarrays. We show that pre-processing and normalization directly impact the validity of downstream analysis, and protein-specific approaches are essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.461966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pre-Processing Pipeline to Quantify, Visualize andReduce Technical Variation in Protein Microarray]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gut commensal niche regulates stable association of a multispecies microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestines of animals are typically colonized by a complex, relatively stable microbiota that influences health and fitness, but the underlying mechanisms of colonization remain poorly understood. As a typical animal, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is associated with a consistent set of commensal bacterial species, yet the reason for this consistency is unknown. Here, we use gnotobiotic flies, microscopy, and microbial pulse-chase protocols to show that a commensal niche exists within the proventriculus region of the Drosophila foregut that selectively binds bacteria with exquisite strain-level specificity. Primary colonizers saturate the niche and exclude secondary colonizers of the same strain, but initial colonization by Lactobacillus physically remodels the niche to favor secondary colonization by Acetobacter. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the establishment and stability of an intestinal microbiome.

One-Sentence SummaryA strain-specific set of bacteria inhabits a defined spatial region of the Drosophila gut that forms a commensal niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voltolini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivak, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gut commensal niche regulates stable association of a multispecies microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses to protein toxins and virulence factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial exposures are crucial environmental factors that impact healthspan by sculpting the immune system and microbiota. Antibody profiling via programmable Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) provides a high-throughput, costeffective approach for multiplexed detection of exposure and response to thousands of microbial protein products. Here we designed and constructed a library of 95,601 56 amino acid peptide tiles spanning a subset of environmental proteins more likely to be associated with immune responses: those with "toxin" or "virulence factor" keyword annotations. PhIP-Seq was used to profile the circulating antibodies of ~1,000 individuals against this "ToxScan" library of 14,430 toxins and virulence factors from 1,312 genera of organisms. In addition to a detailed analysis of six commonly encountered human commensals and pathogens, we study the age-dependent stability of the ToxScan profile and use a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to find that the MHC-II locus modulates the selection of bacterial epitopes. We detect previously described anti-flagellin antibody responses in a Crohns disease cohort and identify a novel association between anti-flagellin antibodies and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). PhIP-Seq with the ToxScan library provides a new window into exposure and immune responses to environmental protein toxins and virulence factors, which can be used to study human health and disease at cohort scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angkeow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sie, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liechti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadi, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funez-dePagnier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman-Baust, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Round, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laserson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rider, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses to protein toxins and virulence factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Compression Creates a Quiescent Muscle Stem Cell Niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscles can regenerate throughout life time from resident Pax7-expressing (Pax7+) muscle stem cells (MuSCs)1-3. Pax7+ MuSCs are normally quiescent and localized at a niche in which they are attached to the extracellular matrix basally and compressed against the myofiber apically3-5. Upon muscle injury, MuSCs lose apical contact with the myofiber and re-enter cell cycle to initiate regeneration. Prior studies on the physical niche of MuSCs focused on basal elasticity6,7, and significance of the apical force exerted on MuSCs remains unaddressed. Here we simulate MuSCs mechanical environment in vivo by applying physical compression to MuSCs apical surface. We demonstrate that compression drives activated MuSCs back to a quiescent stem cell state, even when seeded on different basal elasticities. By mathematical modeling and manipulating cell tension, we conclude that low overall tension combined with high edge tension generated by compression lead to MuSC quiescence. We further show that apical compression results in up-regulation of Notch downstream genes, accompanied by increased levels of nuclear Notch. The compression-induced nuclear Notch is ligand-independent, as it does not require the canonical S2-cleavage of Notch by ADAM10/17. Our results fill the knowledge gap on the role of apical tension for MuSC fate. Implications to how stem cell fate and activity are interlocked with the mechanical integrity of its resident tissue are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Compression Creates a Quiescent Muscle Stem Cell Niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cockroaches adjust body and appendages to traverse cluttered large obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To traverse complex natural terrain, animals often transition between locomotor modes. It is well known that locomotor transitions can be induced by switching in neural control circuits or be driven by a need to minimize metabolic energetic cost. Recent work discovered that locomotor transitions in complex 3-D terrain cluttered with large obstacles can also emerge from physical interaction with the environment controlled by the nervous system. To traverse cluttered, stiff grass-like beams, the discoid cockroach often transitions from using a strenuous pitch mode to push across to using a less strenuous roll mode to maneuver through the gaps, during which a potential energy barrier must be overcome. Although previous robotic physical modeling demonstrated that kinetic energy fluctuation from body oscillation generated by leg propulsion can help overcome the barrier and facilitate this transition, the animal was observed to transition even when the barrier still exceeds kinetic energy fluctuation. Here, we further studied whether and how the cockroach makes active adjustments to facilitate this locomotor transition to traverse cluttered beams. We observed that the animal flexed its head and abdomen, reduced hind leg sprawl, and used both hind legs differentially during the pitch-to-roll transition, which were absent when running on a flat ground. Using a refined potential energy landscape with additional degrees of freedom modeling these adjustments, we found that head flexion did not substantially reduce the transition barrier, whereas the leg sprawl reduction did so dramatically. We discussed likely functions of the observed adjustments and suggested future directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Othayoth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cockroaches adjust body and appendages to traverse cluttered large obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust Down syndrome features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in earlier detection and symptom management has increased life expectancy and quality of life in people with Down syndrome (DS). However, no drug has been approved to help individuals with DS live independently and fully. Although rat models could support more robust physiological, behavioral, and toxicology analysis than mouse models during preclinical validation, no DS rat model is available due to technical challenges. We developed the first transchromosomic rat model of DS, TcHSA21rat, which contains a freely segregating, EGFP-inserted, human chromosome 21 (HSA21) with >93% of its protein coding genes. RNA-Seq of neonatal forebrains demonstrates that TcHSA21rat not only expresses HSA21 genes but also has an imbalance in global gene expression. Using EGFP as a marker for trisomic cells, flow cytometry analyses of peripheral blood cells from 361 adult TcHSA21rat animals show that 81% of animals retain HSA21 in >80% of cells, the criterion for a "Down syndrome karyotype" in people. TcHSA21rat exhibits learning and memory deficits and shows increased anxiety and hyperactivity. TcHSA21rat recapitulates well-characterized DS brain morphology, including smaller brain volume and reduced cerebellar size. In addition, the rat model shows reduced cerebellar foliation, a prominent feature of DS that is not observed in DS mouse models. Moreover, TcHSA21rat exhibits anomalies in craniofacial morphology, heart development, husbandry, and stature. TcHSA21rat is a robust DS animal model that can facilitate DS basic research and provide a unique tool for preclinical validation to accelerate DS drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamakawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajitani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagawa-Tomita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuniishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichisaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takehara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiratsuka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsukura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richtsmeier, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust Down syndrome features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ptbp1 deletion does not induce glia-to-neuron conversion in adult mouse retina and brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct reprogramming of glia into neurons is a potentially promising approach for the replacement of neurons lost to injury or neurodegenerative disorders. Knockdown of the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein Ptbp1 has been recently reported to induce efficient conversion of retinal Muller glia and brain astrocytes into functional neurons. However, genetic analysis of Ptbp1 function in adult glia has not been conducted. Here, we use a combination of genetic lineage tracing, scRNA-Seq, and electrophysiological analysis to show that specific deletion of Ptbp1 in adult retinal Muller glia and brain astrocytes does not lead to any detectable level of glia-to-neuron conversion. Only a few changes in gene expression are observed in glia following Ptbp1 deletion, and glial identity is maintained. These findings highlight the importance of using genetic manipulation and lineage tracing methods in studying cell type conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.462784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ptbp1 deletion does not induce glia-to-neuron conversion in adult mouse retina and brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NFkB-signaling suppresses Müller glia-mediated neuron regeneration in the mammalian retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muller glia (MG) in mammalian retinas are incapable of regenerating neurons after damage, whereas the MG in lower vertebrates regenerate functional neurons. Identification networks that regulate MG-mediated regeneration is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of MG. Here we study how NFkB-signaling influences glial responses to damage and reprogramming of MG into neurons in the rodent retina. We find activation of NFkB and dynamic expression of NFkB-associated genes in MG after damage, however NFkB activity is inhibited by microglia ablation. Knockout of NFkB in MG suppressed the accumulation of immune cells after damage. Inhibition of NFkB following NMDA-damage significantly enhanced the reprogramming of Ascl1-overexpressing MG into neuron-like cells. scRNA-seq of retinal glia following inhibition of NFkB reveals coordination with signaling via TGF{beta}2 and suppression of NFI and Id transcription factors. Inhibition of Smad3 or Id transcription factors increased numbers of neuron-like cells produced by Ascl1-overexpressing MG. We conclude that NFkB is a key signaling hub that is activated in MG after damage, mediates the accumulation of immune cells, and suppresses the neurogenic potential of MG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NFkB-signaling suppresses Müller glia-mediated neuron regeneration in the mammalian retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing XIST on the future active X: Searching human and bovine preimplantation embryos for the repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
X inactivation is the means of equalizing the dosage of X chromosomal genes in male and female eutherian mammals, so that only one X is active in each cell. The XIST locus (in cis) on each additional X chromosome initiates the transcriptional silencing of that chromosome, making it an inactive X. How the active X in both males and females is protected from inactivation by its own XIST locus is not well understood in any mammal. Previous studies of autosomal duplications suggest that gene(s) on the short arm of human chromosome 19 repress XIST function on the active X. Here, we examine the time of transcription of some candidate genes in preimplantation embryos using single-cell RNA sequencing data from human embryos and qRT-PCR from bovine embryos. The candidate genes assayed are those transcribed from 19p13.3-13.2, which are widely expressed and can remodel chromatin. Our results confirm that XIST is expressed at low levels from the future active X in embryos of both sexes; they also show that the XIST locus is repressed in both sexes when pluripotency factors are being upregulated, during the 4-8 cell and morula stages in human and bovine embryos - well before the early blastocyst (E5) when XIST on the inactive X in females begins to be upregulated. Our data suggest a role for DNMT1, UHRF1, SAFB and SAFB2 in XIST repression; they also exclude XACT and other 19p candidate genes and provide the transcriptional timing for some genes not previously assayed in human or bovine preimplantation embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aksit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migeon, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing XIST on the future active X: Searching human and bovine preimplantation embryos for the repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.461881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Dynamics as Communication Sensors in Peptide Synthetase Cyclization Domains. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.461881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural biology is the foundation for deriving molecular mechanisms, where snapshots of macromolecules and binding partners inform on mutations that test or modify function. However, frequently, the impact of mutations violates the underpinnings of structural models, and mechanisms become cryptic. This conundrum applies to multidomain enzymatic systems called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which assemble simple substrates into complex metabolites often with pharmaceutical properties. Engineering NRPSs can generate new pharmaceuticals1-3 but a dynamic domain organization challenges rational design.4-8 Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we determined the solution structure of a 52 kDa cyclization domain and demonstrate that global intra-domain dynamics enable sensing of substrates tethered to partner domains and draw an allosteric response encompassing the enzymes buried active site and two binding sites 40 [A] apart. We show that a point-site mutation that impedes the domain dynamics globally hampers the allosteric response. We demonstrate this mechanism through NMR experiments that provide atomic-level read-outs of allosteric responses during biochemical transformations in situ. Our results establish global structural dynamics as sensors of molecular events that can remodel domain interactions and illustrate the need for integrating structural dynamics explicitly when deriving molecular mechanisms through mutagenesis and structural biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marincin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvignies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgourakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowling, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.461881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Dynamics as Communication Sensors in Peptide Synthetase Cyclization Domains.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput Activity Assay for Screening Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Macrodomain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrodomains are a class of conserved ADP-ribosylhydrolases expressed by viruses of pandemic concern, including coronaviruses and alphaviruses. Viral macrodomains are critical for replication and virus-induced pathogenesis; therefore, these enzymes are a promising target for antiviral therapy. However, no potent or selective viral macrodomain inhibitors currently exist, in part due to the lack of a high-throughput assay for this class of enzymes. Here, we developed a high-throughput ADP-ribosylhydrolase assay using the SARS-CoV-2 macrodomain Mac1. We performed a pilot screen which identified dasatinib and dihydralazine as ADP-ribosylhydrolase inhibitors. Importantly, dasatinib does not inhibit MacroD2, the closest Mac1 homolog in humans. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying selective inhibitors based on ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, paving the way for screening large compound libraries to identify improved macrodomain inhibitors and explore their potential as antiviral therapies for SARS-CoV-2 and future viral threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayabalan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redinger, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput Activity Assay for Screening Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Macrodomain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scatterHatch: an R/Bioconductor package for colorblind accessible visualization of single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced-dimension or spatial in situ scatter plots are widely employed in bioinformatics papers analyzing single-cell data to present phenomena or cell-conditions of interest in cell groups. When displaying these cell groups, color is frequently the only graphical cue used to differentiate them. However, as the complexity of the information presented in these visualizations increases, the usefulness of color as the only visual cue declines, especially for the sizable readership with color-vision deficiencies (CVDs). In this paper, we present scatterHatch, an R package that creates easily interpretable scatter plots by redundant coding of cell groups using colors as well as patterns. We give examples to demonstrate how the scatterHatch plots are more accessible than simple scatter plots when simulated for various types of CVDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scatterHatch: an R/Bioconductor package for colorblind accessible visualization of single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE9 is a Driver of Stemness in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A small population of self-renewing stem cells initiate tumors and maintain therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma. Given the limited treatment options and dismal prognosis for this disease there is urgent need to identify drivers of stem cells that could be druggable targets. Previous work showed that the endosomal pH regulator NHE9 is upregulated in glioblastoma and correlates with worse survival prognosis. Here, we probed for aberrant signaling pathways in patient-derived glioblastoma cells and found that NHE9 increases cell surface expression and phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases by promoting their escape from lysosomal degradation. Downstream of NHE9-mediated receptor activation, oncogenic signaling pathways converged on the JAK2-STAT3 transduction axis to induce pluripotency genes Oct4 and Nanog and suppress markers of glial differentiation. We used both genetic and chemical approaches to query the role of endosomal pH in glioblastoma phenotypes. Loss-of-function mutations in NHE9 that failed to alkalinize endosomal lumen did not increase self-renewal capacity of gliomaspheres in vitro. However, monensin, a chemical mimetic of Na+/H+ exchanger activity, and the H+ pump inhibitor bafilomycin bypassed NHE9 to directly alkalinize the endosomal lumen resulting in stabilization of receptor tyrosine kinases and induction of Oct4 and Nanog. Using orthotopic models of primary glioblastoma cells we found that NHE9 increased tumor initiation in vivo. We propose that NHE9 initiates inside-out signaling from the endosomal lumen, distinct from the established effects of cytoplasmic and extracellular pH on tumorigenesis. Endosomal pH may be an attractive therapeutic target that diminishes stemness in glioblastoma, agnostic of specific receptor subtype.

SignificanceA well-known hallmark of cancer is excessive acidification of tumor microenvironment, caused by upregulation of Na+/H+ exchanger activity on the cancer cell membrane. However, the role of organellar pH in tumor biology has not been established. This study identifies a mechanistic link between upregulation of the endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger NHE9 and stemness properties in glioblastoma, the most malignant and common brain tumor in adults. By increasing pH of the recycling endosome, NHE9 exerts a broad effect on post-translational stability and activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, leading to increased stem cell-like properties of self-renewal and tumor initiation in glioblastoma models. Our findings suggest that targeting NHE9 or endosomal pH could be an effective strategy for receptor agnostic glioblastoma treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiapparelli, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez Meade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekile, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bertoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laterra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE9 is a Driver of Stemness in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of smell (olfaction) is one of the most important senses for animals including humans. Despite significant advances in the understanding mechanism of olfaction, currently, there are no objective non-invasive methods that can identify loss of smell. Covid-19-related loss of smell has highlighted the need to develop methods that can identify loss of olfaction. Voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (NaV1.7) plays a critical role in olfaction by aiding the signal propagation to the olfactory bulb. We have identified several conditions such as chronic inflammation and viral infections such as Covid-19 that lead to loss of smell correlate with downregulation of NaV1.7 expression at transcript and protein levels in the olfactory epithelium. Leveraging this knowledge, we have developed a novel fluorescent probe Tsp1a-IR800 that targets NaV1.7. Using fluorescence imaging we can objectively measure the loss of sense of smell in live animals non-invasively. We also demonstrate that our non-invasive method is semiquantitative because the loss of fluorescence intensity correlates with the level of smell loss. Our results indicate, that our probe Tsp1a-IR800, can objectively diagnose anosmia in animal and human subjects using infrared fluorescence. We believe this method to non-invasively diagnose loss of smell objectively is a significant advancement in relation to current methods that rely on highly subjective behavioral studies and can aid in studying olfaction loss and the development of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adilbay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetrio de Souza Franca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroll, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillarsetty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning from the physical consequences of our actions improves motor memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actions have consequences. Motor learning involves correcting actions that lead to movement errors and remembering these actions for future behavior. In most laboratory situations, movement errors have no physical consequences and simply indicate the progress of learning. Here we asked how experiencing a physical consequence when making a movement error affects motor learning. Two groups of participants adapted to a new, prism-induced mapping between visual input and motor output while performing a precision walking task. Importantly, one group experienced an unexpected slip perturbation when making foot-placement errors during adaptation. Because of our innate drive for safety, and the fact that balance is fundamental to movement, we hypothesized that this experience would enhance motor memory. Learning generalized to different walking tasks to a greater extent in the group who experienced the adverse physical consequence. This group also showed faster relearning one week later despite exposure to a competing mapping during initial learning--evidence of greater memory consolidation. The group differences in generalization and consolidation occurred even though they both experienced similar magnitude foot-placement errors and adapted at similar rates. Our results suggest the brain considers the potential physical consequences of movement error when learning and that balance-threatening consequences serve to enhance this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakkum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marigold, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning from the physical consequences of our actions improves motor memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptors switch from cell autonomous axon extension to non-cell autonomous process pulling during synaptic marker redistribution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoreceptors (PRs) are the primary visual sensory cells, and their loss leads to blindness that is currently incurable. Cell replacement therapy holds promise as a therapeutic approach to restore vision to those who have lost PRs through damage or disease. While PR transplant research is ongoing in animal models, success is hindered by our limited understanding of PR axon growth during development and regeneration. Using a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) reporter line that labels PRs (WA09 CRX+/tdTomato), we generated retinal organoids in order to study mechanisms of PR process extension. We found that the earliest born PRs exhibit autonomous axon extension from dynamic terminals that appear similar to projection neuron growth cones. However, as hPSC-derived PRs age from 40 to 80 days of differentiation, they lose dynamic terminals in 2D plated cultures and within 3D retinal organoids, which does not correlate with cell birth date. Using a rod-specific hPSC reporter line (WA09 NRL+/eGFP), we further determined that rod PRs never form motile growth cones. Interestingly, PRs without motile terminals are still capable of extending axons, but neurites are generated from process stretching via their attachment to motile non-PR cells, which underlies the observed differences in PR neurite lengths on different substrata. While immobile PR terminals express actin, it is less polymerized and less organized than actin present in motile terminals. However, immobile PRs do localize synaptic proteins to their terminals, suggesting a normal developmental progression. These findings help inform the development of PR transplant therapies to treat blinding diseases and provide a platform to test treatments that restore autonomous PR axon extension.

Significance StatementLoss of photoreceptors (PRs) in the retina through damage or disease causes irreversible vision loss and blindness. One treatment approach is to replace lost cells with transplanted human stem cell-derived PRs, but this requires PR axons to integrate into the host retina to restore the required neural connections. For this strategy to succeed, we need to understand how PRs extend processes to their targets during development in situ, and whether dissociated human stem cell (hPSC)-derived PRs behave in a similar fashion. In this paper, we show that hPSC-PRs have only a short window during which they are capable of autonomous axon extension, which has implications for PR transplant efforts and for our basic understanding of human retinal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rempel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamm, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptors switch from cell autonomous axon extension to non-cell autonomous process pulling during synaptic marker redistribution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma lipids are heritable modifiable causal factors for coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death globally. Despite the well-described monogenic and polygenic bases of dyslipidemia, limitations remain in discovery of lipid-associated alleles using whole genome sequencing, partly due to limited sample sizes, ancestral diversity, and interpretation of potential clinical significance. Increasingly larger whole genome sequence datasets with plasma lipids coupled with methodologic advances enable us to more fully catalog the allelic spectrum for lipids. Here, among 66,329 ancestrally diverse (56% non-European ancestry) participants, we associate 428M variants from deep-coverage whole genome sequences with plasma lipids. Approximately 400M of these variants were not studied in prior lipids genetic analyses. We find multiple lipid-related genes strongly associated with plasma lipids through analysis of common and rare coding variants. We additionally discover several significantly associated rare non-coding variants largely at Mendelian lipid genes. Notably, we detect rare LDLR intronic variants associated with markedly increased LDL-C, similar to rare LDLR exonic variants. In conclusion, we conducted a systematic whole genome scan for plasma lipids expanding the alleles linked to lipids for multiple ancestries and characterize a clinically-relevant rare non-coding variant model for lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reupena, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare instances of non-random dropout with the monochrome multiplex qPCR assay for mitochondrial DNA copy number 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is a proxy for mitochondrial function and has been of increasing interest to the mitochondrial research community. There are a number of ways to measure mtDNA-CN, ranging from qPCR to whole genome sequencing [1]. A recent article in the Journal of Molecular Diagnostics [2] described a novel method for measuring mtDNA-CN that is both inexpensive and reproducible. After adapting the assay for use in our lab, we have found it to be reproducible and well-correlated with mtDNA-CN derived from whole genome sequencing. However, certain individuals show poor concordance between the two measures, particularly individuals with qPCR mtDNA-CN measurements >3 standard deviations below the sample mean, which corresponds to roughly 1% of assayed individuals (Figure 1). After examining whole genome sequencing data, this seems to be due to specific polymorphisms within the D-loop primer region, at positions MT 338, 340, 452, 457, 458, 460, 461, 466, and 467. All individuals with a variant in at least one of these positions have non-concordant mtDNA-CN measurements. Meanwhile, variants observed at other positions within the primer region do not appear to cause dropout.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/463983v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (16K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@134ca51org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ce9196org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b82af6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c9701_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1.C_FLOATNO Discrepancy between the monochrome multiplex qPCR mtDNA-CN and the whole genome sequencing mtDNA-CN for 1,732 distinct individuals. Data are centered at 0 and scaled so that the standard deviation = 1. The dotted red line represents 3 standard deviations beneath the sample mean. Individuals in the U, L1, L4, and T haplogroups have a disproportionately higher risk of discordant measures between the two assays.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare instances of non-random dropout with the monochrome multiplex qPCR assay for mitochondrial DNA copy number]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tagging active neurons by soma-targeted Cal-Light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Verifying causal effects of neural circuits is essential for proving direct a circuit-behavior relationship. However, techniques for tagging only active neurons with high spatiotemporal precision remain at the beginning stages. Here we developed the soma-targeted Cal-Light (ST-Cal-Light) which selectively converts somatic calcium rise triggered by action potentials into gene expression. Such modification simultaneously increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of reporter gene expression and reduces the light requirement for successful labeling. Because of the enhanced efficacy, the ST-Cal-Light enables the tagging of functionally engaged neurons in various forms of behaviors, including context-dependent fear conditioning, leverpressing choice behavior, and social interaction behaviors. We also targeted kainic acid-sensitive neuronal populations in the hippocampus which subsequently suppressed seizure symptoms, suggesting ST-Cal-Lights applicability in controlling disease-related neurons. Furthermore, the generation of a conditional ST-Cal-Light knock-in (KI) mouse provides an opportunity to tag active neurons in a region- or cell-type specific manner via crossing with other Cre-driver lines. Thus, the versatile ST-Cal-Light system links somatic action potentials to behaviors with high temporal precision, and ultimately allows functional circuit dissection at a single cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagahama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignocchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tagging active neurons by soma-targeted Cal-Light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life stress-induced vulnerability to postpartum mental disturbance: prolonged dysregulation of the HPA axis and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress during childhood and adolescence increases the risk for postpartum depression (PPD). Patients with depression who have experienced adverse life events tend to be treatment refractory. However, the mechanism by which stress during childhood and adolescence are involved in the pathophysiology of PPD remains unclear. We investigated the longitudinal effects of adolescent stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and behaviors in the postpartum period through mouse and human studies. We observed that adolescent social isolation caused an aberrantly sustained elevation of glucocorticoids via dysregulation of the HPA axis, leading to long-lasting postpartum behavioral changes in female mice. The postpartum behavioral changes elicited by this adolescent stress were not ameliorated by the medicines currently used for PPD treatment. However, a post-delivery treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist effectively ameliorated the behavioral changes in mice. We also demonstrated a significant impact of stress during childhood and adolescence on the HPA axis dysregulation and PPD in women. We provide experimental evidence that suggests a mechanism-driven therapeutic strategy (repurposing a GR antagonist) for at least some cases of treatment refractory PPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wand, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life stress-induced vulnerability to postpartum mental disturbance: prolonged dysregulation of the HPA axis and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Liver Regeneration by hepatocyte O-GlcNAcylation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver has a unique capacity to regenerate after injury in a highly orchestrated and regulated manner. Here we report that O-GlcNAcylation, an intracellular post-translational modification (PTM) regulated by two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is a critical termination signal for liver regeneration (LR) following partial hepatectomy (PHX). We studied liver regeneration after PHX on hepatocyte specific OGT and OGA knockout mice (OGT-KO and OGA-KO), which caused a significant decrease (OGT-KO) and increase (OGA-KO) in hepatic O-GlcNAcylation, respectively. OGA-KO mice had normal regeneration, but the OGT-KO mice exhibited substantial defects in termination of liver regeneration with increased liver injury, sustained cell proliferation resulting in significant hepatomegaly, hepatic dysplasia and appearance of small nodules at 28 days after PHX. This was accompanied by a sustained increase in expression of cyclins along with significant induction in pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expression in the OGT-KO livers. RNA-Seq studies revealed inactivation of hepatocyte nuclear 4 alpha (HNF4), the master regulator of hepatic differentiation and a known termination signal, in OGT-KO mice at 28 days after PHX, which was confirmed by both Western blot and IHC analysis. Furthermore, a significant decrease in HNF target genes was observed in OGT-KO mice, indicating a lack of hepatocyte differentiation following decreased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed HNF4 is O-GlcNAcylated in normal differentiated hepatocytes. These studies show that O-GlcNAcylation plays a critical role in the termination of LR via regulation of HNF4 in hepatocytes.

Layman summaryO-GlcNAcylation is a protein modification that plays a critical role in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and disease progression. These studies show that O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes is essential for proper liver regeneration. Without O-GlcNAcylation, hepatocytes keep on proliferating eventually forming liver tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robarts, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGreal, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbaugh, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotulkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeschke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunewardena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanover, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slawson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Liver Regeneration by hepatocyte O-GlcNAcylation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain functional connectome defines a transdiagnostic dimension associated with cognition and psychopathology in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive dysfunction and high-order psychopathologic dimensions are two main classes of transdiagnostic factors related to psychiatric disorders. They may link to common or distinct core brain networks underlying developmental risk of psychiatric disorders.

MethodThe current study is a longitudinal investigation with 11,875 youths aged 9-to 10-years-old at study onset, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. A machine-learning approach based on canonical correlation analysis was used to identify latent dimensional associations of the resting-state functional connectome with multi-domain behavioral assessments of cognitive functions and psychopathological problems. For the latent rsFC factor showing a robust behavioral association, its ability to predict psychiatric disorders was assessed using two-year follow-up data and its genetic association was evaluated using twin data from the same cohort.

ResultA latent functional connectome pattern was identified that showed a strong and generalizable association with the multi-domain behavioral assessments (5-fold cross validation: {rho} = 0.68~0.73, for the training set (N = 5096); {rho} = 0.56 ~ 0.58, for the test set (N = 1476)). This functional connectome pattern was highly heritable (h2 = 74.42%, 95% CI: 56.76%-85.42%), exhibited a dose-response relationship with cumulative number of psychiatric disorders assessed concurrently and 2-years post-MRI-scan, and predicted the transition of diagnosis across disorders over the 2-year follow-up period.

ConclusionThese findings provide preliminary evidence for a transdiagnostic connectome-based measure that underlies individual differences in developing psychiatric disorders in early adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmeron, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain functional connectome defines a transdiagnostic dimension associated with cognition and psychopathology in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple islet autoantibodies (AAb) predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) and hyperglycemia within 10 years. By contrast, T1D develops in just [~]15% of single AAb+ (generally against glutamic acid decarboxylase, GADA+) individuals; hence the single GADA+ state may represent an early stage of T1D amenable to interventions. Here, we functionally, histologically, and molecularly phenotype human islets from non-diabetic, GADA+ and T1D donors. Similar to the few remaining beta cells in T1D islets, GADA+ donor islets demonstrated a preserved insulin secretory response. By contrast, alpha cell glucagon secretion was dysregulated in both T1D and GADA+ islets with impaired glucose suppression of glucagon secretion. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) of GADA+ alpha cells revealed distinct abnormalities in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and a marked downregulation of PKIB, providing a molecular basis for the loss of glucose suppression and the increased effect of IBMX observed in GADA+ donor islets. The striking observation of a distinct early defect in alpha cell function that precedes beta cell loss in T1D suggests that not only overt disease, but also the progression to T1D itself, is bihormonal in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doliba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manduchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matschinsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Source-sink connectivity: a novel resting-state EEG marker of the epileptogenic zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 15 million epilepsy patients worldwide have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Successful surgery is a standard of care treatment for DRE but can only be achieved through complete resection or disconnection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ), the brain region(s) where seizures originate. Surgical success rates vary between 20-80% because no clinically validated biological markers of the EZ exist. Localizing the EZ is a costly and time-consuming process beginning with non-invasive neuroimaging and often followed by days to weeks of intracranial EEG (iEEG) monitoring. Clinicians visually inspect iEEG data to identify abnormal activity (e.g., low-voltage high frequency activity) on individual channels occurring immediately before seizures or spikes that occur on interictal iEEG (i.e., between seizures). In the end, the clinical standard mainly relies on a small proportion of the iEEG data captured to assist in EZ localization (minutes of seizure data versus days of recordings), missing opportunities to leverage these largely ignored interictal data to better diagnose and treat patients.

Intracranial EEG offers a unique opportunity to observe epileptic cortical network dynamics but waiting for seizures increases patient risks associated with invasive monitoring. In this study, we aim to leverage interictal iEEG data by developing a new network-based interictal iEEG marker of the EZ. We hypothesize that when a patient is not clinically seizing, it is because the EZ is inhibited by other regions. We developed an algorithm that identifies two groups of nodes from the interictal iEEG network: those that are continuously inhibiting a set of neighboring nodes ("sources") and the inhibited nodes themselves ("sinks"). Specifically, patient-specific dynamical network models (DNMs) were estimated from minutes of iEEG and their connectivity properties revealed top sources and sinks in the network, with each node being quantified by source-sink metrics (SSMs). We validated the SSMs in a retrospective analysis of 65 patients by using the SSMs of the annotated EZ to predict surgical outcomes. The SSMs predicted outcomes with an accuracy of 79% compared to an accuracy of 43% for clinicians predictions (surgical success rate of this dataset). In failed outcomes, we identified regions of the brain with high SSMs that were untreated. When compared to high frequency oscillations, the most commonly proposed interictal iEEG feature for EZ localization, SSMs outperformed in predictive power (by a factor of 1.2) suggesting SSMs may be an interictal iEEG fingerprint of the EZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsdottir, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korzeniewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cajigas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyckoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elarjani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicchi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Source-sink connectivity: a novel resting-state EEG marker of the epileptogenic zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kernel-based genetic association analysis for microbiome phenotypes identifies host genetic drivers of beta-diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding human genetic influences on the gut microbiota helps elucidate the mechanisms by which genetics affects health outcomes. We propose a novel approach, the covariate-adjusted kernel RV (KRV) framework, to map genetic variants associated with microbiome beta-diversity, which focuses on overall shifts in the microbiota. The proposed KRV framework improves statistical power by capturing intrinsic structure within the genetic and microbiome data while reducing the multiple-testing burden. We apply the covariate-adjusted KRV test to the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos in a genome-wide association analysis (first gene-level, then variant-level) for microbiome beta-diversity. We have identified an immunity-related gene, IL23R, reported in previous association studies and discovered 3 other novel genes, 2 of which are involved in immune functions or autoimmune disorders. Our findings highlight the value of the KRV as a powerful microbiome GWAS approach and support an important role of immunity-related genes in shaping the gut microbiome composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Nguyen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plantinga, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kernel-based genetic association analysis for microbiome phenotypes identifies host genetic drivers of beta-diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid-beta and tau pathologies are both necessary to induce novel stage-specific microglia subtypes during Alzheimer's disease progression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is unknown whether specific microglia are selectively induced by amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}), tau pathologies, or both in combination. To address this, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile mice bearing both A{beta} and tau pathologies during Alzheimers disease (AD) progression. We identify novel microglia subtypes induced in a disease stage-specific manner. We show that during early-stage disease, interferon signaling induces a subtype of microglia termed EADAM. During late-stage disease, a second microglia subtype termed LADAM is detected. While EADAM and LADAM-like microglia are observed in other neurodegenerative models, the magnitude and composition of subtype markers are distinct from microglia observed with AD-like pathology. The pattern of EADAM- and LADAM-associated gene expression is observed in microglia from human AD, during the early and late stages of disease, respectively. Furthermore, we observe that several siglec genes are selectively expressed in either EADAM or LADAM. Siglecg is expressed in white-matter-associated LADAM, and expression of the human orthologue of Siglecg is progressively elevated in AD-stage-dependent manner but not shown in non-AD tauopathy. Our findings imply that both A{beta} and tau pathologies are required for disease stage-specific induction of EADAM and LADAM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaar, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.16.464454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid-beta and tau pathologies are both necessary to induce novel stage-specific microglia subtypes during Alzheimer's disease progression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ASCC2 CUE domain contacts adjacent ubiquitins to recognize K63-linked polyubiquitin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alkylation of DNA and RNA is a potentially toxic lesion that can result in mutations and cell death. In response to alkylation damage, K63-linked polyubiquitin chains are assembled that localize the ALKBH3-ASCC repair complex to damage sites in the nucleus. The protein ASCC2, a subunit of the ASCC complex, selectively binds K63-linked polyubiquitin chains using its CUE domain, a type of ubiquitin-binding domain that typically binds monoubiquitin and does not discriminate among different polyubiquitin linkage types. We report here that the ASCC2 CUE domain selectively binds K63-linked diubiquitin by contacting both the distal and proximal ubiquitin. Whereas the ASCC2 CUE domain binds the distal ubiquitin in a manner similar to that reported for other CUE domains bound to a single ubiquitin, the contacts with the proximal ubiquitin are unique to ASCC2. The N-terminal portion of the ASCC2 1 helix, including residues E467 and S470, contributes to the binding interaction with the proximal ubiquitin of K63-linked diubiquitin. Mutation of residues within the N-terminal portion of the ASCC2 1 helix decreases ASCC2 recruitment in response to DNA alkylation, supporting the functional significance of these interactions during the alkylation damage response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lombardi, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusanov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebreau, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngandu, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orland, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Asante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelyun, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorb, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veilleux, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosammaparast, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ASCC2 CUE domain contacts adjacent ubiquitins to recognize K63-linked polyubiquitin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sculpting rupture-free nuclear shapes in fibrous environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoskeleton-mediated force transmission regulates nucleus morphology. How nuclei shaping occurs in fibrous in vivo environments remains poorly understood. Here a suspended nanofiber assay of precisely-tunable (nm-m) diameters is used to quantify nucleus plasticity in fibrous environments mimicking the natural extracellular matrix. In contrast to the apical cap over the nucleus in cells on 2-dimensional surfaces, the cellular cytoskeleton of cells on fibers displays a uniform actin network caging the nucleus. The role of contractility-driven caging in sculpting nuclear shapes is investigated as cells spread on aligned single fibers, doublets, and multiple fibers of varying diameters. Cell contractility increases with fiber diameter due to increased focal adhesion clustering and density of actin stress fibers, which correlates with increased mechanosensitive transcription factor YAP translocation to the nucleus. Unexpectedly, large- and small-diameter fiber combinations lead to teardrop-shaped nuclei due to stress-fiber anisotropy across the cell. As cells spread on fibers, diameter-dependent invaginations that run the nucleuss length are formed at contact sites. The deepest and sharpest invaginations are insufficient to trigger nucleus rupture, often observed in 2D or confined systems. Overall, we describe the unknown adaptability of nuclei to fibrous environments and resultant sculpting of the nucleus shapes, with pathophysiological implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sculpting rupture-free nuclear shapes in fibrous environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are highly heritable major psychiatric disorders that share a substantial portion of genetic risk as well as their clinical manifestations. This raises a fundamental question of whether, and how, common neurobiological pathways translate their shared polygenic risks into shared clinical manifestations. The present study shows the miR-124-AMPAR pathway as a key common neurobiological mediator that connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between these two psychotic disorders. We discovered upregulation of miR-124 in biopsied neuronal cells and postmortem prefrontal cortex from both SZ and BP patients, implying its role not only as a biomarker, but also as a pathophysiological mediator. Intriguingly, the upregulation is associated with the polygenic risks shared between these two disorders. Seeking mechanistic dissection, we generated a mouse model that upregulates miR-124 in the medial prefrontal cortex, which includes brain regions homologous to sub-regions of the human prefrontal cortex. We demonstrated that upregulation of miR-124 increases GRIA2-lacking calcium permeable-AMPARs and perturbs AMPAR-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission, leading to deficits in the behavioral dimensions shared between SZ and BP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yukitake, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukudome, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaaro-Peled, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo motor learning of a bimanual control task over multiple days of practice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although much research on motor learning has focused on how we adapt our movements to maintain performance in the face of imposed perturbations, in many cases we must learn new skills from scratch, or de novo. In comparison to adaptation, relatively little is known about de novo learning. In part, this is because learning a new skill can involve many challenges, including learning to recognize new patterns of sensory input and generate new patterns of motor output. However, even with familiar sensory cues and well-practiced movements, the problem of quickly selecting the appropriate actions in response to the current state is challenging. Here, we devised a bimanual hand-to-cursor mapping which isolates this control problem. We find that participants initially struggled to control the cursor under this bimanual mapping, despite explicit knowledge of the mapping. Performance improved steadily over multiple days of practice, however. Participants exhibited no aftereffects when reverting to a veridical cursor, confirming that participants learned the new task de novo, rather than through adaptation. Corrective responses to mid-movement perturbations of the target were initially weak, but with practice, participants gradually became able to respond rapidly and robustly to these perturbations. After four days of practice, participants behavior under the bimanual mapping almost matched performance with a veridically mapped cursor. However, there remained a small but persistent difference in performance level. Our findings illustrate the dynamics and limitations of learning a novel controller and introduce a promising paradigm for tractably investigating this aspect of motor skill learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakpoor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo motor learning of a bimanual control task over multiple days of practice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of reversible osmotic stress on live cell plasma membranes, probed via Laurdan general polarization measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we seek to gain insight into changes in the plasma membrane of live cells upon the application of osmotic stress using Laurdan, a fluorescent probe that reports on membrane organization, hydration, and dynamics. It is known that the application of osmotic stress to lipid vesicles causes a decrease in Laurdans generalized polarization (GP), which has been interpreted as an indication of membrane stretching. In cells, we see the opposite effects, as GP increases when the osmolarity of the solution is decreased. This increase in GP is associated with the presence of caveolae, which are known to disassemble and flatten in response to osmotic stress, in a process that supplies extra plasma membrane in physiological processes.

SignificanceCells can experience multiple stresses in vivo. Furthermore, the application of osmotic stress is used as a biophysical tool to interrogate membrane proocesses in vitro. We sought to investigate the consequences of osmotic stress on the plasma membrane properties using the fluorescent probe Laurdan. Unexpectedly, we find that osmotic stress leads to an increase in GP in live cells. The opposite change in GP has been observed in model lipid bilayers, reminding us there are limitations to the utility of model systems in understanding cell membrane behavior. Despite years of research, the cell membrane still has ways to surprise us.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zapata-Mercado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of reversible osmotic stress on live cell plasma membranes, probed via Laurdan general polarization measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SAMBA tool uses long reads to improve the contiguity of genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third-generation sequencing technologies can generate very long reads with relatively high error rates. The lengths of the reads, which sometimes exceed one million bases, make them invaluable for resolving complex repeats that cannot be assembled using shorter reads. Many high-quality genome assemblies have already been produced, curated, and annotated using the previous generation of sequencing data, and full re-assembly of these genomes with long reads is not always practical or cost-effective. One strategy to upgrade existing assemblies is to generate additional coverage using long-read data, and add that to the previously assembled contigs. SAMBA is a tool that is designed to scaffold and gap-fill existing genome assemblies with additional long-read data, resulting in substantially greater contiguity. SAMBA is the only tool of its kind that also computes and fills in the sequence for all spanned gaps in the scaffolds, yielding much longer contigs. Here we compare SAMBA to several similar tools capable of re-scaffolding assemblies using long-read data, and we show that SAMBA yields better contiguity and introduces fewer errors than competing methods. SAMBA is open-source software that is distributed at https://github.com/alekseyzimin/masurca.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SAMBA tool uses long reads to improve the contiguity of genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic principles underlying pioneer function of GAGA transcription factor in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How pioneer factors interface with chromatin to promote accessibility for transcription control is poorly understood in vivo. Here, we directly visualize chromatin association by the prototypical GAGA pioneer factor (GAF) in live Drosophila hemocytes. Single-particle tracking reveals that the majority of GAF is chromatin-bound, with a stable-binding fraction showing nucleosome-like confinement residing on chromatin for over 2 minutes, far longer than the dynamic range of most transcription factors. These kinetic properties require the full complement of GAFs DNA-binding, multimerization and intrinsically disordered domains, and are autonomous from recruited chromatin remodelers NURF and PBAP, whose activities primarily benefit GAFs neighbors such as HSF. Evaluation of GAF kinetics together with its endogenous abundance indicates that despite on-off dynamics, GAF constitutively and fully occupies chromatin targets, thereby providing a temporal mechanism that sustains open chromatin for transcriptional responses to homeostatic, environmental, and developmental signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic principles underlying pioneer function of GAGA transcription factor in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated DNA and Histone Dynamics Drive Accurate Histone H2A.Z Exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomal histone H2A is exchanged for its variant H2A.Z by the SWR1 chromatin remodeler, but the mechanism and timing of histone exchange remain unclear. Here, we quantify DNA and histone dynamics during histone exchange in real-time using a three-color single-molecule FRET assay. We show that SWR1 operates with timed precision to unwrap DNA with large displacement from one face of the nucleosome, remove H2A-H2B from the same face, and rewrap DNA, all within 2.3 seconds. Such productive DNA unwrapping requires full SWR1 activation and differs from unproductive, smaller-scale DNA unwrapping caused by SWR1 binding alone. On an asymmetrically positioned nucleosome, SWR1 intrinsically senses long-linker DNA to preferentially exchange H2A.Z on the distal face as observed in vivo. The displaced H2A-H2B dimer remains briefly associated with the SWR1-nucleosome complex and is dissociated by histone chaperones. These findings reveal how SWR1 coordinates DNA unwrapping with histone dynamics to rapidly and accurately place H2A.Z at physiological sites on chromatin.

One-Sentence SummaryMulticolor single-molecule FRET reveals how SWR1 unwraps DNA to exchange nucleosomal H2A-H2B for H2A.Z-H2B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated DNA and Histone Dynamics Drive Accurate Histone H2A.Z Exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social-affective features drive human representations of observed actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans observe actions performed by others in many different visual and social settings. What features do we extract and attend when we view such complex scenes, and how are they processed in the brain? To answer these questions, we curated two large-scale sets of naturalistic videos of everyday actions and estimated their perceived similarity in two behavioral experiments. We normed and quantified a large range of visual, action-related and social-affective features across the stimulus sets. Using a cross-validated variance partitioning analysis, we found that social-affective features predicted similarity judgments better than, and independently of, visual and action features in both behavioral experiments. Next, we conducted an electroencephalography (EEG) experiment, which revealed a sustained correlation between neural responses to videos and their behavioral similarity. Visual, action, and social-affective features predicted neural patterns at early, intermediate and late stages respectively during this behaviorally relevant time window. Together, these findings show that social-affective features are important for perceiving naturalistic actions, and are extracted at the final stage of a temporal gradient in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomita, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social-affective features drive human representations of observed actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Wernicke conundrum revisited: evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping in post-stroke aphasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wernickes area has been assumed since the 1800s to be the primary region supporting word and sentence comprehension. However, Mesulam et al. (2015; 2019) raised what they termed the  Wernicke conundrum, noting widespread variability in the anatomical definition of this area and presenting data from primary progressive aphasia that challenged this classical assumption. To resolve the conundrum, they posited a  double disconnection hypothesis: that word and sentence comprehension deficits in stroke-based aphasia result from disconnection of anterior temporal and inferior frontal regions from other parts of the brain due to white matter damage, rather than dysfunction of Wernickes area itself. To test this hypothesis, we performed lesiondeficit correlations, including connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping, in four large, partially overlapping groups of English-speaking chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors. After removing variance due to object recognition and associative semantic processing, the same middle and posterior temporal lobe regions were implicated in both word comprehension deficits and complex noncanonical sentence comprehension deficits. Connectome lesion-symptom mapping revealed similar temporal-occipital white matter disconnections for impaired word and noncanonical sentence comprehension, including the temporal pole. We found an additional significant temporal-parietal disconnection for noncanonical sentence comprehension deficits, which may indicate a role for phonological working memory in processing complex syntax, but no significant frontal disconnections. Moreover, damage to these middle-posterior temporal lobe regions was associated with both word and noncanonical sentence comprehension deficits even when accounting for variance due to the strongest anterior temporal and inferior frontal white matter disconnections, respectively. Our results largely agree with the classical notion that Wernickes area, defined here as middle superior temporal gyrus and middle-posterior superior temporal sulcus, supports both word and sentence comprehension, suggest a supporting role for temporal pole in both word and sentence comprehension, and speak against the hypothesis that comprehension deficits in Wernickes aphasia result from double disconnection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matchin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Ouden, D.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickok, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Wernicke conundrum revisited: evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping in post-stroke aphasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Representations of Body and Head motion are Dynamically Encoded by Purkinje cell Populations in the Macaque Cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to accurately control our posture and perceive spatial orientation during self-motion requires knowledge of the motion of both the head and body. However, whereas the vestibular sensors and nuclei directly encode head motion, no sensors directly encode body motion. Instead, the integration of vestibular and neck proprioceptive inputs is necessary to transform vestibular information into the body-centric reference frame required for postural control. The anterior vermis of the cerebellum is thought to play a key role in this transformation, yet how its Purkinje cells integrate these inputs or what information they dynamically encode during self-motion remains unknown. Here we recorded the activity of individual anterior vermis Purkinje cells in alert monkeys during passively applied whole-body, body-under-head, and head-on-body rotations. Most neurons dynamically encoded an intermediate representation of self-motion between head and body motion. Notably, these neurons responded to both vestibular and neck proprioceptive stimulation and showed considerable heterogeneity in their response dynamics. Furthermore, their vestibular responses demonstrated tuning in response to changes in head-on-body position. In contrast, a small remaining percentage of neurons sensitive only to vestibular stimulation unambiguously encoded head-in-space motion across conditions. Using a simple population model, we establish that combining responses from 40 Purkinje cells can explain the responses of their target neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei across all self-motion conditions. We propose that the observed heterogeneity in Purkinje cells underlies the cerebellums capacity to compute the dynamic representation of body motion required to ensure accurate postural control and perceptual stability in our daily lives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Representations of Body and Head motion are Dynamically Encoded by Purkinje cell Populations in the Macaque Cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes for drought tolerance in coast redwood and giant sequoia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drought is a major limitation for survival and growth in plants. With more frequent and severe drought episodes occurring due to climate change, it is imperative to understand the genomic and physiological basis of drought tolerance to be able to predict how species will respond in the future. In this study, univariate and multitrait multivariate GWAS methods were used to identify candidate genes in two iconic and ecosystem-dominating species of the western US - coast redwood and giant sequoia - using ten drought-related physiological and anatomical traits and genome-wide sequence-capture SNPs. Population level phenotypic variation was found in carbon isotope discrimination, osmotic pressure at full turgor, xylem hydraulic diameter and total area of transporting fibers in both species. Our study identified new 78 new marker x trait associations in coast redwood and six in giant sequoia, with genes involved in a range of metabolic, stress and signaling pathways, among other functions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the genomic basis of drought tolerance in long-generation conifers and helps guide current and future conservation efforts in the species.

Significance StatementClimate change brings more frequent and severe drought events that challenge the survival of natural populations of plants. While most of our knowledge about drought tolerance comes from annual and domesticated plants, the genomic basis of drought tolerance in long-generation trees is poorly understood. Here, we aim to fill this gap by identifying candidate genes in two conifer species, coast redwood and giant sequoia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De La Torre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekhwal, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes for drought tolerance in coast redwood and giant sequoia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-induced remodeling of the hippocampal post-synaptic proteome and phosphoproteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The post synaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses contains a highly organized protein network with thousands of proteins and is key node in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. To gain new mechanistic insight into experience-induced changes in the PSD, we examined the global dynamics of the PSD proteome and phosphoproteome in mice following various treatments. Mice were trained using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task and hippocampal PSD fractions were isolated for quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomics analysis. We used a sequential enrichment strategy to explore the concurrent events of protein expression and phosphorylation in the hippocampal PSD following IA training (IA) or immediate shock (Shock). We identified more than 6,200 proteins and 3,000 phosphoproteins in the sequential strategy covering a total of 7,429 proteins. On the phosphoproteins we identified a total of 9,589 phosphosites. Strikingly, of the significantly IA-regulated proteins and phosphoproteins, a large fraction of the proteins displayed an overall decrease in phosphorylation level. Bioinformatic analysis of proteins and phosphoproteins that were regulated by IA were annotated for an involvement in regulation of glutamate receptor functionality, calcium signaling, and synaptic plasticity. We also identified synaptic kinases, phosphatases and their respective phosphosites regulated by IA training or immediate shock. Furthermore, we found that AMPA receptor surface expression was regulated by protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1H (Ppm1h). Together, these results unravel the dynamic remodeling of the PSD upon IA learning or immediate shock and serve as a resource for elucidating the synaptic proteome dynamics induced by experience-dependent plasticity.

HighlightsO_LIThe proteome and phosphoproteome of mouse hippocampal PSD fractions were examined using quantitative phosphoproteomics and bioinformatics following inhibitory avoidance training or non-associative immediate shock.
C_LIO_LIApproximately 6,200 proteins and 3,000 phosphoproteins were identified and quantified in the hippocampal PSD fractions.
C_LIO_LIIA mediates widespread decreases in the abundance and phosphorylation of proteins in the hippocampal PSD fraction.
C_LIO_LIKinases, phosphatases and their phosphorylation status were dynamically and significantly regulated by IA and immediate shock.
C_LIO_LIFunctional validation shows that the protein phosphatase Ppm1h is linked to the regulation of synaptic plasticity in vitro and in vivo.
C_LI

In BriefQuantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics combined with subcellular protein fractionation and bioinformatic analysis identifies a highly dynamic regulation of synaptic protein phosphorylation at the postsynaptic density following IA training and immediate shock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heo, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-induced remodeling of the hippocampal post-synaptic proteome and phosphoproteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ribb-osome: Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell growth is well defined for the late (post-embryonic) stages of development, but evidence for early (embryonic) cell growth during post-mitotic morphogenesis is quite limited. Here, we identify early cell growth as a key characteristic of tubulogenesis in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG). A BTB/POZ domain nuclear factor, Ribbon (Rib), mediates this early cell growth. Rib binds the transcription start site of nearly every SG-expressed ribosomal protein gene (RPG) and is required for full expression of all RPGs tested. Rib binding to RPG promoters in vitro is weak and not sequence-specific, suggesting that specificity is achieved through co-factor interactions. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrate Ribs ability to physically interact with each of the three known contributors to RPG transcription. Surprisingly, Rib-dependent early cell growth in another tubular organ--the embryonic trachea--is not mediated by direct RPG transcription. These findings support a model of early cell growth sustained by transcriptional regulatory networks customized for organ form and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levings, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slattery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ribb-osome: Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPost-operative outcomes of the Fontan operation have been linked to graft shape after implantation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to explore different surgical options. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic in vitro validation for investigating the accuracy and efficiency of CFD simulation to predict Fontan hemodynamics.

MethodsCFD simulations were performed to measure indexed power loss (iPL) and hepatic flow distribution (HFD) in 10 patient-specific Fontan models, with varying mesh and numerical solvers. The results were compared with a novel in vitro flow loop setup with 3D printed Fontan models. A high-resolution differential pressure sensor was used to measure the pressure drop for validating iPL predictions. Microparticles with particle filtering system were used to measure HFD. The computational time was measured for a representative Fontan model with different mesh sizes and numerical solvers.

ResultsWhen compared to in vitro setup, variations in CFD mesh sizes had significant effect on HFD (p = 0.0002) but no significant impact on iPL (p = 0.069). Numerical solvers had no significant impact in both iPL (p = 0.50) and HFD (P = 0.55). A transient solver with 0.5 mm mesh size requires computational time 100 times more than a steady solver with 2.5 mm mesh size to generate similar results.

ConclusionsThe predictive value of CFD for Fontan planning can be validated against an in vitro flow loop. The prediction accuracy can be affected by the mesh size, model shape complexity and flow competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warburton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Validation of Subject-Specific 3D Human Head Models Based on a Nonlinear Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models of the human head are promising tools for the study and prediction of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Most available head models are developed using inputs (i.e., head geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions) derived from ex-vivo experiments on cadavers or animals and employ linear viscoelasticity (LVE)-based constitutive models, which leads to high uncertainty and poor accuracy in capturing the nonlinear response of brain tissue under impulsive loading conditions. To resolve these issues, a framework for the development of fully subject-specific 3D human head models is proposed, in which model inputs are derived from the same living human subject using a comprehensive in-vivo brain imaging protocol, and the viscous dissipation-based visco-hyperelastic constitutive modeling framework is employed. Specifically, brain tissue material properties are derived from in-vivo magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and full-field strain-response of brain under rapid rotational acceleration is obtained from tagged MRI, which is used for model validation. The constitutive model comprises the Ogden hyperelastic strain energy density and the Upadhyay-Subhash-Spearot viscous dissipation potential. The simulated strain-response is compared with experimental data and with predictions from subject-specific models employing two commonly used LVE-based constitutive models, using a rigorous validation procedure that evaluates agreement in spatial strain distribution, temporal strain evolution, and differences in maximum values of peak and average strain. Results show that the head model developed in this work reasonably captures 3D brain dynamics, and when compared to LVE-based models, provides improvements in the prediction of peak strains and temporal strain evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshareef, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsen, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayly, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Validation of Subject-Specific 3D Human Head Models Based on a Nonlinear Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the efficacy of CRISPR gene drive for schistosomiasis control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR gene drives could revolutionize the control of infectious diseases by accelerating the spread of engineered traits that limit parasite transmission in wild populations. While much effort has been spent developing gene drives in mosquitoes, gene drive technology in molluscs has received little attention despite the role of freshwater snails as obligate, intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes causing schistosomiasis - a disease of poverty affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. A successful drive in snails must overcome self-fertilization, which prevents a drives spread. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is a feature of snails - distinct from gene drive model organisms - and is not yet incorporated in gene drive models of disease control. Here we developed a novel population genetic model accounting for snails sexual and asexual reproduction, susceptibility to parasite infection regulated by multiple alleles, fitness differences between genotypes, and a range of drive characteristics. We then integrated this model with an epidemiological model of schistosomiasis transmission and snail population dynamics. Simulations showed that gene drive establishment can be hindered by a variety of biological and ecological factors, including selfing. However, our model suggests that, under a range of conditions, gene drive mediated immunity in snails could maintain rapid disease reduction achieved by annual chemotherapy treatment of the human population, leading to long-term elimination. These results indicate that gene drives, in coordination with existing public health measures, may become a useful tool to reduce schistosomiasis burden in selected transmission settings with effective CRISPR construct design and close evaluation of the genetic and ecological landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grewelle, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Saez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namigai, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickards, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the efficacy of CRISPR gene drive for schistosomiasis control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysconnectivity between auditory-cognitive network associated with auditory GABA and glutamate levels in presbycusis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating studies suggest an interaction between presbycusis (PC) and cognitive impairment, which may be explained by the cognitive-ear link to a large extent. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this link are largely unknown. Here, 51 PC patients and 51 well-matched healthy controls were recruited. We combined resting-state functional MRI and edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate changes of intra- and inter-network functional connectivity and their relationships with auditory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels and cognitive impairment in PC. Our study confirmed the plastic model of cognitive-ear link at the level of the large-scale brain network, including the dysconnectivity within high-order cognitive networks and between the auditory-cognitive network and overactivation between cognitive networks dependent on hearing loss, which was closely related to the cognitive impairment of PC patients. Moreover, GABA and Glu levels in the central auditory processing were abnormal in patients with PC. Importantly, reduction of GABA-mediated inhibition plays a crucial role in a dysconnectivity between the auditory-cognitive network, which may be neurochemical underpinnings of functional remodeling of cognitive-ear link in PC. Modulation of GABA neurotransmission may enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for the cognitive impairment of PC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysconnectivity between auditory-cognitive network associated with auditory GABA and glutamate levels in presbycusis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple tool extends TIMSTOF compatibility with historic data processing tools and enables ion mobility-enhanced spectral libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry is proving to be a disruptive technology in LCMS based proteomics. One primary drawback of this hardware is the lack of compatibility with the hundreds of data processing pipelines historically in use. This study describes a simple data conversion tool that "folds" the TIMSTOF ion mobility data into the MS2 fragmentation spectra allowing simple downstream processing. Little to no detriment in the assignment of peptide spectral matches is observed when "folding" the 1/k0 value into the low mass region. To demonstrate one utility of TIMS Folding, spectral libraries are provided in multiple common formats that were constructed from the same files both with and without folded ion mobility data. When new data is acquired and folded using the same parameters prior to data processing the folded ion mobility data can be used as an additional metric for peptide match confidence against folded spectral libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple tool extends TIMSTOF compatibility with historic data processing tools and enables ion mobility-enhanced spectral libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A low-resource reliable pipeline to democratize multi-modal connectome estimation and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectomics--the study of brain networks--provides a unique and valuable opportunity to study the brain. Research in human connectomics, leveraging functional and diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), is a resource-intensive practice. Typical analysis routines require significant computational capabilities and subject matter expertise. Establishing a pipeline that is low-resource, easy to use, and off-the-shelf (can be applied across multifarious datasets without parameter tuning to reliably estimate plausible connectomes), would significantly lower the barrier to entry into connectomics, thereby democratizing the field by empowering a more diverse and inclusive community of connectomists. We therefore introduce  MRI to Graphs (m2g). To illustrate its properties, we used m2g to process MRI data from 35 different studies ({approx} 6,000 scans) from 15 sites without any manual intervention or parameter tuning. Every single scan yielded an estimated connectome that adhered to established properties, such as stronger ipsilateral than contralateral connections in structural connectomes, and stronger homotopic than heterotopic correlations in functional connectomes. Moreover, the connectomes estimated by m2g are more similar within individuals than between them, suggesting that m2g preserves biological variability. m2g is portable, and can run on a single CPU with 16 GB of RAM in less than a couple hours, or be deployed on the cloud using its docker container. All code is available on https://github.com/neurodata/m2g and documentation is available on docs.neurodata.io/m2g.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhembere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A low-resource reliable pipeline to democratize multi-modal connectome estimation and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense granule protein, GRA64 interacts with host cell ESCRT proteins during Toxoplasma gondii infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii adapts to diverse host cell environments within a replicative compartment that is heavily decorated by secreted proteins. In attempts to identify novel parasite secreted proteins that influence host cell activity, we identified and characterized a trans-membrane dense granule protein dubbed GRA64 (TGME49_202620). We found that GRA64 is on the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) and is partially exposed to the host cell cytoplasm in both tachyzoite and bradyzoite parasitophorous vacuoles. Using co-immunoprecipitation and proximity-based biotinylation approaches, we demonstrate that GRA64 appears to interact with certain components of the host Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT). Genetic disruption of GRA64 does not affect acute Toxoplasma virulence in mice nor encystation as observed via tissue cyst burdens in mice during chronic infection. However, ultrastructural analysis of {Delta}gra64 tissue cysts using electron tomography revealed enlarged vesicular structures underneath the cyst membrane, suggesting a role for GRA64 in organizing the recruitment of ESCRT proteins and subsequent intracystic vesicle formation. This study uncovers a novel host-parasite interaction that contributes to an emerging paradigm in which specific host ESCRT proteins are recruited to the limiting membranes (PVMs) of tachyzoite and bradyzoite vacuoles formed during acute and chronic Toxoplasma infection.

IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is a widespread foodborne parasite that causes congenital disease and life-threatening complications in immune compromised individuals. Part of this parasites success lies in its ability to infect diverse organisms and host cells, as well as to persist as a latent infection within parasite constructed structures called tissue cysts. In this study, we characterized a protein secreted by T. gondii into its parasitophorous vacuole during intracellular infection, which we dub GRA64. On the vacuole, this protein is exposed to the host cell and interacts with specific host ESCRT proteins. Parasites lacking the GRA64 protein exhibit ultrastructural changes in tissue cysts during chronic infection. This study lays the foundation for future studies on the mechanics and consequences of host ESCRT-parasite protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayoral, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Cuevas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunther-Cummins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.467042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense granule protein, GRA64 interacts with host cell ESCRT proteins during Toxoplasma gondii infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sketching and sampling approaches for fast and accurate long read classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn modern sequencing experiments, quickly and accurately identifying the sources of the reads is a crucial need. In metagenomics, where each read comes from one of potentially many members of a community, it can be important to identify the exact species the read is from. In other settings, it is important to distinguish which reads are from the targeted sample and which are from potential contaminants. In both cases, identification of the correct source of a read enables further investigation of relevant reads, while minimizing wasted work. This task is particularly challenging for long reads, which can have a substantial error rate that obscures the origins of each read.

ResultsExisting tools for the read classification problem are often alignment or index-based, but such methods can have large time and/or space overheads. In this work, we investigate the effectiveness of several sampling and sketching-based approaches for read classification. In these approaches, a chosen sampling or sketching algorithm is used to generate a reduced representation (a "screen") of potential source genomes for a query readset before reads are streamed in and compared against this screen. Using a query reads similarity to the elements of the screen, the methods predict the source of the read. Such an approach requires limited pre-processing, stores and works with only a subset of the input data, and is able to perform classification with a high degree of accuracy.

ConclusionsThe sampling and sketching approaches investigated include uniform sampling, methods based on MinHash and its weighted and order variants, a minimizer-based technique, and a novel clustering-based sketching approach. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques both in identifying the source microbial genomes for reads from a metagenomic long read sequencing experiment, and in distinguishing between long reads from organisms of interest and potential contaminant reads. We then compare these approaches to existing alignment, index and sketching-based tools for read classification, and demonstrate how such a method is a viable alternative for determining the source of query reads. Finally, we present a reference implementation of these approaches at https://github.com/arun96/sketching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sketching and sampling approaches for fast and accurate long read classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework for detecting noncoding rare variant associations of large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies have enabled analysis of noncoding rare variants (RVs) associations with complex human traits. Variant set analysis is a powerful approach to study RV association, and a key component of it is constructing RV sets for analysis. However, existing methods have limited ability to define analysis units in the noncoding genome. Furthermore, there is a lack of robust pipelines for comprehensive and scalable noncoding RV association analysis. Here we propose a computationally-efficient noncoding RV association-detection framework that uses STAAR (variant-set test for association using annotation information) to group noncoding variants in gene-centric analysis based on functional categories. We also propose SCANG (scan the genome)-STAAR, which uses dynamic window sizes and incorporates multiple functional annotations, in a non-gene-centric analysis. We furthermore develop STAARpipeline to perform flexible noncoding RV association analysis, including gene-centric analysis as well as fixed-window-based and dynamic-window-based non-gene-centric analysis. We apply STAARpipeline to identify noncoding RV sets associated with four quantitative lipid traits in 21,015 discovery samples from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and replicate several noncoding RV associations in an additional 9,123 TOPMed samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arapoglou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goring, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyani, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raff</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework for detecting noncoding rare variant associations of large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NIfTI-MRS: A standard format for magnetic resonance spectroscopic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe use of multiple data formats in the MRS community currently hinders data sharing and integration. NIfTI-MRS is proposed as a standard MR spectroscopy data format, which is implemented as an extension to the neuroimaging informatics technology initiative (NIfTI) format.

Using this standardised format will facilitate data sharing, ease algorithm development, and encourage the integration of MRS analysis with other imaging modalities.

MethodsA file format based on the NIfTI header extension framework was designed to incorporate essential spectroscopic metadata and additional encoding dimensions. A detailed description of the specification is provided. An open-source command-line conversion program is implemented to enable conversion of single-voxel and spectroscopic imaging data to NIfTI-MRS. To provide visualisation of data in NIfTI-MRS, a dedicated plugin is implemented for FSLeyes, the FSL image viewer.

ResultsAlongside online documentation, ten example datasets are provided in the proposed format. In addition, minimal examples of NIfTI-MRS readers have been implemented. The conversion software, spec2nii, currently converts fourteen formats to NIfTI-MRS, including DICOM and vendor proprietary formats.

ConclusionThe proposed format aims to solve the issue of multiple data formats being used in the MRS community. By providing a single conversion point, it aims to simplify the processing and analysis of MRS data, thereby lowering the barrier to use of MRS. Furthermore, it can serve as the basis for open data sharing, collaboration, and interoperability of analysis programs. It also opens possibility of greater standardisation and harmonisation. By aligning with the dominant format in neuroimaging, NIfTI-MRS enables the use of mature tools present in the imaging community, demonstrated in this work by using a dedicated imaging tool, FSLeyes, as a viewer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamaei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emir, U. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NIfTI-MRS: A standard format for magnetic resonance spectroscopic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photochemical pre-bleaching of formalin-fixed archival prostate tissues significantly reduces autofluorescence to facilitate multiplex immunofluorescence staining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The characterization of tissues using multiple different primary antibodies detected by secondary antibodies, each possessing a different colored fluorophore (multiplex immunofluorescence), is a powerful technique but often impaired by endogenous autofluorescence present in the specimen. Our current research involves the use of multiplex immunofluorescence to identify specific cell phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate cancer tissue specimens. These specimens frequently possess high levels of autofluorescence, in part due to the biological age of the tissues and long storage times. This autofluorescence interferes with and, in the worst cases, completely obscures the desired immunofluorescent signals, thus impeding analyses by decreasing signal-to-noise. Here, we demonstrate that a recently published protocol for photochemical bleaching significantly decreases autofluorescence (80% average decrease of the brightest autofluorescent signals), across the visible spectrum, in fixed, archival prostate tissue specimens from aged men, that have been sectioned onto glass slides and stored for several months. Importantly, the method is compatible with subsequent immunofluorescence staining and yields markedly improved signal-to-noise. Inclusion of this method should facilitate studies employing multiplex immunofluorescence in sections cut from archival fixed human prostate tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photochemical pre-bleaching of formalin-fixed archival prostate tissues significantly reduces autofluorescence to facilitate multiplex immunofluorescence staining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stage-specific control of oligodendrocyte survival and morphogenesis by TDP-43 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain enables both adaptive changes in neural circuits and regeneration of myelin sheaths destroyed by injury, disease, and normal aging. This transformation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes requires processing of distinct mRNAs at different stages of cell maturation. Although mislocalization and aggregation of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 occur in both neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases, the consequences of TDP-43 loss within different stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage are not well understood. By performing stage-specific genetic inactivation of Tardbp in vivo, we show that oligodendrocyte lineage cells are differentially sensitive to loss of TDP-43. While OPCs depend on TDP-43 for survival, with conditional deletion resulting in cascading cell loss followed by rapid regeneration to restore their density, oligodendrocytes become less sensitive to TDP-43 depletion as they mature. Deletion of TDP-43 early in the maturation process led to eventual oligodendrocyte degeneration, seizures and premature lethality, while oligodendrocytes that experienced late deletion survived and mice exhibited a normal lifespan. At both stages, TDP-43 deficient oligodendrocytes formed fewer and thinner myelin sheaths and extended new processes that inappropriately wrapped neuronal somata and blood vessels. Transcriptional analysis revealed that in the absence of TDP-43, key proteins involved in oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination were misspliced leading to aberrant incorporation of cryptic exons. Inducible deletion of TDP-43 from oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS induced the same progressive morphological changes and mice acquired profound hindlimb weakness, suggesting that loss of TDP-43 function in oligodendrocytes may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Castro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langseth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moebius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stage-specific control of oligodendrocyte survival and morphogenesis by TDP-43]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Self-Assembled Plasmonic Nanodiamonds for Biological Sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds are promising solid-state quantum emitters for developing superior biological imaging modalities. They possess desired bio-compatibility, photostability and electronic spin-related photophysical properties that are optically accessible at room temperature. Yet, bare nanodiamond-based imaging modalities are limited by the brightness and temporal resolution due to the intrinsically long lifetime of NV centers. Moreover, it remains a technological challenge using top-down fabrication to create freestanding hybrid nanodiamond imaging probes with enhanced performance. In this study, we leverage the bottom-up DNA self-assembly to develop a hybrid plasmonic nanodiamond construct, which we coin as the plasmon-enhanced nanodiamond (PEN), for biological imaging. The PEN nano-assembly features a closed plasmonic nanocavity that completely encapsulates a single nanodiamond, thus enabling the largest possible plasmonic enhancement to accelerate the emission dynamics of NV centers. Creation of the PEN nano-assembly is size-independent, so is its broadband scattering spectrum that is optimally overlapped with the emission spectrum of NV centers. Study of the structure-property correlation reveals that the optimal condition for emission dynamics modification is causally linked to that for a plasmonic nanocavity. The cellular internalization and cytotoxicity studies further confirm the delivery efficiency and biological safety of PEN nano-assemblies. Collectively, the PEN nano-assembly provides a promising approach for manipulating photophysical properties of solid-state quantum emitters and could serve as a versatile platform to uncover non-trivial quantum effects in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Self-Assembled Plasmonic Nanodiamonds for Biological Sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent CAD activity in memory CD8+ T cells supports rRNA synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis required at rechallenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory CD8+ T cells are characterized by their ability to persist long after the initial antigen encounter and their ability to generate a rapid recall response. Recent studies have identified a role for metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial function in promoting the longevity of memory T cells. However, detailed mechanisms involved in promoting the rapid recall response are incompletely understood. Here we identify a novel role for the initial and continued activation of the trifunctional rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) as critical in promoting the rapid recall response of previously-activated CD8+ T cells. CAD is rapidly phosphorylated upon T cell activation in an mTORC1-dependent manner yet remains phosphorylated long after initial activation. Previously-activated CD8+ T cells display continued de novo pyrimidine synthesis in the absence of mitogenic signals and interfering with this pathway diminishes the speed and magnitude of cytokine production upon rechallenge. Inhibition of CAD does not affect cytokine transcript levels, but diminishes available pre-rRNA, the polycistronic rRNA precursor whose synthesis is the rate-limiting step in ribosomal biogenesis. CAD inhibition additionally decreases levels of detectable ribosomal proteins in previously-activated CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of CAD improves both the cytokine response and proliferation of memory T cells. Overall, our studies reveal a novel and critical role for CAD-induced pyrimidine synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis in promoting the rapid recall response characteristic of memory T cells.

One Sentence SummaryPyrimidine synthesis fuels ribosomal biogenesis to facilitate rapid recall responses in CD8+ T cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claiborne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arwood, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell-Flack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent CAD activity in memory CD8+ T cells supports rRNA synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis required at rechallenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.465186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abolishing the prelamin A ZMPSTE24 cleavage site leads to progeroid phenotypes with near-normal longevity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.465186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prelamin A is a farnesylated precursor of lamin A, a nuclear lamina protein. Accumulation of the farnesylated prelamin A variant progerin, with an internal deletion including its processing site, causes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Loss of function mutations in ZMPSTE24, which encodes the prelamin A processing enzyme, lead to accumulation of full-length farnesylated prelamin A and cause related progeroid disorders. Some data suggest that prelamin A also accumulates with physiological aging. Zmpste24-/- mice die young, at ~20 weeks. Because ZMPSTE24 has functions in addition to prelamin A processing, we generated a mouse model to examine effects solely due to the presence of permanently farnesylated prelamin A. These mice have an L648R amino acid substitution in prelamin A that blocks ZMPSTE24-catalyzed processing to lamin A. The LmnaL648R/L648R mice express only prelamin and no mature protein. Notably, nearly all survive to 65-70 weeks, with approximately 40% of male and 75% of female LmnaL648R/L648R mice having near-normal lifespans of 90 weeks (almost 2 years). Starting at ~10 weeks of age, LmnaL648R/L648R mice of both sexes have lower body masses and body fat than controls. By ~20-30 weeks of age, they exhibit detectable cranial, mandibular and dental defects similar to those observed in Zmpste24-/- mice, and have decreased vertebral bone density compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts from LmnaL648R/L648R mice have aberrant nuclear morphology that is reversible by treatment with a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor. These novel mice provide a robust model to study the effects of farnesylated prelamin A during physiological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiladardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odinammadu, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoci, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.465186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abolishing the prelamin A ZMPSTE24 cleavage site leads to progeroid phenotypes with near-normal longevity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HA and M2 sequences alter the replication of 2013-16 H1 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Infection in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From 2013-2016, the H1N1 component of live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) performed very poorly in contrast to the inactivated influenza vaccine. We utilized a primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial (hNEC) culture system to assess the replication differences between isogenic LAIVs containing the HA segment from either A/Bolivia/559/2013 (rBol), which showed poor vaccine efficacy, and A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (rSlov), which had restored reasonable vaccine efficacy. While there were minimal differences in infectious virus production in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, the rSlov LAIV showed markedly improved replication in hNEC cultures at both 32{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C, demonstrating that the HA segment alone could impact LAIV replication. The rSlov-infected hNEC cultures showed stronger production of interferon and proinflammatory chemokines which might also be contributing to the increased overall vaccine effectiveness of the rSlov LAIV through enhanced recruitment and activation of immune cells. The introduction of an M2-S86A mutation had no positive effects on H1 LAIV replication in hNEC cultures, in contrast to the increased infectious virus production seen with that mutation in an H3 LAIV. No obvious defects in viral RNA packaging were detected, suggesting the HA function may be driving the differential infectious virus production in hNEC cultures. The use of physiologically relevant temperatures and primary cell cultures demonstrated that candidate LAIVs can replicate efficiently, which is a necessary property for effective vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canaday, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HA and M2 sequences alter the replication of 2013-16 H1 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Infection in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans capsule regrowth experiments reveal dynamics of enlargement and architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polysaccharide capsule of fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a critical virulence factor that has historically evaded characterization. Polysaccharides remain attached to the cell as capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or are shed into the surroundings in the form of exopolysaccharide (EPS). While a great deal of study has been done examining the properties of EPS, far less is known about CPS. In this work, we detail the development of new physical and enzymatic methods for the isolation of CPS which can be used to explore the architecture of the capsule and removed capsular material. Sonication and glucanex digestion yield soluble CPS preparations, while French Press and modified glucanex digestion plus vortexing remove the capsule and cell wall producing polysaccharide aggregates that we call  capsule ghosts. The existence of capsule ghosts implies an inherent organization that allows it to exist independent of the cell wall surface. As sonication and glucanex digestion were noncytotoxic, it was possible to observe the cryptococcal cells rebuilding their capsule, revealing new insights into capsule architecture and synthesis consistent with a model in which the capsule is assembled from smaller polymers, which are then assemble into larger ones.

ImportanceCharacterization of the cryptococcal polysaccharide capsule relies on methods of isolation for its in vitro study. This study demonstrates that the capsule is susceptible to physical and enzymatic removal. The application of new methods yields insights into the anatomy, modular nature, and architecture of the capsule with both soluble CPS preparations and  capsule ghosts. Together these insights inform on a long-standing debate modeling capsular assembly wherein our data shows that the capsule is assembled by smaller polymers added distally rather than by proximal addition or by polymers spanning the entire capsule radius.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strother, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans capsule regrowth experiments reveal dynamics of enlargement and architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of seven modelling algorithms for GABA-edited 1H-MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Edited MRS sequences are widely used for studying GABA in the human brain. Several algorithms are available for modelling these data, deriving metabolite concentration estimates through peak fitting or a linear combination of basis spectra. The present study compares seven such algorithms, using data obtained in a large multi-site study.

GABA-edited (GABA+, TE = 68 ms MEGA-PRESS) data from 222 subjects at 20 sites were processed via a standardised pipeline, before modelling with FSL-MRS, Gannet, AMARES, QUEST, LCModel, Osprey and Tarquin, using standardised vendor-specific basis sets (for GE, Philips and Siemens) where appropriate.

After referencing metabolite estimates (to water or creatine), systematic differences in scale were observed between datasets acquired on different vendors hardware, presenting across algorithms. Scale differences across algorithms were also observed.

Using the correlation between metabolite estimates and voxel tissue fraction as a benchmark, most algorithms were found to be similarly effective in detecting differences in GABA+. An inter-class correlation across all algorithms showed single-rater consistency for GABA+ estimates of around 0.38, indicating moderate agreement. Upon inclusion of a basis set component explicitly modelling the macromolecule signal underlying the observed 3.0 ppm GABA peaks, single-rater consistency improved to 0.44. Correlation between discrete pairs of algorithms varied, and was concerningly weak in some cases.

Our findings highlight the need for consensus on appropriate modelling parameters across different algorithms, and for detailed reporting of the parameters adopted in individual studies to ensure reproducibility and meaningful comparison of outcomes between different studies.

HighlightsO_LIGABA-edited MRS data from 222 healthy adults across 20 research sites were analyzed
C_LIO_LIData were modelled using seven different algorithms, yielding GABA+ and Glx estimates
C_LIO_LIModerate agreement was seen across all the tested algorithms
C_LIO_LIAdding a component to represent co-edited macromolecule signals improved concordance
C_LIO_LIBaseline modelling emerged as major factor differentiating outcomes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craven, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dydak, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ersland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdoch, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugdahl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of seven modelling algorithms for GABA-edited 1H-MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.460500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WebSeq: A Genomic Data Analytics Platform for Monogenic Disease Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.460500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole exome sequencing (WES) is commonly used to study monogenic diseases. The application of this sequencing technology has gained in popularity amongst clinicians and researchers as WES pricing has declined. The accumulation of WES data creates a need for a robust, flexible, scalable and easy-to-use analytics platform to allow researchers to gain biological insight from this genomic data. We present WebSeq, a self-contained server and web interface to facilitate intuitive analysis of WES data. WebSeq provides access to sophisticated tools and pipelines through a user-friendly and modern web interface. WebSeq has modules that support i) FASTQ to VCF conversion, ii) VCF to ANNOVAR1 CSV conversion, iii) family-based analyses for Mendelian disease gene discovery, iv) cohort-wide gene enrichment analyses, (v) an automated IGV2 browser, and (vi) a  virtual gene panel analysis module. WebSeq Pro, our expanded pipeline, also supports SNP genotype analyses such as ancestry inference and kinship testing. WebSeq Lite, our minimal pipeline, supports family-based analyses, cohort-wide gene enrichment analyses, and a virtual gene panel along with the IGV2 browser module. We anticipate that the rigorous use of our web application will allow researchers to expedite discoveries from human genomic data3. WebSeq Lite, WebSeq, and WebSeq Pro are fully containerized using Docker4, run on all major operating systems, and are freely available for personal, academic, and non-profit use at http://bitly.ws/g6cn
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Disease Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.460500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WebSeq: A Genomic Data Analytics Platform for Monogenic Disease Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Predictive Energy Landscape Model of MetamorphicProtein Conformational Specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Metamorphic" proteins challenge state-of-the-art structure prediction methods reliant on amino acid similarity. Unfortunately, this obviates a more effective thermodynamic approach necessary to properly evaluate the impact of amino acid changes on the stability of two different folds. A vital capability of such a thermodynamic approach would be the quantification of the free energy differences between 1) the energy landscape minima of each native fold, and 2) each fold and the denatured state. Here we develop an energetic framework for conformational specificity, based on an ensemble description of protein thermodynamics. This energetic framework was able to successfully recapitulate the structures of high-identity enginerered sequences experimentally shown to adopt either Streptococcus protein GA or GB folds, demonstrating that this approach indeed reflected the energetic determinants of fold. Residue-level decomposition of the conformational specificity suggested several testable hypotheses, notably among them that fold-switching could be affected by local de-stabilization of the populated fold at positions sensitive to equilibrium perturbation. Since this ensemble-based compatibility framework is applicable to any structure and any sequence, it may be practically useful for the future targeted design, or large-scale proteomic detection, of novel metamorphic proteins.

Impact StatementMetamorphic proteins are single amino acid sequences capable of adopting more than one structure at equilibrium. Detection and design of these molecules hold great promise for biological understanding and materials engineering, but to do so requires a thermodynamic framework capable of estimating the free energy differences between the two structures and the denatured state. We present such a framework, show it to be effective for the well-studied metamorphic protein GA/GB system, and suggest testable hypotheses for engineering novel fold-switch proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wrabl, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voortman-Sheetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Predictive Energy Landscape Model of MetamorphicProtein Conformational Specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of shared bacterial strains in the vaginal microbiota of reproductive-age mothers and daughters using genome-resolved metagenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been suggested that the human microbiome might be vertically transmitted from mother to offspring and that early colonizers may play a critical role in development of the immune system. Studies have shown limited support for the vertical transmission of the intestinal microbiota but the derivation of the vaginal microbiota remains largely unknown. Although the vaginal microbiota of children and reproductive age cis women differ in composition, the vaginal microbiota could be vertically transmitted. To determine whether there was any support for this hypothesis, we examined the vaginal microbiota of daughter-mother pairs from the Baltimore metropolitan area (ages 14-27, 32-51; n=39). We assessed whether the daughters microbiota was similar in composition to their mothers using metataxonomics. Permutation tests revealed that while some pairs did have similar vaginal microbiota, the degree of similarity did not exceed that expected by chance. Genome-resolved metagenomics was used to identify shared bacterial strains in a subset of the families (n=22). We found a small number of bacterial strains that were shared between mother-daughter pairs but identified more shared strains between individuals from different families, indicating that vaginal bacteria may display biogeographic patterns. Earlier-in-life studies are needed to demonstrate vertical transmission of the vaginal microbiota.

ImportanceEarly colonizers of our microbiota are theorized to play an important role in the development of our immune system, yet we know little about how these communities are established. Vertical transmission from mother to offspring at the time of birth is theorized to be a major source of early colonizers but limited evidence supporting this process has only been shown for the intestinal tract microbiota. The provenance of the vaginal microbiota is largely unknown, although some have posited it is similarly vertically transmitted. We examined the vaginal microbiota of mother-daughter pairs and found limited evidence in support of this hypothesis. However, our analysis also revealed putative biogeographic patterns in the distribution of the strains which comprise the vaginal microbiota. Our results give insight into the role of vertical transmission for the vaginal microbiota and motivate future studies on the biogeography of these bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>France, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>rompalo, a. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of shared bacterial strains in the vaginal microbiota of reproductive-age mothers and daughters using genome-resolved metagenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent stroma induces nuclear deformations in cancer cells via the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK/myosin II-based cytoskeletal tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence of senescent cells within tissues has been functionally linked to malignant transformations. Here, using tension-gauge tethers technology, particle-tracking microrheology, and quantitative microscopy, we demonstrate that senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP) derived from senescent fibroblasts impose nuclear lobulations and volume shrinkage on malignant cells, which stems from the loss of RhoA/ROCK/myosin II-based cortical tension. This loss in cytoskeletal tension induces decreased cellular contractility, adhesion, and increased mechanical compliance. These SASP-induced morphological changes are in part mediated by lamin A/C. These findings suggest that SASP induces a defective outside-in mechanotransduction, from actomyosin fibers in the cytoplasm to the nuclear lamina, thereby triggering a cascade of biophysical and biomolecular changes in cells that associate with malignant transformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aifuwa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perestrelo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent stroma induces nuclear deformations in cancer cells via the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK/myosin II-based cytoskeletal tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden temporal structure of the ongoing task impacts detection strategy and is reflected in pupillary dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating temporal regularities in incoming sensory inputs supports optimal decisions in noisy environments. In particular, inferred temporal structure can ease the detection of likely target events. Here we postulated that timely urgency signals can adapt subjects decision-making to the ongoing task temporal structure, possibly through neuromodulatory tone. To test this hypothesis, we used an auditory change detection task in which targets followed a block-based temporal contingency, unbeknownst to participants. False alarm occurrences were driven by the distribution of target timings, indicating that participants adapted their behavior to the ongoing temporal structure. Task-evoked pupillary responses were larger for blocks with earliest target timings, and correlated with individual subjects behavioral adaptation. Individual pupil responses matched an urgency signal extracted from a decision model fitted to behavior. This work demonstrates that internal temporal expectation can be tracked through pupillary dynamics, suggesting a role of neuromodulatory systems in context-dependent modulation of decision variable dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubenec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden temporal structure of the ongoing task impacts detection strategy and is reflected in pupillary dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems medicine dissection of chromosome 1q amplification reveals oncogenic regulatory circuits and informs targeted therapy in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the biological and clinical impact of copy number aberrations (CNA) in cancer remains an unmet challenge. Genetic amplification of chromosome 1q (chr1q-amp) is a major CNA conferring adverse prognosis in several cancers, including the blood cancer, multiple myeloma (MM). Although several chr1q genes portend high-risk MM disease, the underpinning molecular aetiology remains elusive. Here we integrate patient multi-omics datasets with genetic variables to identify 103 adverse prognosis genes in chr1q-amp MM. Amongst these, the transcription factor PBX1 is ectopically expressed by genetic amplification and epigenetic activation of its own preserved 3D regulatory domain. By binding to reprogrammed super-enhancers, PBX1 directly regulates critical oncogenic pathways, whilst in co-operation with FOXM1, activates a proliferative gene signature which predicts adverse prognosis across multiple cancers. Notably, pharmacological disruption of the PBX1-FOXM1 axis, including with a novel PBX1 inhibitor is selectively toxic against chr1q-amp cancer cells. Overall, our systems medicine approach successfully identifies CNA-driven oncogenic circuitries, links them to clinical phenotypes and proposes novel CNA-targeted therapy strategies in cancer.

SignificanceWe provide a comprehensive systems medicine strategy to unveil oncogenic circuitries and inform novel precision therapy decisions against CNA in cancer. This first clinical multi-omic analysis of chr1q-amp in MM identifies a central PBX1-FOXM1 regulatory axis driving high-risk prognosis, as a novel therapeutic target against chr1q-amp in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trasanidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsarou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnusamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostopoulos, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergonia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reema, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szydlo, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbattini, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auner, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naresh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaidos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karadimitris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems medicine dissection of chromosome 1q amplification reveals oncogenic regulatory circuits and informs targeted therapy in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating fibroblast activation protein-α expressing cells by photoimmunotheranostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) using an antibody conjugated to a near infrared dye IR700 is achieving significant success in target-specific elimination of cells. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-) is an important target in cancer because of its expression by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as well as by some cancer cells. CAFs that express FAP- have protumorigenic and immune suppressive functions. Using immunohistochemistry of human breast cancer tissue microarrays, we identified an increase of FAP-+ CAFs in invasive breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. We found FAP- expression increased in fibroblasts co-cultured with cancer cells. In proof-of-principle studies, we engineered human FAP- overexpressing MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 cancer cells and murine FAP- overexpressing NIH-3T3 fibroblasts to evaluate several anti-FAP- antibodies and selected AF3715 based on its high binding-affinity with both human and mouse FAP-. After conjugation of AF3715 with the phthalocyanine dye IR700, the resultant antibody conjugate, FAP--IR700, was evaluated in cells and tumors for its specificity and effectiveness in eliminating FAP- expressing cell populations with PIT. FAP--IR700-PIT resulted in effective FAP--specific cell killing in the engineered cancer cells and in two patient-derived CAFs in a dose-dependent manner. Following an intravenous injection, FAP--IR700 retention was three-fold higher than IgG-IR700 in FAP- overexpressing tumors, and two-fold higher compared to wild-type tumors. FAP--IR700-PIT resulted in significant growth inhibition of tumors derived from FAP- overexpressing human cancer cells. A reduction of endogenous FAP-+ murine CAFs was identified at 7 days after FAP--IR700-PIT. FAP--targeted NIR-PIT presents a promising strategy to eliminate FAP-+ CAFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamachary, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironchik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhujwalla, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating fibroblast activation protein-α expressing cells by photoimmunotheranostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated assembly scaffolding elevates a new tomato system for high-throughput genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancing crop genomics requires efficient genetic systems enabled by high-quality personalized genome assemblies. Here, we introduce RagTag, a toolset for automating assembly scaffolding and patching, and we establish chromosome-scale reference genomes for the widely used tomato genotype M82 along with Sweet-100, a rapid-cycling genotype that we developed to accelerate functional genomics and genome editing. This work outlines strategies to rapidly expand genetic systems and genomic resources in other plant species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebeigle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated assembly scaffolding elevates a new tomato system for high-throughput genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strict adherence to Mendel's First Law across a large sample of human sperm genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mendels Law of Segregation states that the offspring of a diploid, heterozygous parent will inherit either allele with equal probability. While the vast majority of loci adhere to this rule, research in model and non-model organisms has uncovered numerous exceptions whereby "selfish" alleles are disproportionately transmitted to the next generation. Evidence of such "transmission distortion" (TD) in humans remains equivocal in part because scans of human pedigrees have been under-powered to detect small effects. Recently published single-cell sequencing data from individual human sperm (n = 41,189; 969-3,377 cells from each of 25 donors) offer an opportunity to revisit this question with unprecedented statistical power, but require new methods tailored to extremely low-coverage data ([~]0.01 x per cell). To this end, we developed a method, named rhapsodi, that leverages sparse gamete genotype data to phase the diploid genomes of the donor individuals, impute missing gamete genotypes, and discover meiotic recombination breakpoints, benchmarking its performance across a wide range of study designs. After applying rhapsodi to the sperm sequencing data, we then scanned the gametes for evidence of TD. Our results exhibited close concordance with binomial expectations under balanced transmission, in contrast to tenuous signals of TD that were previously reported in pedigree-based studies. Together, our work excludes the existence of even weak TD in this sample, while offering a powerful quantitative framework for testing this and related hypotheses in other cohorts and study systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carioscia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strict adherence to Mendel's First Law across a large sample of human sperm genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with placental ACE-2 shedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human placental tissues have variable rates of SARS-CoV-2 invasion resulting in consistently low rates of fetal transmission suggesting a unique physiologic blockade against SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2, the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is expressed as cell surface and soluble forms regulated by a metalloprotease cleavage enzyme, ADAM17. ACE-2 is expressed in the human placenta, but the regulation of placental ACE-2 expression in relation to timing of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated ACE-2 expression, ADAM17 activity and serum ACE-2 abundance in a cohort of matched villous placental and maternal serum samples from Control pregnancies (SARS-CoV-2 negative, n=8) and pregnancies affected by symptomatic maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections in the 2nd trimester ("2ndTri COVID", n=8) and 3rd trimester ("3rdTri COVID", n=8). In 3rdTri COVID as compared to control and 2ndTri-COVID villous placental tissues ACE-2 mRNA expression was remarkably elevated, however, ACE-2 protein expression was significantly decreased with a parallel increase in ADAM17 activity. Soluble ACE-2 was also significantly increased in the maternal serum from 3rdTri COVID infections as compared to control and 2ndTri-COVID pregnancies. These data suggest that in acute maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections, decreased placental ACE-2 protein may be the result of ACE-2 shedding. Overall, this work highlights the importance of ACE-2 for ongoing studies on SARS-CoV-2 responses at the maternal-fetal interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taglauer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juttukonda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klouda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackam, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with placental ACE-2 shedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Interrogation of Protein Refolding Under Cellular-Like Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The journey by which proteins navigate their energy landscapes to their native structures is complex, involving (and sometimes requiring) many cellular factors and processes operating in partnership with a given polypeptide chains intrinsic energy landscape. The cytosolic environment and its complement of chaperones play critical roles in granting proteins safe passage to their native states; however, the complexity of this medium has generally precluded biophysical techniques from interrogating protein folding under cellular-like conditions for single proteins, let alone entire proteomes. Here, we develop a limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry approach paired with an isotope-labeling strategy to globally monitor the structures of refolding E. coli proteins in the cytosolic medium and with the chaperones, GroEL/ES (Hsp60) and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE (Hsp70/40). GroEL can refold the majority (85%) of the E. coli proteins for which we have data, and is particularly important for restoring acidic proteins and proteins with three to five domains, trends that come to light because our assay measures the structural outcome of the refolding process itself, rather than indirect measures like binding or aggregation. For the most part, DnaK and GroEL refold a similar set of proteins, supporting the view that despite their vastly different structures, these two chaperones both unfold misfolded states, as one mechanism in common. Finally, we identify a cohort of proteins that are intransigent to being refolded with either chaperone. The data support a model in which chaperone-nonrefolders have evolved to fold efficiently once and only once, co-translationally, and remain kinetically trapped in their native conformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>To, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.20.469408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Interrogation of Protein Refolding Under Cellular-Like Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IReNA: integrated regulatory network analysis of single-cell transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) have been widely used, few methods can reliably integrate these data to perform regulatory network analysis. Here, we developed IReNA (Integrated Regulatory Network Analysis) for network inference through integrated analysis of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data, network modularization, transcription factor enrichment, and construction of simplified intermodular regulatory networks. Using public datasets, we showed that integrated network analysis of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data using IReNA outperformed currently available methods in identifying known regulators. IReNA facilitates the systems-level understanding of biological regulatory mechanisms, and is available at https://github.com/jiang-junyao/IReNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>jiang, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IReNA: integrated regulatory network analysis of single-cell transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductoryThe evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in the emergence of many new variant lineages that have exacerbated the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of those variants were designated as variants of concern/interest (VOC/VOI) by national or international authorities based on many factors including their potential impact on vaccines. To ascertain and rank the risk of VOCs and VOIs, we analyzed their ability to escape from vaccine-induced antibodies. The variants showed differential reductions in neutralization and replication titers by post-vaccination sera. Although the Omicron variant showed the most escape from neutralization, sera collected after a third dose of vaccine (booster sera) retained moderate neutralizing activity against that variant. Therefore, vaccination remains the most effective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainulainen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonenfant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava-Ranjan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenks, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morantz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcourt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenforde, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exline, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Files, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer Halpin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullan, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiropoulou, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MK2 Expression Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Death and Predicts Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-small cell lung cancers demonstrate intrinsic resistance to cell death even in response to chemotherapy. Previous work suggested that defective nuclear translocation of active caspase 3 may play a role in resistance to cell death. Separately, our group has identified that mitogen activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is required for nuclear translocation of active caspase 3 in the execution of apoptosis. This study demonstrates a relatively low expression of MK2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines compared to small cell carcinoma cell lines. Further, overexpression of MK2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines results in increased caspase 3 activity and caspase 3 mediated cell death. Higher MK2 transcript levels were observed in patients with earlier-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Higher expression of MK2 is associated with better survival in patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer across two independent clinical datasets. Using data sets spanning multiple cancer types, we observed improved survival with higher MK2 expression was unique to lung adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, MK2 promotes nuclear translocation of caspase 3 leading to PARP1 cleavage and execution of cell death. While MK2 can directly phosphorylate caspase 3, neither phosphorylation status of caspase 3 nor the kinase activity of MK2 impacts caspase 3 activation, nuclear translocation and execution of cell death. Rather, a non-kinase function of MK2, specifically trafficking via its nuclear localization sequence, is required for caspase 3 mediated cell death. In summary this study highlights the importance of a non-enzymatic function of MK2 in the execution of apoptosis, which may be leveraged in the adjunctive treatment of NSCLC or other conditions where regulation of apoptosis is crucial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machamer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damarla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MK2 Expression Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Death and Predicts Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Black-box testing in motor sequence learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During learning of novel motor sequences, practice leads to the consolidation of hierarchical structures, namely motor chunks, facilitating the accurate execution of sequences at increasing speeds. Recent studies show that such hierarchical structures are largely represented upstream of the primary motor cortex in the motor network, suggesting their function to be more related to the encoding, storage, and retrieval of sequences rather than their sole execution. We isolated different components of motor skill acquisition related to the consolidation of spatiotemporal features and followed their evolution over training. We found that optimal motor skill acquisition relies on the storage of the spatial features of the sequence in memory, followed by the optimization of its execution and increased execution speeds (i.e., a shift in the speed-accuracy trade-off) early in training, supporting the model proposed by Hikosaka in 1999. Contrasting the dynamics of these components during ageing, we identified less-than-optimal mechanisms in older adults explaining the observed differences in performance. We applied noninvasive brain stimulation in an attempt to support the aging brain to compensate for these deficits. The present study found that anodal direct current stimulation applied over the motor cortex restored the mechanisms involved in the consolidation of spatial features, without directly affecting the speed of execution of the sequence. This led older adults to sharply improve their accuracy, resulting in an earlier yet gradual emergence of motor chunks. The results suggest the early storage of the sequence in memory, largely independent of motor practice, is crucial for an optimal motor acquisition and retrieval of this motor behavior. Nevertheless, the consolidation of optimal temporal patterns, detected as motor chunks at a behavioral level, is not a direct consequence of storing the sequence elements, but rather of motor practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maceira-Elvira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmermann, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morishita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummel, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Black-box testing in motor sequence learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving Beyond Processing and Analysis-Related Variation in Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When fields lack consensus standard methods and accessible ground truths, reproducibility can be more of an ideal than a reality. Such has been the case for functional neuroimaging, where there exists a sprawling space of tools and processing pipelines. We provide a critical evaluation of the impact of differences across five independently developed minimal preprocessing pipelines for functional MRI. We show that even when handling identical data, inter-pipeline agreement was only moderate, critically shedding light on a factor that limits cross-study reproducibility. We show that low inter-pipeline agreement mainly becomes appreciable when the reliability of the underlying data is high, which is increasingly the case as the field progresses. Crucially, we show that when inter-pipeline agreement is compromised, so too are the consistency of insights from brainwide association studies. We highlight the importance of comparing analytic configurations, as both widely discussed and commonly overlooked decisions can lead to marked variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavasis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinsfeld, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving Beyond Processing and Analysis-Related Variation in Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct ribosome states trigger diverse mRNA quality control pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key protein adapters couple translation to mRNA decay on specific classes of problematic mRNAs in eukaryotes. Slow decoding on non-optimal codons leads to codon-optimality-mediated decay (COMD) and prolonged arrest at stall sites leads to no-go decay (NGD). The identities of the decay factors underlying these processes and the mechanisms by which they respond to translational distress remain open areas of investigation. We use carefully-designed reporter mRNAs to perform genetic screens and functional assays in S. cerevisiae. We characterize the roles of Hel2 and Syh1 in coordinating translational repression and mRNA decay on NGD reporter mRNAs, finding that Syh1 acts as the primary link to mRNA decay in NGD. Importantly, we observe that these NGD factors are not involved in the degradation of mRNAs enriched in non-optimal codons. Further, we establish that a key factor previously implicated in COMD, Not5, contributes modestly to the degradation of an NGD-targeted mRNA. Finally, we use ribosome profiling to reveal distinct ribosomal states associated with each reporter mRNA that readily rationalize the contributions of NGD and COMD factors to degradation of these reporters. Taken together, these results provide new mechanistic insight into the role of Syh1 in NGD and define the molecular triggers that determine how distinct pathways target mRNAs for degradation in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veltri, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loll-Krippleber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct ribosome states trigger diverse mRNA quality control pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupillary dynamics of optimal effort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While a substantial body of work has shown that cognitive effort is aversive and costly, a separate line of research on intrinsic motivation suggests that people spontaneously seek challenging tasks. According to one prominent account of intrinsic motivation, the Learning Progress Motivation theory, the preference for difficult tasks reflects the dynamic range that these tasks yield for changes in task performance (Oudeyer, Kaplan & Hafner, 2007). Here we test this hypothesis, by asking whether greater engagement with intermediately difficult tasks, indexed by subjective ratings and objective pupil measurements, is a function of trial-wise changes in performance. In a novel paradigm, we determined each individuals capacity for task performance and used difficulty levels that are too low, intermediately challenging or high for that individual. We demonstrated that challenging tasks resulted in greater liking and engagement scores compared with easy tasks. Pupil size tracked objective task difficulty, where challenging tasks were associated with greater pupil responses than easy tasks. Most importantly, pupil responses were predicted by trial-to-trial changes in average accuracy as well as learning progress (derivative of average accuracy), while greater pupil responses also predicted greater subjective engagement scores. Together, these results substantiate the Learning Progress Motivation hypothesis stating that the link between task engagement and cognitive effort is mediated the dynamic range for changes in task performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupillary dynamics of optimal effort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAD metabolism modulates mitochondrial function and inflammation and prevents progression of diabetic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of cardiovascular and renal disease in the United States. In spite of the beneficial interventions available for patients with diabetes, there remains a need for additional therapeutic targets and therapies in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Inflammation and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as important causes of renal diseases. Inflammation is closely associated with mitochondrial damage. The molecular connection between inflammation and mitochondrial metabolism remains to be elucidated. Recently, nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) metabolism has been found to regulate immune function and inflammation. In the present studies we tested the hypothesis that enhancing NAD metabolism could prevent inflammation in and progression of DKD. We found that treatment of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes with nicotinamide riboside (NR) prevented several manifestations of kidney dysfunction (i.e., albuminuria, increased urinary kidney injury marker-1 (KIM1) excretion and pathologic changes). These effects were associated with decreased inflammation, at least in part via inhibiting the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway. An antagonist of the serum stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and whole-body STING deletion in diabetic mice showed similar renoprotection. Further analysis found that NR increased SIRT3 activity and improved mitochondrial function, which led to decreased mitochondrial DNA damage, a trigger for mitochondrial DNA leakage which activates the cGAS-STING pathway. Overall, these data show that NR supplementation boosted NAD metabolism to augment mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation and thereby preventing progression of diabetic kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAD metabolism modulates mitochondrial function and inflammation and prevents progression of diabetic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-like function of the nephron central command 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interoceptive neurons that sense and regulate our internal milieu have been identified in several organs except in the kidney cortex despite its major importance in maintaining body homeostasis. Here we report that the chief kidney cell type of the macula densa (MD) forms coordinated neural networks in each nephron that resemble peripheral ganglia. A combined in vivo single-cell 4D physiology (sc4DP) and scRNA sequencing approach identified the MD mechanisms of neuronal differentiation, heterogeneity (pacemaker MD cells), sensing of the local and systemic environment via multi-organ crosstalk, and regulation of organ functions by acting as the nephron central command. Consistent with their neuron-like nature, MD cells express the molecular fingerprint of neurodegeneration. Here we put forth the single-cell MD model and concept of local neural networks that control organ and body functions via interoception in normal physiological state and use an integrated mechanism of neurodegeneration in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyarmati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquier-Brison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izuhara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deepak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biemesderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minichiello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlokovic, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peti-Peterdi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-like function of the nephron central command]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentive deep learning-based tumor-only somatic mutation classifier achieves high accuracy agnostic of tissue type and capture kit. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In precision oncology, reliable identification of tumor-specific DNA mutations requires sequencing tumor DNA and non-tumor DNA (so-called "matched normal") from the same patient. The normal sample allows researchers to distinguish acquired (somatic) and hereditary (germline) variants. The ability to distinguish somatic and germline variants facilitates estimation of tumor mutation burden (TMB), which is a recently FDA-approved pan-cancer marker for highly successful cancer immunotherapies; in tumor-only variant calling (i.e., without a matched normal), the difficulty in discriminating germline and somatic variants results in inflated and unreliable TMB estimates. We apply machine learning to the task of somatic vs germline classification in tumor-only samples using TabNet, a recently developed attentive deep learning model for tabular data that has achieved state of the art performance in multiple classification tasks (Arik and Pfister 2019). We constructed a training set for supervised classification using features derived from tumor-only variant calling and drawing somatic and germline truth-labels from an independent pipeline incorporating the patient-matched normal samples. Our trained model achieved state-of-the-art performance on two hold-out test datasets: a TCGA dataset including sarcoma, breast adenocarcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma samples (F1-score: 88.3), and a metastatic melanoma dataset, (F1-score 79.8). Concordance between matched-normal and tumor-only TMB improves from R2 = 0.006 to 0.705 with the addition of our classifier. And importantly, this approach generalizes across tumor tissue types and capture kits and has a call rate of 100%. The interpretable feature masks of the attentive deep learning model explain the reasons for misclassified variants. We reproduce the recent finding that tumor-only TMB estimates for Black patients are extremely inflated relative to that of White patients due to the racial biases of germline databases. We show that our machine learning approach appreciably reduces this racial bias in tumor-only variant-calling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asthana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Meo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masica, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentive deep learning-based tumor-only somatic mutation classifier achieves high accuracy agnostic of tissue type and capture kit.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced fit with replica exchange improves protein complex structure prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the progress in prediction of protein complexes over the last decade, recent blind protein complex structure prediction challenges revealed limited success rates (less than 20% models with DockQ score > 0.4) on targets that exhibit significant conformational change upon binding. To overcome limitations in capturing backbone motions, we developed a new, aggressive sampling method that incorporates temperature replica exchange Monte Carlo (T-REMC) and conformational sampling techniques within docking protocols in Rosetta. Our method, ReplicaDock 2.0, mimics induced-fit mechanism of protein binding to sample backbone motions across putative interface residues on-the-fly, thereby recapitulating binding-partner induced conformational changes. Furthermore, ReplicaDock 2.0 clocks in at 150-500 CPU hours per target (protein-size dependent); a runtime that is significantly faster than Molecular Dynamics based approaches. For a benchmark set of 88 proteins with moderate to high flexibility (unbound-to-bound iRMSD over 1.2 [A]), ReplicaDock 2.0 successfully docks 61% of moderately flexible complexes and 35% of highly flexible complexes. Additionally, we demonstrate that by biasing backbone sampling particularly towards residues comprising flexible loops or hinge domains, highly flexible targets can be predicted to under 2 [A] accuracy. This indicates that additional gains are possible when mobile protein segments are known.

Significance StatementProteins bind each other in a highly specific and regulated manner, and these associated dynamics of binding are intimately linked to their function. Conventional techniques of structure determination such as cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography and NMR are time-consuming and arduous. Using a temperature-replica exchange Monte Carlo approach that mimics the kinetic mechanism of "induced fit" binding, we improved prediction of protein complex structures, particularly for targets that exhibit considerable conformational changes upon binding (Interface root mean square deviation (unbound-bound) > 1.2 [A]. Capturing these binding-induced conformational changes in proteins can aid us in better understanding biological mechanisms and suggest intervention strategies for disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced fit with replica exchange improves protein complex structure prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of inducible protein degradation and quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify kinase-substrate relationships. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation signaling is an essential post-translational regulatory mechanism that governs almost all eukaryotic biological processes and is controlled by an interplay between protein kinases and phosphatases. Knowledge of direct substrates of kinases provides evidence of mechanisms that relate activity to biological function. Linking kinases to their protein substrates can be achieved by inhibiting or reducing kinase activity and quantitative comparisons of phosphoproteomes in the presence and absence of kinase activity. Unfortunately, most of the human kinases lack chemical inhibitors with selectivity required to unambiguously assign protein substrates to their respective kinases. Here, we develop and validate a chemical proteomics strategy for linking kinase activities to protein substrates via targeted protein degradation and quantitative phosphoproteomics and apply it to the well-studied, essential mitotic regulator polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). We leveraged the Tir1/auxin system to engineer HeLa cells with endogenously homozygous auxin-inducible degron (AID)-Plk1). We used HeLa cells and determined the impact of AID-tagging on Plk1 activity, localization, protein interactors, and substrate motifs. Using quantitative proteomics, we show that of over 8,000 proteins quantified, auxin addition is highly selective for degrading AID-Plk1 in mitotic cells. Comparison of phosphoproteome changes in response to chemical Plk1 inhibition to auxin-induced degradation revealed a striking degree of correlation. Finally, we explored basal protein turnover as a potential basis for clonal differences in auxin-induced degradation rates for AID-Plk1 cells. Taken together, our work provides a roadmap for the application of AID technology as a general strategy for the kinome-wide discovery of kinase-substrate relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howarth, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiredu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado del Valle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of inducible protein degradation and quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify kinase-substrate relationships.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Transcriptome Assembly Using a Hybrid of Long and Short Reads with StringTie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-read RNA sequencing and long-read RNA sequencing each have their strengths and weaknesses for transcriptome assembly. While short reads are highly accurate, they are unable to span multiple exons. Long-read technology can capture full-length transcripts, but its high error rate often leads to mis-identified splice sites, and its low throughput makes quantification difficult. Here we present a new release of StringTie that performs hybrid-read assembly. By taking advantage of the strengths of both long and short reads, hybrid-read assembly with StringTie is more accurate than long-read only or short-read only assembly, and on some datasets it can more than double the number of correctly assembled transcripts, while obtaining substantially higher precision than the long-read data assembly alone. Here we demonstrate the improved accuracy on simulated data and real data from Arabidopsis thaliana, Mus musculus, and human. We also show that hybrid-read assembly is more accurate than correcting long reads prior to assembly while also being substantially faster. StringTie is freely available as open source software at https://github.com/gpertea/stringtie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Transcriptome Assembly Using a Hybrid of Long and Short Reads with StringTie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence of paralogous loci or new bona fide microRNAs in telomere to telomere (T2T) genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The telomere to telomere (T2T) genome project discovered and mapped [~]240 million additional base pairs of primarily telomeric and centromeric reads. Much of this sequence was comprised of satellite sequences and large segmental duplications. We evaluated the extent to which human bona fide microRNAs (miRNAs) may be found in additional paralogous genomic loci or if previously undescribed microRNAs are present in these newly sequenced regions of the human genome. New genomic regions of the T2T project spanning [~]240 million bp of sequence were obtained and evaluated by blastn for the human miRNAs contained in MirGeneDB2.0 (N=556) and miRBase (N = 1917) along with all species of MirGeneDB2.0 miRNAs (N=10,899). Additionally, bowtie was used to compare unmapped reads from >4,000 primary cell samples to the new T2T sequence. Based on sequence and structure, no bona fide miRNAs were identified. Ninety-seven miRNAs of questionable authenticity (frequently known repeat elements) were identified from the miRBase dataset across the newly described regions of the human genome. These 97 represent only 51 miRNA families due to paralogy of highly similar miRNAs such as 24 members of the hsa-mir-548 family. Altogether, this data strongly supports our having identified widely expressed bona fide miRNAs in the human genome and move us further toward the completion of human miRNA discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence of paralogous loci or new bona fide microRNAs in telomere to telomere (T2T) genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.471810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis is driven by aberrant activation of TCL1A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.471810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse set of driver genes, such as regulators of DNA methylation, RNA splicing, and chromatin remodeling, have been associated with pre-malignant clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The factors mediating expansion of these mutant clones remain largely unknown, partially due to a paucity of large cohorts with longitudinal blood sampling. To circumvent this limitation, we developed and validated a method to infer clonal expansion rate from single timepoint data called PACER (passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate). Applying PACER to 5,071 persons with clonal hematopoiesis accurately recapitulated the known fitness effects due to different driver mutations. A genome-wide association study of PACER revealed that a common inherited polymorphism in the TCL1A promoter was associated with slower clonal expansion. Those carrying two copies of this protective allele had up to 80% reduced odds of having driver mutations in TET2, ASXL1, SF3B1, SRSF2, and JAK2, but not DNMT3A. TCL1A was not expressed in normal or DNMT3A-mutated HSCs, but the introduction of mutations in TET2 or ASXL1 by CRISPR editing led to aberrant expression of TCL1A and expansion of HSCs in vitro. These effects were abrogated in HSCs from donors carrying the protective TCL1A allele. Our results indicate that the fitness advantage of multiple common driver genes in clonal hematopoiesis is mediated through TCL1A activation. PACER is an approach that can be widely applied to uncover genetic and environmental determinants of pre-malignant clonal expansion in blood and other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burugula, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Falkenhausen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuldiner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Jones, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mat</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.471810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal hematopoiesis is driven by aberrant activation of TCL1A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroimaging signature associated with symptom exacerbation in early-stage psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent reports have indicated that the occurrence of symptom exacerbation in early-stage psychosis could result in brain changes. Such a symptom exacerbation is frequently called relapse, which underlies a poorer disease outcome. Thus, it is important to identify neuroimaging alterations that are specifically seen in patients who experience relapse in early-stage psychosis. We hypothesized that this specific patient group may be more homogenous in disease-associated signatures likely to be linked to relapse, compared with the overall patient group. Such sub-stratified patient group and neuroimaging signatures would be useful for the biological understanding of relapse. To address this goal, we conducted a cross-sectional study (85 patients with early-stage psychosis and 94 healthy controls) with the use of medical records in a retrospective manner. To define the specific sub-group with the past experience of relapse, we used hospitalization due to psychotic symptom exacerbation, according to many publications that used this factor as a proxy for relapse. By examining resting-state functional connectivity (FC) for the study subjects, we validated our hypothesis and defined 131 FCs possibly associated with relapse. Through these studies, 3 brain regions (the thalamus, precentral gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) were underscored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroimaging signature associated with symptom exacerbation in early-stage psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional view of neural computation in the cerebral cortex holds that sensory neurons are specialized, i.e., selective for certain dimensions of sensory stimuli. This view was challenged by evidence of contextual interactions between stimulus dimensions in which a neurons response to one dimension strongly depends on other dimensions. Here we use methods of mathematical modeling, psychophysics, and electrophysiology to address shortcomings of the traditional view. Using a model of a generic cortical circuit, we begin with the simple demonstration that cortical responses are always distributed among neurons, forming characteristic waveforms, which we call neural waves. When stimulated by patterned stimuli, circuit responses arise by interference of neural waves. Resulting patterns of interference depend on interaction between stimulus dimensions. Comparison of these modeled responses with responses of biological vision makes it clear that the framework of neural wave interference provides a useful alternative to the standard concept of neural computation.

TeaserInvestigating interference of neural waves helps to overcome limitations of the traditional view of cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gepshtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery and optimization of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications relies on large sequence libraries, but is hindered by developability issues such as low solubility, low thermal stability, high aggregation, and high immunogenicity. Generative language models, trained on millions of protein sequences, are a powerful tool for on-demand generation of realistic, diverse sequences. We present Immunoglobulin Language Model (IgLM), a deep generative language model for creating synthetic libraries by re-designing variable-length spans of antibody sequences. IgLM formulates antibody design as an autoregressive sequence generation task based on text-infilling in natural language. We trained IgLM on 558M antibody heavy- and light-chain variable sequences, conditioning on each sequences chain type and species-of-origin. We demonstrate that IgLM can generate full-length heavy and light chain sequences from a variety of species, as well as infilled CDR loop libraries with improved developability profiles. IgLM is a powerful tool for antibody design and should be useful in a variety of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuai, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are a powerful tool for studying development and disease, but the considerable phenotypic variation between lines makes it challenging to replicate key findings and integrate data across research groups. To address this issue, we sub-cloned candidate iPSC lines and deeply characterised their genetic properties using whole genome sequencing, their genomic stability upon CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, and their phenotypic properties including differentiation to commonly-used cell types. These studies identified KOLF2.1J as an all-around well-performing iPSC line. We then shared KOLF2.1J with groups around the world who tested its performance in head-to-head comparisons with their own preferred iPSC lines across a diverse range of differentiation protocols and functional assays. On the strength of these findings, we have made KOLF2.1J and hundreds of its gene-edited derivative clones readily accessible to promote the standardization required for large-scale collaborative science in the stem cell field.

SummaryThe authors of this collaborative study deeply characterized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines to rationally select a clonally-derived cell line that performs well across multiple modalities. KOLF2.1J was identified as a candidate reference cell line based on single-cell analysis of its gene expression in the pluripotent state, whole genome sequencing, genomic stability after highly efficient CRISPR-mediated gene editing, integrity of the p53 pathway, and the efficiency with which it differentiated into multiple target cell populations. Since it is deeply characterized and can be readily acquired, KOLF2.1J is an attractive reference cell line for groups working with iPSCs.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/472643v6_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebesta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockwick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinner-Bibeau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papademetriou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisupati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coccia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarrafha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahfeldt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanellati, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basundra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural cell adhesion molecule NrCAM regulates development of hypothalamic tanycytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic tanycytes are neural stem and progenitor cells, but little is known of how they are regulated. Here we provide evidence that the cell adhesion molecule, NrCAM, regulates tanycytes in the adult niche. NrCAM is strongly expressed in adult mouse tanycytes. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that NrCAM loss of function leads to both a reduced number of tanycytes and reduced expression of tanycyte-specific cell markers, along with a small reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive arcuate neurons. Similar analyses of NrCAM mutants at E16 identify few changes in gene expression or cell composition, indicating that NrCAM regulates tanycytes, rather than early embryonic hypothalamic development. Neurosphere and organotypic assays support the idea that NrCAM governs cellular homeostasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) shows that tanycyte-specific genes, including a number that are implicated in thyroid hormone metabolism, show reduced expression in the mutant mouse. However, the mild tanycyte depletion and loss of markers observed in NrCAM-deficient mice were associated with only a subtle metabolic phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowsett, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebling, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placzek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural cell adhesion molecule NrCAM regulates development of hypothalamic tanycytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structures and functional analysis of the ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 region of PARP13/ZAP define a new mode of engaging poly(ADP-ribose) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP13/ZAP acts against multiple viruses through recognizing and promoting degradation of cytoplasmic viral mRNA. PARP13 has four N-terminal Zn-finger motifs that bind CG-rich nucleotide sequences, and a C-terminal ADP ribosyltransferase fold similar to other PARPs. A central region predicted to contain a fifth Zn-finger and two tandem WWE domains is implicated in binding poly(ADP-ribose); however, there are limited insights into the structure and function of this PARP13 region (ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2). Here, we present crystal structures of ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 from mouse PARP13 in complex with ADP-ribose and with ATP. ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 crystallized as a dimer with major contacts formed between WWE1 and WWE2 originating from different monomers, indicative of a more compact monomeric arrangement of the tandem WWE domains. Solution scattering experiments and biophysical analysis indicated a monomer in solution, suggesting that the crystal dimer represents domain swapping that could potentially represent a PARP13 conformation assumed when signaling viral RNA detection. The crystal structure and binding studies demonstrate that WWE2 interacts with ADP-ribose and ATP, whereas WWE1 does not have a functional binding site. The shape of the WWE2 binding pocket disfavors interaction with the ribose-ribose linkage of poly(ADP-ribose). Binding studies with poly(ADP-ribose) ligands indicate that WWE2 serves as an anchor for preferential binding to the terminal end of poly(ADP-ribose), and the composite structure of ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 forms an extended surface to engage polymer chains of ADP-ribose. This model represents a novel mode of poly(ADP-ribose) recognition and provides a structural framework for investigating poly(ADP-ribose) impact on PARP13 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuttiyatveetil, J. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soufari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structures and functional analysis of the ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 region of PARP13/ZAP define a new mode of engaging poly(ADP-ribose)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syntenic genomic loci on human chromosome 8 (hChr8) and mouse chromosome 15 (mChr15) code for LY6/Ly6 (lymphocyte antigen 6) family proteins. The 23 murine Ly6 family genes include eight genes that are flanked by the murine Ly6e and Ly6l genes and form an Ly6 subgroup referred to here as the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. Ly6a, also known as Sca1 (Stem Cell Antigen-1) and TAP (T-cell activating protein), is a member of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. No LY6 genes have been annotated within the syntenic LY6E to LY6L human locus. We report here on LY6S, a solitary human LY6 gene that is syntenic with the murine Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, and with which it shares a common ancestry. LY6S codes for the interferon-inducible GPI-linked LY6S-iso1 protein that contains only 9 of the 10 consensus LY6 cysteine residues and is most highly expressed in a non-classical cell population. Its expression leads to distinct shifts in patterns of gene expression, particularly of genes coding for inflammatory and immune response proteins, and LY6S-iso1 expressing cells show increased resistance to viral infection. Our findings reveal the presence of a previously un-annotated human interferon-stimulated gene, LY6S, which has a one to eight ortholog relationship with the genes of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, is most highly expressed in spleen cells of a non-classical cell-lineage and whose expression induces viral resistance and is associated with an inflammatory phenotype and with the activation of genes that regulate immune responses.

One Sentence SummaryLY6S is a newly discovered human interferon-inducible gene associated with inflammation and with resistance to viral replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmerling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smorodinsky, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi-Assif, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baruchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shargorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braschi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wreschner, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch inhibition promotes regeneration and immunosuppression supports cone survival in a zebrafish model of inherited retinal dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoreceptor degeneration leads to irreversible vision loss in humans with retinal dystrophies such as Retinitis Pigmentosa. Whereas photoreceptor loss is permanent in mammals, zebrafish possesses the ability to regenerate retinal neurons and restore visual function. Following acute damage, Muller glia (MG) re-enter the cell cycle and produce multipotent progenitors whose progeny differentiate into mature neurons. Both MG reprogramming and proliferation of retinal progenitor cells require reactive microglia and associated inflammatory signaling. Paradoxically, MG in zebrafish models of photoreceptor degeneration fail to re-enter the cell cycle and regenerate lost cells. Here, we used the zebrafish cep290 mutant to demonstrate that progressive cone degeneration generates an immune response but does not stimulate MG proliferation. Acute light damage triggered photoreceptor regeneration in cep290 mutants but cones were only restored to pre-lesion densities. Using irf8 mutant zebrafish, we found that the chronic absence of microglia reduced inflammation and rescued cone degeneration in cep290 mutants. Finally, single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed sustained expression of notch3 in MG of cep290 mutants and inhibition of Notch signaling induced MG to re-enter the cell cycle. Our findings provide new insights on the requirements for MG to proliferate and the potential for immunosuppression to prolong photoreceptor survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fogerty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabinski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianciolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch inhibition promotes regeneration and immunosuppression supports cone survival in a zebrafish model of inherited retinal dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulation network inference using k-nearest neighbor-based mutual information estimation- Revisiting an old DREAM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA cell exhibits a variety of responses to internal and external cues. These responses are possible, in part, due to the presence of an elaborate gene regulatory network (GRN) in every single cell. In the past twenty years, many groups worked on reconstructing the topological structure of GRNs from large-scale gene expression data using a variety of inference algorithms. Insights gained about participating players in GRNs may ultimately lead to therapeutic benefits. Mutual information (MI) is a widely used metric within this inference/reconstruction pipeline as it can detect any correlation (linear and non-linear) between any number of variables (n-dimensions). However, the use of MI with continuous data (for example, normalized fluorescence intensity measurement of gene expression levels) is sensitive to data size, correlation strength and underlying distributions, and often requires laborious and, at times, ad hoc optimization.

ResultsIn this work, we first show that estimating MI of a bi- and tri-variate Gaussian distribution using k-nearest neighbor (kNN) MI estimation results in significant error reduction as compared to commonly used methods based on fixed binning. Second, we demonstrate that implementing the MI-based kNN Kraskov-Stoogbauer-Grassberger (KSG) algorithm leads to a significant improvement in GRN reconstruction for popular inference algorithms, such as Context Likelihood of Relatedness (CLR). Finally, through extensive in-silico benchmarking we show that a new inference algorithm CMIA (Conditional Mutual Information Augmentation), inspired by CLR, in combination with the KSG-MI estimator, outperforms commonly used methods.

ConclusionsUsing three canonical datasets containing 15 synthetic networks, the newly developed method for GRN reconstruction - which combines CMIA, and the KSG-MI estimator - achieves an improvement of 20-35% in precision-recall measures over the current gold standard in the field. This new method will enable researchers to discover new gene interactions or choose gene candidates for experimental validations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shachaf, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulation network inference using k-nearest neighbor-based mutual information estimation- Revisiting an old DREAM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor exposure produces conditioned rewarding effects in male and female rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe use of place conditioning procedures and drug vapor exposure models can increase our understanding of the rewarding and aversive effects of vaped cannabis products. Currently there are limited data on the conditioned rewarding effects of vaporized {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis in rats, and no studies to date examining sex differences.

MethodsMale and female Sprague-Dawley rats (N=96; 12 per sex/group) underwent place conditioning sessions immediately after exposure to THC or vehicle (propylene glycol, PG) vapor. Locomotor activity was measured by beam breaks during conditioning sessions. THC vapor-conditioned rats received one of three THC vapor exposure amounts (low: 5 puffs of 100 mg/ml THC, medium: 5 puffs of 200 mg/ml THC, or high: 10 puffs of 200 mg/ml THC) and matched vehicle vapor (PG) exposure on alternate days for 16 daily sessions. A  no THC control group of vehicle-conditioned rats received only PG vapor exposure each day. After the 8th and 16th conditioning sessions, untreated rats were tested for conditioned place preference (CPP) or avoidance (CPA). Next, extinction tests and a THC vapor-primed reinstatement test were conducted.

ResultsTHC vapor produced CPP and locomotor effects in an exposure dependent manner, and some sex differences were observed. Low THC vapor exposure did not produce CPP in males or females. Medium THC vapor exposure produced CPP in males, but not females. High THC vapor exposure produced CPP in both males and females. Medium and high THC vapor exposure amounts produced hyperactivity in female rats, but not male rats. CPP was more resistant to extinction in females than males. THC vapor re-exposure (i.e., drug-prime) after extinction did not result in reinstatement of CPP for either sex.

ConclusionThis study demonstrates conditioned rewarding effects of THC vapor in both male and female rats and provides evidence for sex differences in amounts of THC vapor that produce CPP and in time to extinction. CPA was not observed at any of the THC vapor exposure amounts tested. These data provide a foundation for future exploration of the conditioned effects of cannabis constituents and extracts using vapor exposure models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor exposure produces conditioned rewarding effects in male and female rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging TOPMed Imputation Server and Constructing a Cohort-Specific Imputation Reference Panel to Enhance Genotype Imputation among Cystic Fibrosis Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe genetic disorder that can cause multiple comorbidities affecting the lungs, the pancreas, the luminal digestive system and beyond. In our previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we genotyped [~]8,000 CF samples using a mixture of different genotyping platforms. More recently, the Cystic Fibrosis Genome Project (CFGP) performed deep ([~]30x) whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 5,095 samples to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying clinical heterogeneity among CF patients. For mixtures of GWAS array and WGS data, genotype imputation has proven effective in increasing effective sample size. Therefore, we first performed imputation for the [~]8,000 CF samples with GWAS array genotype using the TOPMed freeze 8 reference panel. Our results demonstrate that TOPMed can provide high-quality imputation for CF patients, boosting genomic coverage from [~]0.3 - 4.2 million genotyped markers to [~]11 - 43 million well-imputed markers, and significantly improving Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) prediction accuracy. Furthermore, we built a CF-specific CFGP reference panel based on WGS data of CF patients. We demonstrate that despite having [~]3% the sample size of TOPMed, our CFGP reference panel can still outperform TOPMed when imputing some CF disease-causing variants, likely due to allele and haplotype differences between CF patients and general populations. We anticipate our imputed data for 4,656 samples without WGS data will benefit our subsequent genetic association studies, and the CFGP reference panel built from CF WGS samples will benefit other investigators studying CF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallins, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strug, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamshad, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Cystic Fibrosis Genome Project (CFGP) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging TOPMed Imputation Server and Constructing a Cohort-Specific Imputation Reference Panel to Enhance Genotype Imputation among Cystic Fibrosis Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proprioceptive Re-alignment drives Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple learning processes contribute to successful goal-directed actions in the face of changing physiological states, biomechanical constraints, and environmental contexts. Amongst these processes, implicit sensorimotor adaptation is of primary importance, ensuring that movements remain well-calibrated and accurate. A large body of work on reaching movements has emphasized how adaptation centers on an iterative process designed to minimize visual errors. The role of proprioception has been largely neglected, thought to play a passive role in which proprioception is affected by the visual error but does not directly contribute to adaptation. Here we present an alternative to this visuo-centric framework, arguing that that implicit adaptation can be understood as minimizing a proprioceptive error, the distance between the perceived hand position and its intended goal. We use this proprioceptive re-alignment model (PReMo) to re-examine many phenomena that have previously been interpreted in terms of learning from visual errors, as well as offer novel accounts for unexplained phenomena. We discuss potential challenges for this new perspective on implicit adaptation and outline a set of predictions for future experimentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proprioceptive Re-alignment drives Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: Geographical patterns and range expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and Rift Valley fever threaten public health and food security globally. Despite their cohesive nature, they are typically treated as distinct entities. Applying biological system analysis to the African MBDs from a One Health perspective, we provide the first biogeographic description of the African mosquito fauna corresponding with the pathogens they transmit. After compiling records accumulated over a century, we find that there are 677 mosquito species in Africa, representing 16 genera, and 151 mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs) circulating primarily among wild tetrapods, dominated by viruses (95) and protozoans (47). We estimate that reported MBPs represent [~]1% of the actual number. Unlike mosquitoes, African arboviruses and mammalian plasmodia represent a higher share of the Worlds total based on the area - species richness relationship (P<0.0001), explaining the disproportional large share of global MBPs that originated from Africa. Species richness of African mosquitoes and MBPs are similarly concentrated along the equator, peaking in central Africa, with a secondary "ridge" along eastern Africa. Moderate diversity and low endemicity in mosquitoes across the Sahel reveals a fauna with high propensity for long-range migration. Regional differences in species richness, endemicity, and composition agreed with country-based results. The composition of mosquitoes and MBPs separates sub-Saharan Africa from north Africa, in accordance with the Palearctic and Afrotropical faunal realms, and west and central Africa are clustered together distinctly from the cluster of eastern and southern Africa. With [~]25% of the species occupying a single country, [~]50% in 1-3 countries and <5% found in >25 countries, the typical ranges of both mosquitoes and MBPs are surprisingly small. The striking similarity in diversity and especially in range distributions of mosquitoes and MBPs suggest that most MBPs are transmitted by one or few narrow-range mosquito vectors. Exceptionally widespread mosquito species (e.g., Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and 10 Anopheles species) feed preferentially on people and domestic animals, and nearly half are windborne migrants. Likewise, exceptionally widespread MBPs are transmitted between people or domestic animals and are vectored by one or more of the aforementioned widespread mosquitoes. Our results suggest that few MBPs have undergone a dramatic range expansion, after adapting to people or domestic animals as well as to exceptionally-widespread mosquitoes. During the intermediate phase of range expansion, MBPs extend their vector and vertebrate host ranges with a concomitant gradual increase in geographical range. Because range size may serve as a marker of the phase of range expansion, ranking the African MBPs according to range, we identified several MBPs that pose elevated risk for disease emergence (e.g., Wesselsbron virus). Taken together, our database, approach, and results can help improve MBD surveillance and lead to a better understanding of disease emergence. This knowledge has the potential to improve capacity to prevent and mitigate new and emerging MBD threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: Geographical patterns and range expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bionized nanoferrite particles alter the course of experimental Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcosis is a devastating fungal disease associated with high morbidity and mortality even when treated with antifungal drugs. Bionized nanoferrite (BNF) nanoparticles are powerful immunomodulators, but their efficacy for infectious diseases has not been investigated. Administration of BNF nanoparticles to mice with experimental cryptococcal pneumonia altered the outcome of infection in a dose response manner as measured by colony forming units and survival. The protective effects were higher at lower doses, with reductions in IL-2, IL-4 and TNF-, consistent with immune modulation whereby reductions in inflammation translate into reduced host damage, clearance of infection and longer survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liporagi Lopes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korangath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Junior, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivkov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bionized nanoferrite particles alter the course of experimental Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RS ratio and CFU improves the ability of murine efficacy experiments to distinguish between drug treatments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Murine tuberculosis drug efficacy studies have historically monitored bacterial burden based on colony forming units of M. tuberculosis in lung homogenate. In an alternative approach, a recently described molecular pharmacodynamic marker called the RS ratio quantifies drug effect on a fundamental cellular process: ongoing ribosomal RNA synthesis. Here we evaluated the ability of different pharmacodynamic markers to distinguish between treatments in three BALB/c mouse experiments at two institutions. We confirmed that different pharmacodynamic markers measure distinct biological responses. We found that a combination of pharmacodynamic markers distinguishes between treatments better than any single marker. The combination of the RS ratio with colony forming units showed the greatest ability to recapitulate the rank order of regimen treatment-shortening activity, providing proof of concept that simultaneous assessment of pharmacodynamic markers measuring different properties will enhance insight gained from animal models and accelerate development of new combination regimens. These results suggest potential for a new era in which antimicrobial therapies are evaluated not only on culture-based measures of bacterial burden but also on molecular assays that indicate how drugs impact the physiological state of the pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dide-Agossou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossmassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Mubarak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskuil, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia?Cremades, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahid, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermburger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RS ratio and CFU improves the ability of murine efficacy experiments to distinguish between drug treatments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel regimens of bedaquiline-pyrazinamide combined with moxifloxacin, rifabutin, delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in murine tuberculosis models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent landmark trial showed a 4-month regimen of rifapentine, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and isoniazid (PZMH) to be non-inferior to the 6-month standard of care. Here, two murine models of tuberculosis were used to test whether novel regimens replacing rifapentine and isoniazid with bedaquiline and another drug would maintain or increase the sterilizing activity of the regimen. In BALB/c mice, replacing rifapentine in the PZM backbone with bedaquiline (i.e., BZM) significantly reduced both lung CFU counts after 1 month and the proportion of mice relapsing within 3 months after completing 1.5 months of treatment. Addition of rifabutin to BZM (BZMRb) further increased the sterilizing activity. In the C3HeB/FeJ mouse model characterized by caseating lung lesions, treatment with BZMRb resulted in significantly fewer relapses than PZMH after 2 months of treatment. A regimen combining the new DprE1 inhibitor OPC-167832 and delamanid (BZOD) also had superior bactericidal and sterilizing activity compared to PZM in BALB/c mice and was similar in efficacy to PZMH in C3HeB/FeJ mice. Thus, BZM represents a promising backbone for treatment-shortening regimens. Given the prohibitive drug-drug interactions between bedaquiline and rifampin or rifapentine, the BZMRb regimen represents the best opportunity to combine, in one regimen, the treatment-shortening potential of the rifamycin class with that of BZM and deserves high priority for evaluation in clinical trials. Other 4-drug BZM-based regimens and BZOD represent promising opportunities for extending the spectrum of treatment-shortening regimens to rifamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurbatova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel regimens of bedaquiline-pyrazinamide combined with moxifloxacin, rifabutin, delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in murine tuberculosis models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.472655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of maternal-infant dyad inflammatory cytokines in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in early and late gestation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.472655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSARS-CoV-2 infection induces significant inflammatory cytokine production in adults, but infant cytokine signatures in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 are less well characterized. We aimed to evaluate cytokine profiles of mothers and their infants following COVID-19 in pregnancy.

Study DesignSerum samples at delivery from 31 mother-infant dyads with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy (COVID) were examined in comparison to 29 control dyads (Control). Samples were evaluated using a 13-plex cytokine assay.

ResultsIn comparison with controls, interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) were higher in COVID maternal and infant samples (p<0.05) and IL-8 uniquely elevated in COVID infant samples (p<0.05). Significant elevations in IL-6, IP-10 and IL-8 were found among both early (1st/2nd Trimester) and late (3rd Trimester) maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections.

ConclusionsMaternal SARS-CoV-2 infections throughout gestation are associated with increased maternal and infant inflammatory cytokines at birth with potential to impact long-term infant health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taglauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhole, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boateng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Cappione, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juttukonda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunnewell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabharwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.26.472655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of maternal-infant dyad inflammatory cytokines in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in early and late gestation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.473694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenatal immune stress induces a prolonged blunting of microglia activation that impacts striatal connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.473694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggested that microglia, the primary brain immune cells, can affect circuit connectivity and neuronal function1-3. Microglia infiltrate the neuroepithelium early in embryonic development and are maintained in the brain throughout adulthood4,5. Several maternal environmental factors, such as aberrant microbiome, immune activation, and poor nutrition, can influence prenatal brain development6-8. Nevertheless, it is unknown how changes in the prenatal environment instruct the developmental trajectory of infiltrating microglia, which in turn affect brain development and function. Here we show that after maternal immune activation (MIA) microglia from the offspring have a long-lived decrease in immune reactivity (blunting) across the developmental trajectory. The blunted immune response was concomitant with changes in the chromatin accessibility and reduced transcription factor occupancy of the open chromatin. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that MIA does not induce a distinct subpopulation but rather decreases the contribution to inflammatory microglia states. Prenatal replacement of MIA microglia with physiological infiltration of naive microglia ameliorated the immune blunting and restored a decrease in presynaptic vesicle release probability onto dopamine receptor type-two medium spiny neurons, indicating that aberrantly formed microglia due to an adverse prenatal environment impacts the long-term microglia reactivity and proper striatal circuit development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carloni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.473694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenatal immune stress induces a prolonged blunting of microglia activation that impacts striatal connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Importance of linear combination modeling for quantification of Glutathione and GABA levels using Hadamard-edited MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTwo main approaches are used for spectral analysis of edited data: simple peak fitting and linear combination modeling (LCM) with a simulated basis set. Recent consensus recommended LCM as the method of choice for the spectral analysis of edited data. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of simple peak fitting and LCM in a test-retest dataset, hypothesizing that the more sophisticated LCM approach will improve quantification of HERMES data compared with simple peak fitting.

MethodsA test-retest dataset was re-analyzed using Gannet (simple peak fitting) and Osprey (LCM). These data were obtained from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of twelve healthy volunteers, with TE 80 ms for HERMES and TE 120 ms for MEGA-PRESS of glutathione (GSH). Within-subject coefficients of variance (CVs) were calculated to quantify between-scan reproducibility of each metabolite estimate.

ResultsThe reproducibility of HERMES GSH estimates was substantially improved using LCM compared to simple peak fitting, from a CV of 19.0% to 9.9%. For MEGA-PRESS data, the GSH reproducibility was similar using LCM and simple peak fitting, with CVs of 7.3% and 8.8% respectively.

ConclusionLinear combination modeling with simulated basis functions substantially improves the reproducibility of GSH quantification for HERMES data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Importance of linear combination modeling for quantification of Glutathione and GABA levels using Hadamard-edited MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ret loss-of-function decreases enteric neural crest progenitor proliferation and restricts developmental fate potential during enteric nervous system development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptor tyrosine kinase gene RET plays a critical role in the fate specification of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs) during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. Pathogenic RET loss of function (LoF) alleles are associated with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is marked by aganglionosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ENCDCs invade the developing GI tract, proliferate, migrate caudally, and differentiate into all of the major ENS cell types. Although the major phenotypic consequences and the underlying transcriptional changes from Ret LoF in the developing ENS have been described, its cell type and state-specific effects are unknown. Consequently, we performed single- cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on an enriched population of ENCDCs isolated from the developing GI tract of Ret null heterozygous and homozygous mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)12.5 and E14.5. We demonstrate four significant findings: (1) Ret-expressing ENCDCs are a heterogeneous population composed of ENS progenitors as well as glial and neuronal committed cells; (2) neurons committed to a predominantly inhibitory motor neuron developmental trajectory are not produced under Ret LoF, leaving behind a mostly excitatory motor neuron developmental program; (3) HSCR-associated and Ret gene regulatory network genes exhibit distinct expression patterns across Ret-expressing ENCDC with their expression impacted by Ret LoF; and (4) Ret deficiency leads to precocious differentiation and reduction in the number of proliferating ENS precursors. Our results support a model in which Ret contributes to multiple distinct cellular phenotypes associated with the proper development of the ENS, including the specification of inhibitory neuron subtypes, cell cycle dynamics of ENS progenitors, and the developmental timing of neuronal and glial commitment.

Summary StatementRet LoF affects proper development of the mouse ENS through multiple distinct cellular phenotypes including restriction of neuronal fate potential, disruption of ENCDC migration, and modulation of progenitor proliferation rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ret loss-of-function decreases enteric neural crest progenitor proliferation and restricts developmental fate potential during enteric nervous system development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in running performance of single- and group-housed mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice are one of several common animal models in neuroscience and mouse behavior is becoming increasingly relevant. Mice are housed either in groups or alone in standard cages during which they show a variety of different behaviors. Moreover, housing conditions might alter the behavior of the mice as do social interactions. When given access to running wheels as an environmental enrichment, mice tend to run long distances preferentially during their dark cycle. However, it is currently not well understood whether and how mice utilize running wheels when single-housed or group-housed. Here we developed a low-cost running wheel data acquisition system to study running in adult C57BL/6 mice at high temporal resolution under different social conditions. As expected, adult C57BL/6 mice prefer to run in stretches during the dark cycle and mostly rest during the light cycle. When single-housed, running bouts occur independent from each other as indicated by an exponential decaying autocorrelation. In contrast, mice run [~]50% less when housed in groups of n = 3 and their temporal pattern of running exhibits a power law decay in the autocorrelation indicative of potential social interactions. Our results demonstrate that running wheels are a limited resource for which mice compete for when they are group-housed, thereby reducing their overall running activity.

Significance StatementVoluntary cage wheel running is an important environmental enrichment for mice housed either alone or in groups. We show that this resource is considerably restricted for group-housed mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plenz, U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in running performance of single- and group-housed mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial stochastic model reveals the role of supercoiling in transcription regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Escherichia coli, translocation of RNA polymerase (RNAP) during transcription introduces supercoiling to DNA, which influences the initiation and elongation behaviors of RNAP. To quantify the role of supercoiling in transcription regulation, we develop a spatially resolved supercoiling model of transcription, describing RNAP-supercoiling interactions, topoisomerase activities, stochastic topological domain formation, and supercoiling diffusion in all transcription stages. This model establishes that transcription-induced supercoiling mediates the cooperation of co-transcribing RNAP molecules in highly expressed genes. It reveals that supercoiling transmits RNAP-accessible information through DNA and enables different RNAP molecules to communicate within and between genes. It thus predicts that a topological domain could serve as a transcription regulator, generating substantial transcription bursting and coordinating communications between adjacent genes in the domain. The model provides a quantitative platform for further theoretical and experimental investigations of how genome organization impacts transcription.

Author SummaryDNA mechanics and transcription dynamics are intimately coupled. During transcription, the translocation of RNA polymerase overwinds the DNA ahead and underwinds the DNA behind, rendering the DNA supercoiled. The supercoiled DNA could, in return, influences the behavior of the RNA polymerase, and consequently the amount of mRNA product it makes. Furthermore, supercoils could propagate on the DNA over thousands of base pairs, impacting RNA polymerase molecules at faraway sites. These complicated interplays between supercoiling and RNA polymerase makes supercoiling an important transcription regulator. To quantitatively investigate the role of supercoiling in transcription, we build a spatially resolved model that links transcription with the generation, propagation, and dissipation of supercoiling. Our model reveals that supercoiling mediates transcription at multiple length scales. At a single-gene scale, we show that supercoiling gives rise to the collective motion of co-transcribing RNA polymerase molecules, supporting recent experimental observations. Additionally, large variations in mRNA production of a gene can arise from the constraints of supercoiling diffusion in a topological domain. At a multi-gene scale, we show that supercoiling dynamics allow two adjacent genes influence each others transcription kinetics, thus serving as a transcription regulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachaf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial stochastic model reveals the role of supercoiling in transcription regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normal Reproductive function in male mice lacking pituitary kisspeptin receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulate gonadal development, gametogenesis and the secretion of the gonadal steroid hormones. The gonadotroph is primarily regulated by hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from neurons of the rostral hypothalamus and is mediated by GnRH receptor signaling. Kisspeptin (KISS1)/kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) signaling in GnRH neurons plays an essential role in reproductive function. As the kisspeptin receptor is present in the pituitary, kisspeptin signaling via the Kiss1r may regulate reproductive function at the level of pituitary. Using Cre/Lox technology, we deleted the Kiss1r gene in pituitary gonadotropes (PKiRKO). PKiRKO male and females have normal genital development, puberty onset, and fertility. Females have normal LH, FSH and estradiol while males had significantly increased basal serum FSH levels with no differences in basal serum LH, or testosterone levels. Overall, these findings indicate that the pituitary KISS1R does not play a role in male reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radovick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normal Reproductive function in male mice lacking pituitary kisspeptin receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adjunctive inhibition of the integrated stress response pathway accelerates bacterial clearance in a mouse model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating infectious disease that continues to cause millions of human deaths every year. Even though most cases of TB can be cured with a 6-month antibiotic combination therapy, these long treatment durations have led to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and pose a major hurdle to global TB control. Despite numerous advances in TB drug development, a substantially shortened treatment time has yet to be achieved. Given the rise in antibiotic resistance, an alternative strategy to the direct targeting of M. tuberculosis (M.tb) is the development of host-directed therapies (HDTs) that promote bacterial clearance and/or lung health when given adjunctive to standard TB antibiotics. We recently discovered that a small molecule inhibitor of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR), which is abnormally activated in TB and associated with the formation of necrotic granulomas, reduced M.tb numbers and lung inflammation in mice. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of adjunctive ISR inhibition in the context of standard TB therapy. Throughout the course of treatment, ISR inhibition robustly lowered bacterial burdens compared to standard TB therapy alone and accelerated the time-to-sterility in mice, as demonstrated by significantly reduced relapse rates after 4 months of treatment. In addition, mice receiving adjunctive ISR inhibition tended to have reduced lung necrosis and inflammation. Together, our findings identify the ISR pathway as a promising therapeutic target with the potential of shortening TB treatment durations and improving lung health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikrishna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adjunctive inhibition of the integrated stress response pathway accelerates bacterial clearance in a mouse model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.471994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nested spatial and temporal modeling of environmental conditions associated with genetic markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington state Pacific oysters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.471994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is one of the largest commercial harvesting areas for Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the United States. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a bacterium naturally present in estuarine waters, accumulates in shellfish and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. Growers, consumers, and public-health officials have raised concerns about rising vibriosis cases in the region. V. parahaemolyticus genetic markers (tlh, tdh, trh) were estimated using an MPN-PCR technique in Washington State Pacific oysters regularly sampled between May and October from 2005 to 2019 (N=2,836); environmental conditions were also measured at each sampling event. Multilevel mixed-effects regression models were used to assess relationships between environmental measures and genetic markers as well as genetic marker ratios (trh:tlh, tdh:tlh, and tdh:trh), accounting for variation across space and time. Spatial and temporal dependence were also accounted for in the model structure. Model fit improved when including environmental measures from previous weeks (1-week lag for air temperature, 3-week lag for salinity). Positive associations were found between tlh and surface water temp, specifically between 15{degrees}C and 26{degrees}C, and between trh and surface water temperature up to 26{degrees}C. tlh and trh were negatively associated with 3-week lagged salinity in the most saline waters (> 27 ppt). There was also a positive relationship between tissue temperature and tdh, but only above 20{degrees}C. The tdh:tlh ratio displayed analogous inverted non-linear relationships as tlh. The non-linear associations found between the genetic targets and environmental measures demonstrate the complex habitat suitability of V. parahaemolyticus. Additional associations with both spatial and temporal variables also suggest there are influential unmeasured environmental conditions that could further explain bacterium variability. Overall, these findings confirm previous ecological risk factors for vibriosis in Washington State, while also identifying new associations between lagged temporal effects and pathogenic markers of V. parahaemolyticus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fries, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePaola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curriero, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.471994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nested spatial and temporal modeling of environmental conditions associated with genetic markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington state Pacific oysters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Missense variants causing Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome preferentially occur in the KMT2A-CXXC domain and are accurately classified using AlphaFold2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WSS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by de novo variants in KMT2A, which encodes a multi-domain histone methyltransferase. To gain insight into the currently unknown pathogenesis of WSS, we examined the spatial distribution of likely WSS-causing variants across the 15 different domains of KMT2A. Compared to variants in healthy controls, WSS variants exhibit a 64.1-fold overrepresentation within the CXXC domain - which mediates binding to unmethylated CpGs - suggesting a major role for this domain in mediating the phenotype. In contrast, we find no significant overrepresentation within the catalytic SET domain. Corroborating these results, we find that hippocampal neurons from Kmt2a-deficient mice demonstrate disrupted H3K4me1 preferentially at CpG-rich regions, but this has no systematic impact on gene expression. Motivated by these results, we combine accurate prediction of the CXXC domain structure by AlphaFold2 with prior biological knowledge to develop a classification scheme for missense variants in the CXXC domain. Our classifier achieved 96.0% positive and 92.3% negative predictive value on a hold-out test set. This classification performance enabled us to subsequently perform an in silico saturation mutagenesis and classify a total of 445 variants according to their functional effects. Our results yield a novel insight into the mechanistic basis of WSS and provide an example of how AlphaFold2 can contribute to the in silico characterization of variant effects with very high accuracy, establishing a paradigm potentially applicable to many other Mendelian disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynisdottir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Missense variants causing Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome preferentially occur in the KMT2A-CXXC domain and are accurately classified using AlphaFold2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virtually the same? Evaluating the effectiveness of remote undergraduate research experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In-person undergraduate research experiences (UREs) promote students integration into careers in life science research. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted institutions hosting summer URE programs to offer them remotely, raising questions about whether undergraduates who participate in remote research can experience scientific integration. To address this, we investigated indicators of scientific integration for students who participated in remote life science URE programs in summer 2020. We found that these students experienced gains in their scientific self-efficacy and scientific identity similar to results reported for in-person UREs. We also found that these students perceived high benefits and low costs of doing research at the outset of their programs, and their perceptions did not change despite the remote circumstances. Yet, their perceptions differed by program, indicating that programs differentially affected students perceptions of the costs of doing research. Finally, we observed that students with prior research experience made greater gains in self-efficacy and identity, as well as in their perceptions of the alignment of their values with those of the scientific community, in comparison to students with no prior research experience. This finding suggests that additional programming may be needed for undergraduates with no prior experience to benefit from remote research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hess, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustus-Wallace, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoob, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branchaw, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrechen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Crespo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchoudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Lugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reithel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virtually the same? Evaluating the effectiveness of remote undergraduate research experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding of speech in convolutional layers and the brain stem based on language experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing artificial neural networks with outputs of neuroimaging techniques has recently seen substantial advances in (computer) vision and text-based language models. Here, we propose a framework to compare biological and artificial neural computations of spoken language representations and propose several new challenges to this paradigm. The proposed technique is based on a similar principle that underlies electroencephalography (EEG): averaging of neural (artificial or biological) activity across neurons in the time domain, and allows to compare encoding of any acoustic property in the brain and in intermediate convolutional layers of an artificial neural network. Our approach allows a direct comparison of responses to a phonetic property in the brain and in deep neural networks that requires no linear transformations between the signals. We argue that the brain stem response (cABR) and the response in intermediate convolutional layers to the exact same stimulus are highly similar and quantify this observation. The proposed technique not only reveals similarties, but also allows for analysis of the encoding of actual acoustic properties in the two signals: we compare peak latency (i) in cABR relative to the stimulus in the brain stem and in (ii) intermediate convolutional layers relative to the input/output in deep convolutional networks. We also examine and compare the effect of prior language exposure on the peak latency in cABR and in intermediate convolutional layers. Substantial similarities in peak latency encoding between the human brain and intermediate convolutional networks emerge based on results from eight trained networks (including a replication experiment). The proposed technique can be used to compare encoding between the human brain and intermediate convolutional layers for any acoustic property and for other neuroimaging techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding of speech in convolutional layers and the brain stem based on language experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scRNA-sequencing reveals subtype-specific transcriptomic perturbations in DRG neurons of Pirt-EGFPf mice in neuropathic pain condition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functionally distinct subtypes/clusters of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which differ in soma size and neurochemical properties, may play different roles in nerve regeneration and pain. However, details about transcriptomic changes in different neuronal subtypes under maladaptive neuropathic pain conditions remain unclear. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve represents a well-established model of neuropathic pain that mimics the etiology of clinical conditions. Therefore, we conducted single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize subtype-specific perturbations of transcriptomes in lumbar DRG neurons 7 days after sciatic CCI. By using Pirt-EGFPf mice that selectively express enhanced green fluorescent protein in DRG neurons, we established a highly efficient purification process to enrich neurons for scRNA-seq. We observed a loss of marker genes in injured neurons of 12 standard neuronal clusters, and the emergence of four prominent CCI-induced clusters at this peak-maintenance phase of neuropathic pain. Importantly, a portion of injured neurons from a subset of the 12 standard clusters (NP1, PEP5, NF1, and NF2) were spared from injury-induced identity loss, suggesting subtype-specific transcriptomic changes in injured neurons. Moreover, uninjured neurons, which are necessary for mediating the evoked pain, also demonstrated subtype-specific transcriptomic perturbations in these clusters, but not others. Notably, male and female mice showed differential transcriptomic changes in multiple neuronal clusters after CCI, suggesting transcriptomic sexual dimorphism in primary sensory neurons after nerve injury. Collectively, these findings may contribute to the identification of new target genes and development of DRG neuron subtype-specific therapies for optimizing neuropathic pain treatment and nerve regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scRNA-sequencing reveals subtype-specific transcriptomic perturbations in DRG neurons of Pirt-EGFPf mice in neuropathic pain condition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bias in FGFR1 signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8, and FGF9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism of differential signaling of multiple FGF ligands through a single FGF receptor is poorly understood. Here, we use biophysical tools to quantify multiple aspects of FGFR1 signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8 and FGF9: potency, efficacy, bias, ligand-induced oligomerization and downregulation, and conformation of the active FGFR1 dimers. We find that the three ligands exhibit distinctly different potencies and efficacies for inducing responses in cells. We further discover qualitative differences in the actions of the three FGFs through FGFR1, as FGF8 preferentially activates some of the probed downstream responses (FRS2 phosphorylation and extracellular matrix loss), while FGF4 and FGF9 preferentially activate different probed responses (FGFR1 phosphorylation and cell growth arrest). Thus, FGF8 is a biased ligand, when compared to FGF4 and FGF9. Forster resonance energy transfer experiments reveal a correlation between biased signaling and the conformation of the FGFR1 transmembrane domain dimer. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of FGF signaling during development and bring the poorly understood concept of receptor tyrosine kinase ligand bias into the spotlight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karl, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krejci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Piccolo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bias in FGFR1 signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8, and FGF9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sea turtles represent an ancient lineage of marine vertebrates that evolved from terrestrial ancestors over 100 MYA, yet the genomic basis of the unique physiological and ecological traits enabling these species to thrive in diverse marine habitats remains largely unknown. Additionally, many populations have drastically declined due to anthropogenic activities over the past two centuries, and their recovery is a high global conservation priority. We generated and analyzed high-quality reference genomes for the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, representing the two extant sea turtle families. These genomes are highly syntenic and homologous, but localized regions of non-collinearity were associated with higher copy numbers of immune, zinc-finger, and olfactory receptor (OR) genes in green turtles, with ORs related to waterborne odorants greatly expanded in green turtles. Our findings suggest that divergent evolution of these key gene families may underlie immunological and sensory adaptations assisting navigation, occupancy of neritic versus pelagic environments, and diet specialization. Reduced collinearity was especially prevalent in microchromosomes, with greater gene content, heterozygosity, and genetic distances between species, supporting their critical role in vertebrate evolutionary adaptation. Finally, diversity and demographic histories starkly contrasted between species, indicating that leatherback turtles have had a low yet stable effective population size, exhibit extremely low diversity compared to other reptiles, and harbor a higher genetic load compared to green turtles, reinforcing concern over their persistence under future climate scenarios. These genomes provide invaluable resources for advancing our understanding of evolution and conservation best practices in an imperiled vertebrate lineage.

Statement of significanceSea turtle populations have undergone recent global declines. We analyzed de novo assembled genomes for both extant sea turtle families through the Vertebrate Genomes Project to inform their conservation and evolutionary biology. These highly conserved genomes were differentiated by localized gene-rich regions of divergence, particularly within microchromosomes, suggesting that these genomic elements play key functional roles in the evolution of sea turtles and possibly other vertebrates. We further demonstrate that dissimilar evolutionary histories impact standing genomic diversity and genetic load, and are critical to consider when using these metrics to assess adaptive potential and extinction risk. Our results also demonstrate how reference genome quality impacts inferences of comparative and conservation genomics analyses that need to be considered in their application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bentley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco-Valenzuela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arantes, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masterson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlwilm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrault, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henen, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemmell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antunes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikochinski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activated MST2 kinase is free of kinetic regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Canonically, MST1/2 functions as a core kinase of the Hippo pathway and non-canonically is both activated during apoptotic signaling and acts in concert with RASSFs in T-cells. Faithful signal transduction relies on both appropriate activation and regulated substrate phosphorylation by the activated kinase. Considerable progress has been made understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating activation of MST1/2 and identifying downstream signaling events. Here we present a kinetic analysis analyzing how the ability of MST1/2 to phosphorylate substrates is regulated. Using a steady state kinetic system, we parse the contribution of different factors including the domains of MST2, phosphorylation, caspase cleavage, and complex formation to MST2 activity. In the unphosphorylated state, we find the SARAH domain stabilizes substrate binding. Phosphorylation, we also determine, drives activation of MST2 and that once activated the kinase domain is free of regulation. The binding partners SAV1, MOB1A, and RASSF5 do not alter the kinetics of phosphorylated MST2. We also show that the caspase cleaved MST2 fragment is as active as full-length suggesting that the linker region of MST2 does not inhibit the catalytic activity of the kinase domain but instead regulates MST2 activity through non-catalytic mechanisms. This kinetic analysis helps establish a framework for interpreting how signaling events, mutations, and post-translational modifications contribute to signaling of MST2 in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activated MST2 kinase is free of kinetic regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic switching and cell wall remodelling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bone tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone tuberculosis is widely characterized by irreversible bone destruction caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium has the ability to adapt to various environmental stresses by altering its transcriptome in order to establish infection in the host. Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the transcriptional profile of M. tuberculosis during infection in the bone environment compared to axenic cultures of exponentially growing M.tb. In the current study, we characterized the in vivo transcriptome of M. tuberculosis within abscesses or necrotic specimens obtained from patients with bone TB using whole genome microarrays in order to gain insight into the M. tuberculosis adaptive response within this host microenvironment. A total of 914 mycobacterial genes were found to be significantly over-expressed and 1688 were repressed (fold change>2; p-value [&le;]0.05) in human bone TB specimens. Overall, the mycobacteria displayed a hypo-metabolic state with significant (p[&le;]0.05) downregulation of major pathways involved in translational machinery, cellular and protein metabolism and response to hypoxia. However, significant enrichment (p [&le;]0.05) of amino-sugar metabolic processes, membrane glycolipid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis (serine, glycine, arginine and cysteine) and accumulation of mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex suggests possible mycobacterial survival strategies within the bone lesions by strengthening its cell wall and cellular integrity. Data were also screened for M.tb virulence proteins using Virulent Pred and VICM Pred tools, which revealed five genes (Rv1046c, Rv1230c, DppD, PE_PGRS26 and PE_PGRS43) with a possible role in the pathogenesis of bone TB. Next, an osteoblast cell line model for bone TB was developed allowing for significant intracellular multiplication of M.tb. Interestingly, three virulence genes (Rv1046c, DppD and PE_PGRS26) identified from human bone TB microarray data were also found to be overexpressed by intracellular M. tuberculosis in osteoblast cell lines. Overall, these data demonstrate that M. tuberculosis alters its transcriptome as an adaptive strategy to survive in the host and establish infection in bone. Additionally, the in vitro osteoblast model we describe may facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of bone TB.

Author SummaryMusculoskeletal tuberculosis is the third most common manifestation of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and massive bone destruction along with vertebral discs are one of the hallmarks of this disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent, has the tremendous potential to adapt itself to different host environments due to its ability to alter the expression of genes/proteins belonging to different pathways. This study shows that the mycobacterial infection in bone is driven by the increased expression of genes belonging to cell wall remodelling and DNA damage repair pathways important for its survival. Further data analysis showed that some of these genes are coding for proteins possessing virulence potential that may be essential for survival of M. tuberculosis under such hostile environment of bone. We also developed an in vitro model of bone tuberculosis using an osteoblast cell line and validated the expression of these virulence factors. Identification of such virulence factors in the bone environment by M. tuberculosis may aid to identify new therapeutic targets for bone TB. Further, development of cell line model for bone TB is important to understand some unknown facets of this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhishek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, U. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic switching and cell wall remodelling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bone tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional variability in adhesion and flocculation of yeast megasatellite genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Megasatellites are large tandem repeats found in all fungal genomes but especially abundant in the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata. They are encoded in genes involved in cell-cell interactions, either between yeasts or between yeast and human cells. In the present work, we have been using an iterative genetic system to delete several C. glabrata megasatellite-containing genes and found that two of them were positively involved in adhesion to epithelial cells, whereas three genes controlled negatively adhesion. Two of the latter, CAGL0B05061g or CAGL0A04851g, are also negative regulators of yeast-to-yeast adhesion, making them central players in controlling C. glabrata adherence properties. Using a series of synthetic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in which the FLO1 megasatellite was replaced by other tandem repeats of similar length but different sequences, we showed that the capacity of a strain to flocculate in liquid culture was unrelated to its capacity to adhere to epithelial cells or to invade agar. Finally, in order to understand how megasatellites were initially created and subsequently expanded, an experimental evolution system was set up, in which modified yeast strains containing different megasatellite seeds were grown in bioreactors for more than 200 generations and selected for their ability to sediment at the bottom of the culture tube. Several flocculation-positive mutants were isolated. Functionally relevant mutations included general transcription factors as well as a 230 kb segmental duplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viterbo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormack, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional variability in adhesion and flocculation of yeast megasatellite genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of developing T cells is determined by the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signal they receive in the thymus. This process is finely regulated through tuning of positive and negative regulators in thymocytes. The Family with sequence similarity 49 member B (Fam49b) protein is a newly discovered negative regulator of TCR signaling that has been shown to suppress Rac-1 activity in vitro in cultured T cell lines. However, the contribution of Fam49b to thymic development of T cells is unknown. To investigate this important issue, we generated a novel mouse line deficient in Fam49b (Fam49b-KO). We observed that Fam49b-KO double positive (DP) thymocytes underwent excessive negative selection, whereas the positive selection stage was unaffected. This altered development process resulted in significant reductions in CD4 and CD8 single positive thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells. Interestingly, a large proportion of the TCR{gamma}{delta}+ and CD8+TCR{beta}+ gut intraepithelial T lymphocytes were absent in Fam49b-KO mice. Our results demonstrate that Fam49b dampens thymocytes TCR signaling in order to escape negative selection during development, uncovering the function of Fam49b as a critical regulator of selection process to ensure normal thymocyte development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Screening for Myelination Promoting Compounds Using Human Stem Cell-derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Identifies Novel Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promoting myelination capacity of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is a promising therapeutic approach for central nervous system demyelinating disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). To aid in the discovery of myelination promoting compounds, we generated an advanced, genome engineered, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) line that consist of three reporters (identification-and-purification tag, GFP, and secreted NanoLuc) driven by the endogenous PDGFR, PLP1 and MBP genes, respectively. Based upon this line, we established a high-throughput drug screening platform and performed a small molecule screen with 2500 bioactive molecules. In addition to a number of previously known pathways, our screening effort identified new pathways whose inhibition enhance oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Although further genetic and molecular validation is required, the identified inhibitors could potentially be repurposed to develop remyelination therapy for MS and other demyelinating disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaesu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Screening for Myelination Promoting Compounds Using Human Stem Cell-derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Identifies Novel Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome topology and DNA sequence modulate the engagement of pioneer factors SOX2 and OCT4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes in eukaryotic genomes present a barrier to the competent binding of many regulatory proteins. Pioneer transcription factors (pTFs) can bind their target sites on nucleosomal DNA and collaborate with other factors to locally open chromatin and promote transcription. While the interaction of pluripotency pioneer factors and functional partners Sox2 and Oct4 with nucleosomes has been widely studied, molecular details about their engagement in different nucleosome contexts remain elusive. Here, using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and biochemical studies, we reveal site-specific structural and dynamic information about pTF interaction with nucleosomes. We find that the affinity of Sox2 and Oct4 to the nucleosome and their synergistic binding correlates with solvent-exposed sites but is highly position and DNA sequence dependent and linked to distinct pTF conformation and dynamics. Sox2 alone forms a super-stable complex near superhelical location 5 (SHL5) with similar affinity and conformation to that of naked DNA but shows elevated dynamics at suboptimal positions. Oct4 strongly favors positions near SHL5.5 and SHL6.5 and both of its DNA binding modules, POUS or POUHD, are required for stable complex formation. A ternary complex forms efficiently on canonical Sox2-Oct4 composite motifs (no spacing) near nucleosome ends but is sparse at spaced motifs and absent at internal sites. Moreover, the ability of Sox2 to fold and bend DNA plays a key role in the formation of a stable nucleosome complex and cooperative Oct4 binding. Collectively, our findings describe diverse binding modes of Sox2 and Oct4 on nucleosomes that could guide their site selection and potential interaction with other chromatin factors in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malaga Gadea, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolova, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome topology and DNA sequence modulate the engagement of pioneer factors SOX2 and OCT4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilization of E-cadherin adhesions by COX-2/GSK3β signaling is a targetable pathway in metastatic breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic progression and treatment-resistance of breast cancer has been associated with epithelial-mesenchymal-transition including downregulation of E-cadherin (CDH1) expression, which can be initiated by inflammatory mediators such as COX-2. Recently, E-cadherin-mediated, cluster-based metastasis and treatment resistance has become more appreciated, though the mechanisms that maintain E-cadherin expression in this context are unknown. Through studies of inflammatory breast cancer and an in vitro tumor cell emboli culture paradigm, we identified a role for COX-2, a target gene of C/EBP{delta}, or its metabolite PGE2 in promoting protein stability of E-cadherin, {beta}-catenin and p120 catenin through inhibition of GSK3{beta}, without affecting CDH1 mRNA. The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib downregulated E-cadherin complex proteins and caused cell death. Co-expression of E-cadherin and COX-2 was seen in breast cancer patients with poor outcome and, along with inhibitory GSK3{beta} phosphorylation, in patient-derived xenografts of triple negative breast cancer. Celecoxib alone decreased E-cadherin protein expression within xenograft tumors, reduced circulating tumor cells and clusters, and in combination with paclitaxel attenuated or regressed lung metastases. This study uncovered a mechanism by which metastatic breast cancer cells can maintain E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and cell survival, suggesting that patients with COX-2+/E-cadherin+ breast cancer may benefit from targeting of the PGE2 signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehareen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKennett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanaba, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czarra, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poria, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterneck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilization of E-cadherin adhesions by COX-2/GSK3β signaling is a targetable pathway in metastatic breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel genomic perturbations with multi-target CRISPR reveal new insights on Cas9 activity and DNA damage responses at endogenous sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an approach that combines a Cas9 that simultaneously targets hundreds of epigenetically diverse endogenous genomic sites with high-throughput sequencing technologies to measure Cas9 dynamics and cellular responses at scale. This massive multiplexing of CRISPR is enabled by means of novel multi-target gRNAs (mgRNAs), degenerate gRNAs that direct Cas9 to a pre-determined number of well-mapped sites. mgRNAs uncovered generalizable insights into Cas9 binding and cleavage, discovering rapid post-cleavage Cas9 departure and repair factor loading at PAM-proximal genomic DNA. Moreover, by bypassing confounding effects from gRNA sequence, mgRNAs unveiled that Cas9 binding is enhanced at chromatin-accessible regions, and Cas9 cleavage is more efficient near transcribed regions. Combined with light-mediated activation and deactivation of Cas9 activity, mgRNAs further enabled high-throughput study of the cellular response to double strand breaks with high temporal resolution, discovering the presence, extent (under 2 kb), and kinetics (~ 0.5 hr) of reversible DNA damage-induced chromatin decompaction. Altogether, this work establishes mgRNAs as a generalizable platform for multiplexing CRISPR and advances our understanding of intracellular Cas9 activity and the DNA damage response at endogenous loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dveirin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel genomic perturbations with multi-target CRISPR reveal new insights on Cas9 activity and DNA damage responses at endogenous sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogen Detection in RNA-Seq Data with Pathonoia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent evidence suggests that bacterial and viral infections may cause or exacerbate many human diseases. One method of choice to detect microbes in tissue is RNA sequencing. While the detection of specific microbes using RNA sequencing offers good sensitivity and specificity, untargeted approaches suffer from very high false positive rates and a lack of sensitivity for lowly abundant organisms.

ResultsWe introduce Pathonoia, an algorithm that detects viruses and bacteria in RNA sequencing data with high precision and recall. Pathonoia first applies an established k-mer based method for species identification and then aggregates this evidence over all reads in a sample. In addition, we provide an easy-to-use analysis framework that highlights potential microbe-host cell interactions by correlating the microbial to host gene expression. Pathonoia outperforms competing algorithms in microbial detection specificity, both on in silico and real datasets. Lastly, we present two case studies in human liver and brain in which microbial infection might exacerbate disease.

AvailabilityA Python package for Pathonoia sample analysis and a guided analysis Jupyter notebook for bulk RNAseq datasets are available on GitHub https://github.com/kepsi/Pathonoia.

Contactaliebho1@jhu.edu and s.bonn@uke.de

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=93 SRC="FIGDIR/small/476681v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16775f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17099f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18b8dfeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@117498b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebhoff, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laschtowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogen Detection in RNA-Seq Data with Pathonoia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hedgehog regulation of epithelial cell state and morphogenesis in the larynx 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The larynx enables speech while regulating swallowing and respiration. Larynx function hinges on the laryngeal epithelium which originates as part of the anterior foregut and undergoes extensive remodeling to separate from the esophagus and form vocal folds that interface with the adjacent trachea. Here we find that Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is essential for epithelial integrity in the larynx as well as the anterior foregut. During larynx-esophageal separation, low Shh expression marks specific domains of actively remodeling epithelium that undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by the induction of N-Cadherin and movement of cells out of the epithelial layer. Consistent with a role for SHH signaling in regulating this process, Shh mutants undergo an abnormal EMT throughout the anterior foregut and larynx, marked by a cadherin switch, movement out of the epithelial layer and cell death. Unexpectedly, Shh mutant epithelial cells are replaced by a new population of Pax-1 expressing cells that form a rudimentary epithelium. These findings have important implications for interpreting the etiology of HH- dependent birth defects within the foregut. We propose that SHH signaling has a default role in maintaining epithelial identity throughout the anterior foregut and that regionalized reductions in SHH trigger epithelial remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardenhagen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hedgehog regulation of epithelial cell state and morphogenesis in the larynx]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Antibody Reactivities in Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) is a recently developed technology to assess antibody reactivity, quantifying antibody binding towards hundreds of thousands of candidate epitopes. The output from PhIP-Seq experiments are read count matrices, similar to RNA-Seq data; however some important differences do exist. In this manuscript we investigated whether the publicly available method edgeR1 for normalization and analysis of RNA-Seq data is also suitable for PhIP-Seq data. We find that edgeR is remarkably effective, but improvements can be made and introduce a Bayesian framework specifically tailored for data from PhIP-Seq experiments (Bayesian Enrichment Estimation in R, BEER).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Antibody Reactivities in Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NELL-1 regulates the matrisome to alter osteosarcoma disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sarcomas produce abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) which in turn provides instructive cues for cell growth and invasion. Neural EGF Like-Like molecule 1 (NELL1) is a secreted glycoprotein characterized by its non-neoplastic osteoinductive effects, yet highly expressed in skeletal sarcomas. Here, NELL1 gene deletion markedly reduced invasive behavior across human osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines. This resulted in reduced OS disease progression, inhibited metastatic potential and improved survival in a xenograft model. These observations were recapitulated with Nell1 conditional knockout in mouse models of p53/Rb driven sarcomagenesis, including reduced tumor frequency, and extended tumor free survival.

Transcriptomic and phospho-proteomic analysis demonstrated that NELL1 loss skews the expression of matricellular proteins associated with reduced FAK signaling. Culture on OS enriched matricellular proteins reversed phenotypic and signaling changes among NELL1 knockout sarcoma cells. These findings in mouse and human models suggest that NELL1 expression alters the sarcoma matrix, thereby modulating cellular invasive potential and prognosis. Disruption of NELL1 signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach to short circuit sarcoma disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NELL-1 regulates the matrisome to alter osteosarcoma disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-Targeting CRISPR/Cas13d System Eliminates Disease-Related Phenotypes in Pre-clinical Models of Huntington's Disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a fatal, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although the pathogenesis of HD remains complex, the CAG-expanded (CAGEX) HTT mRNA and protein ultimately causes disease through a toxic gain-of-function mechanism. As the reduction of pathogenic mutant HTT mRNA is beneficial as a treatment, we developed a CAGEX RNA-eliminating CRISPR-Cas13d system (Cas13d/CAGEX) that binds and eliminates toxic CAGEX RNA in HD patient iPSC-derived striatal neurons. We show that intrastriatal delivery of Cas13d/CAGEX via a single adeno-associated viral vector, serotype 9 (AAV9) mediates significant and selective reduction of mutant HTT mRNA and protein levels within the striatum of heterozygous zQ175 mice, an established mouse model of HD. Moreover, the reduction of mutant HTT mRNA renders a sustained reversal of HD phenotypes, including improved motor coordination, attenuated striatal atrophy, and reduction of mutant HTT protein aggregates. Importantly, phenotypic improvements were durable for at least 8 months without gross or behavioral adverse effects, and with minimal off-target interactions of Cas13d/CAGEX in the mouse transcriptome. Taken together, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle of an RNA-targeting CRISPR/Cas13d system as a therapeutic approach for HD, a strategy with broad implications for the treatment of other dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morelli, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosztyla, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-Targeting CRISPR/Cas13d System Eliminates Disease-Related Phenotypes in Pre-clinical Models of Huntington's Disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP Binding Facilitates Target Search of SWR1 Chromatin Remodeler by Promoting One-Dimensional Diffusion on DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One-dimensional (1D) target search is a well characterized phenomenon for many DNA binding proteins but is poorly understood for chromatin remodelers. Herein, we characterize the 1D scanning properties of SWR1, a yeast chromatin remodeler that performs histone exchange on +1 nucleosomes adjacent to a nucleosome depleted region (NDR) at promoters. We demonstrate that SWR1 has a kinetic binding preference for DNA of NDR length as opposed to gene-body linker length DNA. Using single and dual color single particle tracking on DNA stretched with optical tweezers, we directly observe SWR1 diffusion on DNA. We found that various factors impact SWR1 scanning, including ATP which promotes diffusion through nucleotide binding rather than ATP hydrolysis. A DNA binding subunit, Swc2, plays an important role in the overall diffusive behavior of the complex, as the subunit in isolation retains similar, although faster, scanning properties as the whole remodeler. ATP-bound SWR1 slides until it encounters a protein roadblock, of which we tested dCas9 and nucleosomes. The median diffusion coefficient, 0.024 m2/sec, in the regime of helical sliding, would mediate rapid encounter of NDR-flanking nucleosomes at length scales found in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP Binding Facilitates Target Search of SWR1 Chromatin Remodeler by Promoting One-Dimensional Diffusion on DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BOLD cofluctuation 'events' are predicted from static functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work identified single time points ("events") of high regional cofluctuation in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) which contain more large-scale brain network information than other, low cofluctuation time points. This suggested that events might be a discrete, temporally sparse signal which drives functional connectivity (FC) over the timeseries. However, a different, not yet explored possibility is that network information differences between time points are driven by sampling variability on a constant, static, noisy signal. Using a combination of real and simulated data, we examined the relationship between cofluctuation and network structure and asked if this relationship was unique, or if it could arise from sampling variability alone. First, we show that events are not discrete - there is a gradually increasing relationship between network structure and cofluctuation; [~]50% of samples show very strong network structure. Second, using simulations we show that this relationship is predicted from sampling variability on static FC. Finally, we show that randomly selected points can capture network structure about as well as events, largely because of their temporal spacing. Together, these results suggest that, while events exhibit particularly strong representations of static FC, there is little evidence that events are unique timepoints that drive FC structure. Instead, a parsimonious explanation for the data is that events arise from a single static, but noisy, FC structure.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPast results suggested high cofluctuation BOLD "events" drive fMRI functional connectivity, FC
C_LIO_LIHere, events were examined in both real fMRI data and a stationary null model to test this model
C_LIO_LIIn real data, >50% of BOLD timepoints show high modularity and similarity to time- averaged FC
C_LIO_LIStationary null models identified events with similar behavior to real data
C_LIO_LIEvents may not be a transient driver of static FC, but rather an expected outcome of it.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladwig, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BOLD cofluctuation 'events' are predicted from static functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PD-L1 blockade restores CAR T cell activity through IFNγ-regulation of CD163+ macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that inhibits T cell infiltration, survival, and anti-tumor activity has posed a major challenge for developing effective immunotherapies for solid tumors. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapy has shown unprecedented clinical response in treating patients with hematological malignancies, and intense investigation is underway to achieve similar responses with solid tumors. Immunologically cold tumors, including prostate cancers, are often infiltrated with abundant tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and infiltration of CD163+ M2 macrophages correlates with tumor progression and poor responses to immunotherapy. However, the impact of TAMs on CAR T cell activity alone and in combination with TME immunomodulators is unclear.

MethodsTo model this in vitro, we utilized a novel co-culture system with tumor cells, CAR T cells, and polarized M1 or M2 macrophages from CD14+ PBMCs collected from healthy human donors. Tumor cell killing, T cell activation and proliferation, and macrophage phenotypes were evaluated by flow cytometry, cytokine production, RNA sequencing, and functional blockade of signaling pathways using antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. We also evaluated the TME in humanized mice following CAR T cell therapy for validation of our in vitro findings.

ResultsWe observed inhibition of CAR T cell activity with the presence of M2 macrophages, but not M1 macrophages, coinciding with a robust induction of PD-L1 in M2 macrophages. We observed similar PD-L1 expression in TAMs following CAR T cell therapy in the TME of humanized mice. PD-L1, but not PD-1, blockade in combination with CAR T cell therapy altered phenotypes to more M1-like subsets and led to loss of CD163+ M2 macrophages via IFN{gamma} signaling, resulting in improved anti-tumor activity of CAR T cells.

ConclusionThis study reveals an alternative mechanism by which the combination of CAR T cells and immune checkpoint blockade modulates the immune landscape of solid tumors to enhance therapeutic efficacy of CAR T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarif, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorff, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priceman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PD-L1 blockade restores CAR T cell activity through IFNγ-regulation of CD163+ macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Ciliary Localization Signals Control INPP5E Ciliary Targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia are sensory membrane protrusions whose dysfunction causes diseases named ciliopathies. INPP5E is a ciliary phosphoinositide phosphatase mutated in ciliopathies like Joubert syndrome. INPP5E regulates numerous ciliary functions, such as cilium stability, trafficking, signaling, or exovesicle release. Despite its key ciliary roles, how INPP5E accumulates in cilia remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that INPP5E ciliary targeting requires its folded catalytic domain and is controlled by four ciliary localization signals (CLSs), the first two of which we newly discover: LLxPIR motif (CLS1), W383 (CLS2), FDRxLYL motif (CLS3) and CaaX box (CLS4). We answer two long-standing questions in the field. First, partial redundancy between CLS1 and CLS4 explains why CLS4 is dispensable for ciliary targeting. Second, the essential need for CLS2 on the catalytic domain surface clarifies why CLS3 and CLS4 are together insufficient for ciliary accumulation. Furthermore, we reveal that some Joubert syndrome mutations in INPP5E catalytic domain affect its ciliary targeting, and shed light on the mechanisms of action of each CLS. Thus, we find that CLS2 and CLS3 promote interaction with TULP3 and ARL13B, while downregulating CEP164 binding. On the other hand, CLS4 recruits PDE6D, RPGR and ARL13B, and cooperates with CLS1 in ATG16L1 binding. Lastly, we show INPP5E immune synapse targeting is CLS-independent. Altogether, we reveal unusual complexity in INPP5E ciliary targeting mechanisms, likely reflecting its multiple key roles in ciliary biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cilleros-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Morales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeito, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra-Rodero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampliega, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redrejo-Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalo, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Ciliary Localization Signals Control INPP5E Ciliary Targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and Characterization of Lipid Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Immunotherapeutic Peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of therapeutic proteins and peptides is of great interest for the treatment of many diseases, and advances in nanotechnology offer a path toward their stable delivery via preferred routes of administration. In this study, we sought to design and formulate a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing a nominal antigen (insulin peptide) for oral delivery. We utilized the design of experiments (DOE) statistical method to determine the dependencies of formulation variables on physicochemical particle characteristics including particle size, polydispersity (PDI), melting point, and latent heat of melting. The particles were determined to be non-toxic in vitro, readily taken up by primary immune cells, and found to accumulate in regional lymph nodes following oral administration. We believe that this platform technology could be broadly useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by supporting the development of oral delivery-based antigen specific immunotherapies.

Highlights3-5 bullets, 85 char or less O_LIA Design of Experiments method led the formulation of biocompatible nanoparticles
C_LIO_LINLC accumulate into gut-draining lymphatic tissues following oral administration
C_LIO_LINLC protect their antigen cargo and promote its presentation
C_LIO_LINLC formulation is well-suited for oral delivery of immunomodulatory agents
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/478027v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d18054org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14038ddorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1555abdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b83a42_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG The development of nanostructured lipid carriers containing a nominal antigen (insulin peptide) for oral delivery consists on (1) nanoparticle formulation using a statistical method, (2) in-vitro studies to assess cellular toxicity and uptake and T cell activation, and (3) in-vivo studies to assess bio-distribution.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon Colon, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiburzi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and Characterization of Lipid Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Immunotherapeutic Peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-modality supervised image restoration enables nanoscale tracking of synaptic plasticity in living mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity encodes learning as changes in the strength of synapses, sub-micron structures that mediate communication between brain cells. Due to their small size and high density, synapses are extremely difficult to image in vivo, limiting our ability to directly relate synaptic plasticity with behavior. Here, we developed a combination of computational and biological methods to overcome these challenges. First, we trained a deep learning image restoration algorithm that combines the advantages of ex vivo super-resolution and in vivo imaging modalities to overcome limitations specific to each optical system. Applied to in vivo images from transgenic mice expressing fluorescently labeled synaptic proteins, this restoration algorithm super-resolved diffraction-limited synapses, enabling identification and logitudinal tracking of synaptic plasticity underlying behavior with unprecedented spatial resolution. More generally, our method demonstrates the capabilities of image enhancement to learn from ex vivo data and imaging techniques to improve in vivo imaging resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-modality supervised image restoration enables nanoscale tracking of synaptic plasticity in living mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Guide for Quantifying and Optimizing Measurement Reliability for the Study of Individual Differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing individual variations is central to interpreting individual differences in neuroscience and clinical studies. While the field has examined multifaceted individual differences in brain functional organization, it is only in recent years that neuroimaging researchers have begun to place a priority on its quantification and optimization. Here, we highlight a potential analytic pitfall that can lead to contaminated estimates of inter-individual differences. We define a two-dimensional individual variation field map to decipher sources of individual variation and their relation to fingerprinting and measures of reliability. We illustrate theoretical gradient flow that represents the most effective direction for optimization when measuring individual differences. We propose to use this general framework for dissecting within- and between-individual variation and provide a supporting online tool for the purposes of guiding optimization efforts in biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Guide for Quantifying and Optimizing Measurement Reliability for the Study of Individual Differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.477631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of perceived emotions in human insula and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.477631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emotional status of a speaker is an important non-linguistic cue carried by human voice and can be perceived by a listener in vocal communication. Understanding the neural circuits involved in processing emotions carried by human voice is crucial for understanding the neural basis of social interaction. Previous studies have shown that human insula and amygdala responded more selectively to emotional sounds than non-emotional sounds. However, it is not clear whether the neural selectivity to emotional sounds in these brain structures is determined by the emotion presented by a speaker or by the emotion perceived by a listener. In this study, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) responses to emotional human voices while subjects performed emotion recognition tasks. We found that the iEEG responses of Heschls gyrus (HG) and posterior insula were determined by the presented emotion, whereas the iEEG responses of anterior insula and amygdala were driven by the perceived emotion. These results suggest that the anterior insula and amygdala play a crucial role in representing subjectively perceived emotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.477631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of perceived emotions in human insula and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal membrane proteasomes homeostatically regulate neural circuit activity in vivo and are required for learning-induced behavioral plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein degradation is critical for brain function through processes that remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the in vivo function of a recently reported neuronal membrane-associated proteasome (NMP) in the brain of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. We demonstrated that NMPs are present in the tadpole brain with biochemistry and electron microscopy, and showed that they actively degrade neuronal activity-induced nascent proteins. Using in vivo calcium imaging in the optic tectum, we showed that acute inhibition of NMP function rapidly increased spontaneous neuronal activity, resulting in hyper-synchronization among tectal neurons. At the circuit level, inhibiting NMPs abolished learning-dependent improvement in a visuomotor behavior paradigm in live animals. Our data provide the first in vivo characterization of NMP functions in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest that NMP-mediated degradation of activity-induced nascent proteins may serve as a homeostatic modulatory mechanism in neurons that is critical for regulating neuronal activity and experience-dependent circuit plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal membrane proteasomes homeostatically regulate neural circuit activity in vivo and are required for learning-induced behavioral plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic brain functional ultrasound imaging in freely moving rodents performing cognitive tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is an emerging imaging technique that indirectly measures neural activity via changes in blood volume. To date it has not been used to image chronically during cognitive tasks in freely moving animals. Performing those experiments faces a number of exceptional challenges: performing large durable craniotomies with chronic implants, designing behavioural experiments matching the hemodynamic timescale, stabilizing the ultrasound probe during freely moving behavior, accurately assessing motion artifacts and validating that the animal can perform cognitive tasks at high performance while tethered. In this study, we provide validated solutions for those technical challenges. In addition, we present standardized step-by-step repro-ducible protocols, procedures and data processing pipelines that open up the opportunity to perform fUS in freely moving rodents performing complex cognitive tasks. Moreover, we present proof-of-concept analysis of brain dynamics during a decision making task. We obtain stable recordings from which we can robustly decode task variables from fUS data over multiple months. Moreover, we find that brain wide imaging through hemodynamic response is nonlinearly related to cognitive variables, such as task difficulty, as compared to sensory responses previously explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Hady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd-Meredith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic brain functional ultrasound imaging in freely moving rodents performing cognitive tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTOR-regulated Mitochondrial Metabolism Limits Mycobacterium-induced Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrosis of macrophages in the tuberculous granuloma represents a major pathogenic event in tuberculosis. Through a zebrafish forward genetic screen, we identified the mTOR kinase, a master regulator of metabolism, as an early host resistance factor in tuberculosis. We found that mTOR complex 1 protects macrophages from mycobacterium-induced death by enabling infection-induced increases in mitochondrial energy metabolism fueled by glycolysis. These metabolic adaptations are required to prevent mitochondrial damage and death caused by the secreted mycobacterial virulence determinant ESAT-6. Thus, the host can effectively counter this early critical mycobacterial virulence mechanism simply by regulating energy metabolism, thereby allowing pathogen-specific immune mechanisms time to develop. Our findings may explain why Mycobacterium tuberculosis, albeit humanitys most lethal pathogen, is successful in only a minority of infected individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards-Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moens, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch-Nentwich, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTOR-regulated Mitochondrial Metabolism Limits Mycobacterium-induced Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inside-out tracking and projection mapping for robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation technique based on the principle of electromagnetic induction of an electric field in the brain with both research and clinical applications. To produce an optimal neuro-modulatory effect, the TMS coil must be placed on the head and oriented accurately with respect to the region of interest within the brain. A robotic method can enhance the accuracy and facilitate the procedure for TMS coil placement. This work presents two system improvements for robot-assisted TMS (RA-TMS) application. Previous systems have used outside-in tracking method where a stationary external infrared (IR) tracker is used as a reference point to track the head and TMS coil position. This method is prone to losing track of the coil or the head if the IR camera is blocked by the robotic arm during its motion. To address this issue, we implemented an inside-out tracking method by mounting a portable IR camera on the robot end-effector. This method guarantees that the line of sight of the IR camera is not obscured by the robotic arm at any time during its motion. We also integrated a portable projection mapping device (PPMD) into the RA-TMS system to provide visual guidance during TMS application. PPMD can track the head via an IR tracker, and can project a planned contact point of the TMS coil on the head or overlay the underlying brain anatomy in real-time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheradmand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inside-out tracking and projection mapping for robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell atlas of epithelial and stromal cell heterogeneity by lobe and strain in the mouse prostate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating the complex interplay of cell types in the tissue microenvironment is critical to understanding the origin and progression of diseases in the prostate and potential opportunities for intervention. Mouse models are an essential tool to investigate the molecular and cell-type-specific contributions of prostate disease at an organismal level. While there are well-documented differences in the extent, timing, and nature of disease development in various genetically engineered mouse models in different mouse strains and prostate lobes within each mouse strain, yet, the underlying molecular phenotypic differences in cell types across mouse strains and prostate lobes are incompletely understood. To address this, we examined the single-cell transcriptomes of individual mouse prostate lobes from two commonly used mouse strains, FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J. Data dimensionality reduction and clustering analysis revealed that basal and luminal cells possessed strain-specific transcriptomic differences, with luminal cells also displaying marked lobe-specific differences. Additionally, three rare populations of epithelial cells clustered independently of strain and lobe: one population of luminal cells expressing Foxi1 and components of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump (Atp6v0d2 and Atp6v1g3), another population expressing Psca and other stem cell-associated genes (Ly6a/Sca-1, Tacstd2/Trop-2), and a neuroendocrine population expressing Chga, Chgb, and Syp. In contrast, stromal cell clusters, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and immune cell types, were conserved across strain and lobe, clustering largely by cell type and not by strain or lobe. One notable exception to this was the identification of two distinct fibroblast populations that we term subglandular fibroblasts and interstitial fibroblasts based on their strikingly distinct spatial distribution in the mouse prostate. Altogether, these data provide a practical reference of the transcriptional profiles of mouse prostate from two commonly used mouse strains and across all four prostate lobes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wodu, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieberich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell atlas of epithelial and stromal cell heterogeneity by lobe and strain in the mouse prostate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mouse Model with Complete Penetrance for Atrioventricular Septal Defect/Complete AV Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect/complete AV canal (AVSD/ cAVC) occurs via defective formation of the Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion (DMP) which grows from the interior dorsal wall of the fetal heart. The DMP is derived from cells of the second heart field (SHF). AVSD occurs in about 1/10,000 births in the general population, but is 2000 times more prevalent in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The low penetrance of AVSD in the general population remains a fundamental challenge to investigation of the genetic and developmental basis for this condition. Analysis of the etiology of this condition in mouse models is limited by the fact that the developmental events producing the DMP begin around embryonic day 9 (E9) but AVSD cannot be diagnosed until E14, and no model has been described previously in which AVSD occurs in 100% of embryos. We describe a trisomic mouse DS model with conditional mutations in the SHH pathway that produces AVSD with 100% penetrance. This new mouse model can serve as an important tool to understand the mechanisms underlying AVSD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mouse Model with Complete Penetrance for Atrioventricular Septal Defect/Complete AV Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable and unbiased discordance metric with H+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A standard unsupervised analysis is to cluster observations into discrete groups using a dissimilarity measure, such as Euclidean distance. If there does not exist a ground-truth label for each observation necessary for external validity metrics, then internal validity metrics, such as the tightness or consistency of the cluster, are often used. However, the interpretation of these internal metrics can be problematic when using different dissimilarity measures as they have different magnitudes and ranges of values that they span. To address this problem, previous work introduced the  scale-agnostic G+ discordance metric, however this internal metric is slow to calculate for large data. Furthermore, we show that G+ varies as a function of the proportion of observations in the predicted cluster labels (group balance), which is an undesirable property.

To address this problem, we propose a modification of G+, referred to as H+, and demonstrate that H+ does not vary as a function of group balance using a simulation study and with public single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Finally, we provide scalable approaches to estimate H+, which are available in the fasthplus R package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dyjack, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable and unbiased discordance metric with H+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic vulnerability to ATR inhibition in concurrent NF1 and ATRX-deficient high-grade solid tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subsets of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)-associated solid tumors have been shown to display high frequencies of ATRX mutations and presence of alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). In addition, a potential biologic vulnerability of ALT-positive cancer cells is ATR inhibition, a regulator of homologous recombination. We studied the phenotype of combined NF1 and ATRX deficiency in malignant solid tumors. For these experiments, cell lines derived from NF1-deficient sporadic glioblastomas (U251, SF188), a NF1-associated ATRX mutant glioblastoma cell line (JHH-NF1-GBM1), a NF1-derived sarcoma cell line (JHH-CRC65), and two NF1-deficient MPNST cell lines (ST88-14, NF90.8) were utilized. Cancer cells were treated with ATR inhibitors (AZD6738 and VE-822), in vitro, with or without a MEK inhibitor (AZD6244, selumetinib) or temozolomide. In contrast to the glioma cell line SF188, combined ATRX knockout (KO) and TERC KO led to ALT-like properties and sensitized U251 glioma cells to ATR inhibition (AZD6738 and VE-822) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ATR inhibitors sensitized U251 cells to temozolomide, but not MEK inhibition (AZD6244), irrespective of ATRX level manipulation; whereas, the JHH-NF1-GBM1 cell line (ATRX loss/ALT-positive) demonstrated sensitivity to ATR inhibition (AZD6738), but not temozolomide. Similar effects were noted using the MPNST cell line NF90.8 after combined ATRX knockdown and TERC KO; however, not in the MPNST cell line ST88-14. Taken together, our study supports the feasibility of targeting the ATR pathway in subsets of NF1-deficient and associated tumors. Tumors with pre-existing ALT, or that subsequently develop ALT after ATRX downregulation, are particularly vulnerable to this therapeutic approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic vulnerability to ATR inhibition in concurrent NF1 and ATRX-deficient high-grade solid tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRLoop: Feedback loops as a design principle of cell-cell communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide gene expression profiling, and single-cell RNA-seq in particular, allows the predictions of molecular mechanisms regulating cell-cell communication based on the expression of known ligand-receptor pairs. Currently available techniques for predicting ligand-receptor interactions are one-directional from sender to receiver cells. Here we describe LRLoop, a new method for analyzing cell-cell communication that is based on bi-directional ligand-receptor interactions, where two pairs of ligand-receptor interactions are identified that are responsive to each other, and thereby form a closed feedback loop. We assessed LRLoop using both bulk and single-cell datasets and found our method significantly reduces the false positive rate seen with existing methods. Finally, we applied LRLoop to the single-cell datasets obtained from retinal development and discovered many new bi-directional ligand-receptor interactions among individual cell types that potentially control proliferation, neurogenesis and/or cell fate specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRLoop: Feedback loops as a design principle of cell-cell communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GSK2556286 is a novel antitubercular drug candidate effective in vivo with the potential to shorten tuberculosis treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a result of a high-throughput compound screening campaign of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages, a new preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis has been identified. GSK2556286 inhibits growth within human macrophages (IC50 = 0.07 {micro}M), is active against extracellular bacteria in cholesterol-containing culture media and exhibits no cross-resistance with known antitubercular drugs. In addition, it has shown efficacy in different mouse models of tuberculosis (TB) and has an adequate safety profile in two preclinical species. These features indicate a compound with a novel mode of action, although still not fully defined, that is effective against both multidrug or extensively-resistant (M/XDR) and drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis with the potential to shorten the duration of treatment in novel combination drug regimens.

One Sentence SummaryGSK2556286 is a novel preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis with a new mode of action potentially able to contribute to the shortening of TB chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urones, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshoff, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammack, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siles, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Excribano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelievre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Herran, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher-Edwards, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros-Aguirre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GSK2556286 is a novel antitubercular drug candidate effective in vivo with the potential to shorten tuberculosis treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rtt105 configurationally staples RPA and blocks facilitated exchange and interactions with RPA-interacting proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and recruits over three dozen RPA-interacting proteins (RIPs) to coordinate multiple aspects of DNA metabolism including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Rtt105 is a molecular chaperone that regulates nuclear localization of RPA. Whether and how Rtt105 regulates the activities of RPA is poorly understood. Here, we show that Rtt105 binds to multiple DNA binding and protein-interaction domains of RPA and configurationally staples the complex. In the absence of ssDNA, Rtt105 inhibits RPA binding to Rad52, thus preventing spurious binding to RPA-interacting proteins (RIPs). When ssDNA is available, Rtt105 promotes formation of high-density RPA nucleoprotein filaments and dissociates during this process. Free Rtt105 further stabilizes the RPA-ssDNA filaments by inhibiting RPA facilitated exchange. Collectively, our data suggest that Rtt105 sequesters free RPA in the nucleus to prevent untimely RIP interaction, while stabilizing RPA-ssDNA filaments at DNA lesion sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveryshetty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattice, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadauskas, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bothner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.05.479199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rtt105 configurationally staples RPA and blocks facilitated exchange and interactions with RPA-interacting proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InfoMuNet: Information-theory-based Functional Muscle Network Tracks Sensorimotor Integration Post-stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory information is critical for motor coordination. However, understanding sensorimotor integration is complicated, especially in individuals with nervous system impairment. This research presents a novel functional biomarker, based on a nonlinear network graph of muscle connectivity, called InfoMuNet, to quantify the role of sensory information in motor performance. Thirty-two individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis performed a grasp-and-lift task while muscle activities were measured using eight surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors. Subjects performed the task with their affected hand before and after exposure to the sensory stimulation elicited by performing the task with the less-affected hand. For the first time, this work shows that InfoMuNet robustly quantifies functional muscle connectivity improvements in the affected hand after exposure of the less-affected side to sensory information. >90% of the subjects conformed with the improvement resulting from this sensory exposure. InfoMuNet also shows high sensitivity to tactile, kinesthetic, and visual input alterations at the subject level, highlighting the potential use in precision rehabilitation interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Keeffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilaloglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bighamian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atashzar, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InfoMuNet: Information-theory-based Functional Muscle Network Tracks Sensorimotor Integration Post-stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-dependent mechanochemical coupling of helicase translocation and unwinding at single-nucleotide resolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used single-molecule nanopore tweezers (SPRNT) to resolve the millisecond single-nucleotide steps of Superfamily 1 helicase PcrA as it translocates on, or unwinds, several kb-long DNA molecules. We recorded over 2 million enzyme steps under various assisting and opposing forces in diverse ATP and ADP conditions to comprehensively explore the mechanochemistry of PcrA motion. Forces applied in SPRNT mimic forces and physical barriers PcrA experiences in vivo, such as when the helicase encounters bound proteins or duplex DNA; we show how PcrAs kinetics change with such stimuli. SPRNT allows for direct association of the underlying DNA sequence with observed enzyme kinetics. Our data reveal that the underlying DNA sequence passing through the helicase strongly influences the kinetics during translocation and unwinding. Surprisingly, unwinding kinetics are not solely dominated by the base-pairs being unwound. Instead, the sequence of the single stranded DNA on which the PcrA walks determines much of the kinetics of unwinding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laszlo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nova, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCampos-Stairiker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higinbotham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovnikov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-dependent mechanochemical coupling of helicase translocation and unwinding at single-nucleotide resolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Proteomics Using a Trapped Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Provides Insight into the Post-translational Modification Landscape of Individual Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell proteomics is a powerful tool with potential for markedly enhancing understanding of cellular processes. Previously reported single cell proteomics innovations employ Orbitrap mass spectrometers. In this study we describe the development, optimization, and application of multiplexed single cell proteomics to the analysis of human-derived cells using trapped ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This method, denoted as pasefRiQ is an advance as it allows accurate peptide quantification at picogram peptide concentrations. When employing a peptide carrier channel to boost protein sequence coverage, we obtain over 40,000 tandem mass spectra in 30 minutes, while achieving higher sequence coverage of each identified protein than described for SCOPE2. Using NCI-H-358 cells, which are a human bronchioalveolar carcinoma and KRASG12C model cell line, we demonstrate that the level of coverage achieved using this method enables the quantification of up to 1,255 proteins per cell and the detection of multiple classes of post-translational modifications in single cells. Further, when cells were treated with sotorasib, a KRASG12C covalent inhibitor, pasefRiQ revealed cell-to-cell variability in the impact of the drug on the NCI-H-358 cells, providing insight missed by traditional analyses. We provide multiple resources necessary for the application of single cell proteomics to drug treatment studies including tools to reduce cell cycle linked proteomic effects from masking pharmacological phenotypes.

Significance StatementThis work describes the establishment of a single cell proteomics method using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Through this approach, we demonstrate the confident identification of post- translational modifications in single human-derived cells. Additionally, using a KRASG12C covalent inhibitor as a model compound we show that this method can be used to understand pharmacological responses of single human-derived cultured cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.12.480144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Proteomics Using a Trapped Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Provides Insight into the Post-translational Modification Landscape of Individual Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Sodium Channel Inactivation by Temperature and FHF2 Deficiency Blocks Heat Nociception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient voltage-gated sodium currents are essential for the initiation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and cardiomyocytes. The amplitude and duration of sodium currents are tuned by intracellular fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs/iFGFs) that associate with the cytoplasmic tails of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs), and genetic ablation of Fhf genes disturbs neurological and cardiac functions. Among reported phenotypes, Fhf2null mice undergo lethal hyperthermia-induced cardiac conduction block attributable to the combined effects of FHF2 deficiency and elevated temperature on the cardiac sodium channel (Nav1.5) inactivation rate. Fhf2null mice also display a lack of heat nociception, while retaining other somatosensory capabilities. Here, we use electrophysiological and computational methods to show that the heat nociception deficit can be explained by the combined effects of elevated temperature and FHF2 deficiency on the fast inactivation gating of Nav1.7 and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels expressed in dorsal root ganglion C fibers. Hence, neurological and cardiac heat-associated deficits in Fhf2null mice derive from shared impacts of FHF deficiency and temperature towards Nav inactivation gating kinetics in distinct tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.12.480202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Sodium Channel Inactivation by Temperature and FHF2 Deficiency Blocks Heat Nociception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative fate mapping: Reconstructing progenitor field dynamics via retrospective lineage barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural and induced somatic mutations that accumulate in the genome during development record the phylogenetic relationships of cells; however, whether these lineage barcodes can capture the dynamics of complex progenitor fields remains unclear. Here, we introduce quantitative fate mapping, an approach to simultaneously map the fate and quantify the commitment time, commitment bias, and population size of multiple progenitor groups during development based on a time-scaled phylogeny of their descendants. To reconstruct time-scaled phylogenies from lineage barcodes, we introduce Phylotime, a scalable maximum likelihood clustering approach based on a generalizable barcoding mutagenesis model. We validate these approaches using realistically-simulated barcoding results as well as experimental results from a barcoding stem cell line. We further establish criteria for the minimum number of cells that must be analyzed for robust quantitative fate mapping. Overall, this work demonstrates how lineage barcodes, natural or synthetic, can be used to obtain quantitative fate maps, thus enabling analysis of progenitor dynamics long after embryonic development in any organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapirstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative fate mapping: Reconstructing progenitor field dynamics via retrospective lineage barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The exchange rates of amide and arginine guanidinium CEST in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo develop a pipeline for measuring the exchange rates and concentrations of in vivo excgangeable protons, and to demonstrate this for the amide and arginine (Arg) guanidinium (Guan) protons in mobile proteins in the mouse brain.

MethodsAn ultra-short echo (UTE) CEST sequence with a continuous wave presaturation (preRadCEST) was applied to acquire Z-spectra with robustness to motion and physiological fluctuations. AmideCEST and Arginine guanCEST (ArgCEST) were extracted and their proton concentrations and exchange rates obtained using a two-step multi-B1 Bloch fitting approach that included the semisolid macromolecular background. To minimize contamination from the amine protons from creatine and phosphocreatine, ArgCEST measurements were performed on the Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT-/-) mouse characterized by low creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations in the brain.

ResultsFor the amideCEST proton pool, the exchange rate and concentrations were found to be 59.6 {+/-} 9.0 s-1 and 41.7 {+/-} 7.0 mM, respectively, with the maximum signal observed at B1 = 0.8 T. For the ArgCEST proton, the guanidinium exchange these were 70.1 {+/-} 5.5 s-1 and 10.1 {+/-} 1.3 mM, respectively, with the maximum effect observed at B1 = 0.9 T. The current study suggests that the inverse pH dependence in GuanCEST of brain is led by the CrCEST component, not ArgCEST.

ConclusionThe current pipeline is expected to have general use for in vivo CEST quantitation and optimization of visible CEST resonances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The exchange rates of amide and arginine guanidinium CEST in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The calcium channel Orai1 is required for osteoblast development: studies in a chimeric mouse with variable in vivo Runx-cre deletion of Orai-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The calcium-selective ion channel Orai1 has a complex role in bone homeostasis, with defects in both bone production and resorption detected in Orai1 germline knock-out mice. To determine whether Orai1 has a direct, cell-intrinsic role in osteoblast differentiation and function, we bred Orai1 flox/flox (Orai1f/f) mice with Runx2-cre mice to eliminate its expression in osteoprogenitor cells. Interestingly, Orai1 was expressed in a mosaic pattern in Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre bone. Specifically, antibody labeling for Orai1 in vertebral sections was uniform in wild type animals, but patchy regions in Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre bone revealed Orai1 loss while in other areas expression persisted. Nevertheless, by micro-CT, bones from Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre mice showed reduced bone mass overall, with impaired bone formation identified by dynamic histomorphometry. Cortical surfaces of Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre vertebrae however exhibited patchy defects. In cell culture, Orai1-negative osteoblasts showed profound reductions in store-operated Ca2+ entry, exhibited decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, and had markedly impaired substrate mineralization. We conclude that defective bone formation observed in the absence of Orai1 reflects an intrinsic role for Orai1 in differentiating osteoblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soboloff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourkova, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrouture, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The calcium channel Orai1 is required for osteoblast development: studies in a chimeric mouse with variable in vivo Runx-cre deletion of Orai-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Signal Extraction from Protein Microarrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWProtein microarrays are a promising technology that measure protein levels in serum or plasma samples. Due to the high technical variability of these assays and high variation in protein levels across serum samples in any population, directly answering biological questions of interest using protein microarray measurements is challenging. Using within-array ranks of protein levels for analysis can mitigate the impact of between-sample variation on downstream analysis. Although ranks are sensitive to pre-processing steps, ranking methods that accommodate uncertainty provide robust and loss-function optimal ranks. Such ranking methods require Bayesian modeling that produces full posterior distributions for parameters of interest. Bayesian models that produce such outputs have been developed for other assays, for example DNA microarrays, but those modeling assumptions are not appropriate for protein microarrays. We develop and evaluate a Bayesian model to extract a full posterior distribution of normalized fluorescent signals and associated ranks for protein microarrays, and show that it fits well to data from two studies that use protein microrarrays from different manufacturing processes. We validate the model via simulation and demonstrate the downstream impact of using estimates from this model to obtain optimal ranks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Signal Extraction from Protein Microarrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Random Forest Classifier Uses Antibody Responses to Plasmodium Antigens to Reveal Candidate Biomarkers of the Intensity and Timing of Past Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Important goals of malaria surveillance efforts include accurately quantifying the burden of malaria over time, which can be useful to target and evaluate interventions. The majority of malaria surveillance methods capture active or recent infections which poses several challenges to achieving malaria surveillance goals. In high transmission settings, asymptomatic infections are common and therefore accurate measurement of malaria burden often demands active surveillance; in low transmission regions where infections are rare accurate surveillance requires sampling a large subset of the population; and in any context monitoring malaria burden over time necessitates serial sampling. Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum parasites persist after infection and therefore measuring antibodies has the potential to overcome several of the current difficulties associated with malaria surveillance. However, identifying which antibody responses are markers of the timing and intensity of past exposure to P. falciparum is challenging, particularly among adults who tend to be re-exposed multiple times over the course of their lifetime and therefore have similarly high antibody responses to many P. falciparum antigens. A previous analysis of 479 serum samples from individuals in three regions in southern Africa with different historical levels of P. falciparum malaria transmission (high, intermediate, and low) revealed regional differences in antibody responses to P. falciparum antigens among children under 5 years of age. Using a novel bioinformatic pipeline optimized for protein microarrays that minimizes between-sample technical variation, we used antibody responses to P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens as predictors in random forest models to classify adult samples into these three regions of differing historical malaria transmission with high accuracy. Many of the antigens that were most important for classification in these models do not overlap with previously published results and are therefore novel candidate markers for the timing and intensity of past exposure to P. falciparum. Measuring antibody responses to these antigens could potentially lead to improved malaria serosurveillance that captures the timing and intensity of past exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Random Forest Classifier Uses Antibody Responses to Plasmodium Antigens to Reveal Candidate Biomarkers of the Intensity and Timing of Past Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes form paranodal bridges that generate chains of myelin sheaths vulnerable to degeneration with age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myelin sheaths in the CNS are generated by the tips of oligodendrocyte processes, which wrap axons to accelerate action potential conduction, provide metabolic support and control excitability. Here we identify a distinct mode of myelination, conserved between zebrafish, mouse and human, in which oligodendrocytes extend myelin along individual axons by linking myelin sheaths across nodes of Ranvier (NoR). By forming thin extensions that cross NoR, which we term paranodal bridges, multiple sheaths can be connected to the soma by a single cytoplasmic process. Extensive in vivo live imaging-based analyses, complemented by serial electron microscopic reconstruction of paranodal bridges, revealed that many oligodendrocytes use this strategy to generate longer stretches of myelin along individual axons. In the mouse somatosensory cortex, paranodal bridges were particularly prevalent along the highly branched axons of parvalbumin expressing (PV) interneurons, which enabled oligodendrocytes to extend myelin sheaths around axon bifurcations. Sheaths at the distal ends of these chains of myelin degenerated more frequently in aged mice, suggesting that they may be more vulnerable to the aging brain environment. This previously undescribed and evolutionarily conserved feature of oligodendrocytes extends myelin coverage of individual axons without new oligodendrogenesis, which may reduce metabolic demand and preserve the fidelity of action potential propagation at axon branch points.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Early, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoupi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligodendrocytes form paranodal bridges that generate chains of myelin sheaths vulnerable to degeneration with age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Mathematical Modeling to Distinguish Intrinsic and Acquired Targeted Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The promise of precision medicine has been limited by the pervasive therapeutic resistance to many targeted therapies for cancer. Inferring the timing (i.e., pre-existing or acquired) and mechanism (i.e., drug-induced) of such resistance is crucial for designing effective new therapeutics. This paper studies the mechanism and timing of cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using tumor volume data obtained from patient-derived tumor xenografts. We propose a family of mathematical models, with each member of the family assuming a different timing and mechanism of resistance. We present a method for fitting these models to individual volumetric data, and utilize model selection and parameter sensitivity analyses to ask: which member of the family of models best describes HNSCC response to cetuximab, and what does that tell us about the timing and mechanisms driving resistance? We find that along with time-course volumetric data to a single dose of cetuximab, the initial resistance fraction and, in some instances, dose escalation volumetric data are required to distinguish among the family of models and thereby infer the mechanisms of resistance. These findings can inform future experimental design so that we can best leverage the synergy of wet laboratory experimentation and mathematical modeling in the study of novel targeted cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Mathematical Modeling to Distinguish Intrinsic and Acquired Targeted Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Down Regulation Of Core Mitochondrial Genes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but the timing and organs affected vary among reports. Here, we reveal the dynamics of COVID-19 through transcription profiles in nasopharyngeal and autopsy samples from patients and infected rodent models. While mitochondrial bioenergetics is repressed in the viral nasopharyngeal portal of entry, it is up regulated in autopsy lung tissues from deceased patients. In most disease stages and organs, discrete OXPHOS functions are blocked by the virus, and this is countered by the host broadly up regulating unblocked OXPHOS functions. No such rebound is seen in autopsy heart, results in severe repression of genes across all OXPHOS modules. Hence, targeted enhancement of mitochondrial gene expression may mitigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

One-Sentence SummaryCovid-19 is associated with targeted inhibition of mitochondrial gene transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazelinia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidane, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft-Benz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickmander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes-vieira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Down Regulation Of Core Mitochondrial Genes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromuscular embodiment of feedback control elements in Drosophila flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While insects like Drosophila are flying, aerodynamic instabilities require that they make millisecond-timescale adjustments to their wing motion to stay aloft and on course. These stabilization reflexes can be modeled as a proportional-integral (PI) controller; however, it is unclear how such control might be instantiated in insects at the level of muscles and neurons. Here, we show that the b1 and b2 motor units--prominent components of the flys steering muscles system--modulate specific elements of the PI controller: the angular displacement (integral, I) and angular velocity (proportional, P), respectively. Moreover, these effects are observed only during the stabilization of pitch. Our results provide evidence for an organizational principle in which each muscle contributes to a specific functional role in flight control, a finding that highlights the power of using top-down behavioral modeling to guide bottom-up cellular manipulation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiselman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapici, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirangi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromuscular embodiment of feedback control elements in Drosophila flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Elucidation and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cell Master Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their immunosuppressive role, tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (TI-Tregs) represent attractive therapeutic targets. Analysis of TI vs. peripheral Tregs (P-Tregs) from 36 patients, across four malignancies, identified 17 candidate Master Regulators (MRs), predicted to mechanistically regulate TI-Tregs transcriptional state. In vivo, pooled CRISPR-KO screening, using a hematopoietic stem cell transplant model, confirmed essentiality of 7 of 17 MRs in TI-Treg recruitment and/or retention to the TME, without affecting other T cell subtypes, while individual knockout of the most significant MR (TRPS1) significantly reduced tumor allograft growth. TI-Treg drug perturbation profile analysis identified drugs capable of inverting the TI-Treg-specific MR activity signature at low concentration. Low dose treatment with gemcitabine (top prediction) inhibited tumor growth in immunocompetent but not immunocompromised allografts, increased PD-1 inhibitor efficacy, and depleted TI-Tregs in vivo. The study provides key insight into Treg infiltration mechanism and a gene reporter assay to identify additional small molecule inhibitors.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirschl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi-Maharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Elucidation and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cell Master Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete sequence of a 641-kb insertion of mitochondrial DNA in the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular transfers of mitochondrial DNA continue to shape nuclear genomes. Chromosome 2 of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains one of the largest known nuclear insertions of mitochondrial DNA (numts). Estimated at over 600 kb in size, this numt is larger than the entire Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome. The primary Arabidopsis nuclear reference genome contains less than half of the numt because of its structural complexity and repetitiveness. Recent datasets generated with improved long-read sequencing technologies (PacBio HiFi) provide an opportunity to finally determine the accurate sequence and structure of this numt. We performed a de novo assembly using sequencing data from recent initiatives to span the Arabidopsis centromeres, producing a gap-free sequence of the Chromosome 2 numt, which is 641-kb in length and has 99.933% nucleotide sequence identity with the actual mitochondrial genome. The numt assembly is consistent with the repetitive structure previously predicted from fiber-based fluorescent in situ hybridization. Nanopore sequencing data indicate that the numt has high levels of cytosine methylation, helping to explain its biased spectrum of nucleotide sequence divergence and supporting previous inferences that it is transcriptionally inactive. The original numt insertion appears to have involved multiple mitochondrial DNA copies with alternative structures that subsequently underwent an additional duplication event within the nuclear genome. This work provides insights into numt evolution, addresses one of the last unresolved regions of the Arabidopsis reference genome, and represents a resource for distinguishing between highly similar numt and mitochondrial sequences in studies of transcription, epigenetic modifications, and de novo mutations.

Significance statementNuclear genomes are riddled with insertions of mitochondrial DNA. The model plant Arabidopsis has one of largest of these insertions ever identified, which at over 600-kb in size represents one of the last unresolved regions in the Arabidopsis genome more than 20 years after the insertion was first identified. This study reports the complete sequence of this region, providing insights into the origins and subsequent evolution of the mitochondrial DNA insertion and a resource for distinguishing between the actual mitochondrial genome and this nuclear copy in functional studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fields, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waneka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete sequence of a 641-kb insertion of mitochondrial DNA in the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnostic Ion Data Analysis Reduction (DIDAR) allows rapid quality control analysis and filtering of multiplexed single cell proteomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in the sensitivity and speed of mass spectrometers utilized for proteomics and metabolomics workflows has led to a dramatic increase in data file size and density. For a field already challenged by data complexity due to a dependence on desktop PC architecture and the Windows operating systems, further compromises appear inevitable as data density scales. As one method to reduce data complexity, we present herein a light-weight python script that can rapidly filter and provide analysis metrics from tandem mass spectra based on the presence and number of diagnostic fragment ions determined by the end user. Diagnostic Ion Data Analysis Reduction (DIDAR) can be applied to any mass spectrometry dataset to create smaller output files containing only spectra likely to contain post-translational modifications or chemical labels of interest. In this study we describe the application DIDAR within the context of multiplexed single cell proteomics workflows. When applied in this manner using reporter fragment ions as diagnostic signatures, DIDAR can provide quality control metrics based on the presence of reporter ions derived from single human cells and simplified output files for search engine analysis. The simple output metric text files can be used to rapidly flag entire LCMS runs with technical issues and remove them from downstream analysis based on end user minimum requirements. Acquisition files that pass these criteria are further improved through the automatic removal of spectra where insufficient signal from single cells is observed. We describe the application of DIDAR to two recently described multiplexed single cell proteomics datasets.

Abstract Graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnostic Ion Data Analysis Reduction (DIDAR) allows rapid quality control analysis and filtering of multiplexed single cell proteomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.480720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long read mitochondrial genome sequencing using Cas9-guided adaptor ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.480720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is an important source of disease-causing genetic variability, but existing sequencing methods limit understanding, precluding phased measurement of mutations and clear detection of large sporadic deletions. We adapted a method for amplification-free sequence enrichment using Cas9 cleavage to obtain full length nanopore reads of mtDNA. We then utilized the long reads to phase mutations in a patient with an mtDNA-linked syndrome and demonstrated that this method can map age-induced mtDNA deletions. We believe this method will offer deeper insight into our understanding of mtDNA variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandiver, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pielstick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanagat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.480720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long read mitochondrial genome sequencing using Cas9-guided adaptor ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii-s basal complex: the other apicomplexan business end is multifunctional 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Apicomplexa are famously named for their apical complex, a constellation of organelles at their apical end dedicated to invasion of their host cells. In contrast, at the other end of the cell, the basal complex (BC) has been in the limelight since it is much less prominent and specific functions were not immediately obvious. However, in the past decade a staggering array of functions have been associated with the BC, and strides have been made in understanding its structure. Here, these collective insights are supplemented with new data to provide an overview of the understanding of the BC in Toxoplasma gondii. The emerging picture is that the BC is a dynamic and multifunctional complex, with a series of (putative) functions. The BC has multiple roles in cell division: it is the site where building blocks are added to the cytoskeleton scaffold; it exerts a two-step stretch and constriction mechanism as contractile ring; and it is key in organelle division. Furthermore, the BC has numerous putative roles in  import, such as the recycling of mother cell remnants, the acquisition of host-derived vesicles, possibly the uptake of lipids derived from the extracellular medium, and the endocytosis of micronemal proteins. The latter process ties the BC to motility, whereas an additional role in motility is conferred by Myosin C. Furthermore, the BC acts on the assembly and/or function of the intravacuolar network, which may directly or indirectly contribute to the establishment of chronic tissue cysts. Here we provide experimental support for molecules acting in several of these processes, and identify several new BC proteins critical to maintaining the cytoplasmic bridge between divided parasites. However, the dispensable nature of many BC components leaves many questions unanswered regarding its function. In conclusion, the BC in T. gondii is a dynamic and multifunctional structure at the posterior end of the parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gubbels, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma gondii-s basal complex: the other apicomplexan business end is multifunctional]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident T cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling in a site peripheral to infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection with helminth parasites can affect adiposity, but underlying mechanisms that regulate this process are unclear. We found that fat content of mesenteric adipose tissue (mAT) declined in mice during infection with gut-restricted parasitic worms. This was associated with the accumulation of metabolically activated, immunostimulatory cytokine- and extracellular matrix-secreting multipotent stromal cells, which had potential to differentiate into preadipocytes. Concomitantly, mAT became infiltrated with Th2 lymphocytes that took up long-term residence and responded to signals from stromal cells by producing stromal cell-stimulating cytokines, including Amphiregulin. Signals delivered by Amphiregulin to stromal cells were required for immunity to infection. Our findings reveal intricate intercellular communication between Th2 cells and adipocyte progenitors and link immunity to intestinal infection to T cell-dependent effects on the adipocyte lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baixauli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards-Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreesen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibilia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisilik, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grün, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident T cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling in a site peripheral to infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NSD2 E1099K drives relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by disrupting 3D chromatin organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NSD2 p.E1099K (EK) mutation has been shown to be enriched in patients with relapsed ALL and found to play a role in clonal fitness dependent on the underlying genetic/epigenetic landscape of the cells. To uncover 3D chromatin architecture-related mechanisms underlying drug resistance, we systematically integrated Hi-C, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data from three B-ALL cell lines heterozygous for NSD2 EK (RS4;11, RCH-ACV, SEM) and assessed changes upon knockdown. NSD2 knockdown revealed widespread remodeling of the 3D genome, specifically in terms of compartmentalization. Systematic integration of these datasets revealed significant switches in A/B compartments with a strong bias towards B compartments upon knockdown, suggesting that NSD2 EK plays a prominent role in maintaining A compartments through enrichment of H3K36me2 epigenetic marks. In contrast, we identified few changes in intra-TAD activity suggesting that the NSD2 EK impacts transcriptional changes through a remarkable dependence on compartmentalization. Furthermore, EK-mediated reorganization of compartments highlights the existence of a common core of compacting loci shared across the three cell lines that explain previously described phenotypes as well as serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. This study offers a novel mechanism by which NSD2 EK drives clonal evolution and drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evensen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NSD2 E1099K drives relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by disrupting 3D chromatin organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.482024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PSMA-bearing extracellular vesicles secreted from prostate cancer convert the microenvironment to a tumor-supporting, pro-angiogenic state. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.482024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are comprised of vesicles budding from cell membranes and smaller intracellular vesicles shed by cells. EV play a role in remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) and support tumor progression. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with a carboxypeptidase function, frequently associated with poor clinical prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa). We previously identified an oncogenic PSMA signaling function in prostate cancer. Others demonstrated that EV isolated from the plasma of patients with high-grade PCa carry PSMA, but so far no pathophysiological effect has been associated with PSMA-bearing EV. Here we demonstrate that EV from PCa cells are able to transfer PSMA and its functionality to cells in the TME. The consequence of that EV-mediated PSMA transfer is an acute to long-term increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), angiogenin, pro-angiogenic and pro-lymphangiogenic mediators and increased 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) phosphorylation in tumors. We compare EV from PCa cells with or without PSMA expression to address the role of PSMA-bearing EV in promoting pro-tumoral changes in the TME using classical molecular biology and novel molecular imaging approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Machado, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skubal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haedicke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittela, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stater, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, T. L. A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masotti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otake, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junqueira, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todorova, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.482024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PSMA-bearing extracellular vesicles secreted from prostate cancer convert the microenvironment to a tumor-supporting, pro-angiogenic state.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enabling spatiotemporal regulation within biomaterials using DNA reaction- diffusion waveguides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multicellular organisms, cells and tissues coordinate biochemical signal propagation across length scales spanning microns to meters. Endowing synthetic materials with similar capacities for coordinated signal propagation could allow these systems to adaptively regulate themselves across space and over time. Here we combine ideas from cell signaling and electronic circuitry to design a biochemical waveguide that transmits information in the form of a concentration of a DNA species on a directed path. The waveguide can be seamlessly integrated into a soft material because there is virtually no difference between the chemical or physical properties of the waveguide and the material it is embedded within. We propose the design of DNA strand displacement reactions to construct the system and, using reaction-diffusion models, identify kinetic and diffusive parameters that enable super-diffusive transport of DNA species via autocatalysis. Finally, to support experimental waveguide implementation, we show how a sink reaction could mitigate the spurious amplification of an autocatalyst within the waveguide, allowing for controlled waveguide triggering. Chemical waveguides could facilitate the design of synthetic biomaterials with distributed sensing machinery integrated throughout their structure and enable coordinated self-regulating programs triggered by changing environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalise, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enabling spatiotemporal regulation within biomaterials using DNA reaction- diffusion waveguides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 Macrodomain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A series of amino acid based 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and synthesized to discern the structure activity relationships against the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain (Mac1), an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that is critical for coronavirus replication and pathogenesis. Structure activity studies identified compound 15c as a low-micromolar inhibitor of Mac1 in two ADP-ribose binding assays. This compound also demonstrated inhibition in an enzymatic assay of Mac1 and displayed a thermal shift comparable to ADPr in the melting temperature of Mac1 supporting binding to the target protein. A structural model reproducibly predicted a binding mode where the pyrrolo pyrimidine forms a hydrogen bonding network with Asp22 and the amide backbone NH of Ile23 in the adenosine binding pocket and the carboxylate forms hydrogen bonds to the amide backbone of Phe157 and Asp156, part of the oxyanion subsite of Mac1. Compound 15c also demonstrated notable selectivity for coronavirus macrodomains when tested against a panel of ADP-ribose binding proteins. Together, this study identified several low MW, low M Mac1 inhibitors to use as small molecule chemical probes for this potential anti-viral target and offers starting points for further optimization.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=83 SRC="FIGDIR/small/482176v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joya, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhammad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atobatele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wazir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.482176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 Macrodomain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single Multipurpose FSH-Blocking Therapeutic for Osteoporosis and Obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological and genetic studies over the past decade have established FSH as an actionable target for diseases affecting millions, notably osteoporosis, obesity and Alzheimers disease (AD). Blocking FSH action prevents bone loss, fat gain and AD-like features in mice. We recently developed a first-in-class, humanized, epitope-specific FSH blocking antibody, MS-Hu6, with a KD of 7.52 nM. Using a GLP-compliant platform, we now report the efficacy of MS-Hu6 in preventing obesity and osteoporosis in mice, and parameters of acute safety in monkeys. Biodistribution studies using 89Zr-labelled, biotinylated or unconjugated MS-Hu6 in mice and monkeys showed localization to bone, bone marrow and fat depots. MS-Hu6 displayed a {beta} phase t[1/2] of 13 days (316 hours) in humanized Tg32 mice, and bound endogenous FSH. We tested 215 variations of excipients using the protein thermal shift assay to generate a final formulation that rendered MS-Hu6 stable in solution upon freeze-thaw and at different temperatures, with minimal aggregation, and without self-, cross-, or hydrophobic interactions or appreciable binding to relevant human antigens. MS-Hu6 showed the same level of "humanness" as human IgG1 in silico, and was non-immunogenic in ELISPOT assays for IL-2 and IFN{gamma} in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. We conclude that MS-Hu6 is efficacious, durable and manufacturable, and is therefore poised for future human testing as a multipurpose therapeutic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMambro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumerova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leent, M. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, T. G. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyashita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannangara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhongade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ievleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muradova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babunovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meseck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caminis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayad, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizneva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Rosen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single Multipurpose FSH-Blocking Therapeutic for Osteoporosis and Obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, continues to spread globally even as vaccine strategies are proving effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths. However, evolving variants of the virus appear to be more transmissive and vaccine efficacy towards them is waning. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 will continue to have a deadly impact on public health into the foreseeable future. One strategy to bypass the continuing problem of newer variants is to target host proteins required for viral replication. We have used this host-targeted antiviral (HTA) strategy that targets DDX3, a host DEAD-box RNA helicase that is usurped by SARS-CoV-2 for virus production. We demonstrated that targeting DDX3 with RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor, reduced the viral load in four isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Lineage A, and Lineage B Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants) by one to three log orders in Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, proteomics and RNA-seq analyses indicated that most SARS-CoV-2 genes were downregulated by RK-33 treatment. Also, we show that the use of RK-33 decreases TMPRSS2 expression, which may be due to DDX3s ability to unwind G-quadraplex structures present in the TMPRSS2 promoter. The data presented supports the use of RK-33 as an HTA strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of its mutational status, in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vesuna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhrymuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winnard, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehn-Hall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organization and connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSerotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist psychedelics including psilocybin and LSD ("classic" psychedelics) evoke acute alterations in perception and cognition. Altered thalamocortical connectivity has been proposed to underlie these effects, which is supported by some functional MRI (fMRI) studies. Likely due to sample size limitations, these studies have treated the thalamus as a unitary structure, despite known differential 5-HT2AR expression and functional specificity of different intrathalamic nuclei. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been employed to generate functional subdivisions of the thalamus from resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. This report utilizes a novel data-sparing ICA approach in order to examine psilocybin-induced changes in intrathalamic functional organization and thalamocortical connectivity.

MethodsBaseline rsfMRI data (n=38) was utilized to generate a template, which was then applied in a novel ICA-based analysis of the acute effects of psilocybin on intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity in a smaller sample (n=18). Correlations with subjective reports of drug effect and comparisons with a previously reported analytic approach (treating the thalamus as a single functional unit) were conducted.

ResultsSeveral intrathalamic components showed significant psilocybin-induced alterations in intrathalamic spatial organization, largely localized to the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei, and correlated with reported subjective effects. These same components demonstrated alterations in thalamocortical connectivity, largely with visual and default mode networks. Analysis in which the thalamus is treated as a singular unitary structure showed an overall numerical increase in thalamocortical connectivity, consistent with previous literature using this approach, but this increase did not reach statistical significance.

ConclusionsUtilization of a novel analytic approach demonstrated changes in intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity of intrathalamic nuclei and cortical networks known to express the 5-HT2AR. Given that these changes were not observed using whole-thalamus analyses, it seems that psilocybin may cause widespread but modest increases in thalamocortical connectivity that are offset by strong focal decreases in functionally relevant intrathalamic nuclei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaddis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidstone, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meija, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organization and connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding by high-throughput screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of several zoonotic viruses in the last twenty years, especially the pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, has exposed a dearth of antiviral drug therapies for viruses with pandemic potential. Developing a diverse drug portfolio will be critical for our ability to rapidly respond to novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and other viruses with pandemic potential. Here we focus on the SARS-CoV-2 conserved macrodomain (Mac1), a small domain of non-structural protein 3 (nsp3). Mac1 is an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that cleaves mono-ADP-ribose (MAR) from target proteins, protects the virus from the anti-viral effects of host ADP-ribosyltransferases, and is critical for the replication and pathogenesis of CoVs. In this study, a luminescent-based high-throughput assay was used to screen [~]38,000 small molecules for those that could inhibit Mac1-ADP-ribose binding. We identified 5 compounds amongst 3 chemotypes that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding in multiple assays with IC50 values less than 100{micro}M, inhibit ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, and have evidence of direct Mac1 binding. These chemotypes are strong candidates for further derivatization into highly effective Mac1 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhammad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wazir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtiö, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding by high-throughput screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally programmed epigenome regulates cellular plasticity at the parental-to-zygote transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During metazoan development, the dramatic potency change from germline to embryos raises an important question regarding how the new life cycle is reset. Here, we report a tightly regulated epigenome landscape change from the parental germline to embryos in C. elegans. The epigenome is enriched with histone H3 in early-stage germ cells but switches to a histone variant H3.3-enriched epigenome in the mature egg. This H3.3-dominant epigenome persists in early-stage embryos until gastrulation, when the epigenome becomes H3 abundant again. We further demonstrate that this developmentally programmed H3 [-&gt;] H3.3 [-&gt;] H3 epigenome landscape change is regulated through differential expression of distinct histone gene clusters and is required for both germline integrity and early embryonic cellular plasticity. Together, this study reveals that a bimodal expression of H3 versus H3.3 is important for epigenetic reprogramming during gametogenesis and embryonic plasticity.

One Sentence SummaryDevelopmentally programmed epigenome resets cellular plasticity at the parental-to-zygote transition in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semancik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarayanan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally programmed epigenome regulates cellular plasticity at the parental-to-zygote transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.481623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific regulation of gene expression using splicing-dependent frameshifting. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.481623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise and reliable cell-specific gene delivery remains technically challenging. Here we report a splicing-based approach for controlling gene expression whereby separate translational reading frames are coupled to the inclusion or exclusion of cell-specific alternative exons. Candidate exons are identified by analyzing thousands of publicly available RNA sequencing datasets and filtering by cell specificity, sequence conservation, and local intron length. This method, which we denote splicing-linked expression design (SLED), can be combined in a Boolean manner with existing techniques such as minipromoters and viral capsids. SLED vectors can leverage the strong expression of constitutive promoters, without sacrificing precision, by decoupling the tradeoff between promoter strength and selectivity. We generated SLED vectors to selectively target all neurons, photoreceptors, or excitatory neurons, and demonstrated that specificity was retained in vivo when delivered using AAVs. We further demonstrated the utility of SLED by creating what would otherwise be unobtainable research tools, specifically a GluA2 flip/flop reporter and a dual excitatory/inhibitory neuronal calcium indicator. Finally, we show the translational potential of SLED by rescuing photoreceptor degeneration in Prph2rds/rds mice and by developing an oncolytic vector that can selectively induce apoptosis in SF3B1 mutant cancer cells. The flexibility of SLED technology enables new avenues for basic and translational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongmo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vistein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodorescu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KARANTANOS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.481623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific regulation of gene expression using splicing-dependent frameshifting.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum generates essential acetyl-CoA for protein acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis is an excellent target for antimalarial intervention. While most studies have focused on the use of CoA to produce acetyl-CoA in the apicoplast and the cytosol of malaria parasites, mitochondrial acetyl-CoA production is less well understood. In the current study, we performed metabolite labeling experiments to measure endogenous metabolites in Plasmodium falciparum lines with genetic deletions affecting mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Our results show that mitochondrial acetyl-CoA biosynthesis is essential for parasite growth and identify a catalytic redundancy between the two main ketoacid dehydrogenase enzymes, both of which are able to produce acetyl-CoA. The activity of these enzymes is dependent on the lipoate attachment enzyme LipL2, which is essential for parasite survival solely based on its role in supporting acetyl-CoA metabolism. We also find that acetyl-CoA produced in the mitochondrion is essential for the acetylation of histones and other proteins outside of the mitochondrion. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mitochondrion is an essential de novo source of acetyl-CoA and is required for P. falciparum protein acetylation critical to parasite survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum generates essential acetyl-CoA for protein acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining transgenesis with paratransgenesis to fight malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is among the deadliest infectious diseases and Plasmodium, the causative agent, needs to complete a complex development cycle in its vector mosquito for transmission to occur. Two promising strategies to curb transmission are transgenesis, consisting of genetically engineering mosquitoes to express anti-malarial effector molecules and paratransgenesis, consisting of introducing into the mosquito, commensal bacteria engineered to express anti-malarial effector molecules. Although both approaches restrict parasite development in the mosquito, it is not known how their effectiveness compares. Here we provide an in-depth assessment of transgenesis and paratransgenesis and evaluate the combination of the two approaches. Using the Q-system to drive gene expression, we engineered mosquitoes to produce and secrete two effectors - scorpine and the MP2 peptide - into the mosquito gut and salivary glands. We also engineered Serratia, a commensal bacterium capable to spread through mosquito populations, to secrete the same two effectors into the mosquito gut. Whereas both mosquito-based and bacteria-based approaches strongly reduced the oocyst and sporozoite intensity, a substantially stronger reduction of P. falciparum development was achieved when transgenesis and paratransgenesis were combined. Most importantly, transmission of P. berghei from infected to naive mice was maximally inhibited by the combination of the two approaches. Combining these two strategies promise to become a powerful approach to combat malaria.

SignificanceMalaria kills hundreds of thousand persons yearly. Clearly, new approaches are needed to fight this disease. Two promising approaches are based on the concept of genetically modifying the mosquito to make it a poor vector for the parasite: 1) transgenesis (engineering the mosquito to deliver anti-malarial compounds) and 2) paratransgenesis (engineering mosquito symbiotic bacteria to deliver anti-malarial compounds). The key questions addressed by this manuscript are: which of the two is the most promising approach? And because transgenesis and paratransgenesis are not mutually exclusive, would the combination of both be the most effective strategy? Our results argue for the combination of the two, showing the additive impact that these two strategies may have in controlling malaria transmission in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Lorena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining transgenesis with paratransgenesis to fight malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors is necessary for sympathetic neuron development and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neurons, many membrane proteins, synthesized in cell bodies, must be efficiently delivered to axons to influence neuronal connectivity, synaptic communication, and repair. Previously, we found that axonal targeting of TrkA neurotrophin receptors in sympathetic neurons occurs via an atypical transport mechanism called transcytosis, which relies on TrkA interactions with PTP1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Here, we generated TrkAR685A mice, where TrkA receptor signaling is preserved, but its PTP1B-dependent transcytosis is disrupted, to show that this mode of axonal transport is essential for sympathetic neuron development and autonomic function. TrkAR685A mice have decreased axonal TrkA levels in vivo, developmental loss of sympathetic neurons, and reduced innervation of targets. Postnatal TrkAR685A mice exhibit reduced pupil size and eyelid ptosis, indicative of sympathetic dysfunction. These findings establish the necessity of transcytosis in supplying TrkA receptors to sympathetic axons and highlight the physiological relevance of this axon targeting mechanism in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors is necessary for sympathetic neuron development and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-betacoronavirus neutralizing antibodies may hold the key to developing broadly protective vaccines against coronaviruses that cause severe disease, for anticipating novel pandemic-causing viruses, and to respond more effectively to SARS-CoV-2 variants. The emergence of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has illustrated the limitations of solely targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the envelope Spike (S)-protein. Here, we isolated a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from SARS-CoV-2 recovered-vaccinated donors that target a conserved S2 region in the fusion machinery on betacoronavirus spikes. Select bnAbs show broad in vivo protection against all three pathogenic betacoronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, that have spilled over into humans in the past 20 years to cause severe disease. The bnAbs provide new opportunities for antibody-based interventions and key insights for developing pan-betacoronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limbo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.479488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ion permeability of DNA nanotube channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Techniques from structural DNA nanotechnology make it possible to assemble complex 3-dimensional nanostructures with virtually arbitrary control over their sizes, shapes and features at length scales of 3-100 nm, providing a flexible means for constructing nanoscale devices and machines. Here, we assemble micron-length DNA nanotubes and assess their performance as pipes for controlled ion transport. DNA nanotubes grow via assembly of DNA tiles from a seed pore, a 12-helix DNA origami cylinder functionalized with cholesterol, to form a DNA nanotube channel. The central channel of a nanotube can be obstructed via Watson-Crick hybridization of a channel cap, a second DNA origami structure, to the end of a nanotube channel or a nanotube seed pore. Single-channel electrophysiological characterization shows that both nanotube seed pores and nanotube channels display ohmic ion conductance consistent with their central channels diameters. Binding of the channel cap reduces the conductances of both DNA nanotube channels and seed pores, demonstrating control of ion-transport through these micron-length channels. Because these channels could be assembled into branched architectures or routed between specific molecular terminals, these results suggest a route to self-assembling nanofluidic devices and circuits in which transport can be controlled using dynamic biomolecular interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhanasekar, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ion permeability of DNA nanotube channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lyophilization induces alterations in cryptococcal exopolysaccharide resulting in reduced antibody binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structural, antigenic, and immunological characterization of microbial polysaccharides requires purification that often involves detergent precipitation and lyophilization. Here we examine physicochemical changes induced by lyophilization on exopolysaccharide (EPS) of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Solution 1H NMR reveals significant anomeric signal attenuation following lyophilization of native EPS while 1H ssNMR shows few changes, suggesting diminished molecular motion and consequent broadening of 1H NMR polysaccharide resonances. 13C ssNMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy show that, while native EPS has rigid molecular characteristics and contains small, loosely packed polysaccharide assemblies, lyophilized and resuspended EPS is disordered and contains larger dense rosette-like aggregates, suggesting that structural water molecules in the interior of the polysaccharide assemblies are removed during extensive lyophilization. Importantly, mAbs to C. neoformans polysaccharide binds the native EPS more strongly than lyophilized EPS. Together, these observations argue for caution when interpreting the biological and immunological attributes of polysaccharides that have been lyophilized to dryness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargett, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedberg, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.483041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lyophilization induces alterations in cryptococcal exopolysaccharide resulting in reduced antibody binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Optimization Evolving Tool (POET) based on Genetic Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are used by scientists to serve a variety of purposes in clinical practice and laboratory research. To optimize proteins for greater function, a variety of techniques have been developed. For the development of reporter genes used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) based on Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST), these techniques have encountered a variety of challenges. Here we develop a mechanism of protein optimization using a computational approach known as "genetic programming". We developed an algorithm called Protein Optimization Evolving Tool (POET). Starting from a small library of literature values, use of this tool allowed us to develop proteins which produce four times more MRI contrast than what was previously state-of-the-art. Next, we used POET to evolve peptides that produced CEST-MRI contrast at large chemical shifts where no other known peptides have previously demonstrated contrast. This demonstrated the ability of POET to evolve new functions in proteins. Interestingly, many of the peptides produced using POET were dramatically different with respect to their sequence and chemical environment than existing CEST producing peptides, and challenge prior understandings of how those peptides function. This suggests that unlike existing algorithms for protein engineering that rely on divergent evolution, POET relies on convergent evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bricco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miralavy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon,, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banzhaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Optimization Evolving Tool (POET) based on Genetic Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current human reference genome, GRCh38, represents over 20 years of effort to generate a high-quality assembly, which has greatly benefited society1, 2. However, it still has many gaps and errors, and does not represent a biological human genome since it is a blend of multiple individuals3, 4. Recently, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere reference genome, CHM13, was generated with the latest long-read technologies, but it was derived from a hydatidiform mole cell line with a duplicate genome, and is thus nearly homozygous5. To address these limitations, the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) recently formed with the goal of creating a collection of high-quality, cost-effective, diploid genome assemblies for a pangenome reference that represents human genetic diversity6. Here, in our first scientific report, we determined which combination of current genome sequencing and automated assembly approaches yields the most complete, accurate, and cost-effective diploid genome assemblies with minimal manual curation. Approaches that used highly accurate long reads and parent-child data to sort haplotypes during assembly outperformed those that did not. Developing a combination of all the top performing methods, we generated our first high- quality diploid reference assembly, containing only [~]4 gaps (range 0-12) per chromosome, most within + 1% of CHM13s length. Nearly 1/4th of protein coding genes have synonymous amino acid changes between haplotypes, and centromeric regions showed the highest density of variation. Our findings serve as a foundation for assembling near-complete diploid human genomes at the scale required for constructing a human pangenome reference that captures all genetic variation from single nucleotides to large structural rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghurye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two analytic traditions characterize fMRI language research. One relies on averaging activations voxel-wise across individuals. This approach has limitations: because of inter-individual variability in the locations of language areas, a location in a common brain space cannot be meaningfully linked to function. An alternative approach relies on identifying language areas in each individual using a functional  localizer. Because of its greater sensitivity, functional resolution, and interpretability, functional localization is gaining popularity, but it is not always feasible, and cannot be applied retroactively to past studies. We provide a solution for bridging these currently disjoint approaches in the form of a probabilistic functional atlas created from fMRI data for an extensively validated language localizer in 806 individuals. This atlas enables estimating the probability that any given location in a common brain space belongs to the language network, and thus can help interpret group-level peaks and meta-analyses of such peaks, and lesion locations in patient investigations. More meaningful comparisons of findings across studies should increase robustness and replicability in language research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravlev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakocevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeflin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shruhl, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory and inhibitory D-serine binding to the NMDA receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) uniquely require binding of two different neurotransmitter agonists for synaptic transmission. D-serine and glycine bind to one subunit, GluN1, while glutamate binds to the other, GluN2. These agonists bind to the receptors bi-lobed ligand-binding domains (LBDs), which close around the agonist during receptor activation. To better understand the unexplored mechanisms by which D-serine contributes to receptor activation, we performed multi-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of the GluN1/GluN2A LBD dimer with free D-serine and glutamate agonists. Surprisingly, we observed D-serine binding to both GluN1 and GluN2A LBDs, suggesting that D-serine competes with glutamate for binding to GluN2A. This mechanism is confirmed by our electrophysiology experiments, which show that D-serine is indeed inhibitory at high concentrations. Although free energy calculations indicate that D-serine stabilizes the closed GluN2A LBD, its inhibitory behavior suggests that it either does not remain bound long enough or does not generate sufficient force for ion channel gating. We developed a workflow using pathway similarity analysis to identify groups of residues working together to promote binding. These conformation-dependent pathways were not significantly impacted by the presence of N-linked glycans, which act primarily by interacting with the LBD bottom lobe to stabilize the closed LBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brantley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furukawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory and inhibitory D-serine binding to the NMDA receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.481056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-literal language processing is jointly supported by the language and Theory of Mind networks: Evidence from a novel meta-analytic fMRI approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.481056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Going beyond the literal meaning of utterances is key to communicative success. However, the mechanisms that support non-literal inferences remain debated. Using a novel meta-analytic approach, we evaluate the contribution of linguistic, social-cognitive, and executive mechanisms to non-literal interpretation. We identified 74 fMRI experiments (n=1,430 participants) from 2001-2021 that contrasted non-literal language comprehension with a literal control condition, spanning ten phenomena (e.g., metaphor, irony, indirect speech). Applying the activation likelihood estimation approach to the 825 activation peaks yielded six left-lateralized clusters. We then evaluated the locations of both the individual-study peaks and the clusters against probabilistic functional atlases (cf. macroanatomy, as is typically done) for three candidate brain networks--the language-selective network (Fedorenko et al., 2011), which supports language processing, the Theory of Mind (ToM) network (Saxe & Kanwisher, 2003), which supports social inferences, and the domain-general Multiple-Demand (MD) network (Duncan, 2010), which supports executive control. These atlases were created by overlaying individual activation maps of participants who performed robust and extensively validated  localizer tasks that target each network in question (n=806 for language; n=198 for ToM; n=691 for MD). We found that both the individual-study peaks and the ALE clusters fell primarily within the language network and the ToM network. These results suggest that non-literal processing is supported by both i) mechanisms that process literal linguistic meaning, and ii) mechanisms that support general social inference. They thus undermine a strong divide between literal and non-literal aspects of language and challenge the claim that non-literal processing requires additional executive resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauptman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.481056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-literal language processing is jointly supported by the language and Theory of Mind networks: Evidence from a novel meta-analytic fMRI approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The vigor paradox: saccade velocity during deliberation encodes utility of effortful actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During deliberation, as the brain considers its options, the neural activity representing the goodness of each option rises toward a threshold, and the choice is often dictated by the option for which the rise is fastest. Here we report a surprising correlate of these activities: saccade vigor. We engaged human subjects in a decision-making task in which they considered effortful options, each requiring walking various durations and inclines. As they deliberated, they made saccades between the symbolic representations of those options. These saccades had no bearing on the effort that they would later expend, yet as they deliberated, saccade velocities increased. The rate of rise in vigor was faster for saccades toward the option that they later indicated as their choice, and encoded the difference in the subjective value of the two effortful options. Once deliberation ended, following a brief delay the subjects indicated their choice by making another saccade. Remarkably, vigor for this saccade dropped to baseline and no longer encoded subjective value. These results are consistent with an urgency model of decision-making in which a global signal in the brain drives both the neural circuits that make decisions, and the neural circuits that make movements. Paradoxically, this common drive is shared between the oculomotor circuits and the decision-making circuits, even when the decision involves effortful expenditure during a future event.

SignificanceThere is a link between the decisions we make and the movements that follow. Not only do we prefer options of greater value, but we also move faster to acquire them. When deliberating between options, neural activity rises to a threshold and the option that wins this race is the one chosen. We report a potential correlate of this in the motor control circuits; during deliberation, saccade vigor to both options rise, but faster for the option ultimately chosen. Thus, our movements appear to mirror the neural activity conducting the decision-making process. Paradoxically, this is true even when the movements have no direct bearing on the decision at hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korbisch, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apuan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The vigor paradox: saccade velocity during deliberation encodes utility of effortful actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPMK modulates insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic glucose production is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Although hepatic insulin resistance contributes to excessive glucose production, its mechanism is not well understood. Here, we show that inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a key enzyme in inositol polyphosphate biosynthesis, plays a role in regulating hepatic insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.IPMK-deficient hepatocytes exhibit decreased insulin-induced activation of Akt-FoxO1 signaling. The expression of mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pc), key enzymes mediating gluconeogenesis, are increased in IPMK-deficient hepatocytes compared to wild type (WT) hepatocytes. Importantly, re-expressing IPMK restores insulin sensitivity and alleviates glucose production in IPMK-deficient hepatocytes. Moreover, hepatocyte-specific IPMK deletion exacerbates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), accompanied by an increase in hepatic glucose production during pyruvate tolerance test and reduction in Akt phosphorylation in IPMK deficient liver. Our results demonstrate that IPMK mediates insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis and may be potentially targeted for treatment of diabetes.

HighlightsIPMK expression is reduced in livers of HFD-fed mice.

Hepatocyte-specific deletion of IPMK in mice aggravated HFD-induced insulin resistance.

Loss of IPMK decreased insulin-induced activation of Akt-FoxO1 signaling, leading to the increase of glucose production in hepatocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPMK modulates insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and phylogeographic analysis of novel Taenia solium mitochondrial genomes reveal further differentiation between and within Asian and African-American genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTaenia solium is a parasite that hampers human health, causing taeniasis and cysticercosis. The genetic variability in its mitochondrial genome is related to the geographical origin of the specimen. Two main genotypes have been identified: The Asian and the African-American. The geographic genetic variability is expected to cause different clinical manifestations. Thus, characterizing differences between and within genotypes is crucial for completing the epidemiology of T. solium diseases.

Methods/Principal FindingsHere, two Peruvian (one complete and one partial; 7,811X and 42X of coverage, respectively) and one Mexican (complete, 3,395X) T. solium mitochondrial genomes were assembled using the Chinese reference. Variant calling with respect to the reference was performed. Thirteen SNPs that involved a change in the amino acid physicochemical nature were identified. Those were present in all the assembled genomes and might be linked to differences in aerobic respiration efficiency between Latin American (African-American) and Asian genotypes. Then, phylogeographic studies were conducted using Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I and cytochrome B from these genomes and other isolates. The analysis showed that Indonesian samples are the most ancient and related to the modern T. solium ancestor of the Asian genotype. Finally, a consistent subdivision of the African-American genotype into two subgroups was found. One subgroup relates to East African countries, while the other is West Africa. The East African linage suggests a previously unnoticed influence of the Indian Ocean trade in the genetic structure of Latin America T. solium.

Conclusions/SignificanceOverall, this study reports novel mitochondrial genomes valuable for further studies. New Latin American SNPs were identified and suggest metabolic differences between parasites of the Asian and African-American genotypes. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis revealed differences within each genotype that shed light on T. soliums historical spread. Overall, the results represent an important step in completing T. solium genetic epidemiology.

Author SummaryTaenia solium is a human parasite that causes taeniasis and cysticercosis. Eradicated from developed countries, they are still a public health problem in developing nations. T. solium differences in the mitochondrial genetic material depend on its geographical origin. This is expected to cause different clinical manifestations. Despite the importance of genetics to the epidemiology of T. solium diseases, few efforts have been made to assemble and compare their genomes. We aimed to help fill this knowledge gap by assembling three mitochondrial genomes from Latin America and comparing them to the Chinese reference. Additionally, two genes from the Latin American genomes and from other isolates were employed to assess T. solium genetic distribution. We found thirteen mutations with respect to the Chinese genome present in all Latin American samples, which involved a change in the amino acid physicochemical nature. Those might be causing metabolic differences between Asian and Latin American parasites that could change their affinity to specific human tissues. Moreover, we determined that Indonesian samples are the most ancient and related to the modern T. solium ancestor. Finally, we identified a previously unnoticed influence of East African countries in T. solium phylogeny, with which our assembled genomes are closely related.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Avalos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto Obando, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Requena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and phylogeographic analysis of novel Taenia solium mitochondrial genomes reveal further differentiation between and within Asian and African-American genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging has been widely adopted for its ability to record from large neuronal populations. To summarize the time course of neural activity, dimensionality reduction methods, which have been applied extensively to population spiking activity, may be particularly useful. However, it is unclear if the dimensionality reduction methods applied to spiking activity are appropriate for calcium imaging. We thus carried out a systematic study of design choices based on standard dimensionality reduction methods. We also developed a novel method to perform deconvolution and dimensionality reduction simultaneously (termed CILDS). CILDS most accurately recovered the single-trial, low-dimensional time courses from calcium imaging that would have been recovered from spiking activity. CILDS also outperformed the other methods on calcium imaging recordings from larval zebrafish and mice. More broadly, this study represents a foundation for summarizing calcium imaging recordings of large neuronal populations using dimensionality reduction in diverse experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.480682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not1 and Not4 inversely determine mRNA solubility that sets the dynamics of co-translational events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Ccr4-Not complex is most well known as the major eukaryotic deadenylase. However, several studies have uncovered roles of the complex, in particular of the Not subunits, unrelated to deadenylation and relevant for translation. In particular, the existence of Not condensates that regulate translation elongation dynamics have been reported. Typical studies that evaluate translation efficiency rely on soluble extracts obtained after disruption of cells and ribosome profiling. Yet cellular mRNAs in condensates can be actively translated and may not be present in such extracts.

ResultsIn this work, by analyzing soluble and insoluble mRNA decay intermediates in yeast, we determine that insoluble mRNAs are enriched for ribosomes dwelling at non-optimal codons compared to soluble mRNAs. mRNA decay is higher for soluble RNAs, but the proportion of co-translational degradation relative to the overall mRNA decay is higher for insoluble mRNAs. We show that depletion of Not1 and Not4 inversely impact mRNA solubilities and, for soluble mRNAs, ribosome dwelling according to codon optimality. Depletion of Not4 solubilizes mRNAs with lower non-optimal codon content and higher expression that are rendered insoluble by Not1 depletion. By contrast, depletion of Not1 solubilizes mitochondrial mRNAs, which are rendered insoluble upon Not4 depletion.

ConclusionOur results reveal that mRNA solubility defines dynamics of co-translation events and is oppositely regulated by Not1 and Not4, a mechanism that we additionally determine may already be set by Not1 promoter association in the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panasenko, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanyi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagatti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaughency, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignatova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelechano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collart, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not1 and Not4 inversely determine mRNA solubility that sets the dynamics of co-translational events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unleashing alternative polyadenylation analyses with REPAC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an important post-transcriptional mechanism that has major implications in biological processes and diseases. Although specialized sequencing methods for polyadenylation exist, their presence in public repositories is extremely limited when compared to traditional RNA-sequencing. To overcome this, we developed REPAC, a framework for the analysis of APA from RNA-sequencing data. REPAC implements a new method for detection of APA and is designed to take advantage of recount3 which enables a streamlined way to analyze over 750,000 publicly available samples. Using REPAC, we investigated the landscape of APA caused by activation of B cells. Our analysis revealed that during this process, hundreds of genes are regulated by APA, most notably genes involved in the secretion pathway which is central for the transition to antibody-secreting B-cells. Moreover, we also showed that many genes associated with interferon response are also shortened, suggesting that APA might also play a significant role in the immune response. We also show that REPAC is faster than alternative methods by at least 7-fold and that it scales well to analysis involving hundreds of samples. Overall, the REPAC method offers an accurate, easy, and convenient solution for the exploration of APA across many phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unleashing alternative polyadenylation analyses with REPAC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic single-cell RNA sequencing reveals BCG vaccination curtails SARS-CoV-2 induced disease severity and lung inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 continues to exact a toll on human health despite the availability of several vaccines. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has been shown to confer heterologous immune protection against viral infections including COVID-19 and has been proposed as vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2). Here we tested intravenous BCG vaccination against COVID-19 using the golden Syrian hamster model together with immune profiling and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). We observed that BCG reduced both lung SCV2 viral load and bronchopneumonia. This was accompanied by an increase in lung alveolar macrophages, a reversal of SCV2-mediated T cell lymphopenia, and reduced lung granulocytes. Single cell transcriptome profiling showed that BCG uniquely recruits immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells to the lung suggesting accelerated antibody production. BCG vaccination also recruited elevated levels of Th1, Th17, Treg, CTLs, and Tmem cells, and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed a transcriptional shift away from exhaustion markers and towards antigen presentation and repair. Similarly, BCG enhanced lung recruitment of alveolar macrophages and reduced key interstitial macrophage subsets, with both cell-types also showing reduced IFN-associated gene expression. Our observations indicate that BCG vaccination protects against SCV2 immunopathology by promoting early lung immunoglobulin production and immunotolerizing transcriptional patterns among key myeloid and lymphoid populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illei, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psoter, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic single-cell RNA sequencing reveals BCG vaccination curtails SARS-CoV-2 induced disease severity and lung inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
-Labeled PARP-1 PET Imaging of PSMA Targeted Alpha Particle Radiotherapy Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe growing interest and clinical translation of alpha particle () therapies brings with it new challenges to assess target cell engagement and to monitor therapeutic effect. Noninvasive imaging has great potential to guide -treatment and to harness the potential of these agents in the complex environment of disseminated disease. Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is among the most abundantly expressed DNA repair enzymes with key roles in multiple repair pathways - such as those induced by irradiation.

Materials and MethodsHere, we used a third-generation PARP1-specific radiotracer, [18F]-PARPZ, to delineate castrate resistant prostate cancer xenografts. Following treatment with the clinically applied [225Ac]-PSMA-617, positron emission tomography was performed and analyzed, along with and correlative autoradiography and histology acquired.

Results[18F]-PARPZ was able to distinguish treated from control (saline) xenografts by uptake. Kinetic analysis of tracer accumulation also suggests that the localization of the agent to sites of increased PARP-1 expression is a consequence of DNA damage response.

ConclusionsTogether, these data support expanded investigation of [18F]-PARPZ to facilitate clinical translation in the -therapy space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benabdallah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulmert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turtle, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[-Labeled PARP-1 PET Imaging of PSMA Targeted Alpha Particle Radiotherapy Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projective LDDMM: Spatially Reconstructing a Story of Rostrally-Dominant Tau in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since Braaks initial histological observations, it has been recognized that Alzheimers disease (AD) neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) appear in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) of the brain very early in the disease course. MRI-based shape diffeomorphometry markers have demonstrated pre-clinical AD changes in the MTL but it has not been possible to confirm that these MRI changes correspond to the presence of NFTs. Here, we present a method termed Projective LDDMM for aligning sparse measurement profiles of AD pathology (i.e., 2D digital histology images) with 3D MRI. We reconstruct measures of 2D NFT density in the dense metric of 3D MRI, using the Mai Paxinos Atlas coordinates for two cases of advanced AD. Analyses reveal the highest levels of NFT density in the rostral third (10-15 mm) of the hippocampus and the adjoining regions of the entorhinal cortex and amygdala. These findings emphasize the selective vulnerability of MTL subregions in AD, and suggest that high resolution MRI methods might benefit from focusing on the rostral MTL to more closely link these MRI images to AD neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projective LDDMM: Spatially Reconstructing a Story of Rostrally-Dominant Tau in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interface resistance of biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of biomolecular condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation is that they dynamically exchange material with their surroundings, and this process can be crucial to condensate function. Intuitively, the rate of exchange can be limited by the flux from the dilute phase or by the mixing speed in the dense phase. Surprisingly, a recent experiment suggests that exchange can also be limited by the dynamics at the droplet interface, implying the existence of an "interface resistance". Here, we first derive an analytical expression for the timescale of condensate material exchange, which clearly conveys the physical factors controlling exchange dynamics. We then utilize sticker-spacer polymer models to show that interface resistance can arise when incident molecules transiently touch the interface without entering the dense phase, i.e., the molecules "bounce" from the interface. Our work provides insight into condensate exchange dynamics, with implications for both natural and synthetic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyo, A. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interface resistance of biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recommendations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) for interpreting sequence variants specify the use of computational predictors as Supporting level of evidence for pathogenicity or benignity using criteria PP3 and BP4, respectively. However, score intervals defined by tool developers, and ACMG/AMP recommendations that require the consensus of multiple predictors, lack quantitative support. Previously, we described a probabilistic framework that quantified the strengths of evidence (Supporting, Moderate, Strong, Very Strong) within ACMG/AMP recommendations. We have extended this framework to computational predictors and introduce a new standard that converts a tools scores to PP3 and BP4 evidence strengths. Our approach is based on estimating the local positive predictive value and can calibrate any computational tool or other continuous-scale evidence on any variant type. We estimate thresholds (score intervals) corresponding to each strength of evidence for pathogenicity and benignity for thirteen missense variant interpretation tools, using carefully assembled independent data sets. Most tools achieved Supporting evidence level for both pathogenic and benign classification using newly established thresholds. Multiple tools reached score thresholds justifying Moderate and several reached Strong evidence levels. One tool reached Very Strong evidence level for benign classification on some variants. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for evidence-based revisions of the PP3 and BP4 ACMG/AMP criteria using individual tools and future assessment of computational methods for clinical interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavtigian, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesecker, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ClinGen Sequence Variant Interpretation Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.483834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Studies of a siderophore-producing cyclization domain: A refined proposal of substrate binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.483834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) heterocyclization (Cy) domains generate biologically important ox-/thiazoline modifications in natural products, including in production of compounds targeting disease or siderophores that are important for bacterial pathogenicity. Cy domains share the NRPS condensation domain fold but catalyze consecutive condensation and cyclodehydration reactions via an unknown mechanism. To further understanding of Cy domain catalysis, we report the crystal structure of the second Cy domain (Cy2) of yersiniabactin synthetase from the causative agent of the plague, Yersinia pestis. We find the high-resolution structure of Cy2 adopts a conformation enabling exploration of binding the extended, thiazoline-containing cyclodehydration intermediate for catalysis and the acceptor carrier protein to which it is tethered. We also report complementary electrostatic interfaces between Cy2 and its donor carrier protein that mediate donor binding. Lastly, we explore domain flexibility through the normal mode approximation and identify small-molecule fragment binding sites to inform antibiotic design targeting Cy function. Our results suggest how carrier protein binding may influence global conformation, with consequences for active site catalytic states and inhibitor development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnann, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthelemy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawani, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzikoba Musoke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brignole, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowling, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.483834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Studies of a siderophore-producing cyclization domain: A refined proposal of substrate binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate Protein Domain Structure Annotation with DomainMapper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated domain annotation plays a number of important roles in structural informatics and typically involves searching query sequences against Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profiles. This process can be ambiguous or inaccurate when proteins contain domains with non-contiguous residue ranges, and especially when insertional domains are hosted within them. Here we present DomainMapper, an algorithm that accurately assigns a unique domain structure annotation to any query sequence, including those with complex topologies. We validate our domain assignments using the AlphaFold database and confirm that non-contiguity is pervasive (6.5% of all domains in yeast and 2.5% in human). Using this resource, we find that certain folds have strong propensities to be non-contiguous or insertional across the Tree of Life, likely underlying evolutionary preferences for domain topology. DomainMapper is freely available and can be run as a single command line function.

HIGHLIGHTSDomainMapper generates a unique domain structure annotation, including non-contiguous and insertional domains

Automated annotations of non-contiguous domains are validated against the AlphaFold database

DomainMapper can be easily installed and used by non-experts

Certain folds have strong preferences to be non-contiguous or insertional

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=188 SRC="FIGDIR/small/484986v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (89K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1900be8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fdae2borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b5bd5corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a31d56_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manriquez-Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.19.484986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate Protein Domain Structure Annotation with DomainMapper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1083 shows lung epithelial protective features in COPD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway epithelial damage is a common feature in respiratory diseases such as COPD and has been suggested to drive inflammation and progression of disease. These features manifest as remodeling and destruction of lung epithelial characteristics including loss of small airways which contributes to chronic airway inflammation. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been shown to play a role in epithelial function and dysregulation, such as in cilia disassembly, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oxidative stress responses, and has been implicated in several diseases. We thus used ACY-1083, an inhibitor with high selectivity for HDAC6, and characterized its effects on epithelial function including epithelial disruption, cytokine production, remodeling, mucociliary clearance and cell characteristics.

Primary lung epithelial air-liquid interface cultures from COPD patients were used and the impacts of TNF, TGF-{beta}, cigarette smoke and bacterial challenges on epithelial function in the presence and absence of ACY-1083 were tested. Each challenge increased the permeability of the epithelial barrier whilst ACY-1083 blocked this effect and even decreased permeability in the absence of challenge. TNF was also shown to increase production of cytokines and mucins, with ACY-1083 reducing the effect. We observed that COPD-relevant stimulations created damage to the epithelium as seen on immunohistochemistry sections and that treatment with ACY-1083 maintained an intact cell layer and preserved mucociliary function. Interestingly, there was no direct effect on ciliary beat frequency or tight junction proteins indicating other mechanisms for the protected epithelium.

In summary, ACY-1083 shows protection of the respiratory epithelium during COPD-relevant challenges which indicates a future potential to restore epithelial structure and function to halt disease progression in clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horndahl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svärd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berntsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdillahi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capodanno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1083 shows lung epithelial protective features in COPD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While our understanding of the biology underlying immune checkpoint blockade in NSCLC is still incomplete, studies to date have established predictive roles for PD-L1 tumor expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB). To expand our understanding of the molecular features underlying response to checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, we describe here the first joint analysis of the Stand Up 2 Cancer - Mark Foundation (SU2C-MARK) Cohort, a resource of whole exome and/or RNA sequencing from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, along with matched clinical response annotation. We identify a number of associations between molecular features and outcome, including: 1) favorable (e.g., ATM altered), and unfavorable (e.g., TERT amplified) genomic subgroups, 2) distinct immune infiltration signatures associated with wound healing (unfavorable) and immune activation (favorable), and 3) a novel de-differentiated tumor-intrinsic subtype characterized by expression of endodermal lineage genes, immune activation, and enhanced response rate. Taken together, results from this cohort extend our understanding of NSCLC-specific predictors, providing a rich set of molecular and immunologic hypotheses with which to further our understanding of the biology of checkpoint blockade in NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainor, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arniella, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamesan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velcheti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digumarthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mino-Kenudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymach, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janne, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luksza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolchok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmann, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-finger Receptive Field Properties in Primary Somatosensory Cortex: A Revised Account of the Spatio-Temporal Integration Functions of Area 3b 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe leading view in the somatosensory system indicates that area 3b serves as a cortical relay site that encodes cutaneous (tactile) features limited to individual digits. Our recent work argues against this model by showing that cells in area 3b integrate information from cutaneous and proprioceptive modalities. Here, we further test this model, by studying the multi-finger neural integration properties of area 3b. In contrast to the prevailing view, we found that most cells in area 3b have a receptive field (RF) that extends to multiple digits. Responses to tactile stimulation emerged earlier in cells with a multi-digit (MD) vs. single-digit (SD) RF. We also found that the RF size of MD cells (the number of responsive digits) increased across time, and the orientation preference across digits was highly correlated. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that area 3b plays a larger role in generating neural representations of tactile objects, as opposed to just being a  feature detector relay site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trzcinski, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-finger Receptive Field Properties in Primary Somatosensory Cortex: A Revised Account of the Spatio-Temporal Integration Functions of Area 3b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic insights into metabolic flux in ruby-throated hummingbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds are very well adapted to sustain efficient and rapid metabolic shifts. They oxidize ingested nectar to directly fuel flight when foraging but have to switch to oxidizing stored lipids derived from ingested sugars during the night or long-distance migratory flights. Understanding how this organism moderates energy turnover is hampered by a lack of information regarding how relevant enzymes differ in sequence, expression, and regulation. To explore these questions, we generated a chromosome level de novo genome assembly of the ruby-throated hummingbird (A. colubris) using a combination of long and short read sequencing and scaffolding using other existing assemblies. We then used hybrid long and short-read RNA-sequencing for a comprehensive transcriptome assembly and annotation. Our genomic and transcriptomic data found positive selection of key metabolic genes in nectivorous avian species and a deletion of critical genes (GLUT4, GCK) involved in glucostasis in other vertebrates. We found expression of fructose-specific GLUT5 putatively in place of insulin-sensitive GLUT4, with predicted protein models suggesting affinity for both fructose and glucose. Alternative isoforms may even act to sequester fructose to preclude limitations from transport in metabolism. Finally, we identified differentially expressed genes from fasted and fed hummingbirds suggesting key pathways for the rapid metabolic switch hummingbirds undergo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agirrezabala, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic insights into metabolic flux in ruby-throated hummingbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer learning of an in vivo-derived senescence signature identifies conserved and tissue-specific senescence across species and diverse pathologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescent cells (SnCs) contribute to normal tissue development and repair but accumulate with aging where they are implicated in a number of pathologies and diseases. Despite their pathological role and therapeutic interest, SnC phenotype and function in vivo remains unclear due to the challenges in identifying and isolating these rare cells. Here, we developed an in vivo-derived senescence gene expression signature using a model of the foreign body response (FBR) fibrosis in a p16Ink4a-reporter mouse, a cell cycle inhibitor commonly used to identify SnCs. We identified stromal cells (CD45-CD31- CD29+) as the primary p16Ink4a expressing cell type in the FBR and collected the cells to produce a SnC transcriptomic signature with bulk RNA sequencing. To computationally identify SnCs in bulk and single-cell data sets across species and tissues, we used this signature with transfer learning to generate a SnC signature score (SenSig). We found senescent pericyte and cartilage-like fibroblasts in newly collected single cell RNAseq (scRNASeq) data sets of murine and human FBR suggesting populations associated with angiogenesis and secretion of fibrotic extracellular matrix, respectively. Application of the senescence signature to human scRNAseq data sets from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the basal cell carcinoma microenvironment identified both conserved and tissue-specific SnC phenotypes, including epithelial-derived basaloid and endothelial cells. In a wound healing model, ligand-receptor signaling prediction identified putative interactions between SnC SASP and myeloid cells that were validated by immunofluorescent staining and in vitro coculture of SnCs and macrophages. Collectively, we have found that our SenSig transfer learning strategy from an in vivo signature outperforms in vitro-derived signatures and identifies conserved and tissue-specific SnCs and their SASP, independent of p16Ink4a expression, and may be broadly applied to elucidate SnC identity and function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorko, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmlechner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trewartha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Saux, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Deursen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer learning of an in vivo-derived senescence signature identifies conserved and tissue-specific senescence across species and diverse pathologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRSCloud: a Cloud-based MR Spectroscopy Tool for Basis Set Simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurate quantification of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectra involves modeling with a linear combination of known metabolite basis functions. Basis sets can be generated by numerical simulation using the quantum mechanical density-matrix formalism. Accurate simulations for a basis set require correct sequence timings, and pulse shapes and durations.

PurposeTo present a cloud-based spectral simulation tool  MRSCloud. It allows community users of MRS to simulate a vendor- and sequence-specific basis set online in a convenient and timeefficient manner. This tool can simulate basis sets for 3 major MR scanner vendors (GE, Philips, Siemens), including conventional acquisitions and spectral editing schemes (MEGA, HERMES, HERCULES) with PRESS and semi-LASER localization.

Study TypeProspective.

SpecimenN/A

Field Strength/SequenceSimulations of 3T basis sets for conventional and spectral-editing sequences (MEGA, HERMES, HERCULES) with PRESS and sLASER localizations.

AssessmentSimulated metabolite basis functions generated by MRSCloud are compared to those generated by FID-A and MARSS, and a phantom-acquired basis-set from LCModel.

Statistical TestsIntraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to measure the agreement between individual metabolite basis functions generated using different packages. Statistical analysis was performed using R in RStudio.

ResultsSimulation time for a full basis set is approximately 1 hour. ICCs between MRSCloud and FID-A were at least 0.98 and ICCs between MRSCloud and MARSS were at least 0.96. ICCs between simulated MRSCloud basis spectra and acquired LCModel basis spectra were lowest for Gln at 0.68 and highest for NAA at 0.96.

Data ConclusionSubstantial reductions in runtime have been achieved by implementing the 1D projection method, coherence-order filtering, and pre-calculation of propagators. High ICC values indicated that the accelerating features are running correctly and produce comparable and accurate basis sets. The generated basis set has been successfully used with LCModel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRSCloud: a Cloud-based MR Spectroscopy Tool for Basis Set Simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Methods for Multi-ancestry Polygenic Prediction and their Evaluations in 3.7 Million Individuals of Diverse Ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) increasingly predict complex traits, however, suboptimal performance in non-European populations raise concerns about clinical applications and health inequities. We developed CT-SLEB, a powerful and scalable method to calculate PRS using ancestry-specific GWAS summary statistics from multi-ancestry training samples, integrating clumping and thresholding, empirical Bayes and super learning. We evaluate CT-SLEB and nine-alternatives methods with large-scale simulated GWAS ([~]19 million common variants) and datasets from 23andMe Inc., the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, All of Us and UK Biobank involving 5.1 million individuals of diverse ancestry, with 1.18 million individuals from four non-European populations across thirteen complex traits. Results demonstrate that CT-SLEB significantly improves PRS performance in non-European populations compared to simple alternatives, with comparable or superior performance to a recent, computationally intensive method. Moreover, our simulation studies offer insights into sample size requirements and SNP density effects on multi-ancestry risk prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Methods for Multi-ancestry Polygenic Prediction and their Evaluations in 3.7 Million Individuals of Diverse Ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptations of endolithic communities to abrupt environmental changes in a hyper-arid desert 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities to natural perturbations remain relatively unexplored, particularly in extreme environments. The extremophilic communities of halite (NaCl) nodules from the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert are self-sustained and represent a unique opportunity to study functional adaptations and community dynamics with changing environmental conditions. We transplanted halite nodules to different sites in the desert and investigated how their taxonomic, cellular, and biochemical changes correlated with water availability, using environmental data modeling and metagenomic analyses. Salt-in strategists, mainly represented by haloarchaea, significantly increased in relative abundance at sites characterized by extreme dryness, multiple wet/dry cycles, and colder conditions. The functional analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) revealed site-specific enrichments in archaeal MAGs encoding for the uptake of various compatible solutes and for glycerol utilization. These findings suggest that opportunistic salt-in strategists took over the halite communities at the driest sites. They most likely benefited from metabolites newly released in the environment by the death of microorganisms least adapted to the new conditions. The observed changes were consistent with the need to maximize cellular bioenergetics when confronted with lower water availability and higher salinity, providing valuable information on microbial community adaptations and resilience to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilburn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptations of endolithic communities to abrupt environmental changes in a hyper-arid desert]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral blood T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with MAC lung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAlthough nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is a growing problem, available treatments are suboptimal and diagnostic tools are inadequate. Immunological mechanisms of susceptibility to NTM disease are poorly understood.

ObjectiveTo understand NTM pathogenesis, we evaluated innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in individuals with MAC lung disease (MACDZ).

MethodsWe synthesized 15mer MAC-, NTM-, or MAC/Mtb-specific peptides and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with pools of these peptides. We measured T-cell responses by cytokine production, expression of surface markers, and analysis of global gene expression in 27 MACDZ individuals and 32 healthy controls. We also analyzed global gene expression in Mav-infected and uninfected peripheral blood monocytes from 17 MACDZ and 17 healthy controls.

Measurements and Main ResultsWe were unable to detect T-cell responses against the peptide libraries or Mav lysate that has increased reactivity in MACDZ subjects compared to controls. T-cell responses to non-mycobacteria derived antigens were preserved.

MACDZ individuals had a lower frequency of Th1 and Th1* T-cell populations. By contrast, global gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of proinflammatory pathways in uninfected and Mav-infected monocytes derived from MACDZ subjects compared to controls.

ConclusionsPeripheral blood T-cell responses to Mycobacterial antigens and the frequency of Th1 and Th1* cell populations are diminished in individuals with MAC disease. In contrast, MACDZ subjects had hyperinflammatory monocyte responses. Together, these data suggest a novel immunologic defect which underlies MAC pathogenesis and includes concurrent innate and adaptive dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dill-McFarland, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arentz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goss, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral blood T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with MAC lung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Motoneuron Expression Signature is Defined by ALS-Related Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian spinal cord functions as a community of glial and neuronal cell types to accomplish sensory processing, autonomic control, and movement; conversely, the dysfunction of these cell types following spinal cord injury or disease states can lead to chronic pain, paralysis, and death. While we have made great strides in understanding spinal cellular diversity in animal models, it is crucial to characterize human biology directly to uncover specialized features of basic function and to illuminate human pathology. Here, we present a cellular taxonomy of the adult human spinal cord using single nucleus RNA-sequencing with spatial transcriptomics and antibody validation. We observed 29 glial clusters, including rare cell types such as ependymal cells, and 35 neuronal clusters, which we found are organized principally by anatomical location. To demonstrate the potential of this resource for understanding human disease, we analyzed the transcriptome of spinal motoneurons that are prone to degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other diseases. We found that, compared with all other spinal neurons, human motoneurons are defined by genes related to cell size, cytoskeletal structure, and ALS, thereby supporting a model of a specialized motoneuron molecular repertoire that underlies their selective vulnerability to disease. We include a publicly available browsable web resource with this work, in the hope that it will catalyze future discoveries about human spinal cord biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matson, K. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkaslasi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galuta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshardan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ququmji, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhamad, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonjon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachiery-Lahaye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mery, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourinet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauchet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pichon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Motoneuron Expression Signature is Defined by ALS-Related Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational Changes and Enhanced Cell Migration during Transformation of Breast Non-tumorigenic Cells to Tumorigenic Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a major role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, the role of genetic alterations in invasiveness of CSCs is still unclear. Tumor microenvironment signals, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, significantly influence cell behaviors. Unfortunately, these signals are often lost in in vitro cell culture. This study determines putative CSC populations, examines genetic changes during tumorigenesis of human breast epithelial stem cells, and investigates single-cell migration properties on ECM-mimetic platforms. Whole exome sequencing data indicate that tumorigenic cells have a higher somatic mutation burden than non-tumorigenic cells, and that mutations exclusive to tumorigenic cells exhibit higher predictive deleterious scores. Tumorigenic cells exhibit distinct somatic copy number variations (CNVs) including gain of duplications in chromosomes 5 and 8. ECM-mimetic topography selectively enhances migration speed of tumorigenic cells, but not of non-tumorigenic cells, and results in a wide distribution of tumorigenic single-cell migration speeds, suggesting heterogeneity in cellular sensing of contact guidance cues. This study identifies mutations and CNVs acquired during breast tumorigenesis, which can be associated with enhanced migration of breast tumorigenic cells, and demonstrates that a nanotopographically-defined platform can be applied to recapitulate an ECM structure for investigating cellular migration in the simulated tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational Changes and Enhanced Cell Migration during Transformation of Breast Non-tumorigenic Cells to Tumorigenic Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Energy Controls Dynamics of Stress-induced Ribonucleoprotein Granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy metabolism and membraneless organelles have been implicated in human diseases including neurodegeneration. How energy stress regulates ribonucleoprotein particles such as stress granules (SGs) is still unclear. Here we identified a unique type of granules formed under energy stress and uncovered the mechanisms by which the dynamics of diverse stress-induced granules are regulated. Severe energy stress induced the rapid formation of energy-associated stress granules (eSGs), whereas moderate energy stress delayed the clearance of conventional SGs. The formation of eSGs or the clearance of conventional SGs was regulated by the mTOR-4EBP1-eIF4E pathway or eIF4A1, involving eIF4F complex assembly or RNA condensation, respectively. In ALS patients neurons or cortical organoids, the eSG formation was enhanced, and conventional SG clearance was impaired. These results reveal a critical role for intracellular energy in the regulation of diverse granules and suggest that an imbalance in these dynamics may contribute to the pathogenesis of relevant diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Energy Controls Dynamics of Stress-induced Ribonucleoprotein Granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive profiling of antibody responses to the human anellome using programmable phage display 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses belonging to the diverse Anelloviridae family represent a major constituent of the commensal human virome. Aside from their widespread prevalence and persistence in humans and their absence of detectable pathologic associations, little is known about the immunobiology of the human anellome. In this study, we employed the Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhlP-Seq) assay for comprehensive analyses of antibody binding to 56 amino acid long anellovirus peptides. We designed and constructed a large and diverse "AnelloScan" T7 phage library comprising more than 32,000 non-redundant peptides representing the ORF1, ORF2, ORF3 and TTV-derived apoptosis-inducing protein (TAIP) sequences of more than 800 human anelloviruses (spanning three genera). We used this library to profile the antibody reactivities of serum samples from 156 subjects. The vast majority of anellovirus peptides were not reactive in any of the subjects tested (n=~28,000; ~85% of the library). Antibody reactive peptides were largely restricted to the C-terminal region of the putative capsid protein, ORF1. To characterize antibody responses to newly acquired anellovirus infections, we screened a longitudinal cohort of matched blood-transfusion donors and recipients. Most transmitted anelloviruses did not elicit detectable antibody reactivity in the recipient (29 out of a total of 40 transmitted anelloviruses) and the remainder demonstrated delayed reactivity (~100-150 days after transfusion). This study represents the first large-scale epitope-level serological survey of the antibody response to the human anellome.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/486145v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@132dfforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@130c47dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b3fc97org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8c49f9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawandar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delagrave, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yozwiak, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive profiling of antibody responses to the human anellome using programmable phage display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy (Meso-OPM) - enabling large-scale 4D isotropic cellular resolution imaging with a diffractive light sheet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fundamental understanding of large-scale dynamic connectivity within a living organism requires volumetric imaging over a large field of view (FOV) at biologically relevant speed and resolution. However, most microscopy methods make trade-offs between FOV and depth resolution, making it challenging to observe highly dynamic processes at cellular resolution in 3D across mesoscopic scales (e.g., whole zebrafish larva). To overcome this limitation, we have developed mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy (Meso-OPM) with a diffractive light sheet. By augmenting the illumination angle of the light sheet with a transmission grating, the axial resolution was improved ~6-fold over existing methods and ~2-fold beyond the diffraction limitation of the primary objective lens. We demonstrated an unprecedented FOV up to 5.4 x 3.3 mm with resolution of 2.5x 3 x 6 m, allowing volumetric imaging of 3D cellular structures with a single scan. Applying Meso-OPM for in vivo imaging of zebrafish larvae, we report here the first in toto whole body volumetric recordings of neuronal activity at 2 Hz volume rate and the first example of whole body volumetric recordings of blood flow dynamics at 5 Hz with 3D cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy (Meso-OPM) - enabling large-scale 4D isotropic cellular resolution imaging with a diffractive light sheet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OTTERS: A powerful TWAS framework leveraging summary-level reference data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most existing TWAS tools require individual-level eQTL reference data and thus are not applicable to summary-level reference eQTL datasets. The development of TWAS methods that can harness summary-level reference data is valuable to enable TWAS in broader settings and enhance power due to increased reference sample size. Thus, we develop a TWAS framework called OTTERS (Omnibus Transcriptome Test using Expression Reference Summary data) that adapts multiple polygenic risk score (PRS) methods to estimate eQTL weights from summary-level eQTL reference data and conducts an omnibus TWAS. We show that OTTERS is a practical and powerful TWAS tool by both simulations and application studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitakari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eQTLGen Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OTTERS: A powerful TWAS framework leveraging summary-level reference data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening the Pathogen Box Compounds for Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the malaria parasite becomes resistant to every drug that we develop, identification and development of novel drug candidates is essential. Many studies have screened compounds designed to target the clinically important blood stages. However, if we are to shrink the malaria map, new drugs that block transmission of the parasite are needed. Sporozoites are the infective stage of the malaria parasite, transmitted to the mammalian host as mosquitoes probe for blood. Sporozoite motility is critical to their ability to exit the inoculation site and establish infection and drug-like compounds targeting motility are effective in blocking infection in the rodent malaria model. In this study, we established a moderate throughput motility assay for sporozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, enabling us to screen the 400 drug-like compounds from the Pathogen box provided by Medicines for Malaria Venture for their activity. Compounds exhibiting inhibitory effects on P. falciparum sporozoite motility were further assessed against transmission-blocking activity and asexual stage growth. Five compounds had a significant inhibitory effect on P. falciparum sporozoite motility at 1 M concentration and four of these compounds also showed significant inhibition on transmission of P. falciparum gametocytes to the mosquito and of these four, three had previously been shown to have inhibitory activity on asexual blood stage parasites. Our findings provide new antimalarial drug candidates that have multi-stage activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanabhogin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening the Pathogen Box Compounds for Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-length assembly of the Hawaiian Monk seal (Neomonarchus schauinslandi) confirms genomic stability in the Pinnipeds and a prolonged history of "genetic purging" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hawaiian monk seal (HMS) is the single extant species of tropical earless seals of the genus Neomonachus. The species survived a severe bottleneck in the late 19th century and experienced subsequent population declines until becoming the subject of a NOAA-led species recovery effort beginning in 1976 when the population was fewer than 1000 animals. Like other recovering species, the Hawaiian monk seal has been reported to have reduced genetic heterogeneity due to the bottleneck and subsequent inbreeding. Here we report a chromosomal reference assembly for a male animal produced using a variety of methods including linked-read sequencing, Hi-C contiguity mapping, optical genome mapping, and nanopore long read sequencing. The final assembly consisted of 16 autosomes, an X and portions of the Y chromosomes. We compared variants in the reference animals to nine other HMS and to the human reference NA12878 confirming a low level of variation within the species and one-eighth that of the human reference. A lack of variation in several MHC genes was documented suggesting that this species may be at risk for infectious disease. Lastly, the HMS chromosomal assembly confirmed significant synteny with other pinnipeds. This reference should be a useful tool for long-term management of HMS and evolutionary studies of other carnivorans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughran, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, A. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-length assembly of the Hawaiian Monk seal (Neomonarchus schauinslandi) confirms genomic stability in the Pinnipeds and a prolonged history of "genetic purging"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the relationship between Pathogenic Potential and Infective Inoculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a mathematical description of an individual microbe, virus, or parasites ability to cause disease in a host, given the variables of inoculum, symptomology, mortality, and in some instances, median survival time of the host. We investigated the relationship between pathogenic potential (PP) and infective inoculum (I) using two pathogenic fungi in the wax moth Galleria mellonella with mortality as the relevant outcome. Our analysis for C. neoformans infection revealed negative exponential relationship between PP and I. Plotting the log(I) versus the Fraction symptomatic (Fs) over median host survival time (T) revealed a linear relationship, with a slope that varied between the different fungi studied and a y-intercept corresponding to the inoculum that produced no symptoms. The I vs Fs/T slope provided a measure of the pathogenicity of each microbial species, which we call the pathogenicity constant or kPath. The kPath provides a new parameter to quantitatively compare the relative virulence and pathogenicity of microbial species for a given host. In addition, we investigated the PP and Fs/T from values found in preexisting literature. Overall, the relationship between Fs/T and PP versus inoculum varied among microbial species and extrapolation to zero symptoms allowed the calculation of the lowest pathogenic inoculum (LPI) of a microbe. Microbes tended to fall into two groups: those with positive linear relationships between PP and Fs/T vs I, and those that had a negative exponential PP vs I relationship with a positive logarithmic Fs/T vs I relationship. The microbes with linear relationships tended to be bacteria, whereas the exponential-based relationships tended to be fungi or higher order eukaryotes. Differences in the type and sign of the PP vs I and Fs/T vs I relationships for pathogenic microbes suggest fundamental differences in host-microbe interactions leading to disease.

Author SummaryThe ability of a microbe, virus, or parasite to cause disease is dependent on multiple factors, virulence factors. host immune defenses, the infective inoculum, and the type of immune response. For many microbes their capacity for causing disease is highly dependent on the inoculum. The mathematical formula for Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a way to compare the ability of an organism to have a pathogenic effect, as measured by Fraction Symptomatic (Fs), mortality (M), and inoculum (I), and can include the median survival time of the host (T). Increasing inoculum of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans for a moth host resulted in exponentially smaller pathogenic potential, and the Fs/T versus inoculum plot showed a logarithmic relationship. Together, these relationships show diminishing returns with increasing cryptococcal inoculum, in which each individual fungus plays a smaller role in pathogenicity. Literature data shows that other microbes, mostly bacteria, had linear Fs/T versus inoculum relationships, which indicate that each bacterium contributed an equal amount to pathogenicity. These differences in relationships can point to differences in host-microbe interactions and suggest new ways in which the organism causes disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the relationship between Pathogenic Potential and Infective Inoculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene-induced matrix reorganization controls CD8+ T cell function in the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cell dysfunction impedes anti-tumor immunity in solid cancers but the underlying mechanisms are diverse and poorly understood. Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition has been linked to both impaired T cell migration and enhanced tumor progression; however, impacts of individual ECM molecules on T cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are only beginning to be elucidated. Upstream regulators of aberrant ECM deposition and organization in solid tumors are equally ill-defined. Therefore, we investigated how ECM composition modulates CD8+ T cell function in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), an immunologically active and desmoplastic tumor. Using an autochthonous murine model of UPS and data from multiple human patient cohorts, we discovered a multifaceted mechanism wherein the transcriptional co-activator YAP1 promotes collagen VI (COLVI) deposition in the UPS TME. In turn, COLVI induces CD8+ T cell dysfunction and immune evasion by remodeling fibrillar collagen and inhibiting T cell autophagic flux. Unexpectedly, collagen I (COLI) opposed COLVI in this setting, promoting CD8+ T cell function and acting as a tumor suppressor. Thus, CD8+ T cell responses in sarcoma depend upon oncogene-mediated ECM composition and remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pruitt, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devalaraja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotti, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murazzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skuli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraietta, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisinger-Mathason, T. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene-induced matrix reorganization controls CD8+ T cell function in the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multistate structures of the MLL1-WRAD complex bound to H2B-ubiquitinated nucleosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Mixed Lineage Leukemia-1 (MLL1) complex orchestrates methylation of histone H3K4 to promote transcription and is stimulated by monoubiquitination of histone H2B. Recent structures of the MLL1-WRAD core complex, which comprises the MLL1 methyltransferase, WDR5, RbBp5, Ash2L, and DPY-30, have revealed variation in the docking of MLL1-WRAD on nucleosomes and left ambiguous portions of Ash2L and the position of DPY30. We used an integrated approach combining cryo-electron microscopy and mass spectrometry-crosslinking to determine structures of the MLL1-WRAD complex bound to ubiquitinated nucleosomes containing the Ash2L intrinsically disordered region (IDR), SPRY insertion region, Sdc1-DPY30 interacting region (SDI-motif), and the DPY30 dimer. We resolved three additional states of MLL1-WRAD lacking one or more subunits, which may reflect different steps in the assembly of MLL1-WRAD. The subunits in all four states are positioned on the nucleosome in manner that is similar to a previous structure of MLL1-WRAD bound to ubiquitinated nucleosome, but that differs from structures with unmodified nucleosomes, suggesting that H2B-ubiquitin favors assembly of the active complex. Our results provide a more complete picture of MLL1-WRAD and the role of ubiquitin in promoting formation of the active methyltransferase complex.

SignificanceThe Mixed Lineage Leukemia-1 (MLL1) complex plays a role in activating transcription by methylating lysine 4 in histone H3, a reaction that is stimulated by the presence of ubiquitin conjugated to histone H2B. Recent structures of the core MLL1 complex, termed MLL1-WRAD, have revealed the existence of multiple docking states and have also left ambiguous portions of the structure. Here we combine mass spectrometry-cross linking with cryo-EM to model additional regions of the MLL1-WRAD complex and identify a series of states that light on complex assembly and the role that ubiquitin plays in orienting MLL1-WRAD on nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namitz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multistate structures of the MLL1-WRAD complex bound to H2B-ubiquitinated nucleosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of stereopsis on visual saliency in a proto-object based model of selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some animals including humans use stereoscopic vision which reconstructs spatial information about the environment from the disparity between images captured by eyes in two separate adjacent locations. Like other sensory information, such stereoscopic information is expected to influence attentional selection. We develop a biologically plausible model of binocular vision to study its effect on bottom-up visual attention, i.e., visual saliency. In our model, the scene is organized in terms of proto-objects on which attention acts, rather than on unbound sets of elementary features. We show that taking into account the stereoscopic information improves the performance of the model in the prediction of human eye movements with statistically significant differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uejima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancinelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Cummings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of stereopsis on visual saliency in a proto-object based model of selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering functional membrane-membrane interface by InterSpy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering synthetic interfaces between membranes has potential applications in designing non-native cellular communication pathways and creating synthetic tissues. Here, InterSpy is introduced as a synthetic biology tool consisting of a heterodimeric protein engineered to form and maintain membrane-membrane interfaces between apposing synthetic as well as cell membranes through SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction. Inclusion of split fluorescent protein fragments in the designed InterSpy toolkit allows tracking the formation of membrane-membrane interface and reconstitution of functional fluorescent protein in the space between apposing membranes. We first demonstrate InterSpy by testing split protein designs using a mammalian cell-free expression system. By utilizing co-translational helix insertion, cell-free synthesized InterSpy fragments are incorporated into the membrane of liposomes and supported lipid bilayers with a desired topology. Functional reconstitution of split fluorescent protein between the membranes is strictly dependent on SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Finally, since InterSpy is fully genetically encoded, the engineered system is adapted to cells and showcased. InterSpy demonstrates the power of cell-free expression systems in functional reconstitution of synthetic membrane interfaces via proximity-inducing proteins. This technology may also prove useful for synthetic biology where cell-cell contacts and communication are recreated in a controlled manner using minimal components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moghimianavval, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashirzadeh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering functional membrane-membrane interface by InterSpy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.486416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation, and ssDNA binding kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.486416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) is driven into its activated tetramer form by binding of GTP activator and dNTP activators/substrates. In addition, the inactive monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme bind to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. During DNA replication SAMHD1 can be phosphorylated by CDK1 and CDK2 at its C-terminal threonine 592 (pSAMHD1), enabling the enzyme to localize to stalled replication forks (RFs) and promote their restart. Since localization of a potent dNTPase at stalled RFs is not harmonious with DNA replication, we used a series of kinetic and thermodynamic measurements to explore a hypothesis where the combined effects of T592 phosphorylation and ssDNA binding serves as a dual switch to turn-off SAMHD1 dNTPase activity. We report that phosphorylation has only a small effect on the dNTPase activity and ssDNA binding affinity of SAMHD1. However, perturbation of the native T592 by phosphorylation decreased the thermal stability of tetrameric SAMHD1 and accelerated tetramer dissociation in the absence and presence of ssDNA (~15-fold). In addition, we found that ssDNA binds competitively with GTP to the A1 site. A full-length SAMHD1 cryo-EM structure revealed substantial baseline dynamics in the C-terminal domain (which contains T592) which may be modulated by phosphorylation. We propose that T592 phosphorylation increases tetramer dynamics and allows invasion of ssDNA into the A1 site and the previously characterized DNA binding surface at the dimer-dimer interface. These features are consistent with rapid and regiospecific inactivation of pSAMHD1 dNTPase at RFs or other sites of free ssDNA in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammirati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.486416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation, and ssDNA binding kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics to define Plasmodium falciparum stage-transition in the mosquito midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria inflicts the highest rate of morbidity and mortality among the vector-borne diseases. The dramatic bottleneck of parasite numbers that occurs in the gut of the obligatory vector mosquito provides a promising target for novel control strategies. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we analyzed Plasmodium falciparum development in the mosquito gut, from unfertilized female gametes through the first 20 hours post blood feeding, including the zygote and ookinete stages. This study revealed the transcriptional trajectories of the ApiAP2 family of transcription factors, and of parasite stress genes in response to the harsh environment of the mosquito midgut. Further, employing structure-based functional predictions we found several upregulated genes predicted to encode intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), a category of proteins known for their importance in regulation of transcription, translation and protein-protein interactions. IDPs are known for their antigenic properties and may serve as suitable targets for antibody or peptide-based transmission suppression strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedziech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves E Silva, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emami, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biryukova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Lorena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics to define Plasmodium falciparum stage-transition in the mosquito midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectopic insert-dependent neuronal expression of GFAP promoter-driven AAV constructs in adult mouse retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct reprogramming of retinal Muller glia is a promising avenue for replacing photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells lost to retinal dystrophies. However, questions have recently been raised about the accuracy of studies claiming efficient glia-to-neuron reprogramming in retina that were conducted using GFAP mini promoter-driven adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. In this study, we have addressed these questions using GFAP mini promoter-driven AAV constructs to simultaneously overexpress the mCherry reporter and candidate transcription factors predicted to induce glia-to-neuron conversion, in combination with prospective genetic labeling of retinal Muller glia using inducible Cre-dependent GFP reporters. We find that, while control GFAP-mCherry constructs express faithfully in Muller glia, 5 out of 7 transcription factor overexpression constructs tested are predominantly expressed in amacrine and retinal ganglion cells. However, genetic cell lineage analysis shows no evidence for glia-to-neuron conversion. These findings demonstrate strong insert-dependent effects on AAV-based GFAP mini promoter specificity that preclude its use in inferring cell lineage relationships when studying glia-to-neuron conversion in retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectopic insert-dependent neuronal expression of GFAP promoter-driven AAV constructs in adult mouse retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically defined nucleus incertus neurons differ in connectivity and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus incertus (NI), a conserved hindbrain structure implicated in the stress response, arousal, and memory, is a major site for production of the neuropeptide relaxin-3. On the basis of goosecoid homeobox 2 (gsc2) expression, we identified a neuronal cluster that lies adjacent to relaxin 3a (rln3a) neurons in the zebrafish analogue of the NI. To delineate the characteristics of the gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons, we used CRISPR/Cas9 targeted integration to drive gene expression specifically in each neuronal group, and found that they differ in their efferent and afferent connectivity, spontaneous activity, and functional properties. gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons have widely divergent projection patterns and innervate distinct subregions of the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Whereas gsc2 neurons are activated by electric shock, rln3a neurons exhibit spontaneous fluctuations in calcium signaling and regulate locomotor activity. Our findings define heterogeneous neurons in the NI and provide new tools to probe its diverse functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spikol, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macurak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically defined nucleus incertus neurons differ in connectivity and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the essential plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide (I-) transport into the thyroid gland, the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones--the master regulators of intermediary metabolism. NIS couples the inward translocation of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward transport of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. For nearly 50 years before its molecular identification, NIS was already the molecule at the center of the single most effective internal radiation cancer therapy ever devised: radioiodide (131I-) treatment for thyroid cancer. Mutations in NIS cause congenital hypothyroidism, which must be treated immediately after birth to prevent stunted growth and cognitive deficiency. To date, the structure of NIS has been unknown. Here, we report three structures of rat NIS, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM): one with no substrates bound, one with 2 Na+ and 1 I- bound, and one with 1 Na+ and the oxyanion perrhenate bound. Structural analyses, functional characterization, and computational studies reveal the substrate binding sites and residues key for transport activity. Our results yield insights into how NIS selects, couples, and translocates anions--thereby establishing a framework for understanding NIS function--and into how it transports different substrates with different stoichiometries and releases substrates from its substrate-binding cavity into the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar de Simone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Silico Improvement of Highly Protective Anti-Malarial Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody CIS43 binds Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) and protects against malaria, as recently demonstrated clinically. To improve the efficacy of CIS43, we developed an in silico pipeline to optimize the interaction energy of CIS43 to its junctional epitope (peptide 21: PfCSP residues 101-115). Starting from two improved CIS43 variants, recently elicited from a CIS43-germline knock-in mice, single and double amino acid substitutions in the peptide 21-proximal heavy (VH) and light (VL) variable regions were introduced. CIS43-variants, selected on the basis of improved in silico interface and stability energies, showed increased affinity to peptide 21 and superior malaria-protective efficacy. The best designed variant, antibody P3-43, was significantly more protective than its template antibody m43.151, with greater liver-burden protection than the current best-in-class (antibody iGL-CIS43.D3). Crystal structures of improved antibodies revealed atomic-level interactions explaining gains in binding affinity. The reported pipeline provides a powerful in silico approach to improve antibody functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mateo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva Pereira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyuka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratochvil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Silico Improvement of Highly Protective Anti-Malarial Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulating the 3D organization of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether synthetic genomes can power life has attracted broad interest in the synthetic biology field, especially when the synthetic genomes are extensively modified with thousands of designer features. Here we report de novo synthesis of the largest eukaryotic chromosome thus far, synIV, a 1,454,621-bp Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome resulting from extensive genome streamlining and modification. During the construction of synIV, we developed megachunk assembly combined with a hierarchical integration strategy, which significantly increased the accuracy and flexibility of synthetic chromosome construction and facilitated chromosome debugging. In addition to the drastic sequence changes made to synIV by rewriting it, we further manipulated the three-dimensional structure of synIV in the yeast nucleus to explore spatial gene regulation within the nuclear space. Surprisingly, we found few gene expression changes, suggesting that positioning inside the yeast nucleoplasm plays a minor role in gene regulation. Lastly, we tethered synIV to the inner nuclear membrane via its hundreds of loxPsym sites and observed transcriptional repression of the entire chromosome, demonstrating chromosome-wide transcription manipulation without changing the DNA sequences. Our manipulation of the spatial structure of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome shed light on higher-order architectural design of the synthetic genomes.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/487066v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18bf586org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a471d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d7690org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c32510_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIDe novo synthesis of the largest eukaryotic chromosome, synIV
C_LIO_LISynIV shows similar 3D structure to wild-type IV, despite thousands of changes made to it
C_LIO_LI"Inside-out" repositioning of synIV in nucleus shows minor transcriptional changes
C_LIO_LIMultipoint tethering synIV to inner nuclear membrane represses transcription of whole chromosome
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanita, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurasawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichikawa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanfani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camellato, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacasa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annadanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brammer Basta, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerritos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kianercy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGirr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbatini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheifele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shores, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestrone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.487066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulating the 3D organization of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma scavenges mammalian host organelles through usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular pathogens exploit cellular resources through host cell manipulation. Within its nonfusogenic parasitophorous vacuole (PV), Toxoplasma targets host nutrient-filled organelles and sequesters them into the PV through deep invaginations of the PV membrane (PVM) that ultimately detach from this membrane. Some of these invaginations are generated by an intravacuolar network (IVN) of parasite-derived tubules fusing with the PVM. Here, we examine the parasite usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4 to create PVM buds and vesicles. CHMP4B associates with the PVM/IVN and dominant negative (DN) CHMP4B forms many long PVM invaginations containing CHMP4B filaments; the invaginations are shorter in IVN-deficient parasites, suggesting cooperation between IVN and ESCRT. In infected cells expressing Vps4-DN, enlarged intra-PV structures containing host endo-lysosomes accumulate, reflecting defects in PVM scission. Parasite mutants lacking TgGRA14 or TgGRA64 that interact with ESCRT have reduced CHMP4B-DN-induced PVM invaginations and intra-PV host organelles, with greater defects in a double-knockout, revealing the exploitation of ESCRT to scavenge host organelles by Toxoplasma.

SummaryThe parasite Toxoplasma sequesters host nutrient-filled organelles into its parasitophorous vacuole through its exploitation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4 for vacuolar membrane-remodeling and fission processes utilizing the parasite proteins TgGRA14 and TgGRA64 that interact with ESCRT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayoral, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Cuevas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma scavenges mammalian host organelles through usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper airway and the subsequent immune response are early, critical factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis. By studying infection of human biopsies in vitro and in a hamster model in vivo, we demonstrated a transition in tropism from olfactory to respiratory epithelium as the virus evolved. Analyzing each variants revealed that SARS-CoV-2 WA1 or Delta infects a proportion of olfactory neurons in addition to the primary target sustentacular cells. The Delta variant possesses broader cellular invasion capacity into the submucosa, while Omicron displays longer retention in the sinonasal epithelium. The olfactory neuronal infection by WA1 and the subsequent olfactory bulb transport via axon is more pronounced in younger hosts. In addition, the observed viral clearance delay and phagocytic dysfunction in aged olfactory mucosa is accompanied by a decline of phagocytosis related genes. Furthermore, robust basal stem cell activation contributes to neuroepithelial regeneration and restores ACE2 expression post-infection. Together, our study characterized the nasal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 strains, immune clearance, and regeneration post infection. The shifting characteristics of viral infection at the airway portal provides insight into the variability of COVID-19 clinical features and may suggest differing strategies for early local intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human and murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection selects for common genomic changes in an environmental isolate. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A pet cockatoo was the suspected source of Cryptococcus neoformans recovered from the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of an immunocompromised patient with cryptococcosis based on the molecular analyses available in 2000. Here we report whole genome sequence analysis of the clinical and cockatoo strains. Both are closely related MAT strains belonging to the VNII lineage, confirming that the human infection likely originated from pet bird exposure. The two strains differ by 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms, including 8 nonsynonymous changes involving 7 genes. To ascertain whether changes in these genes are selected during mammalian infection, we passaged the cockatoo strain in mice. Remarkably, isolates obtained from mouse tissue possess a frame-shift mutation in one of the seven genes altered in the human sample, a gene predicted to encode a SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex protein. Both cockatoo and patient strains as well as mouse passaged isolates obtained from brain tissue had a premature stop codon in a homolog of ZFC3, a predicted single-zinc finger containing protein, which is associated with larger capsules when deleted and appears to have reverted to a full-length protein in the mouse passaged isolates obtained from lung tissue. The patient strain and mouse passaged isolates show variability in the expression of virulence factors, with differences in capsule size, melanization, and rates on non-lytic expulsion from macrophages observed. Our results establish that environmental strains undergo genomic and phenotypic changes during mammalian passage, suggesting that animal virulence can be a mechanism for genetic change and that the genomes of clinical isolates may provide a readout of mutations acquired during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sephton-Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stempinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human and murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection selects for common genomic changes in an environmental isolate.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EstG is a novel esterase required for cell envelope integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper regulation of the bacterial cell envelope is critical for cell survival. Identification and characterization of enzymes that maintain cell envelope homeostasis is crucial, as they can be targets for effective antibiotics. In this study, we have identified a novel enzyme, called EstG, whose activity protects cells from a variety of lethal assaults in the -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Despite homology to transpeptidase family cell wall enzymes and an ability to protect against cell wall-targeting antibiotics, EstG does not demonstrate biochemical activity towards cell wall substrates. Instead, EstG is genetically connected to the periplasmic enzymes OpgH and BglX, responsible for synthesis and hydrolysis of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs), respectively. The crystal structure of EstG revealed similarities to esterases and transesterases, and we demonstrated esterase activity of EstG in vitro. Using biochemical fractionation, we identified a cyclic hexamer of glucose as a likely substrate of EstG. This molecule is the first OPG described in Caulobacter and establishes a novel class of OPGs, the regulation and modification of which is important for stress survival and adaptation to fluctuating environments. Our data indicate that EstG, BglX, and OpgH comprise a previously unknown OPG pathway in Caulobacter. Ultimately, we propose that EstG is a novel enzyme that, instead of acting on the cell wall, acts on cyclic OPGs to provide resistance to a variety of cellular stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhard, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeinert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitler, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakoncic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EstG is a novel esterase required for cell envelope integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In macrophages fatty acid oxidation spares glutamate for use in diverse metabolic pathways required for alternative activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is upregulated in IL-4-stimulated (alternatively activated) macrophages (M(IL-4)). We examined the effect of loss of function of the enzyme Cpt1a, which facilitates the entry of long chain fatty acids (FA) into mitochondria for FAO, on alternative activation. Expression of M(IL-4) markers ARG1, CD301 and RELM, was impaired in tamoxifen-treated ERT2Cre x Cpt1afl/fl macrophages and in macrophages expressing shRNA targeting Cpt1a (Cpt1a-shRNA). In contrast, VaviCre x Cpt1afl/fl and LysmCre x Cpt1afl/fl M(IL-4) responded normally to IL-4. Reduced alternative activation due to Cpt1a loss of function was linked to decreased cellular pools of -ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutathione, diminished commitment of glucose carbon to serine/glycine synthesis, and decreased expression of genes in the Nrf2-oxidative stress response pathway. Consistent with this, reactive oxygen species were increased. Restoration of glutathione pools with N-acetyl cysteine normalized oxidative stress and allowed alternative activation in the face of Cpt1a-deficiency, pointing to a role for FAO in the control of ROS and as being important for alternative activation. In VaviCre x Cpt1afl/fl M(IL-4), glutamine uptake was increased, compensating for the loss of FAO to meet necessary metabolic demands, to allow alternative activation. The data indicate that macrophages are able to regulate glutamine metabolism to compensate for chronic disruption of FAO to meet metabolic needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Teijlingen Bakker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachsmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsushita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein Geltink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.487890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In macrophages fatty acid oxidation spares glutamate for use in diverse metabolic pathways required for alternative activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lossless end-to-end transport of small molecules through micron-length DNA nanochannels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Designed and engineered protein and DNA nanopores can sense and characterize single molecules and control transmembrane transport of molecular species. However, designed biomolecular pores are less than 100 nm in length and are used primarily for transport across lipid membranes. Nanochannels that span longer distances could be used as conduits for molecules between non-adjacent compartments or cells. Here, we design microns-long, 7 nm diameter DNA nanochannels that small molecules can traverse according to the laws of continuum diffusion. Binding DNA origami caps to channel ends eliminates transport and demonstrates that molecules diffuse from one channel end to the other rather than permeating through channel walls. These micron-length nanochannels can also grow, form interconnects, and interface with living cells. This work thus shows how to construct multifunctional, dynamic agents that control molecular transport, opening new ways of studying intercellular signaling and modulating molecular transport between synthetic and living cells.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=130 SRC="FIGDIR/small/488239v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maffeo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksimentiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lossless end-to-end transport of small molecules through micron-length DNA nanochannels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.17.488591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastatic potential in clonal melanoma cells is driven by a rare, early-invading subpopulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.17.488591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis occurs when tumor cells leave the primary tumor site and disseminate to distal organs. Even though most cells remain in the primary tumor, the circumstances by which a small fraction of them disseminate remain unclear. Here, we show that a rare, highly invasive subpopulation of melanoma cells can be detected within clonal cell lines due to non-genetic fluctuations in gene expression. The highly invasive phenotype was intrinsic to the cells, independent of their environment, and was marked by transiently high levels of SEMA3C expression, as revealed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Furthermore, the invasive subpopulation drove the bulk dissemination of tumor cells to distal locations in a mouse model of melanoma. The transcription factor NKX2.2 regulated the proportion of invasive cells in the melanoma 1205Lu cell line. Furthermore, an overall tradeoff between proliferation and invasion in single cells was observed. Our results suggest that phenotypes like metastasis may arise from intrinsic differences stemming from non-genetic fluctuations between single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunagin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pemberton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.17.488591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastatic potential in clonal melanoma cells is driven by a rare, early-invading subpopulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome sliding by the Chd1 chromatin remodeler relies on theintegrity of the DNA duplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin remodelers use a helicase-type ATPase motor to shift DNA around the histone core. Although not directly reading out the DNA sequence, some chromatin remodelers are biased by DNA sequences, suggesting that they may be sensitive to properties of the DNA duplex. Here, we present a high-throughput method for determining nucleosome positioning in vitro using site-specific DNA cleavage coupled with next-generation sequencing. This method allowed us to systematically test how the introduction of poly(dA:dT) tracts and other perturbations affected the distribution of nucleosomes remodeled by the Chd1 remodeler. We found that Chd1 is sensitive to poly(dA:dT) tracts as short as 3 bp, and that its nucleosome sliding activity is severely perturbed by DNA mismatches and single-nucleotide insertions. These results suggest that remodelers rely on the integrity of duplex DNA for nucleosome sliding. We also discovered that DNA on the nucleosome can shift in the absence of a remodeler when multiple mismatches are placed at superhelix location 2 (SHL2). This DNA movement in response to a disruption of the double helix may explain why SHL2 is the preferred site of engagement by most chromatin remodelers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome sliding by the Chd1 chromatin remodeler relies on theintegrity of the DNA duplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intranasal stringent response vaccine targeting dendritic cells as a novel adjunctive therapy against tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lengthy tuberculosis (TB) treatment is required to address the ability of a subpopulation of persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to remain in a non-replicating, antibiotic-tolerant state characterized by metabolic remodeling, including induction of the RelMtb-mediated stringent response. We developed a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine construct involving fusion of the relMtb gene with the immature dendritic cell-targeting gene encoding chemokine MIP-3/CCL20. To augment mucosal immune responses, intranasal delivery was also evaluated. We found that the intramuscular MIP-3/relMtb (fusion) vaccine potentiates isoniazid activity more than a similar DNA vaccine expressing relMtb alone in a chronic TB mouse model (absolute reduction of Mtb burden: 0.63 log10 colony-forming units, P=0.0001), inducing pronounced Mtb-protective immune signatures. The intranasal fusion vaccine, an approach combining relMtb fusion to MIP-3 and intranasal delivery, demonstrated the greatest therapeutic effect compared to each approach alone, as evidenced by robust Th1 and Th17 responses systemically and locally and the greatest mycobactericidal activity when combined with isoniazid (absolute reduction of Mtb burden: 1.13 log10, P<0.0001, when compared to the intramuscular vaccine targeting relMtb alone). This DNA vaccination strategy may be a promising adjunctive approach combined with standard therapy to shorten curative TB treatment, and also serve as proof-of-concept for treating other chronic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KARANTANOS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, R. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intranasal stringent response vaccine targeting dendritic cells as a novel adjunctive therapy against tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone methyltransferase Ezh2 coordinates mammalian axon regeneration via epigenetic regulation of key regenerative pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current clinical treatment for neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries falls short of success, and one primary reason is that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lose their regeneration ability as they mature. Previous studies indicated that the regeneration ability of neurons is governed by complex signaling networks involving many genes. Therefore, here we investigated the roles of Ezh2, a histone methyltransferase, in regulation of mammalian axon regeneration at the epigenetic level. We found that Ezh2 level was gradually downregulated in the mouse nervous system during maturation but significantly upregulated in mature sensory neurons during spontaneous axon regeneration in the peripheral nerve system (PNS), suggesting its role in supporting axon regeneration. Indeed, Ezh2 loss-of-function in sensory neurons impaired PNS axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of Ezh2 in retinal ganglion cells in the CNS induced optic nerve regeneration after optic nerve injury in both methyltransferase-dependent and -independent manners. Mechanistic exploration with multiomics sequencing, together with functional analyses, revealed that Ezh2 supported axon regeneration by systematically silencing the transcription of genes regulating synaptic function and axon regeneration inhibitory signaling, while broadly activating factors promoting axon regeneration. Our study not only reveals that Ezh2 coordinates axon regeneration via epigenetically regulating multiple key regenerative pathways, but also suggests that modulating chromatin accessibility is a promising strategy to promote CNS axon regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosanam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochuba, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone methyltransferase Ezh2 coordinates mammalian axon regeneration via epigenetic regulation of key regenerative pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, accurate antibody structure prediction from deep learning on massive set of natural antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies have the capacity to bind a diverse set of antigens, and they have become critical therapeutics and diagnostic molecules. The binding of antibodies is facilitated by a set of six hypervariable loops that are diversified through genetic recombination and mutation. Even with recent advances, accurate structural prediction of these loops remains a challenge. Here, we present IgFold, a fast deep learning method for antibody structure prediction. IgFold consists of a pre-trained language model trained on 558M natural antibody sequences followed by graph networks that directly predict backbone atom coordinates. IgFold predicts structures of similar or better quality than alternative methods (including AlphaFold) in significantly less time (under one minute). Accurate structure prediction on this timescale makes possible avenues of investigation that were previously infeasible. As a demonstration of IgFolds capabilities, we predicted structures for 105K paired antibody sequences, expanding the observed antibody structural space by over 40 fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, accurate antibody structure prediction from deep learning on massive set of natural antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin 7 docks synaptic vesicles for Doc2α-triggered asynchronous neurotransmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of intense study, the molecular basis of asynchronous neurotransmitter release remains enigmatic. Synaptotagmin (syt) 7 and Doc2 have both been proposed as Ca2+ sensors that trigger this mode of exocytosis, but conflicting findings have led to controversy. Here, we demonstrate that at excitatory mouse hippocampal synapses, Doc2 is the major Ca2+ sensor for asynchronous release, while syt7 supports this process through activity-dependent docking of synaptic vesicles. In synapses lacking Doc2, asynchronous release after single action potentials is strongly reduced, while deleting syt7 has no effect. However, in the absence of syt7, docked vesicles cannot be replenished on millisecond timescales. Consequently, both synchronous and asynchronous release depress from the second pulse onward during repetitive activity. By contrast, synapses lacking Doc2 have normal activity-dependent docking, but continue to exhibit decreased asynchronous release after multiple stimuli. Moreover, disruption of both Ca2+ sensors is non-additive. These findings result in a new model whereby syt7 drives activity-dependent docking, thus providing synaptic vesicles for synchronous (syt1) and asynchronous (Doc2 and other unidentified sensors) release during ongoing transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptotagmin 7 docks synaptic vesicles for Doc2α-triggered asynchronous neurotransmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projective LDDMM: Mapping Molecular Digital Pathology with Tissue MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing dense 3D anatomical coordinates from 2D projective measurements has become a central problem in digital pathology for both animal models and human studies. We describe a new family of diffeomorphic mapping technologies called Projective LDDMM which generate diffeomorphic mappings of dense human MRI atlases at tissue scales onto sparse measurements at micron scales associated with histological and more general optical imaging modalities. We solve the problem of dense mapping surjectively onto histological sections by incorporating new technologies for crossing modalities that use non-linear scattering transforms to represent multiple radiomic-like textures at micron scales and incorporating a Gaussian mixture-model frame-work for modelling tears and distortions associated to each section. We highlight the significance of our method through incorporation of neuropathological measures and MRI, as relevant to the development of biomarkers for Alzheimers disease and one instance of the integration of imaging data across the scales of clinical imaging and digital pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projective LDDMM: Mapping Molecular Digital Pathology with Tissue MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed can drive selective changes in human gait symmetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMillions of people worldwide are affected by clinical conditions that result in gait asymmetry (e.g., stroke, cerebral palsy, lower limb amputation). There is a need for customizable rehabilitation approaches that can flexibly target different aspects of gait asymmetry with minimal need for specialized equipment. Here, we studied how simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed could drive selective, predictable changes in human gait symmetry.

MethodsIn Experiment 1, ten healthy young adults walked on an instrumented treadmill with and without a closed-loop controller engaged. The controller changed the treadmill speed to 1.50 m/s or 0.75 m/s depending on whether the right or left leg generated propulsive (i.e., forward-directed) ground reaction forces, respectively. In Experiment 2, a separate group of ten healthy young adults walked on the treadmill with and without an open-loop controller engaged. This controller changed the treadmill speed to 1.50 m/s or 0.75 at a prescribed time interval. We used a metronome to guide the participants to step at a series of different time points relative to the controller-driven speed change. We collected kinematic and kinetic data in Experiments 1 and 2.

ResultsIn Experiment 1, participants walked with asymmetric kinematics and ground reaction forces when the closed-loop controller was engaged. The leg that accelerated during propulsion (right leg) showed a smaller leading limb angle and a larger trailing limb angle than the leg that decelerated during propulsion (left leg). The right leg also generated smaller propulsive forces than the left leg. In Experiment 2, the patterns of asymmetry in spatiotemporal gait parameters, kinematics, and ground reaction forces depended on the timing of the speed change within the gait cycle. Step times, leading limb angles, and peak propulsion became asymmetric when the treadmill speed changed early in stance. When the treadmill speed changed later in stance, step lengths, step times, and propulsion impulses became asymmetric.

ConclusionsSimple manipulations of treadmill speed can drive predictable, selective changes in human gait symmetry. Future work will explore this customizable technique as a potential approach for restoring gait symmetry in clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Browne, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed can drive selective changes in human gait symmetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The language network reliably 'tracks' naturalistic meaningful non-verbal stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The language network, comprised of brain regions in the left frontal and temporal cortex, responds robustly and reliably during language comprehension but shows little or no response during many non-linguistic cognitive tasks (e.g., Fedorenko & Blank, 2020). However, one domain whose relationship with language remains debated is semantics--our conceptual knowledge of the world. Given that the language network responds strongly to meaningful linguistic stimuli, could some of this response be driven by the presence of rich conceptual representations encoded in linguistic inputs? In this study, we used a naturalistic cognition paradigm to test whether the cognitive and neural resources that are responsible for language processing are also recruited for processing semantically rich non-verbal stimuli. To do so, we measured BOLD responses to a set of [~]5-minute-long video and audio clips that consisted of meaningful event sequences but did not contain any linguistic content. We then used the inter-subject correlation (ISC) approach (Hasson et al., 2004) to examine the extent to which the language network  tracks these stimuli, i.e. exhibits stimulus-related variation. Across all the regions of the language network, non-verbal meaningful stimuli elicited reliable ISCs. These ISCs were higher than the ISCs elicited by semantically impoverished non-verbal stimuli (e.g., a music clip), but substantially lower than the ISCs elicited by linguistic stimuli. Our results complement earlier findings from controlled experiments (e.g., Ivanova et al., 2021) in providing further evidence that the language network shows some sensitivity to semantic content in non-verbal stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sueoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The language network reliably 'tracks' naturalistic meaningful non-verbal stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elicits Sustained IL-1β Upregulation in Alveolar Macrophages from Lung Transplant Recipients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIsolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is associated with increased BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) inflammation and lung allograft injury in lung transplant recipients (LTR). However, the effect of PsA on macrophage responses in this population is incompletely understood. We examined human alveolar macrophage (AM) responses to PsA and Pseudomonas dominant microbiome in healthy lung transplant recipients (LTR).

MethodsWe stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages (THP-1M) and human AM from LTR with different bacteria and LTR BAL derived microbiome characterized as Pseudomonas-dominant. Macrophage responses were assessed by high dimensional flow cytometry, including their intracellular production of cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1{beta}, IL-10, IL-1RA, and TGF-{beta}). Pharmacological inhibitors were utilized to evaluate the role of the inflammasome in PsA-macrophages interaction.

ResultsWe observed upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1{beta}) following stimulation by PsA compared to other bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Prevotella melaninogenica, Streptococcus pneumoniae) in both THP-1 derived and LTR AM, predominated by IL-1{beta}. IL-1{beta} production from THP-1 was sustained after PsA stimulation for up to 96 hours and 48 hours in LTR AM. Treatment with the inflammasome inhibitor BAY11-7082 abrogated macrophage IL-1{beta} and IL-18 production after PsA exposure. BAL Pseudomonas-dominant microbiota elicited an increased IL-1{beta}, similar to PsA, an effect abrogated by the addition of antibiotics.

ConclusionPsA and PsA-dominant lung microbiota induce sustained IL-1{beta} production in LTR AM. Pharmacological targeting of the inflammasome reduces PsA-macrophage-IL1{beta} responses, underscoring their use in lung transplant recipients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbor-Enoh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elicits Sustained IL-1β Upregulation in Alveolar Macrophages from Lung Transplant Recipients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related changes of deep-brain neurophysiological activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive decline with age is associated with brain atrophy and reduced brain activations, but the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are unclear, especially in deeper brain structures primarily affected by healthy aging or neurodegenerative processes. Here, we characterize time-resolved, resting-state magnetoencephalography activity of the hippocampus and subcortical brain regions in a large cohort of healthy young and older volunteers from the Cam-CAN open repository. The data show age-related changes in both rhythmic and arrhythmic signal strength and temporal variability in multiple deeper brain regions, including the hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. We observe a slowing of neural activity in deeper brain regions, which echoes previous reports of cortical slowing. We also report reduced occipito-parietal alpha peak associated with increased theta-band activity and signal variability in the hippocampus, an effect that may reflect compensatory processes as theta activity and variability were more strongly expressed when cognitive performances are preserved. Overall, this study advances the understanding of the biological nature of inter-individual variability in aging. The data provide new insight of how hippocampus and subcortical neurophysiological activity evolve with biological age, and highlight frequency-specific effects associated with cognitive decline vs. cognitive maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related changes of deep-brain neurophysiological activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved sequence mapping using a complete reference genome and lift-over 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complete, telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies promise improved analyses and the discovery of new variants, but many essential genomic resources remain associated with older reference genomes. Thus, there is a need to translate genomic features and read alignments between references. Here we describe a new method called levioSAM2 that accounts for reference changes and performs fast and accurate lift-over between assemblies using a whole-genome map. In addition to enabling the use of multiple references, we demonstrate that aligning reads to a high-quality reference (e.g. T2T-CHM13) and lifting to an older reference (e.g. GRCh38) actually improves the accuracy of the resulting variant calls on the old reference. By leveraging the quality improvements of T2T-CHM13, levioSAM2 reduces small-variant calling errors by 11.4-39.5% compared to GRC-based mapping using real Illumina datasets. LevioSAM2 also improves long-read-based structural variant calling and reduces errors from 3.8-11.8% for a PacBio HiFi dataset. Performance is especially improved for a set of complex medically-relevant genes, where the GRC references are lower quality. The software is available at https://github.com/milkschen/leviosam2 under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulin, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved sequence mapping using a complete reference genome and lift-over]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lateral habenula mediates the association of a conditioned stimulus with the absence of an appetitive unconditioned stimulus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral habenula (LHb) has been implicated in conditioned inhibition. Here, the modulating effects of LHb activity on the association of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US) were assessed in vivo using chemogenetic methods. Animals initially received explicitly unpaired CS light and US food presentations. Animals subjected to a retardation-of-acquisition task subsequently underwent light and food pairings, whereas those subjected to a summation task underwent compound light-tone and food pairings. The inhibitory light strength was assessed based on retardation of the acquisition of food-cup conditioned responses (CRs) in light-food pairings and comparisons of food-cup CRs to each stimulus in a CS-alone test following compound training. Neurotoxic LHb lesions and chemogenetic LHb inhibition throughout unpaired training attenuated the inhibitory light strength. Furthermore, chemogenetic LHb activation accelerated the decline in CR induced by repeated light-alone presentations following light-food pairings. Therefore, the LHb critically contributes to conditioned inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, I.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lateral habenula mediates the association of a conditioned stimulus with the absence of an appetitive unconditioned stimulus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C-Jun N-terminal Kinase Promotes Stress Granule Assembly and Neurodegeneration in C9orf72-mediated ALS and FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules (SGs), RNA/protein condensates assembled in cells under stress, are believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, how SG assembly is regulated and related to pathomechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we show that ER stress activates JNK via IRE1 in fly and cellular models of C9orf72-mediated ALS/FTD (c9ALS/FTD), the most common genetic form of ALS/FTD. Furthermore, activated JNK promotes SG assembly induced by poly(GR) and poly(PR), two toxic proteins implicated in c9ALS/FTD, by promoting the transcription of G3BP1, a key SG protein. Consistent with these findings, JNK or IRE1 inhibition reduced SG formation, G3BP1 mRNA and protein levels, and neurotoxicity in cells overexpressing poly(GR) and poly(PR) or neurons derived from c9ALS/FTD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Our findings connect ER stress, JNK, and SG assembly in a unified pathway contributing to c9ALS/FTD neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossoll, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C-Jun N-terminal Kinase Promotes Stress Granule Assembly and Neurodegeneration in C9orf72-mediated ALS and FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control becomes habitual early on when learning a novel motor skill 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When people perform the same task repeatedly, their behavior becomes habitual, or inflexible to changes in the goals or structure of a task. While habits have been hypothesized to be a key aspect of motor skill acquisition, there has been little empirical work investigating the relationship between skills and habits. To better understand this relationship, we examined whether and when peoples behavior would become habitual as they learned a challenging new motor skill. After up to ten days of practice, we altered the structure of the task to assess whether participants would flexibly adjust their behavior or habitually persist in performing the task the way they originally learned. We found that participants behavior became habitual early in practice--after only two days--at which point they were still relatively unskilled. These data demonstrate that motor skills become habitual after relatively little training, but can nevertheless further improve with practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control becomes habitual early on when learning a novel motor skill]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ex vivo to in vivo model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for precision oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive soft tissue sarcomas that often develop in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1-MPNST), but can occur sporadically. Through a multi-institution collaboration, we have developed 13 NF1-associated MPNST patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Genomic analysis of the PDX-tumor pairs identified somatic mutations in NF1 (61%), SUZ12 (61%), EED (15%), and TP53 (15%), and chromosome 8 (Chr8) gain (77%), consistent with published data. Pre-clinical models that capture this molecular heterogeneity are needed to identify and prioritize effective drug candidates for clinical translation. Here, we describe the successful development of a medium-throughput ex vivo 3D microtissue model with several advantages over 2D cell line growth, which can be utilized to predict drug response in vivo. Herein, we present proof-of-principle of this PDX-to-microtissue system, using four genomically representative MPNST and three drugs. This work highlights the development of a novel ex vivo to in vivo preclinical platform in MPNST that successfully captures the genomic diversity observed in patients and represents a resource to identify future therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhatia^, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson^, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calizo^, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conniff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibbitts, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osum, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crampton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubenville, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schefer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Largaespada, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ex vivo to in vivo model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for precision oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.489089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Extensive Diversity In Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Germline Genes Across Biomedically Important Mouse Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.489089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The light chain immunoglobulin genes of biomedically relevant mouse strains are poorly documented in current germline gene databases. We previously showed that IGH loci of wild-derived mouse strains representing the major mouse subspecies contained 247 germline IGHV sequences not curated in the international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) information system, which is the most commonly used database that curates the germline repertoires used for sequence alignment in AIRR-seq analysis. Despite containing levels of polymorphism similar to the IGH locus, the germline gene content and diversity of the light chain loci have not been comprehensively cataloged. To explore the extent of germline light chain repertoire diversity across mouse strains commonly used in the biomedical sciences, we performed AIRR-seq analysis and germline gene inference for 18 inbred mouse strains, including the four wild-derived strains with diverse sub-species origins. We inferred 1582 IGKV and 63 IGLV sequences, representing 459 and 22 unique IGKV and IGLV sequences. Of the unique inferred germline IGKV and IGLV sequences, 67.8% and 59%, respectively, were undocumented in IMGT. Across strains we observed germline IGKV sequences shared by three distinct IGK haplotypes and a more conserved IGLV germline repertoire. In addition, J gene inference indicated a novel IGK2 allele shared between PWD/PhJ and MSM/MsJ and a novel IGLJ1 allele for LEWES/EiJ and IGLJ2 allele for MSM/MsJ. Finally, a combined IGHV, IGKV, and IGLV phylogenetic analysis of wild-derived germline repertoires displayed reduced germline diversity for the light chain repertoire compared to the heavy chain repertoire, suggesting potential evolutionary differences between the two chains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.489089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Extensive Diversity In Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Germline Genes Across Biomedically Important Mouse Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-dependent modulation of protein localization and function in living bacteria cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most bacteria lack membrane-enclosed organelles to compartmentalize cellular processes. In lieu of physical compartments, bacterial proteins are often recruited to macromolecular scaffolds at specific subcellular locations to carry out their functions. Consequently, the ability to modulate a proteins subcellular location with high precision and speed bears the potential to manipulate its corresponding cellular functions. Here we demonstrate that the CRY2/CIB1 system from Arabidopsis thaliana can be used to rapidly direct proteins to different subcellular locations inside live E. coli cells including the nucleoid, the cell pole, membrane, and the midcell division plane. We further show that such light-induced re-localization can be used to rapidly inhibit cytokinesis in actively dividing E. coli cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the CRY2/CIBN binding kinetics can be modulated by green light, adding a new dimension of control to the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-dependent modulation of protein localization and function in living bacteria cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial metabolite butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles promote gut health and treat food allergies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome modulates host immunity and aids in maintenance of tolerance in the gut, where microbial and food-derived antigens are abundant. Modern lifestyle practices, including diet and antibiotic use, have depleted beneficial taxa, specifically butyrate-producing Clostridia. This depletion is associated with the rising incidence of food allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other noncommunicable chronic diseases. Although butyrate is known to play important roles in regulating gut immunity and maintaining epithelial barrier function, its clinical translation is challenging due to its offensive odor and quick absorption in the upper gut. Here, we have developed two polymeric micelle systems, one with a neutral charge (NtL-ButM) and one with a negative charge (Neg-ButM) that release butyrate from their polymeric core in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract when administered intragastrically to mice. We show that these butyrate-containing micelles, used in combination, restore a barrier-protective response in mice treated with either dextran sodium sulfate or antibiotics. Moreover, butyrate micelle treatment protects peanut-allergic dysbiotic mice from an anaphylactic reaction to peanut challenge and rescues their antibiotic-induced dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of Clostridium Cluster XIVa. Butyrate micelle treatment also reduces the severity of colitis in a murine model. By restoring microbial and mucosal homeostasis, these butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles may function as a new, antigen-agnostic approach for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesser, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshaikh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial metabolite butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles promote gut health and treat food allergies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helminth egg derivatives as pro-regenerative immunotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of tissue repair. We developed a regenerative immunotherapy from the helminth Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) to stimulate production of interleukin (IL)-4 and other type 2-associated cytokines without negative infection-related sequelae. The regenerative SEA (rSEA) applied to a murine muscle injury induced accumulation of IL-4 expressing T helper cells, eosinophils, and regulatory T cells, and decreased expression of IL-17A in gamma delta ({gamma}{delta}) T cells, resulting in improved repair and decreased fibrosis. Encapsulation and controlled release of rSEA in a hydrogel further enhanced type 2 immunity and larger volumes of tissue repair. The broad regenerative capacity of rSEA was validated in articular joint and corneal injury models. These results introduce a new regenerative immunotherapy approach using natural helminth-derivatives.

One-Sentence SummaryHelminth-derived soluble egg antigen regenerative immunotherapies promote tissue repair in multiple injury models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerfeld, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieu Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooks, J. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorko, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahatme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helminth egg derivatives as pro-regenerative immunotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypereosinophilia causes progressive cardiac pathologies in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a progressive disease with extensive eosinophilia that results in organ damage. Cardiac pathologies are the main reason for its high mortality rate. A better understanding of the mechanisms of eosinophil-mediated tissue damage would benefit therapeutic development. Here, we describe the cardiac pathologies that developed in a mouse model of hypereosinophilic syndrome. These IL-5 transgenic mice exhibited decreased left ventricular function at a young age which worsened with age. Mechanistically, we demonstrated infiltration of activated eosinophils into the heart tissue that led to an inflammatory environment. Gene expression signatures showed tissue damage as well as repair and remodeling processes. Cardiomyocytes from IL-5Tg mice exhibited significantly reduced contractility relative to WT controls. This impairment may result from the inflammatory stress experienced by the cardiomyocytes and suggest that dysregulation of contractility and Ca2+ reuptake in cardiomyocytes contributes to cardiac dysfunction at the whole organ level in hypereosinophilic mice.

TeaserToo many eosinophils cause inflammation in the heart and change cardiomyocyte contraction leading to poor heart function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diny, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talor, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cihakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypereosinophilia causes progressive cardiac pathologies in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions and synaptic basis of diverse cortical neuron responses to task performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal responses during behavior are diverse, ranging from highly reliable  classical responses to irregular or seemingly-random  non-classically responsive firing. While a continuum of response properties is frequently observed across neural systems, little is known about the synaptic origins and contributions of diverse response profiles to network function, perception, and behavior. Here we use a task-performing, spiking recurrent neural network model incorporating spike-timing-dependent plasticity that captures heterogeneous responses measured from auditory cortex of behaving rodents. Classically responsive and non-classically responsive model units contributed to task performance via output and recurrent connections, respectively. Excitatory and inhibitory plasticity independently shaped spiking responses and task performance. Local patterns of synaptic inputs predicted spiking response properties of network units as well as the responses of auditory cortical neurons from in vivo whole-cell recordings during behavior. Thus a diversity of neural response profiles emerges from synaptic plasticity rules with distinctly important functions for network performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Insanally, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions and synaptic basis of diverse cortical neuron responses to task performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenic characterization and pandemic risk assessment of North American H1 influenza A viruses circulating in swine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first pandemic of the 21st century was caused by an H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) introduced from pigs into humans, highlighting the importance of swine as reservoirs for pandemic viruses. Two major lineages of swine H1 circulate in North America: the 1A classical swine lineage (including the 2009 pandemic H1N1) and 1B human seasonal-like lineage. Here, we investigated the evolution of these H1 IAV lineages in North American swine and their potential pandemic risk. We assessed the antigenic distance between the HA of representative swine H1 and human seasonal vaccine strains (1978-2015) in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays using a panel of monovalent anti-sera raised in pigs. Antigenic cross-reactivity varied by strain but was associated with genetic distance. Generally, swine 1A lineage viruses that seeded the 2009 H1 pandemic were antigenically most similar to H1 pandemic vaccine strains, with the exception of viruses in the genetic clade 1A.1.1.3 that had a two-amino acid deletion mutation near the receptor-binding site, dramatically reducing antibody recognition. The swine 1B lineage strains, which arose from previously circulating (pre-2009 pandemic) human seasonal viruses, were more antigenically similar to pre-2009 human seasonal H1 vaccine viruses than post-2009 strains. Human population immunity was measured by cross-reactivity in HI assays to representative swine H1 strains. There was a broad range of titers against each swine strain that was not associated with age, sex, or location. However, there was almost no cross-reactivity in human sera to the 1A.1.1.3 and 1B.2.1 genetic clades of swine viruses, and the 1A.1.1.3 and 1B.2.1 clades were also the most antigenically distant from all human vaccine strains. Our data demonstrate that antigenic distances of representative swine strains from human vaccine strains represent a rational assessment of swine IAV for zoonotic risk research and pandemic preparedness prioritization.

ImportanceHuman H1 influenza A viruses (IAV) spread to pigs in North America, resulting in sustained circulation of two major groups of H1 viruses in swine. We quantified the genetic diversity of H1 in swine and measured antigenic phenotypes. We demonstrated that swine H1 lineages were significantly different from human vaccine strains and this antigenic dissimilarity increased over time as the viruses evolved in swine. Pandemic preparedness vaccine strains for human vaccines also demonstrated a loss in similarity with contemporary swine strains. Human sera revealed a range of responses to swine IAV, including two groups of viruses with little to no immunity. Surveillance and risk assessment of IAV diversity in pig populations are essential to detect strains with reduced immunity in humans, providing critical information for pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimble, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenic characterization and pandemic risk assessment of North American H1 influenza A viruses circulating in swine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A parallel channel of state-dependent sensory signaling from the cholinergic basal forebrain to the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) signaling exhibits multiple timescales of activity with classic, slow signals related to brain and behavioral states and faster, phasic signals reflecting behavioral events, including movement and reinforcement. Recent evidence suggests that the CBF may also exhibit fast, sensory-evoked responses. It remains unknown, however, whether such sensory signals target the sensory cortex and how they relate to local functional topography. Moreover, the extent to which fast and slow CBF activity interact has been largely unexplored. Here, we used simultaneous two-channel, two-photon imaging of CBF axons and auditory cortical (AC) neurons to reveal that CBF axons project a robust, non-habituating, and stimulus-specific sensory signal to the AC. Individual axon segments exhibited heterogeneous but stable tuning to auditory stimuli allowing stimulus identity to be decoded from the population. However, CBF axons displayed no tonotopy and their frequency tuning was uncoupled from that of nearby cortical neurons. Chemogenetic suppression revealed the auditory thalamus as a principal source of auditory information to the CBF. Finally, slow fluctuations in cholinergic activity modulated the fast, sensory-evoked signals in the same axons, suggesting that a multiplexed combination of fast and slow signals is projected from the CBF to the AC. Taken together, our work demonstrates a novel, non-canonical function of the CBF as a parallel channel of state-dependent sensory signaling to the sensory cortex that provides repeated representations of a broad range of sound stimuli at all points on the tonotopic map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnozahy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A parallel channel of state-dependent sensory signaling from the cholinergic basal forebrain to the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-scanner brain MRI volumetric biases persist even in a harmonized multi-subject study of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/PurposeMulticenter study designs involving a variety of MRI scanners have become increasingly common. However, these present the issue of biases in image-based measures due to scanner or site differences. To assess these biases, we imaged 11 volunteers with multiple sclerosis (MS) with scan and rescan data at 4 sites.

Materials and MethodsImages were acquired on Siemens or Philips scanners at 3-tesla. Automated white matter lesion detection and whole brain, gray and white matter, and thalamic volumetry were performed, as well as expert manual delineations of T1 and T2 (FLAIR) lesions. Random effect and permutation-based nonparametric modeling was performed to assess differences in estimated volumes within and across sites.

ResultsRandom effect modeling demonstrated model assumption violations for most comparisons of interest. Non-parametric modeling indicated that site explained > 50% of the variation for most estimated volumes. This expanded to > 75% when data from both Siemens and Philips scanners were included. Permutation tests revealed significant differences between average inter- and intra-scanner differences in most estimated brain volumes (P < .05). The automatic activation of spine coil elements during some acquisitions resulted in a shading artifact in these images. Permutation tests revealed significant differences between thalamic volume measurements from acquisitions with and without this artifact.

ConclusionDifferences in brain volumetry persisted across MR scanners despite protocol harmonization. These differences were not well explained by variance component modeling; however, statistical innovations for mitigating inter-scanner differences show promise in reducing biases in multi-center studies of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauhid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuVal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Or, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-scanner brain MRI volumetric biases persist even in a harmonized multi-subject study of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent Preosteoclast Secretome Promotes Metabolic Syndrome Associated Osteoarthritis through Cyclooxygenase 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis (MetS-OA) is a distinct osteoarthritis phenotype defined by the coexistence of MetS or its individual components. Despite the high prevalence of MetS-OA, its pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cellular senescence in the development of MetS-OA.

MethodsAnalysis of the human osteoarthritis initiative (OAI) dataset was conducted to investigate the MRI subchondral bone features of MetS-human OA participants. Joint phenotype and senescent cells were evaluated in two MetS-OA mouse models: high-fat diet (HFD)-challenged mice and STR/Ort mice. In addition, the molecular mechanisms by which preosteoclasts become senescent as well as how the senescent preosteoclasts impair subchondral bone microenvironment were characterized using in vitro preosteoclast culture system.

ResultsHumans and mice with MetS are more likely to develop osteoarthritis-related subchondral bone alterations than those without MetS. MetS-OA mice exhibited a rapid increase in joint subchondral bone plate and trabecular thickness before articular cartilage degeneration. Subchondral preosteoclasts undergo senescence at the pre- or early-osteoarthritis stage and acquire a unique secretome to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Antagonizing preosteoclast senescence markedly mitigates pathological subchondral alterations and osteoarthritis progression in MetS-OA mice. At the molecular level, preosteoclast secretome activates COX2-PGE2, resulting in stimulated differentiation of osteoblast progenitors for subchondral bone formation. Administration of a selective COX2 inhibitor attenuated subchondral bone alteration and osteoarthritis progression in MetS-OA mice. Longitudinal analyses of the human Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort dataset also revealed that COX2 inhibitor use, relative to non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, is associated with less progression of osteoarthritis and subchondral bone marrow lesion worsening in participants with MetS-OA.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest a central role of a senescent preosteoclast secretome-COX2/PGE2 axis in the pathogenesis of MetS-OA, in which selective COX2 inhibitors may have disease-modifying potential.

FundingThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant R01AG068226 and R01AG072090 to M.W., R01AR079620 to S.D., and P01AG066603 to X.C.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohajer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guermazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demehri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent Preosteoclast Secretome Promotes Metabolic Syndrome Associated Osteoarthritis through Cyclooxygenase 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical cue control of drug seeking in the face of cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction is characterized by intermittent drug seeking despite rising costs. This behavior is heavily influenced by environmental stimuli that signal drug availability and reinforce seeking. We aimed to establish the relationship between three key aspects of human drug use in rats: the intermittent, binge nature of drug intake, the motivational conflict of drug seeking in the face of escalating negative costs, and the ability of different drug cues to interact to modulate relapse. Rats were trained to self administer cocaine on an intermittent access schedule, where brief drug availability states were signaled by a shift in the ambient lighting of the environment and cocaine delivery was signaled by a separate proximal cue. Rats then went through a conflict procedure, where foot shock intensity associated with cocaine seeking was escalated until intake was suppressed. We completed relapse tests where the drug delivery cue was non contingently presented alone, or in the context of dynamic drug availability state transitions. Intermittent access spurred psychomotor sensitization and binge-like cocaine intake. The intensity of binge-like drug taking during training was predictive of later drug seeking despite escalating costs. In relapse tests, the ability of a proximal drug cue to trigger relapse was gated by the presence of a global cue signaling drug-availability state transitions. Our results suggest that the pattern of drug intake plays a role in many features of addiction, including modifying an individuals willingness to endure high costs associated with drug seeking. Further, our results indicate that drug-related sensory information can be hierarchically organized to exert a dynamic modulating influence on drug-seeking motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhoft, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical cue control of drug seeking in the face of cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomous untethered microinjectors for gastrointestinal delivery of insulin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The delivery of macromolecular drugs via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is challenging. Macromolecular drugs display low stability and poor absorption across the intestinal epithelium. While permeation-enhancing drug delivery methods can increase the bioavailability of low molecular weight drugs, the effective delivery of high molecular weight drugs across the tight epithelial cell junctions remains a formidable challenge. Here, we describe autonomous microinjectors that can efficiently penetrate the GI mucosa and deliver insulin systemically. In addition, we performed in vitro studies to characterize insulin release and the penetration capacity of microinjectors and measure in vivo release of insulin in live rats. We found that the microinjectors administered within the luminal GI tract could deliver insulin trans-mucosally to the systemic circulation at similar levels to intravenously administered insulin. Due to their small size, tunability in sizing and dosing, wafer-scale fabrication, and parallel, autonomous operation, we anticipate that these novel microinjectors could significantly advance drug delivery across the GI tract mucosa to the systemic circulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahapale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selaru, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomous untethered microinjectors for gastrointestinal delivery of insulin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinstatement of Pavlovian responses to alcohol cues by stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleStress may contribute to relapse to alcohol use in part by enhancing reactivity to cues previously paired with alcohol. Yet, standard models of stress-induced reinstatement generally use contingent presentations of alcohol-paired cues to reinforce instrumental behaviors, making it difficult to isolate the ability of cues to invigorate alcohol-seeking.

ObjectiveHere we sought to test the impact of stress on behavioral responses to alcohol-paired cues, using a model of stress-induced reinstatement of Pavlovian conditioned approach, inspired by Nadia Chaudhris work on context-induced reinstatement.

MethodsLong Evans rats were trained to associate one auditory cue with delivery of alcohol or sucrose and an alternative auditory cue with no reward. Following extinction training, rats were exposed to a stressor prior to being re-exposed to the cues under extinction conditions. We assessed the effects of yohimbine, intermittent footshock and olfactory cues paired with social defeat on responses to alcohol-paired cues, and the effects of yohimbine on responses to sucrose-paired cues.

ResultsThe pharmacological stressor, yohimbine, enhanced Pavlovian responses to both alcohol and sucrose cues, but intermittent footshock and social defeat cues did not.

ConclusionsWhile yohimbine elicited reinstatement of Pavlovian conditioned responses, these effects may be unrelated to activation of stress systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinstatement of Pavlovian responses to alcohol cues by stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipokine C1q/Tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation via Histone Deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NF-κB Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND & AIMSThe adipokine C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) has anti-inflammatory effects in several non-intestinal disorders. Although CTRP3 is reduced in the serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its function in IBD has not been established. We aimed to elucidate the function of CTRP3 and related molecular mechanisms in intestinal inflammation using a colitis model of genetically-modified CTRP3 mice and intestinal epithelial tissue from patients with Crohns disease (CD), one of the two main forms of IBD.

METHODSCTRP3 knockout (KO) and overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice along with their corresponding wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to drinking water containing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 6-10 days to induce acute colitis. Mouse colitis symptoms and histological data were analyzed. CTRP3-mediated signaling was examined in the intestinal tissue of mice and patients with CD.

RESULTSCTRP3 mRNA and protein were detected in murine and human intestinal epithelial cells, as well as in murine intestinal smooth muscle cells and mesenteric fat. In DSS-induced acute colitis models, CTRP3 KO mice developed more severe colitis than their WT littermates, while CTRP3 overexpressing Tg mice developed less severe colitis than their WT littermates. In both water- and DSS-treated CTRP3 KO mice, reduced CTRP3 levels correlated with decreased levels of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase, increased levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) subunit p65, resulting in increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The results from CTRP3 Tg mice mirrored those from CTRP3 KO mice in most respects. This CTRP3/SIRT1/NF-{kappa}B relationship was also observed in the intestinal epithelial tissue of patients with active and inactive CD.

CONCLUSIONSCTRP3 expression levels correlate negatively with intestinal inflammation in mouse colitis models and CD patients. CTRP3 attenuates intestinal inflammation via SIRT1/NF-{kappa}B signaling to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse colitis models and patients with IBD. The manipulation of CTRP3 signaling, including through the use of SIRT1 agonists, may offer translational potential in the treatment of IBD.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWO_ST_ABSBACKGROUND AND CONTEXTC_ST_ABSAdipokine C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine with known non-intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. CTRP3 is reduced in the serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, little is known about whether and how CTRP3 influences intestinal inflammation in IBD.

NEW FINDINGSCTRP3 mRNA and protein were detected in murine and human intestinal epithelial cells, as well as in murine intestinal smooth muscle cells and mesenteric fat. CTRP3 deletion was associated with more severe acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, while CTRP3 overexpression was associated with less severe colitis. In both mice and humans, reduced CTRP3 levels correlated with reduced levels of the histone deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), resulting in the up-regulation of phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis.

LIMITATIONSThis study was performed using genetically modified mice and human tissue samples. An acute DSS-induced colitis model was used; additional mouse colitis models designed to mimic other aspects of IBD will be examined in future studies. The specific source of the secreted CTRP3 protein which influences intestinal inflammation is yet to be identified. The use of recombinant CTRP3 protein supplementation and SIRT1 agonists to mitigate intestinal inflammation also requires further study.

IMPACTCTRP3 is a novel anti-inflammatory adipokine that attenuates intestinal inflammation in colitis mouse models and intestinal epithelial tissue of patients with IBD. CTRP3 attenuates intestinal inflammation by activating SIRT1, which suppresses the pro-inflammatory transcriptional activity of phosphorylated NF-{kappa}B p65. CTRP3 and SIRT1 agonists have potential as novel IBD drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhsh, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selaru, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.08.491034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipokine C1q/Tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation via Histone Deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NF-κB Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal atlas of the fetal brain depicts cortical developmental gradient in Chinese population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fetal brains experience rapid and complex development in utero during the second and third trimesters. MRI atlas of the fetal brain in this period enables us to quantify the normal fetal brain development in the spatiotemporal domain. In this study, we constructed a high quality spatiotemporal atlas between 23-38 weeks gestational age (GA) from 90 healthy Chinese fetuses using a pairwise and groupwise registration-based pipeline. We quantified the fetal cortical morphology and characterized the developmental trajectories of each morphological index. The cortical thickness exhibited a biphasic growth pattern; the developmental trend of curvature fitted well into the Gompertz model; sulcal depth increased linearly while surface area expanded exponentially. The cortical thickness and curvature trajectories consistently pointed to a characteristic time-point during development around 31 weeks of GA. The characteristic GA and growth rate obtained from individual cortical regions suggested a central-to-peripheral developmental gradient, with the earliest development in the parietal lobe, and we also observed within-lobe regional orders, which may be linked to biophysical events such as dendritic arborization and thalamocortical fibers ingrowth. The proposed atlas was also compared with an existing fetal atlas from a Caucasian/mixed population. Finally, we examined the structural asymmetry of the fetal brains and found extensive asymmetry that dynamically changed with development. The current study depicted a comprehensive profile of fetal cortical development and the established atlas could be used as a normative reference for neurodevelopmental and diagnostic purposes, especially in the Chinese population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal atlas of the fetal brain depicts cortical developmental gradient in Chinese population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel tumorigenic FOXM1-PTAFR-PTAF axis revealed by multi-omic profiling in TP53/CDKN2A-double knockout human gastroesophageal junction organoid model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and CDKN2A occurs early during gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) tumorigenesis. However, due to a paucity of GEJ-specific disease models, cancer-promoting consequences of TP53 and CDKN2A inactivation at the GEJ have been incompletely characterized. Here we report the development of the first wild-type primary human GEJ organoid model, as well as a CRISPR-edited transformed GEJ organoid model. CRISPR/Cas9 engineering to inactivate TP53 and CDKN2A (TP53/CDKN2AKO) in GEJ organoids induced morphologic dysplasia as well as pro-neoplastic features in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Notably, lipidomic profiling identified several Platelet-Activating Factors (PTAFs) among the most upregulated lipids in CRISPR-edited organoids; and importantly, PTAF/PTAFR abrogation by siRNA knockdown or a pharmacologic inhibitor (WEB2086) significantly blocked proliferation and other pro-neoplastic features of TP53/CDKN2AKO GEJ organoids in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. In addition, murine xenografts derived from Eso26, an established esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell line, were suppressed by WEB2086. Mechanistically, TP53/CDKN2A dual inactivation disrupted both the transcriptome and the DNA methylome, likely mediated by key transcription factors, particularly Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1). Importantly, FOXM1 activated PTAFR transcription by binding to the PTAFR promoter, further amplifying the PTAF-PTAFR pathway. In summary, we established a robust model system for investigating early GEJ neoplastic events, identified crucial metabolic and epigenomic changes occurring during GEJ model tumorigenesis, and discovered a potential cancer-therapeutic strategy, while providing insights into pro-neoplastic mechanisms associated with TP53/CDKN2A inactivation in early GEJ neoplasia.

One Sentence SummaryNovel tumorigenic FOXM1-PTAFR-PTAF axis revealed by multi-omic profiling in TP53/CDKN2A-double knockout human gastroesophageal junction organoid model.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=172 SRC="FIGDIR/small/491356v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngamruengphong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khashab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel tumorigenic FOXM1-PTAFR-PTAF axis revealed by multi-omic profiling in TP53/CDKN2A-double knockout human gastroesophageal junction organoid model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial map of antennal-expressed olfactory ionotropic receptors in the malaria mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii uses odors to guide various behaviors such as host-seeking. The detection of behaviorally relevant odors is mediated by a diverse family of receptors including the olfactory Ionotropic Receptors (IRs). Olfactory receptors are expressed on olfactory neurons, with the mosquito antennae representing the main olfactory appendage for detecting volatile chemical cues from the environment. It is currently unknown how many neurons across the antenna express a certain IR, or how these IR-expressing neurons are spatially arranged. Here, we performed whole mount fluorescent in situ hybridization of all IRs expressed in the antennae. The organization of IR-positive cells within an antennal segment (flagellomere) appeared stereotyped across multiple antennae. The spatial map of IR-expressing neurons revealed that the antenna might be organized into proximal and distal functional domains. Highly expressed tuning (odor-binding) IRs exhibit distinct co-localization patterns with cognate IR co-receptor(s) in a combinatorial fashion that might predict their functional properties. These findings reveal organizing principles of Anopheles IR-expressing neurons in the mosquito which might underlie their functional contribution to the detection of behaviorally relevant odors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raji, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial map of antennal-expressed olfactory ionotropic receptors in the malaria mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE Expression and Secretion are Modulated by Copper-Dependent and -Independent Mitochondrial Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria influence cellular function through both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms, such as production of paracrine and endocrine factors. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial regulation of the secretome is more extensive than previously appreciated, as both genetic and pharmacological disruption of the electron transport chain caused upregulation of the Alzheimers disease risk factor apolipoprotein E (APOE) and other secretome components. This upregulation of secretory proteins was of a similar extent as modifications to the mitochondrial annotated proteome. Indirect disruption of the electron transport chain by gene editing of SLC25A mitochondrial membrane transporters as well as direct genetic and pharmacological disruption of either complexes I, III, or the copper-containing complex IV of the electron transport chain, elicited upregulation of APOE transcript, protein, and secretion, up to 49-fold. These APOE phenotypes were robustly expressed in diverse cell types and iPSC-derived human astrocytes as part of an inflammatory gene expression program. Moreover, age- and genotype-dependent decline in brain levels of respiratory complex I preceded an increase in APOE in the 5xFAD mouse model. We propose that mitochondria act as novel upstream regulators of APOE-dependent cellular processes in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wynne, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunbona, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senoo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE Expression and Secretion are Modulated by Copper-Dependent and -Independent Mitochondrial Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a common mechanism supporting invigoration of action selection and action execution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The speed, or vigor, of our movements can vary depending on circumstances. For instance, the promise of a reward leads to faster movements. Reward also leads us to move with a lower reaction time, suggesting that the process of action selection can also be invigorated by reward. It has been proposed that invigoration of action selection and of action execution might occur through a common mechanism, and thus these aspects of behavior might be coupled. To test this hypothesis, we asked participants to make reaching movements to "shoot" through a target at varying speeds to assess whether moving more quickly was also associated with more rapid action selection. We found that, when participants were required to move with a lower velocity, the speed of their action selection was also significantly slowed. This finding was recapitulated in a further dataset in which participants determined their own movement speed, but had to move slowly in order to stop their movement inside the target. By re-analyzing a previous dataset, we also found evidence for the converse relationship between action execution and action selection: when pressured to select actions more rapidly, people also executed movements with higher velocity. Our results establish that invigoration of action selection and action execution vary in tandem with one another, supporting the hypothesis of a common underlying mechanism.

Significance statementWe show that voluntary increases in the vigor of action execution lead action selection to also occur more rapidly. Conversely, hastening action selection by imposing a deadline to act also leads to increases in movement speed. These findings provide evidence that these two distinct aspects of behavior are modulated by a common underlying mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a common mechanism supporting invigoration of action selection and action execution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polo-like kinase-1 Inhibitors and the Antiandrogen Abiraterone Synergistically Disrupt Mitosis and Kill Cancer Cells of Disparate Origin Independently of Androgen Receptor Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abiraterone, a standard treatment for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), slows disease progression by abrogating androgen synthesis and antagonizing the androgen receptor (AR). We report that inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Plk1, including the clinically active third-generation Plk1 inhibitor onvansertib, when co-administered with abiraterone, synergistically kill cancer cells from a wide variety of tumor types in an androgen-independent manner, both in vitro and in vivo. Abiraterone treatment alone results in defects in mitotic spindle orientation, failure of complete chromosome condensation, and upregulation of mitosis and mitotic-spindle related gene sets independently of its effects on AR signaling. These effects, while mild following abiraterone monotherapy, result in profound sensitization to the anti-mitotic effects of Plk1 inhibition, leading to spindle assembly checkpoint-dependent mitotic cell death and entosis. In a murine PDX model of mCRPC, combined onvansertib and abiraterone resulted in enhanced mitotic arrest and dramatic inhibition of tumor cell growth compared to either agent alone.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEA phase 2 clinical trial is underway (NCT03414034) testing combined Plk1 inhibitor onvansertib and abiraterone in mCRPC patients with nascent abiraterone resistance. Our work establishes a mechanistic basis for that trial and indicates that combined abiraterone and onvansertib co-treatment may have broad utility for cancer treatment beyond mCRPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varkaris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croucher, P. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darlymple, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varmeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makusha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlander, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einstein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balk, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polo-like kinase-1 Inhibitors and the Antiandrogen Abiraterone Synergistically Disrupt Mitosis and Kill Cancer Cells of Disparate Origin Independently of Androgen Receptor Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transretinal migration of astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like cells arising from transplanted human retinal organoids. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human retinal organoid transplantation can potentially restore vision in patients with degenerative retinal diseases. How the recipient retina regulates the maturation, fate specification, and migration of transplanted organoid cells is unknown. We transplanted human retinal organoid-derived cells into photoreceptor-deficient mice, conducted histology and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses, and observed two main classes of graft-derived cells. The first class consisted of retinal astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like neural precursors, absent or rare in cultured organoids, that migrated into all recipient retinal layers and traveled long distances. The second class consisted of retinal progenitor-derived cells, including rods and cones, that remained in the subretinal space and matured more rapidly than photoreceptors in culture. These data suggest that the recipient subretinal space promotes the maturation of transplanted photoreceptors while inducing or expanding migratory cell populations that are not normally derived from retinal progenitors. These findings have important implications for cell-based treatment of retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogunro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agakishiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadyniak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzolek, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transretinal migration of astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like cells arising from transplanted human retinal organoids.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Picking winners in cell-cell collisions: wetting, speed, and contact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Groups of eukaryotic cells can coordinate their crawling motion to follow cues more effectively, stay together, or invade new areas. This collective cell migration depends on cell-cell interactions, which are often studied by colliding pairs of cells together. Can the outcome of these collisions be predicted? Recent experiments on trains of colliding epithelial cells suggest that cells with a smaller contact angle to the surface or larger speeds are more likely to maintain their direction ("win") upon collision. When should we expect shape or speed to correlate with the outcome of a collision? We build a model for two-cell collisions within the phase field approach, which treats cells as deformable objects. We can reproduce the observation that cells with high speed and small contact angles are more likely to win with two different assumptions for how cells interact: (1) velocity-aligning, in which we hypothesize that cells sense their own velocity and align to it over a finite timescale, and (2) front-front contact repolarization, where cells polarize away from cell-cell contact, akin to contact inhibition of locomotion. Surprisingly, though we simulate collisions between cells with widely varying properties, in each case, the probability of a cell winning is completely captured by a single summary variable: its relative speed (in the velocity-aligning model) or its relative contact angle (in the contact repolarization model). Both models are currently consistent with reported experimental results, but they can be distinguished by varying cell contact angle and speed through orthogonal perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Picking winners in cell-cell collisions: wetting, speed, and contact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGFβ treatment alters the scleral fibroblast migratory response to cyclic strain in an ERK-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMyofibroblasts are associated with scleral remodeling in myopia and glaucoma. We showed reduced myofibroblast alignment with topographic cues in sclera can be modeled by cyclic strain exposure of aligned myofibroblasts in vitro. Here, we characterize the scleral myofibroblast response to cyclic mechanical strain.

MethodsHuman peripapillary scleral (PPS) fibroblasts were cultured on topographically aligned grooves to promote cell alignment, exposed to TGF{beta} (2 ng/ml) in the presence of vehicle or kinase inhibitors, and exposed to uniaxial strain (1 Hz, 5%, 12-24 hours). Alignment with grooves was determined at baseline, immediately following strain, and 24 hours after strain cessation with 0{degrees} being completely aligned and 90{degrees} being perpendicular to grooves. A wound healing assay was developed to investigate further fibroblast migration across topographic cues. Transcriptional profiling of myofibroblasts with or without strain was performed by RT-PCR and pERK, pSMAD2, and pSMAD3 levels were measured by immunoblot.

ResultsPre-strain alignment (6.2{+/-}1.5{degrees}) was reduced after strain (21.7{+/-}5.3{degrees}, p<0.0001) and restored 24 hours after cessation (9.5{+/-}2.6{degrees}). ERK, FAK, and ALK5 inhibition preserved alignment following strain; however, alignment reduction was not inhibited by ROCK, YAP, or SMAD3 inhibition. TGF{beta}-induced myofibroblast markers were reduced by strain. While TGF{beta}-induced phosphorylation of ERK and SMAD2 was unaffected by strain, SMAD3 phosphorylation was reduced (p=0.0004). Wound healing across grooves was enhanced by ROCK and SMAD3 inhibition but not ERK or TGF{beta}R1 inhibition.

ConclusionsStrain-induced myofibroblast migration across topographic confinement is ERK dependent and associated with pSMAD3 inhibition. These results provide insight into potential mechanisms of pathologic scleral remodeling.

PrecisGlaucomatous scleral remodeling is driven by cellular activity. Here we find that scleral myofibroblasts have an exaggerated response to mechanical strain that is ERK dependent, associated with pSMAD3 inhibition and mitigated TGF{beta} signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGFβ treatment alters the scleral fibroblast migratory response to cyclic strain in an ERK-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curated human cellular microRNAome based on 196 primary cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAn incomplete picture of the expression distribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) across human cell types has long hindered our understanding of this important regulatory class of RNA. With the continued increase in available public small RNA sequencing datasets, there is an opportunity to more fully understand the general distribution of miRNAs at the cell level.

ResultsFrom the NCBI Sequence Read Archive, we obtained 6,054 human primary cell datasets and processed 4,184 of them through the miRge3.0 small RNA-seq alignment software. This dataset was curated down, through shared miRNA expression patterns, to 2,077 samples from 196 unique cell types derived from 175 separate studies. Of 2,731 putative miRNAs listed in miRBase (v22.1), 2,452 (89.8%) were detected. Among reasonably expressed miRNAs, 108 were designated as cell specific/near specific, 59 as infrequent, 52 as frequent, 54 as near ubiquitous and 50 as ubiquitous. The complexity of cellular microRNA expression estimates recapitulates tissue expression patterns and informs on the miRNA composition of plasma.

ConclusionsThis study represents the most complete reference, to date, of miRNA expression patterns by primary cell type. The data is available through the human cellular microRNAome track at the UCSC Genome Browser (https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgHubConnect) and an R/Bioconductor package (https://bioconductor.org/packages/microRNAome/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehm, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curated human cellular microRNAome based on 196 primary cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary cilia regulate Meibomian glands development and dimensions without impairing the lipid composition of the meibum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePrimary cilia regulate the development of various ectoderm-derived tissues, including the corneal epithelium, skin, hair follicle and sebaceous glands. We aimed to investigate their role in meibomian gland (MG) development.

MethodsPrimary cilium ablation in MGs was achieved by crossing a floxed Ift88 mouse (Ift88fl/fl) with a mouse expressing the Cre recombinase under the keratin 14 (K14) promoter, to generate K14-Cre;Ift88fl/fl mice. MG morphology was evaluated by histology and immunostaining, as well as lipid staining and 2-photon microscopy on whole mount tarsal plates. MG lipid profiles were assessed by chromatography.

ResultsWe showed that most of MG cells are ciliated during early stages of MG development and that MG ciliated rate decreases throughout morphogenesis. In morphologically mature glands, only the MG central duct and ductules are ciliated, and meibocytes lose their cilia as they differentiate and become filled with lipids. Primary cilium ablation induces enlargement of MGs, dilation of the MG central duct, and an increased production of lipids, without dramatically changing the lipid profiles. In addition, primary cilia regulate MG elongation and the spatial distribution of proliferating and dying cells within MGs, without changing the total cell proliferation and death rates.

ConclusionsThese findings indicate that primary cilia are not necessary for normal MG development. However, they promote MG enlargement and lipid production, suggesting that primary cilia could be an interesting target for treatments of ocular surface diseases involving MGs, like dry eye disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butovich, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iomini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary cilia regulate Meibomian glands development and dimensions without impairing the lipid composition of the meibum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine Racemase is a Cysteine Racemase and Physiologic Down Regulator of Insulin Promoter Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
D-amino acids are being recognized in mammals as important molecules with function. This is a first identification of endogenous D-cysteine in mammalian pancreas. D-cysteine is synthesized by serine racemase (SR) and SR-/- mice produce 6-10 fold higher levels of insulin in the pancreas and plasma including higher glycogen and ketone bodies in the liver. The excess insulin is stored as amyloid in secretory vesicles and exosomes. In glucose stimulated insulin secretion studies in mouse and human islets, equimolar amount of D-cysteine showed higher inhibition of insulin secretion compared to D-serine, another closely related stereoisomer synthesized by SR. In mouse models of diabetes (STZ and NOD) and human pancreas, the diabetic state showed increased expression of D-cysteine compared to D-serine followed by increased expression of SR. SR-/- mice show decreased cAMP in the pancreas followed by reduced phosphorylation of CREB (S133), lower DNA methyltransferase enzymatic and promoter activities resulting in decreased methylation of the Ins1 promoter. D-cysteine is efficiently metabolized by D-amino acid oxidase and transported by ASCT2 and Asc1. Dietary supplementation with methyl donors restored the high insulin levels and low DNMT enzymatic activity in SR-/- mice. Our data show that endogenous D-cysteine in the mammalian pancreas is a regulator of insulin secretion.

HighlightsO_LISerine Racemase also functions as a cysteine racemase.
C_LIO_LILack of Serine Racemase results in significantly high levels of insulin in the pancreas, plasma and larger islets.
C_LIO_LID-cysteine shows greater inhibition of insulin secretion compared to D-serine.
C_LIO_LIEndogenous D-cysteine signals via cyclic AMP that mediates downstream CREB-DNMT1 interaction.
C_LIO_LICREB-DNMT1 interaction results in hypomethylation of Ins1 promoter that can be rescued by high methyl donor dietary supplementation rescuing high insulin levels.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roychaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadalla, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacarys, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine Racemase is a Cysteine Racemase and Physiologic Down Regulator of Insulin Promoter Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Considerations for Deconvolution: A Case Study with GTEx Coronary Artery Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential expression analyses are ubiquitous in the realm of statistical genomics, used to estimate functional differences between genomes of groups of subjects. However, differences in tissue composition between groups may contribute to changes in gene expression, potentially obscuring the detection of functionally significant genes of interest. Deconvolution techniques allow researchers to estimate the abundance of each cell type assumed to be in a tissue. While deconvolution is a useful tool to estimate composition, several crucial considerations must be made when setting up and employing such a workflow in an analysis. We perform a deconvolution on GTEx coronary artery data using CIBERSORT and discuss the challenges and limitations in order to highlight future areas of improvement in the deconvolution framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brehm, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Considerations for Deconvolution: A Case Study with GTEx Coronary Artery Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jak2V617F Reversible Activation Shows an Essential Requirement for Jak2V617F in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Janus kinases (JAKs) mediate cytokine signaling, cell growth and hematopoietic differentiation.1 Gain-of-function mutations activating JAK2 signaling are seen in the majority of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients, most commonly due to the JAK2V617F driver allele.2 While clinically-approved JAK inhibitors improve symptoms and outcomes in MPNs, remissions are rare, and mutant allele burden does not substantively change with chronic JAK inhibitor therapy in most patients.3, 4 This has been postulated to be due to incomplete dependence on constitutive JAK/STAT signaling, alternative signaling pathways, and/or the presence of cooperating disease alleles;5 however we hypothesize this is due to the inability of current JAK inhibitors to potently and specifically abrogate mutant JAK2 signaling. We therefore developed a conditionally inducible mouse model allowing for sequential activation, and then inactivation, of Jak2V617F from its endogenous locus using a Dre-rox/Cre-lox dual orthogonal recombinase system. Deletion of oncogenic Jak2V617Fabrogates the MPN disease phenotype, induces mutant-specific cell loss including in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and extends overall survival to an extent not observed with pharmacologic JAK inhibition. Furthermore, reversal of Jak2V617F in MPN cells with antecedent loss of Tet26, 7 abrogates the MPN phenotype and inhibits mutant stem cell persistence suggesting cooperating epigenetic-modifying alleles do not alter dependence on mutant JAK/STAT signaling. Our results suggest that mutant-specific inhibition of JAK2V617F represents the best therapeutic approach for JAK2V617F-mutant MPN and demonstrate the therapeutic relevance of a dual-recombinase system to assess mutant-specific oncogenic dependencies in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karzai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Maestre, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waarts, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Benitez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jak2V617F Reversible Activation Shows an Essential Requirement for Jak2V617F in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TERT promoter is polycomb-repressed in neuroblastoma cells with long telomeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring a telomere maintenance mechanism is one of the hallmarks of high-risk neuroblastoma and commonly occurs by expressing telomerase (TERT). Telomerase-negative neuroblastoma has, characteristically, long telomeres and most utilize the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. Conversely, no discernable telomere maintenance mechanism is detected in a fraction of neuroblastoma with long telomeres, representing a phenomenon referred to as ever-shorter telomeres. Here, we show that, unlike most cancers, DNA of the TERT promoter is broadly hypomethylated in neuroblastoma. In telomerase-positive neuroblastoma cells, the hypomethylated DNA promoter is approximately 1.5-kb in length and is bound by hypermethylated TERT gene body and upstream intergenic sequences. The TERT locus shows active chromatin marks including H3K4me3, H3K27Ac, H3K14Ac, RNA PolII and BRD4 with low enrichment for the repressive mark, H3K27me3. Strikingly, in neuroblastoma with long telomeres, the hypomethylated region spans the entire TERT locus, including multiple nearby genes with enrichment for the repressive H3K27me3 chromatin mark. Furthermore, subtelomeric regions showed enrichment of repressive chromatin marks in neuroblastomas with long telomeres relative to those with short telomeres. These repressive marks were even more evident at the genic loci, suggesting a telomere position effect. Inhibiting H3K27 methylation by the EZH2 inhibitor, Tazemetostat, induced the expression of TERT, particularly in cell lines with long telomeres and H3K27me3 marks in the promoter region. Taken together, these data suggest that epigenetic regulation of TERT expression differs in neuroblastoma depending on the telomere maintenance status, and H3K27 methylation is important in repressing TERT expression in neuroblastoma with long telomeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TERT promoter is polycomb-repressed in neuroblastoma cells with long telomeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenomic genotyping with the marker array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a new method and software tool called rowbowt that applies a pangenome index to the problem of inferring genotypes from short-read sequencing data. The method uses a novel indexing structure called the marker array. Using the marker array, we can genotype variants with respect from large panels like the 1000 Genomes Project while avoiding the reference bias that results when aligning to a single linear reference. rowbowt can infer accurate genotypes in less time and memory compared to existing graph-based methods. The method is implemented in the open source software tool rowbowt available at https://github.com/alshai/rowbowt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddadi, N. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenomic genotyping with the marker array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane surface charge regulates cell polarity and migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell migration and polarization, hundreds of signal transduction and cytoskeletal components self-organize to generate localized protrusions. Although biochemical and genetic analyses have delineated many specific interactions, how the activation and localization of so many different molecules are spatiotemporally orchestrated at the subcellular level has remained unclear. Here we show that the regulation of negative surface charge on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane plays an integrative role in the molecular interactions. Surface charge, or zeta potential, is transiently lowered at new protrusions and within cortical waves of Ras/PI3K/TORC2/F-actin network activation. Rapid alterations of inner leaflet anionic phospholipids, such as PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid, collectively contribute to the surface charge changes. Abruptly reducing the surface charge by recruiting positively charged optogenetic actuators was sufficient to trigger the entire biochemical network, initiate de novo protrusions, and abrogate pre-existing polarity. These effects were blocked by genetic or pharmacological inhibitions of key signaling components such as Akt and PI3K/TORC2. Conversely, increasing the negative surface deactivated the network and locally suppressed chemoattractant-induced protrusions or subverted EGF-induced ERK activation. Computational simulations involving excitable biochemical networks demonstrated that slight changes in feedback loops, induced by recruitment of the actuators, could lead to outsized effects on system activation. We propose that key signaling network components act on, and are in turn acted upon, by surface charge, closing feedback loops which bring about the global-scale molecular self-organization required for spontaneous protrusion formation, cell migration, and polarity establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane surface charge regulates cell polarity and migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bisected graph matching improves automated pairing of bilaterally homologous neurons from connectomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graph matching algorithms attempt to find the best correspondence between the nodes of two networks. These techniques have been used to match individual neurons in nanoscale connectomes - in particular, to find pairings of neurons across hemispheres. However, since graph matching techniques deal with two isolated networks, they have only utilized the ipsilateral (same hemisphere) subgraphs when performing the matching. Here, we present a modification to a state-of-the-art graph matching algorithm which allows it to solve what we call the bisected graph matching problem. This modification allows us to leverage the connections between the brain hemispheres when predicting neuron pairs. Via simulations and experiments on real connectome datasets, we show that this approach improves matching accuracy when sufficient edge correlation is present between the contralateral (between hemisphere) subgraphs. We also show how matching accuracy can be further improved by combining our approach with previously proposed extensions to graph matching, which utilize edge types and previously known neuron pairings. We expect that our proposed method will improve future endeavors to accurately match neurons across hemispheres in connectomes, and be useful in other applications where the bisected graph matching problem arises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bisected graph matching improves automated pairing of bilaterally homologous neurons from connectomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression screen of chromosome 21 genes reveals modulators of Sonic hedgehog signaling relevant to Down syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling may contribute to multiple Down syndrome-associated phenotypes, including cerebellar hypoplasia, congenital heart defects, craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphologies, and Hirschsprung disease. Granule cell precursors isolated from the developing cerebellum of Ts65Dn mice are less responsive to the mitogenic effects of SHH than euploid cells, and a single postnatal dose of the SHH pathway agonist SAG rescues cerebellar morphology and performance on learning and memory tasks in Ts65Dn mice. SAG treatment also normalizes expression levels of OLIG2 in neural progenitor cells derived from human trisomy 21 iPSCs. However, despite evidence that activating SHH signaling can ameliorate some Down syndrome-associated phenotypes, chromosome 21 does not encode any components of the canonical SHH pathway. Here, we screened 163 chromosome 21 cDNAs in a series of SHH-responsive cell lines to identify chromosome 21 genes that modulate SHH signaling. We confirmed overexpression of trisomic candidate genes using RNA-seq in Ts65Dn and TcMAC21 cerebellum. Our study indicates that some chromosome 21 genes, including DYRK1A, upregulate SHH signaling while others, such as HMGN1 and MIS18A, inhibit SHH signaling. Overexpression of genes involved in chromatin structure and mitosis, but not genes previously implicated in ciliogenesis, regulate the SHH pathway. Our data suggest that cerebellar hypoplasia and other phenotypes related to aberrant SHH signaling arise from the net effect of trisomy for multiple chromosome 21 genes rather than the overexpression of a single trisomic gene. Identifying which chromosome 21 genes modulate SHH signaling may suggest new therapeutic avenues for ameliorating Down syndrome phenotypes.

One Sentence SummaryMultiple chromosome 21 genes modulate Sonic hedgehog signaling, which is dysregulated in Down syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinedinst, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression screen of chromosome 21 genes reveals modulators of Sonic hedgehog signaling relevant to Down syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periostin+ stromal cells guide lymphovascular invasion by cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cell dissemination to the sentinel lymph node associates with poor patient outcomes, particularly in breast cancers. How cancer cells egress the primary tumor upon interfacing with the lymphatic vasculature is complex and driven by dynamic interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells including cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The matricellular protein periostin can distinguish CAF subtypes in breast cancer and is associated with increased desmoplasia and disease recurrence in patients. However, since periostin is secreted, periostin-expressing CAFs are difficult to characterize in situ, limiting our understanding of their specific contribution to cancer progression. Here, we used in vivo genetic labelling and ablation to lineage trace periostin+ cells and characterize their function(s) during tumor growth and metastasis. We report that periostin-expressing CAFs are spatially found at periductal and perivascular margins, are enriched at lymphatic vessel peripheries, and are differentially activated by highly-metastatic cancer cells versus low-metastatic counterparts. Surprisingly, genetically depleting periostin+ CAFs slightly accelerated primary tumor growth but impaired intratumoral collagen organization and inhibited lymphatic, but not lung, metastases. Periostin ablation in CAFs impaired their ability to deposit aligned collagen matrices and inhibited cancer cell invasion through collagen and across lymphatic endothelial cell monolayers. Thus, highly-metastatic cancer cells mobilize periostin-expressing CAFs in the primary tumor site which promote collagen remodeling and collective cell invasion within lymphatic vessels and ultimately to sentinel lymph nodes.

Significance StatementMetastatic disease causes the majority of cancer-related deaths but is challenging to treat as it is a complex multi-step process driven by heterotypic cell interactions. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundant in most solid tumors and display pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic functions, but extensive molecular diversity among CAFs has yielded contradictory results in previous attempts to target this population. Therefore, there is a need to identify markers of CAF subpopulations that promote or inhibit metastasis and functionally characterize them to understand their contributions during tumor progression. Our work identifies a population of CAFs, marked by expression of the matricellular protein periostin, that remodel the ECM to promote the escape of cancer cells into lymphatic vessels thereby driving colonization of proximal lymph nodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Null, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edatt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecot, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periostin+ stromal cells guide lymphovascular invasion by cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.491883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Remarkable Adaptive Paradigm Of Heart Performance And Protection Emerges In Response To The Constitutive Challenge Of Marked Cardiac-Specific Overexpression Of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.491883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of adenylyl cyclase (AC) type VIII (TGAC8) adapt to an incessantly increased cAMP-induced cardiac workload ([~]30% increases in heart rate, ejection fraction and cardiac output) for up to a year without signs of heart failure or excessive mortality. Here we show that despite markedly increased cardiac work, classical cardiac hypertrophy markers were absent in TGAC8, total left ventricular (LV) mass was not increased: a reduced LV cavity volume in TGAC8 was encased by thicker LV walls harboring an increased number of small cardiac myocytes and a network of small interstitial non-cardiac myocytes, manifesting increased proliferation markers and compared to WT. Protein synthesis, proteosome activity, autophagy, and Nrf-2, Hsp90, ACC2 protein levels were increased in TGAC8, but LV ATP and phosphocreatine levels in vivo did not differ by genotype. 2,323 transcripts and 2,184 proteins identified in unbiased omics analyses, spanning a wide array of biological processes and molecular functions in numerous cellular compartments differed in TGAC8 vs WT; and over 250 canonical signaling pathways characteristic of adaptive survival circuitry of cancers, including PI3K and growth factor signaling, cytokine and T cell receptor signaling, immune responses, ROS scavenging, proliferation, protection from apoptosis, and nutrient sensing, were activated in TGAC8; and compared to WT there was a shift from fatty acid oxidation to increased aerobic glycolysis in the context of increased utilization of the pentose phosphate shunt and nucleotide synthesis. Thus, the adaptive paradigm, that becomes activated in the LV of TGAC8 in response to severe chronic, intense AC/PKA/Ca2+ signaling embodies many hallmarks of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarasov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordon, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyashkov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perino, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvester, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukyanenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, M. C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhaszova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarasova, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telljohann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beshkov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollott, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.491883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Remarkable Adaptive Paradigm Of Heart Performance And Protection Emerges In Response To The Constitutive Challenge Of Marked Cardiac-Specific Overexpression Of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification and statistical modeling of Chromium-based single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In complex tissues containing cells that are difficult to dissociate, single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) has become the preferred experimental technology over single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to measure gene expression. To accurately model these data in downstream analyses, previous work has shown that droplet-based scRNA-seq data are not zero-inflated, but whether droplet-based snRNA-seq data follow the same probability distributions has not been systematically evaluated. Using pseudo-negative control data from nuclei in mouse cortex sequenced with the 10x Genomics Chromium system, we found that snRNA-seq data follow a negative binomial distribution, suggesting that parametric statistical models applied to scRNA-seq are transferable to snRNA-seq. Furthermore, we found that the quantification choices in adapting quantification mapping strategies from scRNA-seq to snRNA-seq can play a significant role in downstream analyses and biological interpretation. In particular, reference transcriptomes that do not include intronic regions result in significantly smaller library sizes and incongruous cell type classifications. We also confirmed the presence of a gene length bias in snRNA-seq data, which we show is present in both exonic and intronic reads, and investigate potential causes for the bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification and statistical modeling of Chromium-based single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from ones past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or deja vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology.

Public significance statementThis systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at the cell surface, which constitutes the primary mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2 infection. Molecular interactions between the transduced S and endogenous proteins likely occur post-infection, but such interactions are not well understood. We used an unbiased primary screen to profile the binding of full-length S against >9,000 human proteins and found significant S-host protein interactions, including one between S and human estrogen receptor alpha (ER). After confirming this interaction in a secondary assay, we used bioinformatics, supercomputing, and experimental assays to identify a highly conserved and functional nuclear receptor coregulator (NRC) LXD-like motif on the S2 subunit and an S-ER binding mode. In cultured cells, S DNA transfection increased ER cytoplasmic accumulation, and S treatment induced ER-dependent biological effects and ACE2 expression. Noninvasive multimodal PET/CT imaging in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters using [18F]fluoroestradiol (FES) localized lung pathology with increased ER lung levels. Postmortem experiments in lung tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and humans confirmed an increase in cytoplasmic ER expression and its colocalization with S protein in alveolar macrophages. These findings describe the discovery and characterization of a novel S-ER interaction, imply a role for S as an NRC, and are poised to advance knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology, COVID-19 pathology, and mechanisms of sex differences in the pathology of infectious disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaconis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talarico, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwachukwu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montopoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocetta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borocci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prandi, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napiorkowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chillemi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaventura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomper, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettles, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegretti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelides, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Potent CD43+ Effector CD8+ T cells Elicited After Transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYCD8+ T cells mediate acute rejection of allografts, which threatens the long-term survival of transplanted organs. The factors that govern differentiation of graft-directed effector CD8+ T cells could lead to targeted approaches to limit acute rejection. Using MHC Class I tetramers, we found that allogeneic CD8+ T cells were present at an elevated precursor frequency in naive mice, only modestly increased in number after grafting, and maintained high T cell receptor diversity throughout the immune response. While antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells poorly express the canonical effector marker KLRG-1, expression of the activated glycoform of CD43 defined potent effectors after transplantation. Activated CD43+ effector T cells maintained high expression of ICOS in the presence of CTLA-4 Ig, and dual CTLA-4 Ig/anti-ICOS treatment prolonged graft survival. These data demonstrate that graft-specific CD8+ T cells have a distinct response profile relative to anti-pathogen CD8+ T cells, and that CD43 and ICOS are critical surface receptors that define potent effector CD8+ T cell populations that form after transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallarakal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibukun, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Potent CD43+ Effector CD8+ T cells Elicited After Transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.492682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac-Gated Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Imaging for Ablation-Induced Necrotic Lesion Visualization: In Vivo Demonstration in a Beating Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.492682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a minimally invasive therapy for heart arrhythmia, including atrial fibrillation (A-fib), which creates lesions using an electric current to isolate the heart from abnormal electrical signals. However, conventional RF procedures do not involve intraoperative monitoring of the area and extent of ablation-induced necrosis, making the assessment of the procedure completeness challenging. Previous studies have suggested that spectroscopic photoacoustic (sPA) imaging is capable of differentiating ablated tissue from its non-ablated counterpart based on PA spectrum variation. Here, we aim to demonstrate the applicability of sPA imaging in an in vivo environment, where the cardiac motion presents, and introduce a framework for mapping the necrotic lesion using cardiac-gated sPA imaging. We computed the degree of necrosis, or necrotic extent (NE), by dividing the quantified ablated tissue contrast by the total contrast from both ablated and non-ablated tissues, visualizing it as continuous colormap to highlight the necrotic area and extent. To compensate for tissue motion during the cardiac cycle, we applied the cardiac-gating on sPA data, based on the image similarity. The in vivo validation of the concept was conducted in a swine model. As a result, the ablation-induced necrotic lesion at the surface of the beating heart was successfully depicted throughout the cardiac cycle through cardiac-gated sPA (CG-sPA) imaging. The results suggest that the introduced CG-sPA imaging system has great potential to be incorporated into clinical workflow to guide ablation procedures intraoperatively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashikaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghesu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.492682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac-Gated Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Imaging for Ablation-Induced Necrotic Lesion Visualization: In Vivo Demonstration in a Beating Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered interaction network in an RNA chaperone revealed by native mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions whose functions in RNA recognition are poorly understood. The RNA chaperone Hfq is a homohexamer that contains six flexible C-terminal domains (CTDs). The effect of the CTDs on Hfqs integrity and RNA binding has been challenging to study because of their sequence identity and inherent disorder. We used native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with surface-induced dissociation (SID) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to disentangle the arrangement of the CTDs and their impact on the stability of E. coli Hfq with and without RNA. The results show that the CTDs stabilize the Hfq hexamer through multiple interactions with the core and between CTDs. RNA binding perturbs this network of CTD interactions, destabilizing the Hfq ring. This destabilization is partially compensated by binding of RNAs that contact multiple surfaces of Hfq. By contrast, binding of short RNAs that only contact one or two subunits results in net destabilization of the complex. Together, the results show that a network of intrinsically disordered interactions integrate RNA contacts with the six subunits of Hfq. We propose that this CTD network raises the selectivity of RNA binding.

Significance StatementHfq is a protein hexamer necessary for gene regulation by non-coding RNA in bacteria, during infection or under stress. In the cell, Hfq must distinguish its RNA partners from many similar nucleic acids. Mass spectrometry dissociation patterns, together with molecular dynamics simulations, showed that flexible extensions of each Hfq subunit form a dense network that interconnects the entire hexamer. This network is disrupted by RNA binding, but the lost interactions are compensated by RNAs that contact multiple Hfq subunits. By measuring interactions that are too irregular to be counted by other methods, mass spectrometry shows how flexible protein extensions help chaperones like Hfq recognize their RNA partners in the messy interior of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarni, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damjanovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Małecka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsically disordered interaction network in an RNA chaperone revealed by native mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of cyanobacteria to the endolithic light spectrum in hyper-arid deserts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In hyper-arid deserts, endolithic microbial communities survive in the pore spaces and cracks of rocks, an environment that enhances water retention and filters UV radiation. The rock colonization zone is enriched in far-red light (FRL) and depleted in visible light. This poses a challenge to cyanobacteria, which are the primary producers of endolithic communities. Many species of cyanobacteria are capable of Far-Red Light Photoacclimation (FaRLiP), a process in which FRL induces the synthesis of specialized chlorophylls and remodeling of the photosynthetic apparatus, providing the ability to grow in FRL. While FaRLiP has been reported in cyanobacteria from various low-light environments, our understanding of light adaptations for endolithic cyanobacteria remains limited. Here, we demonstrated that endolithic Chroococidiopsis isolates from deserts around the world synthesize chlorophyll f, an FRL-specialized chlorophyll when FRL is the sole light source. The metagenome-assembled genomes of these isolates encoded chlorophyll f synthase and all the genes required to implement the FaRLiP response. We also present evidence of FRL-induced changes to the major light-harvesting complexes of a Chroococidiopsis isolate. These findings indicate that endolithic cyanobacteria from hyper-arid deserts use FRL photo-acclimation as an adaptation to the unique light transmission spectrum of their rocky habitat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulier, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of cyanobacteria to the endolithic light spectrum in hyper-arid deserts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in glutamate and GABA genes and their association with brain structure and chemistry in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis posits that an imbalance between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission contributes to autism symptomatology. Whether this is due to altered GABAergic or glutamatergic functioning, or both, remains largely unknown. We integrated genetic, brain structure and brain chemistry data to investigate the relationship between E/I genetic variation and expression, glutamate concentrations and cortical thickness (CT). Participants (60 autism and 104 neurotypical controls, aged 8-13 years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for glutamate quantification in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left dorsal striatum. Genetic involvement in these regional glutamate concentration levels was investigated using competitive gene-set association and polygenic scores (PGS). Further, glutamate as well as GABA gene-set expression profiles were investigated in relation to CT. Aggregated genetic variation in the glutamate gene-set was associated with ACC but not striatal glutamate concentrations. PGS analysis, however, showed a genome-wide PGS for autism to be predictive of striatal but not ACC glutamate levels. Expression profiles of GABAergic-but not glutamatergic genes were associated with differences in cortical thickness between groups. This study showed differential involvement of aggregated glutamatergic and GABAergic genetic variation in brain structure and chemistry in autism, which suggests regional variability in E/I imbalance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naaijen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lythgoe, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelmans, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruisch, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in glutamate and GABA genes and their association with brain structure and chemistry in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PACeR: a bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of chimeric RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function in post-transcriptional gene regulation through imperfect base pairing with mRNA targets which results in inhibition of translation and often destabilization of bound transcripts. Sequence-based algorithms historically used to predict miRNA targets face inherent challenges in reliably reflecting in vivo interactions. Recent strategies have directly profiled miRNA-target interactions by cross-linking and ligation of miRNAs to their targets within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), followed by high throughput sequencing of the chimeric RNAs. Despite the strength of these direct chimeric miRNA:target profiling approaches, standardized pipelines for analyzing the resulting chimeric RNA sequencing data are not readily available. Here we present PACeR, a robust bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of chimeric RNA sequencing data. PACeR consists of two parts, each of which are optimized for the distinctive characteristics of chimeric RNA sequencing reads: first, read processing and alignment and second, peak calling and motif analysis. We apply PACeR to chimeric RNA sequencing data generated in our lab as well as a published benchmark dataset. PACeR has minimal computational power requirements and contains extensive annotation to broaden accessibility for processing chimeric RNA sequencing data and enable insights to be gained about the targets of small non-coding RNAs in regulating diverse biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffert, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PACeR: a bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of chimeric RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALDH9A1 Deficiency as a Source of Endogenous DNA Damage that Requires Repair by the Fanconi Anemia Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is required for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). ICLs are caused by genotoxins, such as chemotherapeutic agents or reactive aldehydes. Inappropriately repaired ICLs contribute to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) failure and tumorigenesis. While endogenous acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are known to induce HSC failure and leukemia in humans with FA, the effects of other toxic metabolites in FA pathogenesis have not been systematically investigated. Using a metabolism-focused CRISPR screen, we found that ALDH9A1 deficiency causes synthetic lethality in FA pathway-deficient cells. Combined deficiency of ALDH9A1 and FANCD2 causes genomic instability, apoptosis, and decreased hematopoietic colony formation. Fanca-/-Aldh9a1-/- mice exhibited an increased incidence of ovarian tumors. A suppressor CRISPR screen revealed that the loss of ATP13A3, a polyamine transporter, resulted in improved survival of FANCD2-/-ALDH9A1-/- cells. These findings implicate high intracellular polyamines and the resulting 3-aminopropanal or acrolein in the pathogenesis of FA. In addition, we find that ALDH9A1 variants may be modifying disease onset in FA patients.

Statement of SignificanceALDH9A1 deficiency is a previously unrecognized source of endogenous DNA damage. If not repaired by the Fanconi anemia pathway, such damage leads to increased genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Limiting substrates that accumulate when ALDH9A1 is absent can reduce aldehyde production and rescue synthetic lethality in the combined deficiency of ALDH9A1/FANCD2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilyashov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanagoudr Bhojappa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keahi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durmaz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choijilsuren, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lach, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharappa, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smogorzewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALDH9A1 Deficiency as a Source of Endogenous DNA Damage that Requires Repair by the Fanconi Anemia Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.492984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sMAP: An interactive microarray data analysis tool for early-stage researchers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.492984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microarray data enables biologists to extract differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple phenotypes. While several pipelines and tools exist to perform microarray data analysis, they are targeted to users with moderate to advanced computational understanding and lack an easy-to-use, interactive and dynamic methodology to perform analysis assisted with comprehensive learning resources. In this study, we developed an interactive application "sMAP" (Standard Microarray Analysis Pipeline) to make transcriptome microarray data analysis more accessible in learning environments and to enable the identification of significant pathological biomarkers. In a case study of colorectal cancer, we showed that sMAP enabled us to reproduce previous findings and discover relevant pathways. sMAP provides a comprehensive set of tutorials and learning documentation to help early-stage researchers. The latest URLs of sMAPs hosting, tutorial, and frequently updated documentation can be found at https://github.com/BI-STEM-Away/sMAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyssi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momeni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.492984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sMAP: An interactive microarray data analysis tool for early-stage researchers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On How, and Why, and When, We Grow Old 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth and aging are fundamental features of animal life. The march from fertilization to oblivion comes in enormous variety: days and hundreds of cells for nematodes, decades and trillions of cells for humans.1-4 Since Verhulst (18385) proposed the Logistic Equation - exponential growth with countervailing linear decline in rate - biologists have searched for ever better density dependent growth equations,6-12 none which accurately capture the relationship between size and time for real animals.13-15 Furthermore, while growth and aging run in parallel, whether the relationship is causal has been unknown. Here we show, by examining growth and lifespan in units of numbers of cells, N, (Cellular Phylodynamics6), that both processes are linked to the same reduction in the fraction of cells dividing, occurring by a simple expression, the Universal Mitotic Fraction Equation. Lifespan is correlated with an age when fewer than one-in-a-thousand cells are dividing, quantifying the long-appreciated mechanism of aging, the failure of cells to be rejuvenated by dilution with new materials made, and DNA repaired, at mitosis.24-26 These observations provide practical mathematical expressions for comprehending, and managing, the challenges of growth and aging, for such tasks as improving the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Citti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On How, and Why, and When, We Grow Old]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered human cytokine/antibody fusion proteins expand regulatory T cells and confer autoimmune disease protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low dose human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) treatment is used clinically to treat autoimmune disorders due to the cytokines preferential expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (TRegs). However, high toxicity, short serum half-life, and off-target immune cell activation limit the clinical potential of IL-2 treatment. Recent work showed that complexes comprising hIL-2 and the anti-hIL-2 antibody F5111 overcome these limitations by preferentially stimulating TRegs over immune effector cells. Although promising, therapeutic translation of this approach is complicated by the need to optimize dosing ratios and by the instability of the cytokine/antibody complex. We leveraged structural insights to engineer a single-chain hIL-2/F5111 antibody fusion protein, termed F5111 immunocytokine (IC), that potently and selectively activates and expands TRegs. F5111 IC conferred protection in mouse models of colitis and checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes mellitus. These results provide a roadmap for IC design and establish a TReg-biased immunotherapy that could be clinically translated for autoimmune disease treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orcutt-Jahns, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henclova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balolong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered human cytokine/antibody fusion proteins expand regulatory T cells and confer autoimmune disease protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Value of Zero-filling in In Vivo MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two opinions currently exist on the role of zero-filling in data processing for in vivo MRS: that it results in a purely cosmetic interpolation; or that it confers a benefit. Most commonly, in vivo MRS data are acquired as complex time-domain half-echoes, that are Fourier transformed to the give a real spectrum that is modeled for quantification. In this manuscript, we highlight that performing zero-filling draws the independent information from the imaginary part of the spectrum into the real spectrum, improving modeling accuracy. In order to demonstrate this, 10,000 time-domain datasets were simulated as decaying exponentials and noise was added. Data were then Fourier transformed with no-zero filling, 2x, 4x and 8x zero-filling. All spectra were then modeled using a simple single-Lorentzian frequency-domain model. It was demonstrated that 2x zero-filling results in a [~]{surd}2 benefit in modeling accuracy, compared to no zero-filling. There was no additional advantage for further zero-filling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Value of Zero-filling in In Vivo MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Cullin-Associated E3 Ligases Regulate Cyclin D1 Protein Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin D1 is a key regulator of cell cycle progression, which forms a complex with CDK4/6 to regulate G1/S phase transition during cell cycle progression. Cyclin D1 has been recognized as an oncogene since it was upregulated in several different types of cancers. It is known that the post-translational regulation of cyclin D1 is controlled by ubiquitination/ proteasome degradation system in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. A few cullin-associated F-box E3 ligases have been shown to regulate cyclin D1 degradation; however, it is not known if additional cullin-associated E3 ligases participate in the regulation of cyclin D1 protein stability. In this study, we have screened a siRNA library containing siRNAs specific for 154 ligase subunits, including F-box, SOCS, BTB-containing proteins and DDB proteins. We found that multiple cullin-associated E3 ligases regulate cyclin D1 activity, including Keap1, DDB2, WSB2 and Rbx1. We found that these E3 ligases directly interact with cyclin D1, regulate cyclin D1 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. These E3 ligases also control cell cycle progression and cell proliferation through regulation of cyclin D1 protein stability. Our study provides novel insights into regulatory mechanisms of cyclin D1 protein stability and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Cullin-Associated E3 Ligases Regulate Cyclin D1 Protein Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial function determines severity but not risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Selective vulnerability of energy-intensive motor neurons (MNs) has fostered speculation that mitochondrial function is a determinant of ALS. Previously, the position of mitochondrial function in the pathogenic cascade leading to neurotoxicity has been unclear. We separated upstream genetic determinants of mitochondrial function, including genetic variation within the mitochondrial genome or autosomes; from downstream changeable factors including mitochondrial copy number (mtCN) and MN gene expression. We discovered that functionally validated mitochondrial haplotypes are a determinant of ALS survival but not ALS risk. Loss-of-function genetic variants within, and reduced MN expression of, ACADM and DNA2 lead to shorter ALS survival; both genes impact mitochondrial function. MtCN responds dynamically to the onset of ALS independent of mitochondrial haplotype, and is also significantly correlated with disease severity. We conclude that mitochondrial function impacts ALS progression but not risk; our findings have therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hop, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwamborn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial function determines severity but not risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Achieving single nucleotide sensitivity in direct hybridization genome imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct visualization of point mutations in situ can be informative for studying genetic diseases and nuclear biology. We describe a direct hybridization genome imaging method with single-nucleotide sensitivity, sgGOLDFISH, which leverages the high cleavage specificity of enhanced Cas9 combined with a single extended guide RNA to load a superhelicase and reveal probe binding sites through local denaturation. Using sgGOLDFISH, we identified base-editor-modified and unmodified progeroid fibroblasts from a heterogeneous population, validated the identification through progerin immunofluorescence, and demonstrated accurate sub-nuclear localization of point mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottle, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Achieving single nucleotide sensitivity in direct hybridization genome imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Greater breadth of vaccine-induced immunity in females than males is mediated by increased antibody diversity in germinal center B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant mouse-adapted A/California/2009 (maA/Cal/09) H1N1 viruses containing mutations at one (1M), two (2M), or three (3M) antigenic sites, in addition to a virus containing the 1M mutation and a substitution of the Ca2 antigenic site (Sub) with one derived from an H5 hemagglutinin (HA) to challenge mice of both sexes. Following maA/Cal/09 vaccination, females produced greater virus-specific class-switched IgG and IgG2c antibodies against the vaccine and all mutant viruses, and antibodies from females recognized more unique, linear HA epitopes than antibodies from males. While females had greater neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against the vaccine virus, both sexes showed lower neutralization capacity against mutant viruses. After virus challenge, vaccinated females had lower pulmonary virus titers and reduced morbidity than males against the 1M and 2M viruses, but not the Sub virus. Females generated greater numbers of germinal center (GC) B cells containing superior somatic hypermutation frequencies than vaccinated males. Deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) eliminated female-biased immunity and protection against the 2M virus. Harnessing methods to improve GC B cell responses and frequencies of somatic hypermutations, especially in males, should be considered in the development of universal influenza vaccines.

SummaryCompared with males, inactivated influenza vaccination of female mice causes greater production of class-switched, somatically-hypermutated antibodies and a more robust germinal center B cell response, leading to more diverse H1N1 antigen recognition and better protection against mutant influenza A viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ursin, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldetsadik, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearhart, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Greater breadth of vaccine-induced immunity in females than males is mediated by increased antibody diversity in germinal center B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-regional delays fluctuate in the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flow of information between cortical regions depends on the excitability at each site, which is reflected in fluctuating field potentials. It remains uncertain how global changes in field potentials affect the latency and strength of cortico-cortical couplings. Therefore, we measured changes in oscillations and inter-regional couplings by recording intracranially from the human cerebral cortex. As participants listened to an auditory narrative, global increases in low-frequency (4-14 Hz) power were associated with stronger and more delayed inter-regional couplings. Conversely, increases in broadband high-frequency power were associated with weaker coupling and zero lag. In network oscillator models, these changes in cortico-cortical latency can be generated by varying the effective influence of inter-regional projections relative to intra-regional dynamics. Altogether, low-frequency oscillations appear to modulate information flow across the human cerebral cortex, as they covary with the timing of peak excitability between regions, and this process may be regulated by nonspecific ascending projections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muesch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-regional delays fluctuate in the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging place field repetition to understand positional versus nonpositional inputs to hippocampal field CA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is believed to encode episodic memory by binding information about the content of experience within a spatiotemporal framework encoding the location and temporal context of that experience. Previous work implies a distinction between positional inputs to the hippocampus that provide information about an animals location and nonpositional inputs which provide information about the content of experience, both sensory and navigational. Here we leverage the phenomenon of "place field repetition" to better understand the functional dissociation between positional and nonpositional inputs to CA1. Rats navigated freely on a novel maze consisting of linear segments arranged in a rectilinear, city-block configuration, which combined elements of open-field foraging and linear-track tasks. Unlike typical results in open-field foraging, place fields were directionally tuned on the maze, even though the animals behavior was not constrained to 1-D trajectories. Repeating fields from the same cell tended to have the same directional preference when the fields were aligned along a linear corridor of the maze, but they showed uncorrelated directional preferences when they were unaligned across different corridors. Lastly, individual fields displayed complex time dynamics which resulted in the population activity changing gradually over the course of minutes. These temporal dynamics were evident across repeating fields of the same cell. These results demonstrate that the positional inputs that drive a cell to fire in similar locations across the maze can be behaviorally and temporally dissociated from the nonpositional inputs that alter the firing rates of the cell within its place fields, thereby increasing the flexibility of the system to encode episodic variables within a spatiotemporal framework provided by place cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hockeimer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natrajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging place field repetition to understand positional versus nonpositional inputs to hippocampal field CA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable graph analysis tools for the connectomics community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscientists now have the opportunity to analyze synaptic resolution connectomes that are larger than the memory on single consumer workstations. As dataset size and tissue diversity have grown, there is increasing interest in conducting comparative connectomics research, including rapidly querying and searching for recurring patterns of connectivity across brain regions and species. There is also a demand for algorithm reuse -- applying methods developed for one dataset to another volume. A key technological hurdle is enabling researchers to efficiently and effectively query these diverse datasets, especially as the raw image volumes grow beyond terabyte sizes. Existing community tools can perform such queries and analysis on smaller scale datasets, which can fit locally in memory, but the path to scaling remains unclear. Existing solutions such as neuPrint or FlyBrainLab enable these queries for specific datasets, but there remains a need to generalize algorithms and standards across datasets. To overcome this challenge, we present a software framework for comparative connectomics and graph discovery to make connectomes easy to analyze, even when larger-than-RAM, and even when stored in disparate datastores. This software suite includes visualization tools, a web portal, a connectivity and annotation query engine, and the ability to interface with a variety of data sources and community tools from the neuroscience community. These tools include MossDB (an immutable datastore for metadata and rich annotations); Grand (for prototyping larger-than-RAM graphs); GrandIso-Cloud (for querying existing graphs that exceed the capabilities of a single work-station); and Motif Studio (for enabling the public to query across connectomes). These tools interface with existing frameworks such as neuPrint, graph databases such as Neo4j, and standard data analysis tools such as Pandas or NetworkX. Together, these tools enable tool and algorithm reuse, standardization, and neuroscience discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable graph analysis tools for the connectomics community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opa1 and Drp1 reciprocally regulate cristae morphology, ETC function, and NAD+ regeneration in KRas-mutant lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic KRas activates mitochondrial fission through Erk-mediated phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. Drp1 deletion inhibits tumorigenesis of KRas-driven pancreatic cancer, but the role of mitochondrial dynamics in other Ras-driven malignancies is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that in vitro and in vivo growth of KRas-driven lung adenocarcinoma is unaffected by deletion of Drp1, but inhibited by deletion of Opa1, the GTPase that regulates inner membrane fusion and promotes proper cristae morphology. Mechanistically, Opa1 knockout induces loss of electron transport chain (ETC) complex I assembly and activity that inhibits tumor cell proliferation through loss of NAD+ regeneration. Simultaneous inactivation of Drp1 and Opa1 restores cristae morphology, complex I activity and cell proliferation indicating that mitochondrial fission activity drives ETC dysfunction induced by Opa1 knockout. Our results support a model in which mitochondrial fission events disrupt cristae structure and tumor cells with hyperactive fission activity require Opa1 activity to maintain ETC function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sessions, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashatus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashatus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opa1 and Drp1 reciprocally regulate cristae morphology, ETC function, and NAD+ regeneration in KRas-mutant lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic classification with KrakenUniq on low-memory computers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kraken and KrakenUniq are widely-used tools for classifying metagenomics sequences. A key requirement for these systems is a database containing all k-mers from all genomes that the users want to be able to detect, where k = 31 by default. This database can be very large, easily exceeding 100 gigabytes (GB) and sometimes 400 GB. Previously, Kraken and KrakenUniq required loading the entire database into main memory (RAM), and if RAM was insufficient, they used memory mapping, which significantly increased the running time for large datasets. We have implemented a new algorithm in KrakenUniq that allows it to load and process the database in chunks, with only a modest increase in running time. This enhancement now makes it feasible to run KrakenUniq on very large datasets and huge databases on virtually any computer, even a laptop, while providing the same very high classification accuracy as the previous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic classification with KrakenUniq on low-memory computers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin forms liquid-like condensates at synapses to support ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis at synapses is accelerated by the pre-accumulation of Dynamin 1xA at the endocytic zone by Syndapin 1. However, it is unclear how these proteins support the ultrafast kinetics of endocytosis. Here we report that these proteins phase separate at the presynaptic endocytic zone where ultrafast endocytosis takes place. Specifically, the proline-rich motif of Dynamin 1xA interacts with the Src-Homology 3 domain of Syndapin 1 and forms liquid-like condensates. Single-particle tracking of Dynamin 1xA molecules at synapses shows that their diffusion slows down substantially when they are in the condensates, indicating the presence of molecular crowding and intermolecular interaction. When Dynamin 1xA is mutated to disrupt its interaction with Syndapin 1 the condensates do not form. Thus, the liquid-like assembly of these endocytic proteins provides a catalytic platform for ultrafast endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumrich, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin forms liquid-like condensates at synapses to support ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.490672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the spatial landscape of molecular interactions within the tumor microenvironment through latent spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.490672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) enable gene expression measurements from a tissue sample while retaining its spatial context. This technology enables unprecedented in situ resolution of the regulatory pathways that underlie the heterogeneity in the tumor and its microenvironment (TME). The direct characterization of cellular co-localization with spatial technologies facilities quantification of the molecular changes resulting from direct cell-cell interaction, as occurs in tumor-immune interactions. We present SpaceMarkers, a novel bioinformatics algorithm to infer molecular changes from cell-cell interaction from latent space analysis of ST data. We apply this approach to infer molecular changes from tumor-immune interactions in Visium spatial transcriptomics data of metastasis, invasive and precursor lesions, and immunotherapy treatment. Further transfer learning in matched scRNA-seq data enabled further quantification of the specific cell types in which SpaceMarkers are enriched. Altogether, SpaceMarkers can identify the location and context-specific molecular interactions within the TME from ST data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uytingco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartnett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bent, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.490672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the spatial landscape of molecular interactions within the tumor microenvironment through latent spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advances in non-invasive tracking of wave-type electric fish in natural and laboratory settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technological advances greatly improved the possibility to study freely behaving animals in natural conditions. However, many systems still rely on animal-mounted devices, which can already bias behavioral observations. Alternatively, animal behaviors can be detected and tracked in recordings of stationary sensors, e.g. video cameras. While these approaches circumvent the influence of animal-mounted devices, identification of individuals is much more challenging. We take advantage of the individual-specific electric fields electric fish generate by discharging their electric organ (EOD) to record and track their movement and communication behaviors without interfering with the animals themselves. EODs of complete groups of fish can be recorded with electrode arrays submerged in the water and then be tracked for individual fish. Here, we present an improved algorithm for tracking electric signals of wave-type electric fish with unprecedented accuracy. Our algorithm benefits from combining and refining previous approaches of tracking individual specific EOD frequencies (EODf) and spatial electric field properties. In this process, the similarity of signal pairs in extended data windows determines their tracking order, making the algorithm more robust against detection losses and intersections. We quantify the performance of the algorithm and show its application for a data set recorded with a 64-electrode array in a stream in the Llanos, Colombia, where we managed, for the first time, to track Apteronotus leptorhynchus over many days. These technological advances make electric fish a unique model system for a detailed analysis of social and communication behaviors, with strong implications for our research on sensory coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advances in non-invasive tracking of wave-type electric fish in natural and laboratory settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galaxy Training: A Powerful Framework for Teaching! 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an ongoing explosion of scientific datasets being generated, brought on by recent technological advances in many areas of the natural sciences. As a result, the life sciences have become increasingly computational in nature, and bioinformatics has taken on a central role in research studies. However, basic computational skills, data analysis and stewardship are still rarely taught in life science educational programs [1], resulting in a skills gap in many of the researchers tasked with analysing these big datasets. In order to address this skills gap and empower researchers to perform their own data analyses, the Galaxy Training Network (GTN) has previously developed the Galaxy Training Platform (https://training.galaxyproject.org); an open access, community-driven framework for the collection of FAIR training materials for data analysis utilizing the user-friendly Galaxy framework as its primary data analysis platform [2].

Since its inception, this training platform has thrived, with the number of tutorials and contributors growing rapidly, and the range of topics extending beyond life sciences to include topics such as climatology, cheminformatics and machine learning. While initially aimed at supporting researchers directly, the GTN framework has proven to be an invaluable resource for educators as well. We have focused our efforts in recent years on adding increased support for this growing community of instructors. New features have been added to facilitate the use of the materials in a classroom setting, simplifying the contribution flow for new materials, and have added a set of train-the-trainer lessons. Here, we present the latest developments in the GTN project, aimed at facilitating the use of the Galaxy Training materials by educators, and its usage in different learning environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiltemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagtap, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretaudeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bras, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syme, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droesbeke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psomopoulos, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Alba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Föll, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Solano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouilloux, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heusden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galaxy Training Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galaxy Training: A Powerful Framework for Teaching!]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to differentiate stem cells into human cell types is essential to define basic mechanisms and therapeutics, especially for cell types not routinely accessible by biopsies. But while engineered expression of transcription factors (TFs) identified through TF screens has been found to rapidly and efficiently produce some cell types, generation of other cell types that require complex combinations of TFs has been elusive. Here we develop an iterative, pooled single-cell TF screening method that improves the identification of effective TF combinations using the generation of human microglia-like cells as a testbed: Two iterations identified a combination of SPI1, CEBPA, FLI1, MEF2C, CEBPB, and IRF8 as sufficient to differentiate human iPSC into microglia-like cells in 4 days. Characterization of TF-induced microglia demonstrated molecular and functional similarity to primary microglia. We explore the use of single-cell atlas reference datasets to confirm identified TFs and how combining single-cell TF perturbation and gene expression data can enable the construction of causal gene regulatory networks. We describe what will be needed to fashion these methods into a generalized integrated pipeline, further ideas for enhancement, and possible applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Sambeek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshakhlagh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Corral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Large-Scale Multi-Trait Analysis Characterizes Global Patterns of Pleiotropy and Unique Trait-Specific Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found widespread evidence of pleiotropy, but characterization of global patterns of pleiotropy remain highly incomplete due to insufficient power of current approaches. We develop fastASSET, an extension of the method ASSET, to allow computationally efficient detection of variant-level pleiotropic association across a large number of traits. We analyze GWAS summary statistics of 116 complex traits of diverse types collected from the NIH GRASP repository and a number of other large GWAS consortia. We identify a total of 2,293 independent loci at the genome-wide significance level and found that the lead variants in nearly all of these loci ([~]99%) to be associated with to two or more (median = 6) traits. Further, the estimated degree of pleiotropy for the detected variants strongly predicted their degree of pleiotropy across a much larger number of traits (K=4,114) in the UK Biobank Study. Follow-up analyses of 21 unique trait-specific variants suggest that they are often linked to the expression in trait-related tissues for a small number of genes, some of which are well known to be involved in relevant biological processes. Our findings provide deeper insight into the nature of complex trait pleiotropy and leads to, for the first time, identification of highly unique trait-specific susceptibility variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Large-Scale Multi-Trait Analysis Characterizes Global Patterns of Pleiotropy and Unique Trait-Specific Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards generalizable prediction of antibody thermostability using machine learning on sequence and structure features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last three decades, the appeal for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapeutics has been steadily increasing as evident with FDAs recent landmark approval of the 100th mAb. Unlike mAbs that bind to single targets, multispecific biologics (bsAbs) with their single-chain variable fragment (scFv) modules have garnered particular interest owing to the advantage of engaging distinct targets. Despite their exquisite specificity and affinity, the relatively poor thermostability of these scFv modules often hampers their development as a potential therapeutic drug. In recent years, engineering antibody sequences to enhance their stability by mutations has gained considerable momentum. As experimental methods for antibody engineering are time-intensive, laborious, and expensive, computational methods serve as a fast and inexpensive alternative to conventional routes. In this work, we show two machine learning methods - one with pre-trained language models (PTLM) capturing functional effects of sequence variation, and second, a supervised convolutional neural network (CNN) trained with Rosetta energetic features - to better classify thermostable scFv variants from sequence. Both these models are trained over temperature-specific data (TS50 measurements) derived from multiple libraries of scFv sequences. In this work, we show that a sufficiently simple CNN model trained with energetic features generalizes better than a pre-trained language model on out-of-distribution (blind) sequences (average Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.4 as opposed to 0.15). Further, we demonstrate that for an independent mAb with available thermal melting temperatures for 20 experimentally characterized thermostable mutations, these models trained on TS50 data could identify 18 residue positions and 5 identical amino-acid mutations showing remarkable generalizability. Our results suggest that such models can be broadly applicable for improving the biological characteristics of antibodies. Further, transferring such models for alternative physico-chemical properties of scFvs can have potential applications in optimizing large-scale production and delivery of mAbs or bsAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisting, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anlahr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoenig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czwikla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sienz-Widmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catterall, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinberg, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards generalizable prediction of antibody thermostability using machine learning on sequence and structure features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-wide microarray-based screening of PAR-binding proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling and scaffolding through covalent modification or non-covalent binding to target proteins. The non- covalent binding PARylome has not been extensively characterized. Here we performed a PAR-binding screen using a human protein microarray that covers most of the human proteome to characterize the non-covalent binding PARylome. A total of 356 PAR- binding proteins were identified. The PAR-binding PARylome suggests that PAR- binding regulates a variety of biological processes beyond well-characterized DNA damage signaling and DNA repair. Proteins that may be reprogrammed by PAR-binding include signaling molecules, transcription factors, nucleic acid binding proteins, calcium binding proteins, ligases, oxidoreductases, enzymes, transferases, hydrolases, and receptors. The global database of PAR-binding proteins that we established will be a valuable tool for further in-depth analysis of the role of PARylation in a wide range of biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwon, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-wide microarray-based screening of PAR-binding proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdalar and ERC Rostral Atrophy and Tau Pathology Reconstruction in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research has emphasized the unique impact of Alzheimers Disease (AD) pathology on the medial temporal lobe (MTL), a reflection that tau pathology is particularly striking in the entorhinal and transentorhinal cortex (ERC, TEC) early in the course of disease. However, other brain regions are affected by AD pathology during its early phases. Here, we use longitudinal diffeomorphometry to measure the atrophy rate from MRI of the amygdala compared with that in the ERC and TEC in controls, individuals who progressed from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and individuals with MCI who progressed to AD dementia, using a dataset from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Our results show significantly higher atrophy rates of the amygdala in both preclinical and MCI  converters compared to controls, with rates of volume loss comparable to rates of thickness loss in the ERC and TEC. Using our recently developed method, referred to as Projective LDDMM, we map measures of neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) from digital pathology to MRI atlases and reconstruct, for the first time, dense 3D spatial distributions of NFT density within regions of the MTL. The distribution of NFTs is consistent with the MR atrophy rates, revealing high densities not only in ERC, but in the amygdala and rostral third of the MTL. The similarity of the location of NFTs and shape changes in a well-defined clinical population suggests that amygdalar atrophy rate, as measured through MRI may be a viable biomarker for AD.

PACS0000, 1111

2000 MSC0000, 1111

HighlightsO_LIAmygdala atrophy rate estimated from MRIs in preclinical Alzheimers disease (AD)
C_LIO_LI3D distributions of neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) reconstructed from 2D histology
C_LIO_LINFTs highest in the rostral medial temporal lobe, including amygdala and ERC
C_LIO_LIAmygdala atrophy rate is comparable to ERC atrophy rate in preclinical AD
C_LIO_LIAmygdala and ERC atrophy rates as potential biomarkers rooted in NFT pathology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceritoglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdalar and ERC Rostral Atrophy and Tau Pathology Reconstruction in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLK4 drives centriole amplification and apical surface area expansion in multiciliated cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated epithelia that assemble multiple motile cilia used to promote fluid flow. To template these cilia, MCCs dramatically expand their centriole content during a process known as centriole amplification. In cycling cells, the master regulator of centriole assembly Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is essential for centriole duplication; however recent work has questioned the role of PLK4 in centriole assembly in MCCs. To address this discrepancy, we created genetically engineered mouse models and demonstrated that both PLK4 protein and kinase activity are critical for centriole amplification in MCCs. Tracheal epithelial cells that fail centriole amplification accumulate large assemblies of centriole proteins and do not undergo apical surface area expansion. These results show that the initial stages of centriole assembly are conserved between cycling cells and MCCs and suggest that centriole amplification and surface area expansion are coordinated events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LoMastro, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drown, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryniak, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLK4 drives centriole amplification and apical surface area expansion in multiciliated cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hallucinating structure-conditioned antibody libraries for target-specific binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are widely developed and used as therapeutics to treat cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. During development, initial leads routinely undergo additional engineering to increase their target affinity. Experimental methods for affinity maturation are expensive, laborious, and time-consuming and rarely allow the efficient exploration of the relevant design space. Deep learning (DL) models are transforming the field of protein engineering and design. While several DL-based protein design methods have shown promise, the antibody design problem is distinct, and specialized models for antibody design are desirable. Inspired by hallucination frameworks that leverage accurate structure prediction DL models, we propose the FvHallucinator for designing antibody sequences, especially the CDR loops, conditioned on an antibody structure. Such a strategy generates targeted CDR libraries that retain the conformation of the binder and thereby the mode of binding to the epitope on the antigen. On a benchmark set of 60 antibodies, FvHallucinator generates sequences resembling natural CDRs and recapitulates perplexity of canonical CDR clusters. Furthermore, the FvHallucinator designs amino acid substitutions at the VH-VL interface that are enriched in human antibody repertoires and therapeutic antibodies. We propose a pipeline that screens FvHallucinator designs to obtain a library enriched in binders for an antigen of interest. We apply this pipeline to the CDR H3 of the Trastuzumab-HER2 complex to generate in silico designs improving upon the binding affinity and interfacial properties of the original antibody. Thus, the FvHallucinator pipeline enables generation of inexpensive, diverse, and targeted antibody libraries enriched in binders for antibody affinity maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hallucinating structure-conditioned antibody libraries for target-specific binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity of transmembrane helix interactions in EphA2 dimers and oligomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lateral interactions can stabilize different EphA2 receptor assemblies in the plasma membrane in response to different ligands. Here we use two fluorescent techniques, Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and Fluorescence Intensity Fluctuations (FIF) spectrometry, to investigate how mutations in the EphA2 transmembrane (TM) helix affect the association between full-length EphA2 molecules in the absence of ligand and in the presence of three ligands: ephrinA1-Fc, m-ephrinA1, and the YSA peptide. The EphA2 mutations we studied have been previously characterized in the context of the isolated EphA2 TM helix. Working with full-length EphA2, we observed modest effects of the mutations on receptor-receptor interaction. Our data do not support the currently accepted model of a switch between two discrete TM helix dimerization motifs corresponding to active or inactive receptor states. Instead, we propose that different dimeric/oligomeric arrangements of the EphA2 extracellular region couple to an ensemble of TM helix dimer interfaces. Plasticity in the arrangements of receptor tyrosine kinase TM helices in active dimers and oligomers may serve to facilitate the cross-phosphorylation of multiple tyrosines in different positions of the intracellular regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimley, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.495010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity of transmembrane helix interactions in EphA2 dimers and oligomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The efficacy of EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation increases with EphA2 oligomer size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) EphA2 is expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells and controls the assembly of cell-cell junctions. EphA2 has also been implicated in many diseases, including cancer. Unlike most RTKs, which signal predominantly as dimers, EphA2 readily forms higher order oligomers upon ligand binding. Here we investigated if a correlation exists between EphA2 signaling properties and the size of the EphA2 oligomers induced by multiple ligands, including the widely used ephrinA1-Fc ligand, the soluble monomeric m-ephrinA1, and novel engineered peptide ligands. We used Fluorescence Intensity Fluctuation (FIF) spectrometry to characterize the EphA2 oligomer populations induced by the different ligands. Interestingly, we found that different monomeric and dimeric ligands induce EphA2 oligomers with widely different size distributions. Comparison of FIF brightness distribution parameters and EphA2 signaling parameters reveals that the efficacy of EphA2 phosphorylation on tyrosine 588, which is indicative of receptor activation, correlates with EphA2 mean oligomer size. However, other characteristics, such as the efficacy of AKT inhibition and ligand bias coefficients, appear to be independent of EphA2 oligomer size. This work highlights the utility of FIF in RTK signaling research and demonstrates a quantitative correlation between the architecture of EphA2 signaling complexes and signaling features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zapata-Mercado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biener, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimley, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raicu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The efficacy of EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation increases with EphA2 oligomer size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging is not well-established, in part due to diversity of quantification methodology. In this study, a large structured cross-sectional cohort of male and female subjects throughout adulthood was recruited to investigate neurometabolic changes as a function of age, using consensus-recommended magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification methods.

Methods102 healthy volunteers, with approximately equal numbers of male and female participants in each decade of age from the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s, were recruited with IRB approval. MR spectroscopic data were acquired on a 3T MRI scanner. Metabolite spectra were acquired using PRESS localization (TE = 30 ms; 96 transients) in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Water-suppressed spectra were modeled using the Osprey algorithm, employing a basis set of 18 simulated metabolite basis functions and a cohort-mean measured macromolecular spectrum. Pearson correlations were conducted to assess relationships between metabolite concentrations and age for each voxel; paired t-tests were run to determine whether metabolite concentrations differed between the PCC and CSO.

ResultsTwo datasets were excluded (1 ethanol; 1 unacceptably large lipid signal). Statistically significant age-by-metabolite correlations were seen for tCr (R2=0.36; p<0.001), tCho (R2=0.11; p<0.001), sI (R2=0.11; p=0.004), and mI (R2=0.10; p<0.001) in the CSO, and tCr (R2=0.15; p<0.001), tCho (R2=0.11; p<0.001), and GABA (R2=0.11; p=0.003) in the PCC. No significant correlations were seen between tNAA, NAA, GSH, Glx or Glu and age in either region (all p>0.25). Levels of sI were significantly higher in the PCC in female subjects (p<0.001) than in male subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between linewidth and age.

ConclusionThe results indicated age correlations for tCho, tCr, sI, and mI in CSO and for tCr, tCho and GABA in PCC, while no age-related changes were found for NAA, tNAA, GSH, Glu or Glx. Our results provide a normative foundation for future work investigating the neurometabolic time course of healthy aging using MRS.

HighlightsO_LIA large structured cross-sectional cohort of neurometabolic aging dataset is presented;
C_LIO_LIAge correlations were observed for tCho, tCr, sI, and mI in CSO and for tCr, tCho and GABA in PCC;
C_LIO_LINo age correlations were found for NAA, tNAA, GSH, Glu or Glx in either region.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtype-specific single β1 integrin mechanics for activation, mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although integrins are known to be mechano-sensitive and to possess many subtypes that have distinct physiological roles, single molecule studies of force exertion have thus far been limited to RGD-binding integrins. Here, we show that integrin 4{beta}1 and RGD-binding integrins (V{beta}1 and 5{beta}1) require markedly different tension thresholds to support cell spreading. Furthermore, actin assembled downstream of 4{beta}1 forms cross-linked networks in circularly spread cells, is in rapid retrograde flow, and exerts low forces from actin polymerization. In contrast, actin assembled downstream of V{beta}1 forms stress fibers linking focal adhesions in elongated cells, is in slow retrograde flow, and matures to exert high forces (>54-pN) via myosin II. Conformational activation of both integrins occurs below 12-pN, suggesting that post-activation subtype-specific cytoskeletal remodeling imposes the higher threshold for spreading on RGD substrates. Multiple layers of single integrin mechanics for activation, mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton remodeling revealed here may underlie subtype-dependence of diverse processes such as somite formation and durotaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaumouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtype-specific single β1 integrin mechanics for activation, mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly accurate isoform identification for the human transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore a new hypothesis in genome annotation, namely whether computationally predicted protein structures can help to identify which of multiple possible gene isoforms represents a functional protein product. Guided by structure predictions, we evaluated over 140,000 isoforms of human protein-coding genes assembled from over 10,000 RNA sequencing experiments across many human tissues. We illustrate our new method with examples where structure provides a guide to function in combination with expression and evolutionary evidence. Additionally, we provide the complete set of structures as a resource to better understand the function of human genes and their isoforms. These results demonstrate the promise of protein structure prediction as a genome annotation tool, allowing us to refine even the most highly-curated catalog of human proteins.

One-Sentence SummaryWe describe the use of 3D protein structures on a genome-wide scale to evaluate human protein isoforms for biological functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly accurate isoform identification for the human transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.494639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the protein disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) impairs cardiac resistance against ischemia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.494639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular targets that contribute to post-myocardial infarction heart failure remains elusive. Here we studied the global transcriptional landscape of human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes under simulated ischemia at the whole genome level in an unbiased manner. Unexpectedly, we identified Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), which has been almost exlusively studied in neurodevelopment/neurosignaling, as a key molecule. Reduced DISC1 levels increase infarct size in mouse hearts, increases cTnT release following surgery in coronary artery bypass grafting patients and decrease the survival of human AC16 cardiomyocytes exposed to ischemic conditions by disrupting cardioprotective pathways. Mechanistically, the loss of DISC1 interaction with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3{beta}) heightens GSK3{beta} activity, promoting cell death. Conversely, increasing DISC1 levels enhances cardioprotective signaling by maintaining the DISC1-GSK3{beta} interaction. Although DISC1 is known to interact with many proteins as an intracellular hub, we have identified that its specific interaction with GSK3{beta} is crucial for cardioprotection. These data also indicate that a key molecule involved in brain health and disease also contributes to cardiac health and disease, supporting the idea that neuropsychiatric conditions are systemic.

SummaryThrough an unbiased screening at the whole genome level, we underscore that DISC1 is a key molecule for cardiomyocyte resilience post-myocardial infarction. DISC1 has been studied almost exclusively in neuroscience, involving in multiple cellular mechanisms. In contrast, we highlight DISC1s interaction with GSK3{beta} as specific mechanism that drives cardioprotection. We also report DISC1s implication in cardiac health following coronary artery bypass grafting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurdeep Marwahra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinho, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slagsvold, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbjorgen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, C. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettersen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoydal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.494639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the protein disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) impairs cardiac resistance against ischemia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Downsampling Expedited Adaptive Least-squares (IDEAL) fitting improves intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo improve the reliability of intravoxel incoherent motion model (IVIM) parameter estimation for the diffusion-weighted imaging in the kidney using a novel Image Downsampling Expedited Adaptive Least-squares (IDEAL) approach.

MethodsThe robustness of IDEAL was investigated using simulated diffusion-weighted MRI data corrupted with different levels of Rician noise. Subsequently, the performance of the proposed method was tested by fitting bi- and triexponential IVIM model to in vivo renal DWI data acquired on a clinical 3 Tesla MRI scanner and compared to conventional approaches (Fixed D* and Segmented fitting).

ResultsThe numerical simulations demonstrated that the IDEAL algorithm provides robust estimates of the IVIM parameters in the presence of noise as indicated by relatively low absolute percentage bias (sMdPB [%]) and normalized root-mean-square error (RMSE [%]). The analysis of the in vivo data showed that the IDEAL-based IVIM parameter maps were less noisy and more visually appealing than those obtained using the Fixed D* and Segmented methods. Further, the use of IDEAL for the triexponential IVIM modelling resulted in reduced cortical and medullary coefficients of variation (CVs) for all IVIM parameters when compared with Fixed D*, reflecting greater accuracy of this method.

ConclusionThe proposed fitting algorithm yields more robust IVIM parameter estimates and is less susceptible to poor SNR than the conventional fitting approaches. Thus, the IDEAL approach has the potential to improve the reliability of renal DW-MRI analysis for clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stabinska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittsack, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Downsampling Expedited Adaptive Least-squares (IDEAL) fitting improves intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine Racemase mediates Subventricular Zone Neurogenesis via Fatty acid Metabolism. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adult subventricular zone is one of the two neurogenic niches that continuously produce newborn neurons. Here we show that serine racemase (SR), an enzyme that catalyzes the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and vice versa, affects neurogenesis in the adult SVZ by controlling de novo fatty acid synthesis. Complete and conditional deletion of SR in nestin precursor cells lead to diminished neurogenesis in the SVZ. Nestin-cre+ mice showed reduced expression of fatty acid synthase and its substrate malonyl CoA, which are involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Global lipidomic analyses revealed significant alterations in lipid subclasses in nestin-cre+ mice. Decrease in fatty acid synthesis was mediated by phospho acetyl CoA carboxylase that was AMPK independent. Both L and D serine treatment rescued defects in SVZ neurogenesis, proliferation and levels of malonyl CoA in vitro. Our work shows that SR affects adult neurogenesis in the SVZ via lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roychaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine Racemase mediates Subventricular Zone Neurogenesis via Fatty acid Metabolism.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotopography modulates intracellular excitable systems through cytoskeleton actuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular sensing of most environmental cues involves receptors that affect a signal-transduction excitable network (STEN), which is coupled to a cytoskeletal excitable network (CEN). We show that the mechanism of sensing of nanoridges is fundamentally different. CEN activity occurs preferentially on nanoridges, whereas STEN activity is constrained between nanoridges. In the absence of STEN, waves disappear, but long-lasting F-actin puncta persist along the ridges. When CEN is suppressed, wave propagation is no longer constrained by nanoridges. A computational model reproduces these experimental observations. Our findings indicate that nanotopography is sensed directly by CEN, whereas STEN is only indirectly affected due to a CEN-STEN feedback loop. These results explain why texture sensing is robust, and acts cooperatively with multiple other guidance cues in complex microenvironments.

One-Sentence SummaryCells sense nanotopography directly through their cytoskeletal dynamics, in a reversal of traditional signaling pathway hierarchies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourwitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourkas, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotopography modulates intracellular excitable systems through cytoskeleton actuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inclusion of a GaAs detector model in the Photon Counting Toolkit software for the study of breast imaging systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an upgraded version of the Photon Counting Toolkit (PcTK), a publicly available MATLAB tool for the simulation of semiconductor-based photon counting detectors (PCD), which has been extended and validated to account for gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based PCD(s). The modified PcTK version was validated by performing simulations and acquiring experimental data for three different cases. The LAMBDA 60 K module planar detector (X-Spectrum GmbH, Germany) based on the Medipix3 ASIC technology was used in all cases. This detector has a 500-{micro}m thick GaAs sensor and a 256 x 256-pixel array 55 {micro}m pixel size. The first validation was a comparison between simulated and measured spectra from a 109Cd radionuclide source. In the second validation study, experiments and simulations of mammography spectra were conducted to observe the performance of the GaAs version of the PcTK with polychromatic radiation used in conventional x-ray imaging systems. The third validation study used single event analysis to validate the spatio-energetic model of the extended PcTK version. Overall, the software provided a good agreement between simulated and experimental data, validating the accuracy of the GaAs model. The software could be an attractive tool for accurate simulation of breast imaging modalities relying on photon counting detectors and therefore could assist in their characterization and optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghammraoui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inclusion of a GaAs detector model in the Photon Counting Toolkit software for the study of breast imaging systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compensatory endocytosis keeps the surface area of secretory cells constant following exocytosis. At chemical synapses, clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis maintains such homeostasis. This endocytic pathway is temporally and spatially coupled to exocytosis, initiating within 50 ms at the region immediately next to where vesicles fuse: the active zone. How synaptic vesicle exocytosis induces ultrafast endocytosis is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that actin filaments are enriched in the region surrounding active zone at mouse hippocampal synapses and that the membrane area conservation due to this actin corral is necessary for exo-endocytic coupling. Simulations suggest that flattening of fused vesicles exerts lateral membrane pressure in the plasma membrane against the actin corral, resulting in rapid formation of endocytic pits at the border between the active zone and the surrounding actin-enriched region. Consistent with our simulations, ultrafast endocytosis does not initiate when actin organization is disrupted, either pharmacologically or by ablation of the actin-binding protein Epsin1. These data suggest that endocytosis is mechanically coupled to exocytosis at synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunmowo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop control and recalibration of place cells by optic flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the interplay between sensory input, endogenous neural dynamics, and behavioral output is key toward understanding the principles of neural computation. Hippocampal place cells are an ideal system to investigate this closed-loop interaction, as they are influenced by both self-motion (idiothetic) signals and by external sensory landmarks as an animal navigates its environment1-9. To continuously update a position signal on an internal "cognitive map", the hippocampal system integrates self-motion signals over time10,11. In the absence of stable, external landmarks, however, these spatial correlates of neuronal activity can quickly accumulate error and cause the internal representation of position or direction to drift relative to the external environment1,5. We have previously demonstrated that, in addition to their known roles in preventing and/or correcting path-integration error, external landmarks can be used as a putative teaching signal to recalibrate the gain of the path integration system6. However, it remains unclear whether idiothetic cues, such as optic flow, exert sufficient influence on the cognitive map to enable recalibration of path integration, or if instead an unambiguous allocentric frame of reference, anchored by polarizing landmark information, is essential for path integration recalibration. Here, we use principles of control theory12,13 to demonstrate systematic control of place fields by pure optic flow information in freely moving animals by using a neurally closed-loop virtual reality system that adjusts optic flow speed as a function of real-time decoding of the hippocampal spatial map. Using this "cognitive clamp", we show that we can not only bring the updating of the map under control of the optic flow cues but we can also elicit recalibration of path integration. This finding demonstrates that the brain continuously rebalances the influence of conflicting idiothetic cues to fine-tune the neural dynamics of path integration, and that this recalibration process does not require a top-down, unambiguous position signal from landmarks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop control and recalibration of place cells by optic flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with latent infection or sterilizing protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) affects 2 billion people worldwide and causes 1.5 million deaths every year. There is great need for new TB vaccines that are more efficacious than the currently licensed BCG vaccine, which provides only limited protection. Our goal was to identify potential targets for new TB vaccines by characterizing the immune responses that distinguish individuals with sterilizing protection against TB (TB-resisters), defined by presence of TB-specific immune responses and absence of latent infection, from individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI-participants).

Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 13 TB-resisters and 10 LTBI-participants were analyzed by high dimensional spectral flow cytometry after overnight M. tuberculosis (Mtb) antigenic stimulation or unstimulated control. Activation of conventional and nonconventional T cells, NK cells, and antigen presenting cells (APC) was compared between the two groups. Compared with LTBI-participants, TB-resisters had significantly higher proportions of conventional and nonconventional T cells expressing granzyme B (GranzB) and PD-1, and of polyfunctional cells in unstimulated and Mtb-stimulated conditions. Conversely LTBI-participants had higher expression of CD25, CD69, CD107a, IL10 and IFN{gamma}. An unbiased cluster analysis revealed higher frequency of recently described CD8+GMM+GranzB+ T cells in unstimulated PBMC from TB-resisters than LTBI-participants. APC activation revealed very few differences between TB-resisters and LTBI-participants. An exploratory analysis of responses in 14 BCG-recipients with minimal exposure to TB showed multiple differences with TB-resisters and LTBI-participants in PBMC activation; lower polyfunctionality of T cells and APC in Mtb-stimulated PBMC; and absence of CD8+GMM+GranzB+ T cells.

We conclude that combined increased T cell expression of GranzB and checkpoint inhibitors may contribute to immune protection against TB and may be targeted by new vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalbert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mave, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valvi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokhande, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with latent infection or sterilizing protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level genome and the identification of sex chromosomes in Uloborus diversus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orb-web is a remarkable example of animal architecture that is observed in families of spiders that diverged over 200 million years ago. While several genomes exist for Araneid orb-weavers, none exist for other orb-weaving families, hampering efforts to investigate the genetic basis of this complex behavior. Here we present a chromosome-level genome assembly for the cribellate orb-weaving spider Uloborus diversus. The assembly reinforces evidence of an ancient arachnid genome duplication and identifies complete open reading frames for every class of spidroin gene, which encode the proteins that are the key structural components of spider silks. We identified the two X chromosomes for U. diversus and identify candidate sex-determining genes. This chromosome-level assembly will be a valuable resource for evolutionary research into the origins of orb-weaving, spidroin evolution, chromosomal rearrangement, and chromosomal sex-determination in spiders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level genome and the identification of sex chromosomes in Uloborus diversus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early selection of the amino acid alphabet was adaptively shaped by biophysical constraints of foldability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas modern proteins rely on a quasi-universal repertoire of 20 canonical amino acids (AAs), numerous lines of evidence suggest that ancient proteins relied on a limited alphabet of 10  early AAs, and that the 10  late AAs were products of biosynthetic pathways. However, many non-proteinogenic AAs were also prebiotically available, which begs two fundamental questions: Why do we have the current modern amino acid alphabet, and Would proteins be able to fold into globular structures as well if different amino acids comprised the genetic code? Here, we experimentally evaluated the solubility and secondary structure propensities of several prebiotically relevant amino acids in the context of synthetic combinatorial 25-mer peptide libraries. The most prebiotically abundant linear aliphatic and basic residues were incorporated along with or in place of other early amino acids to explore these alternative sequence spaces. We show that foldability was a critical factor in the selection of the canonical alphabet. Unbranched aliphatic and short-chain basic amino acids were purged from the proteinogenic alphabet despite their high prebiotic abundance because they generate polypeptides that are over-solubilized and have low packing efficiency. Surprisingly, we find that the inclusion of a short-chain basic amino acid also decreases polypeptides secondary structure potential. Our results support the view that despite lacking basic residues, the early canonical alphabet was remarkably adaptive at supporting protein folding and explain why basic residues were only incorporated at a later stage of the alphabet evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystufek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherepashuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzmitruk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charnavets, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujishima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlouchova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early selection of the amino acid alphabet was adaptively shaped by biophysical constraints of foldability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Storage Condition and Duration on Function of Native and Cargo-Loaded Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As evidenced by ongoing clinical trials and increased activity in the commercial sector, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have begun the transition from bench to bedside. As this progression continues, one critical aspect to EV clinical translation is understanding the effects of storage and transport conditions. Several studies have assessed the impact of storage on EV characteristics such as morphology, uptake, and component content, but effects of storage duration and temperature on EV functional bioactivity and, especially, loaded cargo are scarcely reported. Here, EV outcomes following storage at different temperatures (room temperature, 4{degrees}C, -20{degrees}C, -80{degrees}C) for various durations as well as after lyophilization were assessed. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) EVs were observed to retain key aspects of their bioactivity (pro-vascularization, anti-inflammation) for up to 4-6 weeks at -20{degrees}C, -80{degrees}C, and after lyophilization. Furthermore, via in vitro assays and an in vivo wound healing model respectively, these same storage conditions were also demonstrated to enable preservation of the functionality of loaded microRNA (miRNA) as well as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) cargo in MSC EVs. These findings extend the current understanding of how EV therapeutic potential is impacted by storage conditions and may inform best practices for handling and storage of MSC EVs for both basic research and translational purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourmohammadi Abadchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting Wei Hsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Storage Condition and Duration on Function of Native and Cargo-Loaded Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JASPER: a fast genome polishing tool that improves accuracy and creates population-specific reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing technologies have dramatically improved the contiguity and completeness of genome assemblies. Using the latest nanopore-based sequencers, we can generate enough data for the assembly of a human genome from a single flow cell. With the long-read data from these sequences, we can now routinely produce de novo genome assemblies in which half or more of a genome is contained in megabase-scale contigs. Assemblies produced from nanopore data alone, though, have relatively high error rates and can benefit from a process called polishing, in which more-accurate reads are used to correct errors in the consensus sequence. In this manuscript, we present a novel tool for genome polishing called JASPER (Jellyfish-based Assembly Sequence Polisher for Error Reduction). In contrast to other polishing methods, JASPER gains efficiency by avoiding the alignment of reads to the assembly. Instead, JASPER uses a database of k-mer counts that it creates from the reads to detect and correct errors in the consensus. In addition to its use for polishing genomes, JASPER can also create population-specific genomes using an existing reference genome along with sequencing reads from multiple individuals from the population of interest. In this mode, JASPER alters the reference genome so that it contains variants that are common in the target population. In our experiments, we show that after creating a Japanese-specific reference genome, we observed a 27% reduction in homozygous variant calls using whole-genome sequencing reads from an individual from Tokyo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JASPER: a fast genome polishing tool that improves accuracy and creates population-specific reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.492526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily administration of low-dose daunorubicin or doxorubicin inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and tumor vascularization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.492526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)-dependent luciferase reporter in Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, we screened over 3,000 drugs that have been used in clinical trials and identified multiple anthracyclines as inhibitors of HIF-1 activity. Anthracyclines interfered with the ability of HIF-1 to bind to DNA. Daily injection of tumor-bearing mice with anthracyclines at low dose inhibited expression of the luciferase reporter and HIF-1 target genes that encode vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA; ligand of VEGFR2), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1; ligand of CXCR4), and stem cell factor (SCF; ligand of CD117) in tumor tissue. Increased numbers of circulating CXCR4+/Sca1+, VEGFR2+/CD34+, and VEGFR2+/CD117+ cells were demonstrated in immunodeficient mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts but not in tumor-bearing mice treated with anthracyclines, which also significantly inhibited angiogenesis in tumor tissue. Our findings indicate that HIF-1 inhibition underlies the anti-angiogenic effect associated with daunorubicin or doxorubicin metronomic therapy and suggest that these drugs may be particularly effective in patients with high levels of HIF-1 in their diagnostic tumor biopsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.492526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily administration of low-dose daunorubicin or doxorubicin inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and tumor vascularization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.495952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights for disease modeling from single cell transcriptomics of iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes across differentiation time and co-culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.495952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trans-differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into neurons via Ngn2-induction (hiPSC-N) has become an efficient system to quickly generate neurons for disease modeling and in vitro assay development, a significant advance from previously used neoplastic and other cell lines. Recent single-cell interrogation of Ngn2-induced neurons however, has revealed some similarities to unexpected neuronal lineages. Similarly, a straightforward method to generate hiPSC derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders has also been described. Here we examine the homogeneity and similarity of hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A to their in vivo counterparts, the impact of different lengths of time post Ngn2 induction on hiPSC-N (15 or 21 days) and of hiPSC-N / hiPSC-A co-culture. Leveraging the wealth of existing public single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data in Ngn2-induced neurons and in vivo data from the developing brain, we provide perspectives on the lineage origins and maturation of hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A. While induction protocols in different labs produce consistent cell type profiles, both hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A show significant heterogeneity and similarity to multiple in vivo cell fates, and both more precisely approximate their in vivo counterparts when co-cultured. Gene expression data from the hiPSC-N show enrichment of genes linked to schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as has been previously shown for neural stem cells and neurons. These overrepresentations of disease genes are strongest in our system at early times (day 15) in Ngn2-induction/maturation of neurons, when we also observe the greatest similarity to early in vivo excitatory neurons. We have assembled this new scRNA-seq data along with the public data explored here as an integrated biologist-friendly web-resource for researchers seeking to understand this system more deeply: nemoanalytics.org/p?l=DasEtAlNGN2&g=PRPH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahbeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.495952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights for disease modeling from single cell transcriptomics of iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes across differentiation time and co-culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dermal nerve growth factor is increased in prurigo nodularis compared to atopic dermatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperkeratotic nodules on the trunk and extremities. While there is growing research on the immunological basis of PN, the neuropathic and structural components of PN lesions are unknown.

ObjectiveTo determine the inflammatory, neuropathic, and structural pathways in PN compared to atopic dermatitis (AD).

MethodsLesional and non-lesional skin biopsies were collected from 13 PN and 6 AD patients. mRNA and protein expression in biopsies was determined using RNA-Sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the DESeq2 R package and pathway level enrichment was determined using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. IHC expression was quantified with QuPath followed by statistical comparison with the Students t-test and Mann-Whitney U.

ResultsCompared to lesional AD, lesional PN had greater mRNA expression of MMPs, OSM, NGF, IL1{beta}, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL8, and insulin-like growth factors, and lower expression of CCL13, CCL26, EPHB1, and collagens. Compared to non-lesional AD, non-lesional PN showed upregulation of keratin-family genes. GSEA revealed that lesional PN had greater keratinization, cornified envelope, myelin sheath, TGF-beta signaling, extracellular matrix disassembly, metalloendopeptidase activity, and neutrotrophin-TRK receptor signaling, while non-lesional PN had higher keratin filament, extracellular structure organization, extracellular matrix disassembly, and angiogenesis. IHC showed increased dermal nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in lesional PN compared to lesional AD (p=0.038), and greater epidermal NGF compared to dermal NGF in non-lesional PN (p=0.014).

LimitationsSingle, tertiary care center.

ConclusionsPN demonstrated increased neurotrophic and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling signatures compared to AD, possibly explaining the morphological differences in their lesions. These signatures may therefore be important components of the PN pathogenesis and may serve as therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordeaux, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutaria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladipo, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphonse, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dermal nerve growth factor is increased in prurigo nodularis compared to atopic dermatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanotransductive feedback control of endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular morphogenesis requires persistent endothelial cell motility that is responsive to diverse and dynamic mechanical stimuli. Here, we interrogated the mechanotransductive feedback dynamics that govern endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis. We show that the transcriptional regulators, YAP and TAZ, are activated by mechanical cues to transcriptionally limit cytoskeletal and focal adhesion maturation, forming a conserved mechanotransductive feedback loop that mediates human endothelial cell motility in vitro and zebrafish intersegmental vessel (ISV) morphogenesis in vivo. This feedback loop closes in 4 hours, achieving cytoskeletal equilibrium in 8 hours. Feedback loop inhibition arrested endothelial cell migration in vitro and ISV morphogenesis in vivo. Inhibitor washout at 3 hrs, prior to feedback loop closure, restored vessel growth, but washout at 8 hours, longer than the feedback timescale, did not, establishing lower and upper bounds for feedback kinetics in vivo. Mechanistically, YAP and TAZ induced transcriptional suppression of RhoA signaling to maintain dynamic cytoskeletal equilibria. Together, these data establish the mechanoresponsive dynamics of a transcriptional feedback loop necessary for persistent endothelial cell migration and vascular morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeckel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerckel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanotransductive feedback control of endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific age-related changes in excitatory and inhibitory intra-cortical circuits in mouse primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common impairment in aging is age-related hearing loss (presbycusis), which manifests as impaired spectrotemporal processing. Aging is accompanied by alteration in normal inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission and changes in excitatory (NMDA and AMPA) synapses in the auditory cortex (ACtx). However, the circuit mechanisms responsible for age-related auditory dysfunction remain unknown. Here we investigated how auditory cortical microcircuits change with age. We performed laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) combined with whole-cell patch clamp recordings from Layer (L) 2/3 cells in primary auditory cortex (A1) in young adult (postnatal day (P) 47-P72) and aged (P543 to P626) male and female CBA/CaJ mice. We found that L2/3 cells in aged male animals display functional hypoconnectivity of both excitatory and inhibitory circuits originating from L4. Compared to cells from young adult mice, cells from aged male mice have fewer inhibitory connections from L4 while female mice show weaker connection strength. These results suggest a sex-specific reduction in excitatory and inhibitory intralaminar cortical circuits in aged mice compared with young adult animals. We speculate that these unbalanced changes in cortical circuits contribute to the functional manifestations of age-related hearing loss in both males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific age-related changes in excitatory and inhibitory intra-cortical circuits in mouse primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential CanonicalType 6 (TRPC6) by O-GlcNAcylation at Threonine-221 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient receptor potential canonical type 6 (TRPC6) is a non-voltage gated cation channel that principally conducts calcium to regulate signaling in cardiac, vascular, neuronal and other cells. Abnormally increased TRPC6 expression/conductance and genetic gain of function mutations contribute to fibrosis, hypertrophy, proteinuria, and edema, notably linked to its stimulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Hyperglycemia (HG) also activates TRPC6/NFAT as a cause of diabetic renal disease. While prior work linked HG-TRPC6 activation to oxidant stress, the role of another major HG modification - O-GlcNAcylation, is unknown. Here we show TRPC6 is constitutively O-GlcNAcylated, TRPC6 and O-GlcNAc transferase proteins interact, this modification potently suppresses basal channel conductance and NFAT activity, and it is unaltered by HG. Proteomics identifies O-GlcNAcylation at Ser14, Thr70, and Thr221 in the N-terminus ankyrin-4 (AR4) and neighboring linker (LH1) domains of TRPC6. Of these, T221 is most impactful as a T221A mutation increases basal NFAT activity 11-fold, TRPC6 conductance 75-80% vs wild-type, and when expressed in cardiomyocytes amplifies NFAT-pro-hypertrophic gene expression. T221 is highly conserved and mutating homologs in TRPC3 and TRPC7 also markedly elevates basal NFAT activity. Molecular models predict electrostatic interactions between T221 O-GlcNAc and Ser199, Glu200, and Glu246, and we find similarly elevated NFAT activity from alanine substitutions at these coordinating sites as well. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation at T221 and its interaction with coordinating residues in AR4-LH1 is required for basal TRPC6 channel conductance and regulation of NFAT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential CanonicalType 6 (TRPC6) by O-GlcNAcylation at Threonine-221]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.494717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pumping the brakes on RNA velocity -- understanding and interpreting RNA velocity estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.494717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA velocity analysis of single cells promises to predict temporal dynamics from gene expression. Indeed, in many systems, it has been observed that RNA velocity produces a vector field that qualitatively reflects known features of the system. Despite this observation, the limitations of RNA velocity estimates are poorly understood. Using real data and simulations, we dissect the impact of different steps in the RNA velocity workflow on the estimated vector field. We find that the process of mapping RNA velocity estimates into a low-dimensional representation, such as those produced by UMAP, has a large impact on the result. The RNA velocity vector field strongly depends on the k-NN graph of the data. This dependence leads to significant estimator errors when the k-NN graph is not a faithful representation of the true data structure, a feature that cannot be known for most real datasets. Finally, we establish that RNA velocity estimates expression speed neither at the gene nor cellular level. We propose that RNA velocity is best considered a smoothed interpolation of the observed k-NN structure, as opposed to an extrapolation of future cellular states, and that the use of RNA velocity as a validation of latent space embedding structures is circular.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.494717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pumping the brakes on RNA velocity -- understanding and interpreting RNA velocity estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Location-Specific Facilitation in Marmoset Auditory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural responses to sensory stimuli are markedly influenced by the context in which a stimulus is preceded or embedded. Cortical and subcortical neurons typically exhibit adaptation to repetitive auditory, visual, somatosensory, and olfactory stimulation. Here, we investigated single neuron responses to sequences of sounds either repeatedly delivered from a single spatial location or randomly delivered from multiple spatial locations in the auditory cortex of awake marmosets. Instead of inducing adaptation, repetitive stimulation from a target speaker evoked long-lasting, location-specific facilitation (LSF) in many neurons, irrespective of the visibility of the target speaker. The extent of LSF decreased with decreasing presentation probability of the target speaker. Intracellular recordings showed that repetitive sound stimulation evoked sustained membrane potential depolarization which gave rise to firing rate facilitation. Computational models suggest two distinct neural mechanisms underlying LSF. Our findings revealed a novel form of contextual modulation in the auditory cortex that may play a role in auditory streaming and predictive coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Location-Specific Facilitation in Marmoset Auditory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ztf-16 is a novel heterochronic modulator that opposes adult cell fate in dauer and continuous life histories in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal development is a complex yet robust process that can withstand lengthy and variable interruptions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, adverse conditions can trigger entry into dauer, a stress-resistant, developmentally arrested diapause stage that occurs midway through larval development. Favorable conditions promote recovery from dauer, and post-dauer larvae develop normally. During larval development, epidermal seam cells are multipotent and divide at each stage. At adulthood, seam cells differentiate and express the adult-specific COL-19 collagen. The progression of cell fates is controlled by a network of genes called the heterochronic pathway, including the LIN-29 transcription factor that directly activates col-19 expression, and the let-7 microRNA that indirectly promotes lin-29 expression. Notably, most known heterochronic genes that oppose adult cell fate act only during continuous development; these genes are dispensable after dauer. We performed a genetic screen for heterochronic genes that act after dauer and identified ztf-16, encoding a zinc finger transcription factor in the hunchback/Ikaros-like family. We found that ztf-16 is required to prevent precocious expression of the adult cell fate marker col-19p::gfp equally during both life histories, making ztf-16(-) the first precocious heterochronic mutant to be unaffected by dauer. Our data indicate that ztf-16 regulates col-19p::gfp via a novel, lin-29-independent mechanism. Endogenous ztf-16b::gfp expression is regulated by let-7 and ztf-16 acts genetically downstream of let-7, but lin-29 is not required for col-19p::gfp expression in ztf-16 mutant larvae or adults. Finally, mRNA-seq experiments identified genes whose expression is regulated by ztf-16 in each life history. Taken together, this work illuminates a novel aspect of the heterochronic pathway relevant to both dauer and non-dauer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daul, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoye, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzade, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flibotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougvie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinovyeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ztf-16 is a novel heterochronic modulator that opposes adult cell fate in dauer and continuous life histories in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 depends in part upon the evolutionary dynamics within individual hosts with varying immune histories. To characterize the within-host evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, we deep sequenced saliva and nasal samples collected daily from immune and unvaccinated individuals early during infection. We show that longitudinal sampling facilitates high-confidence genetic variant detection and reveals evolutionary dynamics missed by less-frequent sampling strategies. Within-host dynamics in both naive and immune individuals appeared largely stochastic; however, we identified clear mutational hotspots within the viral genome, consistent with selection and differing between naive and immune individuals. In rare cases, minor genetic variants emerged to frequencies sufficient for forward transmission. Finally, we detected significant genetic compartmentalization of virus between saliva and nasal swab sample sites in many individuals. Altogether, these data provide a high-resolution profile of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farjo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manabe, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MrgprA3-expressing pruriceptors drive pruritogen-induced alloknesis through mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although touch and itch are coded by distinct neuronal populations, light touch also provokes itch in the presence of exogenous pruritogens, resulting in a phenomenon called alloknesis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of pruritogen-induced mechanical itch sensitization are poorly understood. Here we show that intradermal injections of histamine or chloroquine (CQ) provoke alloknesis through activation of TRPV1- and MrgprA3- expressing prurioceptors, and functional ablation of these neurons reverses pruritogen-induced alloknesis. Moreover, genetic ablation of mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel function from MrgprA3-expressing prurioceptors also dampens pruritogen-induced alloknesis. Mechanistically, histamine and CQ sensitize Piezo2 channel function through activation of the PLC-PKC{delta} signaling. Collectively, our data uncovered a TRPV1+/MrgprA3+ prurioceptor-Piezo2 signaling axis in the initiation of pruritogen-induced mechanical itch sensitization in the skin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MrgprA3-expressing pruriceptors drive pruritogen-induced alloknesis through mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression Microdissection for use in qPCR based analysis of miRNA in a single cell type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-specific microRNA (miRNA) expression estimates are important in characterizing the localization of miRNA signaling within tissues. Much of this data is obtained from cultured cells, a process known to significantly alter miRNA expression levels. Thus, our knowledge of in vivo cell miRNA expression estimates is poor. We previously demonstrated expression microdissection-miRNA-sequencing (xMD-miRNA-seq) as a means to acquire in vivo estimates, directly from formalin fixed tissues, albeit with limited yield. Here we optimized each step of the xMD process including tissue retrieval, tissue transfer, film preparation, and RNA isolation to increase RNA yields and ultimately show strong enrichment for in vivo miRNA expression by qPCR array. These method improvements, including the development of a non-crosslinked ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) membrane, resulted in a 23-45 fold increase in miRNA yield, depending on cell type. By qPCR, miR-200a was increased 14-fold in xMD-derived small intestine epithelial cells, with a concurrent 336-fold reduction in miR-143, relative to the matched non-dissected duodenal tissue. xMD is now an optimized method to obtain robust in vivo miRNA expression estimates from cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenike, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunkelman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perzel Mandell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafailovich, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression Microdissection for use in qPCR based analysis of miRNA in a single cell type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enrichment of breast cancer stem cells following cytotoxic chemotherapy is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancers (BCs) that do not express the estrogen or progesterone receptor or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are known as triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Women with TNBC receive non-targeted chemotherapy with a durable response rate of less than 20%. BC stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subpopulation of BC cells that are characterized by the capacity for infinite self-renewal; are the only BC cells capable of forming a secondary (recurrent or metastatic) BC; and must be eliminated in order to eradicate BC. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) activate hundreds of genes in TNBCs and HIF-1 expression in the diagnostic tumor biopsy is associated with patient mortality. In this paper, we report that treatment of TNBC cells with cytotoxic chemotherapy increased HIF-1 and HIF-2 protein levels and HIF target gene expression. Chemotherapy also increased the percentage of BCSCs through pathways involving interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and multidrug resistance 1. HIF inhibitors blocked increased BCSC specification in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy and combination therapy led to tumor eradication. Increased HIF target gene expression in BC biopsies was correlated with increased mortality, especially in those patients treated with chemotherapy alone. Our results suggest that HIF-dependent BCSC enrichment provides a molecular and cellular basis for the high incidence of relapse in women with TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samanta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enrichment of breast cancer stem cells following cytotoxic chemotherapy is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient midbrain inhibitory neurons control selective spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To behave adaptively in complex environments, animals must selectively process the most important information in space while ignoring distractors. Contrary to the dominant cortico-centric view, we report that an evolutionarily old group of inhibitory neurons in the brainstem, called PLTi, is critical for this function of selective spatial attention. In freely behaving mice performing a human-like spatial attention task, we found that bilateral silencing of PLTi severely disrupted target selection without causing perceptual or motor impairments. PLTis effects depended necessarily on goal-relevant, rather than just physical salience-based signals, together revealing it as a dedicated brain site for priority-driven attentional target selection. PLTis core computational function is its explicit implementation of the abstract cognitive decision boundary separating target from distracters: it controlled the accuracy and categorical precision of this decision boundary, doing so by shaping neural representations of competing stimuli in the superior colliculus, a major sensorimotor hub. PLTi may, therefore, be a conserved brainstem engine across vertebrates for winner-take-all-like spatial decisions in goal-driven behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kothari, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient midbrain inhibitory neurons control selective spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Action inhibition revisited: Stopping is not faster than going 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much work has examined the process of canceling or inhibiting an impending action. However, the converse process of initiating a movement has, comparatively, been much less studied. Action initiation and action inhibition are generally considered to be independent and qualitatively distinct processes, while the exact relationship between these processes remains unclear. One respect in which action initiation and action inhibition are often thought to differ is in their speed; action inhibition is typically considered to be faster than action initiation, which allows for impending actions to be inhibited before they are initiated. This apparent contrast is, however, largely observed in tasks in which there is much greater urgency to inhibit an action that there is to initiate an action. This asymmetry in the urgency between action initiation and action inhibition, as well as other asymmetries in how action initiation and inhibition are cued, make it impossible to compare their relative time courses. Here, we demonstrate that, when action initiation and action inhibition are measured under conditions that are matched as closely as possible, their speed is the same. In light of this, we suggest that action initiation and action inhibition may not necessarily be qualitatively distinct processes, but may instead reflect two opposing states of a single process supporting a decision about whether to act or not. This perspective carries significant implications for computational models and presumed neural mechanisms of action control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.497798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Action inhibition revisited: Stopping is not faster than going]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental spontaneous activity promotes sensory domains, frequency tuning and proper gain in central auditory circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons that process sensory information exhibit bursts of electrical activity during development, providing early training to circuits that will later encode similar features of the external world. In the mammalian auditory system, this intrinsically generated activity emerges from the cochlea prior to hearing onset, but its role in maturation of auditory circuitry remains poorly understood. We show that selective disruption of cochlear supporting cell spontaneous activity suppressed patterned burst firing of central auditory neurons without impacting cell survival or acoustic thresholds. However, neurons within the inferior colliculus of these mice exhibited enhanced acoustic sensitivity and broader frequency tuning, resulting in wider isofrequency lamina. Despite this enhanced neural responsiveness, total tone-responsive regions of the midbrain and cortex were substantially smaller. Thus, loss of pre-hearing cochlear activity causes profound changes in neural encoding of sound, with important implications for restoration of hearing in individuals that experience disrupted activity during this critical developmental period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersbergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental spontaneous activity promotes sensory domains, frequency tuning and proper gain in central auditory circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drive arrest of in vitro fertilized human preimplantation embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high incidence of aneuploidy in early human development, arising either from errors in meiosis or postzygotic mitosis, is the primary cause of pregnancy loss, miscarriage, and still birth following natural conception as well as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) has confirmed the prevalence of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies among blastocyst-stage IVF embryos that are candidates for transfer. However, only about half of normally fertilized embryos develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro, while the others arrest at cleavage to late morula or early blastocyst stages. To achieve a more complete view of the impacts of aneuploidy, we applied a validated method of PGT-A to a large series (n = 909) of arrested embryos and trophectoderm biopsies. We then correlated observed aneuploidies with abnormalities of the first two cleavage divisions using time lapse imaging (n = 843). The combined incidence of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies was strongly associated with blastocyst morphological grading, with the proportion ranging from 20% to 90% for the highest to lowest grades, respectively. In contrast, the incidence of aneuploidy among arrested embryos was exceptionally high (94%), dominated by mitotic aneuploidies affecting multiple chromosomes. In turn, these mitotic aneuploidies were strongly associated with abnormal cleavage divisions, such that 51% of abnormally dividing embryos possessed mitotic aneuploidies compared to only 23% of normally dividing embryos. We conclude that the combination of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drives arrest of human embryos in vitro, as development increasingly relies on embryonic gene expression at the blastocyst stage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottolini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handyside, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drive arrest of in vitro fertilized human preimplantation embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the automaticity of visual statistical learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can extract regularities from their environment, enabling them to recognize and predict sequences of events. The process of regularity extraction is called  statistical learning and is generally thought to occur rapidly and automatically; that is, regularities are extracted from repeated stimulus presentations, without intent or awareness, as long as the stimuli are attended. We hypothesized that visual statistical learning is not entirely automatic, even when stimuli are attended, and that the learning depends on the extent to which viewers process the relationships between stimuli. To test this, we measured statistical learning performance across seven conditions in which participants (N=774) viewed image sequences. As task instructions across conditions increasingly required participants to attend to relationships between stimuli, their learning performance increased from chance to robust levels. We conclude that the learning observed in visual statistical learning paradigms is, for the most part, not automatic and requires more than passively attending to stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himberger, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the automaticity of visual statistical learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody repertoire gene usage is explained by common genetic variants in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in the antibody response has been linked to differential outcomes in disease, and suboptimal vaccine and therapeutic responsiveness, the determinants of which have not been fully elucidated. Countering models that presume antibodies are generated largely by stochastic processes, we demonstrate that polymorphisms within the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) significantly impact the naive and antigen-experienced antibody repertoire, indicating that genetics predisposes individuals to mount qualitatively and quantitatively different antibody responses. We pair recently developed long-read genomic sequencing methods with antibody repertoire profiling to comprehensively resolve IGH genetic variation, including novel structural variants, single nucleotide variants, and genes and alleles. We show that IGH germline variants determine the presence and frequency of antibody genes in the expressed repertoire, including those enriched in functional elements linked to V(D)J recombination, and overlapping disease-associated variants. These results illuminate the power of leveraging IGH genetics to better understand the regulation, function and dynamics of the antibody response in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marasco, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody repertoire gene usage is explained by common genetic variants in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of PITPNA in Type 2 diabetic human islets reverses pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in insulin processing and granule maturation are linked to pancreatic beta-cell failure during type 2 diabetes (T2D). Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein alpha (PITPNA) stimulates activity of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-OH kinase to produce sufficient PtdIns-4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P) in the trans-Golgi network to promote insulin granule maturation. PITPNA in beta-cells of T2D human subjects is markedly reduced suggesting its depletion accompanies beta-cell dysfunction. Conditional deletion of Pitpna in the beta-cells of Ins-Cre;Pitpnaflox/flox mice leads to hyperglycemia resulting from decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and reduced pancreatic beta-cell mass. Furthermore, PITPNA silencing in human islets confirmed its role in PtdIns-4-P synthesis and led to impaired insulin granule maturation and docking, GSIS, and proinsulin processing with evidence of ER stress. Restoration of PITPNA in islets of T2D human subjects reversed these beta-cell defects and identify PITPNA as a critical target linked to beta-cell failure in T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arunagiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazenave-Gassiot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Meyenn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumarasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najjar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor-Kaplan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankaitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poy, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of PITPNA in Type 2 diabetic human islets reverses pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohort-mean measured macromolecules lead to more robust linear-combination modeling than subject-specific or parameterized ones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expert consensus recommends linear-combination modeling (LCM) of 1H MR spectra with sequence-specific simulated metabolite basis function and experimentally derived macromolecular (MM) basis functions. Measured MM basis functions have been derived from metabolite-nulled spectra averaged across a small cohort. The use of subject-specific instead of cohort-averaged measured MM basis functions has not been studied. Furthermore, measured MM basis functions are not widely available to non-expert users, who commonly rely on parameterized MM signals internally simulated by LCM software. To investigate the impact of the choice of MM modeling, this study, therefore, compares metabolite level estimates between different MM modeling strategies (cohort-mean measured; subject-specific measured; parameterized) in a lifespan cohort and characterizes its impact on metabolite-age associations.

100 conventional (TE = 30 ms) and metabolite-nulled (TI = 650 ms) PRESS datasets, acquired from the medial parietal lobe in a lifespan cohort (20-70 years of age), were analyzed in Osprey. Short-TE spectra were modeled in Osprey using six different strategies to consider the macromolecular baseline. Fully tissue- and relaxation-corrected metabolite levels were compared between MM strategies. Model performance was evaluated by model residuals, the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the impact on metabolite-age associations.

The choice of MM strategy had a significant impact on the mean metabolite level estimates and no major impact on variance. Correlation analysis revealed moderate-to-strong agreement between different MM strategies (r > 0.6). The lowest relative model residuals and AIC values were found for the cohort-mean measured MM. Metabolite-age associations were consistently found for two major singlet signals (tCr, tCho) for all MM strategies, however, findings for highly J-coupled metabolites it was depended on the MM strategy. A variance partition analysis indicated that up to 44% of the total variance was related to the choice of MM strategy. Additionally, the variance partition analysis reproduced the metabolite-age association for tCr and tCho found in the simpler correlation analysis.

In summary, the inclusion of a single high-SNR MM basis function (cohort-mean) leads to more robust metabolite estimation (lower model residuals and AIC values) compared to MM strategies with more degrees of freedom (Gaussian parametrization) or subject-specific MM information. Integration of multiple LCM analyses into a single statistical model potentially improves the robustness in the detection of underlying effects (e.g. metabolite vs age), reduces algorithm-based bias, and estimates algorithm-related variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohort-mean measured macromolecules lead to more robust linear-combination modeling than subject-specific or parameterized ones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modbamtools: Analysis of single-molecule epigenetic data for long-range profiling, heterogeneity, and clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of long-read sequencing methods provides new opportunities for profiling the epigenome - especially as the methylation signature comes for "free" when native DNA is sequenced on either Oxford Nanopore or Pacific Biosciences instruments. However, we lack tools to visualize and analyze data generated from these new sources. Recent efforts from the GA4GH consortium have standardized methods to encode modification location and probabilities in the BAM format. Leveraging this standard format, we developed a technology-agnostic tool, modbamtools to visualize, manipulate and compare base modification/methylation data in a fast and robust way. modbamtools can produce high quality, interactive, and publication-ready visualizations as well as provide modules for downstream analysis of base modifications. Modbamtools comprehensive manual and tutorial can be found at https://rrazaghi.github.io/modbamtools/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modbamtools: Analysis of single-molecule epigenetic data for long-range profiling, heterogeneity, and clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RNA binding protein, RNP1A, works with Contractility Kit proteins to facilitate macropinocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell shape regulation is important for many biological processes. Some cell shape regulating proteins harbor mechanoresponsive properties that enable them to sense and respond to mechanical cues, allowing for cell adaptation. In Dictyostelium discoideum, mechanoresponsive network proteins include Cortexillin I and IQGAP1, which assemble in the cytoplasm into macromolecular complexes, which we term Contractility Kits. In vivo fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy revealed that Cortexillin I also interacts with an RNA-binding protein, RNP1A. The rnp1A knockdown cells have reduced cell growth rate, reduced adhesion, defective cytokinesis, and a gene expression profile that indicates rnp1A knockdown cells shift away from the vegetative growth state. RNP1A binds to transcripts encoding proteins involved in macropinocytosis. One of these, DlpA, facilitates macropinosome maturation, similar to RNP1A. Loss of different CK proteins leads to macropinocytotic defects characterized by reduced macropinocytotic crown size. RNP1A interacts with IQGAP1 in vivo and has cross-talk with IQGAP1 during macropinocytosis. Overall, RNP1A contributes to macropinocytosis, in part through interacting with transcripts encoding macropinocytotic proteins like dlpA, and does so in coordination with the Contractility Kit proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RNA binding protein, RNP1A, works with Contractility Kit proteins to facilitate macropinocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R, and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning method well suited to high-throughput biology. Still, inferring biological processes requires additional post hoc statistics and annotation for interpretation of features learned from software packages developed for NMF implementation. Here, we aim to introduce a suite of computational tools that implement NMF and provide methods for accurate, clear biological interpretation and analysis. A generalized discussion of NMF covering its benefits, limitations, and open questions in the field is followed by three vignettes for the Bayesian NMF algorithm CoGAPS (Coordinated Gene Activity across Pattern Subsets). Each vignette will demonstrate NMF analysis to quantify cell state transitions in public domain single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of malignant epithelial cells in 25 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors and 11 control samples. The first uses PyCoGAPS, our new Python interface for CoGAPS that we developed to enhance runtime of Bayesian NMF for large datasets. The second vignette steps through the same analysis using our R CoGAPS interface, and the third introduces two new cloud-based, plug-and-play options for running CoGAPS using GenePattern Notebook and Docker. By providing Python support, cloud-based computing options, and relevant example workflows, we facilitate user-friendly interpretation and implementation of NMF for single-cell analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinny-Köster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R, and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of Borrelia Burgdorferi Invasion and Intravasation in a Tissue Engineered Dermal Microvessel Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease prevalent in North America, Europe, and Asia. Dissemination of vector-borne pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), results in infection of distant tissues and is the main contributor to poor outcomes. Despite the accumulated knowledge from epidemiological, in vitro, and in animal studies, the understanding of dissemination remains incomplete with several important knowledge gaps, especially related to invasion and intravasation at the site of a tick bite, which cannot be readily studied in animal models or humans. To elucidate the mechanistic details of these processes we developed a tissue-engineered human dermal microvessel model. Fluorescently-labeled Bb (B31 strain) were injected into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the model to mimic tick inoculation. High resolution, confocal imaging was performed to visualize Bb migration in the ECM and intravasation into circulation. From analysis of migration paths we found no evidence to support adhesin-mediated interactions between Bb and components of the ECM or basement membrane, suggesting that collagen fibers serve as inert obstacles to migration. Transendothelial migration occurred at cell-cell junctions and was relatively fast, consistent with Bb swimming in ECM. In addition, we found that Bb alone can induce endothelium activation, resulting in increased immune cell adhesion but no changes in global or local permeability. Together these results provide new insight into the minimum requirements for dissemination of Bb at the site of a tick bite, and highlight how tissue-engineered models are complementary to animal models in visualizing dynamic processes associated with vector-borne pathogens.

Significance StatementUsing a tissue-engineered human dermal microvessel model we reveal new insight into the invasion and intravasation of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), a causative agent of Lyme disease in North America, following a tick bite. These results show how tissue-engineered models enable imaging of dynamic processes that are challenging in animal models or human subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ademola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linville, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Borrelia Burgdorferi Invasion and Intravasation in a Tissue Engineered Dermal Microvessel Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of gradient scheme and shimming on out-of-voxel echo artifacts in edited MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Out-of-voxel (OOV) signals are common spurious echo artifacts in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). These signals often manifest in the spectrum as very strong  ripples which interfere with spectral quantification by overlapping with targeted metabolite resonances. Dephasing Optimization Through Coherence Order Pathway Selection (DOTCOPS) gradient schemes are algorithmically optimized to suppress all potential alternative coherence transfer pathways (CTPs), and should suppress unwanted OOV echoes. In addition, second-order shimming uses non-linear gradient fields to maximize field homogeneity inside the voxel, which unfortunately increases the diversity of local gradient fields outside of the voxel. Given that strong local spatial B0 gradients can refocus unintended CTPs, it is possible that OOVs are less prevalent when only linear first-order shimming is applied. Here we compare the size of unwanted OOV signals in Hadamard-edited (HERMES) data acquired with either a local gradient scheme (which we refer to here as "Shared") or DOTCOPS, and with first or second-order shimming. We collected data from 15 healthy volunteers in two brain regions (voxel size 30x26x26mm3) from which it is challenging to acquire MRS data: medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and left temporal cortex (LTC). Characteristic OOV echoes were seen in both GABA- and GSH-edited spectra for both brain regions, gradient schemes, and shimming approaches. A linear mixed-effect (LME) model revealed a statistically significant difference in the average residual based on gradient scheme in both GABA-(p < 0.001) and GSH-edited (p < 0.001) spectra; that is, the DOTCOPS gradient scheme resulted in smaller OOV artifacts compared with the Shared scheme. There were no significant differences in OOV artifacts associated with shimming method. Thus, these results suggest that the DOTCOPS gradient scheme for J-difference-edited PRESS acquisitions yields spectra with smaller OOV echo artifacts than the Shared gradient scheme implemented in a widely disseminated editing sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of gradient scheme and shimming on out-of-voxel echo artifacts in edited MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiration and blood pressure (BP) are regulated to maintain optimal delivery of O2 to every cell in the body. Arterial hypoxemia is sensed by the carotid body (CB), which initiates sympathetic reflex arcs to the diaphragm to increase ventilation, and to the adrenal medulla (AM) to increase catecholamine secretion and thereby increase BP. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully delineated. Here, we report that the relative activities of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2 determine the set point for the CB and AM, with respect to their maintenance of BP and respiration. In Hif2a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-2, expression of HIF-1 and NADPH oxidase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in an oxidized intracellular redox state with augmented sensitivity to hypoxia, increased BP, and respiratory abnormalities, which were all normalized by treatment with a HIF-1 inhibitor or a superoxide anion scavenger. By contrast, in Hif1a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-1, the expression of HIF-2 and superoxide dismutase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in a reduced intracellular redox state with impaired CB and ventilatory responses to chronic hypoxia, which were normalized by treatment with a HIF-2 inhibitor. None of the abnormalities that were observed in Hif1a+/- or Hif2a+/- mice were observed in Hif1a+/-; Hif2a+/- double- heterozygous mice. Our results demonstrate that redox balance in the CB and AM, which is determined by mutual antagonism between HIF- isoforms, establishes the set point for responses of the CB and AM to hypoxia, and is required for the maintenance of normal BP and respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-Stimulated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II Modulates Catalytic Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type II topoisomerases modulate chromosome supercoiling, condensation, and catenation by moving one double-stranded DNA segment through a transient break in a second duplex. How DNA strands are chosen and selectively passed to yield appropriate topological outcomes - e.g., decatenation vs. catenation - is poorly understood. Here we show that at physiological enzyme concentrations, eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerases (topo IIs) readily coalesce into condensed bodies. DNA stimulates condensation and fluidizes these assemblies to impart liquid-like behavior. Condensation induces both budding yeast and human topo IIs to switch from DNA unlinking to active DNA catenation, and depends on an unstructured C-terminal region, the loss of which leads to high levels of knotting and reduced catenation. Our findings establish that local protein concentration and phase separation can regulate how topo II creates or dissolves DNA links, behaviors that can account for the varied roles of the enzyme in supporting transcription, replication, and chromosome compaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-Stimulated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II Modulates Catalytic Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling the agency of an erroneous outcome via synchronization of spikes in the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the inferior olive are thought to anatomically organize the Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum into computational modules. To better understand what is computed by these modules, we designed a saccade task in marmosets that dissociated sensory and motor events and then recorded the complex and simple spikes of hundreds of P-cells. We found that when a visual target was presented at a random location, the olive reported the direction of that sensory event to one group of P-cells, but not to a second group. However, just before movement onset it reported the direction of the planned movement to both groups, even if that movement was not toward the target. At the end of the movement if there was an error but the subject chose to withhold the corrective movement, only the first group received information about the sensory prediction error. We organized the P-cells based on the information content of their olivary input and found that in the group that received sensory information, the simple spikes were suppressed during fixation, then produced a burst before saccade onset in a direction consistent with assisting the movement. In the second group the simple spikes were not suppressed during fixation but burst near saccade deceleration in a direction consistent with stopping the movement. Thus, the olive differentiated the P-cells based on whether they would receive sensory or motor information, and this defined their contributions to control of movements as well as holding still.

Significance statementWe found that in the oculomotor region of the vermis, the olive informed a subset of P-cells about sensory events that were prediction errors, but all P-cells about the forthcoming movement. Using the information content of the olivary input we labeled the P-cells and produced a population code, revealing two groups with simple spikes that were antagonistic to each other, one contributing to movement initiation, the other signaling movement end.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling the agency of an erroneous outcome via synchronization of spikes in the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activating and repressing gene expression between chromosomes during stochastic fate specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA elements act across long genomic distances to regulate gene expression in processes including enhancer-promoter interactions and imprinting. During the gene-regulatory phenomenon of transvection in Drosophila, DNA elements on one allele of a gene act between chromosomes to increase or decrease expression of another allele of the gene. Despite the discovery of transvection over 60 years ago, little is known about its biological role. Furthermore, how different cis regulatory DNA elements contribute to the activation or repression of transvection at distinct times during development is unclear. Here, we studied the stochastic expression of spineless (ss) in developing photoreceptors in the fly eye to understand gene activation and repression between chromosomes. We identified a biological role for transvection in regulating expression of naturally occurring ss alleles. We characterized CRISPR-engineered deletions of sequences across the ss locus and identified DNA elements required for activating and repressing transvection. We found that different enhancers participated in transvection at different times during development to promote gene expression and specify cell fates. Bringing a silencer element on a heterologous chromosome into proximity with the ss locus "reconstituted" the gene, leading to repression. Our studies show that transvection regulates gene expression via distinct DNA elements at specific timepoints in development, with implications for genome organization and architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urban, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viets-Layng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activating and repressing gene expression between chromosomes during stochastic fate specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In search of a brain microbiome: A machine learning search pipeline for electron microscopy images of brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The healthy human brain has long been considered a sterile environment, with the blood brain barrier preventing the formation of a bacterial brain microbiome. Recent electron microscopy (EM) imaging of brain tissue has, however, provided the first preliminary evidence of bacteria in otherwise healthy brain slices. Whether due to contamination, disease, or a previously unknown relationship of bacteria to healthy brain tissue, novel tools are needed to detect and search for bacteria in nanoscale, volumetric EM images. While computer vision tools are widely used in cell segmentation and object detection problems in EM imaging, no bacteria detection tool or dataset exists. Overcoming the rarity of training data, this work presents the first pipeline for training a bacteria detection network for EM images, leveraging existing deep networks for object detection. A deployment and proofreading pipeline is presented, along with characterization of deployment to public EM image datasets. While bacteria in healthy brain tissue were not discovered in this work, this tool presents an opportunity for large scale bacteria search in EM imaging for both scientific discovery and experimental quality control, and serves more generally as a framework for sparse object detection in large imagery datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hijazi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In search of a brain microbiome: A machine learning search pipeline for electron microscopy images of brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-performing neural network models of visual cortex benefit from high latent dimensionality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geometric descriptions of deep neural networks (DNNs) have the potential to uncover core representational principles of computational models in neuroscience. Here we examined the geometry of DNN models of visual cortex by quantifying the latent dimensionality of their natural image representations. A popular view holds that optimal DNNs compress their representations onto low-dimensional subspaces to achieve invariance and robustness, which suggests that better models of visual cortex should have lower dimensional geometries. Surprisingly, we found a strong trend in the opposite direction--neural networks with high-dimensional image subspaces tended to have better generalization performance when predicting cortical responses to held-out stimuli in both monkey electrophysiology and human fMRI data. Moreover, we found that high dimensionality was associated with better performance when learning new categories of stimuli, suggesting that higher dimensional representations are better suited to generalize beyond their training domains. These findings suggest a general principle whereby high-dimensional geometry confers computational benefits to DNN models of visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elmoznino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-performing neural network models of visual cortex benefit from high latent dimensionality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory Signaling and Fibroblast-Cancer Cell Interactions Transfer from a Harmonized Human Single-cell RNA Sequencing Atlas of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Organoid Co-Culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) that is enriched with cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs)1. Cell-cell interactions involving these CAFs promote an immunosuppressive phenotype with altered inflammatory gene expression. While single-cell transcriptomics provides a tool to dissect the complex intercellular pathways that regulate cancer-associated inflammation in human tumors, complementary experimental systems for mechanistic validation remain limited. This study integrated single-cell data from human tumors and novel organoid co-cultures to study the PDAC TME. We derived a comprehensive atlas of PDAC gene expression from six published human single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets2-7 to characterize intercellular signaling pathways between epithelial tumor cells and CAFs that regulate the inflammatory TME. Analysis of the epithelial cell compartment identified global gene expression pathways that modulate inflammatory signaling and are correlated with CAF composition. We then generated patient-derived organoid-CAF co-cultures to serve as a biological model of the cellular interactions learned from human tissue in the atlas. Transfer learning analysis to additional scRNA-seq data of this co-culture system and mechanistic experiments confirmed the epithelial response to fibroblast signaling. This bidirectional approach of complementary computational and in vitro applications provides a framework for future studies identifying important mechanisms of intercellular interactions in PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinny-Koster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandurella, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucsek, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppala, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlomke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseef, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory Signaling and Fibroblast-Cancer Cell Interactions Transfer from a Harmonized Human Single-cell RNA Sequencing Atlas of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Organoid Co-Culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium ions serve as key intracellular signals. Local, transient increases in calcium concentrations can activate calcium sensor proteins that in turn trigger downstream effectors. In neurons, calcium transients play a central role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. However, it is challenging to capture the molecular events associated with these localized and ephemeral calcium signals. Here we present an engineered biotin ligase that combines the power of genetically encoded calcium indicators with protein proximity labeling. The enzyme, Cal-ID, biotinylates nearby proteins within minutes in response to elevated local calcium levels. The biotinylated proteins can be identified via mass spectrometry and visualized using microscopy. In neurons, Cal-ID labeling is triggered by neuronal activity, leading to prominent protein biotinylation that enables transcription-independent activity mapping in the brain. Cal-ID produces a biochemical record of calcium signaling and neuronal activity with high spatial resolution and molecular specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melanization of Candida auris is Associated with Alteration of Extracellular pH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida auris is a recently emerged global fungal pathogen, which causes life-threatening infections, often in healthcare settings. C. auris infections are worrisome because the fungus is often resistant to multiple antifungal drug classes. Furthermore, C. auris forms durable and difficult to remove biofilms. Due to the relatively recent, resilient, and resistant nature of C. auris, we investigated whether it produces the common fungal virulence factor melanin. Melanin is a black-brown pigment typically produced following enzymatic oxidation of aromatic precursors, which promotes fungal virulence through oxidative stress resistance, mammalian immune response evasion, and antifungal peptide and pharmaceutical inactivation. We found that certain strains of C. auris oxidized L-DOPA and catecholamines into melanin. Melanization occurred extracellularly in a process mediated by alkalinization of the extracellular environment, resulting in granule-like structures that adhere to the fungus external surface. C. auris had relatively high cell surface hydrophobicity, but there was no correlation between hydrophobicity and melanization. Melanin protected the fungus from oxidative damage, but we did not observe a protective role during infection of macrophages or Galleria mellonella larvae. In summary, C. auris alkalinizes the extracellular medium, which promotes the non-enzymatic oxidation of L-DOPA to melanin that attaches to its surface, thus illustrating a novel mechanism for fungal melanization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrak, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamith-Miranda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honorato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrichter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerfen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melanization of Candida auris is Associated with Alteration of Extracellular pH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic yeast chromosome XI design enables extrachromosomal circular DNA formation on demand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe construction of the 660 kilobase synthetic yeast chromosome XI (synXI) and reveal how synthetic redesign of non-coding DNA elements impact the cell. To aid construction from synthesized 5 to 10 kilobase DNA fragments, we implemented CRISPR-based methods for synthetic crossovers in vivo and used these methods in an extensive process of bug discovery, redesign and chromosome repair, including for the precise removal of 200 kilobases of unexpected repeated sequence. In synXI, the underlying causes of several fitness defects were identified as modifications to non-coding DNA, including defects related to centromere function and mitochondrial activity that were subsequently corrected. As part of synthetic yeast chromosome design, loxPsym sequences for Cre-mediated recombination are inserted between most genes. Using the GAP1 locus from chromosome XI, we show here that targeted insertion of these sites can be used to create extrachromosomal circular DNA on demand, allowing direct study of the effects and propagation of these important molecules. Construction and characterization of synXI has uncovered effects of non-coding and extrachromosomal circular DNA, contributing to better understanding of these elements and informing future synthetic genome design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blount, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driessen, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovicevic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciurkot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKiernan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowers, G.-O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanfani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobzaev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios-Flores, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesketh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic yeast chromosome XI design enables extrachromosomal circular DNA formation on demand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed selectivity coding of content-temporal detail by dorsomedial posterior parietal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsomedial posterior parietal cortex is part of a higher-cognition network implicated in elaborate processes underpinning memory formation, recollection, episodes reconstruction, and temporal information processing. Neural coding for complex episodic processing is however under-documented. Here we revealed a set of neural codes of  neuroethogram in the primate parietal cortex. Analyzing neural responses in macaque dmPPC to naturalistic videos, we discovered several groups of neurons that are sensitive to different categories of ethogram-items and to low-level sensory features, and saccadic eye movement. We also discovered that the processing of category and feature information by these neurons is sustained by accumulation of temporal information over a long timescale up to 30 s, corroborating its reported long temporal receptive windows. We performed an additional behavioral experiment and found that saccade-related activities could not account for the mixed neuronal responses elicited by the video stimuli. We further observed monkeys scan-paths and gaze consistency are modulated by video content. Taken altogether, these neural findings explain how dorsomedial PPC weaves fabrics of ongoing experiences together in real-time. The high dimensionality of neural representations should motivate us to shift the focus of attention from pure selectivity neurons to mixed selectivity neurons, especially in increasingly complex naturalistic task designs.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LINeural codes for "neuroethogram" in macaque dorsomedial parietal cortex
C_LIO_LIParietal neural codes exhibit mixed selectivity of event features
C_LIO_LIDorsomedial PPC neurons support a long temporal receptive window for episodes
C_LIO_LISaccadic movement could not explain away mixed neuronal responses
C_LIO_LIConsistency in scan-path and gaze shown across viewing repetitions
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusunoki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.500237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed selectivity coding of content-temporal detail by dorsomedial posterior parietal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics of FFPE pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias reveals cellular and molecular alterations of progression to pancreatic ductal carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a powerful new approach to characterize the cellular and molecular architecture of the tumor microenvironment. Previous single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have revealed a complex immunosuppressive environment characterized by numerous cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) subtypes that contributes to poor outcomes. Nonetheless, the evolutionary processes yielding that microenvironment remain unknown. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is a premalignant lesion with potential to develop into PDAC, but the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens required for PanIN diagnosis preclude scRNA-seq profiling. We developed a new experimental pipeline for FFPE ST analysis of PanINs that preserves clinical specimens for diagnosis. We further developed novel multi-omics analysis methods for threefold integration of imaging, ST, and scRNA-seq data to analyze the premalignant microenvironment. The integration of ST and imaging enables automated cell type annotation of ST spots at a single-cell resolution, enabling spot selection and deconvolution for unique cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Overall, this approach demonstrates that PanINs are surrounded by the same subtypes of CAFs present in invasive PDACs, and that the PanIN lesions are predominantly of the classical PDAC subtype. Moreover, this new experimental and computational protocol for ST analysis suggests a biological model in which CAF-PanIN interactions promote inflammatory signaling in neoplastic cells which transitions to proliferative signaling as PanINs progress to PDAC.

SummaryPancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) are pre-malignant lesions that progress into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recent advances in single-cell technologies have allowed for detailed insights into the molecular and cellular processes of PDAC. However, human PanINs are stored as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens limiting similar profiling of human carcinogenesis. Here, we describe a new analysis protocol that enables spatial transcriptomics (ST) analysis of PanINs while preserving the FFPE blocks required for clinical assessment. The matched H&E imaging for the ST data enables novel machine learning approaches to automate cell type annotations at a single-cell resolution and isolate neoplastic regions on the tissue. Transcriptional profiles of these annotated cells enable further refinement of imaging-based cellular annotations, showing that PanINs are predominatly of the classical subtype and surrounded by PDAC cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) subtypes. Applying transfer learning to integrate ST PanIN data with PDAC scRNA-seq data enables the analysis of cellular and molecular progression from PanINs to PDAC. This analysis identified a transition between inflammatory signaling induced by CAFs and proliferative signaling in PanIN cells as they become invasive cancers. Altogether, this integration of imaging, ST, and scRNA-seq data provides an experimental and computational approach for the analysis of cancer development and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujikura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambichler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.500312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics of FFPE pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias reveals cellular and molecular alterations of progression to pancreatic ductal carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromorphic Model of Hippocampus Place cells using an Oscillatory Interference Technique for Hardware Implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we propose a simplified and robust model for Place cell generation based on the Oscillatory Interference (OI) model concept. Aiming toward hardware implementation in bio-inspired Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) systems for mobile robotics, we base our model on logic operations that reduce its computational complexity. The model compensates for parameter variations in the behaviors of the population of constituent Theta cells, and allows the Theta cells to have square-wave oscillation profiles. The robustness of the model, with respect to mismatch in the Theta cells base oscillation frequency and gain--as a function of modulatory inputs--is demonstrated. Place cell composed of 48 Theta cells with base frequency variations with a 25% standard deviation from the mean and a gain error with 20% standard deviation from the mean only result in a 20% deformations within the place field and 0.24% outer side lobes, and an overall pattern with 0.0015 mean squared error on average. We also present how the model can be used to achieve the localization and path-tracking functionalities of SLAM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemohammad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furuta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitienne-Cummings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromorphic Model of Hippocampus Place cells using an Oscillatory Interference Technique for Hardware Implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S100a9 Attenuates Inflammation during Repeated Social Defeat Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a consequence of psychological trauma, is associated with increased inflammation and an elevated risk of developing comorbid inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanistic link between this mental health disorder and inflammation remains elusive. Using a pre-clinical model of PTSD known as repeated social defeat stress (RSDS), we previously identified that S100a8 and S100a9 mRNA, genes that encode the protein calprotectin, were significantly upregulated in T-lymphocytes after psychological trauma. Calprotectin expression positively correlated with inflammatory gene expression and the mitochondrial redox environment in T-lymphocytes, therefore, we hypothesized that genetic deletion of calprotectin would attenuate the inflammatory and redox phenotype displayed after RSDS. Using pharmacological and genetic manipulation of S100a9 (which functionally eliminates calprotectin) in mice, we unexpectedly observed worsening of behavioral pathology, inflammation, and the mitochondrial redox environment in mice after RSDS compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Furthermore, loss of calprotectin significantly enhanced the metabolic demand on T-lymphocytes suggesting this protein may play an undescribed role in mitochondrial regulation. This was further supported by single-cell RNA sequencing analysis demonstrating that RSDS and loss of S100a9 primarily altered genes associated with mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation. Taken together, these data demonstrate the loss of calprotectin potentiates the RSDS-induced phenotype, which suggests its observed upregulation after psychological trauma may provide previously unexplored protective functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshfegh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkhatib, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauten, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clopp, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vladimirov, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S100a9 Attenuates Inflammation during Repeated Social Defeat Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuVue: A Framework and Workflows for High-Throughput Electron Microscopy Connectomics Proofreading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.NeuVue is a software platform created for large-scale proofreading of machine segmentation and neural circuit reconstruction in high-resolution electron microscopy connectomics datasets. The NeuVue platform provides a robust web-based interface for proofreaders to collaboratively view, annotate, and edit segmentation and connectivity data. A backend queuing service organizes proofreader tasks into purpose-driven task types and increases proofreader throughput by limiting proofreader actions to simple, atomic operations. A collection of analytical dashboards, data visualization tools, and Application Program Interface (API) capabilities provide stakeholders real-time access to proofreading progress at an individual proofreader level as well as insights on task generation priorities. NeuVue is agnostic to the underlying data being proofread and improves upon the traditional proofreader experience through quality-of-life features that streamline complex editing operations such as splitting and merging objects in dense nanoscale segmentation.

NeuVue heavily leverages cloud resources to enable proofreaders to simultaneously access and edit data on the platform. Production-quality features such as load-balancing, auto-scaling, and pre-deployment testing are all integrated into the platforms cloud architecture. Additionally, NeuVue is powered by well-supported open-source connectomics tools from the community such as Neuroglancer, PyChunkedGraph, and Connectomics Annotation Versioning Engine (CAVE). The modular design of NeuVue facilitates easy integration and adoption of useful community tools to allow proofreaders to take advantage of the latest improvements in data visualization, processing, and analysis.

We demonstrate our framework through proofreading of the mouse visual cortex data generated on the IARPA MICrONS Project. This effort has yielded over 40,000 proofreader edits across the 2 petavoxels of "Minnie" neuroimaging data. 44 unique proofreaders of various skill levels have logged a cumulative 3,740 proofreading hours, and we have been able to validate the improved connectivity of thousands of neurons in the volume. With sustained development on the platform, new integrated error detection and error correction capabilities, and continuous improvements to the proofreader model, we believe that the NeuVue framework can enable high-throughput proofreading for large-scale connectomics datasets of the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villafane-Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuVue: A Framework and Workflows for High-Throughput Electron Microscopy Connectomics Proofreading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Class of Protein Misfolding is Observed in All-atom Folding Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several mechanisms intrinsic to a proteins primary structure are known to cause monomeric protein misfolding. Coarse-grained simulations, in which multiple atoms are represented by a single interaction site, have predicted a novel mechanism of misfolding exists involving off-pathway, non-covalent lasso entanglements, which are distinct from protein knots and slip knots. These misfolded states can be long-lived kinetic traps, and in some cases are structurally similar to the native state according to those simulations. Here, we examine whether such misfolded states occur in long-time-scale, physics-based all-atom simulations of protein folding. We find they do indeed form, estimate they can persist for weeks, and some have characteristics similar to the native state. Digestion patterns from Limited Proteolysis Mass Spectrometry are consistent with the presence of changes in entanglement in these proteins. These results indicate monomeric proteins can exhibit subpopulations of misfolded, self-entangled states that can explain long-timescale changes in protein structure and function in vivo.

One-Sentence SummaryEntangled misfolded states form in physics-based all-atom simulations of protein folding and have characteristics similar to the native state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, Q. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Class of Protein Misfolding is Observed in All-atom Folding Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal interference current stimulation in peripheral nerves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One strategy to electrically stimulate nerves utilizes the interference of multiple high frequency waveforms. This technique has recently gained significant attention as a method to improve the state-of-the-art in neurostimulation. Here we report our investigation into the fundamental properties of the neuronal response to these types of waveforms. Our data suggest, contrary to the currently accepted explanation, that neurons do not extract envelopes at all, and that the response to these signals is well explained by a resistor-capacitor (i.e., integrator) membrane with a fixed firing threshold. This new understanding of the fundamental mechanism of interferential neural stimulation changes how we should model and evaluate the safety and efficacy of these signals. Utilizing this new understanding, we develop several novel interferential stimulation techniques. Interferential strategies demonstrate promising results and may improve many neuromodulation therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budde, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal interference current stimulation in peripheral nerves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IMC-Denoise: a content aware denoising pipeline to enhance Imaging Mass Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) is an emerging multiplexed imaging technology for analyzing complex microenvironments that has the ability to detect the spatial distribution of at least 40 cell markers. However, this new modality has unique image data processing requirements, particularly when applying this technology to patient tissue specimens. In these cases, signal-to-noise ratio for particular markers can be low despite optimization of staining conditions, and the presence of pixel intensity artifacts can deteriorate image quality and the subsequent performance of downstream analysis. Here we demonstrate an automated content-aware pipeline, IMC-Denoise, to restore IMC images. Specifically, we deploy a differential intensity map-based restoration (DIMR) algorithm for removing hot pixels and a self-supervised deep learning algorithm for filtering shot noise (DeepSNF). IMC-Denoise outperforms existing methods for adaptive hot pixel removal, and delivers significant image quality improvement and background noise removal to a diverse set of IMC channels and datasets. This includes a unique, technically challenging, human bone marrow IMC dataset; in which we achieve noise level reduction of 87% for a 5.6-fold higher contrast-to-noise ratio, and more accurate background noise removal with approximately two-fold improved F1 score. Our approach remarkably enhances both manual gating and automated phenotyping with cell-scale down-stream analysis on these complex data. We anticipate that IMC-Denoise will provide similar benefits in mass cytometry imaging domains to more deeply characterize the complex and diverse tissue microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oetjen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzinova, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachynski, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennen, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IMC-Denoise: a content aware denoising pipeline to enhance Imaging Mass Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory evolution and polyploid SCRaMbLE reveal genomic plasticity to synthetic chromosome defects and rearrangements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have designed, constructed, and debugged a synthetic 753,096 bp version of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIV as part of the international Sc2.0 project. We showed that certain synthetic loxPsym recombination sites can interfere with mitochondrial protein localization, that the deletion of one intron (NOG2) reduced fitness, and that a reassigned stop codon can lead to a growth defect. In parallel to these rational debugging modifications, we used Adaptive Laboratory Evolution to generate a general growth defect suppressor rearrangement in the form of increased TAR1 copy number. We also extended the utility of the Synthetic Chromosome Recombination and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution (SCRaMbLE) system by engineering synthetic-wild-type tetraploid hybrid strains that buffer against essential gene loss. The presence of wild-type chromosomes in the hybrid tetraploids increased post-SCRaMbLE viability and heterologous DNA integration, highlighting the plasticity of the S. cerevisiae genome in the presence of rational and non-rational modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroukamp, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wightman, E. L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorente, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borneman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wyk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevalainen, H. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curach, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goold, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pretorius, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory evolution and polyploid SCRaMbLE reveal genomic plasticity to synthetic chromosome defects and rearrangements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal phenotypic reliability impedes reproducible human neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphBiomarkers of behavior and psychiatric illness for cognitive and clinical neuroscience remain out of reach1-4. Suboptimal reliability of biological measurements, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is increasingly cited as a primary culprit for discouragingly large sample size requirements and poor reproducibility of brain-based biomarker discovery1,5-7. In response, steps are being taken towards optimizing MRI reliability and increasing sample sizes8-11, though this will not be enough. Optimizing biological measurement reliability and increasing sample sizes are necessary but insufficient steps for biomarker discovery; this focus has overlooked the  other side of the equation - the reliability of clinical and cognitive assessments - which are often suboptimal or unassessed. Through a combination of simulation analysis and empirical studies using neuroimaging data, we demonstrate that the joint reliability of both biological and clinical/cognitive phenotypic measurements must be optimized in order to ensure biomarkers are reproducible and accurate. Even with best-case scenario high reliability neuroimaging measurements and large sample sizes, we show that suboptimal reliability of phenotypic data (i.e., clinical diagnosis, behavioral and cognitive measurements) will continue to impede meaningful biomarker discovery for the field. Improving reliability through development of novel assessments of phenotypic variation is needed, but it is not the sole solution. We emphasize the potential to improve the reliability of established phenotypic methods through aggregation across multiple raters and/or measurements12-15, which is becoming increasingly feasible with recent innovations in data acquisition (e.g., web- and smart-phone-based administration, ecological momentary assessment, burst sampling, wearable devices, multimodal recordings)16-20. We demonstrate that such aggregation can achieve better biomarker discovery for a fraction of the cost engendered by large-scale samples. Although the current study has been motivated by ongoing developments in neuroimaging, the prioritization of reliable phenotyping will revolutionize neurobiological and clinical endeavors that are focused on brain and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal phenotypic reliability impedes reproducible human neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fully Desktop Fabricated Flexible Graphene Electrocorticography (ECoG) Arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible Electrocorticography (ECoG) electrode arrays that conform to the cortical surface and record surface field potentials from multiple brain regions provide unique insights into how computations occurring in distributed brain regions mediate behavior. Current flexible ECoG devices require highly specialized microfabrication methods, precluding the ability to fabricate customizable and low-cost flexible ECoG devices easily. Here we present a fully desktop fabricated flexible graphene ECoG array. First, we synthesized a stable, conductive ink via liquid exfoliation of Graphene in Cyrene. Next, we have established a stencil-printing process for patterning the graphene ink via laser-cut stencils on flexible polyimide substrates. Benchtop tests indicate that the graphene electrodes have good conductivity of [~] 1.1 x 103 S{middle dot}cm-1, flexibility to maintain their electrical connection under static bending, and electrochemical stability in a 15-day accelerated corrosion test. Chronically implanted graphene ECoG devices remain fully functional for up to 180 days, with average in vivo impedances of 24.72 {+/-} 95.23 k {Omega} at 1 kHz. The ECoG device can measure spontaneous surface field potentials from mice under awake and anesthetized states and sensory stimulus-evoked responses. The stencil-printing fabrication process can be used to create Graphene ECoG devices with customized electrode layouts within 24 hours using commonly available laboratory equipment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navabi, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laroque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swisher, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodandaramaiah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fully Desktop Fabricated Flexible Graphene Electrocorticography (ECoG) Arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.499571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
naRNA is a canonical neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) component and novel inflammation-amplifying composite DAMP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.499571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a key antimicrobial feature of cellular innate immunity mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), the primary human leukocyte population. NETs trap and kill microbes but have also been linked to inflammation, e.g. atherosclerosis, arthritis or psoriasis by unknown mechanisms. We here characterize naRNA (NET-associated RNA), as a new canonical, abundant, and unexplored inflammatory NET component. naRNA, upon release by NET formation, drove further NET formation in naive PMN, and induced macrophage and keratinocyte activation via TLR8 in humans and Tlr13 in mice, in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in vivo naRNA strongly drove skin inflammation, whereas genetic ablation of RNA sensing drastically ameliorated psoriatic skin inflammation. Rather than accidentally assembling with LL37 on the NET, naRNA was intracellularly pre-associated in resting neutrophils as a  composite DAMP, thus highlighting NET formation as a DAMP release process. This re-defines sterile NETs as an intentionally inflammatory agent, signaling and amplifying neutrophil activation. Moreover, in the many conditions previously linked to NETs and extracellular RNA, TLR-mediated naRNA sensing emerges as both potential cause and new intervention target.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=175 SRC="FIGDIR/small/499571v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b866org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16139ceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a2905org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b0e7e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Created with biorender.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bork, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greve, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheurer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubbelaar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schittek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skokowa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.499571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[naRNA is a canonical neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) component and novel inflammation-amplifying composite DAMP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent dynamics of adult stem cell lineages from single nucleus and single cell RNA-Seq of Drosophila testes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper differentiation of sperm from germline stem cells, essential for production of the next generation, requires dramatic changes in gene expression that drive remodeling of almost all cellular components, from chromatin to organelles to cell shape itself. Here we provide a single nucleus and single cell RNA-seq resource covering all of spermatogenesis in Drosophila starting from in-depth analysis of adult testis single nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) data from the Fly Cell Atlas (FCA) study (Li et al., 2022). With over 44,000 nuclei and 6,000 cells analyzed, the data provide identification of rare cell types, mapping of intermediate steps in differentiation, and the potential to identify new factors impacting fertility or controlling differentiation of germline and supporting somatic cells. We justify assignment of key germline and somatic cell types using combinations of known markers, in situ hybridization, and analysis of extant protein traps. Comparison of single cell and single nucleus datasets proved particularly revealing of dynamic developmental transitions in germline differentiation. To complement the web-based portals for data analysis hosted by the FCA, we provide datasets compatible with commonly used software such as Seurat and Monocle. The foundation provided here will enable communities studying spermatogenesis to interrogate the datasets to identify candidate genes to test for function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vida, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerhut, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viveiros, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brill, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White-Cooper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent dynamics of adult stem cell lineages from single nucleus and single cell RNA-Seq of Drosophila testes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MISPEL: A deep learning approach for harmonizingmulti-scanner matched neuroimaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale data obtained from aggregation of already collected multi-site neuroimaging datasets has brought benefits such as higher statistical power, reliability, and robustness to the studies. Despite these promises from growth in sample size, substantial technical variability stemming from differences in scanner specifications exists in the aggregated data and could inadvertently bias any downstream analyses on it. Such a challenge calls for data normalization and/or harmonization frameworks, in addition to comprehensive criteria to estimate the scanner-related variability and evaluate the harmonization frameworks. In this study, we propose MISPEL (Multi-scanner Image harmonization via Structure Preserving Embedding Learning), a supervised multi-scanner harmonization method that is naturally extendable to more than two scanners. We also designed a set of criteria to investigate the scanner-related technical variability and evaluate the harmonization techniques. As an essential requirement of our criteria, we introduced a multi-scanner matched dataset of 3T T1 images across four scanners, which, to the best of our knowledge is one of the few datasets of this kind. We also investigated our evaluations using two popular segmentation frameworks: FSL and segmentation in statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Lastly, we compared MISPEL to popular methods of normalization and harmonization, namely White Stripe, RAVEL, and CALAMITI. MISPEL outperformed these methods and is promising for many other neuroimaging modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torbati, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laymon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCarli, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tudorascu, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MISPEL: A deep learning approach for harmonizingmulti-scanner matched neuroimaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Smartphone Based Free Flap Monitoring Tool Using Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free flap monitoring is important to ensure early detection of arterial or venous failure to facilitate salvage. Our prior research has shown ability to magnify skin change as a result of skin changes. This study was undertaken to test the feasibility of detecting venous and arterial occlusion using a smartphone camera and pattern recognition (a simplistic implementation of a machine learning algorithm). Bilateral hands of seven patients were video recorded with various tourniquet pressures on one hand simulating no occlusion, venous occlusion, and arterial occlusion with the other hand as internal control. Video data resolved at an average iPhone camera quality of 33 fps was processed using the sci-kit learn library in Python to detect changes in color frequency between frames and then compared to the control hand. Comparing the test hand to the control hand allowed for the depiction of the "delta" that was sensitive enough to detect changes on a video without any additional augmentation. The average rate of change in red pixels between video frames was noticeably different compared to control for both arterial occlusion (1.06x greater) and venous occlusion (1.07x greater). A graphical representation depicted a clear relationship while an individual was undergoing occlusion (Fig 1). Our smartphone video capture and analysis facilitates visualization of skin perfusion and can distinguish between states of no occlusion, arterial occlusion, and venous occlusion. This study shows promise for the use of inexpensive smartphone monitoring in a clinical setting for accurate free flap monitoring.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=84 SRC="FIGDIR/small/501864v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e0ac8aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5fc495org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1632f1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aa24e9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1:C_FLOATNO Sample depictions of frame from the video and corresponding cropped regions of a control region, the contralateral hand (leftmost image of hand), and hand undergoing occlusion (rightmost image of hand).

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandawarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Smartphone Based Free Flap Monitoring Tool Using Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking in the world is driven by cues that can have ambiguous predictive and motivational value. To produce adaptive, flexible reward-seeking it is necessary to exploit occasion setters, other distinct features in the environment, to resolve the ambiguity of Pavlovian reward-paired cues. Despite this, very little research has investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of occasion setting and as a result little is known about which brain regions are critical for occasion setting. To address this, we exploited a recently developed task that was amenable to neurobiological inquiry where a conditioned stimulus is only predictive of reward delivery if preceded in time by the non-overlapping presentation of a separate cue - an occasion setter. This task required male rats to maintain and link cue-triggered expectations across time to produce adaptive reward-seeking. We interrogated the contributions of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to occasion setting as these regions are thought to be critical for the computation and exploitation of state value, respectively. Reversible inactivation of either structure prior to the occasion-setting task resulted in a profound inability of rats to use the occasion setter to guide reward seeking. In contrast, inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus, a region fundamental for context-specific responding was without effect nor did inactivation of the basolateral amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex in a standard Pavlovian conditioning preparation affect conditioned responding. We conclude that neural activity within the orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala circuit is necessary to update and resolve ambiguity in the environment to promote cue-driven reward-seeking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.502011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing Physalis as a new Solanaceae model system enables genetic reevaluation of the inflated calyx syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.502011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly diverse Solanaceae family contains several widely studied model and crop species. Fully exploring, appreciating, and exploiting this diversity requires additional model systems. Particularly promising are orphan fruit crops in the genus Physalis, which occupy a key evolutionary position in the Solanaceae and capture understudied variation in traits such as inflorescence complexity, fruit ripening and metabolites, disease and insect resistance, self-compatibility, and most notable, the striking Inflated Calyx Syndrome (ICS), an evolutionary novelty found across angiosperms where sepals grow exceptionally large to encapsulate fruits in a protective husk. We recently developed transformation and genome editing in Physalis grisea (groundcherry). However, to systematically explore and unlock the potential of this and related Physalis as genetic systems, high-quality genome assemblies are needed. Here, we present chromosome-scale references for P. grisea and its close relative P. pruinosa and use these resources to study natural and engineered variation in floral traits. We first rapidly identified a natural structural variant in a bHLH gene that causes petal color variation. Further, and against expectations, we found that CRISPR-Cas9 targeted mutagenesis of 11 MADS-box genes, including purported essential regulators of ICS, had no effect on inflation. In a forward genetics screen, we identified huskless, which lacks ICS due to mutation of an AP2-like gene that causes sepals and petals to merge into a single whorl of mixed identity. These resources and findings elevate Physalis to a new Solanaceae model system, and establish a new paradigm for the search of factors driving ICS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.502011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing Physalis as a new Solanaceae model system enables genetic reevaluation of the inflated calyx syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive single-cell breast tumor atlas defines cancer epithelial and immune cell heterogeneity and interactions predicting anti-PD-1 therapy response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an integrated single-cell RNA-seq resource of the breast tumor microenvironment consisting of 236,363 cells from 119 biopsy samples across 8 publicly available datasets. In this computational study, we first leverage this novel resource to define cancer epithelial cell heterogeneity based on two clinically relevant markers and identify six new and distinct subsets of natural killer cells. We then illustrate how cancer epithelial cell heterogeneity impacts immune cell interactions. We develop T cell InteractPrint, which considers how cancer epithelial cell heterogeneity shifts the predicted strength of T cell interactions. We use InteractPrint to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in two clinical trials testing immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer. T cell InteractPrint was predictive in both trials (AUC = 0.81 and 0.84), versus PD-L1 expression (AUC = 0.54 and 0.72). This result provides an alternative predictive biomarker to PD-L1 to select patients who should receive ICI.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe developed a novel integrated single-cell atlas of the breast tumor microenvironment to interrogate breast tumor cell heterogeneity and define how heterogenous cancer epithelial cell and immune cell interactions predict response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maues, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgdon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos-Torres, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.501918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive single-cell breast tumor atlas defines cancer epithelial and immune cell heterogeneity and interactions predicting anti-PD-1 therapy response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D-Beacons: Decreasing the gap between protein sequences and structures through a federated network of protein structure data resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While scientists can often infer the biological function of proteins from their 3-dimensional quaternary structures, the gap between the number of known protein sequences and their experimentally determined structures keeps increasing. A potential solution to this problem is presented by ever more sophisticated computational protein modelling approaches. While often powerful on their own, most methods have strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, it benefits researchers to examine models from various model providers and perform comparative analysis to identify what models can best address their specific use cases. To make data from a large array of model providers more easily accessible to the broader scientific community, we established 3D-Beacons, a collaborative initiative to create a federated network with unified data access mechanisms. The 3D-Beacons Network allows researchers to collate coordinate files and metadata for experimentally determined and theoretical protein models from state-of-the-art and specialist model providers and also from the Protein Data Bank.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillitoe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauriello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anyango, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegedus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekkelman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joosten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jumper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laydon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodenskiy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piovesan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salladini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhajda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svergun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenorio-Ku, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosatto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunyasuvunakool, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassabis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwede, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.501973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D-Beacons: Decreasing the gap between protein sequences and structures through a federated network of protein structure data resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation large-scale binary protein interaction network for Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating reference maps of the interactome networks underlying most cellular functions can greatly illuminate genetic studies by providing a protein-centric approach to finding new components of existing pathways, complexes, and processes. Here, we applied state-of-the-art experimental and bioinformatics methods to identify high-confidence binary protein-protein interactions (PPIs) for Drosophila melanogaster. We performed four all-by-all yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens of >10,000 Drosophila proteins, resulting in the  FlyBi dataset of 8,723 PPIs among 2,939 proteins. As part of this effort, we tested subsets of our data and data from previous PPI datasets using an orthogonal assay, which allowed us to normalize data quality across datasets. Next, we integrated our FlyBi data with previous PPI data, resulting in an expanded, high-confidence binary Drosophila reference interaction network, DroRI, comprising 17,232 interactions among 6,511 proteins. These data are accessible through the Molecular Interaction Search Tool (MIST) and other databases. To assess the utility of the PPI resource, we used novel interactions from the FlyBi dataset to generate an autophagy interaction network that we validated in vivo using two different autophagy-related assays. We found that deformed wings (dwg) encodes a protein that is both a regulator and a target of autophagy. Altogether, the resources generated in this project provide a strong foundation for building high-confidence new hypotheses regarding protein networks and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirohn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang-Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rouck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desbuleux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodiger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlabach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TeeKing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavernier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation large-scale binary protein interaction network for Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tudor domain containing protein 5-like (Tdrd5l) identifies a novel germline granule that regulates maternal RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tudor domain-containing proteins are conserved across the animal kingdom for their function in germline development and fertility. Previously, we demonstrated that Tudor domain-containing protein 5-like (Tdrd5l) plays an important role in the germline where it promotes male identity. However, Tdrd5l is also expressed in both the ovary and testis during later stages of germline development, suggesting that it plays a role in germline differentiation in both sexes. We found that Tdrd5l localizes to a potentially novel germline body and plays a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. RNA sequencing of Tdrd5l-mutant ovaries compared to wild-type showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for maternally deposited RNAs. Additionally, embryos laid by Tdrd5l-mutant females exhibited reduced viability and displayed dorsal appendage defects suggesting a failure of proper dorsal-ventral (D/V) patterning. As D/V patterning is dependent on gurken (grk), we examined Grk expression during oogenesis. We observed premature accumulation of Grk protein in nurse cells indicating that translation is no longer properly repressed during mRNA transport to the oocyte. We also observed increased nurse cell accumulation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein Oo18 RNA-Binding Protein (Orb or CPEB), a translational activator of Grk. Decreasing orb function was able to partially rescue the Tdrd5l-mutant phenotype, and so defects in Orb are likely a primary cause of the defects in Tdrd5l mutants. Our data indicate that Tdrd5l is important for translational repression of maternal mRNAs such as orb, and possibly others, following their synthesis in the nurse cells and during their transport to the oocyte.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pozmanter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curnutte, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tudor domain containing protein 5-like (Tdrd5l) identifies a novel germline granule that regulates maternal RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design Principles for Inflammasome Inhibition by Pyrin-Only-Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes are filamentous signaling platforms essential for host defense against various intracellular calamities such as pathogen invasion and genotoxic stresses. However, dysregulated inflammasomes cause an array of human diseases including autoinflammatory disorders and cancer. It was recently identified that endogenous pyrin-only-proteins (POPs) regulate inflammasomes by directly inhibiting their filament assembly. Here, by combining Rosetta in silico, in vitro, and in cellulo methods, we investigate the target specificity and inhibition mechanisms of POPs. In contrast to a previous report, we find that POP1 is a poor inhibitor of the central inflammasome adaptor ASC. Instead, POP1 inhibits the assembly of upstream receptor PYD filaments such as those of AIM2, IFI16, NLRP3, and NLRP6. Moreover, not only does POP2 directly suppress the nucleation of ASC, but it can also inhibit the elongation of receptor filaments. In addition to inhibiting the elongation of AIM2 and NLRP6 filaments, POP3 potently suppresses the nucleation of ASC. Our Rosetta analyses and biochemical experiments consistently suggest that a combination of favorable and unfavorable interactions between POPs and PYDs is necessary for effective recognition and inhibition. Together, we reveal the intrinsic target redundancy of POPs and their inhibitory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazanek, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belotte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lueck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design Principles for Inflammasome Inhibition by Pyrin-Only-Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pla2g12b is Essential for Expansion of Nascent Lipoprotein Particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYTriglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) are micelle-like particles that enable efficient transport of lipids throughout the bloodstream, but also promote atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite this central relevance to cardiovascular disease, very little is known about how lipids are loaded onto nascent TRLs prior to secretion. Here we show that Pla2g12b, a gene with no previously described function, concentrates components of the TRL biogenesis machinery along the ER membrane to ensure efficient delivery of lipids to nascent TRLs. We find that the lipid-poor TRLs secreted in PLA2G12B-/- mice and zebrafish support surprisingly normal growth and physiology while conferring profound resistance to atherosclerosis, and demonstrate that these same processes are conserved in human cells. Together these findings shed new light on the poorly understood process of TRL expansion, ascribe function to the previously uncharacterized gene Pla2g12b, and reveal a promising new strategy to remodel serum lipoproteins to prevent cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thierer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foresti, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch-Nentwich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohlke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawls, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pla2g12b is Essential for Expansion of Nascent Lipoprotein Particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability and accuracy of single-molecule FRET studies for characterization of structural dynamics and distances in proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become an established tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics in vitro and in live cells. We performed a worldwide blind study involving 19 labs to assess the uncertainty of FRET experiments for proteins with respect to the measured FRET efficiency histograms, determination of distances, and the detection and quantification of structural dynamics. Using two protein systems that undergo distinct conformational changes, we obtained an uncertainty of the FRET efficiency of less than {+/-} 0.06, corresponding to an interdye distance precision of [&le;] 0.2 nm and accuracy of [&le;] 0.5 nm. We further discuss the limits for detecting distance fluctuations with sensitivity down to [lsim] 10% of the Forster distance and provide guidelines on how to detect potential dye perturbations. The ability of smFRET experiments to simultaneously measure distances and avoid averaging of conformational dynamics slower than the fluorescence lifetime is unique for dynamic structural biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maechtel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craggs, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grohmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammerer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krainer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margeat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, G. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quast, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robb, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlierf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinnefeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Noort, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, C. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability and accuracy of single-molecule FRET studies for characterization of structural dynamics and distances in proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a Novel Hyper-Variable Variable Number Tandem Repeat in the Dopamine Transporter Gene (SLC6A3) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dopamine transporter gene, SLC6A3, has received substantial attention in genetic association studies of various phenotypes. Although some variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) present in SLC6A3 have been tested in genetic association studies, results have not been consistent. VNTRs in SLC6A3 that have not been examined genetically were characterized. Tandem Repeat Annotation Library (TRAL) was used to characterize the VNTRs of 64 unrelated long-read haplotype-phased SLC6A3 sequences. Sequence similarity of each repeat unit of the five VNTRs is reported, along with the correlations of SNP-SNP, SNP-VNTR and VNTR-VNTR alleles across the gene. One of these VNTRs is a novel hyper-VNTR (hyVNTR) in intron 8 of SLC6A3, which contains a range of 3.4-133.4 repeat copies and has a consensus sequence length of 38bp, with 82% G+C content. The 38-base repeat was predicted to form G-quadruplexes in silico and was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Additionally, this hyVNTR contains multiple putative binding sites for PRDM9, which, in combination with low levels of linkage disequilibrium around the hyVNTR, suggests it might be a recombination hotspot.

Summary BlurbThis VNTR has a heterozygosity value of 0.93, forms G-tetrads, and is in low linkage disequilibrium with surrounding sequence, making it a new site for genetic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Apsley, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domico, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbiest, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burich, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardone, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anisimova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbergh, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a Novel Hyper-Variable Variable Number Tandem Repeat in the Dopamine Transporter Gene (SLC6A3)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae alkalizes its environment via citrate metabolism to inhibit enteric growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative pathogen, living in constant competition with other bacteria in both marine environments and during human infection. One competitive advantage of V. cholerae is the ability to metabolize diverse carbon sources such as chitin and citrate. We observed that when V. cholerae strains were grown on a medium with citrate, the mediums chemical composition turned into a hostile alkaline environment for Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. We found that although the ability to exclude competing bacteria was not contingent on exogenous citrate, V. cholerae citrate metabolism mutants {Delta}oadA-1, {Delta}citE, and {Delta}citF mutants were not able to inhibit S. flexneri or E. coli growth. Lastly, we demonstrated that while the V. cholerae mediated increased medium pH was necessary for the enteric exclusion phenotype, secondary metabolites such as bicarbonate (protonated to carbonate in the raised pH) from the metabolism of citrate enhanced the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli. These data provide a novel example of how V. cholerae outcompetes other Gram-negative bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostiuk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churaman, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukatzki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koestler, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio cholerae alkalizes its environment via citrate metabolism to inhibit enteric growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic forecasting with neural ODEs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics technologies can uncover changes in the molecular states that underlie cellular phenotypes. However, understanding the dynamic cellular processes requires extending from inferring trajectories from snapshots of cellular states to estimating temporal changes in cellular gene expression. To address this challenge, we have developed a neural ordinary differential equation-based method, RNAForecaster, for predicting gene expression states in single cells for multiple future time steps in an embedding-independent manner. We demonstrate that RNAForecaster can accurately predict future expression states in simulated single cell transcriptomic data with cellular tracking over time. We then show that using metabolic labeling scRNA-seq data from constitutively dividing cells, RNAForecaster accurately recapitulates many of the expected changes in gene expression during progression through the cell cycle over a three day period. Thus, RNAForecaster enables short term estimation of future expression states in biological systems from high-throughput datasets with temporal information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic forecasting with neural ODEs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Object representation in a gravitational reference frame 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When your head tilts laterally, as in sports, reaching, and resting, your eyes counterrotate less than 20%, and thus eye images rotate, over a total range of about 180{degrees}. Yet, the world appears stable and vision remains normal. We discovered a neural strategy for rotational stability in anterior inferotemporal cortex (IT), the final stage of object vision in primates. We measured object orientation tuning of IT neurons in macaque monkeys tilted +25 and -25{degrees} laterally, producing [~]40{degrees} difference in retinal image orientation. Among IT neurons with consistent object orientation tuning, 63% remained stable with respect to gravity across tilts. Gravitational tuning depended on vestibular/somatosensory but also visual cues, consistent with previous evidence that IT processes scene cues for gravitys orientation. In addition to stability across image rotations, an internal gravitational reference frame is important for physical understanding of a world where object position, posture, structure, shape, movement, and behavior interact critically with gravity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emonds, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Object representation in a gravitational reference frame]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first gapless, reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Southern Han Chinese individual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used long-read DNA sequencing to assemble the genome of a Southern Han Chinese male. We organized the sequence into chromosomes and filled in gaps using the recently completed CHM13 genome as a guide, yielding a gap-free genome, Han1, containing 3,099,707,698 bases. Using the CHM13 annotation as a reference, we mapped all genes onto the Han1 genome and identified additional gene copies, generating a total of 60,708 genes, of which 20,003 are protein coding. A comprehensive comparison between the genes revealed that 235 protein-coding genes were substantially different between the individuals, with frameshifts or truncations affecting the protein-coding sequence. Most of these were heterozygous variants in which one gene copy was unaffected. This represents the first gene-level comparison between two finished, annotated individual human genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first gapless, reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Southern Han Chinese individual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation at Ser65 modulates ubiquitin conformational dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of ubiquitin at Ser65 increases the population of a rare C-terminally retracted (CR) conformation. Transition between the CR and the Major ubiquitin conformations is critical for promoting mitochondrial degradation. The mechanisms by which the Major and CR conformations of Ser65-phosphorylated (pSer65) ubiquitin interconvert, however, have not yet been revealed. Here, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations using the string method with swarms of trajectories to calculate the lowest free-energy path between these two conformers. Our analysis reveals the existence of a Bent intermediate in which the C-terminal residues of the {beta}5 strand shift to resemble the CR conformation, while pSer65 retains contacts resembling the Major conformation. This stable intermediate was reproduced in well-tempered metadynamics calculations, with the exception of a Gln2Ala mutant that disrupts contacts with pSer65. Lastly, dynamical network modelling reveals that the transition from the Major to CR conformations involves a decoupling of residues near pSer65 from the adjacent {beta}1 strand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wied, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.502833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation at Ser65 modulates ubiquitin conformational dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of human HSPE1 for OPA1 processing independent of HSPD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mtHSP60/HSPD1-mtHSP10/HSPE1 system prevents protein misfolding and maintains proteostasis in the mitochondrial matrix. Altered activities of this chaperonin system have been implicated in human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. However, how defects in HSPD1 and HSPE1 affect mitochondrial structure and dynamics remains elusive. In the current study, we address this fundamental question in a human cell line, HEK293T. We found that the depletion of HSPD1 or HSPE1 results in fragmentation of mitochondria, suggesting a decrease in mitochondrial fusion. Supporting this notion, HSPE1 depletion led to proteolytic inactivation of OPA1, a dynamin-related GTPase that fuses the mitochondrial membrane. This OPA1 inactivation was mediated by a stress-activated metalloprotease, OMA1. In contrast, HSPD1 depletion did not induce OMA1 activation or OPA1 cleavage. These data suggest that HSPE1 controls mitochondrial morphology through a mechanism separate from its chaperonin activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iijima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of human HSPE1 for OPA1 processing independent of HSPD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sound localization acuity of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small arboreal New World primate which has emerged as a promising model in auditory neuroscience. One potentially useful application of this model system is in the study of the neural mechanism underlying spatial hearing in primate species, as the marmosets visually occluded natural habitat in the forest would make sound localization an essential behavior for survival. However, interpretation of neurophysiological data on sound localization requires an understanding of perceptual abilities, and the sound localization behavior of marmosets has not been well studied. The present experiment measured sound localization acuity using an operant conditioning procedure in which marmosets were trained to discriminate changes in sound location in the horizontal (azimuth) or vertical (elevation) dimension. Our results showed that the minimum audible angle (MAA) for horizontal discrimination was on average 15{degrees} for band-passed Gaussian noise and 13{degrees} for Random Spectral Shape (RSS) stimuli, whereas the MAA for vertical locations was at 17{degrees} and 22{degrees} for band-passed Gaussian noises containing more and less high frequency energy, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.13.503849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sound localization acuity of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking requires the coordination of motor programs to achieve goals. Midbrain dopamine neurons are critical for reinforcement and their activation is sufficient for learning about cues, actions, and outcomes. Here we examine in detail the mechanisms underlying the ability of ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) dopamine neurons to support instrumental learning. By exploiting numerous behavioral tasks in combination with time-limited optogenetic manipulations, we reveal that VTA and SNc dopamine neurons generate reinforcement through separable psychological processes. VTA dopamine neurons imbue actions and their associated cues with motivational value that allows flexible and persistent pursuit whereas SNc dopamine neurons support time-limited, precise, action-specific learning that is non-scalable and inflexible. This architecture is reminiscent of actor-critic reinforcement learning models with VTA and SNc instructing the critic and actor, respectively. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous dopamine systems support unique forms of instrumental learning that ultimately result in disparate reward-seeking strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribut, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.501890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal states as a source of subject-dependent movement variability and their representation by large-scale networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A humans ability to adapt and learn relies on reflecting on past performance. Such reflections form latent factors called internal states that induce variability of movement and behavior to improve performance. Internal states are critical for survival, yet their temporal dynamics and neural substrates are less understood. Here, we link internal states with motor performance and neural activity using state-space models and local field potentials captured from depth electrodes in over 100 brain regions. Ten human subjects performed a goal-directed center-out reaching task with perturbations applied to random trials, causing subjects to fail goals and reflect on their performance. Using computational methods, we identified two internal states, indicating that subjects kept track of past errors and perturbations, that predicted variability in reaction times and speed errors. These states granted access to latent information indicative of how subjects strategize learning from trial history, impacting their overall performance. We further found that large-scale brain networks differentially encoded these internal states. The dorsal attention network encoded past errors in frequencies above 100 Hz, suggesting a role in modulating attention based on tracking recent performance in working memory. The default network encoded past perturbations in frequencies below 15 Hz, suggesting a role in achieving robust performance in an uncertain environment. Moreover, these networks more strongly encoded internal states and were more functionally connected in higher performing subjects, whose learning strategy was to respond by countering with behavior that opposed accumulating error. Taken together, our findings suggest large-scale brain networks as a neural basis of strategy. These networks regulate movement variability, through internal states, to improve motor performance.

Key pointsO_LIMovement variability is a purposeful process conjured up by the brain to enable adaptation and learning, both of which are necessary for survival.
C_LIO_LIThe culmination of recent experiences--collectively referred to as internal states--have been implicated in variability during motor and behavioral tasks.
C_LIO_LITo investigate the utility and neural basis of internal states during motor control, we estimated two latent internal states using state-space representation that modeled motor behavior during a goal-directed center-out reaching task in humans with simultaneous whole-brain recordings from intracranial depth electrodes.
C_LIO_LIWe show that including these states--based on error and environment uncertainty--improves the predictability of subject-specific variable motor behavior and reveals latent information related to task performance and learning strategies where top performers counter error scaled by trial history while bottom performers maintain error tendencies.
C_LIO_LIWe further show that these states are encoded by the large-scale brain networks known as the dorsal attention network and default network in frequencies above 100 Hz and below 15 Hz but found neural differences between subjects where network activity closely modulates with states and exhibits stronger functional connectivity for top performers.
C_LIO_LIOur findings suggest the involvement in large-scale brain networks as a neural basis of motor strategy that orchestrates movement variability to improve motor performance.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breault, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal states as a source of subject-dependent movement variability and their representation by large-scale networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perpendicular Shear Stresses Drive Transmural Helical Remodeling in Engineered Human Ventricular Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue engineering with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes enables unique opportunities for creating physiological models of the heart in vitro. However, there are few approaches available that can recapitulate the complex structure-function relationships that govern cardiac function at the macroscopic organ level. Here, we report a down-scaled, conical human 3D ventricular model with controllable cellular organization using multilayered, patterned cardiac sheets. Tissue engineered ventricles whose cardiomyocytes were pre-aligned parallel or perpendicular to the long axis outperformed those whose cardiomyocytes were angled or randomly oriented. Notably, the inner layers of perpendicular cardiac sheets realigned over 4 days into a parallel orientation, creating a helical transmural architecture, whereas minimal remodeling occurred in the parallel or angled sheets. Finite element analysis of engineered ventricles demonstrated that circumferential alignment leads to maximal perpendicular shear stress at the inner layer, whereas longitudinal orientation leads to maximal parallel stress. We hypothesize that cellular remodeling occurs to reduce perpendicular shear stresses in myocardium. This advanced platform provides evidence that physical forces such as shear stress drive self-organization of cardiac architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beussman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodehamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniadecki, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perpendicular Shear Stresses Drive Transmural Helical Remodeling in Engineered Human Ventricular Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transport of Antibody into the Skin is Only Partially Dependent Upon the Neonatal Fc-Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dermis is the portal of entry for most vector-transmitted pathogens, making the hosts immune response at this site critical in mitigating the magnitude of infection. For malaria, antibody-mediated neutralization of Plasmodium parasites in the dermis was recently demonstrated. However, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms that govern antibody transport into the skin. Since the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been shown to transcytose IgG into various tissues, we sought to understand its contribution to IgG transport and antibody-mediated inhibition of Plasmodium parasites following mosquito bite inoculation. Using confocal imaging, we show that the transport of an anti-Langerin mAb into the skin is only partially reduced in mice lacking FcRn. To understand the relevance of FcRn in the context of malaria infection, we use the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei and show that the protective efficacy of a passively-administered anti-malarial antibody is reduced in the skin in FcRn deficient mice, but not to the same extent that we have previously observed in wildtype mice. Overall, our data suggest that FcRn plays a role in the transport of IgG into the skin but is not the major driver of IgG transport into this tissue. These findings have implications for the rational design of antibody-based therapeutics for malaria as well as other vector-transmitted pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transport of Antibody into the Skin is Only Partially Dependent Upon the Neonatal Fc-Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have reported Anopheles mosquitoes captured at high-altitude (40-290 m above ground) in the Sahel. Here, we describe this migration modality across genera and species of African Culicidae and examine its implications for disease transmission and control. As well as Anopheles, six other genera--Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Lutzia, and Eretmapodites comprised 90% of the 2,340 mosquitoes captured at altitude. Of the 50 molecularly confirmed species (N=2,107), 33 species represented by multiple specimens were conservatively considered high-altitude windborne migrants, suggesting it is a common migration modality in mosquitoes (31-47% of the known species in Mali), and especially in Culex (45-59%). Overall species abundance varied between 2 and 710 specimens/species (in Ae. vittatus and Cx. perexiguus, respectively). At altitude, females outnumbered males 6:1, and 93% of the females have taken at least one blood meal on a vertebrate host prior to their departure. Most taxa were more common at higher sampling altitudes, indicating that total abundance and diversity are underestimated. High-altitude flight activity was concentrated between June and November coinciding with availability of surface waters and peak disease transmission by mosquitoes. These hallmarks of windborne mosquito migration bolster their role as carriers of mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs). Screening 921 mosquitoes using pan-Plasmodium assays revealed that thoracic infection rate in these high-altitude migrants was 2.4%, providing a proof of concept that vertebrate pathogens are transported by windborne mosquitoes at altitude. Fourteen of the 33 windborne mosquito species had been reported as vectors to 25 MBPs in West Africa, which represent 32% of the MBPs known in that region and include those that inflict the heaviest burden on human and animal health, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. We highlight five arboviruses that are most likely affected by windborne mosquitoes in West Africa: Rift Valley fever, Onyongnyong, Ngari, Pangola, and Ndumu. We conclude that the study of windborne spread of diseases by migrating insects and the development of surveillance to map the sources, routes, and destinations of vectors and pathogens is key to understand, predict, and mitigate existing and new threats of public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaro, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanogo, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samake, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ousman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajacich, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple mechanisms prevent ectopic condensation of FG nucleoporins in the cytoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoporins (Nups) assemble nuclear pores that form the permeability barrier that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. Nups have also been observed in cytoplasmic foci proposed to function as pore pre-assembly intermediates. Here we characterize the composition and incidence of cytoplasmic Nup foci in an intact animal, C. elegans. We find that, in young non-stressed animals, Nup foci only appear in developing sperm, oocytes, and embryos, tissues that express high Nup levels. The foci are condensates of highly cohesive FG-Nups that are maintained near their solubility limit in the cytoplasm by posttranslational modifications and chaperone activity. Only a minor fraction of FG-Nup molecules concentrate in Nup foci, which dissolve during M phase and are dispensable for nuclear pore assembly. Nup condensation is enhanced by stress and advancing age, and overexpression of a single FG-Nup in post-mitotic neurons is sufficient to induce ectopic condensation and organismal paralysis. Our results suggest that Nup foci are non-essential, "accidental", and potentially toxic condensates whose assembly is actively suppressed in healthy cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askjaer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple mechanisms prevent ectopic condensation of FG nucleoporins in the cytoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of Structural Variants in Parkinson's Disease using Short-Read Sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, affecting approximately one million individuals in the USA alone. A significant proportion of risk for Parkinsons disease is driven by genetics. Despite this, the majority of the common genetic variation that contributes to disease risk is unknown, in-part because previous genetic studies have focussed solely on the contribution of single nucleotide variants. Structural variants represent a significant source of genetic variation in the human genome. However, because assay of this variability is challenging, structural variants have not been cataloged on a genome-wide scale, and their contribution to the risk of Parkinsons disease remains unknown. In this study, we 1) leveraged the GATK-SV pipeline to detect and genotype structural variants in 7,772 short-read sequencing data and 2) generated a subset of matched whole-genome Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencing data from the PPMI cohort to allow for comprehensive structural variant confirmation. We detected, genotyped, and tested 3,154 "high-confidence" common structural variant loci, representing over 412 million nucleotides of non-reference genetic variation. Using the long-read sequencing data, we validated three structural variants that may drive the association signals at known Parkinsons disease risk loci, including a 2kb intronic deletion within the gene LRRN4. Further, we confirm that the majority of structural variants in the human genome cannot be detected using short-read sequencing alone, encompassing on average around 4 million nucleotides of inaccessible sequence per genome. Therefore, although these data provide the most comprehensive survey of the contribution of structural variants to the genetic risk of Parkinsons disease to date, this study highlights the need for large-scale long-read datasets to fully elucidate the role of structural variants in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jerez, p. a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>illarionova, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>moore, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vitale, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>reed, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkamani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ehrlich, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubb, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce-Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of Structural Variants in Parkinson's Disease using Short-Read Sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen presentation (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-MHC I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we found that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an IFN-{gamma} producing CD8+ T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP deficient cells. We also observed that ERAAP downregulation during infection led to presentation of the self-peptide FL9 on non-classical Qa-1b, thereby eliciting Qa-1b restricted QFL T cells to proliferate in the liver and spleen of infected mice. QFL T cells upregulated effector markers upon MCMV infection and were sufficient to reduce viral load after transfer to immunodeficient mice. Our study highlights the consequences of ERAAP dysfunction during viral infection and provides potential targets for antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Norepinephrine enhances oligodendrocyte precursor cell calcium dynamics in the cerebral cortex during arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes are generated from a widely distributed population of progenitors that express neurotransmitter receptors, but the mechanisms that alter activity of these oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in vivo have not been determined. We generated a novel line of transgenic mice to express membrane-anchored GCaMP6s in OPCs and used longitudinal two-photon microscopy to monitor their Ca2+ changes in the cerebral cortex of awake mice. OPCs exhibited high rates of spontaneous activity, consisting of focal, transient Ca2+ increases within their highly ramified processes. Unexpectedly, these events occurred independent of excitatory neuron activity, but were inhibited by anesthesia, sedative agents, and antagonists of noradrenergic signaling. These norepinephrine enhanced Ca2+ dynamics rapidly declined as with differentiation. Selective knockout of 1A adrenergic receptors in OPCs suppressed both spontaneous and locomotion-induced Ca2+ increases, indicating that OPCs are directly modulated by norepinephrine in vivo, providing a means to alter their dynamics and lineage progression during distinct brain states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanumaihgari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Norepinephrine enhances oligodendrocyte precursor cell calcium dynamics in the cerebral cortex during arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian Gene Expression in Mouse Renal Proximal Tubule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian variability in kidney function has long been recognized but is often ignored as a potential confounding variable in in vivo physiological experiments. To provide a guide for physiological studies on the kidney proximal tubule, we have now created a data resource consisting of expression levels for all measurable mRNA transcripts in microdissected proximal tubule segments from mice as a function of the time of day. This approach employs small-sample RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) applied to microdissected renal proximal tubules including both S1 proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and S2 proximal straight tubules (PSTs). The data were analyzed using JTK-Cycle to detect periodicity. The data are provided as a user-friendly web page at https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/Databases/Circadian-Prox/. In PCTs, 234 transcripts were found to vary in a circadian manner (3.7 % of total quantified). In PSTs, 334 transcripts were found to vary in a circadian manner (5.3 % of total quantified). Transcripts previously known to be associated with corticosteroid action and transcripts associated with increased flow were found to be overrepresented among circadian transcripts peaking during the "dark" portion of the day (Zeitgeber 14-22), corresponding to the peak levels of corticosterone and glomerular filtration rate in mice.

BlurbCircadian variation in gene expression can be an important determinant in the regulation of kidney function. The authors used RNA-seq in microdissected proximal S1 and S2 segments to identify transcripts that vary in a circadian manner. The data were used to construct a user-friendly web resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bingham, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neijman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poll, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghuram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipziger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knepper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian Gene Expression in Mouse Renal Proximal Tubule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNTNAP4 signaling regulates osteosarcoma disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved treatment strategies for sarcoma rely on clarification of the molecular mediators of disease progression. Recently, we reported that the secreted glycoprotein NELL-1 modulates osteosarcoma (OS) disease progression in part via altering the sarcomatous extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-ECM interactions. Of known NELL-1 interactor proteins, Contactin-associated protein-like 4 (Cntnap4) encodes a member of the neurexin superfamily of transmembrane molecules best known for its presynaptic functions in the central nervous system. Here, CRISPR/Cas9 gene deletion of CNTNAP4 reduced OS tumor growth, sarcoma-associated angiogenesis, and pulmonary metastases. CNTNAP4 knockout (KO) in OS tumor cells largely phenocopied the effects of NELL-1 KO, including reductions in sarcoma cell attachment, migration, and invasion. Further, CNTNAP4 KO cells were found to be unresponsive to the effects of NELL-1 treatment. Transcriptomic analysis combined with protein phospho-array demonstrated notable reductions in the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade with CNTNAP4 deletion, and the ERK1/2 agonist isoproterenol restored cell functions among CNTNAP4 KO tumor cells. Finally, human primary cells and tissues in combination with sequencing datasets confirmed the significance of CNTNAP4 signaling in human sarcomas. In summary, our findings demonstrate the biological importance of NELL-1/CNTNAP4 signaling axis in disease progression of human sarcomas and suggest that targeting the NELL-1/CNTNAP4 signaling pathway represents a strategy with potential therapeutic benefit in sarcoma patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherief, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratapneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNTNAP4 signaling regulates osteosarcoma disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Signaling Events in Renal Compensatory Hypertrophy Revealed by Multi-Omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of a kidney results in compensatory growth of the remaining kidney, a phenomenon of considerable clinical importance. However, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we used a multi-omic approach in a mouse unilateral nephrectomy model to identify signaling processes associated with compensatory hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubule. Morphometry applied to microdissected proximal tubules showed that growth of the proximal tubule involves a marked, rapid increase in cell volume rather than cell number. Measurements of DNA accessibility (ATAC-seq), transcriptome (RNA-seq) and proteome (quantitative protein mass spectrometry) independently identified patterns of change that are indicative of activation of the lipid-regulated transcription factor, PPAR. Activation of PPAR by fenofibrate administration increased proximal tubule cell size, while genetic deletion of PPAR in mice decreased it. The results indicate that PPAR is an important determinant of proximal tubule cell size and is a likely mediator of compensatory proximal tubule hypertrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limbutara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knepper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Signaling Events in Renal Compensatory Hypertrophy Revealed by Multi-Omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Neural Networks Predict MHC-I Epitope Presentation and Transfer Learn Neoepitope Immunogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying neoepitopes that elicit an adaptive immune response is a major bottleneck to developing personalized cancer vaccines. Experimental validation of candidate neoepitopes is extremely resource intensive, and the vast majority of candidates are non-immunogenic, making their identification a needle-in-a-haystack problem. To address this challenge, we present computational methods for predicting MHC-I epitopes and identifying immunogenic neoepitopes with improved precision. The BigMHC method comprises an ensemble of seven pan-allelic deep neural networks trained on peptide-MHC eluted ligand data from mass spectrometry assays and transfer learned on data from assays of antigen-specific immune response. Compared with four state-of-the-art classifiers, BigMHC significantly improves the prediction of epitope presentation on a test set of 45,409 MHC ligands among 900,592 random negatives (AUROC=0.9733, AUPRC=0.8779). After transfer learning on immunogenicity data, BigMHC yields significantly higher precision than seven state-of-the-art models in identifying immunogenic neoepitopes, making BigMHC effective in clinical settings. All data and code are freely available at https://github.com/KarchinLab/bigmhc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Neural Networks Predict MHC-I Epitope Presentation and Transfer Learn Neoepitope Immunogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism underlying desensitization of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desensitization is a common property of membrane receptors, including ion channels. The newly identified proton-activated chloride (PAC) channel plays an important role in regulating the pH and size of organelles in the endocytic pathway, and is also involved in acid-induced cell death. However, how the PAC channel desensitizes is largely unknown. Here, we show by patch-clamp electrophysiological studies that PAC undergoes pH-dependent desensitization upon prolonged acid exposure. Through structure-guided and comprehensive mutagenesis, we identified several residues critical for PAC desensitization, including histidine (H) 98, glutamic acid (E) 94, and aspartic acid (D) 91 at the extracellular extension of the transmembrane helix 1 (TM1), as well as E107, D109, and E250 at the extracellular domain (ECD)-transmembrane domain (TMD) interface. Structural analysis and molecular dynamic simulations revealed extensive interactions between residues at the TM1 extension and those at the ECD-TMD interface. These interactions likely facilitate PAC desensitization by stabilizing the desensitized conformation of TM1, which undergoes a characteristic rotational movement from the resting and activated states to the desensitized state. Our studies establish a new paradigm of channel desensitization in this ubiquitously expressed ion channel and pave the way for future investigation of its relevance in cellular physiology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osei-Owusu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matasic, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism underlying desensitization of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic Potential of Blocking GAPDH Nitrosylation with CGP3466b in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although classically considered a demyelinating disease, neuroaxonal injury occurs in both the acute and chronic phases and represents a pathologic substrate of disability not targeted by current therapies. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by CNS macrophages and microglia contributes to neuroaxonal injury in all phases of MS, but candidate therapies that prevent NO-mediated injury have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the multifunctional protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is robustly nitrosylated in the CNS in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. GAPDH nitrosylation is blocked in vivo with daily administration of CGP3466b, a CNS-penetrant compound with an established safety profile in humans. Consistent with the known role of nitrosylated GAPDH (SNO-GAPDH) in neuronal cell death, blockade of SNO-GAPDH with CGP3466b attenuates neurologic disability and reduces axonal injury in EAE independent of effects on the immune system. Our findings suggest that SNO-GAPDH contributes to neuroaxonal injury during neuroinflammation and identify CGP3466b as a candidate neuroprotective therapy in MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharibani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic Potential of Blocking GAPDH Nitrosylation with CGP3466b in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Camera-Assisted Pathology Microscope to Capture the Lost Data in Clinical Glass Slide Diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digital pathology, or the practice of acquiring, managing, and interpreting high-resolution digital images from glass pathology slides, holds much promise in precision medicine, potentially transforming diagnosis and prognosis based on computational image biomarkers derived from digital tissue images. However, for all its promise, digital imaging in pathology has not yet become an integral part of the clinical workflow as it has in radiology due to high cost, workflow disruptions, burdensome data sizes and IT requirements, and additional dedicated personnel requirements. Consequently, pathology retains the 150-year-old analog workflow, and the vast majority of slides used in clinical diagnosis are never digitized. Furthermore, there is a missed opportunity to capture the image information and associated data on search processes that led to the clinical diagnosis, which could serve as the foundation for computational clinical decision support. This paper describes an approach for slide digitization during clinical review using a camera attached to a standard brightfield pathology microscope. While a pathologist reviews a glass slide using the eyepiece oculars, the continuously running camera digitizes a complete record of the slide review, resulting in multi-resolution slide images and spatiotemporal saliency maps of the slide review. Unlike other approaches, the pathologist does not stop to review the video stream or monitor the acquisition of video frames but performs the diagnostic review at the microscope using the standard clinical protocol. This hybrid analog-digital approach combines the benefits of digital slide analysis, including annotation, computation, and the ability to confirm the completeness and quality of the glass slide review with the ease of using the microscope for primary diagnosis. Furthermore, a record of the pathologists attention during the review, including their search path, magnification level, and dwell times at each location on the slide, is obtained. In the future, this approach could enable the development and application of new and emerging computational decision-support algorithms in real-time to provide feedback to the pathologist, reduce diagnostic errors, and improve disease diagnosis and prognosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Camera-Assisted Pathology Microscope to Capture the Lost Data in Clinical Glass Slide Diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial communities of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes differ between crop and midgut tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiota studies of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitoes generally focus on the bacterial communities found in adult female midguts. However, other compartments of the digestive tract maintain communities of bacteria which remain almost entirely unstudied. For example, the Dipteran crop stores nectar and other sugars, but few studies have looked at the microbiome of crops in mosquitoes, and only a single previous study has investigated the crop in Ae. aegypti. In this study, we used both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to compare the bacterial communities in midguts and crops of laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti. Both methods revealed a trend towards higher abundance, but also higher variability, of bacteria in the midgut than the crop. When present, bacteria from the genus Elizabethkingia (family Weeksellaceae) dominated midgut bacterial communities. In crops, we found a higher diversity of bacteria, and these communities were generally dominated by acetic acid bacteria (family Acetobacteriaceae) from the genera Tanticharoenia and Asaia. These three taxa drove significant community structure differences between the tissues. We used FAPROTAX to predict the metabolic functions of these communities and found that crop bacterial communities were significantly more likely to contain bacteria capable of methanol oxidation and methylotrophy. Both the presence of acetic acid bacteria (which commonly catabolize sugar to produce acetic acid) and the functional profile that includes methanol oxidation (which is correlated with bacteria found with natural sources like nectar) may relate to the presence of sugar in the crop. A better understanding of what bacteria are present in the digestive tract of mosquitoes and how these communities assemble will inform how the microbiota impacts mosquito physiology and the full spectrum of functions provided by the microbiota. It may also facilitate better methods of engineering the mosquito microbiome for vector control or prevention of disease transmission.

Author summaryBacteria inside mosquitoes guts have been found to have an impact on mosquito life history traits (such as longevity and fecundity) as well as their susceptibility to infection by human pathogens. Engineering these communities may provide an effective and safe way to control mosquitoes and reduce the impact of the pathogens they spread. In this work, we assayed the bacteria found in midgut and crop tissues of a medically important mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Our results show that these tissues harbor communities of bacteria that differ in composition and function and vary in abundance. Experiments like ours are important to better understand where bacteria are found in an insects body and how these communities assemble. This knowledge may help future researchers more successfully engineer bacterial communities in mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Villegas, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial communities of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes differ between crop and midgut tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicked tRNAs are stable reservoirs of tRNA halves in cells and biofluids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonvesicular extracellular RNAs (nv-exRNAs) constitute the majority of the extracellular RNAome, but little is known about their stability, function and potential use as disease biomarkers. Herein, we measured the stability of several naked RNAs when incubated in human serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We identified extracellularly produced tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) with half-lives of up to three hours in CSF. Contrary to widespread assumptions, these intrinsically stable small RNAs are full-length tRNAs containing broken phosphodiester bonds (i.e., nicked tRNAs). Standard molecular biology protocols, including phenol-based RNA extraction and heat, induce the artifactual denaturation of nicked tRNAs and the consequent in vitro production of tDRs. Broken bonds are roadblocks for reverse transcriptases, preventing amplification and/or sequencing of nicked tRNAs in their native state. To solve this, we performed enzymatic repair of nicked tRNAs purified under native conditions, harnessing the intrinsic activity of phage and bacterial tRNA repair systems. Enzymatic repair regenerated an RNase R-resistant tRNA-sized band in northern blot and enabled RT-PCR amplification of full-length tRNAs. We also separated nicked tRNAs from tDRs by chromatographic methods under native conditions, identifying nicked tRNAs inside stressed cells and in vesicle-depleted human biofluids. Dissociation of nicked tRNAs produces single-stranded tDRs that can be spontaneously taken up by human epithelial cells, positioning stable nv-exRNAs as potentially relevant players in intercellular communication pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Calzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevasanta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicked tRNAs are stable reservoirs of tRNA halves in cells and biofluids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting aneuploidy phenotypes by constructing Sc2.0 chromosome VII and SCRaMbLEing synthetic disomic yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy compromises genomic stability, often leading to embryo inviability, and is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and aging. Different aneuploid chromosome stoichiometries lead to distinct transcriptomic and phenotypic changes, making it helpful to study aneuploidy in tightly controlled genetic backgrounds. By deploying the engineered SCRaMbLE system to the newly synthesized Sc2.0 megabase chromosome VII (synVII), we constructed a synthetic disomic yeast and screened hundreds of SCRaMbLEd derivatives with diverse chromosomal rearrangements. Phenotypic characterization and multi-omics analysis revealed that fitness defects associated with aneuploidy could be restored by i) removing most of the chromosome content, or ii) modifying specific regions in the duplicated chromosome. These findings indicate that both chromosome copy number and chromosomal regions contribute to the aneuploidy-related phenotypes, and the synthetic yeast resource opens new paradigms in studying aneuploidy.

In briefUse of SCRaMbLE and newly synthesized Mb-scale Sc2.0 chromosome VII enables insights into genotype/phenotype relationships associated with aneuploidy

HighlightsO_LIDe novo design and synthesis of a Mb-scale synthetic yeast chromosome VII, carrying 11.8% sequence modifications and representing nearly 10% of the yeast genome.
C_LIO_LIA disomic yeast (n + synVII) is constructed for dissecting the aneuploidy phenotype
C_LIO_LISCRaMbLE enables systematic exploration of regions causing aneuploidy phenotypes
C_LIO_LIChromosomal copy number and content both contribute to aneuploidy phenotypes
C_LIO_LIA 20 Kb deletion on the right arm of synVII leads to fitness improvement linked to up-regulation of protein synthesis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swidah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting aneuploidy phenotypes by constructing Sc2.0 chromosome VII and SCRaMbLEing synthetic disomic yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melaninization Reduces Cryptococcus neoformans Susceptibility to Mechanical Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanin is a complex pigment found in various fungal species that is associated with a multitude of protective functions against environmental stresses. In Cryptococcus neoformans, melanin is synthesized from exogenous substrate and deposited in the cell wall. Although melanin is often cited as a protector against mechanical stress, there is a paucity of direct experimental data supporting this claim. To probe whether melanin enhances cellular strength, we used ultrasonic cavitation and French pressure cell press to stress cryptococcal cells and then measured changes in cellular morphology and survival for melanized and non-melanized C. neoformans. Melanized yeast exhibited lower rates of fragmentation and lower decreases in cell area when compared to non-melanized yeast after sonication and French press conditions. Our results indicate that melanization protects against some of the morphologic changes initiated by mechanical energy derived from either sonic cavitation or French press, thus supporting the notion that this pigment provides mechanical strength to fungal cell walls.

ImportanceMelanin has been shown from prior experiments in microbiology to be associated with protection against environmental stressors and has often been cited as being associated with mechanical stress protection. However, there is a lack of direct experimentation to confirm this claim. By examining the response of melanized and non-melanized C. neoformans to sonication and French press, we report differences in outcomes dependent not only based on melanization status but also culture age. Such findings have important implications in the design and interpretation of laboratory experiments involving C. neoformans. In addition, uncovering some of melanins mechanical properties promotes further research into fungal melanins applications in healthcare and industry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattoon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melaninization Reduces Cryptococcus neoformans Susceptibility to Mechanical Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has shown considerable promise for improving our understanding of brain function and characterizing various mental and cognitive states in the healthy and disordered brain. However, the lack of accurate and precise estimations of comparable functional patterns across datasets, individuals, and ever-changing brain states in a way that captures both individual variation and inter-subject correspondence limits the clinical utility of rsfMRI and its application to single-subject analyses.

We posit that using reliable network templates and advanced group-informed network estimation approaches to accurately and precisely obtain individualized (dynamic) networks that retain cross-subject correspondence while maintaining subject-specific information is one potential solution to overcome the aforementioned barrier when considering cross-study comparability, independence of subject-level estimates, the limited data available in single studies, and the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of rsfMRI.

Toward this goal, we first obtained a reliable and replicable network template. We combined rsfMRI data of over 100k individuals across private and public datasets and selected around 58k that meet quality control (QC) criteria. We then applied multi-model-order independent component analysis (ICA) and subsampling to obtain reliable canonical intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) across multiple spatial scales. The selected ICNs (i.e., network templates) were also successfully replicated by independently analyzing the data that did not pass the QC criteria, highlighting the robustness of our adaptive template to data quality.

We next studied the feasibility of estimating the corresponding subject-specific ICNs using a multivariate-spatially constrained ICA as an example of group-informed network estimation approaches. The results highlight that several factors, including ICNs themselves, data length, and spatial resolution, play key roles in successfully estimating the ICNs at the subject level. Large-scale ICNs, in general, require less data to achieve a specific level of spatial similarity with their templates (as well as within- and between-subject spatial similarity). Moreover, increasing data length can reduce an ICNs subject-level specificity, suggesting longer scans might not always be desirable. We also show spatial smoothing can alter results, and the positive linear relationship we observed between data length and spatial smoothness (we posit that it is at least partially due to averaging over intrinsic dynamics or individual variation) indicates the importance of considering this factor in studies such as those focused on optimizing data length. Finally, the consistency in the spatial similarity between ICNs estimated using the full-length of data and subset of it across different data lengths may suggest that the lower within-subject spatial similarity in shorter data lengths is not necessarily only defined by lower reliability in ICN estimates; rather, it can also be an indication of brain dynamics (i.e., different subsets of data may reflect different ICN dynamics), and as we increase the data length, the result approaches the average (also known as static) ICN pattern, and therefore loses its distinctiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theberge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles of the distinct N-terminal amino acid between H3 and H3.3 in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cells undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce two daughter cells with distinct cell fates: one capable of self-renewal and the other committed for differentiation. Mis-regulation of this delicate balance can lead to cancer and tissue degeneration. During asymmetric division of Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs), preexisting (old) and newly synthesized histone H3 are differentially segregated whereas old and new histone variant H3.3 are more equally inherited. However, what underlies these distinct inheritance patterns remains unknown. Here, we report that the N-terminal tails of H3 and H3.3 are critical for their inheritance patterns, as well as GSC maintenance and proper differentiation. H3 and H3.3 differ at the 31st position in their N-termini with Alanine for H3 and Serine for H3.3. By swapping these two amino acids, we generated two mutant histones (i.e., H3A31S and H3.3S31A). Upon expressing them in the early-stage germline, we identified opposing phenotypes: over-population of early-stage germ cells in the H3A31S-expressing testes and significant germ cell loss in testes expressing the H3.3S31A. Asymmetric H3 inheritance is disrupted in the H3A31S-expressing GSCs, due to mis-incorporation of old histones between sister chromatids during DNA replication. Furthermore, H3.3S31A mutation accelerates old histone turn-over in the GSCs. Finally, using a modified Chromatin Immunocleavage assay on early-stage germ cells, we found that H3A31S has an enhanced occupancy at the promoters and transcription starting sites than H3, while H3.3S31A is more enriched at transcriptionally silent intergenic regions compared to H3.3. Overall, these results suggest that the 31st amino acids for both H3 and H3.3 are critical for their proper genomic occupancy and function. Together, our findings indicate a critical role for the different amino acid composition of the N-terminal tails between H3 and H3.3 in an endogenous stem cell lineage, and provide insights into the importance of proper histone inheritance in specifying cell fates and regulating cellular differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles of the distinct N-terminal amino acid between H3 and H3.3 in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles and small RNA during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesLatent infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hinders viral eradication despite effective antiretroviral treatment (ART), Amongst proposed contributors to viral latency are cellular small RNAs that have also been proposed to shuttle between cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Thus, we profiled EV small RNAs during different infection phases to understand the potential relationship between these EV-associated small RNAs and viral infection.

DesignA well characterized simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of HIV was used to profile EV-enriched blood plasma fractions harvested during pre-infection, acute infection, latent infection/ART treatment, and rebound after ART interruption.

MethodsMeasurement of EV concentration, size distribution, and morphology was complemented with qPCR array for small RNA expression, followed by individual qPCR validations. Iodixanol density gradients were used to separate EV subtypes and virions.

ResultsPlasma EV particle counts correlated with viral load and peaked during acute infection. However, SIV gag RNA detection showed that virions did not fully explain this peak. EV microRNAs miR-181a, miR-342-3p, and miR-29a decreased with SIV infection and remained downregulated in latency. Interestingly, small nuclear RNA U6 had a tight association with viral load peak.

ConclusionsThis study is the first to monitor how EV concentration and EV small RNA expression change dynamically in acute viral infection, latency, and rebound in a carefully controlled animal model. These changes may also reveal regulatory roles in retroviral infection and latency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.04.506571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles and small RNA during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global remapping in granule cells and mossy cells of the mouse dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially modulated firing, or place fields, which can remap to encode changes in the environment or other variables. Unique among hippocampal subregions, the dentate gyrus (DG) has two excitatory populations of place cells, granule cells and mossy cells, which are among the least and most active spatially modulated cells in the hippocampus, respectively. Previous studies of remapping in the DG have drawn different conclusions about whether granule cells exhibit global remapping and contribute to the encoding of context specificity. By recording granule cells and mossy cells as mice foraged in different environments, we found that by most measures, both granule cells and mossy cells remapped robustly but through different mechanisms that are consistent with firing properties of each cell type. Our results resolve the ambiguity surrounding remapping in the DG and suggest that most spatially modulated granule cells contribute to orthogonal representations of distinct spatial contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temme, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global remapping in granule cells and mossy cells of the mouse dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GRAS-1 is a conserved novel regulator of early meiotic chromosome dynamics in 	C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome movements and licensing of synapsis must be tightly regulated during early meiosis to ensure accurate chromosome segregation and avoid aneuploidy, although how these steps are coordinated is not fully understood. Here we show that GRAS-1, the worm homolog of mammalian GRASP/Tamalin and CYTIP, coordinates early meiotic events with cytoskeletal forces outside the nucleus. GRAS-1 localizes close to the nuclear envelope (NE) in early prophase I and interacts with NE and cytoskeleton proteins. Delayed homologous chromosome pairing, synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly, and DNA double-strand break repair progression are partially rescued by the expression of human CYTIP in gras-1 mutants, supporting functional conservation. However, Tamalin, Cytip double knockout mice do not exhibit obvious fertility or meiotic defects, suggesting evolutionary differences between mammals. gras-1 mutants show accelerated chromosome movement during early prophase I, implicating GRAS-1 in regulating chromosome dynamics. GRAS-1-mediated regulation of chromosome movement is DHC-1-dependent, placing it acting within the LINC-controlled pathway, and depends on GRAS-1 phosphorylation at a C-terminal S/T cluster. We propose that GRAS-1 serves as a scaffold for a multi-protein complex coordinating the early steps of homology search and licensing of SC assembly by regulating the pace of chromosome movement in early prophase I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Garcia, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beese-Sims, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaiacovo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GRAS-1 is a conserved novel regulator of early meiotic chromosome dynamics in 	C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topical GZ21T inhibits the growth of actinic keratoses in a UVB induced model of skin carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actinic keratoses (AKs) are premalignant intraepidermal neoplasms that occur as a result of cumulative sun damage. AKs commonly relapse, and up to 16% undergo malignant transformation into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). There is a need for novel therapies that reduce the quantity and surface area of AKs as well as prevent malignant transformation to cSCCs. We recently showed that GZ17-6.02, an anti-cancer agent composed of curcumin, haramine, and isovanillin, inhibited the growth of H297.T cells. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a novel topical formulation of GZ17-6.02, known as GZ21T, in a murine model of AK generated by exposing SKH1 mice to ultraviolet irradiation. Treatment of mice with topical GZ21T inhibited the growth of AKs by decreasing both lesion count (p=.028) and surface area occupied by tumor (p=.026). GZ21T also suppressed the progression of AKs to cSCC by decreasing the count (p=.047) and surface area (p=.049) of lesions more likely to represent cSCC. RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses revealed that GZ21T suppressed several pathways, including MAPK (p=.026), Pi3K-Akt (p=.028), HIF-1 (p=.030), Wnt (p=.031), insulin (p=.011), and ErbB (p=.006) signaling. GZ21T also upregulated the autophagy-promoting protein AMPK, while suppressing proteins such as PD-L1, glutaminase, pAkt1 S473, and eEF2K.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bordeaux, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollizzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LU, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladipo, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphonse, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topical GZ21T inhibits the growth of actinic keratoses in a UVB induced model of skin carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet) enables cross-study meta-analysis of cell fate engineering protocols 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optimization of cell fate engineering protocols requires evaluating their fidelity, efficiency, or both. We previously adopted CellNet, a computational tool to quantitatively assess the transcriptional fidelity of engineered cells and tissues as compared to their in vivo counterparts based on bulk RNA-Seq. However, this platform and other similar approaches are sensitive to experimental and analytical aspects of transcriptomics methodologies. This makes it challenging to capitalizing on the expansive, publicly available sets of transcriptomic data that reflect the diversity of cell fate engineering protocols. Here, we present Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet), which extends the functionality of CellNet by enabling the assessment of transcriptional profiles in a platform-agnostic manner, and by enabling the comparison of user-supplied data to panels of engineered cell types from state-of-the-art protocols. To demonstrate the utility of PACNet, we evaluated a range of cell fate engineering protocols for cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Through this analysis, we identified the best-performing methods, characterized the extent of intra-protocol and inter-lab variation, and identified common off-target signatures, including a surprising neural and neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids. Finally, we made our tool accessible as a user-friendly web application that allows users to upload their own transcriptional profiles and assess their protocols relative to our database of reference engineered samples.

Highlights* The development of Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet) that classifies engineered cell populations from transcriptome data regardless of profiling method or transcript abundance estimation method
* PACNet enables cross-study comparisons of cell fate engineering protocols
* Comparison of cardiomyocyte engineering protocols emphasizes metabolic selection as a key step in achieving a strong cardiomyocyte fate.
* PACNet identifies an unexpected off-target neural and neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids.


eTOC BlurbCahan and colleagues created a computational resource, PACNet, which evaluates the fidelity of cell engineering expression profiles in a platform-agnostic manner to facilitate cross-protocol benchmarking. Examining state-of-the-field cardiomyocyte and hepatocyte derivation protocols, they identified that two techniques in cardiomyocyte engineering best increase cardiac identity and that an off-target neural/neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids may reflect a cholangiopathic signature.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet) enables cross-study meta-analysis of cell fate engineering protocols]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional MRS studies of GABA and Glutamate/Glx: a systematic review and meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) can be used to investigate neurometabolic responses to external stimuli in-vivo, but findings are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on fMRS studies of the primary neurotransmitters Glutamate (Glu), Glx (Glutamate + Glutamine), and GABA. Data were extracted, grouped by metabolite, stimulus domain, and brain region, and analysed by determining standardized effect sizes. The quality of individual studies was rated. When results were analysed by metabolite type small to moderate effect sizes of 0.29-0.47 (p < 0.05) were observed for changes in Glu and Glx regardless of stimulus domain and brain region, but no significant effects were observed for GABA. Further analysis suggests that Glu, Glx and GABA responses differ by stimulus domain or task and vary depending on the time course of stimulation and data acquisition. Here, we establish effect sizes and directionality of GABA, Glu and Glx response in fMRS. This work highlights the importance of standardised reporting and minimal best practice for fMRS research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasanta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lythgoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional MRS studies of GABA and Glutamate/Glx: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional impact of rare variation across the regulatory cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each human genome has tens of thousands of rare genetic variants; however, identifying impactful rare variants remains a major challenge. We demonstrate how use of personal multi-omics can enable identification of impactful rare variants by using the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) which included several hundred individuals with whole genome sequencing, transcriptomes, methylomes, and proteomes collected across two time points, ten years apart. We evaluated each multi-omic phenotypes ability to separately and jointly inform functional rare variation. By combining expression and protein data, we observed rare stop variants 62x and rare frameshift variants 216x as frequently as controls, compared to 13x to 27x for expression or protein effects alone. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to prioritize specific rare variants underlying multi-omic signals across the regulatory cascade. With this approach, we identified rare variants that exhibited large effect sizes on multiple complex traits including height, schizophrenia, and Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Wiel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shojaie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional impact of rare variation across the regulatory cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPUMONI 2: Improved pangenome classification using a compressed index of minimizer digests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomics analyses often use a large sequence collection as a reference, like a pangenome or taxonomic database. We previously described SPUMONI, which performs binary classification of nanopore reads using pangenomic matching statistics. Here we describe SPUMONI 2, an improved version that is faster, more memory efficient, works effectively for both short and long reads, and can solve multi-class classification problems with the aid of a novel sampled document array structure. By incorporating minimizers, SPUMONI 2 reduces index size by a factor of 2 compared to SPUMONI, yielding an index more than 65 times smaller than minimap2s for a mock community pangenome. SPUMONI 2 also achieves a speed improvement of 3-fold compared to SPUMONI and 15-fold compared to minimap2. We show SPUMONI 2 achieves an advantageous mix of accuracy and efficiency for short and long reads, including in an adaptive sampling scenario. We further demonstrate that SPUMONI 2 can detect contaminated contigs in genome assemblies, and can perform multi-class metagenomic read classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.506805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPUMONI 2: Improved pangenome classification using a compressed index of minimizer digests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of EGFR transmembrane region variants indicates specific transmembrane dimers are not required for EGFR activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase that mediates cell proliferation and differentiation events during development and maintenance of complex organisms. Formation of specific, ligand-dependent EGFR dimers is a key step in stimulating EGFR signaling, and crystal structures of active, dimeric forms of isolated EGFR extracellular regions and kinase domains have revealed much about how dimer interactions regulate EGFR activity. The nature and role of the transmembrane region in regulating EGFR activity remains less clear, however. Proposed roles for the transmembrane region range from nonspecific but energetically favorable interactions to specific transmembrane dimer conformations being associated with active, inactive, or activity-modulated states of EGFR. To investigate the role of specific transmembrane dimers in modulating EGFR activity we generated thirteen EGFR variants with altered transmembrane sequences designed to favor or disfavor specific types of transmembrane region interactions. We show using FRET microscopy that EGFR transmembrane regions have an intrinsic propensity to associate in mammalian cell membranes that is counteracted by the extracellular region. We show using cell-based assays that each of the EGFR transmembrane variants except the Neu variant, which results in constitutive receptor phosphorylation, is able to autophosphorylate and stimulate phosphorylation of downstream effectors Erk and Akt. Our results indicate that many transmembrane sequences, including polyleucine, are compatible with EGFR activity and provide no evidence for specific transmembrane dimers regulating EGFR function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartzoka, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Magaldi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callery, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of EGFR transmembrane region variants indicates specific transmembrane dimers are not required for EGFR activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of regulatory elements in primary sensory neurons involved in neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain is a significant public health issue that is often refractory to existing therapies. Here we use a multiomic approach to identify cis-regulatory elements that show differential chromatin accessibility, and reveal transcription factor (TF) binding motifs with functional regulation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which contain cell bodies of primary sensory neurons, after nerve injury. We integrated RNA-seq to understand how differential chromatin accessibility after nerve injury may influence gene expression. Using TF protein arrays and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, we confirmed C/EBP{gamma} binding to a differentially accessible sequence and used RNA-seq to identify processes in which C/EBP{gamma} plays an important role. Our findings offer insights into TF motifs that are associated with chronic pain. These data show how interactions between chromatin landscapes and TF expression patterns may work together to determine gene expression programs in DRG neurons after nerve injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfro, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of regulatory elements in primary sensory neurons involved in neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-targeting BCL-XL and MCL-1 with DT2216 and AZD8055 synergistically inhibits small-cell lung cancer growth without causing on-target toxicities in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. The dismal prognosis in SCLC is in part associated with an upregulation of BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, including BCL-XL and MCL-1. Unfortunately, the currently available inhibitors of BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, except BCL-2 inhibitors, are not clinically relevant because of various on-target toxicities. We, therefore, aimed to develop an effective and safe strategy targeting these anti-apoptotic proteins with DT2216 (our platelet-sparing BCL-XL degrader) and AZD8055 (an mTOR inhibitor) to avoid associated on-target toxicities while synergistically optimizing tumor response. Through BH3 mimetic screening, we identified a subset of SCLC cell lines that is co-dependent on BCL-XL and MCL-1. After screening inhibitors of selected tumorigenic pathways, we found that AZD8055 selectively downregulates MCL-1 in SCLC cells and its combination with DT2216 synergistically killed BCL-XL/MCL-1 co-dependent SCLC cells, but not normal cells. Mechanistically, the combination caused BCL-XL degradation and suppression of MCL1 expression, and thus disrupted MCL-1 interaction with BIM leading to an enhanced apoptotic induction. In vivo, DT2216+AZD8055 combination significantly inhibited the growth of cell line-derived and patient-derived xenografts and reduced tumor burden accompanied with extended survival in a genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) model of SCLC without causing significant thrombocytopenia or other normal tissue injury. Thus, these preclinical findings lay a strong foundation for future clinical studies to test DT2216+mTOR inhibitor combination in a subset of SCLC patients whose tumors are co-driven by BCL-XL and MCL-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KHAN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellish, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budamagunta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hromas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac-Kaye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-targeting BCL-XL and MCL-1 with DT2216 and AZD8055 synergistically inhibits small-cell lung cancer growth without causing on-target toxicities in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila Males Use 5'-to-3' Phased Biogenesis to Make Stellate-silencing piRNAs that Lack Homology to Maternally Deposited piRNA Guides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) direct PIWI proteins to silence complementary targets such as transposons. In animals with a maternally specified germline, e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, maternally deposited piRNAs initiate piRNA biogenesis in the progeny. Normal fertility in D. melanogaster males requires repression of tandemly repeated Stellate genes by piRNAs from Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)]. Because the Su(Ste) loci are on the Y chromosome, Su(Ste) piRNAs are not deposited in oocytes. How the male germline produces Su(Ste) piRNAs in the absence of maternally deposited Su(Ste) piRNAs is unknown. Here, we show that Su(Ste) piRNAs are made in the early male germline via 5'-to-3' phased piRNA biogenesis triggered by maternally deposited 1360/Hoppel transposon piRNAs. Strikingly, deposition of Su(Ste) piRNAs from XXY mothers obviates the need for phased piRNA biogenesis in sons. Together, our study uncovers the developmentally programmed mechanism that allows fly mothers to protect their sons using a Y-linked piRNA locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkei, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila Males Use 5'-to-3' Phased Biogenesis to Make Stellate-silencing piRNAs that Lack Homology to Maternally Deposited piRNA Guides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer physics of structural evolution in synthetic yeast chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yeast SCRaMbLE is an experimental method using designed synthetic yeast chromosomes to generate combinatorial diversity through genome rearrangements. These events occur at designed loxPsym recombination sites through the activity of Cre recombinase. While the synthetic SCRaMbLE system was designed to explore minimal genomes and permit rapid genome evolution, the pattern of recombinations also reflects inherent properties of DNA looping required to coalesce pairs of loxPsym sites.

Genomes of yeast strains generated by SCRaMbLE are analyzed here using a new statistical mechanics model, called the SCRaMbLE Polymer Interaction (SPI) model. SPI uses polymer physics to model recombinations, and implements efficient rejection sampling and histogram reweighting algorithms to conduct SCRaMbLE experiments in silico.

Using SPI, we found that recombination events observed experimentally are consistent with a random walk scaling exponent ranging between 0.45 and 0.6, which spans values of 0.5 for a Gaussian polymer and 0.588 for a self-avoiding walk. SPI provides a highly accurate tool to study SCRaMbLE recombinations and massively parallel genome recombination experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer physics of structural evolution in synthetic yeast chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants of Karyopherin-β2 chaperone and disaggregation activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Karyopherin-{beta}2 (Kap{beta}2) is a nuclear-import receptor that recognizes proline-tyrosine nuclear localization signals (PY-NLSs) of diverse cytoplasmic cargo for transport to the nucleus. Kap{beta}2 cargo include several disease-linked RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with prion-like domains (PrLDs), such as FUS, TAF15, EWSR1, hnRNPA1, and hnRNPA2. These RBPs with PrLDs are linked via pathology and genetics to debilitating degenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and multisystem proteinopathy (MSP). Remarkably, Kap{beta}2 prevents and reverses aberrant phase transitions of these cargo, which is cytoprotective. However, the molecular determinants of Kap{beta}2 that enable these activities remain poorly understood, particularly from the standpoint of nuclear-import receptor architecture. Kap{beta}2 is a superhelical protein comprised of 20 HEAT repeats. Here, we design truncated variants of Kap{beta}2 and assess their ability to antagonize FUS aggregation and toxicity in yeast and FUS condensation at the pure protein level and in human cells. We find that HEAT repeats 8-20 of Kap{beta}2 recapitulate all salient features of Kap{beta}2 activity. By contrast, Kap{beta}2 truncations lacking even a single cargo-binding HEAT repeat display reduced activity. Thus, we define a minimal Kap{beta}2 construct for delivery in adeno-associated viruses as a potential therapeutic for ALS/FTD, MSP, and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants of Karyopherin-β2 chaperone and disaggregation activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths, it is quite rare at the cellular level. Only a rare subset of cancer cells ([~]1 in 1.5 billion) can complete the entire metastatic cascade: invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, extravasation, and colonization (i.e. are metastasis competent). We propose that cells engaging a Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) phenotype are metastasis competent. PACCs are enlarged, non-dividing cells with increased genomic content that form in response to stress. Single-cell tracking using time-lapse microscopy reveals that PACCs are more motile than nonPACCs. Additionally, PACCs exhibit increased capacity for environment-sensing and directional migration in chemotactic environments, predicting successful invasion. Magnetic Twisting Cytometry and Atomic Force Microscopy reveal that cells in the PACC state display hyper-elastic properties like increased peripheral deformability and maintained peri-nuclear cortical integrity that predict successful intravasation and extravasation. Furthermore, four orthogonal methods reveal that PACCs have increased expression of Vimentin, a known hyper-elastic biomolecule. Lastly, anoikis-resistance assays and detection of PACCs in the blood of a patient with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer using a selection- free circulating tumor cell detection platform reveal that PACCs are capable of surviving in the circulation. Taken together with the knowledge that PACCs are capable of eventual depolyploidization and progeny formation (as a potential route to colonization), these data support PACCs as candidate metastasis-competent cells worthy of further analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cingulo-opercular network is composed of two distinct sub-systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cingulo-opercular (CO) network and its two best studied regions - the dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula - have been linked to task control, but also implicated in many additional processes across cognitive, social, and emotional domains. However, most prior work investigating the CO network has used a group-average approach, which may mix signals across nearby regions that vary across individuals. Here, we reevaluate the CO networks role in task control with both task and rest fMRI, using regions with a high probability of CO network agreement across individuals. Hierarchical clustering analyses suggest heterogeneity in the CO networks task response properties, with one sub-system (CO1) showing consistency with prior task control characterizations while another sub-system (CO2) has weak task control responses, but preserved ties to pain and motor functions. Resting-state connectivity confirms subtle differences in the architecture of these two sub-systems. This evidence suggests that, when individual variation in network locations is addressed, the CO network includes (at least) two linked sub-systems with differential roles in task control and other cognitive/motor/interoceptive responses, which may help explain varied accounts of its functions. We propose that this fractionation may reflect expansion of primary CO body-oriented control functions to broader domain-general contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cingulo-opercular network is composed of two distinct sub-systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is associated with heterogeneous atrophy patterns. We employed a semi-supervised clustering technique known as Surreal-GAN, through which we identified two dominant dimensions of brain atrophy in symptomatic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients: the "diffuse-AD" (R1) dimension shows widespread brain atrophy, and the "MTL-AD" (R2) dimension displays focal medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy. Critically, only R2 was associated with widely known sporadic AD genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE {varepsilon}4) in MCI and AD patients at baseline. We then independently detected the presence of the two dimensions in the early stages by deploying the trained model in the general population and two cognitively unimpaired cohorts of asymptomatic participants. In the general population, genome-wide association studies found 77 genes unrelated to APOE differentially associated with R1 and R2. Functional analyses revealed that these genes were overrepresented in differentially expressed gene sets in organs beyond the brain (R1 and R2), including the heart (R1) and the pituitary gland, muscle, and kidney (R2). These genes were enriched in biological pathways implicated in dendritic cells (R2), macrophage functions (R1), and cancer (R1 and R2). Several of them were "druggable genes" for cancer (R1), inflammation (R1), cardiovascular diseases (R1), and diseases of the nervous system (R2). The longitudinal progression showed that APOE {varepsilon}4, amyloid, and tau were associated with R2 at early asymptomatic stages, but this longitudinal association occurs only at late symptomatic stages in R1. Our findings deepen our understanding of the multifaceted pathogenesis of AD beyond the brain. In early asymptomatic stages, the two dimensions are associated with diverse pathological mechanisms, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and hormonal dysfunction - driven by genes different from APOE - which may collectively contribute to the early pathogenesis of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WEN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulkadir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamourian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boquet-Pujadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMontagne, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fripp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dav</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear morphology and functional characteristics that enable survival of cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell state following cytotoxic chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we characterized nuclear morphology and function as cancer cells underwent recovery following chemotherapeutic treatment to identify the unique characteristics associated with treatment resistance and successful survival. Cells that survived following treatment and resisted therapy-induced cell death were predominantly mononucleated with increased nuclear/cellular size, enabled by continuous endocycling. We found that cells that survive after therapy release likely employ more efficient DNA damage repair and exhibit a distinct nucleolar phenotype - fewer but larger nucleoli - and increased rRNA levels. These data support a paradigm where soon after therapy release, the treated population mostly contains cells with a high level of widespread and catastrophic DNA damage that leads to apoptosis, while the minority of cells that have successful DDR are more likely to access a pro-survival state. These findings suggest that one way cancer cells can survive systemic therapy is to enter the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state, a recently-described mechanism of therapy resistance. Cancer cells in this state are physically enlarged, undergo whole-genome doubling resulting in polyaneuploid genomes, and are associated with worse prognosis in cancer patients. The PACC state is accessed when a cancer cell experiences external stress, such as genotoxic chemotherapy; after a period of recovery, cells exit the PACC state and resume proliferation to repopulate the tumor cell pool. Our findings demonstrate the fate of cancer cells following chemotherapy treatment and define key characteristics of the resistant PACC state. This work is essential for understanding and, ultimately, targeting, cancer resistance and recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonye, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truskowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear morphology and functional characteristics that enable survival of cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell state following cytotoxic chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-Wide Photo-Crosslinking Enables Residue-Level Visualization of Protein Interaction Networks in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) is emerging as a unique method at the crossroads of structural and cellular biology, uniquely capable of identifying protein-protein interactions with residue-level resolution and on the proteome-wide scale. With the development of crosslinkers that can form linkages inside cells and easily cleave during fragmentation on the mass spectrometer (MS-cleavable crosslinks), it has become increasingly facile to identify contacts between any two proteins in complex samples, including in live cells or tissues. Photo-crosslinkers possess the advantages of high temporal resolution and high reactivity, thereby engaging all residue-types (rather than just lysine); nevertheless, photo-crosslinkers have not enjoyed widespread use, and have yet to be employed for proteome-wide studies, because their products are challenging to identify, and an MS-cleavable photo-crosslinker has not yet been reported. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis and application of two heterobifunctional photo-crosslinkers that feature diazirines and N-hydroxy-succinimidyl carbamate groups, the latter of which unveil MS-cleavable linkage upon acyl transfer to protein targets. Moreover, these crosslinkers demonstrate high water-solubility and cell-permeability. Using these compounds, we demonstrate the feasibility of proteome-wide photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry (photo-XL-MS), both in extracts and in cellulo. These studies provide a partial interaction map of the E. coli cytosol with residue-level resolution. We find that photo-XL-MS has a propensity to capture protein-protein interactions, particularly involving low-abundance uncharacterized proteins, suggesting it could be a powerful tool to shed light on the "darker" corners of the proteome. Overall, we describe methods that enable the detection of protein quinary interaction networks in their native environment at residue-level resolution proteome-wide, and we expect they will prove useful toward the effort to explore the molecular sociology of the cell.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faustino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-Wide Photo-Crosslinking Enables Residue-Level Visualization of Protein Interaction Networks in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs of neonatal and juvenile mice in response to E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial pneumonias cause significantly higher morbidity and mortality in neonates compared to other age groups. To understand the immune mechanisms that underlie these age-related differences, we employed a mouse model of E. coli pneumonia to examine cellular and molecular dynamics in immune responsiveness in neonates (PND 3-5) and juveniles (PND 12-18) at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cytokine gene expression from whole lung extracts was quantified using qRT-PCR. E. coli challenge resulted in rapid and significant increases in neutrophils, monocytes, and y{delta}T cells and significant decreases in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages for both neonates and juveniles. Juveniles had significant increases in interstitial macrophages and recruited monocytes that were not observed in neonatal lungs. Expression of IFN{gamma}-responsive genes were positively correlated with the levels and dynamics of MHCII-expressing innate cells in neonatal and juvenile lungs. Several facets of the responses of wild-type neonates was recapitulated in juvenile MHCII-/- juveniles. Employing a pre-clinical model of E. coli pneumonia, we identified significant differences in the early cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs that likely contribute to the elevated susceptibility of neonates to bacterial pneumonia and could represent targets for intervention to improve respiratory outcomes and survivability of neonates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Morrow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venezia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimbro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soloski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs of neonatal and juvenile mice in response to E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shape-shifting microgel automata controlled by DNA sequence instructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling material shapes using information-bearing molecular signals is central to the creation of autonomous, reconfigurable soft devices. While physical and chemical stimuli can direct simple material swelling, bending, or folding, it has been challenging to direct multi-step shape-change programs crucial for complex, robotic tasks. Here, we demonstrate gel automata-- sub-millimeter, photopatterned, highly swellable DNA gels--whose parts grow or shrink in response to easily designed DNA activator sequences, allowing for precisely controlled device articulation. We design and fabricate gel automata that reversibly transform between different letter shapes, and use neural networks to design automata that transform into every even or every odd numeral via designed reconfiguration programs. This sequential and repetitive metamorphosis of materials via chemical reorganization could dramatically advance our ability to manipulate micro-particles, cells, and tissues.

One-Sentence SummaryPhotopatterned microgels follow sequences of DNA instructions to transform between complex, meaningful shapes such as letters and numerals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalise, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shape-shifting microgel automata controlled by DNA sequence instructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling emergent behaviors from single-cell motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell motility plays an essential role in many biological processes as cells move and interact within their local microenvironments. Current methods for quantifying cell motility typically involve tracking individual cells over time, but the results are often presented as averaged values across cell populations. While informative, these ensemble approaches have limitations in assessing cellular heterogeneity and identifying generalizable patterns of single-cell behaviors, at baseline and in response to perturbations. In this study, we introduce CaMI, a computational framework designed to leverage the single-cell nature of motility data. CaMI identifies and classifies distinct spatio-temporal behaviors of individual cells, enabling robust classification of single-cell motility patterns in a large dataset (n=74,253 cells). This framework allows quantification of spatial and temporal heterogeneities, determination of single-cell motility behaviors across various biological conditions, and provides a visualization scheme for direct interpretation of dynamic cell behaviors. Importantly, CaMI reveals insights that conventional cell motility analyses may overlook, showcasing its utility in uncovering robust biological insights. Together, we present a multivariate framework to classify emergent patterns of single-cell motility, emphasizing the critical role of cellular heterogeneity in shaping cell behaviors across populations.

TeaserA computational framework to identify and classify single-cell motility patterns and phenotypic heterogeneity across biological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maity, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamponi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturitti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerchietti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling emergent behaviors from single-cell motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating comparative modeling and accelerated simulations reveals conformational and energetic basis of actomyosin force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle contraction is performed by arrays of contractile proteins in the sarcomere. Serious heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, can often be results of mutations in myosin and actin. Direct characterization of how small changes in the myosin-actin complex impact its force production remains challenging. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, although capable of studying protein structurefunction relationships, are limited owing to the slow timescale of the myosin cycle as well as a lack of various intermediate structures for the actomyosin complex. Here, employing comparative modeling and enhanced sampling MD simulations, we show how the human cardiac myosin generates force during the mechanochemical cycle. Initial conformational ensembles for different myosin-actin states are learned from multiple structural templates with Rosetta. This enables us to efficiently sample the energy landscape of the system using Gaussian accelerated MD. Key myosin loop residues, whose substitutions are related to cardiomyopathy, are identified to form stable or metastable interactions with the actin surface. We find that the actin-binding cleft closure is allosterically coupled to the myosin core transitions and ATP-hydrolysis product release from the active site. Furthermore, a gate between switch I and switch II is suggested to control phosphate release at the pre-powerstroke state. Our approach demonstrates the ability to link sequence and structural information to motor functions.

Significance StatementInteractions between myosin and actin are essential in producing various cellular forces. Targeting cardiac myosin, several small molecules have been developed to treat cardiomyopathy. A clear mechanistic picture for the allosteric control in the actomyosin complex can potentially facilitate drug design by uncovering functionally important intermediate states. Here, integrating Rosetta comparative modeling and accelerated molecular dynamics, we reveal how ATP-hydrolysis product release correlates with powerstroke and myosin tight binding to actin. The predicted metastable states and corresponding energetics complement available experimental data and provide insights into the timing of elementary mechanochemical events. Our method establishes a framework to characterize at an atomistic level how a molecular motor translocates along a filament.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating comparative modeling and accelerated simulations reveals conformational and energetic basis of actomyosin force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A data-driven investigation of human action representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding actions performed by others requires us to integrate different types of information about people, scenes, objects, and their interactions. What organizing dimensions does the mind use to make sense of this complex action space? To address this question, we collected intuitive similarity judgments across two large-scale sets of naturalistic videos depicting everyday actions. We used cross-validated sparse non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to identify the structure underlying action similarity judgments. A low-dimensional representation, consisting of nine to ten dimensions, was sufficient to accurately reconstruct human similarity judgments. The dimensions were robust to stimulus set perturbations and reproducible in a separate odd-one-out experiment. Human labels mapped these dimensions onto semantic axes relating to food, work, and home life; social axes relating to people and emotions; and one visual axis related to scene setting. While highly interpretable, these dimensions did not share a clear one-to-one correspondence with prior hypotheses of action-relevant dimensions. Together, our results reveal a low-dimensional set of robust and interpretable dimensions that organize intuitive action similarity judgments and highlight the importance of data-driven investigations of behavioral representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebart, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A data-driven investigation of human action representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 regulates complement activity in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complement overactivation mediates microglial synapse elimination in neurological diseases like Alzheimers disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but how complement activity is regulated in the brain remains largely unknown. We identified that the secreted neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 binds complement C1q and thereby regulates its activity in the brain. Nptx2-deficient mice show increased complement activity and C1q-dependent microglial synapse engulfment and loss of excitatory synapses. In a neuroinflammation culture model and in aged TauP301S mice, AAV-mediated neuronal overexpression of Nptx2 was sufficient to restrain complement activity and ameliorate microglia-mediated synapse loss. Analysis of human CSF samples from a genetic FTD cohort revealed significantly reduced levels of Nptx2 and Nptx2-C1q protein complexes in symptomatic patients, which correlated with elevated C1q and activated C3. Together, these results show that Nptx2 regulates complement activity and microglial synapse elimination in the healthy and diseased brain and that diminished Nptx2 levels might exacerbate complement-mediated neurodegeneration in FTD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graykowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Swieten, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejanovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 regulates complement activity in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marginal Zone B cells are Necessary for the Formation of Anti-Donor IgG After Allogeneic Sensitization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of anti-MHC antibody is a significant barrier to improved outcomes in organ transplantation. Patients with pre-formed anti-HLA antibodies have limited options for suitable donors, and the formation of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies after transplantation is a harbinger of graft rejection. Despite the recognized importance of anti-HLA antibodies, the mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of B cells after exposure to allogeneic antigen are poorly understood. In order to evaluate the differentiation of B cells in response to allogeneic antigen, we used a model of H-2b C57/Bl6 sensitization with H-2d antigen. We found that although the formation of anti-H-2d IgG was robust, few class switched B cells and germinal center B cells were formed. Sensitization induced weak expression of classical memory B cell markers, but we observed populations of CD21+ and IRF4+ B cells, that corresponded to an increase in the frequency of marginal zone phenotype B cells after sensitization. Depletion of marginal zone B cells prior to sensitization resulted in a significant dimunition of anti-H-2d IgG and also fewer germinal center B cells. These results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for marginal zone B cells as a reservoir of alloreactive B cells that are activated by allogeneic antigen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kallarakal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibukun, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marginal Zone B cells are Necessary for the Formation of Anti-Donor IgG After Allogeneic Sensitization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplatform Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation Identifies Phospholamban as Central Regulator of Cardiac Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans, present in > 33 million people worldwide. Although AF is often developed secondary to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, or lifestyle factors, recent GWAS studies have identified >200 genetic variants that substantially contribute to AF risk. However, it is currently not known how these genetic predispositions contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of AF-associated phenotypes. In this context, one major barrier to progress is the lack of experimental systems enabling to rapidly explore the function of large cohort of genes on rhythm parameters in models with human atrial relevance. To address these modeling challenges, we have developed a new multi-model platform enabling 1) high-throughput characterization of the role of AF-associated genes on action potential duration and rhythm parameters at the cellular level, using human iPSC-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes (ACMs), and at the whole organ level, using the Drosophila heart model, and 2) validation of the physiological relevance of our experimental results using computational models of heterogenous human adult atrial myocytes (HAMs) and tissue. As proof of concept, we screened a cohort of 20 AF-associated genes and identified Phospholamban (PLN) loss of function as a top conserved hit that significantly shortens action potential duration in ACMs, HAMs and fly cardiomyocytes. Remarkably, while PLN knock-down (KD) was not sufficient to induce arrhythmia phenotypes, addition of environmental stressors (i.e fibroblasts, {beta}-adrenergic stimulation) to the model systems, led to the robust generation of irregular beat to beat intervals, delayed after depolarizations, and triggered action potentials, as compared to controls. Finally, to delineate the mechanism underlying PLN KD-dependent arrhythmia, we used a logistic regression approach in HAM populations, and predicted that PLN functionally interacts with both NCX (loss of function) and L-type calcium channels (gain of function) to mediate these arrhythmic phenotypes. Consistent with our predictions, co-KD of PLN and NCX in ACMs and flies, led to increased arrhythmic events, while treatment of ACMs with L-type calcium channel inhibitor, verapamil, reverted these phenotypes. In summary, these results collectively demonstrate that our integrated multi-model system approach was successful in identifying and characterizing conserved roles (i.e regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis) for AF-associated genes and phenotypes, and thus paves the way for the discovery and molecular delineation of new gene regulatory networks controlling atrial rhythm with application to AF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocorr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kezos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplatform Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation Identifies Phospholamban as Central Regulator of Cardiac Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory neuronal cells: biopsied surrogates for neurons in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biopsy is crucial in clinical medicine to obtain tissues and cells that directly reflect the pathological changes of each disease. However, the brain is an exception due to ethical and practical challenges. Nasal biopsy, which captures the olfactory neuronal epithelium, has been considered as an alternative method of obtaining neuronal cells from living patients. Multiple groups have enriched olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) from biopsied nasal tissue. ONCs can be obtained from repeated biopsies in a longitudinal study, providing mechanistic insight associated with dynamic changes along the disease trajectory and treatment response. Nevertheless, molecular characterization of biopsied nasal cells/tissue has been insufficient. Taking advantage of recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies at the single-cell resolution and related rich public databases, we aimed to define the neuronal characteristics, homogeneity, and utility of ONCs. We applied single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing for ONCs, analyzing and comparing the data with multiple public datasets. We observed that the molecular signatures of ONCs are similar to those of neurons, distinct from major glial cells. The signatures of ONCs resemble those of developing neurons and share features of excitatory neurons in the prefrontal and cingulate cortex. The high homogeneity of ONCs is advantageous in pharmacological, functional, and protein studies. Accordingly, we provide two proof-of-concept examples for functional and protein studies, solidifying the utility of ONCs in studying objective biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for brain disorders. The ONCs may also be useful in the studies for the olfactory epithelium impairment and the resultant mental dysfunction elicited by SARS-CoV-2.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo study dynamic changes and underlying mechanisms along disease trajectory and treatment response in neuropsychiatric disorders, olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied nasal tissue may provide a crucial tool. Because ONCs can be obtained from repeated biopsies in a longitudinal study, this tool has been believed to be useful and complementary to postmortem brains and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Nevertheless, molecular characterization of biopsied nasal cells/tissue has been insufficient, which hampers a broader use of this resource. Taking advantage of recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies at the single-cell resolution and related rich public databases, the present study defines ONCs neuronal characteristics, homogeneity, and unique utility for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lema, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory neuronal cells: biopsied surrogates for neurons in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Melanoma Research Community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Last October, within the 2021 SMR congress, we held the inaugural Diversity in Science Session. The goal of the session was to discuss diversity, equity, and inclusion in the melanoma research community and strategies to promote the advancement of underrepresented melanoma researchers. An international survey was conducted to assess the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) climate among researchers and clinicians within the Society for Melanoma Research (SMR). The findings suggest there are feelings and experiences of inequity, bias, and harassment within the melanoma community that correlate with ones gender, ethnic/racial group, and/or geographic location. Notably, significant reports of inequity in opportunity, discrimination, and sexual harassment demonstrate there is much work remaining to ensure all scientists in our community experience an academic workplace culture built on mutual respect, fair access, inclusion, and equitable opportunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portuallo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Melanoma Research Community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Biosensor Identifies Ruxolitinib as a Potent and Cardioprotective CaMKII Inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) hyperactivity causes heart injury and arrhythmias--two major sources of mortality worldwide. Despite proven benefits of CaMKII inhibition in numerous preclinical models of heart disease, translation of CaMKII antagonists into humans has been stymied by low potency, toxicity, and an enduring concern for adverse effects on cognition due to an established role of CaMKII in learning and memory. To address these challenges, we asked if any clinically approved drugs, developed for other purposes, were potent CaMKII inhibitors. For this, we engineered a novel fluorescent biosensor, CaMKAR (CaMKII Activity Reporter), which features superior sensitivity, kinetics, and tractability for high throughput screening. Using this tool, we carried a drug repurposing screen (4,475 compounds in clinical use) in human cells expressing autonomously active CaMKII. This yielded five previously unrecognized CaMKII inhibitors with clinically relevant potency: ruxolitinib, baricitinib, silmitasertib, crenolanib, and abemaciclib. Standout among these, ruxolitinib, an orally bioavailable and U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication, inhibited CaMKII in cultured cardiomyocytes and in mice at concentrations equivalent to human doses. 10-minute treatment in mice was sufficient to prevent atrial fibrillation-- the most common clinical arrhythmia. At cardioprotective doses, ruxolitinib-treated mice behaved normally in established cognitive assays. Our results suggest that human CaMKII inhibition is feasible and safe, and support prompt clinical investigation of ruxolitinib for cardiac indications.

One Sentence SummaryWe developed a CaMKII biosensor suitable for high throughput screening and identified ruxolitinib as a CaMKII inhibitor capable of rescuing cardiac arrhythmia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkashama, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrillion, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Biosensor Identifies Ruxolitinib as a Potent and Cardioprotective CaMKII Inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Correlation to Communication: disentangling hidden factors from functional connectivity changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While correlations in the BOLD fMRI signal are widely used to capture functional connectivity (FC) and its changes across contexts, its interpretation is often ambiguous. The entanglement of multiple factors including local coupling of two neighbors and non-local inputs from the rest of the network (affecting one or both regions) limits the scope of the conclusions that can be drawn from correlation measures alone. Here we present a method of estimating the contribution of non-local network input to FC changes across different contexts. To disentangle the effect of task-induced coupling change from the network input change, we propose a new metric, "communication change", utilizing BOLD signal correlation and variance. With a combination of simulation and empirical analysis, we demonstrate that 1) input from the rest of the network accounts for a moderate but significant amount of task-induced FC change; 2) the proposed "communication change" is a promising candidate for tracking the local coupling in task context-induced change. Additionally, when compared to FC change across three different tasks, communication change can better discriminate specific task types. Taken together, this novel index of local coupling may have many applications in improving our understanding of local and widespread interactions across large-scale functional networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Correlation to Communication: disentangling hidden factors from functional connectivity changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility Analyses and Experimental Confirmation of Dove Prism Based Dual-fiberscope Rotary Joint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon fluorescence microscopy has enjoyed its wide adoption in neuroscience. Head-mounted miniaturized fiberscopes offered an exciting opportunity for enabling neural imaging in freely-behaving animals with high 3D resolution. Here we propose a dual-fiberscope rotary joint based on a Dove prism, for enabling simultaneous two-photon imaging of two brain regions with two fiberscopes in freely-walking/rotating mice. Analytic proof has confirmed the key properties of a Dove prism. Feasibility analyses and proof-of-concept experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility of such a rotary joint for allowing two fiberscopes to rotate simultaneously while maintaining an excellent single-mode fiber-to-fiber coupling for the excitation femtosecond laser. Fiberscopes with a dual-probe rotary joint offer an exciting opportunity to explore neural network dynamics of multiple interconnected brain regions in freely-walking rotating animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility Analyses and Experimental Confirmation of Dove Prism Based Dual-fiberscope Rotary Joint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiretroviral Therapy Does Not Restore Brain Lipids During SIV Infection: Regional Analysis of Metabolic Homeostasis and Depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to promote neurocognitive impairment, mood disorders, and brain atrophy even in the modern era of viral suppression. Brain lipids are vulnerable to HIV-associated energetic strain and contribute to HIV-associated neurologic dysfunction due to alterations in lipid breakdown and structural lipid composition. HIV neuropathology is region dependent, yet there has not been comprehensive characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of brain lipids during infection that may impact neurologic function. To address this gap, we evaluated the spatial lipid distribution using matrix laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) across four brain regions (parietal cortex, midbrain, thalamus, and temporal cortex), as well as kidney for a peripheral tissue control, in a virally suppressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque. We assessed lipids indicative of fat breakdown [acylcarnitines (CARs)] and critical structural lipids [phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs)] across fatty acid chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation. CARs with very long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were more abundant across all brain regions than shorter chain, saturated or monounsaturated species. We observed distinct brain lipid distribution patterns for CARs and PCs. However, no clear expression patterns emerged for PEs. Surprisingly, kidney was nearly devoid of ions corresponding to PUFAs common in brain. PEs and PCs with PUFAs had little intensity and less density than other species and, only one CAR species was observed in kidney at high intensity. Overall, our study provides substantial evidence for persistent bioenergetic changes to the brain despite viral suppression, including region-dependent mobilization of CARs for oxidation and disparities in the presence of key phospholipids necessary for maintaining proper brain structure and function. These data indicate that region-specific interventions to restore proper lipid metabolism are essential for treating HIV neurologic disease in the era of antiretroviral therapy.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/508302v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@598d53org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14d5cf1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f6c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba1aab_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausepohl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seneviratne, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.508302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiretroviral Therapy Does Not Restore Brain Lipids During SIV Infection: Regional Analysis of Metabolic Homeostasis and Depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concurrent measurement of perfusion parameters related to small blood and lymphatic vessels in the human brain using dynamic dual-spin-echo perfusion (DDSEP) MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEAccumulating evidence from recent studies has indicated the importance of studying the interaction between the microvascular and lymphatic systems in the brain. To date, most imaging methods can only measure blood or lymphatic vessels separately, such as dynamic-susceptibility-contrast (DSC) MRI for blood vessels and DSC MRI in the CSF (cDSC MRI) for lymphatic vessels. An approach that can measure both blood and lymphatic vessels in a single scan will offer the advantages such as halved scan time and contrast dosage. Based on previous works on DSC and cDSC MRI, this study proposes an MRI approach for concurrent measurement of perfusion parameters related to small blood and lymphatic vessels in the brain within one single scan.

METHODSBloch simulations were performed to optimize a dual-echo sequence for the measurement of gadolinium(Gd)-induced blood and CSF signal changes using a short and a long echo time, respectively. MRI experiments were performed in healthy subjects to evaluate the dual-echo approach by comparing it with existing separate methods.

RESULTSThe proposed method showed consistent results in human brains as previous studies using separate methods. Signal changes from small blood vessels occurred faster than lymphatic vessels after intravenous Gd-injection.

CONCLUSIONGd-induced signal changes in blood and CSF can be detected simultaneously in healthy subjects with the proposed sequence. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first study in which the temporal difference in Gd-induced signal changes from small blood and lymphatic vessels after intravenous Gd-injection was measured in the same human subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Zijl, P. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concurrent measurement of perfusion parameters related to small blood and lymphatic vessels in the human brain using dynamic dual-spin-echo perfusion (DDSEP) MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 to Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular basis of innate immune evasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important consideration for designing the next wave of therapeutics. Here, we investigate the role of the nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) of SARS-CoV-2 in infection and pathogenesis. NSP16, a ribonucleoside 2-O methyltransferase (MTase), catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to mRNA as part of the capping process. Based on observations with other CoVs, we hypothesized that NSP16 2-O MTase function protects SARS-CoV-2 from cap-sensing host restriction. Therefore, we engineered SARS-CoV-2 with a mutation that disrupts a conserved residue in the active site of NSP16. We subsequently show that this mutant is attenuated both in vitro and in vivo, using a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, we confirm that the NSP16 mutant is more sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-I) in vitro. Furthermore, silencing IFIT1 or IFIT3, IFN-stimulated genes that sense a lack of 2-O methylation, partially restores fitness to the NSP16 mutant. Finally, we demonstrate that sinefungin, a methyltransferase inhibitor that binds the catalytic site of NSP16, sensitizes wild-type SARS-CoV-2 to IFN-I treatment. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 in evading host innate immunity and suggest a possible target for future antiviral therapies.

ImportanceSimilar to other coronaviruses, disruption of SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 function attenuates viral replication in a type I interferon-dependent manner. In vivo, our results show reduced disease and viral replication at late times in the hamster lung, but an earlier titer deficit for the NSP16 mutant (dNSP16) in the upper airway. In addition, our results confirm a role for IFIT1, but also demonstrate the necessity of IFIT3 in mediating dNSP16 attenuation. Finally, we show that targeting NSP16 activity with a 2-O methyltransferase inhibitor in combination with type I interferon offers a novel avenue for antiviral development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schindewolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokugamage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalveram, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocquet-Valdes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotcheff, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debbink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachery, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 to Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation variance suppresses error sensitivity in the implicit learning system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When variability is added to a sensorimotor perturbation, total adaptation is impaired. In Albert et al.1 we explored this phenomenon, and observed that it is the brains implicit, i.e., subconscious learning system that is most affected by perturbation variance. We observed that perturbation variability impaired implicit learning by downregulating its sensitivity to error. Recently, Wang et al.2 present an alternate viewpoint: implicit error sensitivity does not change with experience, only the errors observed by the implicit system change. Here we evaluated this alternate view by empirically measuring error sensitivity as a function of error size. We found that perturbation variability strongly downregulates implicit error sensitivity when controlling for error size, consistent with our original results, counter to the inflexible model argued by Wang et al. With that said, a pre-existing relationship between error sensitivity and error magnitude noted by Wang et al. can contribute at least in part to implicit behavior. State-space models that start with this pre-existing error sensitivity curve and then update it with training according to a  memory of errors most accurately tracked measured behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation variance suppresses error sensitivity in the implicit learning system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes and their progenitors upregulate MHC pathways in response to inflammation, but the frequency of this phenotypic change is unknown and the features of these immune oligodendroglia are poorly defined. We generated MHC class I and II transgenic reporter mice to define their dynamics in response to inflammatory demyelination, providing a means to monitor MHC activation in diverse cell types in living mice and define their roles in aging, injury and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrington, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catenacci, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac muscle-restricted partial loss of Nos1ap expression has limited impact on electro- and echo-cardiographic features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of QT interval variation have identified common noncoding variants at the NOS1AP gene as the most common genetic regulators of trait variation in the general population. Invoking a cis-regulatory mechanistic hypothesis, we have reported identification of a functional enhancer variant underlying the GWAS signal that influenced human cardiac NOS1AP expression. Functional studies based on in vitro overexpression in murine cardiomyocytes and ex vivo knockdown in zebrafish embryonic hearts, by us and others, have demonstrated that NOS1AP expression levels can alter cellular electrophysiology. Here, to explore the role of NOS1AP in cardiac electrophysiology at an organismal level, we generated and characterized constitutive and heart muscle-restricted Nos1ap knockout mice to assess whether NOS1AP disruption alters the QT interval in vivo. Constitutive loss of Nos1ap led to genetic background-dependent variable lethality at or right before birth. Heart muscle-restricted Nos1ap knockouts generated using cardiac specific alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven tamoxifen-inducible Cre resulted in tissue-level Nos1ap expression reduced by half. This partial loss of expression had no detectable effect on the QT interval, but led to a small yet significant reduction in the QRS interval. Given that challenges associated with defining the end of T wave on murine electrocardiogram can limit identification of subtle effects on QT interval, and that common noncoding NOS1AP variants are also associated with QRS interval, our findings support the role of NOS1AP in regulation of the cardiac electrical cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac muscle-restricted partial loss of Nos1ap expression has limited impact on electro- and echo-cardiographic features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than half of the variance in in-vivo 1H-MRS metabolite estimates is common to all metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study characterized associations among brain metabolite levels, applying bivariate and multivariate (i.e., factor analysis) statistical methods to tCr-referenced estimates of the major PRESS 1H-MRS metabolites (i.e., tNAA/tCr, tCho/tCr, mI/tCr, Glx/tCr), acquired from medial parietal lobe in a large (n=299), well-characterized international cohort of healthy volunteers (Povazan et al., 2020). Results supported the hypothesis that 1H-MRS-measured metabolite estimates are moderately intercorrelated (Mr = 0.42, SDr = 0.11, ps < 0.001), with more than half (i.e., 57%) of the total variability in metabolite estimates common to (i.e., shared by) all metabolites. Older age was significantly associated with lower levels of common metabolite variance (CMV; {beta} = -0.09, p = 0.048), despite not being associated with levels of any individual metabolite. Holding CMV levels constant, females had significantly lower levels of total choline (i.e., unique metabolite variance or UMV; {beta} = -0.19, p < 0.001), mirroring significant bivariate correlations between sex and total choline reported previously. If replicated, these results would suggest that applied 1H-MRS researchers should shift their analytical framework from examining bivariate associations between individual metabolites and specialty-dependent (e.g., clinical, research) variables of interest (e.g., using t-tests) to examining multi-variable (i.e., covariate) associations between multiple metabolites and specialty-dependent variables of interest (e.g., using multiple regression). Without this shift, clear interpretation of associations of 1H-MRS metabolites with specialty-dependent variables of interest may not be possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than half of the variance in in-vivo 1H-MRS metabolite estimates is common to all metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methyltransferase inhibition induces dynamic gene expression changes in lung CD4+ T cells of neonatal mice with E. coli pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionBacterial pulmonary infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, with less severity in older children. Previous studies demonstrated that the DNA of CD4+ T cells in the mouse lung, whose primary responsibility is to coordinate the immune response foreign pathogens, is differentially methylated in neonates compared with juveniles. Nevertheless, the effect of this differential DNA methylation on CD4+ T cell gene expression and response to infection remains unclear.

MethodsWe treated E. coli-infected neonatal (4-day-old) and juvenile (13-day-old) mice with decitabine (DAC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor with broad-spectrum DNA demethylating activity, and performed simultaneous genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptional profiling on lung CD4+ T cells.

ResultsJuvenile and neonatal mice experienced differential demethylation in response to DAC treatment, with larger methylation differences observed in neonates. By cross-filtering differentially expressed genes between juveniles and neonates with those sites that were demethylated in neonates, we found that interferon-responsive genes such as Ifit1 are the most down-regulated methylation-sensitive genes in neonatal mice. DAC treatment shifted neonatal lung CD4+ T cells toward a gene expression program similar to that of juveniles.

ConclusionFollowing lung infection with E. coli, lung CD4+ T cells in neonatal mice exhibit epigenetic repression of important host defense pathways, which are activated by inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity to resemble a more mature profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michki, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Morrow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methyltransferase inhibition induces dynamic gene expression changes in lung CD4+ T cells of neonatal mice with E. coli pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trafficking dynamics of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 in human endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of cytokines are key drivers of blood vessel growth and remodeling. These ligands act via multiple VEGF receptors (VEGFR) and co-receptors such as Neuropilin (NRP) expressed on endothelial cells. These membrane-associated receptors are not solely expressed on the cell surface, they move between the surface and intracellular locations, where they can function differently. The location of the receptor alters its ability to  see (access and bind to) its ligands, which regulates receptor activation; location also alters receptor exposure to subcellularly localized phosphatases, which regulates its deactivation. Thus, receptors in different subcellular locations initiate different signaling, both in terms of quantity and quality. Similarly, the local levels of co-expression of other receptors alters competition for ligands. Subcellular localization is controlled by intracellular trafficking processes, which thus control VEGFR activity; therefore, to understand VEGFR activity, we must understand receptor trafficking. Here, for the first time, we simultaneously quantify the trafficking of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 on the same cells - specifically human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We build a computational model describing the expression, interaction, and trafficking of these receptors, and use it to simulate cell culture experiments. We use new quantitative experimental data to parameterize the model, which then provides mechanistic insight into the trafficking and localization of this receptor network. We show that VEGFR2 and NRP1 trafficking is not the same on HUVECs as on non-human ECs; and we show that VEGFR1 trafficking is not the same as VEGFR2 trafficking, but rather is faster in both internalization and recycling. As a consequence, the VEGF receptors are not evenly distributed between the cell surface and intracellular locations, with a very low percentage of VEGFR1 being on the cell surface, and high levels of NRP1 on the cell surface. Our findings have implications both for the sensing of extracellular ligands and for the composition of signaling complexes at the cell surface versus inside the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinghorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs-Kasa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trafficking dynamics of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 in human endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being unpredictable and uncertain, reward environments often exhibit certain regularities, and animals navigating these environments try to detect and utilize such regularities to adapt their behavior. However, successful learning requires that animals also adjust to uncertainty associated with those regularities. Here, we analyzed choice data from two comparable dynamic foraging tasks in mice and monkeys to investigate mechanisms underlying adjustments to different types of uncertainty. In these tasks, animals selected between two choice options that delivered reward probabilistically, while baseline reward probabilities changed after a variable number (block) of trials without any cues to the animals. To measure adjustments in behavior, we applied multiple metrics based on information theory that quantify consistency in behavior, and fit choice data using reinforcement learning models. We found that in both species, learning and choice were affected by uncertainty about reward outcomes (in terms of determining the better option) and by expectation about when the environment may change. However, these effects were mediated through different mechanisms. First, more uncertainty about the better option resulted in slower learning and forgetting in mice, whereas it had no significant effect in monkeys. Second, expectation of block switches accompanied slower learning, faster forgetting, and increased stochasticity in choice in mice, whereas it only reduced learning rates in monkeys. Overall, while demonstrating the usefulness of entropy-based metrics in studying adaptive behavior, our study provides evidence for multiple types of adjustments in learning and choice behavior according to uncertainty in the reward environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyung Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui, K.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabenhorst, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.01.510477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and Protein Synthesis in Parkinson Disease Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologic -syn destabilizes the TSC 1 and 2 complex leading to mTORC1 activation, enhanced protein translation and neurodegeneration in PD.

AbstractPathological -synuclein (-syn) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of -synucleinopathies such as Parkinsons disease (PD). Disruption of protein homeostasis is thought be central to PD pathogenesis, however the molecular mechanism of this deregulation is poorly understood. Here we report that pathologic -syn binds to tuberous sclerosis protein (TSC) 2 and destabilizes the TSC1-TSC2 complex leading to activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) and enhanced mRNA translation. Dopamine neuron loss, behavioral deficits and aberrant biochemical signaling in the -syn preformed fibril (PFF) and Drosophila -syn transgenic models of pathologic -syn induced degeneration were attenuated by genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR and protein translation. Our findings establish a potential molecular mechanism by which pathologic -syn activates mTORC1 leading to enhanced protein translation and concomitant neurodegeneration in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-u.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuppagounder, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhaldiyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and Protein Synthesis in Parkinson Disease Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, Construction, and Functional Characterization of a tRNA Neochromosome in Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the design, construction and characterization of a tRNA neochromosome, a designer chromosome that functions as an additional, de novo counterpart to the native complement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intending to address one of the central design principles of the Sc2.0 project, the [~]190 kb tRNA neochromosome houses all 275 relocated nuclear tRNA genes. To maximize stability, the design incorporated orthogonal genetic elements from non-S. cerevisiae yeast species. Furthermore, the presence of 283 rox recombination sites enable an orthogonal SCRaMbLE system capable of adjusting tRNA abundance. Following construction, we obtained evidence of a potent selective force once the neochromosome was introduced into yeast cells, manifesting as a spontaneous doubling in cell ploidy. Furthermore, tRNA sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, nucleosome mapping, replication profiling, FISH and Hi-C were undertaken to investigate questions of tRNA neochromosome behavior and function. Its construction demonstrates the remarkable tractability of the yeast model and opens up new opportunities to directly test hypotheses surrounding these essential non-coding RNAs.

HighlightsO_LIDe novo design, construction and functional characterization of a neochromosome containing all 275 nuclear tRNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C_LIO_LIIncreasing the copy number of the 275 highly expressed tRNA genes causes cellular burden, which the host cell likely buffers either by selecting for partial tRNA neochromosome deletions or by increasing its ploidy.
C_LIO_LIThe tRNA neochromosome can be chemically extracted and transformed into new strain backgrounds, enabling its transplantation into multi-synthetic chromosome strains to finalize the Sc2.0 strain.
C_LIO_LIComprehensive functional characterization does not pinpoint a singular cause for the cellular burden caused by the tRNA neochromosome, but does reveal novel insights into its tRNA and structural chromosome biology.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schindler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockram, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraivogel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozziconacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blount, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunlana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joensson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turowski, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swidah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antequera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieduszynski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, Construction, and Functional Characterization of a tRNA Neochromosome in Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared neural code for social interaction encoding and memory in the human superior temporal sulcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognizing and remembering social information is a crucial cognitive skill. Neural patterns in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) support our ability to perceive others social interactions. However, despite the prominence of social interactions in memory, the neural basis of retrieving social interactions is still unknown. To fill this gap, we investigated the brain mechanisms underlying memory of others social interactions during free spoken recall of a naturalistic movie. By applying machine learning-based fMRI encoding analyses to densely labeled movie and recall data we found that STS activity patterns evoked by viewing social interactions predicted neural responses to social interaction memories. This finding suggests that the STS contains high-level conceptual, representations of social interactions, and its reactivation underlies our ability to remember others interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared neural code for social interaction encoding and memory in the human superior temporal sulcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Second-generation dual-channel visible light optical coherence tomography enables wide-field, full-range, and shot-noise limited retinal imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) is an emerging ophthalmic imaging method uniquely featured by ultrahigh depth resolution, retinal microvascular oximetry, and distinct scattering contrast in the visible spectral range. However, the clinical utility of VIS-OCT is impeded by the fundamental trade-off between the imaging depth range and axial resolution, determined by the spectral resolution and bandwidth respectively. While the full potential of VIS-OCT is leveraged by a broad bandwidth, the imaging depth is inversely sacrificed. The effective depth range is further limited by the wavelength-dependent roll-off that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduces in the deeper imaging range, more so in shorter wavelength. To address this trade-off, we developed a second-generation dual-channel VIS-OCT system including the first linear-in-k VIS-OCT spectrometer, reference pathlength modulation, and per A-line noise cancellation. All combined, we have achieved 7.2dB roll-off over the full 1.74 mm depth range (water) with shot-noise limited performance. The system uniquely enables >60{degrees} wide-field imaging over large retinal curvature at peripheral retina and optic nerve head, as well as high-definition imaging at ultrahigh 1.3 um depth resolution (water). The dual-channel design includes a conventional near infrared (NIR) channel, compatible with Doppler OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA). The comprehensive structure-function measurement by 2nd-Gen VIS-OCT system is a significant advance towards broader adaptation of VIS-OCT in clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Second-generation dual-channel visible light optical coherence tomography enables wide-field, full-range, and shot-noise limited retinal imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC by PIP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton-Activated Chloride (PAC) channel is a ubiquitously expressed pH-sensing ion channel that regulates endosomal acidification and macropinosome shrinkage by releasing chloride from the organelle lumens. It is also found at the cell surface, where it is activated under pathological conditions related to acidosis and contributes to acid-induced cell death. However, the pharmacology of the PAC channel is poorly understood. Here, we report that phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) potently inhibits PAC channel activity. We solved the cryo-electron microscopy structure of PAC with PIP2 at pH 4.0 and identified its binding site, which, surprisingly, locates on the extracellular side of the transmembrane domain (TMD). While the overall conformation resembles the previously resolved PAC structure in the desensitized state, the TMD undergoes remodeling upon PIP2-binding. Structural and electrophysiological analyses suggest that PIP2 inhibits the PAC channel by stabilizing the channel in a desensitized-like conformation. To our knowledge, PAC is the first chloride channel reported to be inhibited by PIP2. Our findings identify PIP2 as a new pharmacological tool for the PAC channel and lay the foundation for future drug discovery targeting this channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Owusu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lü, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC by PIP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell allele-specific expression analysis reveals dynamic and cell-type-specific regulatory effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression, which measures the expression of two alleles of a gene in a diploid individual, is a powerful signal to study cis-regulatory effects. Comparing ASE across conditions, or differential ASE, can reveal context-specific gene regulation. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has allowed the measurement of ASE at the resolution of individual cells, but there is a lack of statistical methods to analyze such data. We develop DAESC, a statistical method for differential ASE analysis across any condition of interest using scRNA-seq data from multiple individuals. DAESC includes a baseline model based on beta-binomial regression with random effects accounting for multiple cells from the same individual (DAESC-BB), and an extended mixture model that incorporates implicit haplotype phasing (DAESC-Mix). We demonstrate through simulations that DAESC accurately captures differential ASE effects in a wide range of scenarios. Application to scRNA-seq data from 105 induced pluripotent stem cell lines identifies 657 genes that are dynamically regulated during endoderm differentiation. A second application identifies several genes that are differentially regulated in pancreatic endocrine cells between type 2 diabetes patients and controls. In conclusion, DAESC is a powerful method for single-cell differential ASE analysis and can facilitate the discovery of context-specific regulatory effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell allele-specific expression analysis reveals dynamic and cell-type-specific regulatory effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have shown successes in clinics, but most PRS methods have focused only on individuals with one primary continental ancestry, thus poorly accommodating recently-admixed individuals. Here, we develop GAUDI, a novel penalized-regression-based method specifically designed for admixed individuals by explicitly modeling ancestry-specific effects and jointly estimating ancestry-shared effects. We demonstrate marked advantages of GAUDI over other methods through comprehensive simulation and real data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pantr2, a trans-acting lncRNA, modulates the differentiation potential of neural progenitors in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ablation of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Pantr2 results in microcephaly in a knockout murine model of corticogenesis, however, the precise mechanisms used are unknown. We present evidence that Pantr2 is a trans-acting lncRNA that regulates gene expression and chromatin accessibility both in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of Pantr2 in a neuroblastoma cell line alters gene expression under differentiating conditions, and that both loss and gain of function of Pantr2 results in changes to cell-cycle dynamics. We show that expression of both the transcription factor Nfix and the cell cycle regulator Rgcc are negatively regulated by Pantr2. Using RNA binding protein motif analysis and existing CLIP-seq data, we annotate potential HuR and QKI binding sites on Pantr2, and demonstrate that HuR does not directly bind Pantr2 using RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, we identify disruption of both Notch and Wnt signaling following loss of Pantr2 expression, indicating potential Pantr2-dependent regulation of these pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Augustin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayangi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pantr2, a trans-acting lncRNA, modulates the differentiation potential of neural progenitors in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in activity and stability drive transposable element variation in tropical and temperate maize. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of the profound interspecific variation in genome content has been attributed to transposable elements (TEs). To explore the extent of TE variation within species, we developed an optimized open-source algorithm, panEDTA, to de novo annotate TEs in a pan-genome context. We then generated a unified TE annotation for a maize pan-genome derived from 26 reference-quality genomes, which revealed an excess of 35.1 Mb of TE sequences per genome in tropical maize relative to temperate maize. A small number (n = 216) of TE families, mainly LTR retrotransposons, drive these differences. Evidence from the methylome, transcriptome, LTR age distribution, and LTR insertional polymorphisms revealed that 64.7% of the variability was contributed by LTR families that were young, less methylated, and more expressed in tropical maize, while 18.5% was driven by LTR families with removal or loss in temperate maize. This study demonstrates the use of a comprehensive pan-TE annotation to reveal the driving role of TEs in within-species genomic variation via their ongoing amplification and purging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manchanda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gent, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufford, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.09.511471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in activity and stability drive transposable element variation in tropical and temperate maize.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A machine learning based approach towards high-dimensional mediation analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mediation analysis is used to investigate the role of intermediate variables (mediators) that lie in the path between an exposure and an outcome variable. While significant research has focused on developing methods for assessing the influence of mediators on the exposure-outcome relationship, current approaches do not easily extend to settings where the mediator is high-dimensional. These situations are becoming increasingly common with the rapid increase of new applications measuring massive numbers of variables, including brain imaging, genomics, and metabolomics. In this work, we introduce a novel machine learning based method for identifying high dimensional mediators. The proposed algorithm iterates between using a machine learning model to map the high-dimensional mediators onto a lower-dimensional space, and using the predicted values as input in a standard three-variable mediation model. Hence, the machine learning model is trained to maximize the likelihood of the mediation model. Importantly, the proposed algorithm is agnostic to the machine learning model that is used, providing significant flexibility in the types of situations where it can be used. We illustrate the proposed methodology using data from two functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. First, using data from a task-based fMRI study of thermal pain, we combine the proposed algorithm with a deep learning model to detect distributed, network-level brain patterns mediating the relationship between stimulus intensity (temperature) and reported pain at the single trial level. Second, using resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project, we combine the proposed algorithm with a connectome-based predictive modeling approach to determine brain functional connectivity measures that mediate the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory accuracy. In both cases, our multivariate mediation model links exposure variables (thermal pain or fluid intelligence), high dimensional brain measures (single-trial brain activation maps or resting-state brain connectivity) and behavioral outcomes (pain report or working memory accuracy) into a single unified model. Using the proposed approach, we are able to identify brain-based measures that simultaneously encode the exposure variable and correlate with the behavioral outcome.

I. HIGHLIGHTSO_LICurrent methods for assessing mediation do not easily extend to high dimensions
C_LIO_LIWe introduce a new approach for performing high-dimensional mediation analysis
C_LIO_LILinks high-dimensional mediator to path analysis model via machine learning algorithm
C_LIO_LIMethod illustrated using data from two fMRI studies
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A machine learning based approach towards high-dimensional mediation analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.511975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Children's Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) - Accelerating Research in Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors through Collaboration and Open Science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.511975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children in the United States and contribute a disproportionate number of potential years of life lost compared to adult cancers. Moreover, survivors frequently suffer long-term side effects, including secondary cancers. The Childrens Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) is a multi-institutional international clinical research consortium created to advance therapeutic development through the collection and rapid distribution of biospecimens and data via open-science research platforms for real-time access and use by the global research community. The CBTNs 32 member institutions utilize a shared regulatory governance architecture at the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia to accelerate and maximize the use of biospecimens and data. As of August 2022, CBTN has enrolled over 4,700 subjects, over 1,500 parents, and collected over 65,000 biospecimen aliquots for research. Additionally, over 80 preclinical models have been developed from collected tumors. Multi-omic data for over 1,000 tumors and germline material is currently available with data generation for > 5,000 samples underway. To our knowledge, CBTN provides the largest open-access pediatric brain tumor multi-omic dataset annotated with longitudinal clinical and outcome data, imaging, associated biospecimens, child-parent genomic pedigrees, and in vivo and in vitro preclinical models. Empowered by NIH-supported platforms such as the Kids First Data Resource and the Childhood Cancer Data Initiative, the CBTN continues to expand the resources needed for scientists to accelerate translational impact for improved outcomes and quality of life for children with brain and spinal cord tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lilly, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokita, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefankiewiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trooskin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larouci, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plisiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koptyra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helili, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Kuren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubneuski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baubet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauhid, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanaugh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulder, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rife, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.511975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Children's Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) - Accelerating Research in Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors through Collaboration and Open Science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Filtering Microbial Populations with a Magnetic Field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic fields strongly affect currents of electrically charged particles such as electrons, protons and other ions in solution. Because ionic currents of protons or sodium drive the rotation of bacterial flagella, it is possible that the motion of motile bacterial species will be affected if they swim through a strong magnetic field. We tested this prediction in mixed cultures of soil bacteria and observed that a magnetic field does in fact exert a filtering effect that alters the composition of the mixed population of motile species. We then monitored motility and growth to see if magnetic fields affected individual bacterial species (Vibrio, Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) The same magnetic field had no observable effect on motility or growth. Although magnetic fields may have served as a selective factor in the evolution of certain species such as magnetotactic motile bacteria, they do not appear to have a direct effect on the ionic current driving flagellar rotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nazareth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deamer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Filtering Microbial Populations with a Magnetic Field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA Wheeler graph represents a collection of strings in a way that is particularly easy to index and query. Such a graph is a practical choice for representing a graph-shaped pangenome, and it is the foundation for current graph-based pangenome indexes. However, there are no practical tools to visualize or to check graphs that may have the Wheeler properties. Here we present Wheelie, an algorithm that combines a renaming heuristic with a permutation solver (Wheelie-PR) or a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver (Wheelie-SMT) to check whether a given graph has the Wheeler properties, a problem that is NP complete in general. Wheelie can check a variety of random and real-world graphs in far less time than any algorithm proposed to date. It can check a graph with 1,000s of nodes in seconds. We implement these algorithms together with complementary visualization tools in the WGT toolkit, available as open source software at https://github.com/Kuanhao-Chao/Wheeler_Graph_Toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dashing 2: genomic sketching with multiplicities and locality-sensitive hashing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A genomic sketch is a small, probabilistic representation of the set of k-mers in a sequencing dataset. Sketches are building blocks for large-scale analyses that consider similarities between many pairs of sequences or sequence collections. While existing tools can easily compare 10,000s of genomes, relevant datasets can reach millions of sequences and beyond. Popular tools also fail to consider k-mer multiplicities, making them less applicable in quantitative settings. We describe a method called Dashing 2 that builds on the SetSketch data structure. SetSketch is related to HyperLogLog, but discards use of leading zero count in favor of a truncated logarithm of adjustable base. Unlike HLL, SetSketch can perform multiplicity-aware sketching when combined with the ProbMinHash method. Dashing 2 integrates locality-sensitive hashing to scale all-pairs comparisons to millions of sequences. Dashing 2 is free, open source software available at https://github.com/dnbaker/dashing2
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dashing 2: genomic sketching with multiplicities and locality-sensitive hashing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The faculty-to-faculty mentorship experience: a survey on challenges and recommendations for improvements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faculty at research institutions play a central role in advancing knowledge and careers, as well as promoting the well-being of students and colleagues in research environments. Faculty members must balance a host of activities - such as performing research, teaching, sourcing funds, administrative and service duties - with their roles as educators and mentors. Mentorship from experienced peers has been touted as critical for enabling these myriad roles to allow faculty development, career progression, and satisfaction. However, there is little information available on who supports faculty and best ways to structure a faculty mentorship program for early- and mid-career academics. Furthermore, the extent to which mentorship and mentoring programs have been offered to faculty members has not been widely characterized. It is also unclear what challenges faculty receiving mentorship may face and which aspects could be further improved. In the interest of advocating for increased and enhanced faculty mentoring and mentoring programs, we surveyed faculty (i.e., group leaders) around the world to gather data on whether and how they receive mentoring from peers, senior researchers, informal mentoring programs, or formal mentoring programs at their institutions. We received responses from 457 early- and mid-career faculty and found that a substantial portion of respondents either reported having no mentor or a lack of a formal mentoring scheme. Qualitative responses on the quality of mentorship revealed that the most common complaints regarding mentorship included lack of mentor availability, unsatisfactory commitment to mentorship, and non-specific or non-actionable advice. Our findings further identified key mentorship elements desired by faculty mentees. Based on these suggestions, we identify a need for training for faculty mentors as well as strategies for individual mentors, departments, and institutions for funding and design of more intentional and supportive mentorship programs for early- and mid-career faculty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson Filho, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The faculty-to-faculty mentorship experience: a survey on challenges and recommendations for improvements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface phenotyping and quantitative proteomics reveal differentially enriched proteins of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all cell types and are found in all tissues and biofluids. EV proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are a "nano-snapshot" of the parent cell that may be used for novel diagnostics of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, diagnosis of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinsons disease (PD), relies on manifestations of late-stage progression, which may furthermore associate with other neurodegenerative diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Here, we profiled surface markers and other protein contents of brain-derived extracellular vesicles (bd-EVs) from PD (n= 24), PSP (n=25) and control (n=24). bdEVs displayed tetraspanins and certain microglia, astrocyte, and neuron markers, while quantitative proteomics revealed enrichment of several proteins in PD vs. control and/or PSP, including clathrin heavy chain 1 and 14-3-3 protein gamma. This characterization of EVs in the source tissue provides insights into local dynamics as well as biomarker candidates for investigation in peripheral fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gizzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boronina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routenberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface phenotyping and quantitative proteomics reveal differentially enriched proteins of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration is a critical requirement for cancer metastasis. Cytokine production and its role in cancer cell migration have been traditionally associated with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. MLL1 is a histone methyltransferase that controls 3D cell migration via the secretion of cytokines, IL-6 and TGF-{beta}1, by the cancer cells themselves. In vivo, MLL1 depletion reduced metastatic burden and prolonged survival. MLL1 exerts its effects with its scaffold protein, Menin. Mechanistically, the MLL1-Menin interaction controls actin filament assembly via the IL-6/pSTAT3/Arp3 axis and acto-myosin contractility via the TGF-{beta}1/Gli2/ROCK1/2/pMLC2 axis, which regulate dynamic protrusion generation and 3D cell migration. MLL1 also regulates cell proliferation via mitosis-based and cell cycle-related pathways. Combining an MLL1-Menin inhibitor with Paclitaxel, a standard chemotherapeutic, abrogated tumor growth and metastasis in a syngeneic model. These results highlight the potential of targeting the MLL1 in metastasis prevention and its potential to be combined with currently administered chemotherapeutics.

Statement of SignificanceWe identify MLL1 as being vital to metastasis, which causes the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. MLL1 controls cell migration, a requirement for metastasis, by regulating the secretion of cytokines. MLL1 inhibition lowers metastatic burden independent of its impact on primary tumor growth, highlighting its anti-metastatic potential in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmental program that regulates mammalian organ size offsets evolutionary distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pigs are evolutionarily more distant from humans than mice, but their physiological organs are closest to humans. The molecular program leading to a more than 1,000-fold increase in organ size in pigs and humans over that of mice across evolution has not been elucidated. We generated large-scale transcriptional landscapes throughout swine lung development. Our cross-species single-cell molecular atlas let us discover swine progenitor identities, stage-specific markers, and a core organ-size regulation program (COSRP), well-conserved in swine and humans but less so in mice. Across eight mammalian species, human COSRP promoters showed higher homologies to evolutionary-distant large animals, including pigs, than evolutionary-close small animals. Our study provides a molecular foundation during swine lung development that unveils animal size regulation conserved in the COSRP promoter, independent of genome-wide evolution. COSRP is a critical paradigm for studying thousands-fold changes in biological sizes in evolution, development, cancer, zoology, respirology, organoids, and biotechnology, particularly human-compatible organ generation.

One Sentence SummaryA cross-species developmental molecular atlas identified the indicator of lung and animal size beyond evolution
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakiuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmental program that regulates mammalian organ size offsets evolutionary distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting Macromolecular Hydration with HullRadSAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydration of biological macromolecules is important for their stability and function. Historically, attempts have been made to describe the degree of macromolecular hydration using a single parameter over a narrow range of values. Here, we describe a method to calculate two types of hydration: surface shell water and entrained water. A consideration of these two types of hydration helps to explain the "hydration problem" in hydrodynamics. The combination of these two types of hydration allows accurate calculation of hydrodynamic volume and related macromolecular properties such as sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, intrinsic viscosities, and the concentration dependent non-ideality identified with sedimentation velocity experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting Macromolecular Hydration with HullRadSAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survivin Regulates Intracellular Stiffness and Extracellular Matrix Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular dysfunction is a common cause of cardiovascular diseases characterized by the narrowing and stiffening of arteries, such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension. Arterial narrowing results from the aberrant proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and their increased synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. These, in turn, are modulated by arterial stiffness, but the mechanism for this is not fully understood. We found that survivin (an inhibitor of apoptosis) is an important regulator of stiffness-mediated ECM synthesis and intracellular stiffness in VSMCs. Whole-transcriptome analysis and cell culture experiments showed that survivin expression is upregulated in injured femoral arteries in mice and in human VSMCs cultured on stiff fibronectin-coated hydrogels. Suppressed expression of survivin in human VSMCs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts decreased the stiffness-mediated expression of ECM components implicated in arterial stiffness, namely, collagen-I, fibronectin, and lysyl oxidase. By contrast, expression of these proteins was upregulated by the overexpression of survivin in human VSMCs cultured on soft hydrogels. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that suppressed or enhanced expression of survivin decreases or increases intracellular stiffness, respectively. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which survivin modulates arterial stiffness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krajnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survivin Regulates Intracellular Stiffness and Extracellular Matrix Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes vary greatly in their propensity for collateral fitness effects of mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations can have deleterious fitness effects when they decrease protein specific activity or decrease active protein abundance. Mutations will also be deleterious when they cause misfolding or misinteractions that are toxic to the cell (i.e., independent of whether the mutations affect specific activity and abundance). The extent to which protein evolution is shaped by these and other collateral fitness effects is unclear in part because little is known of their frequency and magnitude. Using deep mutational scanning (DMS), we previously found at least 42% of missense mutations in the TEM-1 {beta}-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene cause deleterious collateral fitness effects. Here, we used DMS to comprehensively determine the collateral fitness effects of missense mutations in three genes encoding the antibiotic resistance proteins New Delhi metallo-{beta}-lactamase (NDM-1), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase I (CAT-I), and 2"-aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (AadB). AadB (20%), CAT-I (0.9%), and NDM-1 (0.2%) were less susceptible to deleterious collateral fitness effects than TEM-1 (42%) indicating that genes have different propensities for these effects. As was observed with TEM-1, all the studied deleterious aadB mutants increased aggregation. However, aggregation did not correlate with collateral fitness effects for many of the deleterious mutants of CAT-I and NDM-1. Select deleterious mutants caused unexpected phenotypes to emerge. The introduction of internal start codons in CAT-1 caused loss of the episome and a mutation in aadB made its cognate antibiotic essential for growth. Our study illustrates how the complexity of the cell provides a rich environment for collateral fitness effects and new phenotypes to emerge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlhoff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes vary greatly in their propensity for collateral fitness effects of mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adding meaning to memories: How parietal cortex combines semantic content with episodic experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging studies of human memory have consistently found that univariate responses in parietal cortex track episodic experience with stimuli (whether stimuli are  old or  new). More recently, pattern-based fMRI studies have shown that parietal cortex also carries information about the semantic content of remembered experiences. However, it is not well understood how memory-based and content-based signals are integrated within parietal cortex. Here, we used voxel-wise encoding models and a recognition memory task to predict the fMRI activity patterns evoked by complex natural scene images based on (a) the episodic history and (b) the semantic content of each image. Models were generated and compared across distinct subregions of parietal cortex and for occipitotemporal cortex. We show that parietal and occipitotemporal regions each encode memory and content information, but they differ in how they combine this information. Among parietal subregions, angular gyrus was characterized by robust and overlapping effects of memory and content. Moreover, subject-specific semantic tuning functions revealed that successful recognition shifted the amplitude of tuning functions in angular gyrus but did not change the selectivity of tuning. In other words, effects of memory and content were additive in angular gyrus. This pattern of data contrasted with occipitotemporal cortex where memory and content effects were interactive: memory effects were preferentially expressed by voxels tuned to the content of a remembered image. Collectively, these findings provide unique insight into how parietal cortex combines information about episodic memory and semantic content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweigart, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhl, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adding meaning to memories: How parietal cortex combines semantic content with episodic experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Data Ecosystem: A User's Guide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing cellular diversity at different levels of biological organization across data modalities is a prerequisite to understanding the function of cell types in the brain. Classification of neurons is also required to manipulate cell types in controlled ways, and to understand their variation and vulnerability in brain disorders. The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) is an integrated network of data generating centers, data archives and data standards developers, with the goal of systematic multimodal brain cell type profiling and characterization. Emphasis of the BICCN is on the whole mouse brain and demonstration of prototypes for human and non-human primate (NHP) brains. Here, we provide a guide to the cellular and spatial approaches employed, and to accessing and using the BICCN data and its extensive resources, including the BRAIN Cell Data Center (BCDC) which serves to manage and integrate data across the ecosystem. We illustrate the power of the BICCN data ecosystem through vignettes highlighting several BICCN analysis and visualization tools. Finally, we present emerging standards that have been developed or adopted by the BICCN toward FAIR (Wilkinson et al. 2016a) neuroscience. The combined BICCN ecosystem provides a comprehensive resource for the exploration and analysis of cell types in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BICCN Data Ecosytem Collaboration,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hof, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjaalie, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynor, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osumi-Sutherland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ropelewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilgner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aevermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishwakarma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Data Ecosystem: A User's Guide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct activation of the Ras-Akt network mediates polarity and organizes protrusions in human neutrophil migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functions of Ras oncogenes and their downstream effectors are typically associated with cell proliferation and growth control while their role in immune cell migration has been largely unexplored. Although Ras-mediated signaling cascades have been implicated in immune response, there is no conclusive evidence to show local activation of these pathways on the plasma membrane directly regulates cell motility or polarity. Using spatiotemporally precise, cryptochrome-based optogenetic systems in human neutrophils, we abruptly altered protrusive activity, bypassing the chemoattractant-sensing receptor/G-protein network. First, global recruitment of active KRas4B/HRas isoforms or the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RasGRP4, immediately increased spreading and random motility in neutrophils. Second, creating Ras activity at the cell rear generated new protrusions at the site and reversed pre-existing polarity, similar to the effects of steep chemoattractant gradients. Third, recruiting GTPase activating protein, RASAL3, at cell fronts abrogated existing protrusions and changed the direction of motility whereas dynamically inhibiting nascent fronts stopped migration completely. Fourth, combining pharmacological inhibition studies with optogenetics revealed that mTorC2 is more important than PI3K for Ras-mediated polarity and migration. Finally, local recruitment of Ras-mTorC2 effector, Akt, also generated new protrusions, rearranged pre-existing polarity, and triggered migration, even in absence of PI3K signaling. We propose that actin assembly, cell shape, and migration modes in immune cells are promptly controlled by rapid, local activities of established components of classical growth-control pathways independently of receptor activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borleis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.513966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct activation of the Ras-Akt network mediates polarity and organizes protrusions in human neutrophil migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An exploratory study of a simple approach for evaluating drug solubility in milk related vehicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Milk related materials are frequently used as a vehicle for drug product administration. Therefore, drug solubility information in milk related vehicles is desirable for prediction of how they may influence in vivo drug release and bioavailability. However, there are very limited data published on this topic. This study explored a practical method to address the key challenges associated with solubility assessment in milk, including the sample equilibration time and cleanup procedures. Amitriptyline, acetaminophen, dexamethasone, nifedipine, piroxicam, and prednisolone were selected as model drugs to represent a wide range of physicochemical properties. Their solubilities were determined at room temperature in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, skim milk, whole milk, reconstituted whole milk powder, and unprocessed raw milk. The overall results confirmed that milk greatly improves the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the extent of improvement and mechanism of solubilization appeared unique for each drug, highlighting the importance of evaluating milk solubility experimentally. The method used in this exploratory study can be applied in future investigations of a broader range of drugs and milk-related vehicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longstaff, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An exploratory study of a simple approach for evaluating drug solubility in milk related vehicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Palmitoylation regulates neuropilin-2 localization and function in cortical neurons and conveys specificity to semaphorin signaling via palmitoyl acyltransferases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted semaphorin 3F (Sema3F) and semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) exhibit remarkably distinct effects on deep layer excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons; Sema3F mediates dendritic spine pruning, whereas Sema3A promotes the elaboration of basal dendrites. Sema3F and Sema3A signal through distinct holoreceptors that include neuropilin-2 (Nrp-2)/plexinA3 (PlexA3) and neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1)/PlexA4, respectively. We find that Nrp-2 and Nrp-1 are S-palmitoylated in cortical neurons and that palmitoylation of select Nrp-2 cysteines is required for its proper subcellular localization and also for Sema3F/Nrp-2-dependent dendritic spine pruning in cortical neurons, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that the palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC15 is required for Nrp-2 palmitoylation and Sema3F/Nrp-2-dependent dendritic spine pruning, but it is dispensable for Nrp-1 palmitoylation and Sema3A/Nrp-1-dependent basal dendritic elaboration. Therefore, palmitoyl acyltransferase-substrate specificity is essential for establishing compartmentalized neuronal structure and functional responses to extrinsic guidance cues.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LINeuropilins (Nrps) are S-palmitoylated in vitro and in vivo in the central nervous system
C_LIO_LIS-palmitoylation of select Nrp-2 cysteines confers subcellular localization specificity and is required for semaphorin 3F-dependent dendritic spine pruning in cortical neurons
C_LIO_LIDistinct palmitoyl acyltransferases mediate Nrp-2 and Nrp-1 palmitoylation and function, imparting specificity to semaphorin signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koropouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias-Estevez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Palmitoylation regulates neuropilin-2 localization and function in cortical neurons and conveys specificity to semaphorin signaling via palmitoyl acyltransferases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational and experimental analyses of alanine racemase suggest new avenues for developing allosteric small-molecule antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the ever-present threat of antibacterial resistance, there is an urgent need to identify new antibacterial drugs and targets. One such target is alanine racemase (Alr), an enzyme required for bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Alr is an attractive drug target because it is essential for bacterial survival but is absent in humans. Here, we investigate the Alr from M. tuberculosis (MT), the pathogen responsible for human tuberculosis, as a model Alr enzyme. MT-Alr functions exclusively as an obligate homodimer formed by two identical monomers. Both monomers contribute to the overall composition of their active sites. Therefore, disrupting the dimer interface could inhibit MT-Alr activity. Using computational methods, we identified seven interfacial residues predicted to be responsible for MT-Alr dimerization. Mutating one of the seven residues, Lys261, to alanine resulted in a completely inactive enzyme. Further investigation suggested a potential drug-binding site near Lys261 that might be useful for allosteric drug discovery.

SummaryThe bacterial protein alanine racemase (Alr) converts L-alanine to D-alanine, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall. Cycloserine, a known antibiotic, inhibits Alr by binding to the same pocket that alanine binds. Several human proteins have similar pockets, so cycloserine has severe side effects. We identified additional Alr pockets and discovered that altering one of them abolishes Alr activity. Molecules that bind this pocket may similarly impact Alr activity, helping to address the ongoing antibiotic resistance crisis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Wieren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational and experimental analyses of alanine racemase suggest new avenues for developing allosteric small-molecule antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the sensitivity of in vivo CRISPR off-target detection with DISCOVER-Seq+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery of off-target CRISPR-Cas genome editing activity in patient-derived cells and animal models is crucial for therapeutic applications, but currently exhibits low sensitivity. We demonstrate that inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) accumulates repair protein MRE11 at CRISPR-targeted sites, enabling high-sensitivity mapping of off-target sites to positions of MRE11 binding using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). This technique, termed DISCOVER-Seq+, discovered up to 5-fold more CRISPR off-target sites in immortalized cell lines, primary human cells, and mice compared to previous methods. We demonstrated applicability to ex vivo knock-in of a cancer-directed transgenic T-cell receptor in primary human T cells and in vivo adenovirus knock-out of cardiovascular risk gene PCSK9 in mice. DISCOVER-Seq+ is the most sensitive method to-date for discovering off-target genome editing in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles-Vazquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the sensitivity of in vivo CRISPR off-target detection with DISCOVER-Seq+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vivo characterization of glutamine metabolism identifies therapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we analyzed metabolism in patient-derived xenografts (tumorgrafts) from diverse forms of RCC. Tumorgrafts from VHL-mutant clear cell RCC (ccRCC) retained metabolic features of human ccRCC and engage in oxidative and reductive glutamine metabolism. We used several approaches to suppress glutamine metabolism and test the effect on tumor growth. Genetic silencing of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 or -2 impaired reductive labeling of TCA cycle intermediates and suppressed tumor growth. Glutaminase inhibition resulted in modest growth suppression and variable effects on glutamine metabolism in vivo. Infusions with [amide-15N]glutamine revealed persistent amidotransferase activity during glutaminase inhibition, and blocking these activities with the amidotransferase inhibitor JHU-083 also reduced tumor growth. We conclude that ccRCC tumorgrafts catabolize glutamine via multiple pathways, perhaps explaining why it has been challenging to achieve therapeutic responses in patients by inhibiting glutaminase.

TeaserGlutamine fuels the TCA cycle and amidotransferase pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarangelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahumada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tcheuyap, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saatchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugarolas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vivo characterization of glutamine metabolism identifies therapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast cysteine desulfurase provides sulfur for both iron sulfur cluster assembly and tRNA modification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron sulfur clusters (FeS) are ancient and ubiquitous protein cofactors that play fundamental roles in many aspects of cell biology. These cofactors cannot be scavenged or trafficked within a cell and thus must be synthesized in any subcellular compartment where they are required. We examined the FeS synthesis proteins found in the relict plastid organelle, called the apicoplast, of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Using a chemical bypass method, we deleted four of the FeS pathway proteins involved in sulfur acquisition and cluster assembly and demonstrated that they are all essential for parasite survival. However, the effect that these deletions had on the apicoplast organelle differed. Deletion of the cysteine desulfurase SufS led to disruption of the apicoplast organelle and loss of the organellar genome, whereas the other deletions did not affect organelle maintenance. Ultimately, we discovered that the requirement of SufS for organelle maintenance is not driven by its role in FeS biosynthesis, but rather, by its function in generating sulfur for use by MnmA, a tRNA modifying enzyme that we localized to the apicoplast. By complementing the activity of the parasite MnmA and SufS with a bacterial MnmA and its cognate cysteine desulfurase, we showed that the parasite SufS provides sulfur for both FeS biosynthesis and tRNA modification in the apicoplast. The dual role of parasite SufS is likely to be found in other plastid-containing organisms and highlights the central role of this enzyme in plastid biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast cysteine desulfurase provides sulfur for both iron sulfur cluster assembly and tRNA modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Unfolded Outer Membrane Protein Ensembles Targeted by Hydrodynamic Properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) must exist as an unfolded ensemble while interacting with a chaperone network in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we developed a method to model unfolded OMP (uOMP) conformational ensembles using experimental properties of two well-studied OMPs. The overall size and shape of the unfolded ensembles in water were experimentally defined by measuring the sedimentation coefficient as a function of urea concentration. We used these data to model a full range of unfolded conformations by parameterizing a targeted coarse-grained simulation protocol. The ensemble members were further refined by short molecular dynamics simulations to reflect proper torsion angles. The final conformational ensembles reveal inherent differences in the unfolded states that necessitate further investigation. Building these uOMP ensembles advances the understanding of OMP biogenesis and produces essential information for interpreting structures of uOMP-chaperone complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Unfolded Outer Membrane Protein Ensembles Targeted by Hydrodynamic Properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Transcription Factor Foxi1 Promotes Expression of V-ATPase and Gpr116 in M-1 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diverse functions of each nephron segment rely on the coordinated action of specialized cell populations that are uniquely defined by their transcriptional profile. In the collecting duct, there are two critical and distinct cell populations: principal cells and intercalated cells. Principal cells play key roles in the regulation of water, Na+, and K+, while intercalated cells are best known for their role in acid-base homeostasis. Currently, there are no in vitro systems that recapitulate the heterogeneity of the collecting ducts, which limits high-throughput and replicate investigations of genetic and physiological phenomena. Here, we have demonstrated that the transcription factor Foxi1 is sufficient to alter the transcriptional identity of M-1 cells, a murine cortical collecting duct cell line. Specifically, overexpression of Foxi1 induces the expression of intercalated cell transcripts including Gpr116, Atp6v1b1, Atp6v1g3, Atp6v0d2, Slc4a9, and Slc26a4. These data indicate that overexpression of Foxi1 differentiates M-1 cells towards a B-type intercalated cell phenotype and may provide a novel in vitro tool to study transcriptional regulation and physiological function of the renal collecting duct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Transcription Factor Foxi1 Promotes Expression of V-ATPase and Gpr116 in M-1 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell lineage predicts neural connectivity beyond cell type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During nervous system development, repeated cell divisions of the zygote give rise to a "family tree" of neurons related by mitotic lineage. The developmental process also gives rise to neuronal connections, and neurons phenotypically converge to different cell types. Neural connections are steered by cell type, but they may be driven in part by lineage: We do not know if lineage matters for the developmental neurogenesis process. We thus asked if mitotic lineage predicts neural connections beyond cell type alone. Using three C. elegans datasets, we fit models for edge prediction tasks: predicting synaptic targets, and predicting synaptic sources. Adding the mitotic lineage improved these predictions. Our results suggest that the family tree matters for the connections made by neurons, and that developmental lineage is a variable that should be considered more deeply in models of connectome assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell lineage predicts neural connectivity beyond cell type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness and functional landscapes of the E. coli RNase III gene rnc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How protein properties such as protein activity and protein essentiality affect the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of mutations are important questions in protein evolution. Deep mutational scanning studies typically measure the effects of a comprehensive set of mutations on either protein activity or fitness. Our understanding of the underpinnings of the DFE would be enhanced by a comprehensive study of both for the same gene. Here, we compared the fitness effects and in vivo protein activity effects of [~]4,500 missense mutations in the E. coli rnc gene. This gene encodes RNase III, a global regulator enzyme that cleaves diverse RNA substrates including precursor ribosomal RNA and various mRNAs including its own 5 untranslated region (5UTR). We find that RNase IIIs ability to cleave dsRNA is the most important determinant of the fitness effects of rnc mutations. The DFE of RNase III was bimodal, with mutations centered around neutral and deleterious effects, consistent with previously reported DFEs of enzymes with a singular physiological role. Fitness was buffered to small effects on RNase III activity. The enzymes RNase III domain (RIIID), which contains the RNase III signature motif and all active site residues, was more sensitive to mutation than its dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD), which is responsible for recognition and binding to dsRNA. Differential effects on fitness and functional scores for mutations at highly conserved residues G97, G99, and F188 suggest that these positions may be important for RNase III cleavage specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weeks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness and functional landscapes of the E. coli RNase III gene rnc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FkpA Enhances Membrane Protein Folding using an Extensive Interaction Surface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane protein (OMP) biogenesis in gram-negative bacteria is managed by a network of periplasmic chaperones that includes SurA, Skp, and FkpA. These chaperones bind unfolded OMPs (uOMPs) in dynamic conformational ensembles to suppress uOMP aggregation, facilitate diffusion across the periplasm, and enhance OMP folding. FkpA primarily responds to heat-shock stress, but its mechanism is comparatively understudied. To determine FkpA chaperone function, we monitored the folding of a cognate client uOmpA171 and found that FkpA increases the folded uOmpA171population but also slows the folding rate, dual functions distinct from the other periplasmic chaperones. The results indicate that FkpA behaves as a chaperone and not as a folding catalyst to directly influence the uOmpA171folding trajectory. We determine the binding affinity between FkpA and uOmpA171 by globally fitting sedimentation velocity titrations and found it to be intermediate between the known affinities of Skp and SurA for uOMP clients. Notably, complex formation steeply depends on the urea concentration, suggestive of an extensive binding interface. Initial characterizations of the complex using photo-crosslinking indicates that the binding interface spans the inner surfaces of the entire FkpA molecule. In contrast to prior findings, folding and binding experiments performed using subdomain constructs of FkpA demonstrate that the full-length chaperone is required for full activity. Together these results support that FkpA has a distinct and direct effect on uOMP folding and that it achieves this by utilizing an extensive chaperone-client interface.

SignificanceThe periplasmic chaperone network is required for the survival and virulence of gram-negative bacteria. Here we find that the chaperone FkpA enhances outer membrane protein folding and tightly binds its clients with an extensive interaction interface. This modified holdase function of FkpA distinguishes it from other periplasmic chaperones and complements their functions to ensure robust outer membrane biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskopf, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubb, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FkpA Enhances Membrane Protein Folding using an Extensive Interaction Surface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preservation of prehearing spontaneous activityenables early auditory system development in deaf mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically generated neural activity propagates through the developing auditory system to promote maturation and refinement of sound processing circuits prior to hearing onset. This early patterned activity is induced by non-sensory supporting cells in the organ of Corti, which are highly interconnected through gap junctions containing connexin 26 (Gjb2). Although loss of function mutations in Gjb2 impair cochlear development and are the most common cause of congenital deafness, it is not known if these mutations disrupt spontaneous activity and the developmental trajectory of sound processing circuits in the brain. Here, we show in a new mouse model of Gjb2-mediated congenital deafness that cochlear supporting cells unexpectedly retained intercellular coupling and the capacity to generate spontaneous activity, exhibiting only modest deficits prior to hearing onset. This coordinated activation of IHCs led to coincident bursts of activity in central auditory neurons that will later process similar frequencies of sound. Despite alterations in the structure of the sensory epithelium, hair cells within the cochlea of Gjb2 deficient mice were intact and central auditory neurons could be activated within appropriate tonotopic domains by loud sounds at hearing onset, indicating that early maturation and refinement of auditory circuits was preserved. Only after cessation of spontaneous activity following hearing onset did progressive hair cell degeneration and enhanced auditory neuron excitability manifest. This preservation of cochlear spontaneous activity in the absence of connexin 26 may increase the effectiveness of early therapeutic interventions to restore hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersbergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preservation of prehearing spontaneous activityenables early auditory system development in deaf mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-separating pyrenoid proteins form complexes in the dilute phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most studies of biomolecular phase separation have focused on the condensed phase, relatively little is known about the dilute phase. Theory suggests that stable complexes form in the dilute phase of two-component phase-separating systems, impacting phase separation; however, these complexes have not been interrogated experimentally. We show that such complexes indeed exist, using an in vitro reconstitution system of a phase-separated organelle, the algal pyrenoid, consisting of purified proteins Rubisco and EPYC1. Applying fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to measure diffusion coefficients, we found that complexes form in the dilute phase with or without condensates present. The majority of these complexes contain exactly one Rubisco molecule. Additionally, we developed a simple analytical model which recapitulates experimental findings and provides molecular insights into the dilute phase organization. Thus, our results demonstrate the existence of protein complexes in the dilute phase, which could play a significant role in the stability, dynamics, and regulation of condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GrandPre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-separating pyrenoid proteins form complexes in the dilute phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene model correction for PVRIG in single cell and bulk sequencing data enables accurate detection and study of its functional relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has gained increased popularity in recent years and has revolutionized the study of cell populations; however, this technology presents several caveats regarding specific gene expression measurement. Here we examine the expression levels of several immune checkpoint genes, which are currently assessed in clinical studies. We find that unlike in most bulk sequencing studies, PVRIG, a novel immune-modulatory receptor in the DNAM-1 axis, suffers from poor detection in 10x Chromium scRNA-seq and other types of assays that utilize the GENCODE transcriptomic reference (gene model). We show that the default GENCODE gene model, typically used in the analysis of such data, is incorrect in the PVRIG genomic region and demonstrate that fixing the gene model recovers genuine PVRIG expression levels. We explore computational strategies for resolving multi-gene mapped reads, such as those implemented in RSEM and STARsolo and find that they provide a partial solution to the problem. Our study provides means to better interrogate the expression of PVRIG in scRNA-seq and emphasizes the importance of optimizing gene models and alignment algorithms to enable accurate gene expression measurement in scRNA-seq and bulk sequencing. The methodology applied here for PVRIG can be applied to other genes with similar issues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nemzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabath, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alteber, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickles-Fader, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpaz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granit, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene model correction for PVRIG in single cell and bulk sequencing data enables accurate detection and study of its functional relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous automated MRS data analysis workflow for applied studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can non-invasively measure levels of endogenous metabolites in living tissue and is of great interest to neuroscience and clinical research. To this day, MRS data analysis workflows differ substantially between groups, frequently requiring many manual steps to be performed on individual datasets, e.g., data renaming/sorting, manual execution of analysis scripts, and manual assessment of success/failure. Manual analysis practices are a substantial barrier to wider uptake of MRS. They also increase the likelihood of human error and prevent deployment of MRS at large scale. Here, we demonstrate an end-to-end workflow for fully automated data uptake, processing, and quality review.

New MethodThe proposed continuous automated MRS analysis workflow integrates several recent innovations in MRS data and file storage conventions. They are efficiently deployed by a directory monitoring service that automatically triggers the following steps upon arrival of a new raw MRS dataset in a project folder: (1) conversion from proprietary manufacturer file formats into the universal format NIfTI-MRS; (2) consistent file system organization according to the data accumulation logic standard BIDS-MRS; (3) executing a command-line executable of our open-source end-to-end analysis software Osprey; (4) e-mail delivery of a quality control summary report for all analysis steps.

ResultsThe automated architecture successfully completed for a demonstration dataset. The only manual step required was to copy a raw data folder into a monitored directory.

Comparison with Existing Method(s)The workflow presented here is the first implementation of a continuous automated MRS analysis ecosystem based on NIfTI-MRS and BIDS-MRS standards. Traditional MRS workflows are non-standardized, often require manual input, and frequently noy compatible with established neuroimaging workflows. This workflow should therefore facilitate integration of MRS into large-scale and multi-center studies.

ConclusionsContinuous automated analysis of MRS data can reduce the burden of manual data analysis and quality control, particularly for non-expert users and multi-center or large-scale studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous automated MRS data analysis workflow for applied studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facemap: a framework for modeling neural activity based on orofacial tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies in mice have shown that orofacial behaviors drive a large fraction of neural activity across the brain. To understand the nature and function of these signals, we need better computational models to characterize the behaviors and relate them to neural activity. Here we developed Facemap, a framework consisting of a keypoint tracking algorithm and a deep neural network encoder for predicting neural activity. We used the Facemap keypoints as input for the deep neural network to predict the activity of [~]50,000 simultaneously-recorded neurons and in visual cortex we doubled the amount of explained variance compared to previous methods. Our keypoint tracking algorithm was more accurate than existing pose estimation tools, while the inference speed was several times faster, making it a powerful tool for closed-loop behavioral experiments. The Facemap tracker was easy to adapt to data from new labs, requiring as few as 10 annotated frames for near-optimal performance. We used Facemap to find that the neuronal activity clusters which were highly driven by behaviors were more spatially spread-out across cortex. We also found that the deep keypoint features inferred by the model had time-asymmetrical state dynamics that were not apparent in the raw keypoint data. In summary, Facemap provides a stepping stone towards understanding the function of the brainwide neural signals and their relation to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facemap: a framework for modeling neural activity based on orofacial tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of cell wall synthesis activation and chromosome segregation during cell division in Caulobacter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To divide, bacteria must synthesize and remodel their peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, a protective meshwork that maintains cell shape. FtsZ, a tubulin homolog, dynamically assembles into a midcell band, recruiting division proteins including the PG synthases FtsW and FtsI. FtsWI are activated to synthesize PG and drive constriction at the appropriate time and place, however their activation pathway remains unresolved. In Caulobacter crescentus, FtsWI activity requires FzlA, an essential FtsZ-binding protein. Through time-lapse imaging and single-molecule tracking of C. crescentus FtsW and FzlA in perturbed genetic backgrounds, we demonstrate that FzlA is a limiting constriction activation factor that converts inactive, fast-moving FtsW to an active, slow-moving state. We find that FzlA interacts with the DNA translocase FtsK, and place FtsK genetically in a pathway with FzlA and FtsWI. Misregulation of the FzlA-FtsK-FtsWI pathway leads to heightened DNA damage and cell death. We propose that FzlA integrates the FtsZ ring, chromosome segregation, and PG synthesis to ensure robust and timely constriction during Caulobacter division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahone, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of cell wall synthesis activation and chromosome segregation during cell division in Caulobacter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XIST ribonucleoproteins promote female sex-biased autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect females more than males. The XX sex chromosome complement is strongly associated with susceptibility to autoimmunity. Xist long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is expressed only in females to randomly inactivate one of the two X chromosomes to achieve gene dosage compensation. Here, we show that the Xist ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, comprised of numerous autoantigenic components, is an important driver of sex-biased autoimmunity. Inducible transgenic expression of a non-silencing form of Xist in male mice introduced Xist RNP complexes and sufficed to produce autoantibodies. Male SJL/J mice expressing transgenic Xist developed more severe multiorgan pathology in pristane-induced model of lupus than wild-type males. Xist expression in males reprogrammed T and B cell population and chromatin states to more resemble wild type females. Human patients with autoimmune diseases displayed significant autoantibodies to multiple components of XIST RNP. Thus, a sex-specific lncRNA scaffolds ubiquitous RNP components to drive sex-biased immunity.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITransgenic mouse models inducibly express Xist in male animals.
C_LIO_LIXist expression in males induce autoantibodies and autoimmune pathology.
C_LIO_LIXist in males reprograms T and B cell populations to female-like patterns.
C_LIO_LIAutoantibodies to Xist RNP characterize female-biased autoimmune diseases.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dou, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellstrom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigley, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wutz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XIST ribonucleoproteins promote female sex-biased autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cousa objective: a long working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton microscopy can resolve fluorescent structures and dynamics deep in scattering tissue, but applying this technique in vivo can be limited by short working distance water-immersion objectives. Here we present an ultra long working distance (20 mm) air objective called the Cousa objective. It is optimized for performance across multiphoton imaging wavelengths, offers a > 4 mm2 field-of-view with submicron lateral resolution, and is compatible with commonly used multiphoton imaging systems. We share the full optical prescription, and report performance including in vivo 2-photon and 3-photon imaging in a range of species and preparations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsit, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberly, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benisty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cousa objective: a long working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular cell type organization of cortical areas revealed by in situ sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortex is composed of neuronal types with diverse gene expression that are organized into specialized cortical areas. These areas, each with characteristic cytoarchitecture (Brodmann 1909; Vogt and Vogt 1919; Von Bonin 1947), connectivity (Zingg et al. 2014; Harris et al. 2019), and neuronal activity (Schwarz et al. 2008; Ferrarini et al. 2009; He et al. 2009; Meunier et al. 2010; Bertolero et al. 2015), are wired into modular networks (Zingg et al. 2014; Harris et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020). However, it remains unclear whether cortical areas and their modular organization can be similarly defined by their transcriptomic signatures and how such signatures are established in development. Here we used BARseq, a high-throughput in situ sequencing technique, to interrogate the expression of 104 cell type marker genes in 10.3 million cells, including 4,194,658 cortical neurons over nine mouse forebrain hemispheres at cellular resolution. De novo clustering of gene expression in single neurons revealed transcriptomic types that were consistent with previous single-cell RNAseq studies(Yao et al. 2021a; Yao et al. 2021b). Gene expression and the distribution of fine-grained cell types vary along the contours of cortical areas, and the composition of transcriptomic types are highly predictive of cortical area identity. Moreover, areas with similar compositions of transcriptomic types, which we defined as cortical modules, overlap with areas that are highly connected, suggesting that the same modular organization is reflected in both transcriptomic signatures and connectivity. To explore how the transcriptomic profiles of cortical neurons depend on development, we compared the cell type distributions after neonatal binocular enucleation. Strikingly, binocular enucleation caused the cell type compositional profiles of visual areas to shift towards neighboring areas within the same cortical module, suggesting that peripheral inputs sharpen the distinct transcriptomic identities of areas within cortical modules. Enabled by the high-throughput, low-cost, and reproducibility of BARseq, our study provides a proof-of-principle for using large-scale in situ sequencing to reveal brain-wide molecular architecture and to understand its development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular cell type organization of cortical areas revealed by in situ sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic chromosomal alterations in blood across ancestries via whole-genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosaic mutations in blood are common with increasing age and are prognostic markers for cancer, cardiovascular dysfunction and other diseases. This group of acquired mutations include megabase-scale mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs). These large mutations have mainly been surveyed using SNP array data from individuals of European (EA) or Japanese genetic ancestry. To gain a better understanding of mCA rates and associated risk factors in genetically diverse populations, we surveyed whole genome sequencing data from 67,390 individuals, including 20,132 individuals of African ancestry (AA), and 7,608 of Hispanic ancestry (HA) with deep (30X) whole genome sequencing data from the NHLBI Trans Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We adapted an existing mCA calling algorithm for application to WGS data, and observed higher sensitivity with WGS data, compared with array-based data, in uncovering mCAs at low mutant cell fractions. As in previous reports, we observed a strong association with age and a non-uniform distribution of mCAs across the genome. The presence of autosomal (but not chromosome X) mCAs was associated with an increased risk of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. After adjusting for age, we found that individuals of European ancestry have the highest rates of autosomal mCAs, mirroring the higher rate of leukemia in this group. Our analysis also uncovered higher rates of chromosome X mCAs in AA and HA compared to EA, again after adjusting for age. Germline variants in ATM and MPL showed strong associations with mCAs in cis, including ancestry specific variants. And rare variant gene-burden analysis confirmed the association of putatively protein altering variants in ATM and MPL with mCAs in cis. Individual rare variants in DCPS, ADM17, PPP1R16B, and TET2 were all associated with autosomal mCAs and rare variants in OR4C16 were associated with chromosome X mCAs in females. There was significant enrichment of co-occurrence of CHIP mutations and mCAs both altering cancer associated genes TET2, DNMT3A, JAK2, CUX1, and TP53. Overall, our study demonstrates that rates of mCAs differ across populations and that rare inherited germline variants are strongly associated with mCAs across genetically diverse populations. These results strongly motivate further studies of mCAs in under-represented populations to better understand the causes and consequences of this class of somatic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubek, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machiela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic chromosomal alterations in blood across ancestries via whole-genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured Joint Decomposition (SJD) identifies conserved molecular dynamics across collections of biologically related multi-omics data matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is necessary to develop exploratory tools to learn from the unprecedented volume of high-dimensional multi-omic data currently being produced across the field of biomedicine. We have developed an R package, Structured Joint Decomposition (SJD), which identifies components of variation that are shared across multiple matrices. The approach focuses specifically on variation across the samples/cells within each dataset while incorporating biologist-defined hierarchical structure among input experiments that can span in vivo and in vitro systems, multi-omic data modalities, and species.

SJD enables the definition of molecular variation that is conserved across systems, those that are shared within subsets of studies, and elements unique to individual matrices. We have included functions to simplify the construction and visualization of highly complex in silico experiments involving many diverse multi-omic matrices from multiple species. Here we apply SJD to decompose four RNA-seq experiments focused on neurogenesis in the neocortex. The public datasets used in this analysis are at NeMO Analytics and can be explored at the individual gene level or using the conserved transcriptomic dynamics in mammalian neurogenesis that we define here.

The SJD R package and tutorial can be found at https://chuansite.github.io/SJD.

Contact: hzchenhuan@gmail.com; ccolant1@jhmi.edu [carlocolantuoni.org]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-OBrien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured Joint Decomposition (SJD) identifies conserved molecular dynamics across collections of biologically related multi-omics data matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in a rabbit model of retinal detachment-related proliferative vitreoretinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSProliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure of retinal reattachment surgery and the molecular changes leading to this aberrant wound healing process is currently unknown. We aimed to study PVR pathogenesis using single-cell transcriptomics to dissect cellular heterogeneity in a rabbit PVR model.

MethodsPVR was induced unilaterally in Dutch Belted rabbits. At different timepoints following PVR induction, retinas were dissociated into either cells or nuclei suspension and processed for single-cell or single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq or snRNA-seq).

ResultsscRNA-Seq and snRNA-Seq were conducted on retinas at 4 hours and 14 days after disease induction. While the capture rate of unique molecular identifiers (UMI) and genes were greater in scRNA-seq samples, overall gene expression profiles of individual cell types were highly correlated between scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq. A major disparity between the two sequencing modalities is the cell type capture rate, however, with glial cell types over-represented in scRNA-seq, and inner retinal neurons were enriched by snRNA-seq. Furthermore, fibrotic Muller glia were over-represented in snRNA-seq samples, while reactive Muller glia were in scRNA-seq samples. Trajectory analyses were similar between the two methods, allowing for the combined analysis of the scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq datasets.

ConclusionsThese findings highlight limitations of both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq analysis and imply that use of both techniques can more accurately identify transcriptional networks critical for aberrant fibrogenesis in PVR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzolek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in a rabbit model of retinal detachment-related proliferative vitreoretinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potassium regulates axon-oligodendrocyte signaling and metabolic coupling in white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrity of myelinated axons relies on homeostatic support from oligodendrocytes (OLs), which is essential for brain function. However, the mechanisms by which OLs detect axonal spiking and rapidly control axon-OL metabolic coupling are largely unknown. Here, we combine optic nerve electrophysiology and two-photon imaging to study activity-dependent calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in OLs and metabolite fluxes in myelinated axons. Both high-frequency axonal firing and extracellular potassium (K+) elevations trigger a fast Ca2+ response in OLs that is facilitated by barium-sensitive, inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Using OL-specific Kir4.1 knockout mice (Kir4.1 cKO) we now demonstrate that, in addition to being crucial for K+ clearance, oligodendroglial Kir4.1 regulates axonal energy metabolism and long-term axonal integrity. Before the manifestation of axonal damage, we observed reduced glucose transporter GLUT1 and monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 expression in myelin of young Kir4.1 cKO mice, suggesting early deficits in metabolite supply to axons. Strikingly, we found lower resting lactate levels and activity-induced lactate surges in optic nerve axons of young Kir4.1 cKO mice. Moreover, both axonal glucose uptake and consumption were hampered in the absence of oligodendroglial Kir4.1, uncovering a new role of OLs in regulating axonal glucose metabolism. Our findings reveal a novel model of axon-OL signaling and metabolic coupling in which OLs detect high-frequency axonal activity through K+ signaling, which is critical in adjusting the axon-OL metabolic unit and in preserving long-term axonal health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Looser, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravotto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhwedel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moebius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potassium regulates axon-oligodendrocyte signaling and metabolic coupling in white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of reading-related orthographic processing in braille 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blind readers use a tactile reading systems consisting of raised dot arrays: braille/. How does the human brain implement reading by touch? The current study looked for signatures of reading-specific orthographic processes in braille, separate from low-level somatosensory responses and semantic retrieval. Of specific interest were responses in posterior parietal cortices (PPC), because of their role in high-level tactile perception. Congenitally blind, proficient braille readers read real words and pseudowords by touch while undergoing fMRI. We leveraged the system of contractions in English braille, where one or more braille cells can represent combinations of English print letters (e.g., "ing" , "one" ), making it possible to separate physical and uncontracted letter-length. All words in the study consisted of 4 braille cells, but their corresponding Roman spellings varied from 4 to 7 letters (e.g., "con-c-er-t" . contracted: 4 cells; uncontracted: 7 letters). We found that the bilateral supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in the PPC increased its activity as the uncontracted word length increased. By contrast, in the hand region of primary somatosensory cortex (S1), activity increased as a function of a low-level somatosensory feature: dot-number per word. The PPC also showed greater response to pseudowords than real words and distinguished between real and pseudowords in multi-voxel-pattern analysis. Parieto-occipital, early visual and ventral occipito-temporal, as well as prefrontal cortices also showed sensitivity to the real-vs-pseudoword distinction. We conclude that PPC is involved in sublexical orthographic processing for braille, possibly due to brailles tactile modality.

Significance statementBlind readers use tactile reading systems of raised dot arrays: braille. To identify signatures of orthographic processing for reading by touch, and dissociate it from tactile and linguistic process, we leveraged the system of contractions in English braille, where one or more braille characters represents combinations of English print letters. Blind proficient braille readers read real words and pseudowords during fMRI scans. While all words consisted of 4 braille characters, the uncontracted spelling ranged from 4-7 letters. Activity in bilateral-posterior-parietal cortices, just posterior to primary-somatosensory cortex, increased with uncontracted word length, independent of tactile complexity (number of raised dots per word). By contrast, primary-somatosensory activity increased with tactile complexity. The posterior-parietal cortices contribute to tactile reading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of reading-related orthographic processing in braille]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of exogenous and endogenous co-stimulatory signals by CAR-Tregs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are a promising tool to promote transplant tolerance. The relationship between CAR structure and Treg function was studied in xenogeneic, immunodeficient mice, revealing advantages of CD28-encoding CARs. However, these models could underrepresent interactions between CAR-Tregs, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and donor-specific antibodies. We generated mouse Tregs expressing HLA-A2-specific CARs with different costimulatory domains and compared their function in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays revealed the CD28-encoding CAR had superior antigen-specific suppression, proliferation and cytokine production. In contrast, in vivo protection from skin allograft rejection and alloantibody production was similar between Tregs expressing CARs encoding CD28, ICOS or PD1, but not GITR, 41BB or OX40, co-stimulatory domains. To reconcile in vitro and in vivo data, we analyzed effects of a CAR encoding CD3{zeta} but no co-stimulatory domain. These data revealed that exogenous co-stimulation via APCs can compensate for the lack of a CAR-encoded CD28 domain. Thus, Tregs expressing a CAR with or without CD28 are functionally equivalent in vivo. This study reveals a new dimension of CAR-Treg biology and has important implications for the design of CARs for clinical use in Tregs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojibian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levings, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of exogenous and endogenous co-stimulatory signals by CAR-Tregs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.515727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration of mechanisms of drug resistance by polyaneuploid cancer cells in a microfluidic device and patient tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.515727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemoresistance is a major cause of treatment failure in many cancers. However, the life cycle of cancer cells as they respond to and survive environmental and therapeutic stress is understudied. In this study, we utilized a microfluidic device to induce the development of doxorubicin-resistant (DOXR) cells from triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells within 11 days by generating gradients of DOX and medium. In vivo chemoresistant xenograft models, an unbiased genome-wide transcriptome analysis, and a patient data/tissue analysis all showed that chemoresistance arose from failed epigenetic control of the nuclear protein-1 (NUPR1)/histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) axis, and high Nupr1 expression correlated with poor clinical outcomes. These results suggest that the chip can rapidly induce resistant cells that increase tumor heterogeneity and chemoresistance, highlighting the need for further studies on the epigenetic control of the NUPR1/HDAC11 axis in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeonghun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.515727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration of mechanisms of drug resistance by polyaneuploid cancer cells in a microfluidic device and patient tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rate of neuronal turnover in the healthy adult murine myenteric ganglia varies with ganglia size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of normal structure of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which regulates key gastrointestinal functions, requires robust homeostatic mechanisms, since by virtue of its location within the gut wall, the ENS is subject to constant mechanical, chemical, and biological stressors. Using transgenic and thymidine analogue-based experiments, we previously discovered that neuronal turnover - where continual neurogenesis offsets ongoing neuronal loss at steady state - represents one such mechanism. Although other studies confirmed that neuronal death continues into adulthood in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the complicated nature of thymidine analogue presents challenges in substantiating the occurrence of adult neurogenesis. Therefore, its vital to employ alternative, well-recognized techniques to substantiate the existence of adult enteric neurogenesis in the healthy gut. Here, by using established methods of assessing nuclear DNA content and detecting known mitotic marker phosphor-histone H3 (pH3) in Hu+ adult ENS cells, we show that [~]10% of adult murine small intestinal myenteric Hu+ cells, and [~]20% of adult human small intestinal myenteric Hu+ cells show evidence of mitosis and hence are cycling neuroblasts. We observe that proportions of Hu+ cycling neuroblasts in the adult murine ENS neither vary with ganglia size, nor do they differ significantly between two intestinal regions - duodenum and ileum, or between sexes. Confocal microscopy provides further evidence of cytokinesis in Hu+ cells. The presence of a significant population of cycling neuroblasts in adult ENS provide further evidence of steady state neurogenesis in the adult ENS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorecki, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurumurthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rate of neuronal turnover in the healthy adult murine myenteric ganglia varies with ganglia size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of a Latent Trait Modeling Method for Missing Data Across Datasets: Guidance on Appropriate Factor Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent trait space can be leveraged to harmonize small data into big data when the constituent datasets measure the same underlying (latent) domains using a set of partially overlapping measurement instruments in each domain. The latent trait space then acts as a common metric space for each dataset, thus ensuring the same scale for the latent traits across datasets, despite the use of non-identical sets of measurement instruments within datasets. This approach, as originally published, only applied to a narrow set of circumstances, namely, that each measurement instrument occurred in more than one dataset. Here, we extend the latent trait approach to drop this requirement by using matrix completion methods. Using a simulation study, we evaluate the reliability of this extension and offer guidance on circumstances when the latent trait approach to missing data is robust and practical on real datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>bartlett, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kress, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klamer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of a Latent Trait Modeling Method for Missing Data Across Datasets: Guidance on Appropriate Factor Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor proliferation and invasion are coupled through cell-extracellular matrix friction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell proliferation and invasion are two key drivers of tumor progression and are traditionally considered two independent cellular processes regulated by distinct pathways. Through in vitro and in silico methods, we provide evidence that these two processes are intrinsically coupled through matrix-adhesion friction. Using novel tumor spheroids, we show that both tumor cell proliferation and invasion are limited by a volumetric carrying capacity of the system, i.e. maximum spatial cell concentration supported by the systems total cell count, nutrient consumption rate, and collagen gel mechanical properties. To manipulate these phenotypes in breast cancer cells, we modulate the expression of E-cadherin and its associated role in adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. We integrate these results into a mixed-constitutive formulation to computationally delineate the contributions of cellular and extracellular adhesion, stiffness, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the proliferative and invasive fates of breast cancer tumor spheroids. Both approaches conclude that the dominant drivers of tumor fate are system properties modulating cell-ECM friction, such as E-cadherin dependent cell-ECM adhesion and matrix pore size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhorkar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor proliferation and invasion are coupled through cell-extracellular matrix friction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in blood pressure are well-established, with premenopausal women having lower blood pressure than men by [~]10mmHg; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We report here that olfactory receptor 558 (Olfr558), which has not previously been studied in non-olfactory tissues, localizes to vascular smooth muscle cells in numerous tissues including the kidney and heart. In the kidney, Olfr558 colocalizes with renin (a hormone that plays a key role in blood pressure regulation) in the renal afferent arteriole. Based on the localization of Olfr558, we hypothesized that Olfr558 plays a role in blood pressure regulation. We find that sex differences in blood pressure are intact in Olfr558 wildtype (WT) mice, but, are absent in Olfr558 knockout (KO) mice. We find that male KO mice have lowered diastolic blood pressure, decreased renin expression and activity, and altered vascular reactivity. Female KO mice exhibit increased blood pressure and increased pulse wave velocity, indicating increased vascular stiffness. The human ortholog of Olfr558, OR51E1, was previously identified as a locus associated with diastolic blood pressure. We report here that a rare OR51E1 missense variant has a statistically significant sex interaction effect with diastolic blood pressure, increasing diastolic blood pressure in women but decreasing it in men. In addition, we characterize how two different clinically relevant OR51E1 variants influence OR51E1 signaling in vitro. In sum, our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for Olfr558/OR51E1 to mediate sex differences in blood pressure by altering renin, vascular reactivity, and arterial stiffness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplicon sequencing reveals complex infection in infants congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and informs the dynamics of parasite transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is an important source of new infections worldwide. The mechanisms of congenital transmission remain poorly understood, but there is evidence that parasite factors could play a role.

Investigating changes in parasite strain diversity during transmission could provide insight into the parasite factors that influence the process. Here we use deep amplicon sequencing of a single copy gene in the T. cruzi genome to evaluate the diversity of infection in a collection of clinical blood samples from Chagas positive mothers and their infected infants. We found several infants and mothers infected with more than two parasite haplotypes, indicating infection with multiple parasite strains. Two haplotypes were detected exclusively in infant samples, while one haplotype was never found in infants, suggesting a relationship between the probability of transmission and parasite genotype. Finally, we found an increase in parasite population diversity in children after birth compared to their mothers, suggesting that there is no transmission bottleneck during congenital infection and that multiple parasites breach the placenta in the course of congenital transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinajeros, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharabora, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaga Machaca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menduina, M. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verastegui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagas working group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplicon sequencing reveals complex infection in infants congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and informs the dynamics of parasite transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Attention-based Deep Learning to Predict ERG:TMPRSS2 Fusion Status in Prostate Cancer from Whole Slide Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with several genetic alterations which play an important role in the disease heterogeneity and clinical outcome including gene fusion between TMPRSS2 and members of the ETS family of transcription factors specially ERG. The expanding wealth of pathology whole slide images (WSIs) and the increasing adoption of deep learning (DL) approaches offer a unique opportunity for pathologists to streamline the detection of ERG:TMPRSS2 fusion status. Here, we used two large cohorts of digitized H&E-stained slides from radical prostatectomy specimens to train and evaluate a DL system capable of detecting the ERG fusion status and also detecting tissue regions of high diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Slides from the PCa TCGA dataset were split into training (n=318), validation (n=59), and testing sets (n=59) with the training and validation sets being used for training the model and optimizing its hyperparameters, respectively while the testing set was used for evaluating the performance. Additionally, we used an internal testing cohort consisting of 314 WSIs for independent assessment of the models performance. The ERG prediction model achieved an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.72 and 0.73 in the TCGA testing set and the internal testing cohort, respectively. In addition to slide-level classification, we also identified highly attended patches for the cases predicted as either ERG-positive or negative which had distinct morphological features associated with ERG status. We subsequently characterized the cellular composition of these patches using HoVer-Net model trained on the PanNuke dataset to segment and classify the nuclei into five main categories. Notably, a high ratio of neoplastic cells in the highly-attended regions was significantly associated with shorter overall and progression-free survival while high ratios of immune, stromal and stromal to neoplastic cells were all associated with longer overall and metastases-free survival. Our work highlights the utility of deploying deep learning systems on digitized histopathology slides to predict key molecular alteration in cancer together with their associated morphological features which would streamline the diagnostic process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Attention-based Deep Learning to Predict ERG:TMPRSS2 Fusion Status in Prostate Cancer from Whole Slide Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DPYSL2/CRMP2 isoform B knockout in human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons confirms its role in mTOR signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPYSL2/CRMP2 is a microtubule-stabilizing protein crucial for neurogenesis and associated with numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. DPYSL2 has multiple RNA and protein isoforms, but few studies have differentiated between them or explored their individual functions. We previously demonstrated in HEK293 cells that a schizophrenia -associated variant in the DPYSL2 B isoform (DPYSL2-B) reduced the length of cellular projections, created a transcriptomic disturbance that captured schizophrenia etiology, and was acted upon by the mTOR pathway. In the present study, we follow up on these results by creating, to our knowledge, the first models of endogenous DPYSL2-B knockout in human induced pluripotent stem cells and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. We use CRISPR/Cas9 to specifically knock out DPYSL2-B and observe corresponding reduction of its RNA and protein. The average length of dendrites in knockout neurons was reduced up to 58% compared to controls. Transcriptome analysis reveals disruptions in pathways highly relevant to psychiatric disease including mTOR signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, immune function, calcium signaling, and cholesterol biosynthesis. We also observed a significant enrichment of our differentially expressed genes in schizophrenia GWAS-associated loci. Our findings clarify the functions of the human DPYSL2-B isoform and confirm its involvement in molecular pathologies shared between many psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feuer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.19.517191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DPYSL2/CRMP2 isoform B knockout in human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons confirms its role in mTOR signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in the HIV immature lattice support essential lattice remodeling within budded virions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For HIV virions to become infectious, the immature lattice of Gag polyproteins attached to the virion membrane must be cleaved. Cleavage cannot initiate without the protease formed by the homo-dimerization of domains linked to Gag. However, only 5% of the Gag polyproteins, termed Gag-Pol, carry this protease domain, and they are embedded within the structured lattice. The mechanism of Gag-Pol dimerization is unknown. Here, we use reaction-diffusion simulations of the immature Gag lattice as derived from experimental structures, showing that dynamics of the lattice on the membrane is unavoidable due to the missing 1/3 of the spherical protein coat. These dynamics allow for Gag-Pol molecules carrying the protease domains to detach and reattach at new places within the lattice. Surprisingly, dimerization timescales of minutes or less are achievable for realistic binding energies and rates despite retaining most of the large-scale lattice structure. We derive a formula allowing extrapolation of timescales as a function of interaction free energy and binding rate, thus predicting how additional stabilization of the lattice would impact dimerization times. We further show that during assembly, dimerization of Gag-Pol occurs stochastically and therefore must be actively suppressed to prevent early activation. By direct comparison to recent biochemical measurements within budded virions, we find that only moderately stable hexamer contacts (-12kBT<{Delta}G<-8kBT) retain both the dynamics and lattice structures that are consistent with experiment. These dynamics are likely essential for proper maturation, and our models quantify and predict lattice dynamics and protease dimerization timescales that define a key step in understanding formation of infectious viruses.

Statement of SignificanceFor retroviruses such as HIV-1, the Gag polyprotein assembles an immature lattice that ensures successful budding from the cell plasma membrane. The first step in the subsequent maturation requires a pair of protease domains embedded within the lattice to form a homodimer. We show here that this homo-dimerization can proceed within minutes despite involving a small subset of Gag monomers, due to the incompleteness of the immature lattice. Using reaction-diffusion simulations, we quantify timescales of first dimerization events between the protease domains and define a formula to extrapolate across a range of energies and rates. Our models illustrate how protein contacts can be weakened to disrupt lattice assembly or stabilized to slow the remodeling essential for viral infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in the HIV immature lattice support essential lattice remodeling within budded virions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dependence of Nucleosome Mechanical Stability on DNA Mismatches and Histone Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of nucleosomes into chromatin and their accessibility are shaped by local DNA mechanics. Conversely, nucleosome positions shape genetic variations, which may originate from mismatches during replication and chemical modification of DNA. To investigate how DNA mismatches affect the mechanical stability and the exposure of nucleosomal DNA, we used an optical trap combined with single-molecule FRET and a single-molecule FRET cyclization assay. We found that a single base-pair C-C mismatch enhances DNA bendability and nucleosome mechanical stability for the 601-nucleosome positioning sequence. An increase in force required for DNA unwrapping from the histone core is observed for single base-pair C-C mismatches placed at three tested positions: at the inner turn, at the outer turn, or at the junction of the inner and outer turn of the nucleosome. The results support a model where nucleosomal DNA accessibility is reduced by mismatches, potentially explaining the preferred accumulation of single nucleotide substitutions in the nucleosome core and serving as the source of genetic variation during evolution and cancer progression. Mechanical stability of an intact nucleosome, i.e., mismatch-free, is also dependent on the species as we find that yeast nucleosomes are mechanically less stable and more symmetrical in the outer turn unwrapping compared to Xenopus nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dependence of Nucleosome Mechanical Stability on DNA Mismatches and Histone Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurogenetic identification of mosquito sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles mosquitoes, as vectors for the malaria parasite, are a global threat to human health. To find and bite a human, they utilize neurons within their sensory appendages. However, the identity and quantification of sensory appendage neurons are lacking. Here we use a neurogenetic approach to label all neurons in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. We utilize the Homology Assisted CRISPR Knock-in (HACK) approach to generate a T2A-QF2w knock-in of the synaptic gene bruchpilot. We use a membrane-targeted GFP reporter to visualize the neurons in the brain and to quantify neurons in all major chemosensory appendages (antenna, maxillary palp, labella, tarsi). By comparing labeling of brp>GFP and Orco>GFP mosquitoes, we predict the extent of neurons expressing Ionotropic Receptors or other chemosensory receptors. This work introduces a valuable genetic tool for the functional analysis of Anopheles mosquito neurobiology and initiates characterization of the sensory neurons that guide mosquito behavior.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=178 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/517370v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (46K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ebbf69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63bcd2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bab0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18799a4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konopka, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Task, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poinapen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurogenetic identification of mosquito sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.515840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-210 expression is strongly hypoxia-induced in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines and is associated with extracellular vesicles & Argonaute-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.515840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, is frequently found in highly proliferative solid tumors such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and is believed to promote resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Identifying hypoxic cells for targeted therapy may thus be an effective approach to treating aggressive cancers. Here, we explore the potential of the well-known hypoxia-responsive microRNA (miRNA) miR-210-3p as a cellular and extracellular biological marker of hypoxia. We compare miRNA expression across several ATC and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines. In the ATC cell line SW1736, miR-210-3p expression levels indicate hypoxia during exposure to low oxygen conditions (2% O2). Furthermore, when released by SW1736 cells into the extracellular space, miR-210-3p is associated with RNA carriers such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and Argonaute-2 (AGO2), making it a potential extracellular marker for hypoxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbricht, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.515840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-210 expression is strongly hypoxia-induced in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines and is associated with extracellular vesicles & Argonaute-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct observation of the evolution of cell-type specific microRNA expression signatures supports the hematopoietic origin model of endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of specialized cell-types is a long-standing interest of biologists, but given the deep time-scales very difficult to reconstruct or observe. microRNAs have been linked to the evolution of cellular complexity and may inform on specialization. The endothelium is a vertebrate specific specialization of the circulatory system that enabled a critical new level of vasoregulation. The evolutionary origin of these endothelial cells is unclear. We hypothesized that Mir-126, an endothelial cell-specific microRNA may be informative.

We here reconstruct the evolutionary history of Mir-126. Mir-126 likely appeared in the last common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates, a species without an endothelium, within an intron of the evolutionary much older EGF Like Domain Multiple (Egfl) locus. Mir-126 has a complex evolutionary history due to duplications and losses of both the host gene and the microRNA. Taking advantage of the strong evolutionary conservation of the microRNA among Olfactores, and using RNA in situ hybridization (RISH), we localized Mir-126 in the tunicate Ciona robusta. We found exclusive expression of the mature Mir-126 in granular amebocytes, supporting a long-proposed scenario that endothelial cells arose from hemoblasts, a type of proto-endothelial amoebocyte found throughout invertebrates.

This observed change of expression of Mir-126 from proto-endothelial amoebocytes in the tunicate to endothelial cells in vertebrates is the first direct observation of the evolution of a cell-type in relation to microRNA expression indicating that microRNAs can be a prerequisite of cell-type evolution.

Research HighlightsO_LIdirect observation of cell-type evolution
C_LIO_LIhigh conservation of sequence enables for simple RISH experiment of expression
C_LIO_LIMir-126 follows the evolution of hematopoetic cells to endothelial cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenike, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct observation of the evolution of cell-type specific microRNA expression signatures supports the hematopoietic origin model of endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly ADP-Ribose Signaling is Dysregulated in Huntington Disease Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, translating to an expanded polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (HTT) protein. Age at disease onset correlates to CAG repeat length but varies by decades between individuals with identical repeat lengths. Genome-wide association studies link HD modification to DNA repair and mitochondrial health pathways. Clinical studies show elevated DNA damage in HD, even at the premanifest stage. A major DNA repair node influencing neurodegenerative disease is the PARP pathway. Accumulation of poly ADP-ribose (PAR) has been implicated in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, as well as cerebellar ataxia. We report that HD mutation carriers have lower cerebrospinal fluid PAR levels than healthy controls, starting at the premanifest stage. Human HD iPSC-derived neurons and patient- derived fibroblasts have diminished PAR response in the context of elevated DNA damage. We have defined a PAR-binding motif in huntingtin, detected huntingtin complexed with PARylated proteins in human cells during stress, and localized huntingtin to mitotic chromosomes upon inhibition of PAR degradation. Direct huntingtin PAR binding was measured by fluorescence polarization and visualized by atomic force microscopy at the single molecule level. While wild type and mutant huntingtin did not differ in their PAR binding ability, purified wild type huntingtin protein increased in vitro PARP1 activity while mutant huntingtin did not. These results provide insight into an early molecular mechanism of HD, suggesting possible targets for the design of early preventive therapies.

Significance statementA consensus on dysfunctional DNA repair has emerged in neurodegenerative disease research, with elevated poly ADP-ribose (PAR) signaling more recently implicated. In contrast, we have identified a deficient PAR response in Huntingtons disease (HD) patient spinal fluid samples and cells. This may be explained by the inability of huntingtin protein bearing the HD-causing mutation to stimulate production of PAR the way the wild type protein does. Since drugs that target PAR production and degradation have already been developed, these findings present an exciting avenue for therapeutic intervention for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maiuri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begeja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowsmith, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly ADP-Ribose Signaling is Dysregulated in Huntington Disease Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.518000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous Noise Reduction and Layer Segmentation for Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography in Human Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.518000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) of human retina is an emerging imaging modality that uses shorter wavelength in visible light range than conventional near infrared (NIR) light. It provides one-micron level axial resolution to better separate stratified retinal layers, as well as microvascular oximetry. However, due to the practical limitation of laser safety and comfort, the permissible illumination power is much lower than NIR OCT which can be challenging to obtain high quality VIS-OCT images and subsequent image analysis. Therefore, improving VIS-OCT image quality by denoising is an essential step in the overall workflow in VIS-OCT clinical applications. In this paper, we provide the first VIS-OCT retinal image dataset from normal eyes, including retinal layer annotation and "noisy-clean" image pairs. We propose an efficient co-learning deep learning framework for parallel self-denoising and segmentation simultaneously. Both tasks synergize within the same network and improve each others performance. The significant improvement of segmentation (2% higher Dice coefficient compared to segmentation-only process) for ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) is observed when available annotation drops to 25%, suggesting an annotation-efficient training. We also showed that the denoising model trained on our dataset generalizes well for a different scanning protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.518000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous Noise Reduction and Layer Segmentation for Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography in Human Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independence and interaction between the control of moving and holding still in post-stroke arm paresis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moving and holding-still (holding) have been posited to be under separate control regimes for both eye and arm movements. The paretic arm after stroke exhibits different abnormalities during rest vs. movement, providing an opportunity to ask whether control of these behaviors is independently affected in stroke. Here, we quantified resting postural abnormalities in stroke patients by measuring their biases in force production as they held their hand still in various locations in a planar workspace, and then assessed the influence of these resting force biases on reaching in the same workspace. We found that patients had marked resting force biases at each location, even when the arm was supported. However, these biases did not transfer to arm-supported planar reaching movements: not during initial acceleration, not in response to mid-trajectory perturbations, and not during deceleration to a stop. Rather, the abnormal resting forces only appeared to switch on after a movement had fully stopped. These findings suggest that moving and holding are functionally separable modes of control. At the same time, we found that the resting biases mirrored characteristics of abnormal synergies during movement: they markedly decreased when arm support was provided; they were higher in more distant positions that require breaking out of flexion; and they scaled with the Fugl-Meyer score for the upper extremity (a measure of intrusion of abnormal synergies during active movement). These three shared features suggest a common mechanism for resting biases and abnormal synergies, which appears to be a contradiction given the functional separation of moving and holding observed in the same patients. To resolve this paradox, we propose a conceptual model that predicts a breakdown in the functional separation between reaching and holding when patients move in the absence of weight support. This conceptual model posits that synergies are the behavioral manifestation of a spillover of posture into movement. Mapping these functional systems onto anatomical and physiological details of lesioned substrate after stroke may provide implementation-level insight into how normal arm motor control is assembled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.517884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independence and interaction between the control of moving and holding still in post-stroke arm paresis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte MCT1 expression does not contribute to the axonal degenerative phenotype observed with ubiquitous MCT1 depletion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently reported that loss of oligodendrocyte metabolic support through the lactate and pyruvate transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) is well tolerated into adulthood. Only with advanced aging did we observe axonal degeneration and hypomyelination due to loss of MCT1 from oligodendroglia lineage cells. MCT1 is also expressed by other glial subtypes, such as astrocytes and endothelial cells where it has been suggested to be essential for learning and memory tasks. However, the importance of MCT1 in these cell types for long-term axonal metabolic support is still unknown. We therefore addressed whether conditional loss of MCT1 from either of these cell types would lead to widespread axonal degeneration with aging. Using a conditional null approach, similar to what was used for oligodendrocyte MCT1 depletion, we observed that conditional knockout of MCT1 from either astrocytes or endothelial cells did not cause neuronal injury. On the other hand, inducible ubiquitous depletion of MCT1 causes late-onset axonal degeneration, comparable with what was observed in our previous study using the oligodendrocyte lineage MCT1 null mice. In summary, we conclude that unlike oligodendrocyte MCT1, astrocyte MCT1 is not an essential driver of astrocyte mediated axonal energy homeostasis with aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayakumar, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidensky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte MCT1 expression does not contribute to the axonal degenerative phenotype observed with ubiquitous MCT1 depletion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational changes in the essential E. coli septal cell wall synthesis complex suggest an activation mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial divisome, a macromolecular machine that is composed of more than thirty proteins in E. coli, orchestrates the essential process of cell wall constriction during cell division. Novel antimicrobial strategies can target protein-protein interactions within the divisome and will benefit from insights into divisome structure and dynamics. In this work, we combined structure prediction, molecular dynamics simulation, single-molecule imaging, and mutagenesis to construct a model of the core complex of the E. coli divisome composed of the essential septal cell wall synthase complex formed by FtsW and FtsI, and its regulators FtsQ, FtsL, FtsB, and FtsN. We observed extensive interactions in four key regions in the periplasmic domains of the complex. FtsQ, FtsL, and FtsB scaffold FtsI in an extended conformation with the FtsI transpeptidase domain lifted away from the membrane through interactions among the C-terminal domains. FtsN binds between FtsI and FtsL in a region rich in residues with superfission (activating) and dominant negative (inhibitory) mutations. Mutagenesis experiments in cellulo and in silico revealed that the essential domain of FtsN functions as a tether to tie FtsI and FtsL together, impacting interactions between the anchor-loop of FtsI and the putative catalytic region of FtsW, suggesting a mechanism of how FtsN activates the cell wall synthesis activities of FtsW and FtsI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational changes in the essential E. coli septal cell wall synthesis complex suggest an activation mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.516756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The connectome of an insect brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.516756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brains contain networks of interconnected neurons, so knowing the network architecture is essential for understanding brain function. We therefore mapped the synaptic-resolution connectome of an insect brain (Drosophila larva) with rich behavior, including learning, value-computation, and action-selection, comprising 3,013 neurons and 544,000 synapses. We characterized neuron-types, hubs, feedforward and feedback pathways, and cross-hemisphere and brain-nerve cord interactions. We found pervasive multisensory and interhemispheric integration, highly recurrent architecture, abundant feedback from descending neurons, and multiple novel circuit motifs. The brains most recurrent circuits comprised the input and output neurons of the learning center. Some structural features, including multilayer shortcuts and nested recurrent loops, resembled powerful machine learning architectures. The identified brain architecture provides a basis for future experimental and theoretical studies of neural circuits.

One-Sentence SummaryWe generated a synaptic-resolution brain connectome and characterized its connection types, neuron types, and circuit motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsolic, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazimiers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Aleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsotti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.516756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The connectome of an insect brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative network modeling reveals quantitative definitions of bilateral symmetry exhibited by a whole insect brain connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing connectomes can help explain how neural connectivity is related to genetics, disease, development, learning, and behavior. However, making statistical inferences about the significance and nature of differences between two networks is an open problem, and such analysis has not been extensively applied to nanoscale connectomes. Here, we investigate this problem via a case study on the bilateral symmetry of a larval Drosophila brain connectome. We translate notions of "bilateral symmetry" to generative models of the network structure of the left and right hemispheres, allowing us to test and refine our understanding of symmetry. We find significant differences in connection probabilities both across the entire left and right networks and between specific cell types. By rescaling connection probabilities or removing certain edges based on weight, we also present adjusted definitions of bilateral symmetry exhibited by this connectome. This work shows how statistical inferences from networks can inform the study of connectomes, facilitating future comparisons of neural structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative network modeling reveals quantitative definitions of bilateral symmetry exhibited by a whole insect brain connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated head-fixation training system with high levels of animal participation in psychoacoustic tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animal training paradigms rely on head-fixation. Head-fixation training is typically laborious and can benefit from automation to relieve the workload as well as to reduce the variability in the training outcome. Several groups have reported successful implementations of such systems, but throughput varied greatly across groups. In addition, most studies relied on brief periods head-fixation sessions ([&le;] 1 minute) to reduce the potential stress on the animal. Here, we report the design of a new system that could achieve head-fixation sessions on the order of minutes with high participation rate from the animal (100%). Throughout the training period, each mouse performed a total of close to 40 minutes of head-fixation training on average on each day and learned common psychoacoustic tasks, i.e., tone detection and tone discrimination. Our system can achieve highly efficient training with minimum idling time, providing an opportunity for combinations with high-end neural recording equipment to achieve maximum training and data collection efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated head-fixation training system with high levels of animal participation in psychoacoustic tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling Node at TSC2 S1365 Potently Regulates T-Cell Differentiation and Improves Adoptive Cellular Cancer Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MTORC1 integrates signaling from the immune microenvironment to regulate T-cell activation, differentiation, and function. TSC2 in the tuberous sclerosis complex potently regulates mTORC1 activation. CD8+ T-cells lacking TSC2 have constitutively enhanced mTORC1 activity and generate potent effector T cells; however sustained mTORC1 activation prevents generation of long-lived memory CD8+ T-cells. Here we show manipulating TSC2 at Ser1365 potently regulates activated but not basal mTORC1 signaling in T cells. Unlike non-stimulated TSC2 knockout cells, CD8+ T-cells expressing mutant TSC2-S1365A (SA) have normal basal mTORC1 activity. PKC and T-cell Receptor (TCR) stimulation induces TSC2 S1365 phosphorylation and preventing this with the SA mutation markedly increases mTORC1 activation and T-cell effector function. Consequently, CD8+ SA T-cells display greater effector responses while retaining their capacity to become long-lived memory T-cells. CD8+ SA T-cells also display enhanced effector function under hypoxic and acidic conditions. In murine and human solid-tumor models, CD8+ SA T-cells used as adoptive cell therapy have greater anti-tumor immunity than WT CD8+ T-cells. These findings reveal an upstream mechanism to regulate mTORC1 activity in T-cells. The TSC2-SA mutation enhances both T-cell effector function and long-term persistence/memory formation, supporting a novel approach to engineer better CAR-T cells to treat cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling Node at TSC2 S1365 Potently Regulates T-Cell Differentiation and Improves Adoptive Cellular Cancer Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure including long palindromes, tandem repeats, and segmental duplications1-3. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it remains the last human chromosome to be finished4, 5. Here, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium presents the complete 62,460,029 base pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference, revealing the complete ampliconic structures of TSPY, DAZ, and RBMY gene families; 41 additional protein-coding genes, mostly from the TSPY family; and an alternating pattern of human satellite 1 and 3 blocks in the heterochromatic Yq12 region. We have combined T2T-Y with a prior assembly of the CHM13 genome4 and mapped available population variation, clinical variants, and functional genomics data to produce a complete and comprehensive reference sequence for all 24 human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesharwani, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors are required for potentiation and depression of responses in ocular dominance plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocular deprivation (MD) causes an initial decrease in synaptic responses to the deprived eye in juvenile mouse primary visual cortex (V1) through Hebbian long-term depression (LTD). This is followed by a homeostatic increase, which has been attributed to synaptic scaling. However, homeostasis during other forms of visual deprivation is caused by sliding the threshold for Hebbian long-term potentiation (LTP) rather than scaling. We therefore asked whether the homeostatic increase during MD requires GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor activity, which is required to slide the plasticity threshold but not for synaptic scaling. Selective GluN2B blockade from 2-6d after monocular lid suture prevented the homeostatic increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitude in monocular V1 of acute slices and prevented the increase in visually evoked responses in binocular V1 in vivo. The decrease in mEPSC amplitude and visually evoked responses during the first 2d of MD also required GluN2B activity. Together, these results indicate that GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors first play a role in LTD immediately following eye closure, and then promote homeostasis during prolonged MD by sliding the plasticity threshold in favor of LTP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors are required for potentiation and depression of responses in ocular dominance plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can enhance immune responses against unrelated pathogens. Although Mtb is the most common co-infection in people living with HIV (PWH), there has been no examination of its impact on HIV-1 immune responses. Plasma neutralization and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was compared among PWH and Mtb disease (PWH/Active Mtb) and PWH/No Mtb both prior to and after antiretroviral treatment (ART) and completion of Mtb therapy. We assessed HIV-1 sequences, total antibody quantities and isotypes, and plasma cytokine levels to ascertain mechanisms that affect humoral responses. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were broader and more potent in PWH/Active Mtb as compared to PWH/No Mtb, and nAbs increased among PWH who developed Mtb after ART initiation. ADCC was also higher in the PWH who had Mtb disease after starting ART. PWH/Active Mtb as compared to PWH/No Mtb had unique HIV-1 envelope sequence motifs associated with neutralization resistance further implying differences in humoral selection. The Mtb-linked antibody augmentation associated with elevated plasma cytokine levels important for B cells and antibody production, namely interleukin-6, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), and B-cell activating factor (BAFF). Increased plasma virus levels, greater HIV-1 envelope diversity, higher levels of all antibodies, and cross-reactive responses did not explain the enhanced HIV-1 humoral responses in those with Mtb. Mtb disease enhances HIV-1 humoral responses likely by perturbing pathways important for antibody production in lymphoid tissue that has both pathogens. These findings have implications for using antibody-based therapies and inducing optimal HIV-1 antibody responses.

Author SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most common infection among people with HIV (PWH) in the world. Mtb infection can enhance immune responses against unrelated pathogens. Previous studies have not examined the impact of Mtb disease on HIV antibodies in PWH. This information has importance for future strategies aimed at enhancing HIV antibody responses in naive individuals or PWH. We show that HIV neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are broader and more potent in PWH in the presence as compared to the absence of Mtb disease. PWH and Mtb disease as compared to those without Mtb also harbor unique HIV envelope sequences, which further indicates that there is differential antibody selection pressure. The Mtb linked HIV antibody enhancement associated with specific mediators important for B cell and antibody development. Importantly, the Mtb mediated HIV antibody augmentation was not due to cross-reactivity, a generalized increase in all antibodies, or a higher level, more diverse, or longer duration of antigen exposure. We speculate that more potent HIV antibodies arise in lymphatic tissue that harbors both Mtb and HIV. Our findings have implications for both future uses of HIV antibodies as prophylaxis or treatment and strategies aimed inducing better HIV antibody responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeoye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakiyingi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nankya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinipour, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumwenda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC26A3 (DRA) is stimulated in a synergistic, intracellular Ca2+ dependent manner by cAMP AND ATP in intestinal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In polarized intestinal epithelial cells, DRA is a brush border (BB) Cl-/HCO3- exchanger that is part of neutral NaCl absorption under baseline conditions but in cAMP driven diarrheas it is stimulated and contributes to increased anion secretion. To further understand regulation of DRA in conditions mimicking some diarrheal diseases, differentiated Caco-2/BBE cells were exposed to forskolin and ATP. Forskolin and ATP both acutely stimulated DRA in a concentration dependent manner. Forskolin at 1{micro}M and ATP at 0.25 {micro}M had minimal to no effect on DRA activity given individually; however, together, they stimulated DRA activity to levels seen with maximum concentrations of forskolin and ATP alone. In Caco-2/BBE cells expressing the Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6s, ATP alone increased Ca2+ in a concentration dependent manner, while forskolin (1 {micro}M), that by itself did not significantly alter Ca2+, followed by 0.25 {micro}M ATP produced a large increase in Ca2+ that was [~]equal to the elevation caused by 1 {micro}M ATP. BAPTA-AM pretreatment prevented the ATP and forskolin/ATP synergistic increased DRA activity and the increase in intracellular Ca2+ caused by ATP/forskolin. Conclusion: In Caco-2/BBE cells subthreshold concentrations of forskolin (cAMP) and ATP (Ca2+) synergistically increased intracellular Ca2+ and stimulated DRA activity with both being blocked by BAPTA-AM pretreatment. Diarrheal diseases such as bile acid diarrhea, in which both cAMP and Ca2+ are elevated, are likely to be associated with stimulated DRA activity contributing to increased anion secretion, while separation of DRA from NHE3 contributes to reduced NaCl absorption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC26A3 (DRA) is stimulated in a synergistic, intracellular Ca2+ dependent manner by cAMP AND ATP in intestinal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrusion of pathological synergies does not explain impaired 3D arm movements in subacute stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has long been of interest to characterize the components that generate the motor control abnormalities in the arm after stroke. One approach has been to decompose the hemiparesis phenotype into negative signs, such as weakness, and positive signs, such as intrusion of synergies. Here, we sought to identify the contributions of weakness and the flexor synergy to motor function and impairment, as defined by kinematic and clinical scales, respectively, in sub-acute stroke using two 3D arm tasks that differed in their requirement for elbow extension. Thirty-three sub-acute post-stroke participants and sixteen healthy controls performed a cup-to-mouth task, requiring shoulder and elbow flexion (within flexor synergy), and a reaching task, requiring shoulder flexion and elbow extension (out of flexor synergy). Using markerless 3D pose-estimation, we analyzed upper limb kinematics to assess overall task performance and intrusion of pathological synergies. Weakness was measured using a grip dynamometer. Performance in both tasks was impaired to a similar degree in the stroke participants compared to controls. Subsequent analysis of coordination patterns between the elbow and the shoulder joints revealed intrusion of synergies in the reaching task based on the time spent within a flexion-flexion pattern (flexor synergy proportion) and the correlation between shoulder and elbow angles when the shoulder was flexing (flexion synergy strength). Regression analysis indicated that the significant predictors of poor task performance were weakness and flexor synergy intrusion. Notably, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment was abnormal even when just weakness caused the impairment, which means that caution is required when using this scale to quantify synergies. We conclude that both weakness and synergy intrusion contribute to impaired coordination of the elbow and shoulder joints in the sub-acute post-stroke period. This study shows that careful kinematic analysis of naturalistic movements is required to better characterize the components of upper limb impairment after stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binyamin-Netser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuelof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.518692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrusion of pathological synergies does not explain impaired 3D arm movements in subacute stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing identifies a higher frequency and expanded spectrum of mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations in human aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion mutations cause many human diseases and are linked to age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mapping the mutation spectrum and quantifying mtDNA deletion mutation frequency is challenging with next generation sequencing methods. We hypothesized that long-read sequencing of human mtDNA across the lifespan would detect a broader spectrum of mtDNA rearrangements and provide a more accurate measurement of their frequency.

ResultsWe employed nanopore Cas9-targed sequencing (nCATS) to map and quantitate mtDNA deletion mutations and develop analyses that are fit-for-purpose. We analyzed total DNA from vastus lateralis muscle in 15 males ranging from 20 to 81 years of age and substantia nigra from three 20-year-old and three 79-year-old men. We found that mtDNA deletion mutations detected by nCATS increased exponentially with age and mapped to a wider region of the mitochondrial genome than previously reported. Using simulated data, we observed that large deletions are often reported as chimeric alignments. To address this, we developed two algorithms for deletion identification which yield consistent deletion mapping and identify both previously reported and novel mtDNA deletion breakpoints. The identified mtDNA deletion frequency measured by nCATS correlates strongly with chronological age and predicts the deletion frequency as measured by digital PCR approaches. In substantia nigra, we observed a similar frequency of age-related mtDNA deletions to those observed in muscle samples, but noted a distinct spectrum of deletion breakpoints.

ConclusionsNCATS-mtDNA sequencing allows identification of mtDNA deletions on a single molecule level, characterizing the strong relationship between mtDNA deletion frequency and chronological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandiver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanagat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing identifies a higher frequency and expanded spectrum of mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations in human aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA conformational propensities determine cellular activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular processes are the product of interactions between biomolecules, which associate to form biologically active complexes 1. These interactions are mediated by intermolecular contacts, which if disrupted, lead to alterations in cell physiology. Nevertheless, the formation of intermolecular contacts nearly universally requires changes in the conformations of the interacting biomolecules. As a result, binding affinity and cellular activity crucially depend not only on the strength of the contacts, but also on the inherent propensities to form binding-competent conformational states2,3. Thus, conformational penalties are ubiquitous in biology and must be known in order to quantitatively model binding energetics for protein and nucleic acid interactions4,5. However, conceptual and technological limitations have hindered our ability to dissect and quantitatively measure how conformational propensities impact cellular activity. Here, we systematically altered and determined the propensities for forming the protein-bound conformation of HIV-1 TAR RNA. These propensities quantitatively predicted the binding affinities of TAR to the RNA-binding region of the Tat protein and predicted the extent of HIV-1 Tat-dependent transactivation in cells. Our results establish the role of ensemble-based conformational propensities in cellular activity and reveal an example of a cellular process driven by an exceptionally rare and short-lived RNA conformational state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manghrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Gahmen, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA conformational propensities determine cellular activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sniper2L, a high-fidelity Cas9 variant with high activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although several high-fidelity SpCas9 variants that have reduced activities at mismatched target sequences have been reported, it has been observed that this increased specificity is associated with reduced on-target activity, limiting the applications of the high-fidelity variants when efficient genome editing is required. Here, we developed an improved version of Sniper-Cas9, Sniper2L, which represents an exception to this trade-off trend as it showed higher specificity with retained high activity. We evaluated Sniper2L activities at a large number of target sequences, and developed DeepSniper, a deep-learning model that can predict the activity of Sniper2L. We also confirmed that Sniper2L can induce highly efficient and specific editing at a large number of target sequences when it is delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex. Mechanically, the high specificity of Sniper2L originates from its superior ability to avoid unwinding a target DNA containing even a single mismatch. We envision that Sniper2L will be useful when efficient and specific genome editing is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okafor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harihar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sniper2L, a high-fidelity Cas9 variant with high activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.517536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poverty shapes the transcriptome of immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.517536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social factors influence health outcomes and life expectancy. Individuals living in poverty often have adverse health outcomes related to chronic inflammation that affect the cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary systems. Negative psychosocial experiences are associated with transcriptional changes in genes associated with complex traits. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which poverty increases the risk of disease and health disparities are still not fully understood. To bridge the gap in our understanding of the link between living in poverty and adverse health outcomes, we performed RNA sequencing of blood immune cells from 204 participants of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study in Baltimore, Maryland. We identified 138 genes differentially expressed in association with poverty. Genes differentially expressed were enriched in wound healing and coagulation processes. Of the genes differentially expressed in individuals living in poverty, EEF1DP7 and VIL1 are also associated with hypertension in transcriptome-wide association studies. Our results suggest that living in poverty influences inflammation and the risk for cardiovascular disease through gene expression changes in immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resztak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooten, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odera-Marah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dluzen, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.517536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poverty shapes the transcriptome of immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of random and systematic visual stimulation on entrained infraslow quasi-periodic global waves in human brain activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One prominent feature of the infraslow BOLD signal during rest or task is quasi-periodic spatiotemporal pattern (QPP) of signal changes that involves an alternation of activity in key functional networks and propagation of activity across brain areas, and that is known to tie to the infraslow neural activity involved in attention and arousal fluctuations. This ongoing whole-brain pattern of activity might potentially modify the response to incoming stimuli or be modified itself by the induced neural activity. To investigate this, we presented checkerboard sequences flashing at 6Hz to subjects. This is a salient visual stimulus that is known to produce a strong response in visual processing regions. Two different visual stimulation sequences were employed, a systematic stimulation sequence in which the visual stimulus appeared every 20.3 secs and a random stimulation sequence in which the visual stimulus occurred randomly every 14~62.3 secs. Three central observations emerged. First, the two different stimulation conditions affect the QPP waveform in different aspects, i.e., systematic stimulation has greater effects on its phase and random stimulation has greater effects on its magnitude. Second, the QPP was more frequent in the systematic condition with significantly shorter intervals between consecutive QPPs compared to the random condition. Third, the BOLD signal response to the visual stimulus across both conditions was swamped by the QPP at the stimulus onset. These results provide novel insights into the relationship between intrinsic patterns and stimulated brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeburger, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of random and systematic visual stimulation on entrained infraslow quasi-periodic global waves in human brain activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of DNA-PK-bound MRN cleavage products supports a sequential model of DSB repair pathway choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex recognizes and processes DNA double-strand breaks for homologous recombination by performing short-range removal of 5' strands. Endonucleolytic processing by MRN requires a stably bound protein at the break site--a role we postulate is played by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in mammals. Here we interrogate the sites of MRN-dependent processing by isolating and sequencing DNA-PK-bound DNA fragments that are products of MRN cleavage. These intermediates are generated with highest efficiency when DNA-PK is catalytically blocked, yielding products within 200 bp of the break site, whereas DNA-PK products in the absence of kinase inhibition show much greater dispersal. Use of light-activated Cas9 to induce breaks facilitates temporal resolution of DNA-PK and Mre11 binding, showing that Mre11 and DNA-PK both bind to DNA ends before release of DNA-PK-bound products. These results support a sequential model of double-strand break repair involving collaborative interactions between homologous and non-homologous repair complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of DNA-PK-bound MRN cleavage products supports a sequential model of DSB repair pathway choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Microbiota Regulate Renal Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome impacts host gene expression not only in the colon, but also at distal sites including liver, white adipose tissue, and spleen. The gut microbiome also influences the kidney and is associated with renal diseases and pathologies; however, a role for the gut microbiome to modulate renal gene expression has not been examined. To determine if microbes modulate renal gene expression, we used whole-organ RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to compare gene expression in C57Bl/6 mice that are germ-free (lacking gut microbiota) versus conventionalized (with gut microbiota). 16S sequencing showed that males and females were similarly conventionalized, although Verrucomicrobia was higher in male mice. We find that renal gene expression is differentially regulated in the presence versus absence of microbiota, and that these changes are largely sex-specific. Although microbes also influence gene expression in the liver and large intestine, most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the kidney are not similarly regulated in the liver or large intestine. This demonstrates that the influence of the gut microbiota on gene expression is tissue specific. However, a minority of genes (n=4 in males, n=6 in females) were similarly regulated in all three tissues examined, including genes associated with circadian rhythm (Per1 in males and Per2 in females) and metal binding (Mt1 and Mt2 in both males and females). Finally, using a previously published single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset, we assigned a subset of DEGs to specific kidney cell types, revealing clustering of DEGs by cell type and/or sex.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYIt is unknown whether the microbiome influences host gene expression in the kidney. Here, we utilize an unbiased, bulk RNA-Seq approach to compare gene expression in the kidneys of male and female mice with or without gut microbiota, as well as in liver and large intestine. This report demonstrates that renal gene expression is modulated by the microbiome in a sex- and tissue-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Microbiota Regulate Renal Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two types of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons drive reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex generates flexible behavior by learning. Reinforcement learning is thought to be driven by error signals in midbrain dopamine neurons. However, they project more densely to basal ganglia than cortex, leaving open the possibility of another source of learning signals for cortex. The locus coeruleus (LC) contains most of the brains norepinephrine (NE) neurons and project broadly to cortex. We measured activity from identified mouse LC-NE neurons during a behavioral task requiring ongoing learning from reward prediction errors (RPEs). We found two types of LC-NE neurons: neurons with wide action potentials (type I) were excited by positive RPE and showed an increasing relationship with change of choice likelihood. Neurons with thin action potentials (type II) were excited by lack of reward and showed a decreasing relationship with change of choice likelihood. Silencing LC-NE neurons changed future choices, as predicted from the electrophysiological recordings and a model of how RPEs are used to guide learning. We reveal functional heterogeneity of a neuromodulatory system in the brain and show that NE inputs to cortex act as a quantitative learning signal for flexible behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two types of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons drive reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vimo: Visual Analysis of Neuronal Connectivity Motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in high-resolution connectomics provide researchers with access to accurate petascale reconstructions of neuronal circuits and brain networks for the first time. Neuroscientists are analyzing these networks to better understand information processing in the brain. In particular, scientists are interested in identifying specific small network motifs, i.e., repeating subgraphs of the larger brain network that are believed to be neuronal building blocks. Although such motifs are typically small (e.g., 2 - 6 neurons), the vast data sizes and intricate data complexity present significant challenges to the search and analysis process. To analyze these motifs, it is crucial to review instances of a motif in the brain network and then map the graph structure to detailed 3D reconstructions of the involved neurons and synapses. We present Vimo, an interactive visual approach to analyze neuronal motifs and motif chains in large brain networks. Experts can sketch network motifs intuitively in a visual interface and specify structural properties of the involved neurons and synapses to query large connectomics datasets. Motif instances (MIs) can be explored in high-resolution 3D renderings. To simplify the analysis of MIs, we designed a continuous focus&context metaphor inspired by visual abstractions. This allows users to transition from a highly-detailed rendering of the anatomical structure to views that emphasize the underlying motif structure and synaptic connectivity. Furthermore, Vimo supports the identification of motif chains where a motif is used repeatedly (e.g., 2 - 4 times) to form a larger network structure. We evaluate Vimo in a user study and an in-depth case study with seven domain experts on motifs in a large connectome of the fruit fly, including more than 21,000 neurons and 20 million synapses. We find that Vimo enables hypothesis generation and confirmation through fast analysis iterations and connectivity highlighting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warchol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanysai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vimo: Visual Analysis of Neuronal Connectivity Motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily and cell type-specific membrane capacitance changes in mouse cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Capacitance of biological membranes is determined by the properties of the lipid portion of the membrane, as well as morphological features of a cell. In neurons, membrane capacitance is a determining factor of synaptic integration, action potential propagation speed and firing frequency due to its direct effect on the membrane time constant. Besides slow changes associated with increased morphological complexity during postnatal maturation, neuron membrane capacity is largely considered a stable, non-regulated constant magnitude. Here we report that in two excitatory neuronal cell types, pyramidal cells of mouse primary visual cortex and granule cells of the hippocampus, the membrane capacitance significantly changes between the start and the end of a daily light cycle. The changes are large, nearly two-fold in magnitude in pyramidal cells, but are not observed in cortical parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons. We discuss potential functional implications and plausible mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golowasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily and cell type-specific membrane capacitance changes in mouse cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct subsets of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesInflammatory myopathy or myositis is a heterogeneous family of immune-mediated diseases including dermatomyositis (DM), antisynthetase syndrome (AS), immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can also cause myositis (ICI-myositis). This study was designed to define gene expression patterns in muscle biopsies from patients with ICI-myositis.

MethodsBulk RNA sequencing was performed on 200 muscle biopsies (35 ICI-myositis, 44 DM, 18 AS, 54 IMNM, 16 IBM, and 33 normal muscle biopsies) and single nuclei RNA sequencing was performed on 22 muscle biopsies (7 ICI-myositis, 4 DM, 3 AS, 6 IMNM, and 2 IBM).

ResultsUnsupervised clustering defined three distinct transcriptomic subsets of ICI-myositis: ICI-DM, ICI-MYO1, and ICI-MYO2. ICI-DM included patients with DM and anti-TIF1{gamma} autoantibodies who, like DM patients, overexpressed type 1 interferon-inducible genes. ICI-MYO1 patients had highly inflammatory muscle biopsies and included all patients that developed co-existing myocarditis. ICI-MYO2 was composed of patients with predominant necrotizing pathology and low levels of muscle inflammation. The type 2 interferon pathway was activated both in ICI-DM and ICI-MYO1. Unlike the other types of myositis, all three subsets of ICI-myositis patients overexpressed genes involved in the IL6 pathway.

ConclusionsWe identified three distinct types of ICI-myositis based on transcriptomic analyses. The IL6 pathway was overexpressed in all groups, the type I interferon pathway activation was specific for ICI-DM, the type 2 IFN pathway was overexpressed in both ICIDM and ICI-MYO1, and only ICI-MYO1 patients developed myocarditis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinal-Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milisenda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casal-Dominguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Braceras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derfoul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Ruiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Orso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Cruz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque-Jaimez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias-Baraja, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matas-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrabou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padrosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trallero-Araguas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walitt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher-Stine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selva-O'Callaghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewluck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct subsets of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactive auditory task reveals complex sensory-action integration in mouse primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive coding theory postulates that the brain achieves perception by actively making predictions about the incoming sensory information and correcting them if errors signals arise. These signals are likely the most relevant when the individual is actively interacting with the environment and where the sensory outcome determines the ongoing action. In addition, the cerebral cortex is thought to play a key role in generating these signals. Thus, to study the representation of error signals in the primary sensory cortex, we trained mice to perform an interactive auditory task that coupled their actions to the generated sound and perturbed this coupling to evoke putative error responses. We imaged Layer 2/3 (L2/3) and Layer 4 (L4) neurons in the mouse primary auditory cortex, and we identified not only neurons that mainly encoded action related information but also neurons encoding the mismatch between the action and the sound. These results show that a subset of A1 neurons encode the nonlinear interactions between the sound and the action. Furthermore, more L2/3 neurons encoded action related information than L4, indicating that action-sound integration emerges hierarchically in A1 circuits. Together, our results show that complex interactions between action and sound happen in A1 and that some A1 neurons responses reflect the violation of the learnt relationship between the action and sound feedback. Thus, primary sensory cortices not only encode sensory driven activity but also represent the complex interplay between sensory inputs, expectations, and errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactive auditory task reveals complex sensory-action integration in mouse primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.519327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal limiting membrane disruption facilitates engraftment of transplanted human stem cell derived retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.519327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optic neuropathies cause irreversible vision loss as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die. Transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RGCs offers one potential therapeutic avenue to restore vision in patients suffering from optic neuropathy if the donor neurons survive long-term in the recipient eye and develop synaptic connections within the retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) and subcortical visual centers (1). Thus far, attempts at intravitreal RGC transplantation have been hampered by sequestration on the epiretinal surface without engraftment into the retinal parenchyma. In mouse retinal explant cultures, enzymatic digestion of the retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) promotes migration of transplanted RGCs into the recipient retina (2). Herein, we examined donor RGC survival and engraftment in living, immunosuppressed mice, rats, and rhesus macaques and in post-mortem human retinal explant cultures. Using 3 separate human PSC lines and 3 independent methods of ILM disruption, we demonstrate that the ILM is a barrier to the retinal engraftment of intravitreally delivered human PSC-derived RGCs. ILM disruption is associated with greater donor RGC survival over 2-8 weeks and enables migration of donor neuronal somas into the endogenous RGC layer where cells elaborate dendrites into the IPL and extend axons that follow the course of the endogenous retinal nerve fiber layer into the optic nerve head. Critically, ILM disruption enables donor RGCs to synaptically integrate into IPL circuits, conferring light responsivity. These findings have important implications for enabling neuronal replacement therapies to restore vision in patients with optic neuropathy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) replacement and optic nerve regeneration through transplantation of stem cell-derived RGCs holds potential for restoring vision lost to optic neuropathies. Here we demonstrate that intravitreally transplanted human RGCs laminate the epiretinal surface without projecting neurites into the retinal parenchyma. However, enzymatic, developmental and surgical disruption of the internal limiting membrane not only improves graft survival, but also enables structural and functional engraftment, with dendrites that stratify the inner plexiform layer, axons that grow into the optic nerve head, and acquired responsivity to light. These observations identify a translatable approach to enable transplantation-based RGC replacement for the treatment of optic neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguzzi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagalingam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhoun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.519327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal limiting membrane disruption facilitates engraftment of transplanted human stem cell derived retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung tumor-infiltrating Treg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are conventionally viewed to suppress endogenous and therapyinduced anti-tumor immunity; however, their role in modulating responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unclear. In this study, we integrated single-cell RNAseq/TCRseq of >73,000 tumor-infiltrating Treg (TIL-Treg) from anti-PD-1-treated and treatment naive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with single cell analysis of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific Treg derived from a murine tumor model. We identified 10 subsets of human TIL-Treg, most of which have high concordance with murine TIL-Treg subsets. Notably, one subset selectively expresses high levels of OX40 and GITR, whose engangement by cognate ligand mediated proliferative programs and NF-kB activation, as well as multiple genes involved in Treg suppression, in particular LAG3. Functionally, the OX40hiGITRhi subset in the most highly suppressive ex vivo and Treg expression of OX40, GITR and LAG3, correlated with resistance to PD-1 blockade. Surprisingly, in the murine tumor model, we found that virtually all TIL-Treg expressing T cell receptors that are specific for TAA fully develop a distinct Th1-like signature over a two-week period after entry into the tumor, down-regulating FoxP3 and up-regulating expression of TBX21 (Tbet), IFN{gamma} and certain pro-inflammatory granzymes. Application of a gene score from the murine TAA-specific Th1-like Treg subset to the human single-cell dataset revealed a highly analogous subcluster that was enriched in anti-PD-1 responding tumors. These findings demonstrate that TIL-Treg partition into multiple distinct transcriptionally-defined subsets with potentially opposing effects on ICB-induced anti-tumor immunity and suggest that TAA-specific TIL-Treg may positively contribute to anti-tumor responses.

One-Sentence SummaryWe define 10 subsets of lung cancer-infiltrating regulatory T cells, one of which is highly suppressive and enriched in anti-PD-1 non-responders and the other is Th1-like and is enriched in PD-1 responders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caushi, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell-Flack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawosik, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung tumor-infiltrating Treg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyzing patterns in tyrosine sulfation in naive antibody repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 infects a subset of immune cells identified by the receptor CD4 and a coreceptor, CCR5 or CXCR4. Previous studies revealed bnAbs against HIV-1 with antigen-binding sites mimicking binding sites of CCR5. Such antibodies are characterized by post-translationally sulfated tyrosines and anionic motifs in long complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3s) of the heavy chains. Despite the great therapeutic potential of human antibodies mimicking CCR5, their immunogenetic signatures remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed human naive heavy chain antibody repertoires and described the most common VDJ recombination scenarios generating CDR3s with sulfated tyrosines and anionic motifs. We showed ~77% of such CDR3s are generated using seven D genes from two families, IGHD3 and IGHD4. We also demonstrated that sulfated tyrosines and anionic motifs are a common feature of mammalian germline D genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pospelova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyzing patterns in tyrosine sulfation in naive antibody repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaotic signatures in host-microbe interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-microbe interactions constitute dynamical systems that can be represented by mathematical formulations that determine their dynamic nature, and are categorized as deterministic, stochastic, or chaotic. Knowing the type of dynamical interaction is essential for understanding the system under study. Very little experimental work has been done to determine the dynamical characteristics of host-microbe interactions and its study poses significant challenges. The most straightforward experimental outcome involves an observation of time to death upon infection. However, in measuring this outcome, the internal parameters, and the dynamics of each particular host-microbe interaction in a population of interactions are hidden from the experimentalist. To investigate whether a time-to-death (time to event) dataset provides adequate information for searching for chaotic signatures, we first determined our ability to detect chaos in simulated data sets of time-to-event measurements and successfully distinguished the time-to-event distribution of a chaotic process from a comparable stochastic one. To do so, we introduced an inversion measure to test for a chaotic signature in time-to-event distributions. Next, we searched for chaos, in time-to-death of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas entomophila, respectively. We found suggestions of chaotic signatures in both systems, but caution that our results are preliminary and highlight the need for more fine-grained and larger data sets in determining dynamical characteristics. If validated, chaos in host-microbe interactions would have important implications for the occurrence and outcome of infectious diseases, the reproducibility of experiments in the field of microbial pathogenesis and the prediction of microbial threats.

ImportanceIs microbial pathogenesis a predictable scientific field? At a time when we are dealing with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) there is intense interest in knowing about the epidemic potential of other microbial threats and new emerging infectious diseases. To know whether microbial pathogenesis will ever be a predictable scientific field requires knowing whether a host-microbe interaction follows deterministic, stochastic, or chaotic dynamics. If randomness and chaos are absent from virulence, there is the hope for prediction in the future regarding the outcome of microbe-host interactions. Chaotic systems are inherently unpredictable although it is possible to generate shortterm probabilistic models, as is done in applications of stochastic processes and machine learning to weather forecasting. Information on the dynamics of a system is also essential for understanding the reproducibility of experiments, a topic of great concern in biological sciences. Our study finds preliminary evidence for chaotic dynamics in infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sella, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwan, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ausubel, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaotic signatures in host-microbe interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and Fibrillar Collagen Analyses in an Animal Model of Retinal Detachment-Related Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Reveals a Defined Transition to Chronic Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeProliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure of surgically repaired rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Chemically-induced and cell-injection PVR models do not fully simulate the clinical characteristics of PVR in the post-RRD context. There is an unmet need for translational models in which to study mechanisms and treatments specific to RRD-PVR.

MethodsRRD-PVR was induced in adult Dutch Belted rabbits. Posterior segments of enucleated globes were fixed or processed for RNA-Seq at 6 hours and 2, 7, 14, and 35 days post-induction. Histochemical staining and immunolabeling for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), CD68, and retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65) were performed, and labeling intensity was scored. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed.

ResultsAcute histopathologic changes included intravitreal and intraretinal hemorrhage, leukocytic vitritis, chorioretinitis, and retinal rarefaction. Chronic lesions showed retinal atrophy, gliosis, fibrotic subretinal membranes, and epiretinal fibrovascular proliferation. Fibrillar collagen was present in the fibrocellular and fibrovascular membranes in chronic lesions. Moderate to strong labeling of glia and vasculature was detected in chronic lesions. At day 14, most cells profiled by single cell sequencing were identified as Muller glia and microglia, consistent with immunolabeling. Expression of several fibrillar collagen genes were upregulated in chronic lesions.

ConclusionsHistologic and transcriptional features of this rabbit model simulate important features of human RRD-PVR, including the transition to chronic intra and periretinal fibrosis. This high-fidelity in vivo model of RRD-PVR will enable further research on targeted treatment interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and Fibrillar Collagen Analyses in an Animal Model of Retinal Detachment-Related Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Reveals a Defined Transition to Chronic Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal multi-resolution atlas of the human neonatal cerebral cortex based on microstructural similarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neonatal period is a critical window for the development of the human brain and may hold implications for the long-term development of cognition and disorders. Multi-modal connectome studies have revealed many important findings underlying the adult brain but related studies were rare in the early human brain. One potential challenge is the lack of an appropriate and unbiased parcellation that combines structural and functional information in this population. Using 348 multi-modal MRI datasets from the developing human connectome project, we found that the information fused from the structural, diffusion, and functional MRI was relatively stable across MRI features and showed high reproducibility at the group level. Therefore, we generated automated multi-resolution parcellations (300 - 500 parcels) based on the similarity across multi-modal features using a gradient-based parcellation algorithm. In addition, to acquire a parcellation with high interpretability, we provided a manually delineated parcellation (210 parcels), which was approximately symmetric, and the adjacent areas around each boundary were statistically different in terms of the integrated similarity metric and at least one kind of original features. Overall, the present study provided multi-resolution and neonate-specific parcellations of the cerebral cortex based on multi-modal MRI properties, which may facilitate future studies of the human connectome in the early development period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal multi-resolution atlas of the human neonatal cerebral cortex based on microstructural similarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate GSC self-renewal and differentiation to enhance host fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects arthropod and nematode species worldwide, making it a key target for host biological control. Wolbachia-driven host reproductive manipulations, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), are credited for catapulting these intracellular bacteria to high frequencies in host populations. Positive, perhaps mutualistic, reproductive manipulations also increase infection frequencies, but are not well understood. Here, we identify molecular and cellular mechanisms by which Wolbachia influences the molecularly distinct processes of GSC self renewal and differentiation. We demonstrate that wMel infection rescues the fertility of flies lacking the translational regulator mei-P26, and is sufficient to sustain infertile homozygous mei-P26-knockdown stocks indefinitely. Cytology revealed that wMel mitigates the impact of mei-P26 loss through restoring proper pMad, Bam, Sxl, and Orb expression. In OreR files with wild-type fertility, wMel infection elevates lifetime egg hatch rates. Exploring these phenotypes through dual-RNAseq experiments revealed that wMel infection rescues and offsets many gene expression changes induced by mei-P26 loss at the mRNA level. Overall, we show that wMel infection beneficially reinforces host fertility at mRNA, protein, and phenotypic levels, and these mechanisms may promote the emergence of mutualism and the breakdown of host reproductive manipulations.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=92 SRC="FIGDIR/small/520626v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@151904corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d86e41org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2e768eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@697109_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Highlights[bullet] The wMel strain of Wolbachia restores fertility in females and males deficient for the essential translational regulator meiotic-P26
[bullet]Mei-P26s germline maintenance and oocyte cyst differentiation functions are genetically rescued by wMel infection
[bullet]Perturbed pMad, Sxl, Bam, and Orb protein expression are mitigated by wMel infection
[bullet]wMel infection elevates lifetime egg lay and hatch rates in OreR flies
[bullet]Ovary transcriptomes reveal wMel infection restores or offsets changes in gene expression induced by the loss of functional mei-P26


Significance StatementWolbachia bacterial symbionts are being harnessed as biological control agents through the use of their costly manipulations to host fertility. Here, we reveal that the wMel strain can have a beneficial impact on fruit fly development in both mutant and wild-type flies. This phenotype is essential to the long-term use of these bacteria for host population control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate GSC self-renewal and differentiation to enhance host fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying constraint in human mitochondrial DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has an important, yet often overlooked, role in health and disease. Constraint models quantify the removal of deleterious variation from the population by selection, representing a powerful tool for identifying genetic variation underlying human phenotypes1-4. However, a constraint model for the mtDNA has not been developed, due to its unique features. Here we describe the development of a mitochondrial constraint model and its application to the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), a large-scale population dataset reporting mtDNA variation across 56,434 humans5. Our results demonstrate strong depletion of expected variation, suggesting most deleterious mtDNA variants remain undiscovered. To aid their identification, we compute constraint metrics for every mitochondrial protein, tRNA, and rRNA gene, revealing a spectrum of intolerance to variation. We characterize the most constrained regions within genes via regional constraint, and positions across the entire mtDNA via local constraint, showing their enrichment in pathogenic variation and functionally critical sites, including topological clustering in 3D protein and RNA structures. Notably, we identify constraint at often overlooked sites, such as rRNAs and non-coding regions. Lastly, we demonstrate how these metrics can improve the discovery of mtDNA variation underlying rare and common human phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laricchia, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorburn, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying constraint in human mitochondrial DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A refined characterization of large-scale genomic differences in the first complete human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13) release was a milestone in human genomics. The T2T-CHM13 genome assembly extends our understanding of telomeres, centromeres, segmental duplication, and other complex regions. The current human genome reference (GRCh38) has been widely used in various human genomic studies. However, the large-scale genomic differences between these two important genome assemblies are not characterized in detail yet. Here, we identify 590 discrepant regions ([~]226 Mbp) in total. In addition to the previously reported  non-syntenic regions, we identify 67 additional large-scale discrepant regions and precisely categorize them into four structural types with a newly developed website tool (SynPlotter). The discrepant regions ([~]20.4 Mbp) excluding telomeric and centromeric regions are highly structurally polymorphic in humans, where copy number variation are likely associated with various human disease and disease susceptibility, such as immune and neurodevelopmental disorders. The analyses of a newly identified discrepant region--the KLRC gene cluster--shows that the depletion of KLRC2 by a single deletion event is associated with natural killer cell differentiation in [~]20% of humans. Meanwhile, the rapid amino acid replacements within KLRC3 is consistent with the action of natural selection during primate evolution. Our study furthers our understanding of the large-scale structural variation differences between these two crucial human reference genomes and future interpretation of studies of human genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A refined characterization of large-scale genomic differences in the first complete human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Regulation by PARP13 in Basal and Antiviral States in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein PARP13 is a primary factor in the innate antiviral response. PARP13 suppresses translation and drives decay of bound viral and host RNA. PARP13 interacts with many proteins encoded by interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) to activate antiviral pathways including post-translational addition of ISG15, or ISGylation. We performed enhanced crosslinking immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) and RNA-seq in human cells to investigate PARP13s role in transcriptome regulation for both basal and antiviral states. We find that the antiviral response shifts PARP13 target localization but not its binding preferences and that PARP13 supports the expression of ISGylation-related genes, including PARP13s cofactor, TRIM25. We elucidate a transcriptome-wide periodicity of PARP13 binding around TRIM25 and show they associate in part via RNA-protein interactions. Taken together, our study implicates PARP13 in creating and maintaining a cellular environment poised for an antiviral response through limiting PARP13 translation, regulating access to distinct mRNA pools, and elevating ISGylation machinery expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Regulation by PARP13 in Basal and Antiviral States in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC LIPID-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES (LAMs) ARE INCREASED IN COLONIC LAMINA PROPRIA IN OBESITY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the effects of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on resident colonic lamina propria (LP) macrophages (LPMs) function and metabolism. Here, we report that obesity and diabetes resulted in increased macrophage infiltration in the colon. These macrophages exhibited the residency phenotype CX3CR1hiMHCIIhi, and were CD4-TIM4-. During HFD, resident colonic LPM exhibited a lipid metabolism gene expression signature that overlapped that used to define lipid associated macrophages (LAMs). Via single cell RNA sequencing, we identified a sub-cluster of macrophages, increased in HDF, that were responsible for the LAM signature. Compared to other macrophages in the colon, these cells were characterized by elevated glycolysis, phagocytosis and efferocytosis signatures. CX3CR1hiMHCIIhi colonic resident LPMs had fewer lipid droplets (LD) and decreased triacylglycerol (TAG) content compared to equivalent cells in lean mice, and exhibited increased phagocytic capacity, suggesting that HFD induces adaptive responses in LPMs to limit bacterial translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, N. v. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, L. d. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souto, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buescher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, N. O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC LIPID-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES (LAMs) ARE INCREASED IN COLONIC LAMINA PROPRIA IN OBESITY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.520137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-center integrated analysis of non-coding CRISPR screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.520137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ENCODE Consortiums efforts to annotate non-coding, cis-regulatory elements (CREs) have advanced our understanding of gene regulatory landscapes which play a major role in health and disease. Pooled, non-coding CRISPR screens are a promising approach for systematically investigating gene regulatory mechanisms. Here, the ENCODE Functional Characterization Centers report 109 screens comprising 346,970 individual perturbations across 13.3Mb of the genome, using a variety of methods, readouts, and statistical analyses. Across 332 functionally confirmed CRE-gene links, we identify principles for screening endogenous, non-coding elements for causal regulatory mechanisms. Nearly all CREs show strong evidence of open chromatin, and targeting accessibility peak summits is a critical component of our proposed sgRNA design rules. We provide experimental guidelines to accurately detect CREs with variable, often low, transcriptional effects. We discover a previously undescribed DNA strand-bias for CRISPRi in transcribed regions with implications for screen design and analysis. Benchmarking five screen analysis tools, we find CASA produces the most conservative CRE calls and is robust to artifacts of low-specificity sgRNAs. Together, we provide an accessible data resource, predesigned sgRNAs targeting 3,275,697 ENCODE SCREEN candidate CREs, and screening guidelines to accelerate functional characterization of the non-coding genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lataniotis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay-Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughty, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siklenka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ENCODE4 Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewhey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritykin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.520137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-center integrated analysis of non-coding CRISPR screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHESS 3: an improved, comprehensive catalog of human genes and transcripts based on large-scale expression data, phylogenetic analysis, and protein structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The original CHESS database of human genes was assembled from nearly 10,000 RNA sequencing experiments in 53 human body sites produced by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and then augmented with genes from other databases to yield a comprehensive collection of protein-coding and noncoding transcripts. The construction of the new CHESS 3 database employed improved transcript assembly algorithms, a new machine learning classifier, and protein structure predictions to identify genes and transcripts likely to be functional and to eliminate those that appeared more likely to represent noise. The new catalog contains 41,356 genes on the GRCh38 reference human genome, of which 19,839 are protein-coding, and a total of 158,377 transcripts. These include 14,863 novel protein-coding transcripts. The total number of transcripts is substantially smaller than earlier versions due to improved transcriptome assembly methods and to a stricter protocol for filtering out noisy transcripts. Notably, CHESS 3 contains all of the transcripts in the MANE database, and at least one transcript corresponding to the vast majority of protein-coding genes in the RefSeq and GENCODE databases. CHESS 3 has also been mapped onto the complete CHM13 human genome, which gives a more-complete gene count of 43,773 genes and 19,968 protein-coding genes. The CHESS database is available at http://ccb.jhu.edu/chess.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogdu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHESS 3: an improved, comprehensive catalog of human genes and transcripts based on large-scale expression data, phylogenetic analysis, and protein structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation entropy is associated with DNA sequence featuresand developmental epigenetic divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic information defines tissue identity and is largely inherited in development through DNA methylation. While studied mostly for mean differences, methylation also encodes stochastic change, defined as entropy in information theory. Analyzing allelespecific methylation in 48 human tissue sample datasets, we find that methylation entropy is associated with specific DNA binding motifs, regulatory DNA, and CpG density. Then applying information theory to 42 mouse embryo methylation datasets, we find that time- and tissue-specific patterns of development are more strongly correlated with methylation entropy than with mean, and methylation entropy is associated with sequence and chromatin features conserved with human. Moreover, methylation entropy is directly related to gene expression variability in development, suggesting a role for epigenetic entropy in developmental plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation entropy is associated with DNA sequence featuresand developmental epigenetic divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk between regulatory elements in the disordered TRPV4 N-terminus modulateslipid-dependent channel activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are essential for membrane receptor regulation but often remain unresolved in structural studies. TRPV4, a member of the TRP vanilloid channel family involved in thermo- and osmosensation, has a large N-terminal IDR of approximately 150 amino acids. With an integrated structural biology approach, we analyze the structural ensemble of the TRPV4 IDR and identify a network of regulatory elements that modulate channel activity in a hierarchical lipid-dependent manner through transient long-range interactions. A highly conserved autoinhibitory patch acts as a master regulator by competing with PIP2 binding to attenuate channel activity. Molecular dynamics simulations show that loss of the interaction between the PIP2-binding site and the membrane reduces the force exerted by the IDR on the structured core of TRPV4. This work demonstrates that IDR structural dynamics are coupled to TRPV4 activity and highlights the importance of IDRs for TRP channel function and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goretzki, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noeth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinchen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmich, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk between regulatory elements in the disordered TRPV4 N-terminus modulateslipid-dependent channel activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila inhibits type I interferon signaling to avoid cell-intrinsic host cell defense. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host type I interferon (IFN) response protects against Legionella pneumophila infections. Other bacterial pathogens inhibit type I IFN-mediated cell signaling; however, the interaction between this signaling pathway and L. pneumophila has not been well described. Here, we demonstrate that L. pneumophila inhibits the IFN-{beta} signaling pathway but does not inhibit IFN-{psi}-mediated cell signaling. The addition of IFN-{beta} to L. pneumophila-infected macrophages limited bacterial growth independently of NOS2 and reactive nitrogen species. The type IV secretion system of L. pneumophila is required to inhibit IFN-{beta}-mediated cell signaling. Finally, we show that the inhibition of the IFN-{beta} signaling pathway occurs downstream of STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our findings describe a novel host cell signaling pathway inhibited by L. pneumophila via its type IV secretion system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, C. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briken, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Legionella pneumophila inhibits type I interferon signaling to avoid cell-intrinsic host cell defense.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Migration and division in cell monolayers on substrates with topological defect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective movement and organization of cell monolayers are important for wound healing and tissue development. Recent experiments highlighted the importance of liquid crystal order within these layers, suggesting that +1 topological defects have a role in organizing tissue morphogenesis. We study fibroblast organization, motion and proliferation on a substrate with micron-sized ridges that induce +1 and -1 topological defects using simulation and experiment. We model cells as selfpropelled deformable ellipses that interact via a Gay-Berne potential. Unlike earlier work on other cell types, we see that density variation near defects is not explained by collective migration. We propose instead that fibroblasts have different division rates depending on their area and aspect ratio. This model captures key features of our previous experiments: the alignment quality worsens at high cell density and, at the center of the +1 defects, cells can adopt either highly anisotropic or primarily isotropic morphologies. Experiments performed with different ridge heights confirm a new prediction of this model: suppressing migration across ridges promotes higher cell density at the +1 defect. Our work enables new mechanisms for tissue patterning using topological defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaiyrbekov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endresen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Migration and division in cell monolayers on substrates with topological defect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Air-Liquid-Interface Reorganizes Membrane Lipid and Enhance Recruitment of Slc26a3 to Lipid-Rich Domains in Human Colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsCholesterol-rich membrane domains, also called lipid rafts (LR), are specialized membrane domains that provide a platform for intracellular signal transduction. Membrane proteins often cluster in LR that further aggregate into larger platform-like structures that are enriched in ceramide and are called ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs). The role of CRPs in the regulation of intestinal epithelial functions remains unknown. Down Regulated in Adenoma (DRA) is an intestinal Cl-/HCO3- antiporter which is enriched in LR. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of DRA activity.

MethodsAir liquid interface (ALI) was created by removing apical media for a specified number of days from 12-14 days post confluency Caco-2/BBe cells or confluent colonoid monolayer grown as submerged cultures. Confocal imaging was used to examine the dimensions of membrane microdomains that contain DRA.

ResultsDRA expression and activity were enhanced by culturing Caco-2/BBe cells and human colonoids using an ALI culture method. ALI causes an increase in acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity, an enzyme responsible for enhancing ceramide content in the plasma membrane. ALI cultures expressed a larger number of DRA-containing platforms with dimensions >2 m compared to cells grown as submerged cultures. ASMase inhibitor, desipramine disrupted CRPs and reduced the ALI-induced increase in DRA expression in the apical membrane. Exposing normal human colonoid monolayers to ALI increased the ASMase activity and enhanced differentiation of colonoids along with enhancing basal and forskolin-stimulated DRA activity.

ConclusionsALI increases DRA activity and expression by increasing ASMase activity and platform formation in Caco-2/BBe cells and by enhancing the differentiation of normal human colonoids.

SynopsisAir-liquid interface (ALI) enhances total and brush border DRA expression and activity in Caco-2/BBe cells and human colonoids by causing differentiation of enterocytes and acid sphingomyelinase-dependent enhanced retention of DRA in ceramide-rich platform-like structures at the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Air-Liquid-Interface Reorganizes Membrane Lipid and Enhance Recruitment of Slc26a3 to Lipid-Rich Domains in Human Colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering context-specific genetic-regulation of gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing using latent-factor models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic regulation of gene expression is a complex process, with genetic effects known to vary across cellular contexts such as cell types and environmental conditions. We developed SURGE, a method for unsupervised discovery of context-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) from single-cell transcriptomic data. This allows discovery of the contexts or cell types modulating genetic regulation without prior knowledge. Applied to peripheral blood single-cell eQTL data, SURGE contexts capture continuous representations of distinct cell types and groupings of biologically related cell types. We demonstrate the disease-relevance of SURGE context-specific eQTLs using colocalization analysis and stratified LD-score regression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering context-specific genetic-regulation of gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing using latent-factor models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superinfection plays an important role in the acquisition of complex Plasmodium falciparum infections among female Anopheles mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of human malaria infections with multiple, genetically distinct parasites have illuminated mechanisms of malaria transmission. However, few studies have used the genetic diversity in mosquito infections to understand how transmission is sustained. We identified likely human sources of mosquito infections from a longitudinal cohort in Western Kenya based on genetic similarity between parasites and the timing of infections. We found that several human infections were required to reconstitute each mosquito infection and that multiple parasite clones were likely transmitted from infected humans to mosquitoes in each bite, suggesting that superinfection and co-transmission occur simultaneously and are important mechanisms of transmission. We further investigated this using an individual human and mosquito simulation model and found that co-transmission alone was unlikely to reproduce the high complexity of mosquito infections. We concluded that the superinfection of mosquitoes likely plays an important, but under studied, role in sustaining moderate to high malaria transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipkoech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superinfection plays an important role in the acquisition of complex Plasmodium falciparum infections among female Anopheles mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host MOSPD2 enrichment at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane varies between Toxoplasma strains and involves complex interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite capable of causing severe disease in warm-blooded animals. Infection of a cell produces a unique niche for the parasite named the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) initially composed of host plasma membrane invaginated during invasion. The PV and its membrane (PVM) are subsequently decorated with a variety of parasite proteins allowing the parasite to optimally grow in addition to manipulate host processes. Recently, we reported a proximity-labeling screen at the PVM-host interface and identified host ER-resident MOSPD2 as being enriched at this location. Here we extend these findings in several important respects. First, we show that the extent and pattern of host MOSPD2 association with the PVM differs dramatically in cells infected with different strains of Toxoplasma. Second, in cells infected with Type I RH strain, the MOSPD2 staining is mutually exclusive with regions of the PVM that associate with mitochondria. Third, immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS with epitope-tagged MOSPD2-expressing host cells reveals strong enrichment of several PVM-localized parasite proteins, although none appear to play an essential role in MOSPD2 association. Lastly, most MOSPD2 associating with the PVM is newly translated after infection of the cell and requires the major functional domains of MOSPD2, identified as the CRAL/TRIO domain and tail anchor, although these domains were not sufficient for PVM association. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into the molecular interactions involving MOSPD2 at the dynamic interface between the PVM and the host cytosol.

ImportanceToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular pathogen that lives within a membranous vacuole inside of its host cell. This vacuole is decorated by a variety of parasite proteins that allow it to defend against host attack, acquire nutrients, and interact with the host cell. Recent work identified and validated host proteins enriched at this host-pathogen interface. Here, we follow up on one candidate named MOSPD2 shown to be enriched at the vacuolar membrane and describe it as having a dynamic interaction at this location depending on a variety of factors. Some of these include the presence of host mitochondria, intrinsic domains of the host protein, and whether translation is active. Importantly, we show that MOSPD2 enrichment at the vacuole membrane differs between strains indicating active involvement of the parasite with this phenotype. Altogether, these results shed light on the mechanism and role of protein associations in the host-pathogen interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panas, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host MOSPD2 enrichment at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane varies between Toxoplasma strains and involves complex interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A semi-field system for quantifying Anopheles gambiae attraction to human scent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variability in the chemical composition of human scent has the potential to modulate mosquito attraction to certain humans. We have engineered a large-scale, semi-field system in Zambia for quantifying mosquito olfactory preferences towards whole body odor sourced from different humans under naturalistic conditions. In a flight cage arena with infrared tracking, we document that the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae hierarchically prefers to land on heated targets mimicking human skin temperature when they are baited with carbon dioxide (CO2) over background air, human body odor over CO2, and the scent of one individual over another. In a six-choice assay configuration, we further identify humans at both ends of the attractiveness spectrum whose scent is differentially attractive to An. gambiae relative to other individuals. We demonstrate integrative use of this multi-choice olfactory assay with whole body volatilomics, establishing a powerful method for discovery of human odorants modulating heterogeneity in biting risk at enhanced throughput.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin-Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauxe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simubali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Book, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuma, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mburu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simulundu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.25.521702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A semi-field system for quantifying Anopheles gambiae attraction to human scent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of morphogenesis and growth dynamics in an obligate intracellular bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate intracellular bacteria of the order Rickettsiales include numerous arthropod-borne human pathogens. However, our understanding of the basic biology of Rickettsia species is limited by technical challenges imposed by their obligate intracellular lifestyle. To overcome this roadblock, we developed quantitative methods to assess the cell wall composition, intracellular growth, and morphology of Rickettsia parkeri, a human pathogen in the Spotted Fever Group of the Rickettsia genus. Analysis of the cell wall composition of R. parkeri revealed unique features including a high M3 monomer fraction and absence of LD-crosslinks. Using a novel fluorescence microscopy approach, we quantified the cell morphology of R. parkeri in live host cells and found that bacterial morphology is maintained stably during exponential growth in two different epithelial cell lines. To assess population growth kinetics in a high-throughput and high-resolution manner, we developed an imaging-based growth assay and applied this to determine the growth rate of up to 24 infected cultures at a time. We also sought to gain insight into the cell cycle regulation of R. parkeri. To this end, we developed methods to quantify the fraction of the population preparing to divide as well as those undergoing active constriction. These approaches permitted a quantitative analysis of cell cycle status across a population of R. parkeri. Finally, as a proof of concept, we applied the above tools to quantitatively determine how MreB, a bacterial actin homolog, contributes to the growth and morphogenesis of R. parkeri. Inhibition of MreB with the small molecule MP265 led to cell rounding and slowed growth, suggesting that MreB is required for the growth and shape maintenance of R. parkeri. Collectively, we developed a toolkit of high-throughput, quantitative tools to understand intracellular growth and morphogenesis of R. parkeri that is translatable to other obligate intracellular bacteria.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe obligate intracellular lifestyle of members of the bacterial order Rickettsiales, which includes important human pathogens, has hindered our progress in understanding their biology. Here we developed and applied high-throughput, quantitative tools to analyze essential features of rickettsial cell biology such as morphology and growth in living host cells. By applying these tools in a proof of concept, we showed that the bacterial actin homolog, MreB is required for the regulation of rod shape and intracytoplasmic growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Cuilan, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of morphogenesis and growth dynamics in an obligate intracellular bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral and host small RNA transcriptome analysis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells reveals novel viral short RNAs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses have been shown to express various short RNAs, some of which have regulatory roles during replication, transcription, and translation of viral genomes. However, short viral RNAs (svRNAs) generated by SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 remained largely unexplored, mainly due limitations of the widely used library preparation methods for small RNA deep sequencing and corresponding data processing. By analyzing publicly available small RNA-seq datasets, we observed that human cells infected by SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV-2 produce multiple short viral RNAs (svRNAs), ranging in size from 15 to 26 nt and deriving predominantly from (+) RNA strands. In addition, we verified the presence of the five most abundant SARS-CoV-2 svRNAs in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung adenocarcinoma cells by qPCR. Interestingly, the copy number of the observed SARS-CoV-2 svRNAs dramatically exceeded the expression of previously reported viral miRNAs in the same cells. We hypothesize that the reported SARS-CoV-2 svRNAs could serve as biomarkers for early infection stages due to their high abundance. Finally, we found that both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection induced up- and down-regulation of multiple endogenous human short RNAs that align predominantly to protein-coding and lncRNA transcripts. Interestingly, a significant proportion of short RNAs derived from full-length viral genomes also aligned to various hg38 sequences, suggesting opportunities to investigate regulatory roles of svRNAs during infection. Further characterization of the small RNA landscape of both viral and host genomes is clearly warranted to improve our understanding of molecular events related to infection and to design more efficient strategies for therapeutic interventions as well as early diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sültmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral and host small RNA transcriptome analysis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells reveals novel viral short RNAs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astroglial mediation of fast-acting antidepressant effect in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractMood-altering compounds hold promise for the treatment of many psychiatric disorders, such as depression, but connecting their molecular, circuit, and behavioral effects has been challenging. Here we find that, analogous to effects in rodent learned helplessness models, ketamine pre-exposure persistently suppresses futility-induced passivity in larval zebrafish. While antidepressants are thought to primarily act on neurons, brain-wide imaging in behaving zebrafish showed that ketamine elevates intracellular calcium in astroglia for many minutes, followed by persistent calcium downregulation post-washout. Calcium elevation depends on astroglial 1-adrenergic receptors and is required for suppression of passivity. Chemo-/optogenetic perturbations of noradrenergic neurons and astroglia demonstrate that the aftereffects of glial calcium elevation are sufficient to suppress passivity by inhibiting neuronal-astroglial integration of behavioral futility. Imaging in mouse cortex reveals that ketamine elevates astroglial calcium through conserved pathways, suggesting that ketamine exerts its behavioral effects by persistently modulating evolutionarily ancient neuromodulatory systems spanning neurons and astroglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astroglial mediation of fast-acting antidepressant effect in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SAGA HAT module is tethered by its SWIRM domain and modulates activity of the SAGA DUB module 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) complex is a transcriptional coactivator that both acetylates and deubiquitinates histones. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) subunit, Gcn5, is part of a subcomplex of SAGA called the HAT module. A minimal HAT module complex containing Gcn5 bound to Ada2 and Ada3 is required for full Gcn5 activity on nucleosomes. Deletion studies have suggested that the Ada2 SWIRM domain plays a role in tethering the HAT module to the remainder of SAGA. While recent cryo-EM studies have resolved the structure of the core of the SAGA complex, the HAT module subunits and molecular details of its interactions with the SAGA core could not be resolved. Here we show that the SWIRM domain is required for incorporation of the HAT module into the yeast SAGA complex, but not the ADA complex, a distinct six-protein acetyltransferase complex that includes the SAGA HAT module proteins. In the isolated Gcn5/Ada2/Ada3 HAT module, deletion of the SWIRM domain modestly increased activity but had negligible effect on nucleosome binding. Loss of the HAT module due to deletion of the SWIRM domain decreases the H2B deubiquitinating activity of SAGA, indicating a role for the HAT module in regulating SAGA DUB module activity. A model of the HAT module created with Alphafold Multimer provides insights into the structural basis for our biochemical data, as well as prior deletion studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haile, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SAGA HAT module is tethered by its SWIRM domain and modulates activity of the SAGA DUB module]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Roles of positive and negative supercoiling in compacting the E. coli genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aims to explore whether and how positive and negative supercoiling contribute to the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the bacterial genome. We used recently published Escherichia coli GapR ChIP-seq and TopoI ChIP-seq (also called EcTopoI-seq) data, which marks positive and negative supercoiling sites, respectively, to study how positive and negative supercoiling correlates with the corresponding contact frequencies obtained from chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C and 5C). We found that supercoiled chromosomal loci have overall higher Hi-C contact frequencies than sites that are not supercoiled, with positive supercoiling surprisingly corresponding to higher spatial contacts than negative supercoiling. Additionally, Hi-C contact frequencies alone could identify positive, but not negative, supercoiling with high accuracy. The majority of positive and negative supercoils coincide with highly active transcription units, with a minor group likely associated with replication and other genomic processes. Our results suggest that both positive and negative supercoiling enhance chromosome interactions, but positive supercoils contribute more than negative supercoils to bring distant chromosomal loci closer in space. Based on these results, we propose new physical models of how the E. coli chromosome is organized differentially by positive and negative supercoils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Roles of positive and negative supercoiling in compacting the E. coli genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85beta/AP-2-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes a multi- domain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, their product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and its relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains previously uncharacterized AP-2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP-2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and upregulate both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non- catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.31.522383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85beta/AP-2-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plasma membrane is widely regarded as the hub of the signal transduction network activities that drives numerous physiological responses, including cell polarity and migration. Yet, the symmetry breaking process in the membrane, that leads to dynamic compartmentalization of different proteins, remains poorly understood. Using multimodal live-cell imaging, here we first show that multiple endogenous and synthetic lipid-anchored proteins, despite maintaining stable tight association with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, were unexpectedly depleted from the membrane domains where the signaling network was spontaneously activated such as in the new protrusions as well as within the propagating ventral waves. Although their asymmetric patterns resembled those of standard peripheral "back" proteins such as PTEN, unlike the latter, these lipidated proteins did not dissociate from the membrane upon global receptor activation. Our experiments not only discounted the possibility of recurrent reversible translocation from membrane to cytosol as it occurs for weakly bound peripheral membrane proteins, but also ruled out the necessity of directed vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal supramolecular structure-based restrictions in driving these dynamic symmetry breaking events. Selective photoconversion-based protein tracking assays suggested that these asymmetric patterns instead originate from the inherent ability of these membrane proteins to "dynamically partition" into distinct domains within the plane of the membrane. Consistently, single-molecule measurements showed that these lipid-anchored molecules have substantially dissimilar diffusion profiles in different regions of the membrane. When these profiles were incorporated into an excitable network-based stochastic reaction-diffusion model of the system, simulations revealed that our proposed "dynamic partitioning" mechanism is sufficient to give rise to familiar asymmetric propagating wave patterns. Moreover, we demonstrated that normally uniform integral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins in Dictyostelium and mammalian neutrophil cells can be induced to partition spatiotemporally to form polarized patterns, by optogenetically recruiting membrane domain-specific peptides to these proteins. Together, our results indicate "dynamic partitioning" as a new mechanism of plasma membrane organization, that can account for large-scale compartmentalization of a wide array of lipid-anchored and integral membrane proteins in different physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC disrupts transcriptional and metabolic circadian oscillations in cancer and promotes enhanced biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular circadian clock, which controls rhythmic 24-hour oscillation of genes, proteins, and metabolites in healthy tissues, is disrupted across many human cancers. Deregulated expression of the MYC oncoprotein has been shown to alter expression of molecular clock genes, leading to a disruption of molecular clock oscillation across cancer types. It remains unclear what benefit cancer cells gain from suppressing clock oscillation, and how this loss of molecular clock oscillation impacts global gene expression and metabolism in cancer. We hypothesized that MYC or its paralog N-MYC (collectively termed MYC herein) suppress oscillation of gene expression and metabolism to upregulate pathways involved in biosynthesis in a static, non-oscillatory fashion. To test this, cells from distinct cancer types with inducible MYC were examined, using time-series RNA-sequencing and metabolomics, to determine the extent to which MYC activation disrupts global oscillation of genes, gene expression pathways, and metabolites. We focused our analyses on genes, pathways, and metabolites that changed in common across multiple cancer cell line models. We report here that MYC disrupted over 85% of oscillating genes, while instead promoting enhanced ribosomal and mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressed cell attachment pathways. Notably, when MYC is activated, biosynthetic programs that were formerly circadian flipped to being upregulated in an oscillation-free manner. Further, activation of MYC ablates the oscillation of nutrient transporter proteins while greatly upregulating transporter expression, cell surface localization, and intracellular amino acid pools. Finally, we report that MYC disrupts metabolite oscillations and the temporal segregation of amino acid metabolism from nucleotide metabolism. Our results demonstrate that MYC disruption of the molecular circadian clock releases metabolic and biosynthetic processes from circadian control, which may provide a distinct advantage to cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeRollo, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazarin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad Shahidan, S. N. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwangi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaiah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weljie, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC disrupts transcriptional and metabolic circadian oscillations in cancer and promotes enhanced biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensional Reduction for Single Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecules organize themselves into discrete membrane-less compartments. Mounting evidence has suggested that nucleosomes as well as DNA itself can undergo clustering or condensation to regulate genomic activity. Current in vitro condensation studies provide insight into the physical properties of condensates, such as surface tension and diffusion. However, such studies lack the resolution needed for complex kinetic studies of multicomponent condensation. Here, we use a supported lipid bilayer platform in tandem with total internal reflection microscopy to observe the 2-dimensional movement of DNA and nucleosomes at the single-molecule resolution. This dimensional reduction from 3-dimensional studies allows us to observe the initial condensation events and dissolution of these early condensates in the presence of physiological condensing agents. Using polyamines, we observed that the initial condensation happens on a timescale of minutes while dissolution occurs within seconds upon charge inversion. Polyamine valency, DNA length and GC content affect threshold polyamine concentration for condensation. Protein-based nucleosome condensing agents, HP1 and Ki-67, have much lower threshold concentration for condensation than charge-based condensing agents, with Ki-67 being the most effective as low as 100 pM for nucleosome condensation. In addition, we did not observe condensate dissolution even at the highest concentrations of HP1 and Ki-67 tested. We also introduce a two-color imaging scheme where nucleosomes of high density labeled in one color is used to demarcate condensate boundaries and identical nucleosomes of another color at low density can be tracked relative to the boundaries after Ki-67 mediated condensation. Our platform should enable the ultimate resolution of single molecules in condensation dynamics studies of chromatin components under defined physicochemical conditions.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/522433v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benning, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestel-Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urteaga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensional Reduction for Single Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite T1 relaxation times differ across the adult lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo investigate the age-dependence of metabolite T1 relaxation times at 3T in both gray- and white-matter-rich voxels.

MethodsThis manuscript analyzes publicly available metabolite and metabolite-nulled (single inversion recovery TI = 600 ms) spectra acquired at 3T using PRESS localization. Voxels were placed in posterior cingulate cortex and centrum semiovale in 102 healthy volunteers across 5 decades of life (20s to 60s). All spectra were analyzed in Osprey v2.4.0. To estimate T1 relaxation times for tNAA2.0 and tCr3.0, the ratio of modeled metabolite residual amplitudes in the metabolite-nulled spectrum to the full metabolite signal was calculated using the single inversion recovery signal equation. Correlations between T1 and subject age were evaluated.

ResultsSpearman correlations revealed that estimated T1 relaxation times of tNAA2.0 (rs = -0.43; p < 0.001) and tCr3.0 (rs = -0.23; p = 0.021) decreased significantly with age in white-matter-rich CSO, and less steeply (and not significantly) for tNAA2.0 (rs = -0.15; p = 0.136) and tCr3.0 (rs = -0.10; p = 0.319) in gray-matter-rich PCC.

ConclusionThe analysis harnessed a large publicly available cross-sectional dataset to test an important hypothesis, that metabolite T1 relaxation times change with age. This preliminary study stresses the importance of further work to measure age-normed metabolite T1 relaxation times for accurate quantification of metabolite levels in studies of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite T1 relaxation times differ across the adult lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel single molecule tracking of sequence-dependent DNA mismatch repair in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether due to mutagens or replication errors, DNA mismatches arise spontaneously in vivo. Unrepaired mismatches are sources of genetic variation and point mutations which can alter cellular phenotype and cause dysfunction, diseases, and cancer. To understand how diverse mismatches in various sequence contexts are recognized and repaired, we developed a high-throughput sequencing-based approach to track single mismatch repair outcomes in vivo and determined the mismatch repair efficiencies of 5682 distinct singly mispaired sequences in E. coli. We found that CC mismatches are always poorly repaired, whereas local sequence context is a strong determinant of the hypervariable repair efficiency of TT, AG, and CT mismatches. Single molecule FRET analysis of MutS interactions with mismatched DNA showed that well-repaired mismatches have a higher effective rate of sliding clamp formation. The hypervariable repair of TT mismatches can cause selectively enhanced mutability if a failure to repair would result in synonymous codon change or a conservative amino acid change. Sequence-dependent repair efficiency in E. coli can explain the patterns of substitution mutations in mismatch repair-deficient tumors, human cells, and C. elegans. Comparison to biophysical and biochemical analyses indicate that DNA physics is the primary determinant of repair efficiency by its impact on the mismatch recognition by MutS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel single molecule tracking of sequence-dependent DNA mismatch repair in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early Omicron lineage variants evolved and gave rise to diverging lineages that fueled the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Bivalent mRNA vaccines, designed to broaden protection against circulating and future variants, were authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2022 and recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in September 2022. The impact of bivalent vaccination on eliciting neutralizing antibodies against homologous BA.4/BA.5 viruses as well as emerging heterologous viruses needs to be analyzed. In this study, we analyze the neutralizing activity of sera collected after a third dose of vaccination (2-6 weeks post monovalent booster) or a fourth dose of vaccination (2-7 weeks post bivalent booster) against 10 predominant/recent Omicron lineage viruses including BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BN.1, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1. The bivalent booster vaccination enhanced neutralizing antibody titers against all Omicron lineage viruses tested, including a 10-fold increase in neutralization of BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 viruses that predominated in the U.S. during the last two months of 2022. Overall, the data indicate the bivalent vaccine booster strengthens protection against Omicron lineage variants that evolved from BA.5 and BA.2 progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atteberry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paden, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambo-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baughman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP-releasing SWELL1 channel in spinal microglia contributes to neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following peripheral nerve injury, extracellular ATP-mediated purinergic signaling is crucial for spinal cord microglia activation and neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms of ATP release remain poorly understood. Here, we show that volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is an ATP-releasing channel and is activated by inflammatory mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in microglia. Mice with microglia-specific deletion of Swell1 (also known as Lrrc8a), a VRAC essential subunit, had reduced peripheral nerve injury-induced increase in extracellular ATP in spinal cord. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased spinal microgliosis, dorsal horn neuronal hyperactivity, and both evoked and spontaneous neuropathic pain-like behaviors. We further performed high-throughput screens and identified an FDA-approved drug dicumarol as a novel and potent VRAC inhibitor. Intrathecal administration of dicumarol alleviated nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Our findings suggest that ATP-releasing VRAC in microglia is a key spinal cord determinant of neuropathic pain and a potential therapeutic target for this debilitating disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koylass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP-releasing SWELL1 channel in spinal microglia contributes to neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping multidimensional content representations to neural and behavioral expressions of episodic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human neuroimaging studies have shown that the contents of episodic memories are represented in distributed patterns of neural activity. However, these studies have mostly been limited to decoding simple, unidimensional properties of stimuli. Semantic encoding models, in contrast, offer a means for characterizing the rich, multidimensional information that comprises episodic memories. Here, we extensively sampled four human fMRI subjects to build semantic encoding models and then applied these models to reconstruct content from natural scene images as they were viewed and recalled from memory. First, we found that multidimensional semantic information was successfully reconstructed from activity patterns across visual and lateral parietal cortices, both when viewing scenes and when recalling them from memory. Second, whereas visual cortical reconstructions were much more accurate when images were viewed versus recalled from memory, lateral parietal reconstructions were comparably accurate across visual perception and memory. Third, by applying natural language processing methods to verbal recall data, we showed that fMRI-based reconstructions reliably matched subjects verbal descriptions of their memories. In fact, reconstructions from ventral temporal cortex more closely matched subjects own verbal recall than other subjects verbal recall of the same images. Fourth, encoding models reliably transferred across subjects: memories were successfully reconstructed using encoding models trained on data from entirely independent subjects. Together, these findings provide evidence for successful reconstructions of multidimensional and idiosyncratic memory representations and highlight the differential sensitivity of visual cortical and lateral parietal regions to information derived from the external visual environment versus internally-generated memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhl, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping multidimensional content representations to neural and behavioral expressions of episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major trends and environmental correlates of spatiotemporal shifts in the distribution of genes compared to a biogeochemical model simulation in the Chesapeake Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms mediate critical biogeochemical transformations that affect the productivity and health of aquatic ecosystems. Metagenomic sequencing can be used to identify how the taxonomic and functional potential of microbial communities change in response to environmental variables by investigating changes in microbial genes. However, few studies directly compare gene changes to biogeochemical model predictions of corresponding processes, especially in dynamic estuarine ecosystems. We aim to understand the major drivers of spatiotemporal shifts in microbial genes and genomes within the water column of the Chesapeake and highlight the largest discrepancies of these observations with model predictions. We used a previously published shotgun metagenomic dataset from multiple months, sites, and depths within Chesapeake Bay in 2017 and a metatranscriptomic dataset from 2010-2011. We compared metagenomic observations with rates predicted with a comprehensive physical-biogeochemical model of the Bay. We found the largest changes in the relative abundance of genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism associated with variables that change with depth and season. Several genes associated with the largest changes in gene abundance are significantly correlated to corresponding modeled processes. Yet, several discrepancies in key genes were identified, such as differences between genes mediating nitrification, higher than expected abundance and expression of denitrification genes in aerobic waters, and nitrogen fixation genes in environments with relatively high ammonia but low oxygen concentrations. This study identifies processes that align with model expectations and others that require additional investigation to determine the biogeochemical consequences of these discrepancies and their impact within an important estuarine ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preheim, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora-Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gensbigler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradal, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanadesikan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major trends and environmental correlates of spatiotemporal shifts in the distribution of genes compared to a biogeochemical model simulation in the Chesapeake Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconfounded Dimension Reduction via Partial Embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimension reduction tools preserving similarity and graph structure such as t-SNE and UMAP can capture complex biological patterns in high-dimensional data. However, these tools typically are not designed to separate effects of interest from unwanted effects due to confounders. We introduce the partial embedding (PARE) framework, which enables removal of confounders from any distance-based dimension reduction method. We then develop partial t-SNE and partial UMAP and apply these methods to genomic and neuroimaging data. Our results show that the PARE framework can remove batch effects in single-cell sequencing data as well as separate clinical and technical variability in neuroimaging measures. We demonstrate that the PARE framework extends dimension reduction methods to highlight biological patterns of interest while effectively removing confounding effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuVal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalkh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconfounded Dimension Reduction via Partial Embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics analysis of neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma identifies independent mechanisms of resistance and recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel immunotherapy combination therapies have improved outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but responses are limited to a subset of patients and recurrence can also occur. Little is known about the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in cellular signaling networks within the HCC tumor microenvironment (TME) that underlie responses to modern systemic therapy. We applied spatial transcriptomics (ST) profiling to characterize the tumor microenvironment in HCC resection specimens from a clinical trial of neoadjuvant cabozantinib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that primarily blocks VEGF, and nivolumab, a PD-1 inhibitor in which 5 out of 15 patients were found to have a pathologic response. ST profiling demonstrated that the TME of responding tumors was enriched for immune cells and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) with pro-inflammatory signaling relative to the non-responders. The enriched cancer-immune interactions in responding tumors are characterized by activation of the PAX5 module, a known regulator of B cell maturation, which colocalized with spots with increased B cell markers expression suggesting strong activity of these cells. Cancer-CAF interactions were also enriched in the responding tumors and were associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling as there was high activation of FOS and JUN in CAFs adjacent to tumor. The ECM remodeling is consistent with proliferative fibrosis in association with immune-mediated tumor regression. Among the patients with major pathologic response, a single patient experienced early HCC recurrence. ST analysis of this clinical outlier demonstrated marked tumor heterogeneity, with a distinctive immune-poor tumor region that resembles the non-responding TME across patients and was characterized by cancer-CAF interactions and expression of cancer stem cell markers, potentially mediating early tumor immune escape and recurrence in this patient. These data show that responses to modern systemic therapy in HCC are associated with distinctive molecular and cellular landscapes and provide new targets to enhance and prolong responses to systemic therapy in HCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics analysis of neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma identifies independent mechanisms of resistance and recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation diarylquinolines improve sterilizing activity of regimens with pretomanid and the novel oxazolidinone TBI-223 in a mouse tuberculosis model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A regimen comprised of bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid (BPaL) is the first oral 6-month regimen approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and recommended by the World Health Organization for treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. We used a well-established BALB/c mouse model of tuberculosis to evaluate the treatment-shortening potential of replacing bedaquiline with either of two new, more potent diarylquinolines in early clinical trials, TBAJ-587 and TBAJ-876. We also evaluated the effect of replacing linezolid with a new oxazolidinone, TBI-223, exhibiting a larger safety margin with respect to mitochondrial toxicity in preclinical studies. Replacing bedaquiline with TBAJ-587 at the same 25 mg/kg dose significantly reduced the proportion of mice relapsing after 2 months of treatment, while replacing linezolid with TBI-223 at the same 100 mg/kg dose did not significantly change the proportion of mice relapsing. Replacing linezolid or TBI-223 with sutezolid in combination with TBAJ-587 and pretomanid significantly reduced the proportion of mice relapsing. In combination with pretomanid and TBI-223, TBAJ-876 at 6.25 mg/kg was equipotent to TBAJ-587 at 25 mg/kg. We conclude that replacement of bedaquiline with these more efficacious and potentially safer diarylquinolines and replacement of linezolid with potentially safer and at least as efficacious oxazolidinones in the clinically successful BPaL regimen may lead to superior regimens capable of treating both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB more effectively and safely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betoudji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation diarylquinolines improve sterilizing activity of regimens with pretomanid and the novel oxazolidinone TBI-223 in a mouse tuberculosis model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organisms employ a mode-switching strategy for solving the explore-vs-exploit problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inescapable link between sensing and movement generates a conflict between producing costly movements for gathering information ("explore") versus using previously acquired information to achieve a goal ("exploit"). Determining the optimal balance between explore and exploit is a computationally intractable problem, necessitating the use of heuristics. We looked to nature to measure and model the solutions used by organisms. Here we show that the electric fish Eigenmannia virescens uses a salience-dependent mode-switching strategy to solve the explore-exploit conflict during a refuge tracking task. The fish produced distinctive non-Gaussian (i.e., non-normal) distributions of movement velocities characterized by sharp peaks for slower, task-oriented "exploit" movements and broad shoulders for faster, "explore" movements. The measures of non-normality increased in relation to increased sensory salience. Data from ten phylogenetically diverse organisms, from amoebae to humans, revealed the same distinctive distribution of movement velocities that were also modulated in relation to sensory salience. We propose a state-uncertainty based mode-switching heuristic that (1) reproduces the distinctive velocity distribution, (2) rationalizes modulation by sensory salience, and (3) outperforms the classic persistent excitation approach while using less energy. This mode-switching heuristic provides insights to purposeful exploratory behaviors in organisms as well as a framework for more efficient state estimation and control of robots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamperski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guckenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organisms employ a mode-switching strategy for solving the explore-vs-exploit problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial meningitis in the early postnatal mouse studied at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among infants and the elderly. Here we study mice to assess the response of each of the major meningeal cell types to early postnatal E. coli infection using single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq), immunostaining, and genetic and pharamacologic perturbations of immune cells and immune signaling. Flat mounts of the dissected arachnoid and dura were used to facilitiate high-quality confocal imaging and quantification of cell abundances and morphologies. Upon infection, the major meningeal cell types - including endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and fibroblasts - exhibit distinctive changes in their transcriptomes. Additionally, ECs in the arachnoid redistribute CLDN5 and PECAM1, and arachnoid capillaries exhibit foci with reduced blood-brain barrier integrity. The vascular response to infection appears to be largely driven by TLR4 signaling, as determined by the nearly identical response induced by LPS administration and by the blunted response to infection in Tlr4-/- mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial meningitis in the early postnatal mouse studied at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXM1 acts sexually dimorphically to regulate functional β-cell mass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor FOXM1 regulates {beta}-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Our previous work demonstrates that expressing an activated form of FOXM1 (FOXM1*) in {beta} cells increases {beta}-cell proliferation and mass in aged male mice. Additionally, FOXM1* enhances {beta}-cell function even in young mice, in which no {beta}-cell mass elevation occurs. Here, we demonstrate that FOXM1 acts in a sexually dimorphic manner in the {beta} cell. Expression of FOXM1* in female mouse {beta} cells does not affect {beta}-cell proliferation or glucose tolerance. Transduction of male but not female human islets with FOXM1* enhances insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose. Estrogen contributes to diabetes susceptibility differences between males and females, and the estrogen receptor (ER) is the primary mediator of {beta}-cell estrogen signaling. We show that FOXM1* can rescue impaired glucose tolerance in female mice with a pancreas-wide ER deletion. Further, FOXM1 and ER binding sites overlap with each other and with other {beta}-cell-enriched transcription factors, including ISL1, PAX6, MAF, and GATA. These data indicate that FOMX1 and ER cooperate to regulate {beta}-cell function and suggest a general mechanism contributing to the lower incidence of diabetes observed in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosleh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuhas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXM1 acts sexually dimorphically to regulate functional β-cell mass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MARCH5-dependent NLRP3 ubiquitination is an essential step for NEK7 docking on the mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a global immune-sensor that is activated by a repertoire of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. NLRP3 translocates to mitochondria but whether mitochondria involvement in the inflammasome assembly is unclear. Here, we show that the mitochondrial E3 ligase MARCH5 is a key regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Myeloid cell-specific March5 conditional knockout (March5 cKO) mice exhibited an attenuated mortality rate upon LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge. Macrophages derived from March5 cKO mice failed to secrete IL-1{beta} and IL-18 after microbial infection. Mechanistically, MARCH5 interacts with the NACHT domain of NLRP3 and promotes K27-linked polyubiquitination of K324 and K430 residues of NLRP3. Ubiquitination-defective NLRP3 mutants neither bind to NEK7, nor form NLRP3 oligomers, but remain binding to MAVS. Accordingly, NLRP3 mutants led to abortive ASC speck formation and diminished IL-1{beta} production. We propose that MARCH5-dependent NLRP3 ubiquitination creates a docking site for NEK7 binding, playing as a fundamental step-wise regulator on the mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodantenna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MARCH5-dependent NLRP3 ubiquitination is an essential step for NEK7 docking on the mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Nanopore sequencing of human genomes provides a comprehensive view of haplotype-resolved variation and methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies substantially overcome the limitations of short-reads but to date have not been considered as feasible replacement at scale due to a combination of being too expensive, not scalable enough, or too error-prone. Here, we develop an efficient and scalable wet lab and computational protocol for Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing that seeks to provide a genuine alternative to short-reads for large-scale genomics projects. We applied our protocol to cell lines and brain tissue samples as part of a pilot project for the NIH Center for Alzheimers and Related Dementias (CARD). Using a single PromethION flow cell, we can detect SNPs with F1-score better than Illumina short-read sequencing. Small indel calling remains difficult within homopolymers and tandem repeats, but is comparable to Illumina calls elsewhere. Further, we can discover structural variants with F1-score comparable to state-of-the-art methods involving Pacific Biosciences HiFi sequencing and trio information (but at a lower cost and greater throughput). Using ONT-based phasing, we can then combine and phase small and structural variants at megabase scales. Our protocol also produces highly accurate, haplotype-specific methylation calls. Overall, this makes large-scale long-read sequencing projects feasible; the protocol is currently being used to sequence thousands of brain-based genomes as a part of the NIH CARD initiative. We provide the protocol and software as open-source integrated pipelines for generating phased variant calls and assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Jerez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesout, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabakaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North American Brain Expression Consortium (NABEC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Nanopore sequencing of human genomes provides a comprehensive view of haplotype-resolved variation and methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactivation of the progenitor gene Trim71 enhances the mitotic and hair cell-forming potential of cochlear supporting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear hair cell loss is a leading cause of deafness in humans. Neighboring supporting cells have some capacity to regenerate hair cells. However, their regenerative potential sharply declines as supporting cells undergo maturation (postnatal day 5 in mice). We recently reported that reactivation of the RNA-binding protein LIN28B restores the hair cell-regenerative potential of P5 cochlear supporting cells. Here, we identify the LIN28B target Trim71 as a novel and equally potent enhancer of supporting cell plasticity. TRIM71 is a critical regulator of stem cell behavior and cell reprogramming, however, its role in cell regeneration is poorly understood. Employing an organoid-based assay, we show that TRIM71 reactivation increases the mitotic and hair cell-forming potential of P5 cochlear supporting cells by facilitating their de-differentiation into progenitor-like cells. Our mechanistic work indicates that TRIM71s RNA-binding activity is essential for such ability, and our transcriptomic analysis identifies gene modules that are linked to TRIM71 and LIN28B-mediated supporting cell reprogramming. Furthermore, our study uncovers that the TRIM71-LIN28B target Hmga2 is essential for supporting cell self-renewal and hair cell formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadar-Ponniah, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolanus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactivation of the progenitor gene Trim71 enhances the mitotic and hair cell-forming potential of cochlear supporting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome derived acidity protects against microbial invasion in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial invasions underlie host-microbe interactions that result in microbial pathogenesis and probiotic colonization. While these processes are of broad interest, there are still gaps in our understanding of the barriers to entry and how some microbes overcome them. In this study, we explore the effects of the microbiome on invasions of foreign microbes in Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that gut microbes Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Acetobacter tropicalis improve survival during invasion of a lethal gut pathogen and lead to a reduction in microbial burden. Using a novel multi-organism interactions assay, we report that L. plantarum inhibits the growth of three invasive Gram-negative bacteria, while A. tropicalis prevents this inhibition. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that inhibition by L. plantarum is linked to its ability to acidify both internal and external environments, including culture media, fly food, and the gut itself, while A. tropicalis diminishes the inhibition by quenching acids. We propose that acid produced by the microbiome serves as an important gatekeeper to microbial invasions, as only microbes capable of tolerating acidic environments can colonize the host. The methods described herein will add to the growing breadth of tools to study microbe-microbe interactions in broad contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barron, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesperance, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome derived acidity protects against microbial invasion in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenesis of Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Syrian Hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has evolved into multiple variants. Animal models are important to understand variant pathogenesis, particularly for those with mutations that have significant phenotypic or epidemiological effects. Here, cohorts of naive or previously infected Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected with variants to investigate viral pathogenesis and disease protection. Naive hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants had consistent clinical outcomes, tissue viral titers, and pathology, while hamsters that recovered from initial infection and were reinfected demonstrated less severe clinical disease and lung pathology than their naive counterparts. Males had more frequent clinical signs than females in most variant groups, but few sex variations in tissue viral titers and lung pathology were observed. These findings support the use of Syrian hamsters as a SARS-CoV-2 model and highlight the importance of considering sex differences when using this species.

ImportanceWith the continued circulation and emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, understanding differences between the initial and a subsequent reinfection on disease pathogenesis is critical and highly relevant. This study characterizes Syrian hamsters as an animal model to study reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. Previous infection reduced the disease severity of reinfection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plunkard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarwater, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenesis of Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Syrian Hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca2+-mediated cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ is a fundamental determinant of survival in living cells. Excessive intracellular Ca2+ causes cellular toxicity and death but the genetic pathways contributing to Ca2+ induced cell death are incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide CRISPR knock-out screening in human cells challenged with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and identified genes and pathways essential for cell death after Ca2+ overload. We discovered 115 protective gene knockouts, 82 of which are non-essential genes and 21 of which belong to the druggable genome. Notably, members of store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), very long-chain fatty acid synthesis, and SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) pathways provided marked protection against Ca2+ toxicity. These results reveal pathways previously unknown to mediate Ca2+-induced cell death and provide a resource for the development of pharmacotherapies against the sequelae of Ca2+ overload in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca2+-mediated cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cuticular profiling of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insecticides have made great strides in reducing the global burden of vector-borne disease. Nonetheless, serious public health concerns remain because insecticide-resistant vector populations continue to spread globally. To circumvent insecticide resistance, it is essential to understand all contributing mechanisms. Contact-based insecticides are absorbed through the insect cuticle, which is comprised mainly of chitin polysaccharides, cuticular proteins, hydrocarbons, and phenolic biopolymers sclerotin and melanin. Cuticle interface alterations can slow or prevent insecticide penetration in a phenomenon referred to as cuticular resistance. Cuticular resistance characterization of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is lacking. In the current study, we utilized solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to gain insights into the cuticle composition of congenic cytochrome P450 monooxygenase insecticide resistant and susceptible Ae. aegypti. No differences in cuticular hydrocarbon content or phenolic biopolymer deposition were found. In contrast, we observed cuticle thickness of insecticide resistant Ae. aegypti increased over time and exhibited higher polysaccharide abundance. Moreover, we found these local cuticular changes correlated with global metabolic differences in the whole mosquito, suggesting the existence of novel cuticular resistance mechanisms in this major disease vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin-Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cuticular profiling of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.524009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of intestine in metabolic dysregulation in murine Wilson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.524009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsMajor clinical manifestations of Wilson disease (WD) are related to copper accumulation in the liver and the brain, and little is known about other tissues involvement in metabolic changes in WD. In vitro studies suggested that the loss of intestinal ATP7B could contribute to metabolic dysregulation in WD. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating gut microbiota and lipidome in two mouse models of WD and by characterizing a new mouse model with a targeted deletion of Atp7b in intestine.

MethodsCecal content 16S sequencing and untargeted hepatic and plasma lipidome analyses in the Jackson Laboratory toxic-milk and the Atp7b null global knockout mouse models of WD were profiled and integrated. Intestine-specific Atp7b knockout mice (Atp7b{Delta}IEC) was generated using B6.Cg-Tg(Vil1-cre)997Gum/J mice and Atp7bLox/Lox mice, and characterized using targeted lipidome analysis following a high-fat diet challenge.

ResultsGut microbiota diversity was reduced in animal models of WD. Comparative prediction analysis revealed amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism functions to be dysregulated in the WD gut microbial metagenome. Liver and plasma lipidomic profiles showed dysregulated tri- and diglyceride, phospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism in WD models. When challenged with a high-fat diet, Atp7b{Delta}IEC mice exhibited profound alterations to fatty acid desaturation and sphingolipid metabolism pathways as well as altered APOB48 distribution in intestinal epithelial cells.

ConclusionCoordinated changes of gut microbiome and lipidome analyses underlie systemic metabolic manifestations in murine WD. Intestine-specific ATP7B deficiency affected both intestinal and systemic response to a high-fat challenge. WD is a systemic disease in which intestinal-specific ATP7B loss and diet influence phenotypic presentations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarode, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazi, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neier, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jospin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, N. H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>More, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetlana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medici, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.524009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of intestine in metabolic dysregulation in murine Wilson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro production of cat-restricted Toxoplasma pre-sexual stages by epigenetic reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphSexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii, which is restricted to the small intestine of felids, is sparsely documented, due to ethical concerns surrounding the use of cats as model organisms. Chromatin modifiers dictate the developmental fate of the parasite during its multistage life cycle, but their targeting to stage-specific cistromes is poorly described1. In this study, we found that transcription factors AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2, expressed in tachyzoite stage that causes acute toxoplasmosis, can silence genes necessary for merozoites, a developmental stage critical for sexual commitment and transmission to the next host, including humans. Their conditional and simultaneous depletion leads to a drastic change in the transcriptional program, promoting a complete transition from tachyzoites to merozoites. Pre-gametes produced in vitro under these conditions are characterized by specific protein markers and undergo typical asexual endopolygenic division cycles. In tachyzoites, AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2 bind DNA as heterodimers at merozoite promoters and recruit the epigenitors MORC and HDAC31, which in turn restrict the accessibility of chromatin to the transcriptional machinery. Thus, the commitment to merogony stems from a profound epigenetic rewiring orchestrated by AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2. This effective in vitro culture of merozoites paves the way to explore Toxoplasma sexual reproduction without the need to infect kittens and has potential for the development of therapeutics to block parasite transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antunes, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coute, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hehl, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bougdour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakimi, M.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro production of cat-restricted Toxoplasma pre-sexual stages by epigenetic reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VAP spatially stabilizes dendritic mitochondria to locally fuel synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are pivotal sites of memory formation and undergo plasticity in response to external inputs. Consequently, synapses are hotspots of energy consumption and are susceptible to dysfunction when their energy supplies are perturbed. Mitochondria are stabilized near synapses via cytoskeletal tethering and serve as local energy supplies to fuel synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms that tether and stabilize neuronal mitochondria for long durations and determine the spatial dendritic segment supported during synaptic plasticity are unknown. We identified a list of novel mitochondrial-cytoskeletal interactors in neurons using APEX-based proximity labeling. We narrowed down the protein candidates that exclusively tether mitochondria to actin near postsynaptic spines using high-resolution Airyscan confocal imaging. We find that VAP, the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein implicated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum, stabilizes mitochondria via actin near the spines. To test if the VAP-dependent stable mitochondrial compartments can locally support synaptic plasticity, we investigated individual spines stimulated by two-photon glutamate uncaging for spine plasticity induction and their adjacent spines. We find that, along with actin, VAP functions as a spatial stabilizer of mitochondrial compartments to sustain synaptic plasticity for up to ~60 min and as a spatial ruler that determines the ~30 m length of the dendritic segment supporting synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bapat, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purimetla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupprecht, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VAP spatially stabilizes dendritic mitochondria to locally fuel synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RepairSwitch: simultaneous functional assessment of homologous recombination and end joining DNA repair pathways in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA repair pathways are frequently defective in human cancers. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are most often repaired by either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Alterations in repair pathways can indicate sensitivity to therapeutic agents such as PARP inhibitors, cisplatin, and immunotherapy. Thus, functional assays to measure rates of HR and NHEJ are of significant interest. Several methods have been developed to measure rates of HR or NHEJ; however, there is a need for functional cell-based assays that can measure rates by both major DNA DSB pathways simultaneously. Here, we describe the RepairSwitch assay, a flow cytometry assay to assess rates of HR and NHEJ mediated repair of Cas9 programmed DSB simultaneously using a novel fluorescence switching reporter system. The assay exhibits low background signal and is capable of detecting rare repair events in the 1 in 10,000 range. We demonstrate the utility of RepairSwitch by measuring the potency of inhibitors of ATM (KU-60019, KU-55933), DNA-PK (NU7441), and PARP (Olaparib) on modulating DSB repair rates in HEK293FT cells. The selective ATM inhibitor KU-60019 inhibited HR rates with IC50 of 915 nM. Interestingly, KU-60019 exposure led to a dose responsive increase in rates of NHEJ. In contrast, the less selective ATM inhibitor KU-55933, which also has activity on DNA-PK, showed inhibition of both HR and NHEJ. The selective DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 inhibited NHEJ efficiency with an IC50 of 299 nM, and showed a dose responsive increase in HR. The PARP inhibitor Olaparib showed lower potency in modulating HR and NHEJ. We next used the RepairSwitch assay to assess how pharmacological and genetic inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) impacted rates of HR and NHEJ. The DNMT inhibitor decitabine reduced HR, but increased rates of NHEJ, both in a dose responsive manner, in both HEK293FT and HCT116 cells (IC50 for HR of 187 nM and 1.4 uM respectively). Knockout of DNMT1 and DNMT3B increased NHEJ, while knockout of DNMT3B, but not DNMT1, reduced HR. These results illustrate the utility of RepairSwitch as a functional assay for measuring changes in rates of DSB repair induced by pharmacological or genetic perturbation. Furthermore, the findings illustrate the potential for one DNA repair mechanism to compensate in part for loss of another. Finally, we showed that inhibition of DNMT can lead to reduction of HR and increase in NHEJ, providing some additional insight into recently observed synergy of DNMT inhibitors with PARP inhibitors for cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovinazzo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tselenchuk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RepairSwitch: simultaneous functional assessment of homologous recombination and end joining DNA repair pathways in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Landscape of Patients with Germline RUNX1 Variants and Familial Platelet Disorder with Myeloid Malignancies in a Natural History Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline RUNX1 mutations lead to familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies (FPDMM), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia and a life-long risk (35-45%) of hematological malignancies. We recently launched a longitudinal natural history study for patients with FPDMM at the NIH Clinical Center. Among 29 families with research genomic data, 28 different germline RUNX1 variants were detected. Besides missense mutations enriched in Runt homology domain and loss-of-function mutations distributed throughout the gene, splice-region mutations and large deletions were detected in 6 and 7 families, respectively. In 24 of 54 (44.4%) non-malignant patients, somatic mutations were detected in at least one of the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) genes or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) driver genes. BCOR was the most frequently mutated gene (in 9 patients), and multiple BCOR mutations were identified in 4 patients. Mutations in 7 other CHIP or AML driver genes (DNMT3A, TET2, NRAS, SETBP1, SF3B1, KMT2C, and LRP1B) were also found in more than one non-malignant patient. Moreover, three unrelated patients (one with myeloid malignancy) carried somatic mutations in NFE2, which regulates erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Sequential sequencing data from 19 patients demonstrated dynamic changes of somatic mutations over time, and stable clones were more frequently found in elderly patients. In summary, there are diverse types of germline RUNX1 mutations and high frequency of somatic mutations related to clonal hematopoiesis in patients with FPDMM. Monitoring dynamic changes of somatic mutations prospectively will benefit patients clinical management and reveal mechanisms for progression to myeloid malignancies.

Key PointsO_LIComprehensive genomic profile of patients with FPDMM with germline RUNX1 mutations.
C_LIO_LIRising clonal hematopoiesis related secondary mutations that may lead to myeloid malignancies.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deuitch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merguerian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresciani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diemer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharappa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullikin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Landscape of Patients with Germline RUNX1 Variants and Familial Platelet Disorder with Myeloid Malignancies in a Natural History Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Deviant Processing in Auditory Cortex of Awake Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting patterns, and noticing unexpected pattern changes, in the environment is a vital aspect of sensory processing. Adaptation and prediction error responses are two components of neural processing related to these tasks, and previous studies in the auditory system in rodents show that these two components are partially dissociable in terms of the topography and latency of neural responses to sensory deviants. However, many previous studies have focused on repetitions of single stimuli, such as pure tones, which have limited ecological validity. In this study, we tested whether the auditory cortical activity shows adaptation to repetition of more complex sound patterns (bisyllabic pairs). Specifically, we compared neural responses to violations of sequences based on single stimulus probability only, against responses to more complex violations based on stimulus order. We employed an auditory oddball paradigm and monitored the auditory cortex (ACtx) activity of awake mice (N=8) using wide-field calcium imaging. We found that cortical responses were sensitive both to single stimulus probabilities and to more global stimulus patterns, as mismatch signals were elicited following both substitution deviants and transposition deviants. Notably, A2 area elicited larger mismatch signaling to those deviants than primary ACtx (A1), which suggests a hierarchical gradient of prediction error signaling in the auditory cortex. Such a hierarchical gradient was observed for late but not early peaks of calcium transients to deviants, suggesting that the late part of the deviant response may reflect prediction error signaling in response to more complex sensory pattern violations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auksztulewicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, T. K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnupp, J. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Deviant Processing in Auditory Cortex of Awake Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Informing generative replay for continual learning with long-term memory formation in the fruit fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continual learning without catastrophic forgetting is a challenge for artificial systems but it is done naturally across a range of biological systems, including in insects. A recurrent circuit has been identified in the fruit fly mushroom body to consolidate long term memories (LTM), but there is not currently an algorithmic understanding of this LTM formation. We hypothesize that generative replay is occurring to consolidate memories in this recurrent circuit, and find anatomical evidence in synapse-level connectivity that supports this hypothesis. Next, we introduce a computational model which combines an initial experience phase and LTM phase to perform generative replay based continual learning. When evaluated on a CIFAR-100 class-incremental continual learning task, the modeled LTM phase increases classification performance by 20% and approaches within 2% of the performance for a non-incremental upper bound baseline. Unique elements of the proposed generative replay model include: 1) coupling high dimensional sparse activation patterns with generative replay and 2) sampling and reconstructing higher level representations for training generative replay (as opposed to reconstructing sensory-level or processed sensory-level representations). Additionally, we make the experimentally testable prediction that a specific set of synapses would need to undergo experience-dependent plasticity during LTM formation to support our generative replay based model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallabha, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Informing generative replay for continual learning with long-term memory formation in the fruit fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sLASER and PRESS Perform Similarly at Revealing Metabolite-Age Correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo compare the respective ability of PRESS and sLASER to reveal biological relationships, using age as a validation covariate.

MethodsMRS data were acquired from 102 healthy volunteers using PRESS and sLASER in centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) regions. Acquisition parameters included TR/TE 2000/30 ms; 96 transients; 2048 datapoints sampled at 2 kHz.

Spectra were analyzed using Osprey. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), full-width-half-maximum linewidth of tCr, and metabolite concentrations were extracted. A linear model was used to compare SNR and linewidth. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences in metabolite measurements between PRESS and sLASER. Correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between PRESS and sLASER metabolite estimates, as well as the strength of each metabolite-age relationship. Coefficients of variation were calculated to assess inter-subject variability in each metabolite measurement.

ResultsSNR and linewidth were significantly higher (p<0.05) for sLASER than PRESS. Paired t-tests showed significant differences between PRESS and sLASER in most metabolite measurements. Metabolite measures were significantly correlated (p<0.05) for most metabolites between the two methods except GABA, Gln and Lac in CSO and GSH, Lac and NAAG in PCC. Metabolite-age relationships were consistently identified using both PRESS and sLASER. Similar CVs were observed for most metabolites.

ConclusionThe study results suggest strong agreement between PRESS and sLASER in identifying relationships between brain metabolites and age in CSO and PCC data acquired at 3T. sLASER is technically desirable due to the reduced chemical shift displacement artifact; however, PRESS performed similarly in  good brain regions at clinical field strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sLASER and PRESS Perform Similarly at Revealing Metabolite-Age Correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational predictions of phase 2a first-in patient efficacy studies for antituberculosis drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPhase 2a trials in tuberculosis typically use early bactericidal activity (EBA), the decline in sputum colony forming units (CFU) over 14 days, as the primary outcome for testing the efficacy of drugs as monotherapy. However, the cost of phase 2a trials can range from 7 to 19.6 million dollars on average, while more than 30% of drugs fail to progress to phase 3. Better utilizing preclinical data to predict and prioritize the most likely drugs to succeed will thus help accelerate drug development and reduce costs. We aim to predict clinical EBA using preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) data and a model-based translational pharmacology approach.

Methods and FindingsFirst, mouse PK, PD and clinical PK models were compiled. Second, mouse PKPD models were built to derive an exposure response relationship. Third, translational prediction of clinical EBA studies was performed using mouse PKPD relationships and informed by clinical PK models and species-specific protein binding. Presence or absence of clinical efficacy was accurately predicted from the mouse model. Predicted daily decreases of CFU in the first 2 days of treatment and between day 2 and day 14 were consistent with clinical observations.

ConclusionThis platform provides an innovative solution to inform or even replace phase 2a EBA trials, to bridge the gap between mouse efficacy studies and phase 2b and phase 3 trials, and to substantially accelerate drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, J. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strydom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wijk, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational predictions of phase 2a first-in patient efficacy studies for antituberculosis drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARPC5 deficiency leads to severe early onset systemic inflammation and early mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seven subunit Arp2/3 complex drives the formation of branched actin networks that are essential for many cellular processes including cell migration. In humans, the ARPC5 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex is encoded by two paralogous genes (ARPC5 and ARPC5L), resulting in proteins with 67% identity. Through whole-exome sequencing, we identified a biallelic ARPC5 frameshift variant in a female child who presented with recurrent infections, multiple congenital anomalies, diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia, and suffered early demise from sepsis. Her consanguineous parents also had a previous child who died with similar clinical features. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated approaches, we demonstrate that loss of ARPC5 affects actin cytoskeleton organization and function, as well as chemokine-dependent cell migration in vitro. Homozygous Arpc5-/- mice do not survive past embryonic day 9 due to severe developmental defects, including loss of the second pharyngeal arch which contributes to craniofacial and heart development. Our results indicate that ARPC5 is important for both prenatal development and postnatal immune signaling, in a non-redundant manner with ARPC5L. Moreover, our observations add the ARPC5 locus to the list of genes that should be considered when patients present with syndromic early-onset immunodeficiency, particularly if recessive inheritance is suspected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sindram, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero-Oteyza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizadeh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez-Diaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazlollahi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimbacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proietti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARPC5 deficiency leads to severe early onset systemic inflammation and early mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gesture profiles distinguish primary progressive aphasia variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive language deficits. There are three main variants of PPA - semantic (svPPA), logopenic (lvPPA), and nonfluent (nfvPPA) - that can be challenging to distinguish. Limb praxis may also be affected in PPA, but it is unclear whether different variants of PPA are associated with differences in gesture production. Prior research with neurotypical individuals indicates that the left temporal lobe is a critical locus of manipulable object and hand posture representations. Moreover, when imitating gestures, individuals whose strokes include the left temporal lobe show reduced benefit of gesture meaning and disproportionate impairment in hand posture as compared to arm kinematics. We tested the hypothesis that svPPA - who typically exhibit primarily temporal lobe atrophy - would differentially show these expected patterns of gesture imitation performance. Nineteen participants with PPA completed meaningful and meaningless gesture imitation tasks, and performance was scored for hand posture and arm kinematics accuracy. Generalized logistic mixed-effect regression models controlling for dementia severity showed overall benefits from gesture meaning, and greater impairments in hand posture than arm kinematics. We also found that svPPA participants were the most impaired in gesture imitation overall. Critically, there was also a significant three-way interaction of group, meaning, and gesture component: only svPPA participants showed relative impairments of hand posture for meaningful gestures as well as meaningless gestures. Thus, unlike lvPPA and nfvPPA, the hand postures of svPPA failed to benefit from gesture meaning. This research extends prior findings on the role of the temporal lobe in hand posture representations associated with manipulable objects, and is the first to indicate that there may be distinct gesture imitation patterns as a function of PPA variant. Characterizing componential gesture deficits in PPA may help to inform differential diagnosis, compensatory communication strategies, and cognitive praxis models of PPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dresang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gesture profiles distinguish primary progressive aphasia variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dasatinib Resensitizes MAPK Inhibitor Efficacy in Standard-of-Care Relapsed Melanomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to combination BRAF/MEK inhibitor (BRAFi/MEKi) therapy arises in nearly every patient with BRAFV600E/K melanoma, despite promising initial responses. Achieving cures in this expanding BRAFi/MEKi-resistant cohort represents one of the greatest challenges to the field; few experience additional durable benefit from immunotherapy and no alternative therapies exist. To better personalize therapy in cancer patients to address therapy relapse, umbrella trials have been initiated whereby genomic sequencing of a panel of potentially actionable targets guide therapy selection for patients; however, the superior efficacy of such approaches remains to be seen. We here test the robustness of the umbrella trial rationale by analyzing relationships between genomic status of a gene and the downstream consequences at the protein level of related pathway, which find poor relationships between mutations, copy number amplification, and protein level. To profile candidate therapeutic strategies that may offer clinical benefit in the context of acquired BRAFi/MEKi resistance, we established a repository of patient-derived xenograft models from heavily pretreated patients with resistance to BRAFi/MEKi and/or immunotherapy (R-PDX). With these R-PDXs, we executed in vivo compound repurposing screens using 11 FDA-approved agents from an NCI-portfolio with pan-RTK, non-RTK and/or PI3K-mTOR specificity. We identify dasatinib as capable of restoring BRAFi/MEKi antitumor efficacy in [~]70% of R-PDX tested. A systems-biology analysis indicates elevated baseline protein expression of canonical drivers of therapy resistance (e.g., AXL, YAP, HSP70, phospho-AKT) as predictive of MAPKi/dasatinib sensitivity. We therefore propose that dasatinib-based MAPKi therapy may restore antitumor efficacy in patients that have relapsed to standard-of-care therapy by broadly targeting proteins critical in melanoma therapy escape. Further, we submit that this experimental PDX paradigm could potentially improve preclinical evaluation of therapeutic modalities and augment our ability to identify biomarker-defined patient subsets that may respond to a given clinical trial.

SINGLE SENTENCE SUMMARYBroad target inhibition effective as a salvage strategy in BRAF/MEK inhibitor-acquired resistance PDX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fane, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, Y. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daies, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dasatinib Resensitizes MAPK Inhibitor Efficacy in Standard-of-Care Relapsed Melanomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of acquisition and modeling parameters on test-retest reproducibility of edited GABA+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Literature values for within-subject test-retest reproducibility of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), measured with edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), vary widely. Reasons for this variation remain unclear. Here we tested whether sequence complexity (two-experiment MEGA-PRESS versus four-experiment HERMES), editing pulse duration (14 versus 20 ms), scanner frequency drift (interleaved water referencing (IWR) turned ON versus OFF), and linear combination modeling variations (three different co-edited macromolecule models and 0.55 versus 0.4 ppm spline baseline knot spacing) affected the within-subject coefficient of variation of GABA + macromolecules (GABA+). We collected edited MRS data from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex from 20 participants (30.8 {+/-} 9.5 years; 10 males). Test and retest scans were separated by removing the participant from the scanner for 5-10 minutes. Each acquisition consisted of two MEGA-PRESS and two HERMES sequences with editing pulse durations of 14 and 20 ms (referred to here as: MEGA-14, MEGA-20, HERMES-14, and HERMES-20; all TE = 80 ms, 224 averages). Reproducibility did not consistently differ for MEGA-PRESS compared with HERMES or for 14 compared with 20 ms editing pulses. A composite model of the 0.9 and 3 ppm macromolecules (particularly for HERMES) and sparser (0.55 compared with 0.4 ppm) spline baseline knot spacing yielded generally better test-retest reproducibility for GABA+. Replicating our prior results, linear combination modeling in Osprey compared with simple peak fitting in Gannet resulted in substantially better test-retest reproducibility. These results highlight the importance of model selection for edited MRS studies of GABA+, particularly for clinical studies which focus on individual patient differences in GABA+ or changes following an intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of acquisition and modeling parameters on test-retest reproducibility of edited GABA+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fluid biomarker reveals loss of TDP-43 splicing repression in pre-symptomatic ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) splicing repression is well-documented in postmortem tissues of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet whether this abnormality occurs during early-stage disease remains unresolved. Cryptic exon inclusion reflects functional loss of TDP-43, and thus detection of cryptic exon-encoded peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could reveal the earliest stages of TDP-43 dysregulation in patients. Here, we use a newly characterized monoclonal antibody specific to a TDP-43-dependent cryptic epitope (encoded by the cryptic exon found in HDGFL2) to show that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression occurs in C9ORF72-associated ALS, including pre-symptomatic mutation carriers. In contrast to neurofilament light and heavy chain proteins, cryptic HDGFL2 accumulates in CSF at higher levels during early stages of disease. Our findings indicate that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression occurs early in disease progression, even pre-symptomatically, and that detection of HDGFL2s cryptic neoepitope may serve as a prognostic test for ALS which should facilitate patient recruitment and measurement of target engagement in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irwin, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitcheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fluid biomarker reveals loss of TDP-43 splicing repression in pre-symptomatic ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utility of long-read sequencing for All of Us 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The All of Us (AoU) initiative aims to sequence the genomes of over one million Americans from diverse ethnic backgrounds to improve personalized medical care. In a recent technical pilot, we compared the performance of traditional short-read sequencing with long-read sequencing in a small cohort of samples from the HapMap project and two AoU control samples representing eight datasets. Our analysis revealed substantial differences in the ability of these technologies to accurately sequence complex medically relevant genes, particularly in terms of gene coverage and pathogenic variant identification. We also considered the advantages and challenges of using low coverage sequencing to increase sample numbers in large cohort analysis. Our results show that HiFi reads produced the most accurate results for both small and large variants. Further, we present a cloud-based pipeline to optimize SNV, indel and SV calling at scale for long-reads analysis. These results will lead to widespread improvements across AoU.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garimella, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pionzio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utility of long-read sequencing for All of Us]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the mouse neural precursor line, SN4741, as a suitable proxy for midbrain dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To overcome the ethical and technical limitations of in vivo human disease models, the broader scientific community frequently employs model organism-derived cell lines to investigate of disease mechanisms, pathways, and therapeutic strategies. Despite the widespread use of certain in vitro models, many still lack contemporary genomic analysis supporting their use as a proxy for the affected human cells and tissues. Consequently, it is imperative to determine how accurately and effectively any proposed biological surrogate may reflect the biological processes it is assumed to model. One such cellular surrogate of human disease is the established mouse neural precursor cell line, SN4741, which has been used to elucidate mechanisms of neurotoxicity in Parkinson disease for over 25 years. Here, we are using a combination of classic and contemporary genomic techniques - karyotyping, RT-qPCR, single cell RNA-seq, bulk RNA-seq, and ATAC-seq - to characterize the transcriptional landscape, chromatin landscape, and genomic architecture of this cell line, and evaluate its suitability as a proxy for midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the study of Parkinson disease. We find that SN4741 cells possess an unstable triploidy and consistently exhibits low expression of dopaminergic neuron markers across assays, even when the cell line is shifted to the non-permissive temperature that drives differentiation. The transcriptional signatures of SN4741 cells suggest that they are maintained in an undifferentiated state at the permissive temperature and differentiate into immature neurons at the non-permissive temperature; however, they may not be dopaminergic neuron precursors, as previously suggested. Additionally, the chromatin landscapes of SN4741 cells, in both the differentiated and undifferentiated states, are not concordant with the open chromatin profiles of ex vivo, mouse E15.5 forebrain- or midbrain-derived dopaminergic neurons. Overall, our data suggest that SN4741 cells may reflect early aspects of neuronal differentiation but are likely not a suitable a proxy for dopaminergic neurons as previously thought. The implications of this study extend broadly, illuminating the need for robust biological and genomic rationale underpinning the use of in vitro models of molecular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrientos, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the mouse neural precursor line, SN4741, as a suitable proxy for midbrain dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.523981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal SIRT1 and BDNF modulate mechanical allodynia in mouse models of diabetic neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.523981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating disorder characterized by spontaneous and mechanical pain. The role of skin mechanoreceptors in the development of mechanical pain (allodynia) is unclear. We discovered that mice with diabetic neuropathy had decreased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase activity in foot skin, leading to reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and subsequent loss of innervation in Meissner corpuscles, a mechanoreceptor expressing the BDNF receptor TrkB. When SIRT1 was depleted from skin, the mechanical allodynia worsened in diabetic neuropathy mice, likely due to retrograde degeneration of the Meissner-corpuscle innervating A{beta} axons and aberrant formation of Meissner corpuscles which may have increased the mechanosensitivity. The same phenomenon was also noted in skin BDNF knockout mice. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT1 in skin induced Meissner corpuscle reinnervation and regeneration, resulting in significant improvement of diabetic mechanical allodynia. Overall, the findings suggested that skin-derived SIRT1 and BDNF function in the same pathway in skin sensory apparatus regeneration and highlighted the potential of developing topical SIRT1-activating compounds as a novel treatment for diabetic mechanical allodynia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niehaus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekeran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C. P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.523981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal SIRT1 and BDNF modulate mechanical allodynia in mouse models of diabetic neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement Learning Is Impaired in the Sub-acute Post-stroke Period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeurorehabilitation approaches are frequently predicated on motor learning principles. However, much is left to be understood of how different kinds of motor learning are affected by stroke causing hemiparesis. Here we asked if two kinds of motor learning often employed in rehabilitation, (1) reinforcement learning and (2) error-based adaptation, are altered at different times after stroke.

MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, we compared learning in two groups of patients with stroke, matched for their baseline motor execution deficit on the paretic side. The early group was tested within 3 months following stroke (N = 35) and the late group was tested more than 6 months after stroke (N = 30). Two types of task were studied: one based on reinforcement learning and the other on error-based learning.

ResultsWe found that reinforcement learning was impaired in the early but not the late group, whereas error-based learning was unaffected compared to controls. These findings could not be attributed to differences in baseline execution, cognitive impairment, gender, age, or lesion volume and location.

ConclusionsThe presence of a specific impairment in reinforcement learning in the first 3 months after stroke has important implications for rehabilitation. It might be necessary to either increase the amount of reinforcement feedback given early or even delay onset of certain forms of rehabilitation training, e.g., like constraint-induced movement therapy, and instead emphasize others forms of motor learning in this early time period. A deeper understanding of stroke-related changes in motor learning capacity has the potential to facilitate the development of new, more precise treatment interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnalls, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement Learning Is Impaired in the Sub-acute Post-stroke Period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural variation across 138,134 samples in the TOPMed consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ever larger Structural Variant (SV) catalogs highlighting the diversity within and between populations help researchers better understand the links between SVs and disease. The identification of SVs from DNA sequence data is non-trivial and requires a balance between comprehensiveness and precision. Here we present a catalog of 355,667 SVs (59.34% novel) across autosomes and the X chromosome (50bp+) from 138,134 individuals in the diverse TOPMed consortium. We describe our methodologies for SV inference resulting in high variant quality and >90% allele concordance compared to long-read de-novo assemblies of well-characterized control samples. We demonstrate utility through significant associations between SVs and important various cardio-metabolic and hemotologic traits. We have identified 690 SV hotspots and deserts and those that potentially impact the regulation of medically relevant genes. This catalog characterizes SVs across multiple populations and will serve as a valuable tool to understand the impact of SV on disease development and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamidipati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus,, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarv</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural variation across 138,134 samples in the TOPMed consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasensitive detection of circulating LINE-1 ORF1p as a specific multi-cancer biomarker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved biomarkers are needed for early cancer detection, risk stratification, treatment selection, and monitoring treatment response. While proteins can be useful blood-based biomarkers, many have limited sensitivity or specificity for these applications. Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1, L1) open reading frame 1 protein (ORF1p) is a transposable element protein overexpressed in carcinomas and high-risk precursors during carcinogenesis with negligible detectable expression in corresponding normal tissues, suggesting ORF1p could be a highly specific cancer biomarker. To explore the potential of ORF1p as a blood-based biomarker, we engineered ultrasensitive digital immunoassays that detect mid-attomolar (10-17 M) ORF1p concentrations in patient plasma samples across multiple cancers with high specificity. Plasma ORF1p shows promise for early detection of ovarian cancer, improves diagnostic performance in a multi-analyte panel, and provides early therapeutic response monitoring in gastric and esophageal cancers. Together, these observations nominate ORF1p as a multi-cancer biomarker with potential utility for disease detection and monitoring.

Statement of SignificanceLINE-1 ORF1p transposon protein is pervasively expressed in many cancers and a highly specific biomarker of multiple common, lethal carcinomas and their high-risk precursors in tissue and blood. Ultrasensitive ORF1p assays from as little as 25 L plasma are novel, rapid, cost-effective tools in cancer detection and monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridy, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franses, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplin, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiani, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppaluri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egloff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zukerberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustelin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matulonis, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skates, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasensitive detection of circulating LINE-1 ORF1p as a specific multi-cancer biomarker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scientific civility and academic performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In modern science, interdisciplinary and collaborative research is encouraged among scientists to solve complex problems. However, when the time comes to measure an individuals academic productivity, collaborative efforts are hard to conceptualize and quantify. In this study, we hypothesized that a social behavior coined "scientific civility", which encompasses civility, collaboration, cooperation, or a combination of these, enhances an individuals productivity influencing their academic performance. To facilitate recognition of this unique attribute within the scientific environment, we developed a new indicator: the C score. We examined publicly available data from 1000 academic scientists at the individual-level, focusing on their scholarly output and collaborative networks as a function of geographic distribution and time. Our findings strongly suggest that the C score gauges academic performance from an integral perspective based on a synergistic interaction between productivity and collaborative networks, prevailing over institutionally limited economic resources and minimizing inequalities related to the length of individuals academic career, field of investigation, and gender.

Author SummaryThe increased connectivity between fields and specialties of science is undeniable. We propose a new indicator, the C score, to assess the value of collaborative efforts and research output to a scientists academic performance. This indicator reflects collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts and provides a measure of "scientific civility" and teamwork. The C score may be used as a decision-making tool to track career advancement within the academic environment. Along with other indicators such as the h index, the C score supports a more integrative and holistic assessment of an individuals academic performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartshorn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scientific civility and academic performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A defined clathrin-mediated trafficking pathway regulates sFLT1/VEGFR1 secretion from endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FLT1/VEGFR1 negatively regulates VEGF-A signaling and is required for proper vessel morphogenesis during vascular development and vessel homeostasis. Although a soluble isoform, sFLT1, is often mis-regulated in disease and aging, how sFLT1 is trafficked and secreted from endothelial cells is not well understood. Here we define requirements for constitutive sFLT1 trafficking and secretion in endothelial cells from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, and we show that sFLT1 secretion requires clathrin at or near the Golgi. Perturbations that affect sFLT1 trafficking blunted endothelial cell secretion and promoted intracellular mis-localization in cells and zebrafish embryos. siRNA-mediated depletion of specific trafficking components revealed requirements for RAB27A, VAMP3, and STX3 for post-Golgi vesicle trafficking and sFLT1 secretion, while STX6, ARF1, and AP1 were required at the Golgi. Depletion of STX6 altered vessel sprouting in a 3D angiogenesis model, indicating that endothelial cell sFLT1 secretion is important for proper vessel sprouting. Thus, specific trafficking components provide a secretory path from the Golgi to the plasma membrane for sFLT1 in endothelial cells that utilizes a specialized clathrin-dependent intermediate, suggesting novel therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinghorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>le Noble, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A defined clathrin-mediated trafficking pathway regulates sFLT1/VEGFR1 secretion from endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional genomic mapping of human pancreatic tissue reveals striking multifocality and genetic heterogeneity in precancerous lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is a precursor to pancreatic cancer and represents a critical opportunity for cancer interception. However, the number, size, shape, and connectivity of PanINs in human pancreatic tissue samples are largely unknown. In this study, we quantitatively assessed human PanINs using CODA, a novel machine-learning pipeline for 3D image analysis that generates quantifiable models of large pieces of human pancreas with single-cell resolution. Using a cohort of 38 large slabs of grossly normal human pancreas from surgical resection specimens, we identified striking multifocality of PanINs, with a mean burden of 13 spatially separate PanINs per cm3 of sampled tissue. Extrapolating this burden to the entire pancreas suggested a median of approximately 1000 PanINs in an entire pancreas. In order to better understand the clonal relationships within and between PanINs, we developed a pipeline for CODA-guided multi-region genomic analysis of PanINs, including targeted and whole exome sequencing. Multi-region assessment of 37 PanINs from eight additional human pancreatic tissue slabs revealed that almost all PanINs contained hotspot mutations in the oncogene KRAS, but no gene other than KRAS was altered in more than 20% of the analyzed PanINs. PanINs contained a mean of 13 somatic mutations per region when analyzed by whole exome sequencing. The majority of analyzed PanINs originated from independent clonal events, with distinct somatic mutation profiles between PanINs in the same tissue slab. A subset of the analyzed PanINs contained multiple KRAS mutations, suggesting a polyclonal origin even in PanINs that are contiguous by rigorous 3D assessment. This study leverages a novel 3D genomic mapping approach to describe, for the first time, the spatial and genetic multifocality of human PanINs, providing important insights into the initiation and progression of pancreatic neoplasia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grahn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damanakis, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almagro-Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknafs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional genomic mapping of human pancreatic tissue reveals striking multifocality and genetic heterogeneity in precancerous lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Downfield Proton MRSI with whole-brain coverage at 3T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo develop a 3D downfield magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (DF-MRSI) protocol with whole brain coverage and post-processing pipeline for creation of metabolite maps.

MethodsA 3D, circularly phase-encoded version of the previously developed 2D DF-MRSI sequence with [Formula] spectral-spatial excitation and frequency selective refocusing was implemented and tested in 5 healthy volunteers at 3T. Downfield metabolite maps with a nominal spatial resolution of 0.7 cm3 were recorded in 8 slices at 3T in a scan time of 22m 40s. An MRSI post-processing pipeline was developed to create DF metabolite maps. Metabolite concentrations and uncertainty estimates were compared between region differences for nine downfield peaks.

ResultsLCModel analysis showed CRLB average values of 3-4% for protein amide resonances in the three selected regions (anterior cingulate (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and centrum semiovale (CSO)); CRLBs were somewhat higher for individual peaks but for the most part were less than 20%. While DF concentration maps were visually quite homogeneous throughout the brain, general linear regression analysis corrected for multiple comparisons found significant differences between CSO and DLPFC for peaks at 7.09 ppm (p= 0.014), 7.90 ppm (p=0.009), 8.18 ppm (p=0.009), combined amides (p=0.009), and between ACC and DLPFC for the 7.30 ppm peak (p=0.020). CRLB values were not significantly different between brain regions for any of the DF peaks.

Conclusion3D DF-MRSI of the human brain at 3T with wide spatial coverage for the mapping of exchangeable amide and other resonances is feasible at a nominal spatial resolution of 0.7 cm3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povazan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Downfield Proton MRSI with whole-brain coverage at 3T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can a Fish Learn to Ride a Bicycle? Sensorimotor Adaptation to Destabilizing Dynamics in Weakly Electric Fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Humans and other animals can readily learn to compensate for destabilizing dynamics, such as balancing an object or riding a bicycle. How does the nervous system learn to compensate for such destabilizing dynamics, and what are the benefits of the newly learned control policies? To investigate these questions, we examined how the weakly electric glass knifefish, Eigenmannia virescens, retunes its control system in the face of novel, destabilizing dynamics. Using a real-time feedback system, we measured swimming movements as seven individual fish tracked a moving refuge, and we fed the swimming movements back through novel dynamics to alter the refuge motion, creating an artificially destabilizing reafferent loop. We discovered that fish learned to retune their sensorimotor controllers as the artificially destabilizing feedback was gradually introduced. Furthermore, when the artificial feedback was extinguished, fish exhibited a clear aftereffect, retaining their learned sensorimotor controllers for several minutes before washing out. This retuning of the control system under destabilizing dynamics: (i) improved tracking performance compared to the predicted performance had fish not re-tuned their baseline controller, (ii) reduced sensitivity of the sensorimotor system to low-frequency disturbances, such as would arise from turbulence or motor noise, and (iii) improved phase margin, a measure of stability robustness, despite the artificial feedback driving the putative baseline control system towards instability. Our study sheds light on how the nervous system adapts to changing closed-loop dynamics, and how those changes impact performance and stability; the presence of aftereffects suggest a plasticity-based mechanism reminiscent of cerebellar learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yared, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can a Fish Learn to Ride a Bicycle? Sensorimotor Adaptation to Destabilizing Dynamics in Weakly Electric Fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cleo: a testbed for bridging model and experiment by simulating closed-loop stimulation, electrode recording, and optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems neuroscience has experienced an explosion of new tools for reading and writing neural activity, enabling exciting new experiments (e.g., all-optical interrogation, closed-loop control) for interrogating neural circuits. Unfortunately, these advances have drastically increased the complexity of designing experiments, with ad hoc decisions often resulting in suboptimal or even failed experiments. Bridging model and experiment via simulation can help solve this problem, leveraging advances in computational models to provide a low-cost testbed for experiment design, model validation, and methods engineering. Specifically, we require an integrated approach that incorporates simulation of the experimental interface into computational models, but no existing tool integrates optogenetics, two-photon calcium imaging, electrode recording, and flexible closed-loop processing with neural population simulations. To address this need, we have developed Cleo: the Closed-Loop, Electrophysiology, and Optophysiology experiment simulation testbed. Cleo is a Python package enabling injection of virtual recording and stimulation devices as well as closed-loop control with realistic latency into a Brian spiking neural network model. Notably, it is the only publicly available tool to date simulating two-photon and multi-opsin/wavelength optogenetics. To facilitate adoption and extension by the community, Cleo is open-source, modular, tested, and documented, and can export results to various data formats. Here we describe the design and features of Cleo, evaluate output of individual components and integrated experiments, and demonstrate its utility for advancing optogenetic techniques in prospective experiments using previously published systems neuroscience models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruzado, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willats, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cleo: a testbed for bridging model and experiment by simulating closed-loop stimulation, electrode recording, and optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foveolar cone subtype patterning in human retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms that generate patterns of cell types unique to humans are poorly understood. In the central region of the human retina, the high-acuity foveola is notable, in part, for its dense packing of green (M) and red (L) cones and absence of blue (S) cones. To identify mechanisms that promote M/L and suppress S cone patterning in the foveola, we examined human fetal retinas and differentiated human retinal organoids. During development, sparse S-opsin-expressing cones are initially observed in the foveola. Later in fetal development, the foveola contains a mix of cones that either co-express S- and M/L-opsins or exclusively express M/L-opsin. In adults, only M/L cones are present. Two signaling pathway regulators are highly and continuously expressed in the central retina: Cytochrome P450 26 subfamily A member 1 (CYP26A1), which degrades retinoic acid (RA) and Deiodinase 2 (DIO2), which promotes thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Both CYP26A1 null mutant organoids and high RA conditions increased the number of S cones and reduced the number of M/L cones in human retinal organoids. In contrast, sustained TH signaling promoted the generation of M/L-opsin-expressing cones and induced M/L-opsin expression in S-opsin-expressing cones, showing that cone fate is plastic. Our data suggest that CYP26A1 degrades RA to specify M/L cones and limit S cones and that continuous DIO2 expression sustains high levels of TH to convert S cones into M/L cones, resulting in the foveola containing only M/L cones. Since the foveola is highly susceptible to impairment in diseases such as macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss, our findings inform organoid design for potential therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.28.526051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foveolar cone subtype patterning in human retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulated fibroblast subclusters in prurigo nodularis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prurigo nodularis (PN) is an intensely pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin disease that disproportionately affects black patients. However, the pathogenesis of PN is poorly understood. We performed single-cell transcriptomic profiling, ligand receptor analysis and cell trajectory analysis of 28,695 lesional and non-lesional PN skin cells to uncover disease-identifying cell compositions and genetic characteristics. We uncovered a dysregulated role for fibroblasts (FBs) and myofibroblasts as a key pathogenic element in PN, which were significantly increased in PN lesional skin. We defined seven unique subclusters of FBs in PN skin and observed a shift of PN lesional FBs towards a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype, with WNT5A+ CAFs increased in the skin of PN patients and similarly so in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A multi-center PN cohort study subsequently revealed an increased risk of SCC as well as additional CAF-associated malignancies in PN patients, including breast and colorectal cancers. Systemic fibroproliferative diseases were also upregulated in PN patients, including renal sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ligand receptor analyses demonstrated increased FB1-derived WNT5A and periostin interactions with neuronal receptors MCAM and ITGAV, suggesting a fibroblast-neuronal axis in PN. Type I IFN responses in immune cells and increased angiogenesis/permeability in endothelial cells were also observed. As compared to atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PSO) patients, increased mesenchymal dysregulation is unique to PN with an intermediate Th2/Th17 phenotype between atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. These findings identify a pathogenic role for CAFs in PN, including a novel targetable WNT5A+ fibroblast subpopulation and CAF-associated malignancies in PN patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladipo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulated fibroblast subclusters in prurigo nodularis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cardiac sympathetic denervation prevents heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALESudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and heart failure (HF) are leading causes of death. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, limiting the design of new therapies. Whereas most autonomic modulation therapies have not shown clear benefit in HF patients, growing evidence indicates cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) exerts cardioprotective effects. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unexplored.

OBJECTIVEBased on the hypothesis that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) drive the pathogenesis of HF and SCA, we investigated whether CSD prevents SCA and HF by improving mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox balance, to correct impaired Ca2+ handling and repolarization reserve.

METHODS AND RESULTSWe interrogated CSD-specific responses in pressure-overload HF models with spontaneous SCA using in vivo echocardiographic and electrocardiographic studies and in vitro biochemical and functional studies including ratiometric measures of mROS, Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics in left ventricular myocytes. Pressure-overloaded HF reduced mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and increased mROS, which impaired {beta}-adrenergic signaling and caused SR Ca2+ leak, reducing SR Ca2+ and increasing diastolic Ca2+, impaired myofilament contraction and further increased the sympathetic stress response. CSD improved contractile function and mitigated mROS-mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload, dispersion of repolarization, triggered activity and SCA by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings support a fundamental role of sympathetic stress-induced downregulation of mROS scavenging enzymes and RyR-leak mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload in HF and SCA pathogenesis that are mitigated by CSD. This first report on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of CSD supports its evaluation in additional high-risk patient groups.

BRIEF SUMMARYCardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) confers cardioprotective effects via unclear mechanisms. In a guinea pig model that uniquely mimics human pressure-overload heart failure (HF) with spontaneous sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), we interrogated CSD-specific responses using echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical measures, and ratiometric measures of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics. Consistent with our hypothesis, CSD rescued cardioprotection by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes, which mitigate mROS-mediated Ca2+ derangements, repolarization lability, triggered activity, HF and SCA. Our findings provide the first molecular and cellular mechanistic basis for evaluating CSD therapy in a broader group of high-risk patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeMazumder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cardiac sympathetic denervation prevents heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressures Causes Nonlinear and Non-monotonic Deformations of the Lamina Cribrosa and Scleral Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate changes in monkey optic nerve head (ONH) morphology under acutely controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).

MethodsSeven ONHs from six monkeys were imaged via optical coherence tomography while IOP and ICP were maintained at one of 16 conditions. These conditions were defined by 4 levels for each pressure: low, baseline, high and very high. Images were processed to determine scleral canal area, aspect ratio, and planarity and anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) shape index and curvature. Linear mixed effect models were utilized to investigate the effects of IOP, ICP and their interactions on ONH morphological features. The IOP-ICP interaction model was compared with one based on translaminar pressure difference (TLPD).

ResultsWe observed complex, eye-specific, non-linear patterns of ONH morphological changes with changes in IOP and ICP. For all ONH morphological features, linear mixed effects models demonstrated significant interactions between IOP and ICP that were unaccounted for by TLPD. Interactions indicate that the effects of IOP and ICP depend on the other pressure. The IOP-ICP interaction model was a higher quality predictor of ONH features than a TLPD model.

ConclusionsIn vivo modulation of IOP and ICP causes nonlinear and non-monotonic changes in monkey ONH morphology that depend on both pressures and is not accounted for by a simplistic TLPD. These results support and extend prior findings.

Translational Relevance: A better understanding of ICPs influence on the effects of IOP can help inform the highly variable presentations of glaucoma and effective treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressures Causes Nonlinear and Non-monotonic Deformations of the Lamina Cribrosa and Scleral Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypermetabolism in mice carrying a near complete human chromosome 21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The consequences of aneuploidy have traditionally been studied in cell and animal models in which the extrachromosomal DNA is from the same species. Here, we explore a fundamental question concerning the impact of aneuploidy on systemic metabolism using a non-mosaic transchromosomic mouse model (TcMAC21) carrying a near complete human chromosome 21. Independent of diets and housing temperatures, TcMAC21 mice consume more calories, are hyperactive and hypermetabolic, remain consistently lean and profoundly insulin sensitive, and have a higher body temperature. The hypermetabolism and elevated thermogenesis are due to sarcolipin overexpression in the skeletal muscle, resulting in futile sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and energy dissipation. Mitochondrial respiration is also markedly increased in skeletal muscle to meet the high ATP demand created by the futile cycle. This serendipitous discovery provides proof-of-concept that sarcolipin-mediated thermogenesis via uncoupling of the SERCA pump can be harnessed to promote energy expenditure and metabolic health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delannoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypermetabolism in mice carrying a near complete human chromosome 21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in a neurodevelopmental disorder with incomplete penetrance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AGAP1 is an Arf1 GAP that regulates endolysosomal trafficking. Damaging variants have been linked to cerebral palsy and autism. We report 3 new individuals with microdeletion variants in AGAP1. Affected individuals have intellectual disability (3/3), autism (3/3), dystonia with axial hypotonia (1/3), abnormalities of brain maturation (1/3), growth impairment (2/3) and facial dysmorphism (2/3). We investigated mechanisms potentially underlying AGAP1 neurodevelopmental impairments using the Drosophila ortholog, CenG1a. We discovered reduced axon terminal size, increased neuronal endosome abundance, and elevated autophagy at baseline. Given potential incomplete penetrance, we assessed gene-environment interactions. We found basal elevation in phosphorylation of the integrated stress-response protein eIF2 and inability to further increase eIF2-P with subsequent cytotoxic stressors. CenG1a-mutant flies have increased lethality from exposure to environmental insults. We propose a model wherein disruption of AGAP1 function impairs endolysosomal trafficking, chronically activating the integrated stress response, and leaving AGAP1-deficient cells susceptible to a variety of second hit cytotoxic stressors. This model may have broader applicability beyond AGAP1 in instances where both genetic and environmental insults co-occur in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Summary statementWe describe 3 additional patients with heterozygous AGAP1 deletion variants and use a loss of function Drosophila model to identify defects in synaptic morphology with increased endosomal sequestration, chronic autophagy induction, basal activation of eIF2-P, and sensitivity to environmental stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhtiari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guyader, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkhunaiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Lopez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruer, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in a neurodevelopmental disorder with incomplete penetrance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SATB2 loss in inflammatory bowel disease-associated small intestinal metaplasia of the distal colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial metaplasia is a common adaptation to chronic inflammatory processes and can be associated with increased risk of dysplasia and cancer. The distal colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly shows crypt architectural distortion and Paneth cell metaplasia (PCM), and IBD patients also carry increased risk of colitis-associated dysplasia and cancer (CAC). Loss of SATB2 expression (Special AT-rich binding 2 protein, a colon-restricted chromatin remodeler) has recently been shown to distinguish colitis-associated dysplasia and CAC from sporadic disease. Here we report non-diffuse heterogeneous patterns of SATB2 loss across non-dysplastic distal colon biopsies from IBD patients (n=20). This cohort was specifically curated to include biopsies with well-developed histologic features of villiform growth and PCM. Notably, CDX2 was strongly expressed and P53 showed a wild-type immunolabeling pattern across our non-dysplastic cohort, regardless of SATB2 immunolabeling pattern. Our findings fit with recent murine studies in which colon-specific Satb2 deletion resulted in histologic conversion of colonic mucosa to small intestinal-like mucosa, including emergence of villi and Paneth cells. Taken together, we show that SATB2 loss is associated with a preneoplastic metaplastic response to chronic injury in human IBD and chronic colitis, reframing PCM more broadly as small intestinal metaplasia. We propose that inflammation-associated SATB2 loss mediates a remodeled chromatin landscape permissive for dysplasia and CAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SATB2 loss in inflammatory bowel disease-associated small intestinal metaplasia of the distal colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK4/6 inhibition enhances SHP2 inhibitor efficacy and is dependent upon restoration of RB function in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas with limited treatment options, and novel effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. We observe anti-proliferative efficacy of genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition using the clinically available SHP2 inhibitor (SHP2i) TNO155. Our studies into the signaling response to SHP2i reveal that resistance to TNO155 is partially mediated by reduced RB function, and we therefore test the addition of a CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) to enhance RB activity and improve TNO155 efficacy. In combination, TNO155 attenuates the adaptive response to CDK4/6i, potentiates its anti-proliferative effects, and converges on enhancement of RB activity, with greater suppression of cell cycle and inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins, leading to deeper and more durable anti-tumor activity in in vitro and in vivo patient-derived models of MPNST, relative to either single agent. Overall, our study provides timely evidence to support the clinical advancement of this combination strategy in patients with MPNST and other tumors driven by loss of NF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calizo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conniff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llosa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Largaespada, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK4/6 inhibition enhances SHP2 inhibitor efficacy and is dependent upon restoration of RB function in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DandD: efficient measurement of sequence growth and similarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome assembly databases are growing rapidly. The sequence content in each new assembly can be largely redundant with previous ones, but this is neither conceptually nor algorithmically easy to measure. We propose new methods and a new tool called DandD that addresses the question of how much new sequence is gained when a sequence collection grows. DandD can describe how much human structural variation is being discovered in each new human genome assembly and when discoveries will level off in the future. DandD uses a measure called {delta} ("delta"), developed initially for data compression. Computing {delta} directly requires counting k-mers, but DandD can rapidly estimate it using genomic sketches. We also propose {delta} as an alternative to k-mer-specific cardinalities when computing the Jaccard coefficient, avoiding the pitfalls of a poor choice of k. We demonstrate the utility of DandDs functions for estimating {delta}, characterizing the rate of pangenome growth, and computing allpairs similarities using k-independent Jaccard. DandD is open source software available at: https://github.com/jessicabonnie/dandd.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonnie, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DandD: efficient measurement of sequence growth and similarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Nucleus Laminaris of the Barn Owl 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barn owls experience increasing interaural time differences (ITDs) during development, because their head width more than doubles in the month after hatching. We therefore hypothesized that their ITD detection circuit might be modified by experience. To test this, we raised owls with unilateral ear inserts that delayed and attenuated the acoustic signal, then measured the ITD representation in the brainstem nucleus laminaris (NL) when they were adult. The ITD circuit is composed of delay line inputs to coincidence detectors, and we predicted that plastic changes would lead to shorter delays in the axons from the manipulated ear, and complementary shifts in ITD representation on the two sides. In owls that received ear inserts starting around P14, the maps of ITD shifted in the predicted direction, but only on the ipsilateral side, and only in those tonotopic regions that had not experienced auditory stimulation prior to insertion. The contralateral map did not change. Experience-dependent plasticity of the ITD circuit occurs in NL, and our data suggest that ipsilateral and contralateral delays are independently regulated. Thus, altered auditory input during development leads to long-lasting changes in the representation of ITD.

Significance StatementThe early life of barn owls is marked by increasing sensitivity to sound, and by increasing ITDs. Their prolonged post-hatch development allowed us to examine the role of altered auditory experience on the development of ITD detection circuits. We raised owls with a unilateral ear insert and found that their maps of ITD were altered by experience, but only in those tonotopic regions that had not experienced auditory stimulation prior to insertion. Thus experience-induced plasticity allows the sound localization circuits to be customized to individual characteristics, such as the size of the head, and potentially to compensate for natural conductive hearing losses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuokkanen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capshaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashida, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeppl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Nucleus Laminaris of the Barn Owl]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory memory of complex sounds in sparsely distributed, highly correlated neurons in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listening in complex sound environments requires rapid segregation of different sound sources e.g., speakers from each other, speakers from other sounds, or different instruments in an orchestra, and also adjust auditory processing on the prevailing sound conditions. Thus, fast encoding of inputs and identifying and adapting to reoccurring sounds are necessary for efficient and agile sound perception. This adaptation process represents an early phase of developing implicit learning of sound statistics and thus represents a form of auditory memory. The auditory cortex (ACtx) is known to play a key role in this encoding process but the underlying circuits and if hierarchical processing exists are not known. To identify ACtx regions and cells involved in this process, we simultaneously imaged population of neurons in different ACtx subfields using in vivo 2-photon imaging in awake mice. We used an experimental stimulus paradigm adapted from human studies that triggers rapid and robust implicit learning to passively present complex sounds and imaged A1 Layer 4 (L4), A1 L2/3, and A2 L2/3. In this paradigm, a frozen spectro-temporally complex  Target sound would be randomly re-occurring within a stream of random other complex sounds. We find distinct groups of cells that are specifically responsive to complex acoustic sequences across all subregions indicating that even the initial thalamocortical input layers (A1 L4) respond to complex sounds. Cells in all imaged regions showed decreased response amplitude for reoccurring Target sounds indicating that a memory signature is present even in the thalamocortical input layers. On the population level we find increased synchronized activity across cells to the Target sound and that this synchronized activity was more consistent across cells regardless of the duration of frozen token within Target sounds in A2, compared to A1. These findings suggest that ACtx and its input layers play a role in auditory memory for complex sounds and suggest a hierarchical structure of processes for auditory memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory memory of complex sounds in sparsely distributed, highly correlated neurons in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experiment-based Computational Model Predicts that IL-6 Trans-Signaling Plays a Dominant Role in IL-6 mediated signaling in Endothelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory cytokine mediated responses are important in the development of many diseases that are associated with angiogenesis. Targeting angiogenesis as a prominent strategy has shown limited effects in many contexts such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and cancer. One potential reason for the unsuccessful outcome is the mutual dependent role between inflammation and angiogenesis. Inflammation-based therapies primarily target inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in T cells, macrophages, cancer cells, muscle cells, and there is a limited understanding of how these cytokines act on endothelial cells. Thus, we focus on one of the major inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, mediated intracellular signaling in endothelial cells by developing a detailed computational model. Our model quantitatively characterized the effects of IL-6 classic and trans-signaling in activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to phosphorylate STAT3, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, respectively. We applied the trained and validated experiment-based computational model to characterize the dynamics of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), Akt (pAkt), and extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) in response to IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling. The model predicts that IL-6 classic and trans-signaling induced responses are IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) dose-dependent. Also, IL-6 trans-signaling induces stronger downstream signaling and plays a dominant role in the overall effects from IL-6. In addition, both IL-6 and sIL-6R levels regulate signaling strength. Moreover, our model identifies the influential species and kinetic parameters that specifically modulate the pSTAT3, pAkt, and pERK responses, which represent potential targets for inflammatory cytokine mediated signaling and angiogenesis-based therapies. Overall, the model predicts the effects of IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling stimulation quantitatively and provides a framework for analyzing and integrating experimental data. More broadly, this model can be utilized to identify targets that influence inflammatory cytokine mediated signaling in endothelial cells and to study the effects of angiogenesis- and inflammation-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experiment-based Computational Model Predicts that IL-6 Trans-Signaling Plays a Dominant Role in IL-6 mediated signaling in Endothelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAF chromatin complexes do not mediate GLI transcriptional repression of Hedgehog target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional responses to the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway are primarily modulated by GLI repression in the mouse limb. Previous studies suggested a role for the BAF chromatin remodeling complex in mediating GLI repression. Consistent with this possibility, the core BAF complex protein SMARCC1 is present at most active limb enhancers including the majority of GLI enhancers. However, in contrast to GLI repression which reduces chromatin accessibility, SMARCC1 maintains chromatin accessibility at most enhancers, including those bound by GLI. Moreover, SMARCC1 binding at GLI-regulated enhancers occurs independently of GLI3. Consistent with previous studies, some individual GLI target genes are mis-regulated in Smarcc1 conditional knockouts, though most GLI target genes are unaffected. Moreover, SMARCC1 is not necessary for mediating constitutive GLI repression in HH mutant limb buds. We conclude that SMARCC1 does not mediate GLI3 repression, which we propose utilizes alternative chromatin remodeling complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lex, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windsor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAF chromatin complexes do not mediate GLI transcriptional repression of Hedgehog target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effort cost of harvest affects decisions and movement vigor of marmosets during foraging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our decisions are guided by how we perceive the value of an option, but this evaluation also affects how we move to acquire that option. Why should economic variables such as reward and effort alter the vigor of our movements? In theory, both the option that we choose and the vigor with which we move contribute to a measure of fitness in which the objective is to maximize rewards minus efforts, divided by time. To explore this idea, we engaged marmosets in a foraging task in which on each trial they decided whether to work by making saccades to visual targets, thus accumulating food, or to harvest by licking what they had earned. We varied the effort cost of harvest by moving the food tube with respect to the mouth. Theory predicted that the subjects should respond to the increased effort costs by choosing to work longer, stockpiling food before commencing harvest, but reduce their movement vigor to conserve energy. Indeed, in response to an increased effort cost of harvest, marmosets extended their work duration, but slowed their movements. These changes in decisions and movements coincided with changes in pupil size. As the effort cost of harvest declined, work duration decreased, the pupils dilated, and the vigor of licks and saccades increased. Thus, when acquisition of reward became effortful, the pupils constricted, the decisions exhibited delayed gratification, and the movements displayed reduced vigor.

Significance statementOur results suggest that as the brainstem neuromodulatory circuits that control pupil size respond to effort costs, they alter computations in the brain regions that control decisions, encouraging work and delaying gratification, and the brain regions that control movements, reducing vigor and suppressing energy expenditure. This coordinated response suggests that decisions and actions are part of a single control policy that aims to maximize a variable relevant to fitness: the capture rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.04.527146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effort cost of harvest affects decisions and movement vigor of marmosets during foraging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) activation lowers intraocular pressure by halting its mechanosensing function in the trabecular meshwork 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are highly contractile and mechanosensitive to aid in maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis. Lipids are attributed to modulating TM contractility with poor mechanistic understanding. In this study using human TM cells, we identify the mechanosensing role of the transcription factors sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) involved in lipogenesis. By constitutively activating SREBPs and pharmacologically inactivating SREBPs, we have mechanistically deciphered the attributes of SREBPs in regulating the contractile properties of TM. The pharmacological inhibition of SREBPs by fatostatin and molecular inactivation of SREBPs ex vivo and in vivo respectively results in significant IOP lowering. As a proof of concept, fatostatin significantly decreased the SREBPs responsive genes and enzymes involved in lipogenic pathways as well as the levels of the phospholipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Further, we show that fatostatin mitigated actin polymerization machinery and stabilization, and decreased ECM synthesis and secretion. We thus postulate that lowering lipogenesis in the TM outflow pathway can hold the key to lowering IOP by modifying the TM biomechanics.

SynopsisIn this study, we show the role of lipogenic transcription factors sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). (Synopsis Figure - Created using Biorender.com) O_LISREBPs are involved in the sensing of changes in mechanical stress on the trabecular meshwork (TM). SREBPs aid in transducing the mechanical signals to induce actin polymerization and filopodia/lamellipodia formation.
C_LIO_LISREBPs inactivation lowered genes and enzymes involved in lipogenesis and modified lipid levels in TM.
C_LIO_LISREBPs activity is a critical regulator of ECM engagement to the matrix sites.
C_LIO_LIInactivation of SCAP-SREBP pathway lowered IOP via actin relaxation and decreasing ECM production and deposition in TM outflow pathway signifying a novel relationship between SREBP activation status and achieving IOP homeostasis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattabiraman, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) activation lowers intraocular pressure by halting its mechanosensing function in the trabecular meshwork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pramipexole restores behavioral inhibition in highly impulsive rats through a paradoxical modulation of frontostriatal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impulse control disorders (ICDs), a wide spectrum of maladaptive behaviors which includes pathological gambling, hypersexuality and compulsive buying, have been recently suggested to be triggered or aggravated by treatments with dopamine D2/3 receptor agonists, such as pramipexole (PPX). Despite evidence showing that impulsivity is associated with functional alterations in corticostriatal networks, the neural basis of the exacerbation of impulsivity by PPX has not been elucidated. Here we used a hotspot analysis to assess the functional recruitment of several corticostriatal structures by PPX in male rats identified as highly (HI), moderately impulsive (MI) or with low levels of impulsivity (LI) in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). PPX dramatically reduced impulsivity in HI rats. Assessment of the expression pattern of the two immediate early genes C-fos and Zif268 by in situ hybridization subsequently revealed that PPX resulted in a decrease in Zif268 mRNA levels in different striatal regions of both LI and HI rats accompanied by a high impulsivity specific reduction of Zif268 mRNA levels in prelimbic and cingulate cortices. PPX also decreased C-fos mRNA levels in all striatal regions of LI rats, but only in the dorsolateral striatum and nucleus accumbens core (NAc Core) of HI rats. Structural equation modelling further suggested that the anti-impulsive effect of PPX was mainly attributable to the specific downregulation of Zif268 mRNA in the NAc Core. Altogether, our results show that PPX restores impulse control in highly impulsive rats by modulation of limbic frontostriatal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouyssac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachez, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufourd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcenac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulet, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savasta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnicella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pramipexole restores behavioral inhibition in highly impulsive rats through a paradoxical modulation of frontostriatal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) can cause Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), an acute neurological disease. Although sequencing-based diagnosis can be definitive, ~[1/3] of clinical HMBS variants are missense variants, and most clinically-reported HMBS missense variants are designated as "variants of uncertain significance" (VUS). Using saturation mutagenesis, en masse selection, and sequencing, we applied a multiplexed validated assay to both the erythroid-specific and ubiquitous isoforms of HMBS, obtaining confident functional impact scores for >84% of all possible amino-acid substitutions. The resulting variant effect maps generally agreed with biochemical expectation. However, the maps showed variants at the dimerization interface to be unexpectedly well tolerated, and suggested residue roles in active site dynamics that were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, these HMBS variant effect maps can help discriminate pathogenic from benign variants, proactively providing evidence even for yet-to-be-observed clinical missense variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Loggerenberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowlati-Hashjin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weile, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebbia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishore, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustajoki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pischik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Pierro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floderus, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colavin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesema, E. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppinen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To-Figueras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarsand, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnick, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IVT generation of guideRNAs for Cas9-enrichment Nanopore Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating high-coverage sequencing coverage at select genomic loci has extensive applications in both research science and genetic medicine. Long-read sequencing technologies (e.g. nanopore sequencing) have expanded our ability to generate sequencing data in regions (e.g. repetitive elements) that are difficult to interrogate with short-read sequencing methods. In work presented here, we expand on our previous work using CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted nanopore sequencing by using in vitro transcribed guideRNAs, with 1100 guideRNAs in a single experiment. This approach decreases the cost per guideRNA, increases the number of guideRNAs that can be multiplexed in a single experiment, and provides a way to rapidly screen numerous guideRNAs for cutting efficiency. We apply this strategy in multiple patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines, demonstrating its ability to unveil structural variation in "deletion hotspots" around the tumor suppressor genes p16 (CDKN2A), and SMAD4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IVT generation of guideRNAs for Cas9-enrichment Nanopore Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) receptor tetramerization by auxiliary subunits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AMPA receptor (AMPAR) auxiliary subunits are specialized, non-transient binding partners of AMPARs that modulate their ion channel gating properties and pharmacology, as well as their biogenesis and trafficking. The most well characterized families of auxiliary subunits are transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) and cornichon homologs (CNIHs) and the more recently discovered GSG1-L. These auxiliary subunits can promote or reduce surface expression of AMPARs in neurons, thereby impacting their functional role in membrane signaling. Here, we show that CNIH-2 enhances the tetramerization of wild type and mutant AMPARs, possibly by increasing the overall stability of the tetrameric complex, an effect that is mainly mediated by interactions with the transmembrane domain of the receptor. We also find CNIH-2 and CNIH-3 show receptor subunit-specific actions in this regard with CNIH-2 enhancing both GluA1 and GluA2 tetramerization whereas CNIH-3 only weakly enhances GluA1 tetramerization. These results are consistent with the proposed role of CNIHs as endoplasmic reticulum cargo transporters for AMPARs. In contrast, TARP {gamma}-2, TARP {gamma}-8, and GSG1-L have no or negligible effect on AMPAR tetramerization. On the other hand, TARP {gamma}-2 can enhance receptor tetramerization but only when directly fused with the receptor at a maximal stoichiometry. Notably, surface expression of functional AMPARs was enhanced by CNIH-2 to a greater extent than TARP {gamma}-2 suggesting that this distinction aids in maturation and membrane expression. These experiments define a functional distinction between CNIHs and other auxiliary subunits in the regulation of AMPAR biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Certain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollmuth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) receptor tetramerization by auxiliary subunits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmissibility of clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium falciparum by anopheline mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rising numbers of malaria cases and deaths underscore the need for new interventions. Long-acting injectable medications, such as those now in use for HIV prophylaxis, offer the prospect of a malaria "chemical vaccine", combining the efficacy of a drug (like atovaquone) with the durability of a biological vaccine. Of concern, however, is the possible selection and transmission of drug-resistant parasites. We addressed this question by generating clinically relevant, highly atovaquone-resistant, Plasmodium falciparum mutants competent to infect mosquitoes. Isogenic paired strains, that differ only by a single Y268S mutation in cytochrome b, were evaluated in parallel in southeast Asian (Anopheles stephensi) or African (Anopheles gambiae) mosquitoes, and thence in humanized mice. Fitness costs of the mutation were evident along the lifecycle, in asexual parasite growth in vitro and in a progressive loss of parasites in the mosquito. In numerous independent experiments, microscopic exam of salivary glands from hundreds of mosquitoes failed to detect even one Y268S sporozoite, a defect not rescued by coinfection with wild type parasites. Furthermore, despite uniformly successful transmission of wild type parasites from An. stephensi to FRG NOD huHep mice bearing human hepatocytes and erythrocytes, multiple attempts with Y268S-fed mosquitoes failed: there was no evidence of parasites in mouse tissues by microscopy, in vitro culture, or PCR. These studies confirm a severe-to-lethal fitness cost of clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant P. falciparum in the mosquito, and they significantly lessen the likelihood of their transmission in the field.

SignificanceNew tools are needed to protect individuals from malaria and to control malaria in the field. Atovaquone plus proguanil is a commonly used and well-tolerated medicine to prevent malaria. No drug resistance has been reported from its prophylactic use, but tablets must be taken daily. Giving atovaquone as a single injection may provide much longer-lasting protection, against both falciparum and vivax malaria, but there is concern this may create drug resistance. In this study we showed that clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant malaria parasites survive poorly, if at all, in mosquitoes, and that mosquitoes do not transmit drug-resistant parasites to humanized mice. These findings lessen the likelihood that an atovaquone "chemical vaccine" would lead to the spread of atovaquone resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiffler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenortas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Rodriguez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canonizado, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmissibility of clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium falciparum by anopheline mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal control by co-factors prevents kinetic trapping in retroviral Gag lattice assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For retroviruses like HIV to proliferate, they must form virions shaped by the self-assembly of Gag polyproteins into a rigid lattice. This immature Gag lattice has been structurally characterized and reconstituted in vitro, revealing the sensitivity of lattice assembly to multiple co-factors. Due to this sensitivity, the energetic criterion for forming stable lattices is unknown, as are their corresponding rates. Here, we use a reaction-diffusion model designed from the cryo-ET structure of the immature Gag lattice to map a phase diagram of assembly outcomes controlled by experimentally constrained rates and free energies, over experimentally relevant timescales. We find that productive assembly of complete lattices in bulk solution is extraordinarily difficult due to the large size of this [~]3700 monomer complex. Multiple Gag lattices nucleate before growth can complete, resulting in loss of free monomers and frequent kinetic trapping. We therefore derive a time-dependent protocol to titrate or  activate the Gag monomers slowly within the solution volume, mimicking the biological roles of co-factors. This general strategy works remarkably well, yielding productive growth of self-assembled lattices for multiple interaction strengths and binding rates. By comparing to the in vitro assembly kinetics, we can estimate bounds on rates of Gag binding to Gag and the cellular co-factor IP6. Our results show that Gag binding to IP6 can provide the additional time-delay necessary to support smooth growth of the immature lattice with relatively fast assembly kinetics, mostly avoiding kinetic traps. Our work provides a foundation for predicting and disrupting formation of the immature Gag lattice via targeting specific protein- protein binding interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal control by co-factors prevents kinetic trapping in retroviral Gag lattice assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo proton MR Spectroscopy of the healthy and diseased human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, weve identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virovka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirault, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo proton MR Spectroscopy of the healthy and diseased human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immature neurons in the primate amygdala: changes with early development and disrupted early environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human and nonhuman primates, the amygdala paralaminar nucleus (PL) contains immature neurons. To explore the PLs potential for cellular growth during development, we compared PL cells in 1) infant and adolescent macaques (control, maternally-reared), and in 2) infant macaques that experienced separation from their mother in the first month of life. In maternally-reared animals, the adolescent PL had fewer immature neurons, more mature neurons, and larger immature soma volumes compared to infant PL. There were also fewer total neurons (immature plus mature) in adolescent versus infant PL, suggesting that some neurons move out of the PL by adolescence. Maternal separation did not change mean immature or mature neuron counts in infant PL. However, across all infant animals, immature neuron soma volume was strongly correlated with mature neuron counts. tbr-1 mRNA, a transcript required for glutamatergic neuron maturation, is significantly reduced in the maternally-separated infant PL (DeCampo et al, 2017), and was also positively correlated with mature neuron counts in infant PL. We conclude that immature neurons gradually mature by adolescence, and that the stress of maternal separation may shift this trajectory, as revealed by correlations between tbr1mRNA and mature neuron numbers across animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McHale-Matthews, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCampo, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudge, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immature neurons in the primate amygdala: changes with early development and disrupted early environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 58 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are critically important for human development, and are implicated in many growth disorders and cancers. Here we introduce a methodology to identify and quantify bias in RTK signal transduction across the plasma membrane, and to quantify phosphorylation efficiencies, without contributions from feedback loops and system bias. We show that RTK biased signaling can occur in the first step of signal transduction not only in response to different ligands, but as a consequence of RTK pathogenic mutations as well. Ligand bias and mutation-induced bias are uncoupled here based on a comprehensive data set of dose response curves acquired for three ligands, EGF, TGF and epiregulin, for wild-type EGFR and for the oncogenic L834R EGFR mutant found in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ligand bias has been extensively studied for GPCRs, and has revolutionized the GPCR field. The demonstration of pathogenic mutation-induced bias in RTK signal transduction across the plasma membrane will open new avenues for the exploration of RTK biased inhibitors as highly specific anti-cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hyper-quiescent chromatin state formed during aging is reversed by regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic alterations are a key hallmark of aging but have been limitedly explored in tissues. Here, using naturally aged murine liver as a model and extending to other quiescent tissues, we find that aging is driven by temporal chromatin alterations that promote a refractory cellular state and compromise cellular identity. Using an integrated multi-omics approach, and the first direct visualization of aged chromatin we find that globally, old cells show H3K27me3-driven broad heterochromatinization and transcription suppression. At the local level, site-specific loss of H3K27me3 over promoters of genes encoding developmental transcription factors leads to expression of otherwise non-hepatocyte markers. Interestingly, liver regeneration reverses H3K27me3 patterns and rejuvenates multiple molecular and physiological aspects of the aged liver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Occean, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melters, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delannoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabo, R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hyper-quiescent chromatin state formed during aging is reversed by regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Modeling of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions using Polygenic Risk Scores in Case-Control Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are rapidly emerging as aggregated measures of disease-risk associated with many genetic variants. Understanding the interplay of PRS with environmental factors is critical for interpreting and applying PRS in a wide variety of settings. We develop an efficient method for simultaneously modeling gene-environment correlations and interactions using PRS in case-control studies. We use a logistic-normal regression modeling framework to specify the disease risk and PRS distribution in the underlying population and propose joint inference across the two models using the retrospective likelihood of the case-control data. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the flexibility of the method in trading-off bias and efficiency for the estimation of various model parameters compared to the standard logistic regression or a case-only analysis for gene-environment interactions, or a control-only analysis for gene-environment correlations. Finally, using simulated case-control datasets within the UK Biobank study, we demonstrate the power of the proposed method for its ability to recover results from the full prospective cohort for the detection of an interaction between long-term oral contraceptive use and PRS on the risk of breast cancer. This method is computationally efficient and implemented in a user-friendly R package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Modeling of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions using Polygenic Risk Scores in Case-Control Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangled deep generative models reveal coding principles of the human face processing network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research, much is still unknown about the computations carried out in the human face processing network. Recently deep networks have been proposed as a computational account of human visual processing, but while they provide a good match to neural data throughout visual cortex, they lack interpretability. We introduce a method for interpreting brain activity using a new class of deep generative models, disentangled representation learning models, which learn a low-dimensional latent space that "disentangles" different semantically meaningful dimensions of faces, such as rotation, lighting, or hairstyle, in an unsupervised manner by enforcing statistical independence between dimensions. We find that the majority of our models learned latent dimensions are interpretable by human raters. Further, these latent dimensions serve as a good encoding model for human fMRI data. We next investigated the representation of different latent dimensions across face-selective voxels. We find a gradient from low- to high-level face feature representations along posterior to anterior face-selective regions, corroborating prior models of human face recognition. Interestingly, though, we find no spatial segregation between identity-relevant and irrelevant face features. Finally, we provide new insight into the few "entangled" (uninterpretable) dimensions in our model by showing that they match responses across the ventral stream and carry significant information about facial identity. Disentangled face encoding models provide an exciting alternative to standard "black box" deep learning approaches for modeling and interpreting human brain data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangled deep generative models reveal coding principles of the human face processing network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdala AVPR1A mediates susceptibility to chronic social isolation in females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females are more sensitive to social exclusion, which could contribute to their heightened susceptibility to anxiety disorders. Chronic social isolation stress (CSIS) for at least 7 weeks after puberty induces anxiety-related behavioral adaptations in female mice. Here, we show that Arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (Avpr1a)-expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) mediate these sex-specific effects, in part, via projections to the caudate putamen. Loss of function studies demonstrate that AVPR1A signaling in the CeA is required for effects of CSIS on anxiety-related behaviors in females but has no effect in males or group housed females. This sex-specificity is mediated by AVP produced by a subpopulation of neurons in the posterodorsal medial nucleus of the amygdala that project to the CeA. Estrogen receptor alpha signaling in these neurons also contributes to preferential sensitivity of females to CSIS. These data support new therapeutic applications for AVPR1A antagonists in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuromaru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassouna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaker, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeltser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdala AVPR1A mediates susceptibility to chronic social isolation in females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prospectively predicting BPaMZ Phase IIb outcomes using a translational preclinical mouse to human platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite known treatments, tuberculosis (TB) remains the worlds top infectious killer, highlighting the pressing need for new drug regimens. To prioritize the most efficacious drugs for clinical testing, we previously developed a PK-PD translational platform with bacterial dynamics that reliably predicted short-term monotherapy outcomes in Phase IIa trials from preclinical mouse studies. In this study, we extended our platform to include PK-PD models that account for drug-drug interactions in combination regimens and bacterial regrowth in our bacterial dynamics model to predict cure at end of treatment and relapse 6 months post-treatment. The Phase III trial STAND, testing new regimen pretomanid (Pa), moxifloxacin (M), and pyrazinamide (Z) (PaMZ), predicted to shorten treatment duration by 2 months was put on hold after a separate ongoing trial showed adding bedaquiline (B) to the PaMZ regimen (SimpliciTB) suggested superior efficacy. To forecast if the addition of B would indeed benefit the PaMZ regimen, we applied an extended translational platform to both regimens. We predicted currently available short- and long-term clinical data well for drug combinations related to BPaMZ. We predict the addition of B to PaMZ will shorten treatment duration by 2 months and be non-inferior compared to control HRZE, both at the end of treatment for treatment efficacy and 6 months after treatment has ended in relapse prevention. Using BPaMZ as a case study, we have demonstrated our translational platform can predict Phase II and III outcomes prior to actual trials, allowing us to better prioritize the regimens most likely to succeed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, J. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prospectively predicting BPaMZ Phase IIb outcomes using a translational preclinical mouse to human platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Essential Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Hepatic Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsO-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification catalyzed by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine sugar from UDP-GlcNAc to the protein on serine and threonine residues on proteins. Another enzyme, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), removes this modification. O-GlcNAcylation plays an important role in pathophysiology. Here, we report that O-GlcNAcylation is essential for hepatocyte differentiation, and chronic loss results in fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

MethodsSingle-cell RNA-sequencing was used to investigate hepatocyte differentiation in hepatocyte-specific OGT-KO mice with increased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation and in OGA-KO mice with decreased O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes. HCC patient samples and the DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model were used to investigate the effect of modulation of O-GlcNAcylation on the development of liver cancer.

ResultsLoss of hepatic O-GlcNAcylation resulted in disruption of liver zonation. Periportal hepatocytes were the most affected by loss of differentiation characterized by dysregulation of glycogen storage and glucose production. OGT-KO mice exacerbated DEN-induced HCC development with increased inflammation, fibrosis, and YAP signaling. Consistently, OGA-KO mice with increased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation inhibited DEN-induced HCC. A progressive loss of O-GlcNAcylation was observed in HCC patients.

ConclusionsOur study shows that O-GlcNAcylation is a critical regulator of hepatic differentiation, and loss of O-GlcNAcylation promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. These data highlight increasing O-GlcNAcylation as a potential therapy in chronic liver diseases, including HCC.

Lay SummaryProteins in cells are modified by the addition of a single glucosamine sugar molecule called O-GlcNAcylation. Loss of O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes, the most common type of cells in the liver, causes the liver to lose its function and can result in increased liver diseases such as fibrosis and cancer.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=85 SRC="FIGDIR/small/528884v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aed343org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b00966org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@391ef9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@206d8c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LISingle-Cell RNA-sequencing reveals loss of metabolic liver zonation in O-GlcNAcylation deficient livers.
C_LIO_LILoss of O-GlcNAcylation promoted DEN-Induced HCC.
C_LIO_LIIncrease of hepatic O-GlcNAcylation prevented HCC progression.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robarts, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotulkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paine-Cabrera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venneman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanover, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slawson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Essential Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Hepatic Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paraburkholderia bonniea symbiont strain identity impacts amoeba host fitness and rate of horizontal transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with a symbiont. Understanding why specific host and symbiont strains are associated can inform us of the evolutionary forces affecting facultative symbioses. Possibilities include ongoing host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects that are neutral in respect to the host-symbiont interaction. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness estimates for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont combinations compared to nonnative combinations. We used the Dictyostelium discoideum - Paraburkholderia bonniea system to test this hypothesis. P. bonniea features a reduced genome size relative to another Paraburkholderia symbiont of D. discoideum, indicating a significant history of coevolution with its host. Facultative symbionts may experience continued genome reduction if coevolution is ongoing, or their genome size may have reached a stable state if the symbiosis has also stabilized. Our work demonstrates that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for D. discoideum and P. bonniea. The system instead represents a stable facultative symbiosis. Specifically associated host and symbiont strains in this system are the result of priority effects, and presently unassociated hosts are simply uncolonized. We find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host strain specificity, and identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of P. bonniea strains that may contribute to variation in benevolence.

Lay summarySymbiotic relationships between hosts and their microbial partners are prolonged and intimate associations. Some of these relationships are obligatory for both a host and symbiont to survive, while others are facultative and each partner can survive without the other. In the latter case, some host individuals may be associated with a symbiont while others are not. Specific host and symbiont combinations can be the result of reciprocal adaptation between host and symbiont partners so that naturally co-occurring combinations are best suited for each other in terms of their biological fitness. On the other hand, the symbiont that a host is associated with may simply be the symbiont that arrived first, in what is called a priority effect. We sought to determine which possibility best explained naturally co-occurring combinations of host and symbiont strains of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and its symbiont Paraburkholderia bonniea. Our work demonstrates that D. discoideum and P. bonniea are in a stable facultative relationship. Specifically associated host and symbiont combinations are the result of priority effects, and D. discoideum hosts without symbionts are simply uncolonized. This work fills a gap in our understanding of the evolutionary forces affecting facultative symbiotic relationships. We also show for the first time that P. bonniea symbionts can spread among amoeba hosts when they aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covitz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dettmann, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paraburkholderia bonniea symbiont strain identity impacts amoeba host fitness and rate of horizontal transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased mitochondrial function may render some cancers vulnerable to mitochondrial inhibitors. Since mitochondrial function is regulated partly by mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), accurate measurements of mtDNAcn could help reveal which cancers are driven by increased mitochondrial function and may be candidates for mitochondrial inhibition. However, prior studies have employed bulk macrodissections that fail to account for cell type-specific or tumor cell heterogeneity in mtDNAcn. These studies have often produced unclear results, particularly in prostate cancer. Herein, we developed a multiplex in situ method to spatially quantify cell type specific mtDNAcn. We show that mtDNAcn is increased in luminal cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), is increased in prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCa), and is further elevated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Increased PCa mtDNAcn was validated by two orthogonal methods and is accompanied by increases in mtRNAs and enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, MYC inhibition in prostate cancer cells decreases mtDNA replication and expression of several mtDNA replication genes, and MYC activation in the mouse prostate leads to increased mtDNA levels in the neoplastic prostate cells. Our in situ approach also revealed elevated mtDNAcn in precancerous lesions of the pancreas and colon/rectum, demonstrating generalization across cancer types using clinical tissue samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabzonlu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowski, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denmeade, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonaraskis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of Nuclear Pore Complex disassembly by the mitotic Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK-1) in C. elegans embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear envelope, which protects and organizes the interphase genome, is dismantled during mitosis. In the C. elegans zygote, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) of the parental pronuclei is spatially and temporally regulated during mitosis to promote the unification of the parental genomes. During NEBD, Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) disassembly is critical for rupturing the nuclear permeability barrier and removing the NPCs from the membranes near the centrosomes and between the juxtaposed pronuclei. By combining live imaging, biochemistry, and phosphoproteomics, we characterized NPC disassembly and unveiled the exact role of the mitotic kinase PLK-1 in this process. We show that PLK-1 disassembles the NPC by targeting multiple NPC sub-complexes, including the cytoplasmic filaments, the central channel, and the inner ring. Notably, PLK-1 is recruited to and phosphorylates intrinsically disordered regions of several multivalent linker nucleoporins, a mechanism that appears to be an evolutionarily conserved driver of NPC disassembly during mitosis. (149/150 words)

One-Sentence SummaryPLK-1 targets intrinsically disordered regions of multiple multivalent nucleoporins to dismantle the nuclear pore complexes in the C. elegans zygote.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nkombo Nkoula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez-Aguilera, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ossareh-Nazari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hove, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayuso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevreux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askjaer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PINTARD, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.528438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of Nuclear Pore Complex disassembly by the mitotic Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK-1) in C. elegans embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons coordinate their activity to produce an astonishing variety of motor behaviors. Our present understanding of motor control has grown rapidly thanks to new methods for recording and analyzing populations of many individual neurons over time. In contrast, current methods for recording the nervous systems actual motor output - the activation of muscle fibers by motor neurons - typically cannot detect the individual electrical events produced by muscle fibers during natural behaviors and scale poorly across species and muscle groups. Here we present a novel class of electrode devices ("Myomatrix arrays") that record muscle activity at unprecedented resolution across muscles and behaviors. High-density, flexible electrode arrays allow for stable recordings from the muscle fibers activated by a single motor neuron, called a "motor unit", during natural behaviors in many species, including mice, rats, primates, songbirds, frogs, and insects. This technology therefore allows the nervous systems motor output to be monitored in unprecedented detail during complex behaviors across species and muscle morphologies. We anticipate that this technology will allow rapid advances in understanding the neural control of behavior and in identifying pathologies of the motor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrambide, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashefi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Mendes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenschow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondakath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanawalla, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coltman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder-Markey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giszter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Q. Lima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Car</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating racial disparities in carcinomas through TCGA transcriptomic and proteomic database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simple Summary: Racial disparities in cancer incidence and outcome rates are prevalent in the US, with a variety of contributing factors such as socioeconomic status, differences in lifestyle and environmental exposures, and gene polymorphisms. The goal of this research was to broadly analyze public data to identify critical differences in molecular signatures and pathways between races. Additionally, to ensure the clinical translatability of our work, we analyzed the impact of these differences on patient survival. Our findings will help inform the use of novel biomarkers in clinical settings and the future development of precision therapies.

Abstract:Epidemiological studies highlight a disparity in cancer incidence and outcome rates between racial groups in the United States. In our study, we investigated molecular differences among racial groups in 10 carcinoma types. We used publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify patterns of differential gene expression in tumors obtained from 4,112 White, Black/African American, and Asian patients. We identified race-dependent expression of numerous genes whose mRNA transcript levels were significantly correlated with patient survival. A small subset of these genes was differentially expressed in multiple carcinomas, including genes involved in cell cycle progression such as CCNB1, CCNE1, CCNE2, and FOXM1. In contrast, genes such as transcriptional factor ETS1 and apoptotic gene BAK1 were differ-entially expressed and clinically significant only in specific cancer types. Our analyses also revealed race-dependent regulation of relevant pathways. Importantly, homology directed repair and ERBB4-mediated nuclear signaling were both upregulated in Black patients compared to Whites in four carcinoma types. This large-scale pan-cancer study refines our understanding of the cancer health disparity and can help inform the use of novel biomarkers in clinical settings as well as the future development of precision therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating racial disparities in carcinomas through TCGA transcriptomic and proteomic database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional Gene Expression in the Retina, Optic Nerve Head, and Optic Nerve of Mice with Experimental Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Crush 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the level of intraocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to retinal ganglion cell axon injury and cell death. The optic nerve has a rostral unmyelinated portion at the optic nerve head followed by a caudal myelinated region. The unmyelinated region is differentially susceptible to IOP-induced damage in rodent models and in human glaucoma. While several studies have analyzed gene expression changes in the mouse optic nerve following optic nerve injury, few were designed to consider the regional gene expression differences that exist between these distinct areas. We performed bulk RNA-sequencing on the retina and on separately micro-dissected unmyelinated and myelinated optic nerve regions from naive C57BL/6 mice, mice after optic nerve crush, and mice with microbead-induced experimental glaucoma (total = 36). Gene expression patterns in the naive unmyelinated optic nerve showed significant enrichment of the Wnt, Hippo, PI3K-Akt, and transforming growth factor {beta} pathways, as well as extracellular matrix-receptor and cell membrane signaling pathways, compared to the myelinated optic nerve and retina. Gene expression changes induced by both injuries were more extensive in the myelinated optic nerve than the unmyelinated region, and greater after nerve crush than glaucoma. Changes three and fourteen days after injury largely subsided by six weeks. Gene markers of reactive astrocytes did not consistently differ between injury states. Overall, the transcriptomic phenotype of the mouse unmyelinated optic nerve was significantly different from immediately adjacent tissues, likely dominated by expression in astrocytes, whose junctional complexes are inherently important in responding to IOP elevation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keuthan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimball, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional Gene Expression in the Retina, Optic Nerve Head, and Optic Nerve of Mice with Experimental Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Crush]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early retinal deprivation crossmodally alters nascent subplate circuits and activity in the auditory cortex during the precritical period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory perturbation in one modality results in adaptive reorganization of neural pathways within the spared modalities, a phenomenon known as "crossmodal plasticity", which has been examined during or after the classic  critical period. Because peripheral perturbations can alter auditory cortex (ACX) activity and functional connectivity of the ACX subplate neurons (SPNs) even before the classic critical period, called the precritical period, we investigated if retinal deprivation at birth crossmodally alters ACX activity and SPN circuits during the precritical period.

We deprived newborn mice of visual inputs after birth by performing bilateral enucleation. We performed in vivo imaging in the ACX of awake pups during the first two postnatal weeks to investigate cortical activity. We found that enucleation alters spontaneous and sound-evoked activity in the ACX in an age-dependent manner. Next, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with laser scanning photostimulation in ACX slices to investigate circuit changes in SPNs. We found that enucleation alters the intracortical inhibitory circuits impinging on SPNs shifting the excitation-inhibition balance towards excitation and this shift persists after ear opening. Together, our results indicate that crossmodal functional changes exist in the developing sensory cortices at early ages before the onset of the classic critical period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early retinal deprivation crossmodally alters nascent subplate circuits and activity in the auditory cortex during the precritical period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerning the eXclusion in human genomics: The choice of sex chromosome representation in the human genome drastically affects number of identified variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past 30 years, a community of scientists have pieced together every base pair of the human reference genome from telomere-to-telomere. Interestingly, most human genomics studies omit more than 5% of the genome from their analyses. Under  normal circumstances, omitting any chromosome(s) from analysis of the human genome would be reason for concern--the exception being the sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes in eutherians share an evolutionary origin as an ancestral pair of autosomes. In humans, they share three regions of high sequence identity (~98-100%), which--along with the unique transmission patterns of the sex chromosomes--introduce technical artifacts into genomic analyses. However, the human X chromosome bears numerous important genes--including more "immune response" genes than any other chromosome--which makes its exclusion irresponsible when sex differences across human diseases are widespread. To better characterize the effect that including/excluding the X chromosome may have on variants called, we conducted a pilot study on the Terra cloud platform to replicate a subset of standard genomic practices using both the CHM13 reference genome and sex chromosome complement-aware (SCC-aware) reference genome. We compared quality of variant calling, expression quantification, and allele-specific expression using these two reference genome versions across 50 human samples from the Genotype-Tissue-Expression consortium annotated as females. We found that after correction, the whole X chromosome (100%) can generate reliable variant calls--allowing for the inclusion of the whole genome in human genomics analyses as a departure from the status quo of omitting the sex chromosomes from empirical and clinical genomics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinto, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerning the eXclusion in human genomics: The choice of sex chromosome representation in the human genome drastically affects number of identified variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of cross-reactive intrahepatic antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenesis of antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) remains unknown. We sought to determine if there was antibody deposition in SAH livers and whether antibodies extracted from SAH livers were cross-reactive against both bacterial antigens and human proteins. We analyzed immunoglobulins (Ig) in explanted livers from SAH patients (n=45) undergoing liver transplantation and tissue from corresponding healthy donors (HD, n=10) and found massive deposition of IgG and IgA isotype antibodies associated with complement fragment C3d and C4d staining in ballooned hepatocytes in SAH livers. Ig extracted from SAH livers, but not patient serum exhibited hepatocyte killing efficacy in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. Employing human proteome arrays, we profiled the antibodies extracted from explanted SAH, alcoholic cirrhosis (AC), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HD livers and found that antibodies of IgG and IgA isotypes were highly accumulated in SAH and recognized a unique set of human proteins as autoantigens. The use of an E. coli K12 proteome array revealed the presence of unique anti-E. coli antibodies in SAH, AC or PBC livers. Further, both Ig and E. coli captured Ig from SAH livers recognized common autoantigens enriched in several cellular components including cytosol and cytoplasm (IgG and IgA), nucleus, mitochondrion and focal adhesion (IgG). Except IgM from PBC livers, no common autoantigen was recognized by Ig and E. coli captured Ig from AC, HBV, HCV, NASH or AIH suggesting no cross-reacting anti-E. coli autoantibodies. The presence of cross-reacting anti-bacterial IgG and IgA autoantibodies in the liver may participate in the pathogenesis of SAH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philosophe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of cross-reactive intrahepatic antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamine metabolism inhibition has dual immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As one of the most successful human pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved a diverse array of determinants to subvert host immunity and alter host metabolic patterns. However, the mechanisms of pathogen interference with host metabolism remain poorly understood. Here we show that a novel glutamine metabolism antagonist, JHU083, inhibits Mtb proliferation in vitro and in vivo. JHU083-treated mice exhibit weight gain, improved survival, a 2.5 log lower lung bacillary burden at 35 days post-infection, and reduced lung pathology. JHU083 treatment also initiates earlier T-cell recruitment, increased proinflammatory myeloid cell infiltration, and a reduced frequency of immunosuppressive myeloid cells when compared to uninfected and rifampin-treated controls. Metabolomics analysis of lungs from JHU083-treated Mtb-infected mice revealed reduced glutamine levels, citrulline accumulation suggesting elevated NOS activity, and lowered levels of quinolinic acid which is derived from the immunosuppressive metabolite kynurenine. When tested in an immunocompromised mouse model of Mtb infection, JHU083 lost its therapeutic efficacy suggesting the drugs host-directed effects are likely to be predominant. Collectively, these data reveal that JHU083-mediated glutamine metabolism inhibition results in dual antibacterial and host-directed activity against tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamine metabolism inhibition has dual immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanistic simulation of molecular cell states over time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computer simulations of cell behaviors and dynamics allow for investigation of aspects of cellular biology with a ground truth that is currently difficult or impossible to generate from experimentally generated profiling data. Here, we present a mechanistic simulation of cell states that models the stochastic interactions of molecules revealing the DNA accessibility, RNA expression, and protein expression state of a simulated cell and how these states evolve over time. By designing each component to correspond to a specific biological molecule or parameter, the simulation becomes highly interpretable. From the simulated cells generated, we explore the importance of parameters such as splicing and degradation rates of genes on RNA and protein expression, demonstrating that perturbing these parameters leads to changes in long term gene and protein expression levels. We observe that the expression levels of corresponding RNA and proteins are not necessarily well correlated and identify mechanistic explanations that may help explain the similar phenomenon that has been observed in real cells. We evaluate whether the RNA data output from the simulation provides sufficient information to reconstruct the underlying regulatory relationships between genes. While predictive relationships can be inferred, direct causal regulatory relationships between genes cannot be reliably distinguished from other predictive relationships between genes arising independently from a direct regulatory mechanism. We observe the same inability to robustly distinguish causal gene regulatory relationships using simulated data from the simpler BoolODE model, suggesting this may be a limitation to the identifiability of network inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanistic simulation of molecular cell states over time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the pressure field around a swimming fish using a physics-informed neural network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrodynamic pressure is a physical quantity that is utilized by fish and many other aquatic animals to generate thrust and sense the surrounding environment. To advance our understanding of how fish react to unsteady flows, it is necessary to intercept the pressure signals sensed by their lateral line system. In this study, the authors propose a new, non-invasive method for reconstructing the instantaneous pressure field around a swimming fish from 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The method uses a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to predict an optimized solution for the velocity and pressure fields that satisfy in an [L]2 sense both the Navier Stokes equations and the constraints put forward by the measurements. The method was validated using a direct numerical simulation of a swimming mackerel, Scomber scombrus, and was applied to empirically obtained data of a turning zebrafish, Danio rerio. The results demonstrate that when compared to traditional methods that rely on directly integrating the pressure gradient field, the PINN is less sensitive to the spatio-temporal resolution of the velocity field measurements and provides a more accurate pressure reconstruction, particularly on the surface of the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calicchia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the pressure field around a swimming fish using a physics-informed neural network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainLine: An Open Pipeline for Connectivity Analysis of Heterogeneous Whole-Brain Fluorescence Volumes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-brain fluorescence images require several stages of computational processing to fully reveal the neuron morphology and connectivity information they contain. However, these computational tools are rarely part of an integrated pipeline. Here we present BrainLine, an open-source pipeline that interfaces with existing software to provide registration, axon segmentation, soma detection, visualization and analysis of results. By implementing a feedback based training paradigm with BrainLine, we were able to use a single learning algorithm to accurately process a diverse set of whole-brain images generated by light-sheet microscopy. BrainLine is available as part of our Python package brainlit: http://brainlit.neurodata.io/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainLine: An Open Pipeline for Connectivity Analysis of Heterogeneous Whole-Brain Fluorescence Volumes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary lung fibroblasts respond to IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A by secreting factors that activate macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is mounting evidence that macrophage-fibroblast communication is key to the understanding of disease processes. To gain insights into these relationships in the context of progressive lung damage, we measured changes in protein and RNA expression of pulmonary macrophages and fibroblasts upon exposure to IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A, which are three cytokines often implicated in pathways driving chronic lung remodeling and severe disease like emphysema. Applying an in vitro culture system, bulk-RNA sequencing, and protein assays, it was determined that IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A used alone or in combination activated mouse alveolar macrophages to a modest extent with IL-13 inducing the most vigorous response. While lung fibroblasts also responded modestly to single and paired treatments with IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A, simultaneous exposure to all three cytokines induced significant activation that was characterized by expression of genes associated with immune cell trafficking and activation, tissue remodeling, and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. Importantly, factors secreted by triple-treated lung fibroblasts resulted in the activation of macrophages in vitro. In addition to being the first report describing the cooperative interactions of IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A on lung fibroblasts, these findings provide additional evidence that fibroblast-macrophage communication is a key component to repair and remodeling in the lung, as well as mechanisms that drive progression of emphysema.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venezia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary lung fibroblasts respond to IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A by secreting factors that activate macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavior requires neural activity across the brain, but most experiments probe neurons in a single area at a time. Here we used multiple Neuropixels probes to record neural activity simultaneously in brain-wide circuits, in mice performing a memory-guided directional licking task. We targeted brain areas that form multi-regional loops with anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), a key circuit node mediating the behavior. Neurons encoding sensory stimuli, choice, and actions were distributed across the brain. However, in addition to ALM, coding of choice was concentrated in subcortical areas receiving input from ALM, in an ALM-dependent manner. Choice signals were first detected in ALM and the midbrain, followed by the thalamus, and other brain areas. At the time of movement initiation, choice-selective activity collapsed across the brain, followed by new activity patterns driving specific actions. Our experiments provide the foundation for neural circuit models of decision-making and movement initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, N.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are characterized by an unusual phenotype and developmental pathway, yet their specific ligands and functions remain largely unknown. Here by analysis of QFL T cells, a population of CD8+ T cells critical for monitoring the MHC I antigen processing pathway, we established that unconventional Qa-1b-restricted CD8+ T cells are abundant in intestinal epithelium. We found that QFL T cells showed a Qa-1b-dependent unconventional phenotype in the spleen and small intestine of naive wild-type mice. The splenic QFL T cells showed innate-like functionality exemplified by rapid response to cytokines or antigen, while the gut population was refractory to stimuli. Microbiota was required for the maintenance, but not the initial gut homing of QFL T cells. Moreover, monocolonization with Pediococcus pentosaceus, which expresses a peptide that cross-activated QFL T cells, was sufficient to maintain QFL T cells in the intestine. Thus, microbiota is critical for shaping the Qa-1b-restricted IEL landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Farnesoid X receptor agonism prevents neutrophil extracellular traps via reduced sphingosine-1-phosphate in chronic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundActivation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) reduces renal inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA formed when neutrophils undergo specialized programmed cell death (NETosis). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid that stimulates NETosis via its receptor on neutrophils. Here, we identify FXR as a negative regulator of kidney NETosis via repressing S1P signaling in male but not female mice.

MethodsWe determined the effects of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in mouse models of adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency and Alport syndrome. We assessed renal NETosis by immunofluorescence in these models and in biopsies from patients with Alport syndrome (6 male, 9 female). We also inhibited de novo sphingosine production in Alport mice to show a causal relationship between S1P signaling and renal NETosis.

ResultsRenal FXR activity is greatly reduced in both models, and OCA prevents kidney fibrosis, inflammation, and lipotoxicity. OCA reduces renal neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis in male adenine and Alport mice, but not in female adenine mice. Extensive NETosis was also identified in human Alport kidney biopsies. Kidney sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) expression is increased in mice with kidney disease and reduced by OCA in male but not female mice. Also, Sphk1 expression correlates with NETosis in male but not female mice. Short-term inhibition of sphingosine synthesis reduces neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis.

ConclusionFXR agonism represses kidney Sphk1 expression in male but not female mice. This inhibits renal S1P signaling, thereby reducing neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis in a sex-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Santiago, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowart, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Farnesoid X receptor agonism prevents neutrophil extracellular traps via reduced sphingosine-1-phosphate in chronic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational entropy of intrinsically disordered proteins bars intruders from biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has recently been discovered that eukaryotic cells are host to a multiplicity of biomolecular condensates. These condensates typically contain protein and/or RNA components with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). While IDRs have been proposed and demonstrated to play many roles in condensate biology, we suggest here an additional crucial role of IDRs, which is to exclude unwanted "intruders" from condensates. This exclusion effect arises from the large conformational entropy of IDRs, i.e., there is a high free-energy cost to occupying space that would otherwise be available to the IDRs. By combining polymer theory with sticker-spacer simulations, we show that the relevant insertion free energy increases with the concentration of IDRs in the condensate as well as with intruder size, attaining a linear scaling with surface area for large intruders. We find that at realistic IDR concentrations, particles as small as the size of an average protein (4 nm in diameter) can be more than 97% excluded from condensates. To overcome this entropic barrier, molecules must interact favorably with condensate components to be recruited as clients into condensates. Application of the developed size-exclusion theory to biological condensates suggests that condensate IDRs may play a generic exclusionary role across organisms and types of condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grigorev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational entropy of intrinsically disordered proteins bars intruders from biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent Evolution of A-Lineage (Clade 19B) SARS-CoV-2 Spike Sequences with B-Lineage Variants of Concern Affects Virus Replication in a Temperature-Dependent Manner on Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic was dominated by two SARS-CoV-2 lineages: A-lineages (Clade 19B) and B-lineages (Clade 19A). However, with the emergence of the Spike D614G substitution in B.1 lineages (Clade 20A), both early lineages were outcompeted and remained near-extinction from mid-2020 onwards. In early-2021, there was a re-emergence and persistence of novel A-lineage variants with substitutions in the Spike gene resembling those found in Variants of Concern (VOCs). An early A.3 variant (MD-HP00076/2020) and three A.2.5 variants (MD-HP02153/2021, MD-HP05922/2021 and CA-VRLC091/2021) were isolated and characterized for their genomic sequences, antibody neutralization, and in vitro replication. All A.2.5 isolates had five Spike mutations relative to the A.3 variant sequence: D614G, L452R, {Delta}141-143, D215A, and ins215AGY. Plaque reduction neutralization assays demonstrated that A.2.5 isolates had a 2.5 to 5-fold reduction in neutralization using contemporaneous COVID-19 convalescent plasma when compared to A.3. In vitro viral characterization in VeroE6 cell lines revealed that the A.3 isolate grew faster and spread more than A.2.5. On VeroE6-TMPRSS2 cells, significant syncytia formation was also observed with the A.2.5 isolates, however Spike cleavage efficiency did not explain these differences. In human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures, the A.2.5 isolates grew significantly faster and to higher total infectious virus titers than A.3. All A.2.5 lineage isolates grew significantly faster at 37{degrees}C than at 33{degrees}C irrespective of cell type, and to higher peak titers except compared to A.3. This suggests A.2.5s adapted to improve replication using similar mutations found in the B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 variants.

ImportanceWhile both A- and B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged and circulated together during the early months of the pandemic, the B-lineages that acquired Spike D614G eventually outcompeted all other variants. We show that the A-lineage variants eventually evolved mutations including Spike D614G and Spike L452R that improved their in vitro replication in human nasal epithelial cells in a temperature dependent manner, suggesting there are some highly selectable mutation landscapes that SARS-CoV-2 can acquire to adapt to replication and transmission in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachithanandham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent Evolution of A-Lineage (Clade 19B) SARS-CoV-2 Spike Sequences with B-Lineage Variants of Concern Affects Virus Replication in a Temperature-Dependent Manner on Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional profiling of the Toxoplasma genome during acute mouse infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within a host, pathogens encounter a diverse and changing landscape of cell types, nutrients, and immune responses. Examining host-pathogen interactions in animal models can therefore reveal aspects of infection absent from cell culture. We use CRISPR-based screens to functionally profile the entire genome of the model apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii during mouse infection. Barcoded gRNAs were used to track mutant parasite lineages, enabling detection of bottlenecks and mapping of population structures. We uncovered over 300 genes that modulate parasite fitness in mice with previously unknown roles in infection. These candidates span multiple axes of host-parasite interaction, including determinants of tropism, host organelle remodeling, and metabolic rewiring. We mechanistically characterized three novel candidates, including GTP cyclohydrolase I, against which a small-molecule inhibitor could be repurposed as an antiparasitic compound. This compound exhibited antiparasitic activity against T. gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal agent of malaria. Taken together, we present the first complete survey of an apicomplexan genome during infection of an animal host, and point to novel interfaces of host-parasite interaction that may offer new avenues for treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giuliano, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harling, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farringer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boydston, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herneisen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderlin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourido, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional profiling of the Toxoplasma genome during acute mouse infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Operant training for highly palatable food alters translating mRNA in nucleus accumbens D2 neurons and reveals a modulatory role of Neurochondrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDHighly palatable food triggers behavioral alterations reminiscent of those induced by addictive drugs. These effects involve the reward system and dopamine neurons, which modulate neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of highly palatable food on feeding behavior are poorly understood.

METHODSWe studied the effects of 2-week operant conditioning of mice with standard or isocaloric highly palatable food. We investigated the behavioral effects and dendritic spine modifications in the NAc. We compared the translating mRNA in NAc neurons identified by the type of dopamine receptors they express, depending on the type of food and training. We tested the consequences of invalidation of an abundant downregulated gene, Ncdn (Neurochondrin).

RESULTSOperant conditioning for highly palatable food increases motivation for food even in well-fed mice. In control mice, free access to regular or highly palatable food results in increased weight as compared to regular food only. Highly palatable food increases spine density in the NAc. In animals trained for highly palatable food, translating mRNAs are modified in NAc dopamine D2-receptor-expressing neurons, mostly corresponding to striatal projection neurons, but not in those expressing D1-receptors. Knock-out of Ncdn, an abundant down-regulated gene, opposes the conditioning-induced changes in satiety-sensitive feeding behavior and apparent motivation for highly palatable food, suggesting down-regulation may be a compensatory mechanism.

CONCLUSIONSOur results emphasize the importance of mRNA alterations D2 striatal projection neurons in the NAc in the behavioral consequences of highly palatable food conditioning and suggest a modulatory contribution of Ncdn downregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giralt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valjent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flajolet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herve, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambardella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussarie, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girault, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Operant training for highly palatable food alters translating mRNA in nucleus accumbens D2 neurons and reveals a modulatory role of Neurochondrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic network-guided CRISPRi screen reveals CTCF loop-constrained nonlinear enhancer-gene regulatory activity in cell state transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive enhancer discovery is challenging because most enhancers, especially those affected in complex diseases, have weak effects on gene expression. Our network modeling revealed that nonlinear enhancer-gene regulation during cell state transitions can be leveraged to improve the sensitivity of enhancer discovery. Utilizing hESC definitive endoderm differentiation as a dynamic transition system, we conducted a mid-transition CRISPRi-based enhancer screen. The screen discovered a comprehensive set of enhancers (4 to 9 per locus) for each of the core endoderm lineage-specifying transcription factors, and many enhancers had strong effects mid-transition but weak effects post-transition. Through integrating enhancer activity measurements and three-dimensional enhancer-promoter interaction information, we were able to develop a CTCF loop-constrained Interaction Activity (CIA) model that can better predict functional enhancers compared to models that rely on Hi-C-based enhancer-promoter contact frequency. Our study provides generalizable strategies for sensitive and more comprehensive enhancer discovery in both normal and pathological cell state transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulecio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierbuchen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huangfu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic network-guided CRISPRi screen reveals CTCF loop-constrained nonlinear enhancer-gene regulatory activity in cell state transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking folding dynamics and function of SAM/SAH riboswitches at the single molecule level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Riboswitches are found in the 5-UTR of many bacterial mRNAs. They function as cisacting regulatory elements that control downstream gene expression through ligand-induced conformational changes. Here, we used single-molecule FRET to map the conformational landscape of the SAM/SAH riboswitch and probe how co-transcriptional ligand-induced conformational changes of this translational switch alter ribosome accessibility. The folding of the riboswitch is highly heterogenous, indicating a complex and rugged conformational landscape that enables sampling of the ligand-bound conformation even in the absence of the ligand. Upon ligand binding, the landscape shifts towards the ligand-bound conformation. Mutations at key stabilizing structures alter the ligand-free folding behavior and decrease ligand responsiveness. We also explored translational regulation through folding kinetics by utilizing short oligonucleotides to probe the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence within the riboswitch. Additionally, we employed a helicase-based vectorial folding assay to simulate co-transcriptional folding. We find that a competition between ligand binding and ribosome binding is fined tuned via the kinetics of folding. During transcription, the riboswitch takes minutes before reaching equilibrated conformations, and such slow equilibration decreases the effective ligand affinity. Overall, our data demonstrate the significance of conformational polymorphism in RNA function, emphasizing the utilization of complex folding landscapes for regulating ribosome accessibility through ligand induction. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence on how folding kinetics modulate this regulation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, D. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking folding dynamics and function of SAM/SAH riboswitches at the single molecule level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular cartography uncovers evolutionary and microenvironmental dynamics in sporadic colorectal tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer exhibits dynamic cellular and genetic heterogeneity during progression from precursor lesions toward malignancy. Leveraging spatial molecular information to construct a phylogeographic map of tumor evolution can reveal individualized growth trajectories with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Integrative analysis of spatial multi-omic data from 31 colorectal specimens revealed simultaneous microenvironmental and clonal alterations as a function of progression. Copy number variation served to re-stratify microsatellite stable and unstable tumors into chromosomally unstable (CIN+) and hypermutated (HM) classes. Phylogeographical maps classified tumors by their evolutionary dynamics, and clonal regions were placed along a global pseudotemporal progression trajectory. Cell-state discovery from a single-cell cohort revealed recurring epithelial gene signatures and infiltrating immune states in spatial transcriptomics. Charting these states along progression pseudotime, we observed a transition to immune exclusion in CIN+ tumors as characterized by a novel gene expression signature comprised of DDR1, TGFBI, PAK4, and DPEP1. We demonstrated how these genes and their protein products are key regulators of extracellular matrix components, are associated with lower cytotoxic immune infiltration, and show prognostic value in external cohorts. Through high-dimensional data integration, this atlas provides insights into co-evolution of tumors and their microenvironments, serving as a resource for stratification and targeted treatment of CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.530832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular cartography uncovers evolutionary and microenvironmental dynamics in sporadic colorectal tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex enhances cognitive flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive flexibility is a brains ability to switch between different rules or action plans depending on the context. However, cellular level understanding of cognitive flexibility have been largely unexplored. We probed a specific serotonergic pathway from dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) while animals are performing reversal learning task. We found that serotonin release from DRN to the OFC promotes reversal learning. A long-range connection between these two brain regions was confirmed anatomically and functionally. We further show that spatiotemporally precise serotonergic action directly enhances the excitability of OFC neurons and offers enhanced spike probability of OFC network. Serotonergic action facilitated the induction of synaptic plasticity by enhancing Ca2+ influx at dendritic spines in the OFC. Thus, our findings suggest that a key signature of flexibility is the formation of choice specific ensembles via serotonin-dependent synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex enhances cognitive flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimerization and autophosphorylation of the MST family of kinases are controlled by the same set of residues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hippo pathway controls tissue growth and regulates stem cell fate through the activities of core kinase cassette that begins with the Sterile 20-like kinase MST1/2. Activation of MST1/2 relies on trans-autophosphorylation but the details of the mechanisms regulating that reaction are not fully elucidated. Proposals include dimerization as a first step and include multiple models for potential kinase-domain dimers. Efforts to verify and link these dimers to trans-autophosphorylation were unsuccessful. We explored the link between dimerization and trans-autophosphorylation for MST2 and the entire family of MST kinases. We analyzed crystal lattice contacts of structures of MST kinases and identified an ensemble of kinase-domain dimers compatible with trans-autophosphorylation. These dimers share a common dimerization interface comprised of the activation loop and G-helix while the arrangements of the kinase-domains within the dimer varied depending on their activation state. We then verified the dimerization interface and determined its function using MST2. Variants bearing alanine substitutions of the G-helix prevented dimerization of the MST2 kinase domain both in solution and in cells. These substitutions also blocked autophosphorylation of full-length MST2 and its Drosophila homolog Hippo in cells. These variants retain the same secondary structure as wild-type and capacity to phosphorylate a protein substrate, indicating the loss of MST2 activation can be directly attributed to a loss of dimerization rather than loss of either fold or catalytic function. Together this data functionally links dimerization and autophosphorylation for MST2 and suggests this activation mechanism is conserved across both species and the entire MST family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingartner, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimerization and autophosphorylation of the MST family of kinases are controlled by the same set of residues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of unwanted biological and technical expression variation across 49 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All tissue-based gene expression studies are impacted by biological and technical sources of variation. Numerous methods are used to normalize and batch correct these datasets. A more accurate understanding of all causes of variation could further optimize these approaches. We used 17,282 samples from 49 tissues in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset (v8) to investigate patterns and causes of expression variation. Transcript expression was normalized to Z-scores and only the most variable 2% of transcripts were evaluated and clustered based on co-expression patterns. Clustered gene sets were solved to different biological or technical causes related to metadata elements and histologic images. We identified 522 variable transcript clusters (median 11 per tissue) across the samples. Of these, 64% were confidently explained, 15% were likely explained, 7% were low confidence explanations and 14% had no clear cause. Common causes included sex, sequencing contamination, immunoglobulin diversity, and compositional tissue differences. Less common biological causes included death interval (Hardy score), muscle atrophy, diabetes status, and menopause. Technical causes included brain pH and harvesting differences. Many of the causes of variation in bulk tissue expression were identifiable in the Tabula Sapiens dataset of single cell expression. This is the largest exploration of the underlying sources of tissue expression variation. It uncovered expected and unexpected causes of variable gene expression. These identified sources of variation will inform which metadata to acquire with tissue harvesting and can be used to improve normalization, batch correction, and analysis of both bulk and single cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of unwanted biological and technical expression variation across 49 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right Ventricular Sarcomere Contractile Depression and the Role of Thick Filament Activation in Human Heart Failure with Pulmonary Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleRight ventricular (RV) contractile dysfunction commonly occurs and worsens outcomes in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension (HFrEF-PH). However, such dysfunction often goes undetected by standard clinical RV indices, raising concerns that they may not reflect aspects of underlying myocyte dysfunction.

ObjectiveTo determine components of myocyte contractile depression in HFrEF-PH, identify those reflected by clinical RV indices, and elucidate their underlying biophysical mechanisms.

Methods and ResultsResting, calcium- and load-dependent mechanics were measured in permeabilized RV cardiomyocytes isolated from explanted hearts from 23 HFrEF-PH patients undergoing cardiac transplantation and 9 organ-donor controls. Unsupervised machine learning using myocyte mechanical data with the highest variance yielded two HFrEF-PH subgroups that in turn mapped to patients with depressed (RVd) or compensated (RVc) clinical RV function. This correspondence was driven by reduced calcium-activated isometric tension in RVd, while surprisingly, many other major myocyte contractile measures including peak power, maximum unloaded shortening velocity, and myocyte active stiffness were similarly depressed in both groups. Similar results were obtained when subgroups were first defined by clinical indices, and then myocyte mechanical properties in each group compared. To test the role of thick-filament defects, myofibrillar structure was assessed by X-ray diffraction of muscle fibers. This revealed more myosin heads associated with the thick filament backbone in RVd but not RVc, as compared to controls. This corresponded to reduced myosin ATP turnover in RVd myocytes, indicating less myosin in a cross-bridge ready disordered-relaxed (DRX) state. Altering DRX proportion (%DRX) affected peak calcium-activated tension in the patient groups differently, depending on their basal %DRX, highlighting potential roles for precision-guided therapeutics. Lastly, increasing myocyte preload (sarcomere length) increased %DRX 1.5-fold in controls but only 1.2-fold in both HFrEF-PH groups, revealing a novel mechanism for reduced myocyte active stiffness and by extension Frank-Starling reserve in human HF.

ConclusionsWhile there are multiple RV myocyte contractile deficits In HFrEF-PH, clinical indices primarily detect reduced isometric calcium-stimulated force related to deficits in basal and recruitable %DRX myosin. Our results support use of therapies to increase %DRX and enhance length-dependent recruitment of DRX myosin heads in such patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenwick, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milburn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubero Salazar, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanselman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right Ventricular Sarcomere Contractile Depression and the Role of Thick Filament Activation in Human Heart Failure with Pulmonary Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adaptive behavioral control motif mediated by cortical axo-axonic inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits are reorganized with specificity during learning. Genetically-defined subgroups of inhibitory interneurons are thought to play distinct roles in learning, but heterogeneity within these subgroups has limited our understanding of the scope and nature of their specific contributions to learning. Here we reveal that the chandelier cell (ChC), an interneuron type that specializes in inhibiting the axon-initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, establishes cortical microcircuits for organizing neural coding through selective axo-axonic synaptic plasticity. We find that organized motor control is mediated by enhanced population coding of direction-tuned premotor neurons, whose tuning is refined through suppression of irrelevant neuronal activity. ChCs are required for learning-dependent refinements via providing selective inhibitory control over pyramidal neurons rather than global suppression. Quantitative analysis on structural plasticity of axo-axonic synapses revealed that ChCs redistributed inhibitory weights to individual pyramidal neurons during learning. These results demonstrate an adaptive logic of the inhibitory circuit motif responsible for organizing distributed neural representations. Thus, ChCs permit efficient cortical computation in a target cell specific manner, which highlights the significance of interneuron diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinecke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuhiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adaptive behavioral control motif mediated by cortical axo-axonic inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.531013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switch-like Compaction of Poly(ADP-ribose) Upon Cation Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.531013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a homopolymer of adenosine diphosphate ribose that is added to proteins as a post-translational modification to regulate numerous cellular processes. PAR also serves as a scaffold for protein binding in macromolecular complexes, including biomolecular condensates. It remains unclear how PAR achieves specific molecular recognition. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to evaluate PAR flexibility under different cation conditions. We demonstrate that, compared to RNA and DNA, PAR has a longer persistence length and undergoes a sharper transition from extended to compact states in physiologically relevant concentrations of various cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and spermine). We show that the degree of PAR compaction depends on the concentration and valency of cations. Furthermore, the intrinsically disordered protein FUS also served as a macromolecular cation to compact PAR. Taken together, our study reveals the inherent stiffness of PAR molecules, which undergo switch-like compaction in response to cation binding. This study indicates that a cationic environment may drive recognition specificity of PAR.

SignificancePoly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is an RNA-like homopolymer that regulates DNA repair, RNA metabolism, and biomolecular condensate formation. Dysregulation of PAR results in cancer and neurodegeneration. Although discovered in 1963, fundamental properties of this therapeutically important polymer remain largely unknown. Biophysical and structural analyses of PAR have been exceptionally challenging due to the dynamic and repetitive nature. Here, we present the first single-molecule biophysical characterization of PAR. We show that PAR is stiffer than DNA and RNA per unit length. Unlike DNA and RNA which undergoes gradual compaction, PAR exhibits an abrupt switch-like bending as a function of salt concentration and by protein binding. Our findings points to unique physical properties of PAR that may drive recognition specificity for its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenet, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.531013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switch-like Compaction of Poly(ADP-ribose) Upon Cation Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B12-dependent virioplankton demonstrate interseasonal dynamics and associate with a diversity of pelagic bacterioplankton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through infection and lysis of their coexisting bacterial hosts, viruses impact the biogeochemical cycles sustaining globally significant pelagic oceanic ecosystems. Currently, little is known of the ecological interactions between lytic viruses and their bacterial hosts underlying these biogeochemical impacts at ecosystem scales. This study focused on populations of lytic viruses carrying the B12- dependent Class II monomeric ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) gene, ribonucleotide triphosphate reductase (RTPR), documenting seasonal changes in pelagic virioplankton and bacterioplankton using amplicon sequences of RTPR and the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Amplicon sequence libraries were analyzed using compositional data analysis tools that account for the compositional nature of these data. Both virio- and bacterioplankton communities responded to environmental changes typically seen across seasonal cycles as well as shorter term upwelling-downwelling events. Defining RTPR-carrying viral populations according to major phylogenetic clades proved a more robust means of exploring virioplankton ecology than operational taxonomic units defined by percent sequence homology. Virioplankton RTPR populations showed positive associations with a broad phylogenetic diversity of bacterioplankton including dominant taxa within pelagic oceanic ecosystems such as Prochlorococcus and SAR11. Temporal changes in RTPR-virioplankton, occurring as both free viruses and within infected cells, indicated possible viral-host pairs undergoing sustained infection and lysis cycles throughout the seasonal study. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from RTPR sequences mirrored ecological patterns in virio- and bacterioplankton populations demonstrating possible genome to phenome associations for an essential viral replication gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piedade, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidle, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissimov, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dums, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wommack, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B12-dependent virioplankton demonstrate interseasonal dynamics and associate with a diversity of pelagic bacterioplankton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandin E2 controls the metabolic adaptation of T cells to the intestinal microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cells must adapt to different environments during the course of an immune response. We studied the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the intestinal microenvironment and how this process shapes their residency in the gut. CD8+ T cells progressively remodel their transcriptome and surface phenotype as they acquire gut residency, and downregulate expression of mitochondrial genes. Human and mouse gut-resident CD8+ T cells have reduced mitochondrial mass, but maintain a viable energy balance to sustain their function. We found that the intestinal microenvironment is rich in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which drives mitochondrial depolarization in CD8+ T cells. Consequently, these cells engage autophagy to clear depolarized mitochondria, and enhance glutathione synthesis to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that result from mitochondrial depolarization. Impairing PGE2 sensing promotes CD8+ T cell accumulation in the gut, while tampering with autophagy and glutathione negatively impacts the T cell population. Thus, a PGE2-autophagy-glutathione axis defines the metabolic adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the intestinal microenvironment, to ultimately influence the T cell pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristinzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanczak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baixauli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solagna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabezas-Wallscheid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselblatt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buescher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandin E2 controls the metabolic adaptation of T cells to the intestinal microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.531382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Based Neural Network Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Predictions at the Residue Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.531382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbohydrates dynamically and transiently interact with proteins for cell-cell recognition, cellular differentiation, immune response, and many other cellular processes. Despite the molecular importance of these interactions, there are currently few reliable computational tools to predict potential carbohydrate binding sites on any given protein. Here, we present two deep learning models named CArbohydrate-Protein interaction Site IdentiFier (CAPSIF) that predict carbohydrate binding sites on proteins: (1) a 3D-UNet voxel-based neural network model (CAPSIF:V) and (2) an equivariant graph neural network model (CAPSIF:G). While both models outperform previous surrogate methods used for carbohydrate binding site prediction, CAPSIF:V performs better than CAPSIF:G, achieving test Dice scores of 0.597 and 0.543 and test set Matthews correlation coefficients (MCCs) of 0.599 and 0.538, respectively. We further tested CAPSIF:V on AlphaFold2-predicted protein structures. CAPSIF:V performed equivalently on both experimentally determined structures and AlphaFold2 predicted structures. Finally, we demonstrate how CAPSIF models can be used in conjunction with local glycan-docking protocols, such as GlycanDock, to predict bound protein-carbohydrate structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canner, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.531382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Based Neural Network Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Predictions at the Residue Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NEURD: A mesh decomposition framework forautomated proofreading and morphologicalanalysis of neuronal EM reconstructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are now in the era of millimeter-scale electron microscopy (EM) volumes collected at nanometer resolution (Shapson-Coe et al., 2021; Consortium et al., 2021). Dense reconstruction of cellular compartments in these EM volumes has been enabled by recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) (Lee et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2021; Macrina et al., 2021). Automated segmentation methods produce exceptionally accurate reconstructions of cells, but post-hoc proofreading is still required to generate large connectomes free of merge and split errors. The elaborate 3-D meshes of neurons in these volumes contain detailed morphological information at multiple scales, from the diameter, shape, and branching patterns of axons and dendrites, down to the fine-scale structure of dendritic spines. However, extracting these features can require substantial effort to piece together existing tools into custom workflows. Building on existing open-source software for mesh manipulation, here we present "NEURD", a software package that decomposes meshed neurons into compact and extensively-annotated graph representations. With these feature-rich graphs, we automate a variety of tasks such as state of the art automated proofreading of merge errors, cell classification, spine detection, axon-dendritic proximities, and other annotations. These features enable many downstream analyses of neural morphology and connectivity, making these massive and complex datasets more accessible to neuroscience researchers focused on a variety of scientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Celii, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NEURD: A mesh decomposition framework forautomated proofreading and morphologicalanalysis of neuronal EM reconstructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mature microRNA-binding protein QKI promotes microRNA-mediated gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Argonaute (AGO) proteins have been the focus of microRNA (miRNA) studies, we observed AGO-free mature miRNAs directly interacting with RNA-binding proteins, implying the sophisticated nature of fine-tuning gene regulation by miRNAs. To investigate microRNA-binding proteins (miRBPs) globally, we analyzed PAR-CLIP data sets to identify RBP quaking (QKI) as a novel miRBP for let-7b. Potential existence of AGO-free miRNAs were further verified in genetically engineered AGO-depleted human and mouse cells. We have shown that QKI serves as an auxiliary factor empowering AGO2/let-7b-mediated gene silencing. Depletion of QKI decreases interaction of AGO2 with let-7b and target mRNA, consequently controlling target mRNA decay. QKI, however, also suppresses the dissociation of let-7b from AGO2, and slows assembly of AGO2/miRNA/target mRNA complexes at the single-molecule level. We also revealed that QKI suppresses cMYC expression at post-transcriptional level, and decreases proliferation and migration of HeLa cells, demonstrating that QKI is a tumor suppressor gene by in part augmenting let-7b activity. Our data show that QKI is a new type of RBP implicated in the versatile regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mature microRNA-binding protein QKI promotes microRNA-mediated gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.532837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.532837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate the pathogenesis of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs), the most common and severe congenital brain arteriovenous malformation, we performed an integrated analysis of 310 VOGM proband-family exomes and 336,326 human cerebrovasculature single-cell transcriptomes. We found the Ras suppressor p120 RasGAP (RASA1) harbored a genome-wide significant burden of loss-of-function de novo variants (p=4.79x10-7). Rare, damaging transmitted variants were enriched in Ephrin receptor-B4 (EPHB4) (p=1.22x10-5), which cooperates with p120 RasGAP to limit Ras activation. Other probands had pathogenic variants in ACVRL1, NOTCH1, ITGB1, and PTPN11. ACVRL1 variants were also identified in a multi-generational VOGM pedigree. Integrative genomics defined developing endothelial cells as a key spatio-temporal locus of VOGM pathophysiology. Mice expressing a VOGM-specific EPHB4 kinase-domain missense variant exhibited constitutive endothelial Ras/ERK/MAPK activation and impaired hierarchical development of angiogenesis-regulated arterial-capillary-venous networks, but only when carrying a "second-hit" allele. These results illuminate human arterio-venous development and VOGM pathobiology and have clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekbib, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Ent, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allington, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohfi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duy, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson-Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piwowarczyk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehnel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskandar, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aagaard-Kienitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundishora, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSpenza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A. B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidanemariam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.532837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary Insights Into Felidae Iris Color Through Ancestral State Reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There have been almost no studies with an evolutionary perspective on eye (iris) color, outside of humans and domesticated animals. Extant members of the family Felidae have a great interspecific and intraspecific diversity of eye colors, in stark contrast to their closest relatives, all of which have only brown eyes. This makes the felids a great model to investigate the evolution of eye color in natural populations. Through machine learning cluster image analysis of publicly available photographs of all felid species, as well as a number of subspecies, five felid eye colors were identified: brown, green, yellow, gray, and blue. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, the presence or absence of these colors was reconstructed on a phylogeny. Additionally, through a new color analysis method, the specific shades of the ancestors eyes were quantitatively reconstructed. The ancestral felid population was predicted to have brown-eyed individuals, as well as a novel evolution of gray-eyed individuals, the latter being a key innovation that allowed the rapid diversification of eye color seen in modern felids, including numerous gains and losses of different eye colors. It was also found that the gain of yellow eyes is highly associated with, and may be necessary for, the evolution of round pupils in felids, which may influence the shades present in the eyes in turn. Along with these important insights, the methods presented in this work are widely applicable and will facilitate future research into phylogenetic reconstruction of color beyond irises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiasson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary Insights Into Felidae Iris Color Through Ancestral State Reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatobiliary manganese homeostasis is dynamic in the setting of illness in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Manganese is a diet-derived micronutrient that is essential for critical cellular processes like redox homeostasis, protein glycosylation, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Control of Mn availability, especially at the local site of infection, is a key component of the innate immune response. Less has been elucidated about Mn homeostasis at the systemic level. In this work, we demonstrate that systemic Mn homeostasis is dynamic in response to illness in mice. This phenomenon is evidenced in male and female mice, mice of two genetic backgrounds (C57/BL6 and BALB/c), in multiple models of acute (dextran-sodium sulfate-induced) and chronic (enterotoxigenic Bacteriodes fragilis) colitis, and systemic infection with Candida albicans. When mice were fed a standard corn-based chow with excess Mn (100 ppm), liver Mn decreased and biliary Mn increased 3-fold in response to infection or colitis. Liver iron, copper, and zinc were unchanged. When dietary Mn was restricted to minimally adequate amounts (10ppm), baseline hepatic Mn levels decreased by approximately 60% in the liver, and upon induction of colitis, liver Mn did not decrease further, however biliary Mn still increased 20-fold. In response to acute colitis, hepatic Slc39a8 mRNA (gene encoding the Mn importer, Zip8) and Slc30a10 mRNA (gene encoding the Mn exporter, Znt10) are decreased. Zip8 protein is decreased. Illness- associated dynamic Mn homeostasis may represent a novel host immune/inflammatory response that reorganizes systemic Mn availability through differential expression of key Mn transporters with down-regulation of Zip8.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=114 SRC="FIGDIR/small/533688v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunuwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatobiliary manganese homeostasis is dynamic in the setting of illness in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent transcriptional programs reveal histology-encoded tumor features spanning tissue origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine in cancer treatment depends on deciphering tumor phenotypes to reveal the underlying biological processes. Molecular profiles, including transcriptomics, provide an information-rich tumor view, but their high-dimensional features and assay costs can be prohibitive for clinical translation at scale. Recent studies have suggested jointly leveraging histology and genomics as a strategy for developing practical clinical biomarkers. Here, we use machine learning techniques to identify de novo latent transcriptional processes in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and to accurately predict their activity levels directly from tumor histology images. In contrast to analyses focusing on pre-specified, individual genes or sample groups, our latent space analysis reveals sets of genes associated with both histologically detectable features and clinically relevant processes, including immune response, collagen remodeling, and fibrosis. The results demonstrate an approach for discovering clinically interpretable histological features that indicate complex, potentially treatment-informing biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doytcheva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanager, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipriani, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent transcriptional programs reveal histology-encoded tumor features spanning tissue origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating Open Reading Frames in Known and Novel Transcripts using ORFanage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ORFanage is a system designed to assign open reading frames (ORFs) to both known and novel gene transcripts while maximizing similarity to annotated proteins. The primary intended use of ORFanage is the identification of ORFs in the assembled results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments, a capability that most transcriptome assembly methods do not have. Our experiments demonstrate how ORFanage can be used to find novel protein variants in RNA-seq datasets, and to improve the annotations of ORFs in tens of thousands of transcript models in the RefSeq and GENCODE human annotation databases. Through its implementation of a highly accurate and efficient pseudo-alignment algorithm, ORFanage is substantially faster than other ORF annotation methods, enabling its application to very large datasets. When used to analyze transcriptome assemblies, ORFanage can aid in the separation of signal from transcriptional noise and the identification of likely functional transcript variants, ultimately advancing our understanding of biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogdu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating Open Reading Frames in Known and Novel Transcripts using ORFanage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP inhibition and pharmacological ascorbate demonstrate synergy in castration-resistant prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death for men in the United States. While organ-confined disease has reasonable expectation of cure, metastatic PCa is universally fatal upon recurrence during hormone therapy, a stage termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Until such time as molecularly defined subtypes can be identified and targeted using precision medicine, it is necessary to investigate new therapies that may apply to the CRPC population as a whole.

The administration of ascorbate, more commonly known as ascorbic acid or Vitamin C, has proved lethal to and highly selective for a variety of cancer cell types. There are several mechanisms currently under investigation to explain how ascorbate exerts anti-cancer effects. A simplified model depicts ascorbate as a pro-drug for reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate intracellularly and generate DNA damage. It was therefore hypothesized that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, by inhibiting DNA damage repair, would augment the toxicity of ascorbate.

ResultsTwo distinct CRPC models were found to be sensitive to physiologically relevant doses of ascorbate. Moreover, additional studies indicate that ascorbate inhibits CRPC growth in vitro via multiple mechanisms including disruption of cellular energy dynamics and accumulation of DNA damage. Combination studies were performed in CRPC models with ascorbate in conjunction with escalating doses of three different PARP inhibitors (niraparib, olaparib, and talazoparib). The addition of ascorbate augmented the toxicity of all three PARP inhibitors and proved synergistic with olaparib in both CRPC models. Finally, the combination of olaparib and ascorbate was tested in vivo in both castrated and non-castrated models. In both cohorts, the combination treatment significantly delayed tumor growth compared to monotherapy or untreated control.

ConclusionsThese data indicate that pharmacological ascorbate is an effective monotherapy at physiological concentrations and kills CRPC cells. Ascorbate-induced tumor cell death was associated with disruption of cellular energy dynamics and accumulation of DNA damage. The addition of PARP inhibition increased the extent of DNA damage and proved effective at slowing CRPC growth both in vitro and in vivo. These findings nominate ascorbate and PARPi as a novel therapeutic regimen that has the potential to improve CRPC patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandigo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylgjeri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilevskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiewer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP inhibition and pharmacological ascorbate demonstrate synergy in castration-resistant prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant mice are gestational age-dependent and resolve with antiviral treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with severe COVID-19 and adverse fetal outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Moreover, clinical studies assessing therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy are limited. To address these gaps, we developed a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Outbred CD1 mice were infected at embryonic day (E) 6, E10, or E16 with a mouse adapted SARS-CoV-2 (maSCV2) virus. Outcomes were gestational age-dependent, with greater morbidity, reduced anti-viral immunity, greater viral titers, and more adverse fetal outcomes occurring with infection at E16 (3rd trimester-equivalent) than with infection at either E6 (1st trimester-equivalent) or E10 (2nd trimester-equivalent). To assess the efficacy of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (recommended for pregnant individuals with COVID-19), we treated E16-infected dams with mouse equivalent doses of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. Treatment reduced pulmonary viral titers, decreased maternal morbidity, and prevented adverse offspring outcomes. Our results highlight that severe COVID-19 during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes are associated with heightened virus replication in maternal lungs. Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir mitigated adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings prompt the need for further consideration of pregnancy in preclinical and clinical studies of therapeutics against viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant mice are gestational age-dependent and resolve with antiviral treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of single cells treated with the KRASG12D inhibitor MRTX 1133 reveals new challenges for the emerging field of single cell proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in KRAS are common drivers of human cancers and are often those with the poorest overall prognosis for patients. A recently developed compound, MRTX1133, has shown promise in inhibiting the activity of KRASG12D mutant proteins, one of the main drivers in pancreatic cancer. To better understand the mechanism of action of this compound I performed both proteomics and metabolomics on four KRASG12D mutant pancreatic cancer cell lines. To obtain increased granularity in the proteomic observations, single cell proteomics was successfully performed on two of these lines. Following quality filtering, a total of 1,498 single cells were analyzed. From these cells 3,140 total proteins were identified with approximately 953 proteins quantified per cell. At 48 hours of treatment, two distinct populations of cells can be observed based on the level of effectiveness of the drug in decreasing total abundance of the KRAS protein in each respective cell, results that are effectively masked in the bulk cell analysis. All mass spectrometry data and processed results are publicly available at the www.massive.ucsd.edu at accessions PXD039597, PXD039601 and PXD039600.

Abstract Graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of single cells treated with the KRASG12D inhibitor MRTX 1133 reveals new challenges for the emerging field of single cell proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIDAS: a fast and simple simulator for realistic microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdvances in sequencing technology has led to the discovery of associations between the human microbiota and many diseases, conditions, and traits. With the increasing availability of microbiome data, many statistical methods have been developed for studying these associations. The growing number of newly developed methods highlights the need for simple, rapid, and reliable methods to simulate realistic microbiome data, which is essential for validating and evaluating the performance of these methods. However, generating realistic microbiome data is challenging due to the complex nature of microbiome data, which feature correlation between taxa, sparsity, overdispersion, and compositionality. Current methods for simulating microbiome data are deficient in their ability to capture these important features of microbiome data, or can require exorbitant computational time.

MethodsWe develop MIDASim (MIcrobiome DAta Simulator), a fast and simple approach for simulating realistic microbiome data that reproduces the distributional and correlation structure of a template microbiome dataset. MIDASim is a two-step approach. The first step generates correlated binary indicators that represent the presence-absence status of all taxa, and the second step generates relative abundances and counts for the taxa that are considered to be present in step 1, utilizing a Gaussian copula to account for the taxon-taxon correlations. In the second step, MIDASim can operate in both a nonparametric and parametric mode. In the nonparametric mode, the Gaussian copula uses the empirical distribution of relative abundances for the marginal distributions. In the parametric mode, an inverse generalized gamma distribution is used in place of the empirical distribution.

ResultsWe demonstrate improved performance of MIDASim relative to other existing methods using gut and vaginal data. MIDASim showed superior performance by PER-MANOVA and in terms of alpha diversity and beta dispersion in either parametric or nonparametric mode. We also show how MIDASim in parametric mode can be used to assess the performance of methods for finding differentially abundant taxa in a compositional model.

ConclusionsMIDASim is easy to implement, flexible and suitable for most microbiome data simulation situations. MIDASim has three major advantages. First, MIDASim performs better in reproducing the distributional features of real data compared to other methods at both presence-absence level and relative-abundance level. MIDASim-simulated data are more similar to the template data than competing methods, as quantified using a variety of measures. Second, MIDASim makes few distributional assumptions for the relative abundances, and thus can easily accommodate complex distributional features in real data. Third, MIDASim is computationally efficient and can be used to simulate large microbiome datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satten, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIDAS: a fast and simple simulator for realistic microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycopolymer-conjugated antigens as an inverse vaccine platform prevent anaphylaxis in a pre-clinical model of food allergy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The only FDA-approved oral immunotherapy for a food allergy provides protection against accidental exposure to peanuts. However, this therapy often causes discomfort or side effects and requires long-term commitment. Better preventive and therapeutic solutions are urgently needed. We have developed a tolerance-inducing vaccine technology that utilizes glycosylation-modified antigens to induce antigen-specific non-responsiveness. The glycosylation-modified antigens were administered intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) and were found to traffic to the liver or lymph nodes, respectively, leading to preferential internalization by antigen-presenting cells, educating the immune system to respond in an innocuous way. In a mouse model of cows milk allergy, treatment with glycosylation-modified {beta}- lactoglobulin (BLG) was effective in preventing the onset of allergy. In addition, s.c. administration of glycosylation-modified BLG showed superior safety and potential in treating existing allergies in combination with an anti-CD20 co-therapy. This platform may provide an antigen-specific immunomodulatory strategy to prevent and treat food allergies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maulloo, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycopolymer-conjugated antigens as an inverse vaccine platform prevent anaphylaxis in a pre-clinical model of food allergy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BEATRICE: Bayesian Fine-mapping from Summary Datausing Deep Variational Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a novel framework BEATRICE to identify putative causal variants from GWAS statistics. Identifying causal variants is challenging due to their sparsity and high correlation in the nearby regions. To account for these challenges, we rely on a hierarchical Bayesian model that imposes a binary concrete prior on the set of causal variants. We derive a variational algorithm for this fine-mapping problem by minimizing the KL divergence between an approximate density and the posterior probability distribution of the causal configurations. Correspondingly, we use a deep neural network as an inference machine to estimate the parameters of our proposal distribution. Our stochastic optimization procedure allows us to simultaneously sample from the space of causal configurations. We use these samples to compute the posterior inclusion probabilities and determine credible sets for each causal variant. We conduct a detailed simulation study to quantify the performance of our framework against two state-of-the-art baseline methods across different numbers of causal variants and different noise paradigms, as defined by the relative genetic contributions of causal and non-causal variants. We demonstrate that BEATRICE achieves uniformly better coverage with comparable power and set sizes, and that the performance gain increases with the number of causal variants. We also show the efficacy BEATRICE in finding causal variants from the GWAS study of Alzheimers disease. In comparison to the baselines, only BEATRICE can successfully find the APOE{epsilon} 2 allele, a commonly associated variant of Alzheimers. Thus, we show that BEATRICE is a valuable tool to identify causal variants from eQTL and GWAS summary statistics across complex diseases and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BEATRICE: Bayesian Fine-mapping from Summary Datausing Deep Variational Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metagenomic library cloning strategy that promotes high-level expression of captured genes to enable efficient functional screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional screening of environmental DNA (eDNA) libraries is a potentially powerful approach to discover enzymatic "unknown unknowns", but is usually heavily biased toward the tiny subset of genes preferentially transcribed and translated by the screening strain. We have overcome this by preparing an eDNA library via partial digest with restriction enzyme Fatl (cuts CATG), causing a substantial proportion of ATG start codons to be precisely aligned with strong plasmid-encoded promoter and ribosome-binding sequences. Whereas we were unable to select nitroreductases from standard metagenome libraries, our Fatl strategy yielded 21 nitroreductases spanning eight different enzyme families, each conferring resistance to the nitro-antibiotic niclosamide and sensitivity to the nitro-prodrug metronidazole. We showed expression could be improved by co-expressing rare tRNAs and encoded proteins purified directly using an embedded Hisg-tag. In a transgenic zebrafish model of metronidazole-mediated targeted cell ablation, our lead MhqN-family nitroreductase proved [~]5- fold more effective than the canonical nitroreductase NfsB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Harwood, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copp, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvat, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metagenomic library cloning strategy that promotes high-level expression of captured genes to enable efficient functional screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Populations Promote Tumor Aggression in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of genetic programs and cellular plasticity of glioma-associated myeloid cells, and thus their contribution to tumor growth and immune evasion, is poorly understood. We performed single cell RNA-sequencing of immune and tumor cells from 33 glioma patients of varying tumor grades. We identified two populations characteristic of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), unique to glioblastoma (GBM) and absent in grades II and III tumors: i) an early progenitor population (E-MDSC) characterized by strong upregulation of multiple catabolic, anabolic, oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathways typically observed within tumor cells themselves, and ii) a monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) population. The E-MDSCs geographically co-localize with a subset of highly metabolic glioma stem-like tumor cells with a mesenchymal program in the pseudopalisading region, a pathognomonic feature of GBMs associated with poor prognosis. Ligand-receptor interaction analysis revealed symbiotic cross-talk between the stemlike tumor cells and E-MDSCs in GBM, whereby glioma stem cells produce chemokines attracting E-MDSCs, which in turn produce growth and survival factors for the tumor cells. Our large-scale single-cell analysis elucidated unique MDSC populations as key facilitators of GBM progression and mediators of tumor immunosuppression, suggesting that targeting these specific myeloid compartments, including their metabolic programs, may be a promising therapeutic intervention in this deadly cancer.

One-Sentence SummaryAggressive glioblastoma harbors two unique myeloid populations capable of promoting stem-like properties of tumor cells and suppressing T cell function in the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliesseff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Populations Promote Tumor Aggression in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitotic surveillance pathway requires PLK1-dependent 53BP1 displacement from kinetochores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
53BP1 acts at the crossroads between DNA repair and p53-mediated stress response. With its interactor USP28, it is part of the mitotic surveillance pathway (MSP), a sensor that monitors the duration of cell division, promoting p53-dependent cell cycle arrest when a critical time threshold is surpassed. 53BP1 dynamically associates with kinetochores, being recruited during prophase, and then undergoing a time-dependent loss of affinity. However, the relevance of this behaviour remains unclear. Here, we identify CENP-F as an interaction partner and kinetochore receptor for 53BP1. By engineering human cells with a CENP-F point mutation, we demonstrate that preventing 53BP1 kinetochore localization does not reduce MSP proficiency. Strikingly, however, preventing the loss of 53BP1 from the kinetochore by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) restrains MSP activity, a phenomenon that is abrogated in the CENP-F mutant condition. Taken together, we demonstrate that kinetochore-loaded 53BP1 represents an MSP functionally inhibited state and that PLK1-dependent re-localization of 53BP1 represents an important layer of MSP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burigotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigorito, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattivi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliech, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitotic surveillance pathway requires PLK1-dependent 53BP1 displacement from kinetochores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of histone H2B monoubiquitination by Bre1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoubiquitination of histone H2BK120/123 plays multiple roles in regulating transcription, DNA replication and the DNA damage response. The structure of a nucleosome in complex with the dimeric RING E3 ligase, Bre1, reveals that one RING domain binds to the nucleosome acidic patch, where it can position the Rad6 E2, while the other RING domain contacts the DNA. Comparisons with H2A-specific E3 ligases suggests a general mechanism of tuning histone specificity via the non-E2-binding RING domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of histone H2B monoubiquitination by Bre1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and environmental contributions to ancestry differences in gene expression in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancestral differences in genomic variation are determining factors in gene regulation; however, most gene expression studies have been limited to European ancestry samples or adjusted for ancestry to identify ancestry-independent associations. We instead examined the impact of genetic ancestry on gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) in admixed African/Black American neurotypical individuals to untangle effects of genetic and environmental factors. Ancestry-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), transcripts, and gene networks, while notably not implicating neurons, are enriched for genes related to immune response and vascular tissue and explain up to 26% of heritability for ischemic stroke, 27% of heritability for Parkinsons disease, and 30% of heritability for Alzhemiers disease. Ancestry-associated DEGs also show general enrichment for heritability of diverse immune-related traits but depletion for psychiatric-related traits. The cell-type enrichments and direction of effects vary by brain region. These DEGs are less evolutionarily constrained and are largely explained by genetic variations; roughly 15% are predicted by DNAm variation implicating environmental exposures. We also compared Black and White Americans, confirming most of these ancestry-associated DEGs. Our results highlight how environment and genetic background affect genetic ancestry differences in gene expression in the human brain and affect risk for brain illness.

SummaryWe examine the impact of genetic ancestry on gene expression and DNA methylation of admixed African/Black Americans, highlighting how genetic and environmental background affect risk for brain illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquola, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and environmental contributions to ancestry differences in gene expression in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Method for Crossing Molecular and Atlas Modalities using Simplex-Based Image Varifolds and Quadratic Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper explicates a solution to the problem of building correspondences between molecular-scale transcriptomics and tissue-scale atlases. The central model represents spatial transcriptomics as generalized functions encoding molecular position and high-dimensional transcriptomic-based (gene, cell type) identity. We map onto low-dimensional atlas ontologies by modeling each atlas compartment as a homogeneous random field with unknown transcriptomic feature distribution. The algorithm presented solves simultaneously for the minimizing geodesic diffeomorphism of coordinates and latent atlas transcriptomic feature fractions by alternating LDDMM optimization for coordinate transformations and quadratic programming for the latent transcriptomic variables. We demonstrate the universality of the algorithm in mapping tissue atlases to gene-based and cell-based MERFISH datasets as well as to other tissue scale atlases. The joint estimation of diffeomorphisms and latent feature distributions allows integration of diverse molecular and cellular datasets into a single coordinate system and creates an avenue of comparison amongst atlas ontologies for continued future development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Method for Crossing Molecular and Atlas Modalities using Simplex-Based Image Varifolds and Quadratic Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic regulation of misfolded protein import into mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are the cellular energy hub and central target of metabolic regulation. Mitochondria also facilitate proteostasis through pathways such as the  mitochondria as guardian in cytosol (MAGIC) whereby cytosolic misfolded proteins (MPs) are imported into and degraded inside mitochondria. In this study, a genome-wide screen in yeast uncovered that Snf1, the yeast AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibits the import of MPs into mitochondria while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis under glucose starvation. We show that this inhibition requires a downstream transcription factor regulating mitochondrial gene expression and is likely to be conferred through substrate competition and mitochondrial import channel selectivity. We further show that Snf1/AMPK activation protects mitochondrial fitness in yeast and human cells under stress induced by MPs such as those associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic regulation of misfolded protein import into mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Difluoromethylornithine rebalances aberrant polyamine ratios in Snyder-Robinson syndrome: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snyder-Robinson Syndrome (SRS) is caused by mutations in the spermine synthase (SMS) gene, the enzyme product of which converts the polyamine spermidine into spermine. Affecting primarily males, common manifestations of SRS include intellectual disability, osteoporosis, hypotonic musculature, and seizures, along with other, more variable symptoms. Currently, medical management focuses on treating symptoms without addressing the underlying molecular cause of the disease.

Reduced SMS catalytic activity in cells of SRS patients causes the accumulation of spermidine, while spermine levels are reduced. The resulting exaggeration in spermidine-to-spermine ratio is a biochemical hallmark of SRS that tends to correlate with symptom severity in the patient. Our studies aim to pharmacologically manipulate polyamine metabolism to correct this polyamine imbalance and investigate the potential of this approach as a therapeutic strategy for affected individuals.

Here we report the use of 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; eflornithine), an FDA-approved inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, in re-establishing normal spermidine-to-spermine ratios in SRS patient cells. Through mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that, while reducing spermidine biosynthesis, DFMO also stimulates the conversion of existing spermidine into spermine in cell lines with hypomorphic variants of SMS. Further, DFMO treatment induces a compensatory uptake of exogenous polyamines, including spermine and spermine mimetics, cooperatively reducing spermidine and increasing spermine levels. In a Drosophila SRS model characterized by reduced lifespan, adding DFMO to the feed extends lifespan. As nearly all known SRS patient mutations are hypomorphic, these studies form a foundation for future translational studies with significant therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbert, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khomutov, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastkari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khomutov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Difluoromethylornithine rebalances aberrant polyamine ratios in Snyder-Robinson syndrome: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.532875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Connectomes Are Heritable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.532875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A complete understanding of human behavior and disease depends upon our ability to parse genetic and environmental influences in the human brain. The heritability of a trait quantifies the degree of its variability due to genetic influences. Classical approach for quantifying heritability operate on simple traits, and sometimes do not properly control for other potential sources of variation, such as age or sex. We therefore develop Causal Heritability of Networks (CHaiN) to rigorously quantify heritability of human brain networks (i.e., connectomes). We applied CHaiN to 1024 anatomical connectomes derived from the Human Connectome Project. Connectomes appeared to be heritable, but heritability was insignificant once we addressed variability within networks. These results suggest that previous conclusions on connectome heritability may be driven by the shared network structures, and highlights the importance of modeling networks and other sources of variability when studying heritability of connectomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.532875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Connectomes Are Heritable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species regulatory landscapes and elements revealed by novel joint systematic integration of human and mouse blood cell epigenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of locations and activities of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is needed to decipher basic mechanisms of gene regulation and to understand the impact of genetic variants on complex traits. Previous studies identified candidate CREs (cCREs) using epigenetic features in one species, making comparisons difficult between species. In contrast, we conducted an interspecies study defining epigenetic states and identifying cCREs in blood cell types to generate regulatory maps that are comparable between species, using integrative modeling of eight epigenetic features jointly in human and mouse in our Validated Systematic Integration (VISION) Project. The resulting catalogs of cCREs are useful resources for further studies of gene regulation in blood cells, indicated by high overlap with known functional elements and strong enrichment for human genetic variants associated with blood cell phenotypes. The contribution of each epigenetic state in cCREs to gene regulation, inferred from a multivariate regression, was used to estimate epigenetic state Regulatory Potential (esRP) scores for each cCRE in each cell type, which were used to categorize dynamic changes in cCREs. Groups of cCREs displaying similar patterns of regulatory activity in human and mouse cell types, obtained by joint clustering on esRP scores, harbored distinctive transcription factor binding motifs that were similar between species. An interspecies comparison of cCREs revealed both conserved and species-specific patterns of epigenetic evolution. Finally, we showed that comparisons of the epigenetic landscape between species can reveal elements with similar roles in regulation, even in the absence of genomic sequence alignment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardine, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wixom, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuston, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermunt, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species regulatory landscapes and elements revealed by novel joint systematic integration of human and mouse blood cell epigenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional transcription at the PPP2R2B gene locus in spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVESpinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in the PPP2R2B gene. Here we tested the hypothesis that the PPP2R2B antisense (PPP2R2B-AS1) transcript containing a CUG repeat is expressed and contributes to SCA12 pathogenesis.

METHODSExpression of PPP2R2B-AS1 transcript was detected in SCA12 human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), iPSC-derived NGN2 neurons, and SCA12 knock-in mouse brains using strand-specific RT-PCR (SS-RT-PCR). The tendency of expanded PPP2R2B-AS1 (expPPP2R2B-AS1) RNA to form foci, a marker of toxic processes involving mutant RNAs, was examined in SCA12 cell models by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The toxic effect of expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcripts on SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells was evaluated by caspase 3/7 activity. Western blot was used to examine the expression of repeat associated non-ATG-initiated (RAN) translation of expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcript in SK-N-MC cells.

RESULTSThe repeat region in PPP2R2B gene locus is bidirectionally transcribed in SCA12 iPSCs, iPSC-derived NGN2 neurons, and SCA12 mouse brains. Transfected expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcripts are toxic to SK-N-MC cells, and the toxicity may be mediated, at least in part, by the RNA secondary structure. The expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcripts form CUG RNA foci in SK-N-MC cells. expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcript is translated in the Alanine ORF via repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, which is diminished by single nucleotide interruptions within the CUG repeat, and MBNL1 overexpression.

INTERPRETATIONThese findings suggest that PPP2R2B-AS1 contributes to SCA12 pathogenesis, and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic target for the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhsh, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional transcription at the PPP2R2B gene locus in spinocerebellar ataxia type 12]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Surfactant Protein A Alleviates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing lung epithelial cells through its spike (S) protein. The S protein is highly glycosylated and could be a target for lectins. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collagen-containing C-type lectin, expressed by mucosal epithelial cells and mediates its antiviral activities by binding to viral glycoproteins. This study examined the mechanistic role of human SP-A in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. The interactions between human SP-A and SARS-CoV-2 S protein and hACE2 receptor, and SP-A level in COVID-19 patients were assessed by ELISA. The effect of SP-A on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was analyzed by infecting human lung epithelial cells (A549-ACE2) with pseudoviral particles and infectious SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant) pre-incubated with SP-A. Virus binding, entry, and infectivity were assessed by RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and plaque assay. The results showed that human SP-A can bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein/RBD and hACE2 in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). Human SP-A inhibited virus binding and entry, and reduce viral load in lung epithelial cells, evidenced by the dose-dependent decrease in viral RNA, nucleocapsid protein, and titer (p<0.01). Increased SP-A level was observed in the saliva of COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.05), but severe COVID-19 patients had relatively lower SP-A levels than moderate COVID-19 patients (p<0.05). Therefore, SP-A plays an important role in mucosal innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by directly binding to the S protein and inhibiting its infectivity in host cells. SP-A level in the saliva of COVID-19 patients might serve as a biomarker for COVID-19 severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemmiti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Surfactant Protein A Alleviates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of delayed cell death following simultaneous CRISPR-Cas9 targeting in pancreatic cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While radiation is an effective oncologic therapy, killing cancer by inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it lacks specificity for neoplastic cells. We have previously adapted the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology as a cancer-specific treatment modality targeting somatic mutations in pancreatic cancer (PC). However, its tumoricidal potential remains unclear, especially in comparison to therapeutic doses of radiation. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs are more cytotoxic in PCs than a comparable number of radiation-induced DSBs. We observed >90% tumor growth inhibition by targeting 9 sites with cancer-specific single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Through both bioinformatics and cytogenetics analyses, we found that CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs triggered ongoing chromosomal rearrangements, with 87% of structural variants not directly produced from the initial CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs, and chromosomal instability (CIN) peaking before cell death. By comparing the cytotoxicity of CRISPR-Cas9- to radiation-induced DSBs, we demonstrate that the number of DSBs required to achieve equitoxic effects was [~]3 times higher for radiation than CRISPR-Cas9. Finally, we show that PC cells that had survived CRISPR-Cas9 targeting retained susceptibility to subsequent CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs at different genomic sites with >87% growth inhibition. Together, our data support the therapeutic potential of CRISPR-Cas9 as an anti-cancer strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teh, S. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halper-Stromberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of delayed cell death following simultaneous CRISPR-Cas9 targeting in pancreatic cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interrogation of dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI and fluorescence-based imaging reveals a perturbed glymphatic network in Huntington disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents with progressive motor, mental, and cognitive impairment leading to early disability and mortality. The accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein aggregates in neurons is a pathological hallmark of HD. The glymphatic system, a brain-wide perivascular network, facilitates the exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), supporting interstitial solute clearance including abnormal proteins from mammalian brains. In this study, we employed dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) MRI to measure D-glucose clearance from CSF as a tool to assess CSF clearance capacity to predict glymphatic function in a mouse model of HD. Our results demonstrate significantly diminished CSF clearance efficiency in premanifest zQ175 HD mice. The impairment of CSF clearance of D-glucose, measured by DGE MRI, worsened with disease progression. These DGE MRI findings in compromised glymphatic function in HD mice were further confirmed with fluorescence-based imaging of glymphatic CSF tracer influx, suggesting an impaired glymphatic function in premanifest stage of HD. Moreover, expression of the astroglial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the perivascular compartment, a key mediator of glymphatic function, was significantly diminished in both HD mouse brain as well as postmortem human HD brain. Our data, acquired using a clinically translatable MRI approach, indicate a perturbed glymphatic network in the HD brain as early as in the premanifest stage. Further validation of these findings in clinical studies should provide insights into potential of glymphatic clearance as a HD biomarker and for glymphatic functioning as a disease-modifying therapeutic target for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interrogation of dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI and fluorescence-based imaging reveals a perturbed glymphatic network in Huntington disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence lifetime analysis of smFRET with contribution of PIFE on donor and acceptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful technique based on dipole-dipole interaction between donor and acceptor fluorophores to observe inter- and intra-molecular dynamics in realtime with sensitivity to macro-molecular distances ([~] 2.5-10 nm). That said, some fluorophores have an inherent characteristic known as protein induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE). PIFE is a photo-physical feature of dyes undergoing cis-trans transitions and occurs for protein-dye interactions closer than 3 nm. Here, the challenge is uncoupling the PIFE effect in the FRET data. Ignoring the PIFE effect in the analysis of the FRET data may lead to misinterpretation of the system under investigation. As a solution to this problem, we develop a computational framework based on Bayesian statistics to analyze the fluorescence lifetime signals of the donor and acceptor channels which allows us to uncouple the PIFE effects from the FRET. Our framework can extract any changes in the FRET efficiency simultaneously with any changes in the fluorescence lifetimes of the donor and acceptor due to the PIFE effect. In addition, our framework can provide other parameters, such as the donor and acceptor excitation rates, background photon rates, and detectors cross-talk ratios. Our framework extracts all these parameters by analyzing a single photon arrival time trace with only a few thousand photons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence lifetime analysis of smFRET with contribution of PIFE on donor and acceptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromogenic detection of telomere lengths in situ aids the identification of precancerous lesions in the prostate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres are terminal chromosomal elements that are essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. The measurement of telomere content provides useful diagnostic and prognostic information, and fluorescent methods have been developed for this purpose. However, fluorescent-based tissue assays are cumbersome for investigators to undertake, both in research and clinical settings. Here, a robust chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) approach was developed to visualize and quantify telomere content at single cell resolution in human prostate tissues, both frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE). This new assay ("Telo-CISH") produces permanently stained slides that are viewable with a standard light microscope, thus avoiding the need for specialized equipment and storage. The assay is compatible with standard immunohistochemistry, thereby allowing simultaneous assessment of histomorphology, identification of specific cell types, and assessment of telomere status. In addition, Telo-CISH eliminates the problem of autofluorescent interference that frequently occurs with fluorescent-based methods. Using this new assay, we demonstrate successful application of Telo-CISH to help identify precancerous lesions in the prostate by the presence of markedly short telomeres specifically in the luminal epithelial cells. In summary, with fewer restrictions on the types of tissues that can be tested, and increased histologic information provided, the advantages presented by this novel chromogenic assay should extend the applicability of tissue-based telomere length assessment in research and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ertunc, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smearman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes-Alexandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabzonlu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromogenic detection of telomere lengths in situ aids the identification of precancerous lesions in the prostate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A supervised data-driven spatial filter denoising method for acoustic-induced artifacts in intracranial electrophysiological recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurosurgical procedures that enable direct brain recordings in awake patients offer unique opportunities to explore the neurophysiology of human speech. The scarcity of these opportunities and the altruism of participating patients compel us to apply the highest rigor to signal analysis. Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) signals recorded during overt speech can contain a speech artifact that tracks the fundamental frequency (F0) of the participants voice, involving the same high-gamma frequencies that are modulated during speech production and perception. To address this artifact, we developed a spatial-filtering approach to identify and remove acoustic-induced contaminations of the recorded signal. We found that traditional reference schemes jeopardized signal quality, whereas our data-driven method denoised the recordings while preserving underlying neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A supervised data-driven spatial filter denoising method for acoustic-induced artifacts in intracranial electrophysiological recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detailed Social Network Interactions and Gut Microbiome Strain-Sharing Within Isolated Honduras Villages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When humans assemble into face-to-face social networks, they create an extended environment that permits exposure to the microbiome of other members of a population. Social network interactions may thereby also shape the composition and diversity of the microbiome at individual and population levels. Here, we use comprehensive social network and detailed microbiome sequencing data in 1,098 adults across 9 isolated villages in Honduras to investigate the relationship between social network structure and microbiome composition. Using both species-level and strain-level data, we show that microbial sharing occurs between many relationship types, notably including non-familial and non-household connections. Using strain-sharing data alone, we can confidently predict a wide variety of relationship types (AUC ~0.73). This strain-level sharing extends to second-degree social connections in a network, suggesting the importance of the extended network with respect to microbiome composition. We also observe that socially central individuals are more microbially similar to the overall village than those on the social periphery. Finally, we observe that clusters of microbiome species and strains occur within clusters of people in the village social networks, providing the social niches in which microbiome biology and phenotypic impact are manifested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pullman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beghini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnempet Shridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detailed Social Network Interactions and Gut Microbiome Strain-Sharing Within Isolated Honduras Villages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellCover Defines Conserved Cell Types and Temporal Progression in scRNA-seq Data across Mammalian Neocortical Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Definition of cell classes across the tissues of living organisms is central in the analysis of growing atlases of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data across biomedicine. Marker genes for cell classes are most often defined by differential expression (DE) methods that serially assess individual genes across landscapes of diverse cells. This serial approach has been extremely useful, but is limited because it ignores possible redundancy or complementarity across genes that can only be captured by analyzing multiple genes simultaneously. Interrogating binarized expression data, we aim to identify discriminating panels of genes that are specific to, not only enriched in, individual cell types. To efficiently explore the vast space of possible marker panels, leverage the large number of cells often sequenced, and overcome zero-inflation in scRNA-seq data, we propose viewing marker gene panel selection as a variation of the "minimal set-covering problem" in combinatorial optimization. Using scRNA-seq data from blood and brain tissue, we show that this new method, CellCover, performs as good or better than DE and other methods in defining cell-type discriminating gene panels, while reducing gene redundancy and capturing cell-class-specific signals that are distinct from those defined by DE methods. Transfer learning experiments across mouse, primate, and human data demonstrate that CellCover identifies markers of conserved cell classes in neocortical neurogenesis, as well as developmental progression in both progenitors and neurons. Exploring markers of human outer radial glia (oRG, or basal RG) across mammals, we show that transcriptomic elements of this key cell type in the expansion of the human cortex likely appeared in gliogenic precursors of the rodent before the full program emerged in neurogenic cells of the primate lineage. We have assembled the public datasets we use in this report within the NeMO Analytics multi-omic data exploration environment [1], where the expression of individual genes (NeMO: Individual genes in cortex and NeMO: Individual genes in blood) and marker gene panels (NeMO: Telley 3 CellCover Panels, NeMO: Telley 12 CellCover Panels, NeMO: Sorted Brain Cell CellCover Panels, and NeMO: Blood 34 CellCover Panels) can be freely explored without coding expertise. CellCover is available in CellCover R and CellCover Python.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=67 SRC="FIGDIR/small/535943v6_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naiman, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellCover Defines Conserved Cell Types and Temporal Progression in scRNA-seq Data across Mammalian Neocortical Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the Statistical Significance of the Difference Between Arbitrary Curves: A Spreadsheet Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a simple, spreadsheet-based method to determine the statistical significance of the difference between any two arbitrary curves. This modified Chi-squared method addresses two scenarios: A single measurement at each point with known standard deviation, or multiple measurements at each point averaged to produce a mean and standard error. The method includes an essential correction for the deviation from normality in measurements with small sample size, which are typical in biomedical sciences. Statistical significance is determined without regard to the functionality of the curves, or the signs of the differences. Numerical simulations are used to validate the procedure. Example experimental data are used to demonstrate its application. An Excel spreadsheet is provided for performing the calculations for either scenario.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimley, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the Statistical Significance of the Difference Between Arbitrary Curves: A Spreadsheet Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.535951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Regulation of the P-bodies Associated Psoriasis Candidate Gene CCHCR1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.535951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1) was first identified as a candidate gene in psoriasis and has lately been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility. Located within P-bodies and centrosomes, its exact cellular role and transcriptional control remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that CCHCR1 shares a bidirectional promoter with its neighboring gene, TCF19. This bidirectional promoter is activated by the G1/S-regulatory transcription factor E2F1, and both genes are co-induced during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. A luciferase reporter assay suggests that the short intergenic sequence, only 287 bp in length, is sufficient for the G1/S induction of both genes, but the expression of CCHCR1 is further enhanced by the presence of exon 1 from both TCF19 and CCHCR1. This research uncovers the transcriptional regulation of the CCHCR1 gene, offering new perspectives on its function. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of diseases associated with CCHCR1 and may serve as a foundational step for future research in these vital medical fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.535951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Regulation of the P-bodies Associated Psoriasis Candidate Gene CCHCR1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.534630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment of spatial transcriptomics data using diffeomorphic metric mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.534630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies enable high throughput gene expression characterization within thin tissue sections. However, comparing spatial observations across sections, samples, and technologies remains challenging. To address this challenge, we developed STalign to align ST datasets in a manner that accounts for partially matched tissue sections and other local non-linear distortions using diffeomorphic metric mapping. We apply STalign to align ST datasets within and across technologies as well as to align ST datasets to a 3D common coordinate framework. We show that STalign achieves high gene expression and cell-type correspondence across matched spatial locations that is significantly improved over landmark-based affine alignments. Applying STalign to align ST datasets of the mouse brain to the 3D common coordinate framework from the Allen Brain Atlas, we highlight how STalign can be used to lift over brain region annotations and enable the interrogation of compositional heterogeneity across anatomical structures. STalign is available as an open-source Python toolkit at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/STalign and as supplementary software with additional documentation and tutorials available at https://jef.works/STalign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clifton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimiuwu, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.534630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment of spatial transcriptomics data using diffeomorphic metric mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ME-Bayes SL: Enhanced Bayesian Polygenic Risk Prediction Leveraging Information across Multiple Ancestry Groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are now showing promising predictive performance on a wide variety of complex traits and diseases, but there exists a substantial performance gap across different populations. We propose MUSSEL, a method for ancestry-specific polygenic prediction that borrows information in the summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) across multiple ancestry groups. MUSSEL conducts Bayesian hierarchical modeling under a MUltivariate Spike-and-Slab model for effect-size distribution and incorporates an Ensemble Learning step using super learner to combine information across different tuning parameter settings and ancestry groups. In our simulation studies and data analyses of 16 traits across four distinct studies, totaling 5.7 million participants with a substantial ancestral diversity, MUSSEL shows promising performance compared to alternatives. The method, for example, has an average gain in prediction R2 across 11 continuous traits of 40.2% and 49.3% compared to PRS-CSx and CT-SLEB, respectively, in the African Ancestry population. The best-performing method, however, varies by GWAS sample size, target ancestry, underlying trait architecture, and the choice of reference samples for LD estimation, and thus ultimately, a combination of methods may be needed to generate the most robust PRS across diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ME-Bayes SL: Enhanced Bayesian Polygenic Risk Prediction Leveraging Information across Multiple Ancestry Groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of Mtb infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent. Identifying dominant epitopes and comparing their reactivity in different tuberculosis (TB) infection states can help design diagnostics and vaccines. We performed a proteome-wide screen of 20,610 Mtb derived peptides in 21 Active TB (ATB) patients 3-4 months post-diagnosis of pulmonary TB (mid-treatment) using an IFN{gamma} and IL-17 Fluorospot assay. Responses were mediated exclusively by IFN{gamma} and identified a total of 137 unique epitopes, with each patient recognizing, on average, 8 individual epitopes and 22 epitopes (16%) recognized by 2 or more participants. Responses were predominantly directed against antigens part of the cell wall and cell processes category. Testing 517 peptides spanning TB vaccine candidates and ESAT- 6 and CFP10 antigens also revealed differential recognition between ATB participants mid-treatment and healthy IGRA+ participants of several vaccine antigens. An ATB-specific peptide pool consisting of epitopes exclusively recognized by participants mid-treatment, allowed distinguishing participants with active pulmonary TB from healthy interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)+/- participants from diverse geographical locations. Analysis of longitudinal samples indicated decreased reactivity during treatment for pulmonary TB. Together, these results show that a proteome-wide screen of T cell reactivity identifies epitopes and antigens that are differentially recognized depending on the Mtb infection stage. These have potential use in developing diagnostics and vaccine candidates and measuring correlates of protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciobanu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanzaro, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanzaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chathuranga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasena, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSilva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of Mtb infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional whole genome screen of nutrient-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies genes involved in antibiotic tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), poses a global health challenge and is responsible for over a million deaths each year. Current treatment is lengthy and complex, and new, abbreviated regimens are urgently needed. Mtb adapts to nutrient starvation, a condition experienced during host infection, by shifting its metabolism and becoming tolerant to the killing activity of bactericidal antibiotics. An improved understanding of the mechanisms mediating antibiotic tolerance in Mtb can serve as the basis for developing more effective therapies. We performed a forward genetic screen to identify candidate Mtb genes involved in tolerance to the two key first-line antibiotics, rifampin and isoniazid, under nutrient-rich and nutrient-starved conditions. In nutrient-rich conditions, we found 220 mutants with differential antibiotic susceptibility (218 in the rifampin screen and 2 in the isoniazid screen). Following Mtb adaptation to nutrient starvation, 82 mutants showed differential antibiotic susceptibility (80 in the rifampin screen and 2 in the isoniazid screen). Using targeted mutagenesis, we validated the rifampin-hypersusceptible phenotype under nutrient starvation in Mtb mutants lacking the following genes: ercc3, moeA1, rv0049, and rv2179c. These findings shed light on potential therapeutic targets, which could help shorten the duration and complexity of antitubercular regimens.

ImportanceTreatment of Mtb infection requires a long course of combination antibiotics, likely due to subpopulations of tolerant bacteria exhibiting decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. Identifying and characterizing the genetic pathways involved in antibiotic tolerance is expected to yield therapeutic targets for the development of novel TB treatment-shortening regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matern, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional whole genome screen of nutrient-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies genes involved in antibiotic tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using dynamic oral dosing of rifapentine and rifabutin to simulate exposure profiles of long-acting formulations in a mouse model of tuberculosis preventive therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Administration of tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) to individuals with latent tuberculosis infection is an important facet of global tuberculosis control. The use of long-acting injectable (LAI) drug formulations may simplify and shorten regimens for this indication. Rifapentine and rifabutin have anti-tuberculosis activity and physiochemical properties suitable for LAI formulation, but there are limited data available for determining the target exposure profiles required for efficacy in TPT regimens. The objective of this study was to determine exposure-activity profiles of rifapentine and rifabutin to inform development of LAI formulations for TPT. We utilized a validated paucibacillary mouse model of TPT in combination with dynamic oral dosing of both drugs to simulate and understand exposure-activity relationships to inform posology for future LAI formulations. This work identified several LAI-like exposure profiles of rifapentine and rifabutin that, if achieved by LAI formulations, could be efficacious as TPT regimens and thus can serve as experimentally-determined targets for novel LAI formulations of these drugs. We present novel methodology to understand the exposure-response relationship and inform the value proposition for investment in development of LAI formulations that has utility beyond latent tuberculosis infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertinez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betoudji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using dynamic oral dosing of rifapentine and rifabutin to simulate exposure profiles of long-acting formulations in a mouse model of tuberculosis preventive therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic protospacer adjacent motifs are numerous and selectively targetable in cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations are desirable targets for selective elimination of cancer, yet most are found within the noncoding regions. We propose a novel, cancer-specific killing approach using CRISPR-Cas9 which exploits the requirement of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for Cas9 activity. Through whole genome sequencing (WGS) of paired tumor minus normal (T-N) samples from three pancreatic cancer patients (Panc480, Panc504, and Panc1002), we identified an average of 417 somatic PAMs per tumor produced from single base substitutions. We analyzed 591 paired T-N samples from The International Cancer Genome Consortium and discovered medians of [~]455 somatic PAMs per tumor in pancreatic, [~]2800 in lung, and [~]3200 in esophageal cancer cohorts. Finally, we demonstrated >80% selective cell death of two targeted pancreatic cancer cell lines in co-cultures using 4-9 sgRNAs, targeting noncoding regions, designed from the somatic PAM discovery approach. We also showed no off-target activity from these tumor-specific sgRNAs through WGS.

Statement of significanceThis study demonstrates the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 as a novel and selective anti-cancer strategy. It requires just a few targets to induce double strand breaks for significant cytotoxicity. Our findings markedly expand the repertoire of targetable mutations in cancers and support genetically targeting other adult solid tumor types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teh, S. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halper-Stromberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallavajjala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macoretta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.537042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic protospacer adjacent motifs are numerous and selectively targetable in cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar cortex performs computations that are critical for control of our actions, and then transmits that information via simple spikes of Purkinje cells (P-cells) to downstream structures. However, because P-cells are many synapses away from muscles, we do not know how their output affects behavior. Furthermore, we do not know the level of abstraction, i.e., the coordinate system of the P-cells output. Here, we recorded spiking activities of hundreds of P-cells in the oculomotor vermis of marmosets during saccadic eye movements and found that following the presentation of a visual stimulus, the olivary input to a P-cell encoded a probabilistic signal that coarsely described both the direction and the amplitude of that stimulus. When this input was present, the resulting complex spike briefly suppressed the P-cells simple spikes, disrupting the P-cells output during that saccade. Remarkably, this brief suppression altered the saccades trajectory by pulling the eyes toward the part of the visual space that was preferentially encoded by the olivary input to that P-cell. Thus, analysis of behavior in the milliseconds following a complex spike unmasked how the P-cells output influenced behavior: the preferred location in the coordinates of the visual system as conveyed probabilistically from the inferior olive to a P-cell defined the action in the coordinates of the motor system for which that P-cells simple spikes directed behavior.

SignificanceWe are lacking general principles that can describe how changes in a P-cells simple spikes might alter behavior. Here, we show that a brief suppression of a P-cells simple spikes in the oculomotor vermis consistently pulls the eyes in a direction that corresponds to the preferred location of the sensory space as conveyed probabilistically to that P-cell from the inferior olive. Thus, the inferior olive defines the coordinate system regarding the information that a P-cell is providing to the rest of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Separable striatal circuits have unique functions in Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors but how these roles relate to performance of sequences of actions with and without associated cues is less clear. Here we tested whether dopamine release and neural activity more generally in three striatal subdomains are necessary for performance of an action chain leading to reward delivery. Male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to press a series of three spatially-distinct levers to receive reward. We assessed the contribution of neural activity or dopamine release within each striatal subdomain when progression through the action sequence was explicitly cued and in the absence of cues. Behavior in both task variations was substantially impacted following microinfusion of the dopamine antagonist, flupenthixol, into nucleus accumbens core (NAc) or dorsomedial striatum (DMS), with impairments in sequence timing and a strong impact on motivation after NAc flupenthixol. In contrast, after pharmacological inactivation to suppress overall activity, there was minimal impact on motivation, except within the uncued task after DMS inactivation. Inactivation of both NAc and DMS impaired sequence timing and led to sequence errors in the uncued, but not cued task. There was virtually no impact of dopamine antagonism or reversible inactivation of dorsolateral striatum on either cued or uncued action sequence completion. These results highlight an essential contribution of NAc and DMS dopamine systems in motivational and performance aspects of chains of actions, whether cued or internally generated, as well as the impact of intact NAc and DMS function for correct sequence performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3K/mTOR is a therapeutically targetable genetic dependency in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG), including tumors diagnosed in the brainstem (diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma - DIPG), are uniformly fatal brain tumors that lack effective pharmacological treatment. Analysis of pooled CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function gene deletion screen datasets, identified PIK3CA and MTOR as targetable molecular dependencies across DIPG patient derived models, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the blood-brain barrier penetrant PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor paxalisib. At the human equivalent maximum tolerated dose, mice treated with paxalisib experienced systemic feedback resulting in increased blood glucose and insulin levels, commensurate with DIPG patients in Phase 1b clinical trials who experienced hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia. To exploit genetic dependences, but maintain compliance and benefit, we optimized a paxalisib treatment regimen that employed reduced dosing more frequently, in combination with the anti-hyperglycemic drug, metformin. Combining optimized dosing with metformin restored glucose homeostasis and decreased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in vivo, a common mechanism of PI3K-inhibitor resistance, extending the survival of DIPG xenograft models. RNA sequencing and phosphoproteomic profiling of DIPG models treated with paxalisib identified increased calcium-activated PKC signaling. Using the brain penetrant PKC inhibitor, enzastaurin in combination with paxalisib, we synergistically extended the survival of orthotopic xenograft models, benefits further promoted by metformin; thus, identifying a clinically relevant DIPG combinatorial approach.

Brief SummaryDiffuse intrinsic pontine glioma is a lethal childhood brain tumor. Here we identify PIK3CA as a genetic dependency targeted by the brain penetrant pan-PI3K-inhibitor paxalisib.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duchatel, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parackal, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germon, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laternser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiltschewskij, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamaluddin, M. F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beitaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verrills, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerrett-Byrne, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes Mora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitanza, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koschmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayas, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinkle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazarian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3K/mTOR is a therapeutically targetable genetic dependency in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological correlates of attention in the locus coeruleus - anterior cingulate cortex circuit during the rodent continuous performance test 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention, the ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over time, is significantly impaired in many psychiatric disorders, and there remains a major unmet need in treating impaired attention. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) were developed to measure sustained attention in humans, non-human primates, rats, and mice, and similar neural circuits are engaged across species during CPT performance, supporting their use in translational studies to identify novel therapeutics. Here, we identified electrophysiological correlates of attentional performance in a touchscreen-based rodent CPT (rCPT) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), two inter-connected regions that are implicated in attentional processes. We used viral labeling and molecular techniques to demonstrate that neural activity is recruited in LC-ACC projections during the rCPT, and that this recruitment increases with cognitive demand. We implanted male mice with depth electrodes within the LC and ACC for local field potential (LFP) recordings during rCPT training, and identified an increase in ACC delta and theta power, and an increase in LC delta power during correct responses in the rCPT. We also found that the LC leads the ACC in theta frequencies during correct responses while the ACC leads the LC in gamma frequencies during incorrect responses. These findings may represent translational biomarkers that can be used to screen novel therapeutics for drug discovery in attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallock, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Barrientos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInerney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological correlates of attention in the locus coeruleus - anterior cingulate cortex circuit during the rodent continuous performance test]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of Alzheimer's disease related neuropathology on local microenvironment gene expression in the human inferior temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropathological lesions in the brains of individuals affected with neurodegenerative disorders are hypothesized to trigger molecular and cellular processes that disturb homeostasis of local microenvironments. Here, we applied the 10x Genomics Visium Spatial Proteogenomics (Visium-SPG) platform, which measures spatial gene expression coupled with immunofluorescence protein co-detection, in post-mortem human brain tissue from individuals with late-stage Alzheimers disease (AD) to investigate changes in spatial gene expression with respect to amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) pathology. We identified A{beta}-associated transcriptomic signatures in the human inferior temporal cortex (ITC) during late-stage AD, which we further investigated at cellular resolution with combined immunofluorescence and single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) co-detection technology. We present a workflow for analysis of Visium-SPG data and demonstrate the power of multi-omic profiling to identify spatially-localized changes in molecular dynamics that are linked to pathology in human brain disease. We provide the scientific community with web-based, interactive resources to access the datasets of the spatially resolved AD-related transcriptomes at https://research.libd.org/Visium_SPG_AD/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthiban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobana, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of Alzheimer's disease related neuropathology on local microenvironment gene expression in the human inferior temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stitching flexible electronics into the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding complex neuronal networks requires monitoring long-term neuronal activity in various regions of the brain. Significant progress has been made in multi-site implantations of well-designed probes, such as multi-site implantation of Si-based and polymer-based probes. However, these multi-probe strategies have been limited by the sizes and weights of interfaces to the multiple probes and the inability to track the activity of the same neurons and changes in neuronal activity over longer time periods. Here, we report a long single flexible probe that can be implanted by stitching into multiple regions of the mouse brain and subsequently transmit chronically-stable neuronal signals from the multiple sites via a single low-mass interface. We implanted the probe at four different sites using a glass capillary needle or two sites using an ultrathin metal needle. In-vitro tests in brain-mimicking hydrogel showed that multi-site probe implantations achieved a high connection yield of >86%. In-vivo histological images at each site of probes, implanted by stitching using either glass capillary or ultrathin metal insertion needles exhibit seamless tissue-probe interfaces with negligible chronic immune response. In addition, electrophysiology studies demonstrated the ability to track single neuron activities at every injection site with chronic stability over at least one month. Notably, the measured spike amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios at different implantation sites showed no statistically significant differences. Multi-site stitching implantation of flexible electronics in the brain opens up new opportunities for both fundamental neuroscience research and electrotherapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stitching flexible electronics into the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.538008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XIAP-mediated targeting of endolysosomes to stressed mitochondria occurs in a switch-like, global manner and results in autophagy-independent, sub-organelle level mitochondrial degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.538008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Damaged mitochondria can be subject to lysosomal degradation via mitophagy. However, whole-organelle degradation exhibits relatively slow kinetics and thus its impact may be limited in response to acute, fast-acting cellular stress. We previously reported that in Parkin-deficient cells endolysosomes directly target mitochondria when subjected to bioenergetic stress. Here, using high-resolution live cell imaging we reveal a striking level of dynamic targeting of Rab5+ early endosomes to stressed mitochondria, culminating in a switch-like accumulation in the entire mitochondrial population, independently of canonical autophagy. This process of rapid, largescale Rab5+ vesicle trafficking to mitochondria coincides with, and is mediated by, XIAP E3 ligase activated mitochondrial ubiquitylation and results in ultrastructural changes to, and degradation of, intra-mitochondrial components. Mitochondria-targeting vesicles include early endosomal subpopulations marked by Rab5 effector APPL1 and ubiquitin-binding endocytic adaptors OPTN, TAX1BP1 and Tollip, and Rab7-positive late endosomes/lysosomes. In Parkin expressing cells, XIAP- and Parkin-dependent mitochondrial targeting and resulting processing modes are competitively regulated. Together, our data suggest that XIAP-mediated targeting of endolysosomes to mitochondria functions as a stress-responsive, sub-organelle level mitochondrial processing mode that is distinct from, and competitive to, Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamacher-Brady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.538008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XIAP-mediated targeting of endolysosomes to stressed mitochondria occurs in a switch-like, global manner and results in autophagy-independent, sub-organelle level mitochondrial degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Riboformer: A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Context-Dependent Translation Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation elongation is essential for maintaining cellular proteostasis, and alterations in the translational landscape are associated with a range of diseases. Ribosome profiling allows detailed measurement of translation at genome scale. However, it remains unclear how to disentangle biological variations from technical artifacts and identify sequence determinant of translation dysregulation. Here we present Riboformer, a deep learning-based framework for modeling context-dependent changes in translation dynamics. Riboformer leverages the transformer architecture to accurately predict ribosome densities at codon resolution. It corrects experimental artifacts in previously unseen datasets, reveals subtle differences in synonymous codon translation and uncovers a bottleneck in protein synthesis. Further, we show that Riboformer can be combined with in silico mutagenesis analysis to identify sequence motifs that contribute to ribosome stalling across various biological contexts, including aging and viral infection. Our tool offers a context-aware and interpretable approach for standardizing ribosome profiling datasets and elucidating the regulatory basis of translation kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SHAO, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Riboformer: A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Context-Dependent Translation Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision pharmacological reversal of genotype-specific diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice informed by transcriptional regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diet-related metabolic syndrome is the largest contributor to adverse health in the United States. However, the study of gene-environment interactions and their epigenomic and transcriptomic integration is complicated by the lack of environmental and genetic control in humans that is possible in mouse models. Here we exposed three mouse strains, C57BL/6J (BL6), A/J, and NOD/ShiLtJ (NOD), to a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet, leading to varying degrees of metabolic syndrome. We then performed transcriptomic and genomic DNA methylation analyses and found overlapping but also highly divergent changes in gene expression and methylation upstream of the discordant metabolic phenotypes. Strain-specific pathway analysis of dietary effects reveals a dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis common to all three strains but distinct regulatory networks driving this dysregulation. This suggests a strategy for strain-specific targeted pharmacologic intervention of these upstream regulators informed by transcriptional regulation. As a pilot study, we administered the drug GW4064 to target one of these genotype-dependent networks, the Farnesoid X receptor pathway, and found that GW4064 exerts genotype-specific protection against dietary effects in BL6, as predicted by our transcriptomic analysis, as well as increased inflammatory-related gene expression changes in NOD. This pilot study demonstrates the potential efficacy of precision therapeutics for genotype-informed dietary metabolic intervention, and a mouse platform for guiding this approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wulfridge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manno, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Threadgill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision pharmacological reversal of genotype-specific diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice informed by transcriptional regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating immunogenomic data-guided virtual patients using a QSP model to predict response of advanced NSCLC to PD-L1 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating realistic virtual patients from a limited amount of patient data is one of the major challenges for quantitative systems pharmacology modeling in immuno-oncology. Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is a mathematical modeling methodology that integrates mechanistic knowledge of biological systems to investigate dynamics in a whole system during disease progression and drug treatment. In the present analysis, we parameterized our previously published QSP model of the cancer-immunity cycle to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and generated a virtual patient cohort to predict clinical response to PD-L1 inhibition in NSCLC. The virtual patient generation was guided by immunogenomic data from iAtlas portal and population pharmacokinetic data of durvalumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor. With virtual patients generated following the immunogenomic data distribution, our model predicted a response rate of 18.6% (95% bootstrap confidence interval: 13.3-24.2%) and identified CD8/Treg ratio as a potential predictive biomarker in addition to PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden. We demonstrated that omics data served as a reliable resource for virtual patient generation techniques in immuno-oncology using QSP models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arulraj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating immunogenomic data-guided virtual patients using a QSP model to predict response of advanced NSCLC to PD-L1 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPMK modulates FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary mouse hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin resistance is a critical mediator of the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). An excess influx of fatty acids to the liver is thought to be a pathogenic cause of insulin resistance and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma contribute to inducing insulin resistance and NAFLD, the molecular mechanism is not completely understood. This study aimed to determine whether inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a regulator of insulin signaling, plays any role in FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes. Here, we show that excess FFA decreased IPMK expression, and blockade of IPMK decrease attenuated the FFA-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). Moreover, overexpression of IPMK prevented the FFA-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation by insulin, while knockout of IPMK exacerbated insulin resistance in PMH. In addition, treatment with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, inhibits FFA-induced decrease in IPMK expression and Akt phosphorylation in PMH. Furthermore, treatment with the antioxidant N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the FFA-induced reduction of IPMK and restored FFA-induced insulin resistance in PMH. In conclusion, our findings suggest that excess FFA reduces IPMK expression and contributes to the FFA-induced decrease in Akt phosphorylation in PMH, leading to insulin resistance. Our study highlights IPMK as a potential therapeutic target for preventing insulin resistance and NAFLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPMK modulates FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary mouse hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Rapid Inducible RNA Decay system reveals fast mRNA decay in P-bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA decay plays a crucial role in regulating mRNA abundance and gene expression. Modulation of RNA degradation is imperative to investigate an RNAs function. However, information regarding where and how RNA decay occurs remains scarce, partially because existing technologies fail to initiate RNA decay with the spatiotemporal precision or transcript specificity required to capture this stochastic and transient process. Here, we devised a general method that employs inducible tethering of regulatory protein factors to target RNAs and modulate their metabolism. Specifically, we established a Rapid Inducible Decay of RNA (RIDR) technology to degrade target mRNA within minutes. The fast and synchronous induction enabled direct visualization of mRNA decay dynamics in cells with spatiotemporal precision previously unattainable. When applying RIDR to endogenous ACTB mRNA, we observed rapid formation and disappearance of RNA granules, which coincided with pre-existing processing bodies (P-bodies). We measured the time-resolved RNA distribution in P-bodies and cytoplasm after induction, and compared different models of P-body function. We determined that mRNAs rapidly decayed in P-bodies upon induction. Additionally, we validated the functional role of P-bodies by knocking down specific a P-body constituent protein and RNA degradation enzyme. This study determined compartmentalized RNA decay kinetics for the first time. Together, RIDR provides a valuable and generalizable tool to study the spatial and temporal RNA metabolism in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Rapid Inducible RNA Decay system reveals fast mRNA decay in P-bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting a conserved silent face of spike RBD resist extreme SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing broad coronavirus vaccines requires identifying and understanding the molecular basis of broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) spike sites. In our previous work, we identified sarbecovirus spike RBD group 1 and 2 bnAbs. We have now shown that many of these bnAbs can still neutralize highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the XBB.1.5. Structural studies revealed that group 1 bnAbs use recurrent germline encoded CDRH3 features to interact with a conserved RBD region that overlaps with class 4 bnAb site. Group 2 bnAbs recognize a less well-characterized "site V" on the RBD and destabilize spike trimer. The site V has remained largely unchanged in SARS-CoV- 2 variants and is highly conserved across diverse sarbecoviruses, making it a promising target for broad coronavirus vaccine development. Our findings suggest that targeted vaccine strategies may be needed to induce effective B cell responses to escape resistant subdominant spike RBD bnAb sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avillion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhdoomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting a conserved silent face of spike RBD resist extreme SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modified BCG with depletion of enzymes associated with peptidoglycan amidation induces enhanced protection against tuberculosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades pathogen recognition receptor activation during infection may offer insights for the development of improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. Whilst Mtb elicits NOD-2 activation through host recognition of its peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP), it masks the endogenous NOD-1 ligand through amidation of glutamate at the second position in peptidoglycan sidechains. As the current BCG vaccine is derived from pathogenic mycobacteria, a similar situation prevails. To alleviate this masking ability and to potentially improve efficacy of the BCG vaccine, we used CRISPRi to inhibit expression of the essential enzyme pair, MurT-GatD, implicated in amidation of peptidoglycan sidechains. We demonstrate that depletion of these enzymes results in reduced growth, cell wall defects, increased susceptibility to antibiotics and altered spatial localization of new peptidoglycan. In cell culture experiments, training of monocytes with this recombinant BCG yielded improved control of Mtb growth. In the murine model of TB infection, we demonstrate that depletion of MurT-GatD in BCG, resulting in unmasking of the D-glutamate diaminopimelate (iE-DAP) NOD-1 ligand, yields superior prevention of TB disease compared to the standard BCG vaccine. This work demonstrates the feasibility of gene regulation platforms such as CRISPRi to alter antigen presentation in BCG in a bespoke manner that tunes immunity towards more effective protection against TB disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaku, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocius, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modified BCG with depletion of enzymes associated with peptidoglycan amidation induces enhanced protection against tuberculosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactate transporter MCT1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes fibrotic collagen expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating lactate is a fuel source for liver metabolism but may exacerbate metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Indeed, haploinsufficiency of lactate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in mice reportedly promotes resistance to hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Here, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to deliver thyroxin binding globulin (TBG)-Cre or lecithin-retinol acyltransferase (Lrat)-Cre to MCT1fl/fl mice on a choline deficient, high fat NASH diet to deplete hepatocyte or stellate cell MCT1, respectively. Stellate cell MCT1KO (AAV-Lrat-Cre) attenuated liver type 1 collagen protein expression and caused a downward trend in trichrome staining. MCT1 depletion in cultured human LX2 stellate cells also diminished collagen 1 protein expression. Tetra-ethylenglycol-cholesterol (Chol)-conjugated siRNAs, which enter all hepatic cell types, and hepatocyte-selective tri-N-acetyl galactosamine (GN)-conjugated siRNAs were then used to evaluate MCT1 function in a genetically obese NASH mouse model. MCT1 silencing by Chol-siRNA decreased liver collagen 1 levels, while hepatocyte-selective MCT1 depletion by AAV-TBG-Cre or by GN-siRNA unexpectedly increased collagen 1 and total fibrosis without effect on triglyceride accumulation. These findings demonstrate that stellate cell lactate transporter MCT1 significantly contributes to liver fibrosis through increased collagen 1 protein expression in vitro and in vivo, while hepatocyte MCT1 appears not to be an attractive therapeutic target for NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elleby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagkaraki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactate transporter MCT1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes fibrotic collagen expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial cells signaling and patterning under hypoxia: a mechanistic computational model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSeveral signaling pathways are activated during hypoxia to promote angiogenesis, leading to endothelial cell patterning, interaction, and downstream signaling. Understanding the mechanistic signaling differences between endothelial cells under normoxia and hypoxia and their response to different stimuli can guide therapies to modulate angiogenesis. We present a novel mechanistic model of interacting endothelial cells, including the main pathways involved in angiogenesis.

MethodsWe calibrate and fit the model parameters based on well-established modeling techniques that include structural and practical parameter identifiability, uncertainty quantification, and global sensitivity.

ResultsOur results indicate that the main pathways involved in patterning tip and stalk endothelial cells under hypoxia differ, and the time under hypoxia interferes with how different stimuli affect patterning. Additionally, our simulations indicate that Notch signaling might regulate vascular permeability and establish different Nitric Oxide release patterns for tip/stalk cells. Following simulations with various stimuli, our model suggests that factors such as time under hypoxia and oxygen availability must be considered for EC pattern control.

DiscussionThis project provides insights into the signaling and patterning of endothelial cells under various oxygen levels and stimulation by VEGFA and is our first integrative approach toward achieving EC control as a method for improving angiogenesis. Overall, our model provides a computational framework that can be built on to test angiogenesis-related therapies by modulation of different pathways, such as the Notch pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. H. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial cells signaling and patterning under hypoxia: a mechanistic computational model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered cytokine/antibody fusion proteins improve delivery of IL-2 to pro-inflammatory cells and promote antitumor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in cytokine engineering is driving therapeutic translation by overcoming the inherent limitations of these proteins as drugs. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine harbors great promise as an immune stimulant for cancer treatment. However, the cytokines concurrent activation of both pro-inflammatory immune effector cells and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells, its toxicity at high doses, and its short serum half-life have limited clinical application. One promising approach to improve the selectivity, safety, and longevity of IL-2 is complexation with anti-IL-2 antibodies that bias the cytokine towards the activation of immune effector cells (i.e., effector T cells and natural killer cells). Although this strategy shows therapeutic potential in preclinical cancer models, clinical translation of a cytokine/antibody complex is complicated by challenges in formulating a multi-protein drug and concerns about complex stability. Here, we introduce a versatile approach to designing intramolecularly assembled single-agent fusion proteins (immunocytokines, ICs) comprising IL-2 and a biasing anti-IL-2 antibody that directs the cytokines activities towards immune effector cells. We establish the optimal IC construction and further engineer the cytokine/antibody affinity to improve immune biasing function. We demonstrate that our IC preferentially activates and expands immune effector cells, leading to superior antitumor activity compared to natural IL-2 without inducing toxicities associated with IL-2 administration. Collectively, this work presents a roadmap for the design and translation of immunomodulatory cytokine/antibody fusion proteins.

One Sentence SummaryWe developed an IL-2/antibody fusion protein that expands immune effector cells and shows superior tumor suppression and toxicity profile versus IL-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonard, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leff, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henclova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huliciak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered cytokine/antibody fusion proteins improve delivery of IL-2 to pro-inflammatory cells and promote antitumor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VERY LONG-CHAIN ACYL-CoA SYNTHETASE-3 (ACSVL3) PROMOTES THE MALIGNANT GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF U87 GLIOMA CELLS VIA CHANGES IN CELL CYCLE WITHOUT AFFECTING APOPTOSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decreasing the expression of very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSVL3) in U87MG glioblastoma cells by either RNA interference or genomic knockout (KO) significantly decreased their growth rate in culture, as well as their ability to form rapidly growing tumors in mice. U87-KO cells grew at a 9-fold slower rate than U87MG cells. When injected subcutaneously in nude mice, the tumor initiation frequency of U87-KO cells was 70% of that of U87MG cells, and the average growth rate of tumors that did form was decreased by 9-fold. Two hypotheses to explain the decreased growth rate of KO cells were investigated. Lack of ACSVL3 could reduce cell growth either by increasing apoptosis, or via effects on the cell cycle. We examined intrinsic, extrinsic, and caspase-independent apoptosis pathways; none were affected by lack of ACSVL3. However, significant differences in the cell cycle were seen in KO cells, suggesting arrest in S-phase. Levels of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, and 4 were elevated in U87-KO cells, as were regulatory proteins p21 and p53 that promote cell cycle arrest. In contrast, lack of ACSVL3 reduced the level of the inhibitory regulatory protein p27. {gamma}-H2AX, a marker of DNA double strand breaks, was elevated in U87-KO cells, while pH3, a mitotic index marker, was reduced. Previously reported alterations in sphingolipid metabolism in ACSVL3-depleted U87 cells may explain the effect of KO on cell cycle. These studies reinforce the notion that ACSVL3 is a promising therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VERY LONG-CHAIN ACYL-CoA SYNTHETASE-3 (ACSVL3) PROMOTES THE MALIGNANT GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF U87 GLIOMA CELLS VIA CHANGES IN CELL CYCLE WITHOUT AFFECTING APOPTOSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PiE: An open source pipeline for home cage behavioral analysis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades a growing number of neuroscience labs are conducting behavioral assays in rodents. The equipment used to collect this behavioral data must effectively limit environmental and experimenter disruptions, to avoid confounding behavior data. Proprietary behavior boxes are expensive, offer limited compatible sensors, and constrain analysis with closed-source hardware and software. Here, we introduce PiE, an open-source, end-to-end, user-configurable, scalable, and inexpensive behavior assay system. The PiE system includes the custom-built behavior box to hold a home cage, as well as software enabling continuous video recording and individual behavior box environmental control. To limit experimental disruptions, the PiE system allows the control and monitoring of all aspects of a behavioral experiment using a remote web browser, including real-time video feeds. To allow experiments to scale up, the PiE system provides a web interface where any number of boxes can be controlled, and video data easily synchronized to a remote location. For the scoring of behavior video data, the PiE system includes a standalone desktop application that streamlines the blinded manual scoring of large datasets with a focus on quality control and assay flexibility. The PiE system is ideal for all types of behavior assays in which video is recorded. Users are free to use individual components of this setup independently, or to use the entire pipeline from data collection to analysis. Alpha testers have included scientists without prior coding experience. An example pipeline is demonstrated with the PiE system enabling the user to record home cage maternal behavior assays, synchronize the resulting data, conduct blinded scoring, and import the data into R for data visualization and analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benedict, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cudmore, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PiE: An open source pipeline for home cage behavioral analysis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved cardiolipin-mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier interactions assume distinct structural and functional roles that are clinically relevant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) promotes bioenergetics via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Three tightly bound CLs are evolutionarily conserved in the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC in yeast; adenine nucleotide translocator, ANT in mammals) which resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane and exchanges ADP and ATP to enable OXPHOS. Here, we investigated the role of these buried CLs in the carrier using yeast Aac2 as a model. We introduced negatively charged mutations into each CL-binding site of Aac2 to disrupt the CL interactions via electrostatic repulsion. While all mutations disturbing the CL-protein interaction destabilized Aac2 monomeric structure, transport activity was impaired in a pocket-specific manner. Finally, we determined that a disease-associated missense mutation in one CL-binding site in ANT1 compromised its structure and transport activity, resulting in OXPHOS defects. Our findings highlight the conserved significance of CL in AAC/ANT structure and function, directly tied to specific lipid-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senoo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinthapalli, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baile, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golla, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunbona, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munteanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whited, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved cardiolipin-mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier interactions assume distinct structural and functional roles that are clinically relevant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B. subtilis MutS2 splits stalled ribosomesinto subunits without mRNA cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stalled ribosomes are rescued by pathways that recycle the ribosome and target the nascent polypeptide for degradation. In E. coli, these pathways are triggered by ribosome collisions through recruitment of SmrB, a nuclease that cleaves the mRNA. In B. subtilis, the related protein MutS2 was recently implicated in ribosome rescue. Here we show that MutS2 is recruited to collisions by its SMR and KOW domains and reveal the interaction of these domains with collided ribosomes by cryo-EM. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that MutS2 uses its ABC ATPase activity to split ribosomes, targeting the nascent peptide for degradation by the ribosome quality control pathway. Notably, we see no evidence of mRNA cleavage by MutS2, nor does it promote ribosome rescue by tmRNA as SmrB cleavage does in E. coli. These findings clarify the biochemical and cellular roles of MutS2 in ribosome rescue in B. subtilis and raise questions about how these pathways function differently in various bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackens-Kiani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdenebat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B. subtilis MutS2 splits stalled ribosomesinto subunits without mRNA cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights from a survey of mentorship experiences by graduate and postdoctoral researchers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mentorship is vital for early career researchers in training positions, allowing them to navigate the challenges of work and life in research environments. However, the quality of mentorship received by trainees can vary by investigator and by institution. One challenge faced by those hoping to improve trainee mentorship is that the extent to which mentorship is offered to and experienced by research trainees is not well characterized. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey to examine the quality of mentorship received by trainees in research environments, to identify characteristics of positive and negative mentorship, and to highlight best practices to improve trainee mentorship. We received 2,114 responses from researchers at graduate and postdoctoral career stages worldwide. Quantitative analysis showed that at least [~]25-45% of respondents were dissatisfied with some aspects of their mentorship. Qualitative responses revealed that common issues in mentorship include unclear expectations in research and mentoring interactions, lack of guidance, and inadequate support of trainee independence and career goals. Our findings also identified key mentorship elements desired by trainee mentees. Based on trainee suggestions, we describe strategies for individual mentors, departments, and institutions to improve the training experience for graduate and postdoctoral researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson Filho, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights from a survey of mentorship experiences by graduate and postdoctoral researchers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a human brain EV atlas: Characteristics of EVs from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and play roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions. Although brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) have been successfully collected from brain tissue, there is not yet a "bdEV atlas" of EVs from different brain regions. To address this gap, we separated EVs from eight anatomical brain regions of a single individual and subsequently characterized them by count, size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The greatest particle yield was from cerebellum, while the fewest particles were recovered from the orbitofrontal, postcentral gyrus, and thalamus regions. EV surface phenotyping indicated that CD81 and CD9 were more abundant than CD63 for all regions. Cell-enriched surface markers varied between brain regions. For example, putative neuronal markers NCAM, CD271, and NRCAM were more abundant in medulla, cerebellum, and occipital regions, respectively. These findings, while restricted to tissues from a single individual, suggest that additional studies are merited to lend more insight into the links between EV heterogeneity and function in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gizzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routenberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a human brain EV atlas: Characteristics of EVs from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apposed networks of interacting TCRs and BCRs exhibiting mosaicked CDR3 sequences made of fixed junctional motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T and B cells are the two arms of the adaptive immune system that mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, using highly diverse repertoires of antigen receptors. T cells recognize antigens using the T cell receptor (TCR), whereas B cells use the B cell receptor (BCR or surface immunoglobulin). Complementary determining regions (CDR3) of TCRs and BCRs are randomly generated through somatic VDJ recombination and nucleotide deletions and insertions at the V-D and D-J junctions. Contrary to this paradigm, here we describe two networks of millions of TCR{beta} and IGH clonotypes that are made from only two CDR3 sequences and associated with more 63 diseases. The TCR{beta} network members bore either the prototypic signature CDR3 sequence (CASSPGTEAFF), its N-terminal VD motif (CASSPGT) recombined with various J{beta} segments (CASSPGT-J{beta}x) or its DJ{beta} motif recombined with various V{beta} (V{beta}x-PGTEAFF). The BCR network members exhibit one signature CDR3 sequence (CARx1-4DTAMVYYFYDW) made from an invariant DJH motif (DTAMVYYFDYW) combined with various VH genes. The prototypes of the two networks are apparently teleogically related as they were dually expressed on the rare population of dual expresser (DE) lymphocytes and molecular dynamic simulations show that they were interacting partners. We conclude that members of the two networks represent a core set of evolutionary-conserved primordial antigen receptors that play fundamental roles in host defense and autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hallaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamad, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apposed networks of interacting TCRs and BCRs exhibiting mosaicked CDR3 sequences made of fixed junctional motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RaMALDI: enabling simultaneous Raman and MALDI imaging of the same tissue section 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal tissue imaging techniques that integrate two complementary modalities are powerful discovery tools for unraveling biological processes and identifying biomarkers of disease. Combining Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to obtain fused images with the advantages of both modalities has the potential of providing spatially resolved, sensitive, and specific biomolecular information, but has so far involved two separate, consecutive tissue sections for RSI and MALDI MSI, resulting in images from two separate entities with inherent disparities. We have developed RaMALDI, a streamlined, integrated, multimodal imaging workflow of RSI and MALDI MSI, performed on a single tissue section with one sample preparation protocol. We show that RaMALDI imaging of various tissues effectively integrates molecular information acquired from both RSI and MALDI MSI of the same sample.

Table of Contents

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=142 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539107v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1829ccaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3d018org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@531015org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@144f1a3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG We demonstrate for the first time RaMALDI imaging, a streamlined, integrated multimodal imaging workflow of Raman spectroscopy imaging (RSI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI), which is performed on a single sample and uses one sample preparation protocol. RaMALDI imaging of various tissues effectively integrates molecular information acquired from both RSI and MALDI MSI of the same sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RaMALDI: enabling simultaneous Raman and MALDI imaging of the same tissue section]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining Pleiotropic Drug Resistance in a Pathogenic Yeast: Pdr1 Functions as a Sensor of Cellular Stresses in Candida glabrata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida glabrata is a prominent opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. The increasing incidence of C. glabrata infections is attributed to both innate and acquired resistance to antifungals. Previous studies suggest the transcription factor Pdr1 and several target genes encoding ABC transporters are critical elements of pleiotropic defense against azoles and other antifungals. This study utilizes Hermes transposon insertion profiling to investigate Pdr1-independent and Pdr1-dependent mechanisms that alter susceptibility to the frontline antifungal fluconazole. Several new genes were found to alter fluconazole susceptibility independent of Pdr1 (CYB5, SSK1, SSK2, HOG1, TRP1). A bZIP transcription repressor of mitochondrial function (CIN5) positively regulated Pdr1 while hundreds of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were confirmed as negative regulators of Pdr1. The antibiotic oligomycin activated Pdr1 and antagonized fluconazole efficacy likely by interfering with mitochondrial processes in C. glabrata. Unexpectedly, disruption of many 60S ribosomal proteins also activated Pdr1, thus mimicking the effects of the mRNA translation inhibitors. Cycloheximide failed to fully activate Pdr1 in a cycloheximide-resistant Rpl28-Q38E mutant. Similarly, fluconazole failed to fully activate Pdr1 in a strain expressing a low-affinity variant of Erg11. Fluconazole activated Pdr1 with very slow kinetics that correlated with the delayed onset of cellular stress. These findings are inconsistent with the idea that Pdr1 directly senses xenobiotics and support an alternative hypothesis where Pdr1 senses cellular stresses that arise only after engagement of xenobiotics with their targets.

ImportanceCandida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that causes discomfort and death. Its incidence has been increasing because of natural defenses to our common antifungal medications. This study explores the entire genome for impacts on resistance to fluconazole. We find several new and unexpected genes can impact susceptibility to fluconazole. Several antibiotics can also alter the efficacy of fluconazole. Most importantly, we find that Pdr1 - a key determinant of fluconazole resistance - is not regulated directly through binding of fluconazole and instead is regulated indirectly by sensing the cellular stresses caused by fluconazole blockage of sterol biosynthesis. This new understanding of drug resistance mechanisms could improve the outcomes of current antifungals and accelerate the development of novel therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavesic, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormack, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining Pleiotropic Drug Resistance in a Pathogenic Yeast: Pdr1 Functions as a Sensor of Cellular Stresses in Candida glabrata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spatiotemporal richness of hummingbird wing deformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals exhibit an abundant diversity of forms, and this diversity is even more evident when considering animals that can change shape on demand. The evolution of flexibility contributes to aspects of performance from propulsive efficiency to environmental navigation. It is, however, challenging to quantify and compare body parts that, by their nature, dynamically vary in shape over many time scales. Commonly, body configurations are tracked by labelled markers and quantified parametrically through conventional measures of size and shape (descriptor approach) or non-parametrically through data-driven analyses that broadly capture spatiotemporal deformation patterns (shape variable approach). We developed a weightless marker tracking technique and combined these analytic approaches to study wing morphological flexibility in hoverfeeding Annas hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Four shape variables explained >95% of typical stroke cycle wing shape variation and were broadly correlated with specific conventional descriptors like wing twist and area. Moreover, shape variables decomposed wing deformations into pairs of in- and out-of-plane components at integer multiples of the stroke frequency. This property allowed us to identify spatiotemporal deformation profiles characteristic of hoverfeeding with experimentally imposed kinematic constraints, including through shape variables explaining <10% of typical shape variation. Hoverfeeding in front of a visual barrier restricted stroke amplitude and elicited increased stroke frequencies together with in- and out-of-plane deformations throughout the stroke cycle. Lifting submaximal loads increased stroke amplitudes at similar stroke frequencies together with prominent in-plane deformations during the upstroke and pronation. Our study highlights how spatially and temporally distinct changes in wing shape can contribute to agile fluidic locomotion.

SummaryHummingbirds exhibit complex wing deformations throughout the stroke cycle, and the timing and origin of these deformations differs between hoverfeeding behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliga, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshuler, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spatiotemporal richness of hummingbird wing deformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AGNOSTIC MRS Benchmark Dataset: Deep Learning for Out-of-voxel Artifacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural networks are potentially valuable for many of the challenges associated with MRS data. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the AGNOSTIC dataset, which contains 259,200 synthetic 1H MRS examples for training and testing neural networks. AGNOSTIC was created using 270 basis sets that were simulated across 18 field strengths and 15 echo times. The synthetic examples were produced to resemble in vivo brain data with combinations of metabolite, macromolecule, residual water signals, and noise. To demonstrate the utility, we apply AGNOSTIC to train two Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to address out-of-voxel (OOV) echoes. A Detection Network was trained to identify the point-wise presence of OOV echoes, providing proof of concept for real-time detection. A Prediction Network was trained to reconstruct OOV echoes, allowing subtraction during post-processing. Complex OOV signals were mixed into 85% of synthetic examples to train two separate CNNs for the detection and prediction of OOV signals. AGNOSTIC is available through Dryad and all Python 3 code is available through GitHub. The Detection network was shown to perform well, identifying 95% of OOV echoes. Traditional modeling of these detected OOV signals was evaluated and may prove to be an effective method during linear-combination modeling. The Prediction Network greatly reduces OOV echoes within FIDs and achieved a median log10 normed-MSE of -1.79, an improvement of almost two orders of magnitude.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AGNOSTIC MRS Benchmark Dataset: Deep Learning for Out-of-voxel Artifacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Oxidative Stress Impair Cardiac Desmin Proteostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThough acute mortality by myocardial infarction (MI) has declined in past decades, MI still represents one of the leading causes of heart failure (HF) development. We recently demonstrated the accumulation of toxic desmin aggregates in patients with HF of ischemic origin. Since desmin aggregates are toxic for the heart we aimed to test whether their formation can be induced by oxidative stress as a proxy for reperfusion injury, as well as addressing the effects of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing desmin aggregation with cardiac oxidative stress.

Methods and ResultsWe demonstrate here that oxidative stress is able to induce desmin aggregation, acutely, in a cell-specific and dose-dependent fashion. We also show that elevation of O-linked {beta}-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) prior to or after oxidative stress reduces the formation of toxic desmin aggregates and its pro-aggregating desmin post-translational modifications (PTM). In addition, we show for the first time a role for the transmembrane protease serine 13 (TMPRSS13) with desmin cleavage in response to oxidative stress while desmins single cysteine plays a protective role from I/R injury, which is independent of gain or loss of desmin function.

ConclusionsThe proliferation of desmin PTM-forms (i.e., proteoforms) and its aggregation hallmark acute and chronic cardiac stress and result in both loss of and gain of desmin function. We report here two novel mechanisms that could be targeted for therapy to preserve desmin homeostasis and cardiac function in the acute settings of oxidative stress and reperfusion injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadioglu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Oxidative Stress Impair Cardiac Desmin Proteostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A GALLIUM-68-LABELED PEPTIDE RADIOTRACER FOR CD38-TARGETED IMAGING IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA WITH PET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe limited availability of molecularly targeted low-molecular-weight imaging agents for monitoring multiple myeloma (MM)-targeted therapies has been a significant challenge in the field. In response, we developed [68Ga]Ga-AJ206, a peptide-based radiotracer that can be seamlessly integrated into the standard clinical workflow and is specifically designed to non-invasively quantify CD38 levels and pharmacodynamics by positron emission tomography (PET).

Experimental designWe synthesized a high-affinity binder for quantification of CD38 levels. Affinity was tested using surface plasmon resonance, and In vitro specificity was evaluated using a gallium-68-labeled analog. Distribution, pharmacokinetics, and CD38 specificity of the radiotracer were assessed in MM cell lines and in primary patient-derived myeloma cells and xenografts (PDX) with cross-validation by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigated the radiotracers potential to quantify CD38 pharmacodynamics induced by all-trans retinoic acid therapy (ATRA).

Results[68Ga]Ga-AJ206 exhibited high CD38 binding specificity (KD: 19.1{+/-}0.99 nM) and CD38-dependent In vitro binding. [68Ga]Ga-AJ206-PET showed high contrast within 60 minutes and suitable absorbed dose estimates for clinical use. Additionally, [68Ga]Ga-AJ206 detected CD38 expression in xenografts, PDXs and disseminated disease models in a manner consistent with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry findings. Moreover, [68Ga]Ga-AJ206-PET successfully quantified CD38 pharmacodynamics in PDXs, revealing increased CD38 expression in the tumor following ATRA therapy.

Conclusions[68Ga]Ga-AJ206 exhibited the salient features required for clinical translation, providing CD38-specific high contrast images in multiple models of MM. [68Ga]Ga-AJ206-PET could be useful for quantifying total CD38 levels and pharmacodynamics during therapy to evaluate approved and new therapies in MM and other diseases with CD38 involvement.

STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEThere is an unmet need for functional imaging agents to monitor the pharmacodynamic effects of new therapeutics targeting multiple myeloma (MM). MM is a challenging bone marrow plasma cell cancer that is associated with heterogenous responses and universal recurrence. While minimal residual disease monitoring by blood and invasive bone marrow samples have improved prognostication of disease recurrence, molecularly targeted, non-invasive imaging options that can assess therapy response early remain limited. To address this gap, we report the development of a high affinity, first-in-class gallium-68 labeled peptide radiotracer, [68Ga]Ga-AJ206, for CD38 protein, which is highly expressed on MM cells. [68Ga]Ga-AJ206 provides high-contrast CD38-specific images by PET within the standard clinical workflow of 60 minutes. Furthermore, the potential of [68Ga]Ga-AJ206 PET to measure pharmacodynamics of CD38 was demonstrated. Further development of this new radiotracer may complement existing technologies and improve prognostication and monitoring of therapy response in patients with MM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lofland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gocke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A GALLIUM-68-LABELED PEPTIDE RADIOTRACER FOR CD38-TARGETED IMAGING IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA WITH PET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EASTR: Correcting systematic alignment errors in multi-exon genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate alignment of transcribed RNA to reference genomes is a critical step in the analysis of gene expression, which in turn has broad applications in biomedical research and in the basic sciences. We have discovered that widely used splice-aware aligners, such as STAR and HISAT2, can introduce erroneous spliced alignments between repeated sequences, leading to the inclusion of falsely spliced transcripts in RNA-seq experiments. In some cases, the "phantom" introns resulting from these errors have made their way into widely-used genome annotation databases. To address this issue, we have developed EASTR (Emending Alignments of Spliced Transcript Reads), a novel software tool that can detect and remove falsely spliced alignments or transcripts from alignment and annotation files. EASTR improves the accuracy of spliced alignments across diverse species, including human, maize, and Arabidopsis thaliana, by detecting sequence similarity between intron-flanking regions. We demonstrate that applying EASTR before transcript assembly substantially reduces false positive introns, exons, and transcripts, improving the overall accuracy of assembled transcripts. Additionally, we show that EASTRs application to reference annotation databases can detect and correct likely cases of mis-annotated transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EASTR: Correcting systematic alignment errors in multi-exon genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMYD5 is a novel epigenetic gatekeeper of the mild hypothermia response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mild hypothermia response (MHR) maintains organismal homeostasis during cold exposure and is thought to be critical for the neuroprotection documented with therapeutic hypothermia. To date, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the MHR. We utilize a forward CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis screen to identify the histone lysine methyltransferase SMYD5 as a regulator of the MHR. SMYD5 represses the key MHR gene SP1 at euthermia. This repression correlates with temperature-dependent levels of H3K36me3 at the SP1-locus and globally, indicating that the mammalian MHR is regulated at the level of histone modifications. We have identified 37 additional SMYD5 regulated temperature-dependent genes, suggesting a broader MHR-related role for SMYD5. Our study provides an example of how histone modifications integrate environmental cues into the genetic circuitry of mammalian cells and provides insights that may yield therapeutic avenues for neuroprotection after catastrophic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafnsdottir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halldorsdottir, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasdottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynisdottir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atladottir, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northington, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez-Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMYD5 is a novel epigenetic gatekeeper of the mild hypothermia response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated nuclear TDP-43 induces constitutive exon skipping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic inclusions and loss of nuclear TDP-43 are key pathological features found in several neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting both gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms of disease. To study gain-of-function, TDP-43 overexpression has been used to generate in vitro and in vivo model systems. Our study shows that excessive levels of nuclear TDP-43 protein lead to constitutive exon skipping that is largely species-specific. Furthermore, while aberrant exon skipping is detected in some human brains, it is not correlated with disease, unlike the incorporation of cryptic exons that occurs after loss of TDP-43. Our findings emphasize the need for caution in interpreting TDP-43 overexpression data, and stress the importance of controlling for exon skipping when generating models of TDP-43 proteinopathy. Understanding the subtle aspects of TDP-43 toxicity within different subcellular locations is essential for the development of therapies targeting neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmen-Orozco, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated nuclear TDP-43 induces constitutive exon skipping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid processing of observed touch through social perceptual brain regions: an EEG-fMRI fusion study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seeing social touch triggers a strong social-affective response that involves multiple brain networks, including visual, social perceptual, and somatosensory systems. Previous studies have identified the specific functional role of each system, but little is known about the speed and directionality of the information flow. Is this information extracted via the social perceptual system or from simulation from somatosensory cortex? To address this, we examined the spatiotemporal neural processing of observed touch. Twenty participants watched 500 ms video clips showing social and non-social touch during EEG recording. Visual and social-affective features were rapidly extracted in the brain, beginning at 90 and 150 ms after video onset, respectively. Combining the EEG data with fMRI data from our prior study with the same stimuli reveals that neural information first arises in early visual cortex (EVC), then in the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ/pSTS), and finally in the somatosensory cortex. EVC and TPJ/pSTS uniquely explain EEG neural patterns, while somatosensory cortex does not contribute to EEG patterns alone, suggesting that social-affective information may flow from TPJ/pSTS to somatosensory cortex. Together, these findings show that social touch is processed quickly, within the timeframe of feedforward visual processes, and that the social-affective meaning of touch is first extracted by a social perceptual pathway. Such rapid processing of social touch may be vital to its effective use during social interaction.

Significance StatementSeeing physical contact between people evokes a strong social-emotional response. Previous research has identified the brain systems responsible for this response, but little is known about how quickly and in what direction the information flows. We demonstrated that the brain processes the social-emotional meaning of observed touch quickly, starting as early as 150 milliseconds after the stimulus onset. By combining EEG data with fMRI data, we show for the first time that the social-affective meaning of touch is first extracted by a social perceptual pathway and followed by the later involvement of somatosensory simulation. This rapid processing of touch through the social perceptual route may play a pivotal role in effective usage of touch in social communication and interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid processing of observed touch through social perceptual brain regions: an EEG-fMRI fusion study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-site identification and generalization of clusters of walking impairment in individuals with chronic stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWalking patterns in stroke survivors are highly heterogeneous, which poses a challenge in systematizing treatment prescriptions for walking rehabilitation interventions.

ObjectiveWe used bilateral spatiotemporal and force data during walking to create a multi-site research sample to: 1) identify clusters of walking behaviors in people post-stroke and neurotypical controls, and 2) determine the generalizability of these walking clusters across different research sites. We hypothesized that participants post-stroke will have different walking impairments resulting in different clusters of walking behaviors, which are also different from control participants.

MethodsWe gathered data from 81 post-stroke participants across four research sites and collected data from 31 control participants. Using sparse K-means clustering, we identified walking clusters based on 17 spatiotemporal and force variables. We analyzed the biomechanical features within each cluster to characterize cluster-specific walking behaviors. We also assessed the generalizability of the clusters using a leave-one-out approach.

ResultsWe identified four stroke clusters: a fast and asymmetric cluster, a moderate speed and asymmetric cluster, a slow cluster with frontal plane force asymmetries, and a slow and symmetric cluster. We also identified a moderate speed and symmetric gait cluster composed of controls and participants post-stroke. The moderate speed and asymmetric stroke cluster did not generalize across sites.

ConclusionsAlthough post-stroke walking patterns are heterogenous, these patterns can be systematically classified into distinct clusters based on spatiotemporal and force data. Future interventions could target the key features that characterize each cluster to increase the efficacy of interventions to improve mobility in people post-stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweighofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Oviedo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winstein, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-site identification and generalization of clusters of walking impairment in individuals with chronic stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ex vivo model of interactions between extracellular vesicles and peripheral mononuclear blood cells in whole blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and engineered for retention by specific body sites; therefore, they have great potential for targeted delivery of biomolecules to treat diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of EVs in large animals remain relatively unknown, especially in primates. We recently reported that when cell culture-derived EVs are administered intravenously to Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), they differentially associate with specific subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). More than 60% of CD20+ B cells were observed to associate with EVs for up to 1 hr post-intravenous administration. To investigate these associations further, we developed an ex vivo model of whole blood collected from healthy pig-tailed macaques. Using this ex vivo system, we found that labeled EVs preferentially associate with B cells in whole blood at levels similar to those detected in vivo. This study demonstrates that ex vivo blood can be used to study EV-blood cell interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plunkard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ex vivo model of interactions between extracellular vesicles and peripheral mononuclear blood cells in whole blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thioflavin T In-gel Stain to Study Protein Misfolding in Frozen Tissue Specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are limited options to quantify and characterize amyloid species from biological samples in a simple fashion. Thioflavin T (ThT) has now been used for decades to stain amyloid fibrils but to our knowledge we were the first to use it in-gel. Thioflavin T in-gel stain is convenient as it is fast, inexpensive, available to most labs, compatible with other fluorescent stains and downstream analyses such as mass spectrometry (MS).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchernyshyov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glabe, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thioflavin T In-gel Stain to Study Protein Misfolding in Frozen Tissue Specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical gradient of timescales in the mammalian forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many anatomical and physiological features of cortical circuits, ranging from the biophysical properties of synapses to the connectivity patterns among different neuron types, exhibit consistent variation along the hierarchical axis from sensory to association areas. Notably, the scale of temporal correlation of neural activity at rest, known as the intrinsic timescale, increases systematically along this hierarchy in both primates and rodents, analogous to the growing scale and complexity of spatial receptive fields. However, how the timescales for task-related activity vary across brain regions and whether their hierarchical organization appears consistently across different mammalian species remain unexplored. Here, we show that both the intrinsic timescale and the timescales of task-related activity follow a similar hierarchical gradient in the cortices of monkeys, rats, and mice. We also found that these timescales covary similarly in both the cortex and basal ganglia, whereas the timescales of thalamic activity are shorter than cortical timescales and do not conform to the hierarchical order predicted by their cortical projections. These results suggest that the hierarchical gradient of cortical timescales might be a universal feature of intra-cortical circuits in the mammalian brain.

Significance StatementA gradual increase in the intrinsic timescales of cortical activity along the anatomical hierarchy reflects the functional specialization of cortical circuits. However, it is unknown whether this gradient of timescales is a common feature across distinct mammalian species in both intrinsic and task-related timescales and whether it is also observed in subcortical areas. This study reveals that the hierarchical gradient of multiple cortical timescales is conserved across multiple mammalian species. By contrast, thalamic timescales were shorter than cortical timescales and did not follow the hierarchical order inferred from their cortical projections. These findings imply a crucial role of intra-cortical connections in structuring distinct temporal dynamics observed across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical gradient of timescales in the mammalian forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of structural vs cellular remodeling in arrhythmogenesis: personalized computer models of atrial fibrillation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive disease involving both structural and functional remodeling. To investigate the contribution of cell-scale functional remodeling to AF pathogenesis, we combined personalized 3D anatomical models with pathology-specific ionic models. The latter were developed using recordings in myocytes isolated from patients in sinus rhythm, paroxysmal, postoperative, and persistent AF. To quantify AF dynamics, we developed a novel algorithm for locating RDs by backtracking the conduction velocity field from the wavebreak regions. We demonstrate that our novel algorithm is at least 700 times faster than the traditional phase singularity analysis. The inducibility of simulated AF was not pathology-dependent, but pathological models demonstrate a more extensive arrhythmogenic substrate compared to the sinus rhythm. AF driver locations depend on electrophysiological remodeling; differences between pathology-specific models are explained by differences in wavebreak patterns. Specifically, RDs tend to dwell in the regions with the highest wavebreak probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pikunov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syunyaev, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckmeister, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rytkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trayanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimov, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of structural vs cellular remodeling in arrhythmogenesis: personalized computer models of atrial fibrillation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skp1 proteins are structural components of the synaptonemal complex in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a hallmark of meiotic prophase that plays a crucial role in regulating crossovers between homologous chromosomes. Here, we demonstrate that two Skp1-related proteins in C. elegans, SKR-1 and SKR-2, serve as structural components of the SC, independent of their canonical functions within the Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex. SKR-1 and SKR-2 localize to the central region of the SC, and synapsis requires their dimerization through a hydrophobic interface that overlaps with the binding sites for CUL-1 and F-box proteins. Using in vitro reconstitution and in vivo analysis of mutant proteins, we show that SKR proteins interact with the other SC proteins using their C-terminal helices to form a soluble complex, which likely represents a basic building block for SC assembly. Our findings demonstrate how conserved Skp1 proteins are repurposed as part of the SC and may provide insight into how synapsis is coupled to cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blundon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haversat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skp1 proteins are structural components of the synaptonemal complex in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal reaching subject to computational and physical constraints reveals structure of the sensorimotor control system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimal feedback control provides an abstract framework describing the architecture of the sensorimotor system without prescribing implementation details such as what coordinate system to use, how feedback is incorporated, or how to accommodate changing task complexity. We investigate how such details are determined by computational and physical constraints by creating a model of the upper limb sensorimotor system in which all connection weights between neurons, feedback, and muscles are unknown. By optimizing these parameters with respect to an objective function, we find that the model exhibits a preference for an intrinsic (joint angle) coordinate representation of inputs and feedback and learns to calculate a weighted feedforward and feedback error. We further show that complex reaches around obstacles can be achieved by augmenting our model with a path-planner based on via points. The path-planner revealed "avoidance" neurons that encode directions to reach around obstacles, and "placement" neurons that make fine-tuned adjustments to via point placement. Our results demonstrate the surprising capability of computationally constrained systems and highlight new characteristics of the sensorimotor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieber, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal reaching subject to computational and physical constraints reveals structure of the sensorimotor control system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic activity of IL-2 mutein with tolerogenic ImmTOR nanoparticles leads to massive expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and protection against autoimmune disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low dose IL-2 therapy and IL-2 molecules engineered to be selective for the high affinity IL-2 receptor have been shown to expand Tregs in vivo, and, in the case of low dose IL-2 therapy, has demonstrated promising therapeutic benefit in autoimmune diseases. One of the potential limitations of IL-2 therapy is the nonselective expansion of pre-existing Treg populations rather than induction of antigen-specific Tregs, as well as potential activation of effector cells. We have recently developed biodegradable nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin, called ImmTOR, to induce selective immune tolerance to co-administered antigens, such as immunogenic biologic drugs. Unlike Treg-selective IL-2 therapy, ImmTOR alone does not increase total Treg numbers. However, here we demonstrate that the combination of ImmTOR and an engineered Treg-selective IL-2 variant (termed IL-2 mutein) increases the number and durability of total Tregs, as well as inducing a profound synergistic increase in antigen-specific Treg when combined with a target antigen. We demonstrate that the combination of ImmTOR and an IL-2 mutein leads to durable inhibition of antibody responses to co-administered AAV gene therapy capsid, even at sub-optimal doses of ImmTOR, and provides protection in autoimmune models of type 1 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis. ImmTOR also showed the potential to increase the therapeutic window of engineered IL-2 molecules by mitigating effector T cell expansion typically observed at higher doses of IL-2 and preventing exacerbation of disease in a model of graft-versus-host-disease. At the same time, engineered IL-2 molecules showed potential for dose-sparing of ImmTOR. Overall, these results establish that the combination of ImmTOR and an IL-2 mutein show synergistic benefit on both safety and efficacy to provide durable antigen-specific immune tolerance to mitigate drug immunogenicity and to treat autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kishimoto, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nukolova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, F.-n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traber, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilyinskii, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic activity of IL-2 mutein with tolerogenic ImmTOR nanoparticles leads to massive expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and protection against autoimmune disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of mammalian genes encode multiple transcript isoforms that result from differential promoter use, changes in exonic splicing, and alternative 3 end choice. Detecting and quantifying transcript isoforms across tissues, cell types, and species has been extremely challenging because transcripts are much longer than the short reads normally used for RNA-seq. By contrast, long-read RNA-seq (LR-RNA-seq) gives the complete structure of most transcripts. We sequenced 264 LR-RNA-seq PacBio libraries totaling over 1 billion circular consensus reads (CCS) for 81 unique human and mouse samples. We detect at least one full-length transcript from 87.7% of annotated human protein coding genes and a total of 200,000 full-length transcripts, 40% of which have novel exon junction chains.

To capture and compute on the three sources of transcript structure diversity, we introduce a gene and transcript annotation framework that uses triplets representing the transcript start site, exon junction chain, and transcript end site of each transcript. Using triplets in a simplex representation demonstrates how promoter selection, splice pattern, and 3 processing are deployed across human tissues, with nearly half of multitranscript protein coding genes showing a clear bias toward one of the three diversity mechanisms. Evaluated across samples, the predominantly expressed transcript changes for 74% of protein coding genes. In evolution, the human and mouse transcriptomes are globally similar in types of transcript structure diversity, yet among individual orthologous gene pairs, more than half (57.8%) show substantial differences in mechanism of diversification in matching tissues. This initial large-scale survey of human and mouse long-read transcriptomes provides a foundation for further analyses of alternative transcript usage, and is complemented by short-read and microRNA data on the same samples and by epigenome data elsewhere in the ENCODE4 collection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morabito, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McShane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upchurch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolanki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagda, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitz, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinholdt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.540587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utility of FRET in studies of membrane protein oligomerization: the concept of the effective dissociation constant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.540587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activity of many membrane receptors is controlled through their lateral association into dimers or higher order oligomers. While Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements have been used extensively to characterize the stability of receptor dimers, the utility of FRET in studies of larger oligomers is unclear. Here we show that we can extract an effective equilibrium dissociation constant from FRET measurements for EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) known to form active oligomers of heterogeneous distributions in response to its ligand ephrinA1-Fc. The newly introduced effective equilibrium dissociation constant has a well-defined physical meaning and biological significance. It denotes the receptor concentration for which half of the receptors are monomeric and inactive, and the other half are associated into oligomers and are active, irrespective of the exact oligomer size. This work illustrates how FRET, along with fluorescence fluctuation techniques which directly measure the oligomer size, can be a very powerful tool in studies of membrane receptor association and signaling in the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogorelov, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.540587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utility of FRET in studies of membrane protein oligomerization: the concept of the effective dissociation constant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathological Tau transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spread of prion-like protein aggregates is believed to be a common driver of pathogenesis in many neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulated tangles of filamentous Tau protein are considered pathogenic lesions of Alzheimers disease (AD) and related Tauopathies, including progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Tau pathologies in these illnesses exhibits a clear progressive and hierarchical spreading pattern that correlates with disease severity1, 2. Clinical observation combined with complementary experimental studies3, 4 have shown that Tau preformed fibrils (PFF) are prion-like seeds that propagate pathology by entering cells and templating misfolding and aggregation of endogenous Tau. While several receptors of Tau are known, they are not specific to the fibrillar form of Tau. Moreover, the underlying cellular mechanisms of Tau PFF spreading remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag3) is a cell surface receptor that binds to PFF, but not monomer, of Tau. Deletion of Lag3 or inhibition of Lag3 in primary cortical neurons significantly reduces the internalization of Tau PFF and subsequent Tau propagation and neuron-to-neuron transmission. Propagation of Tau pathology and behavioral deficits induced by injection of Tau PFF in the hippocampus and overlying cortex are attenuated in mice lacking Lag3 selectively in neurons. Our results identify neuronal Lag3 as a receptor of pathologic Tau in the brain, and for AD and related Tauopathies a therapeutic target.

One Sentence SummaryLag3 is a neuronal receptor specific for Tau PFF, and is required for uptake, propagation and transmission of Tau pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katakam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletinkova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauen, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathological Tau transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xylazine co-self-administration suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome that is not altered by naloxone in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prescription and illicit opioid use are a public health crisis, with the landscape shifting to fentanyl use. Since fentanyl is 100-fold more potent than morphine, its use is associated with a higher risk of fatal overdose that can be remediated through naloxone (Narcan) administration. However, recent reports indicate that xylazine, an anesthetic, is increasingly detected in accidental fentanyl overdose deaths. Anecdotal reports suggest that xylazine may prolong the fentanyl "high", alter the onset of fentanyl withdrawal, and increase resistance to naloxone-induced reversal of overdose. To date no preclinical studies have evaluated the impacts of xylazine on fentanyl self-administration (SA; 2.5 g/kg/infusion) or withdrawal to our knowledge. We established a rat model of xylazine/fentanyl co-SA and withdrawal and evaluated outcomes as a function of biological sex. When administered alone, chronic xylazine (2.5 mg/kg, IP) induced unique sex-specific withdrawal symptomatology whereby females showed delayed onset of signs and a possible enhancement of sensitivity to the motor-suppressing effects of xylazine. Xylazine reduced fentanyl consumption both male and female rats regardless of whether it was experimenter-administered or added to the intravenous fentanyl product (0.05. 0.10, and 0.5 mg/kg/infusion) when compared to fentanyl SA alone. Interestingly, this effect was dose-dependent when self-administered intravenously. Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, SC) did not increase somatic signs of fentanyl withdrawal, regardless of the inclusion of xylazine in the fentanyl infusion in either sex; however, somatic signs of withdrawal were higher across timepoints in females after xylazine/fentanyl co-SA regardless of naloxone exposure as compared to females following fentanyl SA alone. Together, these results indicate that xylazine/fentanyl co-SA dose-dependently suppressed fentanyl intake in both sexes, and induced a unique withdrawal syndrome in females which was not altered by acute naloxone treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khatri, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisinzano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marusich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gipson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xylazine co-self-administration suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome that is not altered by naloxone in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Particulate matter composition drives differential molecular and morphological responses in lung epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Particulate matter (PM) is a ubiquitous component of indoor and outdoor air pollution that is epidemiologically linked to many human pulmonary diseases. PM has many emission sources, making it challenging to understand the biological effects of exposure due to the high variance in chemical composition. However, the effects of compositionally unique particulate matter mixtures on cells have not been analyzed using both biophysical and biomolecular approaches. Here, we show that in a human bronchial epithelial cell model (BEAS-2B), exposure to three chemically distinct PM mixtures drives unique cell viability patterns, transcriptional remodeling, and the emergence of distinct morphological subtypes. Specifically, PM mixtures modulate cell viability and DNA damage responses and induce the remodeling of gene expression associated with cell morphology, extracellular matrix organization and structure, and cellular motility. Profiling cellular responses showed that cell morphologies change in a PM composition-dependent manner. Lastly, we observed that particulate matter mixtures with high contents of heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, induced larger drops in viability, increased DNA damage, and drove a redistribution among morphological subtypes. Our results demonstrate that quantitative measurement of cellular morphology provides a robust approach to gauge the effects of environmental stressors on biological systems and determine cellular susceptibilities to pollution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engels, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pafilis, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Particulate matter composition drives differential molecular and morphological responses in lung epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicore fiber optic imaging reveals that astrocyte calcium activity in the cerebral cortex is modulated by internal motivational state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are a direct target of neuromodulators and can influence neuronal activity on broad spatial and temporal scales through their close proximity to synapses. However, our knowledge about how astrocytes are functionally recruited during different animal behaviors and their diverse effects on the CNS remains limited. To enable measurement of astrocyte activity patterns in vivo during normative behaviors, we developed a high-resolution, long working distance, multi-core fiber optic imaging platform that allows visualization of cortical astrocyte calcium transients through a cranial window in freely moving mice. Using this platform, we defined the spatiotemporal dynamics of astrocytes during diverse behaviors, ranging from circadian fluctuations to novelty exploration, showing that astrocyte activity patterns are more variable and less synchronous than apparent in head-immobilized imaging conditions. Although the activity of astrocytes in visual cortex was highly synchronized during quiescence to arousal transitions, individual astrocytes often exhibited distinct thresholds and activity patterns during explorative behaviors, in accordance with their molecular diversity, allowing temporal sequencing across the astrocyte network. Imaging astrocyte activity during self-initiated behaviors revealed that noradrenergic and cholinergic systems act synergistically to recruit astrocytes during state transitions associated with arousal and attention, which was profoundly modulated by internal state. The distinct activity patterns exhibited by astrocytes in the cerebral cortex may provide a means to vary their neuromodulatory influence in response to different behaviors and internal states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gau, Y.-T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicore fiber optic imaging reveals that astrocyte calcium activity in the cerebral cortex is modulated by internal motivational state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-X knockoffs reveal data-dependent limits on regulatory network identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational biologists have long sought to automatically infer transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) from gene expression data, but such approaches notoriously suffer from false positives. Two points of failure could yield false positives: faulty hypothesis testing, or erroneous assumption of a classic criterion called causal sufficiency. We show that a recent statistical development, model-X knockoffs, can effectively control false positives in tests of conditional independence in mouse and E. coli data, which rules out faulty hypothesis tests. Yet, benchmarking against ChIP and other gold standards reveals highly inflated false discovery rates. This identifies the causal sufficiency assumption as a key limiting factor in TRN inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kernfeld, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-X knockoffs reveal data-dependent limits on regulatory network identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine synthesis pathway upregulated by E-cadherin is essential for the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loss of E-cadherin (E-cad), an epithelial cell adhesion molecule, has been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoting invasion and migration of cancer cells and, consequently, metastasis. However, recent studies have demonstrated that E-cad supports the survival and proliferation of metastatic cancer cells, suggesting that our understanding of E-cad in metastasis is far from comprehensive. Here, we report that E-cad upregulates the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP) in breast cancer cells. The SSP provides metabolic precursors for biosynthesis and resistance to oxidative stress, critically beneficial for E-cad-positive breast cancer cells to achieve faster tumor growth and more metastases. Inhibition of PHGDH, a rate-limiting enzyme in the SSP, significantly and specifically hampered the proliferation of E-cad-positive breast cancer cells and rendered them vulnerable to oxidative stress, inhibiting their metastatic potential. Our findings reveal that E-cad adhesion molecule significantly reprograms cellular metabolism, promoting tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.541452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine synthesis pathway upregulated by E-cadherin is essential for the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of histological delineations of medial temporal lobe cortices by four independent neuroanatomy laboratories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex, located adjacent to the hippocampus, is crucial for memory and prone to the accumulation of certain neuropathologies such as Alzheimers disease neurofibrillary tau tangles. The MTL cortex is composed of several subregions which differ in their functional and cytoarchitectonic features. As neuroanatomical schools rely on different cytoarchitectonic definitions of these subregions, it is unclear to what extent their delineations of MTL cortex subregions overlap. Here, we provide an overview of cytoarchitectonic definitions of the cortices that make up the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices) and the adjacent Brodmann areas (BA) 35 and 36, as provided by four neuroanatomists from different laboratories, aiming to identify the rationale for overlapping and diverging delineations.

Nissl-stained series were acquired from the temporal lobes of three human specimens (two right and one left hemisphere). Slices (50 {micro}m thick) were prepared perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus spanning the entire longitudinal extent of the MTL cortex. Four neuroanatomists annotated MTL cortex subregions on digitized (20X resolution) slices with 5 mm spacing. Parcellations, terminology, and border placement were compared among neuroanatomists. Cytoarchitectonic features of each subregion are described in detail.

Qualitative analysis of the annotations showed higher agreement in the definitions of the entorhinal cortex and BA35, while definitions of BA36 and the parahippocampal cortex exhibited less overlap among neuroanatomists. The degree of overlap of cytoarchitectonic definitions was partially reflected in the neuroanatomists agreement on the respective delineations. Lower agreement in annotations was observed in transitional zones between structures where seminal cytoarchitectonic features are expressed more gradually.

The results highlight that definitions and parcellations of the MTL cortex differ among neuroanatomical schools and thereby increase understanding of why these differences may arise. This work sets a crucial foundation to further advance anatomically-informed human neuroimaging research on the MTL cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wuestefeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgetts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazloum-Farzaghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canada, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittyerah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez de Onzono Martin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amunts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustinack, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insausti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of histological delineations of medial temporal lobe cortices by four independent neuroanatomy laboratories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse models of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SYNGAP1 is a Ras-GTPase activating protein highly enriched at excitatory synapses in the brain. De novo loss-of-function mutations in SYNGAP1 are a major cause of genetically defined neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). These mutations are highly penetrant and cause SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID), a NDD characterized by cognitive impairment, social deficits, early-onset seizures, and sleep disturbances (1-5). Studies in rodent neurons have shown that Syngap1 regulates developing excitatory synapse structure and function (6-11), and heterozygous Syngap1 knockout mice have deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and have seizures (9, 12-14). However, how specific SYNGAP1 mutations found in humans lead to disease has not been investigated in vivo. To explore this, we utilized the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate knock-in mouse models with two distinct known causal variants of SRID: one with a frameshift mutation leading to a premature stop codon, SYNGAP1; L813RfsX22, and a second with a single-nucleotide mutation in an intron that creates a cryptic splice acceptor site leading to premature stop codon, SYNGAP1; c.3583-9G>A. While reduction in Syngap1 mRNA varies from 30-50% depending on the specific mutation, both models show [~]50% reduction in Syngap1 protein, have deficits in synaptic plasticity, and recapitulate key features of SRID including hyperactivity and impaired working memory. These data suggest that half the amount of SYNGAP1 protein is key to the pathogenesis of SRID. These results provide a resource to study SRID and establish a framework for the development of therapeutic strategies for this disorder.

Significance StatementSYNGAP1 is a protein enriched at excitatory synapses in the brain that is an important regulator of synapse structure and function. SYNGAP1 mutations cause SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID), a neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive impairment, social deficits, seizures, and sleep disturbances. To explore how SYNGAP1 mutations found in humans lead to disease, we generated the first knock-in mouse models with causal SRID variants: one with a frameshift mutation and a second with an intronic mutation that creates a cryptic splice acceptor site. Both models show decreased Syngap1 mRNA and Syngap1 protein and recapitulate key features of SRID including hyperactivity and impaired working memory. These results provide a resource to study SRID and establish a framework for the development of therapeutic strategies.

HighlightsO_LITwo mouse models with SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID) mutations found in humans were generated: one with a frameshift mutation that results in a premature stop codon and the other with an intronic mutation resulting in a cryptic splice acceptor site and premature stop codon.
C_LIO_LIBoth SRID mouse models show 35[~]50% reduction in mRNA and [~]50% reduction in Syngap1 protein.
C_LIO_LIBoth SRID mouse models display deficits in synaptic plasticity and behavioral phenotypes found in people.
C_LIO_LIRNA-seq confirmed cryptic splice acceptor activity in one SRID mouse model and revealed broad transcriptional changes also identified in Syngap1+/- mice.
C_LIO_LINovel SRID mouse models generated here provide a resource and establish a framework for development of future therapeutic intervention.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkovich, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse models of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of skeletal muscle regeneration across mouse lifespan identifies altered stem cell states associated with senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle regeneration is driven by the interaction of myogenic and non-myogenic cells. In aging, regeneration is impaired due to dysfunctions of myogenic and non-myogenic cells, but this is not understood comprehensively. We collected an integrated atlas of 273,923 single-cell transcriptomes from muscles of young, old, and geriatric mice ([~]5, 20, 26 months-old) at six time-points following myotoxin injury. We identified eight cell types, including T and NK cells and macrophage subtypes, that displayed accelerated or delayed response dynamics between ages. Through pseudotime analysis, we observed myogenic cell states and trajectories specific to old and geriatric ages. To explain these age differences, we assessed cellular senescence by scoring experimentally derived and curated gene-lists. This pointed to an elevation of senescent-like subsets specifically within the self-renewing muscle stem cells in aged muscles. This resource provides a holistic portrait of the altered cellular states underlying skeletal muscle regenerative decline across mouse lifespan.

EXTENDED SUMMARYSkeletal muscle regeneration relies on the orchestrated interaction of myogenic and non-myogenic cells with spatial and temporal coordination. The regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle declines with aging due to alterations in myogenic stem/progenitor cell states and functions, non-myogenic cell contributions, and systemic changes, all of which accrue with age. A holistic network-level view of the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic changes influencing muscle stem/progenitor cell contributions to muscle regeneration across lifespan remains poorly resolved. To provide a comprehensive atlas of regenerative muscle cell states across mouse lifespan, we collected a compendium of 273,923 single-cell transcriptomes from hindlimb muscles of young, old, and geriatric (4-7, 20, and 26 months-old, respectively) mice at six closely sampled time-points following myotoxin injury. We identified 29 muscle-resident cell types, eight of which exhibited accelerated or delayed dynamics in their abundances between age groups, including T and NK cells and multiple macrophage subtypes, suggesting that the age-related decline in muscle repair may arise from temporal miscoordination of the inflammatory response. We performed a pseudotime analysis of myogenic cells across the regeneration timespan and found age-specific myogenic stem/progenitor cell trajectories in old and geriatric muscles. Given the critical role that cellular senescence plays in limiting cell contributions in aged tissues, we built a series of tools to bioinformatically identify senescence in these single-cell data and assess their ability to identify senescence within key myogenic stages. By comparing single-cell senescence scores to co-expression of hallmark senescence genes Cdkn2a and Cdkn1a, we found that an experimentally derived gene-list derived from a muscle foreign body response (FBR) fibrosis model accurately (receiver-operator curve AUC = 0.82-0.86) identified senescent-like myogenic cells across mouse ages, injury time-points, and cell-cycle states, in a manner comparable to curated gene-lists. Further, this scoring approach pinpointed transitory senescence subsets within the myogenic stem/progenitor cell trajectory that are related to stalled MuSC self-renewal states across all ages of mice. This new resource of mouse skeletal muscle aging provides a comprehensive portrait of the changing cellular states and interaction network underlying skeletal muscle regeneration across mouse lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walter, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, E. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maymi, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of skeletal muscle regeneration across mouse lifespan identifies altered stem cell states associated with senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpliceMutr enables pan-cancer analysis of splicing-derived neoantigen burden in tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant alternative splicing can generate neoantigens, which can themselves stimulate immune responses and surveillance. Previous methods for quantifying splicing-derived neoantigens are limited by independent references and potential batch effects. Here, we introduce SpliceMutr, a bioinformatics approach and pipeline for identifying splicing derived neoantigens from paired tumor normal data. SpliceMutr facilitates the identification of tumor-specific antigenic splice variants, predicts MHC-binding affinity, and estimates splicing antigenicity scores per gene. By applying this tool to genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we generate splicing-derived neoantigens and neoantigenicity scores per sample and across all cancer types and find numerous correlations between splicing antigenicity and well-established biomarkers of anti-tumor immunity. Notably, carriers of mutations within splicing machinery genes have higher splicing antigenicity, which provides support for our approach. Further analysis of splicing antigenicity in cohorts of melanoma patients treated with mono- or combined immune checkpoint inhibition suggest that the abundance of splicing antigens is reduced post-treatment from baseline in patients who progress, likely because of an immunoediting process. We also observe increased splicing antigenicity in responders to immunotherapy, which may relate to an increased capacity to mount an immune response to splicing-derived antigens. This new computational tool provides novel analytical capabilities for splicing antigenicity and is openly available for further immuno-oncologic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Vidal, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpliceMutr enables pan-cancer analysis of splicing-derived neoantigen burden in tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syntenin and CD63 Promote Exosome Biogenesis from the Plasma Membrane by Blocking Cargo Endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles important in health and disease. Syntenin is thought to drive the biogenesis of CD63 exosomes by recruiting Alix and the ESCRT machinery to endosomes, initiating an endosome-mediated pathway of exosome biogenesis. Contrary to this model, we show here that syntenin drives the biogenesis of CD63 exosomes by blocking CD63 endocytosis, thereby allowing CD63 to accumulate at the plasma membrane, the primary site of exosome biogenesis. Consistent with these results, we find that inhibitors of endocytosis induce the exosomal secretion of CD63, that endocytosis inhibits the vesicular secretion of exosome cargo proteins, and that high-level expression of CD63 itself also inhibits endocytosis. These and other results indicate that exosomes bud primarily from the plasma membrane, that endocytosis inhibits their loading into exosomes, that syntenin and CD63 are expression-dependent regulators of exosome biogenesis, and that syntenin drives the biogenesis of CD63 exosomes even in Alix knockout cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saftics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shodubi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghunandan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic-Talisman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syntenin and CD63 Promote Exosome Biogenesis from the Plasma Membrane by Blocking Cargo Endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholecystokinin is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing hormone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, folliculogenesis and ovulation are regulated by two distinct pituitary gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Today, there is an intriguing consensus that a single hypothalamic neurohormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), regulates the secretion of both FSH and LH, although the required timing and functions of FSH and LH are different. However, recent studies in vertebrates other than mammals indicate that the effect of GnRH on FSH is too weak to explain its regulation. Therefore, to challenge this "solo GnRH model," we aimed to identify the other gonadotropin regulator, FSH-releasing hormone (FSH-RH), in vertebrates. Here, by using the model teleost medaka, we successfully identified cholecystokinin as the FSH-RH. Our histological and in vitro analyses demonstrated that hypothalamic cholecystokinin-expressing neurons directly affect FSH cells through the cholecystokinin receptor, Cckbr1, thereby increasing the expression and release of FSH. Remarkably, the knockout of cholecystokinin ligand or cckbr1 minimized FSH expression and resulted in a complete failure of folliculogenesis. Our results challenge the longstanding consensus of the solo GnRH model in all vertebrates; instead, we propose the existence of a "dual GnRH model" group in vertebrates that utilizes both FSH-RH and LH-RH. The discovery of the FSH-RH in vertebrates opens not only a new era in neuroendocrinology but also possible applications involving vertebrate reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uehara, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiike, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karigo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okubo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholecystokinin is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing hormone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPI-anchored Gas1 protein regulates cytosolic proteostasis in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a hallmark of cellular aging and aging-related diseases. Maintaining a balanced proteostasis requires a complex network of molecular machineries that govern protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. Under proteotoxic stress, misfolded proteins that accumulate in cytosol can be imported into mitochondria for degradation via  mitochondrial as guardian in cytosol (MAGIC) pathway. Here we report an unexpected role of yeast Gas1, a cell wall-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored {beta}-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, in differentially regulating MAGIC and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Deletion of Gas1 inhibits MAGIC but elevates polyubiquitination and UPS-mediated protein degradation. Interestingly, we found that Gas1 exhibits mitochondrial localization attributed to its C-terminal GPI anchor signal. But this mitochondria-associated GPI anchor signal is not required for mitochondrial import and degradation of misfolded proteins via MAGIC. By contrast, catalytic inactivation of Gas1 via the gas1E161Qmutation inhibits MAGIC but not its mitochondrial localization. These data suggest that the glucanosyltransferase activity of Gas1 is important for regulating cytosolic proteostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPI-anchored Gas1 protein regulates cytosolic proteostasis in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive screening of a light-inducible split Cre recombinase with domain insertion profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Splitting proteins with light- or chemically-inducible dimers provides a mechanism for post-translational control of protein function. However, current methods for engineering stimulus-responsive split proteins often require significant protein engineering expertise and laborious screening of individual constructs. To address this challenge, we use a pooled library approach that enables rapid generation and screening of nearly all possible split protein constructs in parallel, where results can be read out using sequencing. We perform our method on Cre recombinase with optogenetic dimers as a proof of concept, resulting in comprehensive data on split sites throughout the protein. To improve accuracy in predicting split protein behavior, we develop a Bayesian computational approach to contextualize errors inherent to experimental procedures. Overall, our method provides a streamlined approach for achieving inducible post-translational control of a protein of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tague, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunlop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive screening of a light-inducible split Cre recombinase with domain insertion profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complexes of vertebrate TMC1/2 and CIB2/3 proteins form hair-cell mechanotransduction cation channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium and integrin-binding protein 2 (CIB2) and CIB3 bind to transmembrane channel-like 1 (TMC1) and TMC2, the pore-forming subunits of the inner-ear mechano-electrical transduction (MET) apparatus. These interactions have been proposed to be functionally relevant across mechanosensory organs and vertebrate species. Here we show that both CIB2 and CIB3 can form heteromeric complexes with TMC1 and TMC2 and are integral for MET function in mouse cochlea and vestibular end organs as well as in zebrafish inner ear and lateral line. Our AlphaFold 2 models suggest that vertebrate CIB proteins can simultaneously interact with at least two cytoplasmic domains of TMC1 and TMC2 as validated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of TMC1 fragments interacting with CIB2 and CIB3. Molecular dynamics simulations of TMC1/2 complexes with CIB2/3 predict that TMCs are structurally stabilized by CIB proteins to form cation channels. Overall, our work demonstrates that intact CIB2/3 and TMC1/2 complexes are integral to hair-cell MET function in vertebrate mechanosensory epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giese, A. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindt, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratzan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beirl, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aponte Rivera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotthammer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walujkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riazuddin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complexes of vertebrate TMC1/2 and CIB2/3 proteins form hair-cell mechanotransduction cation channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FluoMALDI microscopy: matrix co-crystallization simultaneously enhances fluorescence and MALDI imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report that co-crystallization of fluorophores with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging matrices significantly enhances fluorophore brightness up to 79-fold, enabling the amplification of innate tissue autofluorescence. This discovery facilitates FluoMALDI, the imaging of the same biological sample by both fluorescence microscopy and MALDI imaging. Our approach combines the high spatial resolution and specific labeling capabilities of fluorescence microscopy with the inherently multiplexed, versatile imaging capabilities of MALDI imaging. This new paradigm eliminates the notion that MALDI matrices obscure and obstruct optical microscopy approaches, allowing to image the exact same cells in tissues, free of any physical changes between fluorescence and MALDI imaging, which minimizes data registration processes. Matrix-fluorophore co-crystallization also facilitates applications with insufficient fluorescence brightness. We showcase the capabilities of FluoMALDI imaging with endogenous and exogenous fluorophores and autofluorescence-based FluoMALDI of brain and kidney tissue sections. FluoMALDI will advance structural-functional microscopic imaging in cell biology, biomedicine, and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Foyle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FluoMALDI microscopy: matrix co-crystallization simultaneously enhances fluorescence and MALDI imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Tau Pathology Worsens Late Phase White Matter Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury in Transgenic Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes diffuse axonal injury which can produce chronic white matter pathology and subsequent post-traumatic neurodegeneration with poor patient outcomes. Tau modulates axon cytoskeletal functions and undergoes phosphorylation and mis-localization in neurodegenerative disorders. The effects of tau pathology on neurodegeneration after TBI are unclear. We used mice with neuronal expression of human mutant tau to examine effects of pathological tau on white matter pathology after TBI. Adult male and female hTau.P301S (Tg2541) transgenic and wild type (Wt) mice received either moderate single TBI (s-TBI) or repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI; once daily x 5), or matched sham procedures. Acutely, s-TBI produced more extensive axon damage in the corpus callosum (CC) as compared to r-mTBI. After s-TBI, significant CC thinning was present at 6 weeks and 4 months post-injury in Wt and transgenic mice, with homozygous tau expression producing additional pathology of late demyelination. In contrast, r-mTBI did not produce significant CC thinning except at the chronic time point of 4 months in homozygous mice, which exhibited significant CC atrophy (-29.7%) with increased CC microgliosis, but not astrogliosis. Serum biomarker quantification demonstrated neurofilament light detection of early axonal damage one day post-injury in Wt and homozygous mice. At 4 months, high tau and neurofilament in homozygous mice implicated tau in chronic axon pathology. Conclusions: Neuronal tau pathology differentially exacerbated CC pathology based on injury severity and chronicity. Ongoing CC atrophy from s-TBI became accompanied by late demyelination. Pathological tau significantly worsened CC atrophy during the chronic phase after r-mTBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Tau Pathology Worsens Late Phase White Matter Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury in Transgenic Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward single cell tattoos: Biotransfer printing of lithographic gold nanopatterns on live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lithographic nanopatterning techniques like photolithography, electron-beam lithography, and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) have revolutionized modern-day electronics and optics. Yet, their application for creating nano-bio interfaces is limited by the cytotoxic and two-dimensional nature of conventional fabrication methods. Here, we present a biocompatible and cost-effective transfer process that leverages (a) NIL to define sub-300 nm gold (Au) nanopattern arrays, (b) amine functionalization of Au to transfer the NIL-arrays from a rigid substrate to a soft transfer layer, (c) alginate hydrogel as a flexible, degradable transfer layer, and (d) gelatin conjugation of the Au NIL-arrays to achieve conformal contact with live cells. We demonstrate biotransfer printing of the Au NIL-arrays on rat brains and live cells with high pattern fidelity and cell viability and observed differences in cell migration on the Au NIL-dot and NIL-wire printed hydrogels. We anticipate that this nanolithography-compatible biotransfer printing method could advance bionics, biosensing, and biohybrid tissue interfaces.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwok, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahapale, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward single cell tattoos: Biotransfer printing of lithographic gold nanopatterns on live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exomap1 mouse: a transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) of [~]30-150 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell, are enriched in selected exosome cargo proteins, and play important roles in health and disease. To address large unanswered questions regarding exosome biology in vivo, we created the exomap1 transgenic mouse model. In response to Cre recombinase, exomap1 mice express HsCD81mNG, a fusion protein between human CD81, the most highly enriched exosome protein yet described, and the bright green fluorescent protein mNeonGreen. As expected, cell type-specific expression of Cre induced the cell type-specific expression of HsCD81mNG in diverse cell types, correctly localized HsCD81mNG to the plasma membrane, and selectively loaded HsCD81mNG into secreted vesicles that have the size ([~]80 nm), topology (outside out), and content (presence of mouse exosome markers) of exosomes. Furthermore, mouse cells expressing HsCD81mNG released HsCD81mNG-marked exosomes into blood and other biofluids. Using high-resolution, single-exosome analysis by quantitative single molecule localization microscopy, we show here that that hepatocytes contribute [~]15% of the blood exosome population whereas neurons contribute <1% of blood exosomes. These estimates of cell type-specific contributions to blood EV population are consistent with the porosity of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to particles of [~]50-300 nm in diameter, as well as with the impermeability of blood-brain and blood-neuron barriers to particles >5 nm in size. Taken together, these results establish the exomap1 mouse as a useful tool for in vivo studies of exosome biology, and for mapping cell type-specific contributions to biofluid exosome populations. In addition, our data confirm that CD81 is a highly-specific marker for exosomes and is not enriched in the larger microvesicle class of EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fordjour, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuelreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saftics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnel-Amar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anh Phu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffai, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic-Talisman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exomap1 mouse: a transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The variable domain from the mitochondrial fission mechanoenzyme Drp1 promotes liquid-liquid phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamins are an essential superfamily of mechanoenzymes that remodel membranes and often contain a "variable domain" (VD) important for regulation. For the mitochondrial fission dynamin, Drp1, a regulatory role for the VD is demonstrated by mutations that can elongate, or fragment, mitochondria. How the VD encodes inhibitory and stimulatory activity is unclear. Here, isolated VD is shown to be intrinsically disordered (ID) yet undergoes a cooperative transition in the stabilizing osmolyte TMAO. However, the TMAO stabilized state is not folded and surprisingly appears as a condensed state. Other co-solutes including known molecular crowder Ficoll PM 70, also induce a condensed state. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments reveal this state to be liquid-like indicating the VD undergoes a liquid-liquid phase separation under crowding conditions. These crowding conditions also enhance binding to cardiolipin, a mitochondrial lipid, raising the possibility that phase separation may enable rapid tuning of Drp1 assembly necessary for fission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Posey, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagheri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanum, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The variable domain from the mitochondrial fission mechanoenzyme Drp1 promotes liquid-liquid phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boosting Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis with Simple Neural Attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A limitation of current deep learning (DL) approaches for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis is the lack of interpretability. Moreover, existing pipelines are designed and trained for specific tasks used disjointly for different stages of analysis. We present scANNA, a novel interpretable DL model for scR-NAseq studies that leverages neural attention to learn gene associations. After training, the learned gene importance (interpretability) is used to perform downstream analyses (e.g., global marker selection and cell-type classification) without retraining. ScANNAs performance is comparable to or better than state-of-the-art methods designed and trained for specific standard scRNAseq analyses even though scANNA was not trained for these tasks explicitly. ScANNA enables researchers to discover meaningful results without extensive prior knowledge or training separate task-specific models, saving time and enhancing scRNAseq analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davalos, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boosting Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis with Simple Neural Attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Angiogenic Steroids Induce Pathologic Scarring in a Preclinical Swine Model Via Dysfunctional Extracellular Matrix Deposition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHypertrophic scarring is a major source of morbidity for surgery patients. Sex hormones are not classically considered to be modulators of scarring. However, based on clinical observations of increased frequency of hypertrophic scarring in patients on testosterone, we hypothesized that androgenic steroids induce abnormal scarring and developed a preclinical swine model to explore these effects.

MethodsA total of six male (XY) and female (XX) mini-swine underwent castration and were randomly assigned to no testosterone (noT) or biweekly testosterone therapy (+T). Ten dorsal excisional wounds were created on each pig. To mimic a chronic wound, a subset of wounds were re-excised at two weeks. Scars (POD42) and chronic wounds (POD28) were harvested six weeks after initial wounding for analysis via histology, RNA-seq, and mechanical testing.

ResultsHistologic analysis of POD42 scars from +T swine showed increased mean fibrosis area (16mm2 noT, 28mm2 +T; p=0.007) and thickness (0.246mm2 noT, 0.406mm2 +T; p<0.001) compared to noT swine. Scars in XX+T and XY+T pigs had greater tensile burst strength (p=0.024 and p=0.013 respectively) compared to scars in noT swine. Color deconvolution analysis showed greater deposition of type I and type III collagen as well as increased type I to type III collagen ratio in +T scars. Dermatopathologist scores of POD42 scars show +T exposure was associated with worse overall scarring scores compared to controls (p<0.05). On RNAseq, gene ontology analysis showed testosterone exposure was associated with significant upregulation of cellular metabolism and immune response gene sets. Pathway analysis showed testosterone upregulated Reactome pathways related to keratinization and formation of collagen and laminin.

ConclusionWe developed a novel preclinical porcine model to study the effects of the sex hormone testosterone on scarring. Testosterone induces early proliferation of excessive granulation tissue, which eventually leads to increased scar tissue. T also appears to increase the physical strength of scars via supraphysiologic deposition of collagen and other ECM factors. The increase in burst strength observed for both XX and XY suggests that hormonal administration has a stronger influence on mechanical properties than chromosomal sex. Antiandrogen topical therapies may be a promising future area of research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mroueh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mroueh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell-Fugate, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien-Coon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Angiogenic Steroids Induce Pathologic Scarring in a Preclinical Swine Model Via Dysfunctional Extracellular Matrix Deposition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.540066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Open-Source Tool for Automated Human-Level Circling Behavior Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.540066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying behavior and relating it to underlying biological states is of paramount importance in many life science fields. Although barriers to recording postural data have been reduced by progress in deep-learning-based computer vision tools for keypoint tracking, extracting specific behaviors from this data remains challenging. Manual behavior coding, the present gold standard, is labor-intensive and subject to intra-and inter-observer variability. Automatic methods are stymied by the difficulty of explicitly defining complex behaviors, even ones which appear obvious to the human eye. Here, we demonstrate an effective technique for detecting one such behavior, a form of locomotion characterized by stereotyped spinning, termed circling. Though circling has an extensive history as a behavioral marker, at present there exists no standard automated detection method. Accordingly, we developed a technique to identify instances of the behavior by applying simple postprocessing to markerless keypoint data from videos of freely-exploring (Cib2-/-;Cib3-/-) mutant mice, a strain we previously found to exhibit circling. Our technique agrees with human consensus at the same level as do individual observers, and it achieves >90% accuracy in discriminating videos of wild type mice from videos of mutants. As using this technique requires no experience writing or modifying code, it also provides a convenient, noninvasive, quantitative tool for analyzing circling mouse models. Additionally, as our approach was agnostic to the underlying behavior, these results support the feasibility of algorithmically detecting specific, research-relevant behaviors using readily-interpretable parameters tuned on the basis of human consensus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojahn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.540066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Open-Source Tool for Automated Human-Level Circling Behavior Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) mediates bioenergetic defects and redox imbalance in neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP-1 over-activation results in cell death via excessive PAR generation in different cell types, including neurons following brain ischemia. Glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox balance are key cellular processes altered in brain ischemia. Studies show that PAR generated after PARP-1 over-activation can bind hexokinase-1 (HK-1) and result in glycolytic defects and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. HK-1 is the neuronal hexokinase and catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis, converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), a common substrate for glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). PPP is critical in maintaining NADPH and GSH levels via G6P dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, defects in HK-1 will not only decrease cellular bioenergetics but will also cause redox imbalance due to the depletion of GSH. In brain ischemia, whether PAR-mediated inhibition of HK-1 results in bioenergetics defects and redox imbalance is not known. We used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in mouse cortical neurons to mimic brain ischemia in neuronal cultures and observed that PARP-1 activation via PAR formation alters glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox homeostasis in neurons. We used pharmacological inhibition of PARP and adenoviral-mediated overexpression of wild-type HK-1 (wtHK-1) and PAR-binding mutant HK-1 (pbmHK-1). Our data show that PAR inhibition or overexpression of HK-1 significantly improves glycolysis, mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and cell survival in mouse cortical neurons exposed to OGD. These results suggest that PAR binding and inhibition of HK-1 during OGD drives bioenergetic defects in neurons due to inhibition of glycolysis and impairment of mitochondrial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anadrabi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly(ADP-ribose) mediates bioenergetic defects and redox imbalance in neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zoledronic acid improves bone quality and muscle function in a high bone turnover state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYZoledronic acid (ZA) prevents muscle weakness in mice with bone metastases; however, its role in muscle weakness in non-tumor-associated metabolic bone diseases and as an effective treatment modality for the prevention of muscle weakness associated with bone disorders, is unknown. We demonstrate the role of ZA-treatment on bone and muscle using a mouse model of accelerated bone remodeling, which represents the clinical manifestation of non-tumor associated metabolic bone disease. ZA increased bone mass and strength and rescued osteocyte lacunocanalicular organization. Short-term ZA treatment increased muscle mass, whereas prolonged, preventive treatment improved muscle mass and function. In these mice, muscle fiber-type shifted from oxidative to glycolytic and ZA restored normal muscle fiber distribution. By blocking TGF{beta} release from bone, ZA improved muscle function, promoted myoblast differentiation and stabilized Ryanodine Receptor-1 calcium channel. These data demonstrate the beneficial effects of ZA in maintaining bone health and preserving muscle mass and function in a model of metabolic bone disease.

Context and significanceTGF{beta} is a bone regulatory molecule which is stored in bone matrix, released during bone remodeling, and must be maintained at an optimal level for the good health of the bone. Excess TGF{beta} causes several bone disorders and skeletal muscle weakness. Reducing excess TGF{beta} release from bone using zoledronic acid in mice not only improved bone volume and strength but also increased muscle mass, and muscle function. Progressive muscle weakness coexists with bone disorders, decreasing quality of life and increasing morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is a critical need for treatments improving muscle mass and function in patients with debilitating weakness. Zoledronic acids benefit extends beyond bone and could also be useful in treating muscle weakness associated with bone disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manaa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagnotti, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dole, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hain, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waning, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guise, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zoledronic acid improves bone quality and muscle function in a high bone turnover state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.542933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efficient behavioral screening platform classifies natural products and other chemical cues according to their chemosensory valence in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.542933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction, and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multi-well plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals, but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fryer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogel-Hernandez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan-Garbisch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molhoff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekimken, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fechner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clandinin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.542933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efficient behavioral screening platform classifies natural products and other chemical cues according to their chemosensory valence in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conjunctive vector coding and place coding in hippocampus share a common directional signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vector coding is becoming increasingly understood as a major mechanism by which neural systems represent an animals location in both a global reference frame and a local, item-based reference frame. Landmark vector cells (LVCs) in the hippocampus complement classic place cells by encoding the vector relationship (angle and distance) between the individual and specific landmarks in the environment. How these properties of hippocampal principal cells interact is not known. We simultaneously recorded the activities of place cells and LVCs via in vivo calcium imaging of the CA1 region of freely moving rats during classic, cue-card rotation studies. The firing fields of place cells rotated relative to the center of the platform to follow the cue card rotation, whereas the firing fields of simultaneously recorded LVCs rotated by the same amount as the place cells, but the axis of rotation was the nearby local landmarks, not the environmental center. We identified a novel type of place cell that exhibited conjunctive coding of the classic place field properties and LVC properties. These results demonstrate the capacity of CA1 neurons to encode both world-centered spatial information and animals location relative to the local landmarks, with a common directional input presumably provided by the head direction cell system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conjunctive vector coding and place coding in hippocampus share a common directional signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics of Meningeal Inflammation Reveals Variable Penetrance of Inflammatory Gene Signatures into Adjacent Brain Parenchyma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While modern high efficacy disease modifying therapies have revolutionized the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, they are less effective at controlling progressive forms of the disease. Meningeal inflammation is a recognized risk factor for cortical grey matter pathology which can result in disabling symptoms such as cognitive impairment and depression, but the mechanisms linking meningeal inflammation and grey matter pathology remain unclear. Here, we performed MRI-guided spatial transcriptomics in a mouse model of autoimmune meningeal inflammation to characterize the transcriptional signature in areas of meningeal inflammation and the underlying brain parenchyma. We found broadly increased activity of inflammatory signaling pathways at sites of meningeal inflammation, but only a subset of these pathways active in the adjacent brain parenchyma. Sub-clustering of regions adjacent to meningeal inflammation revealed the subset of immune programs induced in brain parenchyma, notably complement signaling and antigen processing/presentation. Trajectory gene and gene set modeling analysis confirmed variable penetration of immune signatures originating from meningeal inflammation into the adjacent brain tissue. This work contributes a valuable data resource to the field, provides the first detailed spatial transcriptomic characterization in a model of meningeal inflammation, and highlights several candidate pathways in the pathogenesis of grey matter pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gadani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics of Meningeal Inflammation Reveals Variable Penetrance of Inflammatory Gene Signatures into Adjacent Brain Parenchyma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of modular protein hydrogels with programmable intra- and extracellular viscoelasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relating the macroscopic properties of protein-based materials to their underlying component microstructure is an outstanding challenge. Here, we exploit computational design to specify the size, flexibility, and valency of de novo protein building blocks, as well as the interaction dynamics between them, to investigate how molecular parameters govern the macroscopic viscoelasticity of the resultant protein hydrogels. We construct gel systems from pairs of symmetric protein homo-oligomers, each comprising 2, 5, 24, or 120 individual protein components, that are crosslinked either physically or covalently into idealized step-growth biopolymer networks. Through rheological assessment and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we find that the covalent linkage of multifunctional precursors yields hydrogels whose viscoelasticity depends on the crosslink length between the constituent building blocks. In contrast, reversibly crosslinking the homo-oligomeric components with a computationally designed heterodimer results in non-Newtonian biomaterials exhibiting fluid-like properties under rest and low shear, but shear-stiffening solid-like behavior at higher frequencies. Exploiting the unique genetic encodability of these materials, we demonstrate the assembly of protein networks within living mammalian cells and show via fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) that mechanical properties can be tuned intracellularly, in correlation with matching formulations formed extracellularly. We anticipate that the ability to modularly construct and systematically program the viscoelastic properties of designer protein-based materials could have broad utility in biomedicine, with applications in tissue engineering, therapeutic delivery, and synthetic biology.

SignificanceProtein-based hydrogels have many applications in cellular engineering and medicine. Most genetically encodable protein hydrogels are made from naturally harvested proteins or protein-polymer hybrid constructs. Here we describe de novo protein hydrogels and systematically investigate the impact of microscopic properties of the building blocks (e.g., supramolecular interaction, valencies, geometries, flexibility) on the resultant macroscopic gel mechanics, both intra-and extracellularly. These de novo supramolecular protein assemblies, whose properties can be tuned from solid gels to non-Newtonian fluids, provide expanded opportunities for applications in synthetic biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretherton, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edman, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahtoe, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeForest, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of modular protein hydrogels with programmable intra- and extracellular viscoelasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to specific cue-reward contingencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Two cues were paired with distinct food rewards, one of which was also delivered in the absence of either cue. Conditioned approach was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded. Dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum showed a profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding that was not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative model based on learning causal relationships was better able to capture evoked dopamine responses during contingency degradation, as well as conditioned behavior following optogenetic manipulations of dopamine during noncontingent rewards. Our results suggest that mesostriatal dopamine encodes the contingencies between meaningful events during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namboodiri, V. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to specific cue-reward contingencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision-engineered biomimetics: the human fallopian tube 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fallopian tube has an essential role in several physiological and pathological processes from pregnancy to ovarian cancer. However, there are no biologically relevant models to study its pathophysiology. The state-of-the-art organoid model has been compared to two-dimensional tissue sections and molecularly assessed providing only cursory analyses of the models accuracy. We developed a novel multi-compartment organoid model of the human fallopian tube that was meticulously tuned to reflect the compartmentalization and heterogeneity of the tissues composition. We validated this organoids molecular expression patterns, cilia-driven transport function, and structural accuracy through a highly iterative platform wherein organoids are compared to a three-dimensional, single-cell resolution reference map of a healthy, transplantation-quality human fallopian tube. This organoid model was precision-engineered to match the human microanatomy.

One sentence summaryTunable organoid modeling and CODA architectural quantification in tandem help design a tissue-validated organoid model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhorkar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision-engineered biomimetics: the human fallopian tube]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant landscapes of maternal meiotic crossoverscontribute to aneuploidies in human embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic recombination is crucial for human genetic diversity and chromosome segregation accuracy. Understanding its variation across individuals and the processes by which it goes awry are long-standing goals in human genetics. Current approaches for inferring recombination landscapes either rely on population genetic patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD)--capturing a time-averaged view--or direct detection of crossovers in gametes or multi-generation pedigrees, which limits dataset scale and availability. Here, we introduce an approach for inferring sex-specific recombination landscapes using data from preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). This method relies on low-coverage (<0.05x) whole-genome sequencing of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryo biopsies. To overcome the data sparsity, our method exploits its inherent relatedness structure, knowledge of haplotypes from external population reference panels, as well as the frequent occurrence of monosomies in embryos, whereby the remaining chromosome is phased by default. Extensive simulations demonstrate our methods high accuracy, even at coverages as low as 0.02x. Applying this method to PGT-A data from 18,967 embryos, we mapped 70,660 recombination events with[~] 150 kbp resolution, replicating established sex-specific recombination patterns. We observed a reduced total length of the female genetic map in trisomies compared to disomies, as well as chromosome-specific alterations in crossover distributions. Based on haplotype configurations in pericentromeric regions, our data indicate chromosome-specific propensities for different mechanisms of meiotic error. Our results provide a comprehensive view of the role of aberrant meiotic recombination in the origins of human aneuploidies and offer a versatile tool for mapping crossovers in low-coverage sequencing data from multiple siblings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madjunkova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madjunkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Librach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant landscapes of maternal meiotic crossoverscontribute to aneuploidies in human embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral direct current for suppression of physiologically evoked nociceptive responses at the spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical neuromodulation is an established non-pharmacological treatment for chronic pain. However, existing devices using pulsatile stimulation are not suitable for all types of chronic pain. Direct current stimulation is a recently developed technology which shows better selectivity for small-diameter fibres. We investigated if this selectivity could be applied to preferentially suppress nociceptive signalling. We applied direct current to the sciatic nerve of rats and compared its effects on spinal activity produced by physiological (non-electrical) stimuli delivered to the foot. Tests were performed across models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain to further clarify potential clinical applications. We found that direct current could effectively suppress activity relating to painful stimuli in both pain models tested. These findings strongly support the use of direct current neuromodulation for chronic pain relief, and suggest that it may be effective at treating a broader range of aberrant pain conditions than existing devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moalem-Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aplin, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral direct current for suppression of physiologically evoked nociceptive responses at the spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of aging- and rejuvenation-related epigenetic alterations on PRC2 targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rejuvenation of tissues in physiologically aging mice can be accomplished by long-term partial reprogramming via expression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc). To investigate the epigenetic determinants of partial reprogramming-mediated rejuvenation, we used whole genome bisulfite sequencing to carry out unbiased comprehensive profiling of DNA methylation changes in skin from mice subjected to partial reprogramming, as well as young and untreated old controls. We found a striking convergence of age- and rejuvenation-related epigenetic alterations on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). These results are also supported by a likewise prominent enrichment of PRC2 targets in gene expression data, suggesting that PRC2 activity can modulate aging and mediate tissue rejuvenation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izpisua Belmonte, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of aging- and rejuvenation-related epigenetic alterations on PRC2 targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in retinas depleted of microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have demonstrated the complex coordination of pro-inflammatory signaling and reactive microglia/macrophage on the formation Muller glial-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retinas of fish, birds and mice. We generated scRNA-seq libraries to identify transcriptional changes in Muller glia (MG) that result from the depletion of microglia from the chick retina. We found significant changes in different networks of genes in MG in normal and damaged retinas when the microglia are ablated. We identified a failure of MG to upregulate Wnt-ligands, Heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), retinoic acid receptors and genes related to Notch-signaling. Inhibition of GSK3{beta}, to simulate Wnt-signaling, failed to rescue the deficit in formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas missing microglia. By comparison, application of HBEGF or FGF2 completely rescued the formation of proliferating MGPCs in microglia-depleted retinas. Similarly, injection of a small molecule inhibitor to Smad3 or agonist to retinoic acid receptors partially rescued the formation of proliferating MGPCs in microglia-depleted damaged retinas. According to scRNA-seq libraries, patterns of expression of ligands, receptors, signal transducers and/or processing enzymes to cell-signaling via HBEGF, FGF, retinoic acid and TGF{beta} are rapidly and transiently upregulated by MG after neuronal damage, consistent with important roles for these cell-signaling pathways in regulating the formation of MGPCs. We conclude that quiescent and activated microglia have a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profile of MG. We conclude that signals produced by reactive microglia in damaged retinas stimulate MG to upregulate cell signaling through HBEGF, FGF and retinoic acid, and downregulate signaling through TGF{beta}/Smad3 to promote the reprogramming on MG into proliferating MGPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Hodiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reske, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloy, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in retinas depleted of microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance the viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors are FDA-approved for various hematological malignancies but have limited efficacy in solid tumors. DNA hypomethylation with these drugs is associated with elevated lysine 27 tri-methylation on histone H3 (H3K27me3). We hypothesized that this EZH2-dependent repressive mark limits the full potential of DNMT inhibition. Here, we show in cell line and tumoroid models of colorectal cancer, that low-dose DNMT inhibition sensitizes cells to selective EZH2 inhibitors that have limited single agent toxicity, and that EZH2 inhibition enhances DNMT inhibitor-driven molecular and therapeutic effects. Through integrative epigenomic analyses, we reveal that DNMT inhibition induces H3K27me3 accumulation at genomic regions poised with EZH2. Unexpectedly, combined treatment alters the epigenome landscape to promote transcriptional upregulation of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway. Blocking this pathway limits the transcriptional activating effects of the drug combination, including expression of transposable elements and innate immune response genes within a viral defense pathway. Consistently, we demonstrate positive correlations between DNMT inhibitor- and innate immune response-associated transcription profiles and calcium signal activation in primary human colon cancer specimens. Collectively, our study demonstrates that compensatory EZH2 activity following DNA hypomethylation presents a barrier to the therapeutic action of DNMT inhibition in colon cancer, reveals a new application of EZH2 inhibitors beyond cancers associated with PRC2 hyperactivity, and links calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling to epigenetic therapy-induced viral mimicry.

HighlightsO_LISelect EZH2 inhibitors enhance the transcriptional activating and antiproliferative effects of DNA hypomethylating agents in colon cancer cells.
C_LIO_LIThe mechanism involves blockade of H3K27me3 accumulation in regions of the genome poised for PRC2 activity.
C_LIO_LIDNMT inhibitor + EZH2 inhibitor treatment transcriptionally upregulates calcium-calcineurin- NFAT signaling, and this pathway is necessary for complete induction of viral mimicry and innate immune response pathways.
C_LIO_LIThe therapeutic utility of EZH2 inhibitors may be extended beyond cancers with PRC2 hyperactivity in combination regimens with DNMT inhibitors.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chomiak, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornett, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothbart, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance the viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roadmap for Canonical and Extended Endocannabinoid System Receptors in Peripheral Organs of Preclinical Animal Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endocannabinoid system is widely expressed throughout the body and is comprised of receptors, ligands, and enzymes that maintain metabolic, immune, and reproductive homeostasis. Increasing interest in the endocannabinoid system has arisen due to these physiologic roles, policy changes leading to more widespread recreational use, and the therapeutic potential of Cannabis and phytocannabinoids. Rodents have been the primary preclinical model of focus due to their relative low cost, short gestational period, genetic manipulation strategies, and gold-standard behavioral tests. However, the potential for lack of clinical translation to non-human primates and humans is high as cross-species comparisons of the endocannabinoid system has not been evaluated. To bridge this gap in knowledge, we evaluate the relative gene expression of 14 canonical and extended endocannabinoid receptors in seven peripheral organs of C57/BL6 mice, Sprague-Dawley rats, and non-human primate rhesus macaques. Notably, we identify species- and organ-specific heterogeneity in endocannabinoid receptor distribution where there is surprisingly limited overlap among the preclinical models. Importantly, we determined there were only five receptors (CB2, GPR18, GPR55, TRPV2, and FAAH) that had identical expression patterns in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Our findings demonstrate a critical, yet previously unappreciated, contributor to challenges of rigor and reproducibility in the cannabinoid field, which has profound implications in hampering progress in understanding the complexity of the endocannabinoid system and development of cannabinoid-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Franco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roadmap for Canonical and Extended Endocannabinoid System Receptors in Peripheral Organs of Preclinical Animal Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory neurons derived from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells show transcriptomic differences in Alzheimers patients from controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advances in creating pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells and differentiating them into a variety of cell types is allowing us to study them without the caveats associated with disease related changes. We have generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from eight Alzheimers disease (AD) patients and six controls and used lentiviral delivery to differentiate them into excitatory glutamatergic neurons. We have performed RNA sequencing on these neurons and compared the Alzheimers and control transcriptomes. We find that 621 genes show differences in expression levels at adjusted p<0.05 between the case and control derived neurons. These genes show significant overlap and direction concordance with genes reported from a Single cell transcriptome study of Alzheimers patients, they contain 5 genes implicated with AD from genome wide association studies and they appear to be part of a larger functional network as indicated by an excess of interactions between them observed in the protein-protein interaction database STRING. Exploratory analysis with Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) suggests distinct clusters of patients, based on gene expression, who maybe clinically different. If confirmed this finding will to contribute to precision medicine approaches to subgroup Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azoidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xydia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyketsos, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory neurons derived from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells show transcriptomic differences in Alzheimers patients from controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA Helicase DDX3 Regulates RAD51 Localization and DNA Damage Repair in Ewing Sarcoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that RNA helicase DDX3X (DDX3) can be a therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma (EWS), but its role in EWS biology remains unclear. The present work demonstrates that DDX3 plays a unique role in DNA damage repair (DDR). We show that DDX3 interacts with several proteins involved in homologous recombination, including RAD51, RECQL1, RPA32, and XRCC2. In particular, DDX3 colocalizes with RAD51 and RNA:DNA hybrid structures in the cytoplasm of EWS cells. Inhibition of DDX3 RNA helicase activity increases cytoplasmic RNA:DNA hybrids, sequestering RAD51 in the cytoplasm, which impairs nuclear translocation of RAD51 to sites of double-stranded DNA breaks thus increasing sensitivity of EWS to radiation treatment, both in vitro and in vivo. This discovery lays the foundation for exploring new therapeutic approaches directed at manipulating DDR protein localization in solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randolph, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afifi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Hoeve, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Diest, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA Helicase DDX3 Regulates RAD51 Localization and DNA Damage Repair in Ewing Sarcoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of linker length on phase separation: lessons from the Rubisco-EPYC1 system of the algal pyrenoid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles formed via phase separation of macromolecules, typically consisting of bond-forming "stickers" connected by flexible "linkers". Linkers have diverse roles, such as occupying space and facilitating interactions. To understand how linker length relative to other lengths affects condensation, we focus on the pyrenoid, which enhances photosynthesis in green algae. Specifically, we apply coarse-grained simulations and analytical theory to the pyrenoid proteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the rigid holoenzyme Rubisco and its flexible partner EPYC1. Remarkably, halving EPYC1 linker lengths decreases critical concentrations by ten-fold. We attribute this difference to the molecular "fit" between EPYC1 and Rubisco. Varying Rubisco sticker locations reveals that the native sites yield the poorest fit, thus optimizing phase separation. Surprisingly, shorter linkers mediate a transition to a gas of rods as Rubisco stickers approach the poles. These findings illustrate how intrinsically disordered proteins affect phase separation through the interplay of molecular length scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GrandPre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyo, A. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.544494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of linker length on phase separation: lessons from the Rubisco-EPYC1 system of the algal pyrenoid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Ras signaling excitability in cancer cells through combined inhibition of FAK and PI3K 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ras/PI3K/ERK signaling network is frequently mutated in various human cancers including cervical cancer and pancreatic cancer. Previous studies showed that the Ras/PI3K/ERK signaling network displays features of excitable systems including propagation of activity waves, all-or-none responses, and refractoriness. Oncogenic mutations lead to enhanced excitability of the network. A positive feedback loop between Ras, PI3K, the cytoskeleton, and FAK was identified as a driver of excitability. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of targeting signaling excitability by inhibiting both FAK and PI3K in cervical and pancreatic cancer cells. We found that the combination of FAK and PI3K inhibitors synergistically suppressed the growth of select cervical and pancreatic cancer cell lines through increased apoptosis and decreased mitosis. In particular, FAK inhibition caused downregulation of PI3K and ERK signaling in cervical cancer but not pancreatic cancer cells. Interestingly, PI3K inhibitors activated multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including insulin receptor and IGF-1R in cervical cancer cells, as well as EGFR, Her2, Her3, Axl, and EphA2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results highlight the potential of combining FAK and PI3K inhibition for treating cervical and pancreatic cancer, although appropriate biomarkers for drug sensitivity are needed, and concurrent targeting of RTKs may be required for resistant cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Ras signaling excitability in cancer cells through combined inhibition of FAK and PI3K]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic 1D Search and Processive Nucleosome Translocations by RSC and ISW2 Chromatin Remodelers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic gene expression is linked to chromatin structure and nucleosome positioning by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that establish and maintain nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) near transcription start-sites. Conserved yeast RSC and ISW2 remodelers exert antagonistic effects on nucleosomes flanking NDRs, but the temporal dynamics of remodeler search, engagement and directional nucleosome mobilization for promoter accessibility are unknown. Using optical tweezers and 2-color single-particle imaging, we investigated the Brownian diffusion of RSC and ISW2 on free DNA and sparse nucleosome arrays. RSC and ISW2 rapidly scan DNA by one-dimensional hopping and sliding respectively, with dynamic collisions between remodelers followed by recoil or apparent co-diffusion. Static nucleosomes block remodeler diffusion resulting in remodeler recoil or sequestration. Remarkably, both RSC and ISW2 use ATP hydrolysis to translocate mono-nucleosomes processively at [~]30 bp/sec on extended linear DNA under tension. Processivity and opposing push-pull directionalities of nucleosome translocation shown by RSC and ISW2 shape the distinctive landscape of promoter chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic 1D Search and Processive Nucleosome Translocations by RSC and ISW2 Chromatin Remodelers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an in situ cell-type specific proteome analysis method using antibody-mediated biotinylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since proteins are essential molecules exerting cellular functions, decoding proteome changes is the key to understanding the normal physiology and pathogenesis mechanism of various diseases. However, conventional proteomic studies are often conducted on tissue lumps, in which multiple cell types are entangled, presenting challenges in interpreting the biological dynamics among diverse cell types. While recent cell-specific proteome analysis techniques, like BONCAT, TurboID, and APEX, have emerged, their necessity for genetic modifications limits their usage. The alternative, laser capture microdissection (LCM), although it does not require genetic alterations, is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and requires specialized expertise, making it less suitable for large-scale studies. In this study, we develop the method for in situ cell-type specific proteome analysis using antibody-mediated biotinylation (iCAB), in which we combined immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the biotin-tyramide signal amplification approach. Poly-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to the secondary antibody will be localized at a target cell type via a primary antibody specific to the target cell type and biotin-tyramide activated by HRP will biotinylate the nearby proteins. Therefore, the iCAB method can be applied to any tissues that can be used for IHC. As a proof-of-concept, we employed iCAB for mouse brain tissue enriching proteins for neuronal cell bodies, astrocytes, and microglia, followed by identifying the enriched proteins using 16-plex TMT-based proteomics. In total, we identified [~]8,400 and [~]6,200 proteins from enriched and non-enriched samples. Most proteins from the enriched samples showed differential expressions when we compared different cell type data, while there were no differentially expressed proteins from non-enriched samples. The cell type enrichment analysis with the increased proteins in respective cell types using Azimuth showed that neuronal cell bodies, astrocytes, and microglia data exhibited Glutamatergic Neuron, Astrocyte and Microglia/Perivascular Macrophage as the representative cell types, respectively. The proteome data of the enriched proteins showed similar subcellular distribution as non-enriched proteins, indicating that the iCAB-proteome is not biased toward any subcellular compartment. To our best knowledge, this study represents the first implementation of a cell-type-specific proteome analysis method using an antibody-mediated biotinylation approach. This development paves the way for the routine and widespread use of cell-type-specific proteome analysis. Ultimately, this could accelerate our understanding of biological and pathological phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuraisamy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an in situ cell-type specific proteome analysis method using antibody-mediated biotinylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.545029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially clustered neurons encode vocalization categories in the bat midbrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.545029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid categorization of vocalizations enables adaptive behavior across species. While categorical perception is thought to arise in the neocortex, humans and other animals could benefit from functional organization of ethologically-relevant sounds at earlier stages in the auditory hierarchy. Here, we developed two-photon calcium imaging in the awake echolocating bat (Eptesicus fuscus) to study encoding of sound meaning in the Inferior Colliculus, which is as few as two synapses from the inner ear. Echolocating bats produce and interpret frequency sweep-based vocalizations for social communication and navigation. Auditory playback experiments demonstrated that individual neurons responded selectively to social or navigation calls, enabling robust population-level decoding across categories. Strikingly, category-selective neurons formed spatial clusters, independent of tonotopy within the IC. These findings support a revised view of categorical processing in which specified channels for ethologically-relevant sounds are spatially segregated early in the auditory hierarchy, enabling rapid subcortical organization of call meaning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlgemuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.545029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially clustered neurons encode vocalization categories in the bat midbrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.544806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric SAMHD1 in cryo-EM and binding studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.544806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dNTPase activity of tetrameric SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) plays a critical role in cellular dNTP regulation. SAMHD1 also associates with stalled DNA replication forks, DNA repair foci, ssRNA, and telomeres. The above functions require nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1, which may be modulated by its oligomeric state. Here we establish that the guanine-specific A1 activator site of each SAMHD1 monomer is used to target the enzyme to guanine nucleotides within single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA. Remarkably, nucleic acid strands containing a single guanine base induce dimeric SAMHD1, while two or more guanines with [~]20 nucleotide spacing induce a tetrameric form. A cryo-EM structure of ssRNA-bound tetrameric SAMHD1 shows how ssRNA strands bridge two SAMHD1 dimers and stabilize the structure. This ssRNA-bound tetramer is inactive with respect to dNTPase and RNase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.544806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric SAMHD1 in cryo-EM and binding studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injectable ventral spinal stimulator evokes programmable and biomimetic hindlimb motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord neuromodulation can restore partial to complete loss of motor functions associated with neuromotor disease and trauma. Current technologies have made substantial progress, but have limitations as dorsal epidural or intraspinal devices that are either remote to ventral motor neurons or subject to surgical intervention in the spinal tissue. Here, we describe a flexible and stretchable spinal stimulator design with nanoscale thickness that can be implanted by minimally-invasive injection through a polymeric catheter to target the ventral spinal space of mice. Ventrolaterally implanted devices exhibited substantially lower stimulation threshold currents and more precise recruitment of motor pools than comparable dorsal epidural implants. Functionally relevant and novel hindlimb movements were achieved via specific stimulation patterns of the electrodes. This approach holds translational potential for improving controllable limb function following spinal cord injury or neuromotor disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LIN, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injectable ventral spinal stimulator evokes programmable and biomimetic hindlimb motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H1.2 Dependent Translocation of Poly (ADP-ribose) Initiates Parthanatos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxic cellular insults activate the nuclear protein poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) to initiate parthanatos, a regulated cell death program. PAR acts as a death signal by translocating from the nucleus to the cytosol, where it activates the next steps in the parthanatic cell death cascade. How PAR translocates from the nucleus to the cytosol is not known. Here we show that PARylation and PAR binding to histone H1.2 enables it to act as a carrier, transporting PAR out of the nucleus to the cytosol. Knocking down the expression of histone H1.2 via CRISPR/Cas9 and knockout of histone H1.2 reduces the translocation of PAR to the cytosol after treatment of human cortical neurons with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The PAR-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Iduna (RNF146) ubiquitinates PARylated H1.2. Overexpression of Iduna reduces the expression levels of cytosolic histone H1.2, preventing the translocation of PAR following NMDA or OGD exposure, similar to inhibition of PAR formation by the PARP inhibitor, DPQ. Whereas, the catalytically null variant Iduna C60A, or the PAR binding mutant Iduna Y156A and R157A (YRAA) was ineffective in ubiquitinating histone H1.2 and preventing the reduction in cytosolic histone H1.2 levels and PAR translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol. Histone H1.2 heterozygote and homozygote knockout mice exhibited reduced infarct volume 24 hrs post middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and showed better recovery in motor deficits than wildtype littermates at day 3 and/or day 7 post MCAO. Collectively, these findings reveal histone H1.2 as the key carrier of PAR out of the nucleus to the cytosol where it participates in the next step of the parthanatic cell death cascade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H1.2 Dependent Translocation of Poly (ADP-ribose) Initiates Parthanatos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contezolid can replace linezolid in a novel combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contezolid is a new oxazolidinone with in vitro and in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis comparable to that of linezolid. Pre-clinical and clinical safety studies suggest it may be less toxic than linezolid, making contezolid a potential candidate to replace linezolid in treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. We evaluated the dose-ranging activity of contezolid, alone and in combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid, and compared it with linezolid at similar doses, in an established BALB/c mouse model of tuberculosis. Contezolid had an MIC of 1 {micro}g/ml, similar to linezolid, and exhibited similar bactericidal activity in mice. Contezolid-resistant mutants selected in vitro had 10-fold increases in contezolid MIC and harbored mutations in the mce3R gene. These mutants did not display cross-resistance to linezolid. Our results indicate that contezolid has potential to replace linezolid in regimens containing bedaquiline and pretomanid and likely other regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contezolid can replace linezolid in a novel combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ets1 and IL17RA cooperate to regulate autoimmune responses as well as skin immunity to Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ets1 is a lymphoid-enriched transcription factor that regulates B and T cell functions in development and disease. Mice that lack Ets1 (Ets1 KO) develop spontaneous autoimmune disease with high levels of autoantibodies. Naive CD4+ T cells isolated from Ets1 KO mice differentiate more readily to Th17 cells that secrete IL-17, a cytokine implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. To determine if increased IL-17 production contributes to the development of autoimmunity in Ets1 KO mice, we crossed Ets1 KO mice to mice lacking the IL-17 receptor A subunit (IL17RA KO) to generate double knock out (DKO) mice. We found that the absence of IL17RA signaling did not prevent or ameliorate the autoimmune phenotype of Ets1 KO mice, but rather that DKO animals exhibited worse symptoms with striking increases in activated B cells and secreted autoantibodies. This was correlated with a prominent increase in the numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In addition to the autoimmune phenotype, DKO mice also showed signs of immunodeficiency and developed spontaneous skin lesions colonized by Staphylococcus xylosus. When DKO mice were experimentally infected with S. aureus they were unable to clear the bacteria, suggesting a general immunodeficiency to Staphylococcal species. {gamma}{delta} T cells are important for control of skin Staphylococcal infections. We found that mice lacking Ets1 have a complete deficiency of the {gamma}{delta} T cell subset dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), which are involved in skin wound healing responses. To determine if loss of DETC might promote susceptibility to Staph infection, we depleted DETC from IL17RA KO mice and found that the combined loss of DETC and IL-17 signaling leads to a failure to clear the infection. Our studies suggest that defects in wound healing, such as that caused by loss of DETC, can cooperate with impaired IL-17 responses to lead to increased susceptibility to skin Staph infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Battaglia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlfert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett-Sinha, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ets1 and IL17RA cooperate to regulate autoimmune responses as well as skin immunity to Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring stimulus-related redundant and synergistic functional connectivity with single cell resolution in auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of functional connectivity have played a central role in advancing our understanding of how information is communicated within the brain. Traditionally, these studies have focused on identifying redundant functional connectivity, which involves determining when activity is similar across different sites. However, recent research has highlighted the potential importance of also identifying synergistic connectivity--that is, connectivity that gives rise to information not contained in either site alone. Here, we measured redundant and synergistic functional connectivity with individual-neuron resolution in the primary auditory cortex of the mouse during a perceptual task. Specifically, we identified pairs of neurons that exhibited directed functional connectivity between them, as measured using Granger Causality. We then used Partial Information Decomposition to quantify the amount of redundant and synergystic information carried by these neurons about auditory stimuli. Our findings revealed that functionally connected pairs carry proportionally more redundancy and less synergy than unconnected pairs, suggesting that their functional connectivity is primarily redundant in nature. Furthermore, we observe that the proportion of redundancy is higher for correct than for incorrect behavioral choices, supporting the notion that redundant connectivity is beneficial for behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocillari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzeri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring stimulus-related redundant and synergistic functional connectivity with single cell resolution in auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency modulation increases the specificity of time-resolved connectivity: A resting-state fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain is a highly dynamic system, and the methods we use to analyze the data gathered from this organ should account for this dynamism. One such family of methods that has attracted a lot of attention in the past decades is based on networks. The most well-known method for estimating the connection among these networks uses the sliding window Pearson correlation (SWPC) estimator. Although quite a useful tool, there are some important limitations. One such limitation is that SWPC applies a high pass filter to the activity time series. If we select a small window size (which is desirable to estimate rapid changes in functional connectivity), we will filter out important low-frequency activity information. In this work, we propose an approach based on single sideband modulation (SSB) in communication theory, which aims to solve this issue, allowing us to select smaller window sizes and capture rapid changes in the time-resolved functional connectivity. We use both simulation and real data to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method, SSB+SWPC, compared to classical SWPC. In addition, we compare the temporal recurring functional connectivity patterns between individuals with the first episode of psychosis (FEP) and typical controls (TC) and show that FEP stays more in FNC states that show weaker connectivity across the whole brain. A result exclusive to SSB+SWPC is that TC stays more in a state with negative connectivity between sub-cortical and cortical regions. All in all, based on both simulated data and real data, we argue that the proposed method, SSB+SWPC, is more sensitive for capturing temporal variation in functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency modulation increases the specificity of time-resolved connectivity: A resting-state fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.543782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tiny Earth CURE improves student persistence in science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.543782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) enhance student retention in STEM, particularly among students who belong to historically excluded communities. Yet the mechanisms by which CUREs contribute to student integration and persistence are poorly understood. Utilizing the Tripartite Integration Model of Social Influence (TIMSI), this longitudinal study examines how Tiny Earth, an antibiotic-discovery CURE, impacts students scientific self-efficacy, scientific identity, endorsement of scientific community values, and intentions to persist in science. The study also explores how gains in TIMSI factors vary as a function of student demographics and course characteristics. Results of pre-and post-course measurements show that scientific self-efficacy and identity increased among students in Tiny Earth, and some student demographics and course characteristics moderated these gains. Gains in scientific self-efficacy, identity, and values correlated with gains in persistence intentions, whereas student demographics and course characteristics did not. Results of this study show that the Tiny Earth CURE enhanced students integration into the scientific community, which was linked to intentions of students of both historically underrepresented and majority groups to persist in STEM. We discuss how courses that provide opportunity to learn science skills in the context of a CURE can contribute toward enlarging and diversifying the STEM workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.543782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tiny Earth CURE improves student persistence in science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drebrin Regulates Collateral Axon Branching in Cortical Layer II/III Somatosensory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper cortical lamination is essential for cognition, learning, and memory. Within the somatosensory cortex, pyramidal excitatory neurons elaborate axon collateral branches in a laminar-specific manner that dictates synaptic partners and overall circuit organization. Here, we leverage mouse models, single-cell labeling and imaging approaches to identify intrinsic regulators of laminar-specific collateral, also termed interstitial, axon branching. We developed new approaches for the robust, sparse, labeling of layer II/III pyramidal neurons to obtain single-cell quantitative assessment of axon branch morphologies. We combined these approaches with cell-autonomous loss-of-function (LOF) and over-expression (OE) manipulations in an in vivo candidate screen to identify regulators of cortical neuron axon branch lamination. We identify a role for the cytoskeletal binding protein drebrin (Dbn1) in regulating layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching in vitro. LOF experiments show that Dbn1 is necessary to suppress the elongation of layer II/III CPN collateral axon branches within layer IV, where axon branching by layer II/III CPNs is normally absent. Conversely, Dbn1 OE produces excess short axonal protrusions reminiscent of nascent axon collaterals that fail to elongate. Structure-function analyses implicate Dbn1S142 phosphorylation and Dbn1 protein domains known to mediate F-actin bundling and microtubule (MT) coupling as necessary for collateral branch initiation upon Dbn1 OE. Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate collateral axon branching in excitatory CPNs, a key process in the elaboration of neocortical circuit formation.

Significance StatementLaminar-specific axon targeting is essential for cortical circuit formation. Here, we show that the cytoskeletal protein drebrin (Dbn1) regulates excitatory layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching, lending insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie neocortical laminar-specific innervation. To identify branching patterns of single cortical neurons in vivo, we have developed tools that allow us to obtain detailed images of individual CPN morphologies throughout postnatal development and to manipulate gene expression in these same neurons. Our results showing that Dbn1 regulates CPN interstitial axon branching both in vivo and in vitro and may aid in our understanding of how aberrant cortical neuron morphology contributes to dysfunctions observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorskind, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarsanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoah-Dankwah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Clavel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Vargas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drebrin Regulates Collateral Axon Branching in Cortical Layer II/III Somatosensory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collagen type VI regulates TGFβ bioavailability in skeletal muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen VI-related disorders (COL6-RDs) are a group of rare muscular dystrophies caused by pathogenic variants in collagen VI genes (COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3). Collagen type VI is a heterotrimeric, microfibrillar component of the muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), predominantly secreted by resident fibroadipogenic precursor cells in skeletal muscle. The absence or mislocalizatoion of collagen VI in the ECM underlies the non-cell autonomous dysfunction and dystrophic changes in skeletal muscle with an as of yet elusive direct mechanistic link between the ECM and myofiber dysfunction. Here, we conduct a comprehensive natural history and outcome study in a novel mouse model of COL6-RDs (Col6a2-/-mice) using standardized (Treat-NMD) functional, histological, and physiologic parameter. Notably, we identify a conspicuous dysregulation of the TGF{beta} pathway early in the disease process and propose that the collagen VI deficient matrix is not capable of regulating the dynamic TGF{beta} bioavailability at baseline and also in response to muscle injury. Thus, we propose a new mechanism for pathogenesis of the disease that links the ECM regulation of TGF{beta} with downstream skeletal muscle abnormalities, paving the way for developing and validating therapeutics that target this pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohassel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleboda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnemann, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.545964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collagen type VI regulates TGFβ bioavailability in skeletal muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling wild type and mutant p53 in telomerase-immortalized human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic alterations that change the functions of p53 or other proteins in the p53 pathway contribute to a majority of cancers. Accordingly, many technological approaches and model systems have been employed to dissect the complex phenotypes of this critical tumor suppressor and its mutants. Studies of human p53 are commonly conducted in tumor-derived cell lines that retain wild type TP53 alleles and isogenic derivatives with engineered TP53 alterations. While this genetic approach has provided numerous insights, such studies are bound to paint an incomplete picture of p53 and its many effects on the cell. Given the preponderance of p53 pathway defects in cancer, it is reasonable to assume that cancers that arise without mutations in the TP53 coding sequence would very likely harbor other genetic or epigenetic alterations that effect the normal function of this pathway. One possible solution to this conundrum is to study p53 in cells that have been artificially immortalized. Unlike cells derived from tumors ex vivo, cells that have been immortalized in vitro are not shaped by evolutionary selection during tumorigenesis, and presumably retain many of the normal functions of p53 and other tumor suppressors. We report here a functional characterization of p53 in the immortalized human cell line hTERT-RPE1 and describe the dominant-negative effects of a heterozygous missense p53 A276P mutation that apparently arose during serial culture. Detailed studies of this contact mutant, also found in human tumors, demonstrate the practical utility of this model system for studying the complex phenotypes of human p53.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miciak, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling wild type and mutant p53 in telomerase-immortalized human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in Mitochondrial Biogenesis Drive Mitochondrial Alterations in PINK1-deficient Human Dopamine Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations and loss of activity in the protein kinase PINK1 play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease (PD). PINK1 regulates many aspects of mitochondrial quality control including mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), fission, fusion, transport, and biogenesis. Defects in mitophagy are though to play a predominant role in the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in PD. Here we show that, although there are defects in mitophagy in human DA neurons lacking PINK1, mitochondrial deficits induced by the absence of PINK1 are primarily due to defects in mitochondrial biogenesis. Upregulation of PARIS and the subsequent down regulation of PGC-1 accounts for the mitochondrial biogenesis defects. CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown of PARIS completely restores the mitochondrial biogenesis defects and mitochondrial function without impacting the deficits in mitophagy due to the absence of PINK1. These results highlight the importance mitochondrial biogenesis in the pathogenesis of PD due to inactivation or loss of PINK1 in human DA neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Cintron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siuda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koziorowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wszolek, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in Mitochondrial Biogenesis Drive Mitochondrial Alterations in PINK1-deficient Human Dopamine Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel mouse model of Weaver syndrome displays overgrowth and excess osteogenesis reversible with KDM6A/6B inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Weaver syndrome is a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery (MDEM) caused by germline pathogenic variants in EZH2, which encodes the predominant H3K27 methyltransferase and key enzymatic component of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Weaver syndrome is characterized by striking overgrowth and advanced bone age, intellectual disability, and distinctive facies. We generated a mouse model for the most common Weaver syndrome missense variant, EZH2 p.R684C. Ezh2R684C/R684C mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed global depletion of H3K27me3. Ezh2R684C/+ mice had abnormal bone parameters indicative of skeletal overgrowth, and Ezh2R684C/+ osteoblasts showed increased osteogenic activity. RNA-seq comparing osteoblasts differentiated from Ezh2R684C/+and Ezh2+/+ bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) indicated collective dysregulation of the BMP pathway and osteoblast differentiation. Inhibition of the opposing H3K27 demethylases Kdm6a/6b substantially reversed the excessive osteogenesis in Ezh2R684C/+ cells both at the transcriptional and phenotypic levels. This supports both the ideas that writers and erasers of histone marks exist in a fine balance to maintain epigenome state, and that epigenetic modulating agents have therapeutic potential for the treatment of MDEMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushwaha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel mouse model of Weaver syndrome displays overgrowth and excess osteogenesis reversible with KDM6A/6B inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the heterogeneity of immunotherapy response and immune-related toxicities by longitudinal ctDNA and immune cell compartment tracking in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAlthough immunotherapy is the mainstay of therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), robust biomarkers of clinical response are lacking. The heterogeneity of clinical responses together with the limited value of radiographic response assessments to timely and accurately predict therapeutic effect -especially in the setting of stable disease-call for the development of molecularly-informed real-time minimally invasive predictive biomarkers. In addition to capturing tumor regression, liquid biopsies may be informative in evaluating immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

Experimental designWe investigated longitudinal changes in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients with metastatic NSCLC who received immunotherapy-based regimens. Using ctDNA targeted error-correction sequencing together with matched sequencing of white blood cells and tumor tissue, we tracked serial changes in cell-free tumor load (cfTL) and determined molecular response for each patient. Peripheral T-cell repertoire dynamics were serially assessed and evaluated together with plasma protein expression profiles.

ResultsMolecular response, defined as complete clearance of cfTL, was significantly associated with progression-free (log-rank p=0.0003) and overall survival (log-rank p=0.01) and was particularly informative in capturing differential survival outcomes among patients with radiographically stable disease. For patients who developed irAEs, peripheral blood T-cell repertoire reshaping, assessed by significant TCR clonotypic expansions and regressions were noted on-treatment.

ConclusionsMolecular responses assist with interpretation of heterogeneous clinical responses especially for patients with stable disease. Our complementary assessment of the tumor and immune compartments by liquid biopsies provides an approach for monitoring of clinical benefit and immune-related toxicities for patients with NSCLC receiving immunotherapy.

Statement of translational relevanceLongitudinal dynamic changes in cell-free tumor load and reshaping of the peripheral T-cell repertoire capture clinical outcomes and immune-related toxicities during immunotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivapalan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummelink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknafs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhymee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phallen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrone, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettinger, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illei, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monkhorst, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the heterogeneity of immunotherapy response and immune-related toxicities by longitudinal ctDNA and immune cell compartment tracking in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.546409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrarenal myeloid subsets associated with kidney injury are comparable in mice and patients with lupus nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.546409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resident macrophages and infiltrating monocytes in kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis are altered both in frequency and function relative to their counterparts in healthy kidneys. The extent to which mouse models might be useful in developing approaches to target these cells for treating lupus nephritis is poorly understood. Here, we studied four common lupus mouse models that share clinical, serologic, and histopathologic kidney changes with humans. Using single-cell profiling and multiplex spatial imaging to analyze the intrarenal myeloid compartment with the onset of clinical disease in these models, we identified monocyte and macrophage subsets that expand or contract in kidneys with clinical nephritis. A unique subset of classical monocytes expanded with the onset of disease and expressed genes such as CD9, Spp1, Ctsd, Cd63, Apoe, and Trem2 that were previously shown to be induced by tissue injury and play a role in inflammation, lipid metabolism and tissue repair in other organs. Resident macrophages transitioned from a pro-inflammatory to a similar injury-associated state with onset of disease. To test whether these findings in mouse models were also observed in humans, we re-analyzed monocytes and macrophages in a single-cell RNAseq dataset of kidney biopsies from 155 patients with lupus nephritis and 30 healthy donors, collected by the NIH AMP RA/SLE consortium. Human monocytes and macrophages showed conserved changes in gene expression programs associated with lupus nephritis disease indices, and localized to similar kidney microenvironments as in mice. By identifying myeloid subsets and disease-associated alterations in biological processes that are conserved across species, we provide a strong rationale for functional studies of these cells and pathways in mice to uncover mechanisms and find targets relevant to human lupus nephritis.

One sentence summaryThis study characterizes intrarenal myeloid cells from four lupus mouse models and 155 patients with lupus nephritis using single-cell RNA-seq and imaging, and identifies novel infiltrating and resident myeloid subsets that are conserved between mouse and human lupus nephritis, thus providing a map and strong rationale for functional studies in mice with relevance to human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raparia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurajala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putterman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izmirly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wofsy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership: RA/SLE network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.24.546409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrarenal myeloid subsets associated with kidney injury are comparable in mice and patients with lupus nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsically Disordered Regions Promote Protein Refoldability and Facilitate Retrieval from Biomolecular Condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that intersperse globular folded domains, in contrast with bacterial proteins which are typically highly globular1, 2. Recent years have seen great progress in identifying biological functions associated with these elusive protein sequence: in specific cases, they mediate liquid liquid phase separation3, perform molecular recognition4, or act as sensors to changes in the environment5. Nevertheless, only a small number of IDRs have annotated functions6 despite their presence in 64% of yeast proteins,7 stimulating some to question what  general purpose they may serve8, 9. Here, by interrogating the refoldability of two fungal proteomes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurosporra crassa), we show that IDRs render their host proteins more refoldable from the denatured state, allowing them to cohere more closely to Anfinsens thermodynamic hypothesis10, 11. The data provide an exceptionally clear picture of which biophysical and topological characteristics enable refoldability. Moreover, we find that almost all yeast proteins that partition into stress granules during heat shock are refoldable, a finding that holds for other condensates such as P-bodies and the nucleolus. Finally, we find that the Hsp104 unfoldase12 is the principal actor in mediating disassembly of heat stress granules and that the efficiency with which condensed proteins are returned to the soluble phase is also well explained by refoldability. Hence, these studies establish spontaneous refoldability as an adaptive trait that endows proteins with the capacity to reform their native soluble structures following their extraction from condensates. Altogether, our results provide an intuitive model for the function of IDRs in many multidomain proteins and clarifies their relationship to the phenomenon of biomolecular condensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>To, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarbox, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendorff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trcek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.25.546465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsically Disordered Regions Promote Protein Refoldability and Facilitate Retrieval from Biomolecular Condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit model to capture electrostatic features of membrane environment. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane protein structure prediction and design are challenging due to the complexity of capturing the interactions in the lipid layer, such as those arising from electrostatics. Accurately capturing electrostatic energies in the low-dielectric membrane often requires expensive Poisson-Boltzmann calculations that are not scalable for membrane protein structure prediction and design. In this work, we have developed a fast-to-compute implicit energy function that considers the realistic characteristics of different lipid bilayers, making design calculations tractable. This method captures the impact of the lipid head group using a mean-field-based approach and uses a depth-dependent dielectric constant to characterize the membrane environment. This energy function Franklin2023 (F23) is built upon Franklin2019 (F19), which is based on experimentally derived hydrophobicity scales in the membrane bilayer. We evaluated the performance of F23 on five different tests probing (1) protein orientation in the bilayer, (2) stability, and (3) sequence recovery. Relative to F19, F23 has improved the calculation of the tilt angle of membrane proteins for 90% of WALP peptides, 15% of TM-peptides, and 25% of the adsorbed peptides. The performances for stability and design tests were equivalent for F19 and F23. The speed and calibration of the implicit model will help F23 access biophysical phenomena at long time and length scales and accelerate the membrane protein design pipeline.

Author summaryMembrane proteins participate in many life processes. They constitute 30% of the human proteome and are targets for over 60% pharmaceuticals. Accurate and accessible computational tools to design membrane proteins will transform the platform to engineer membrane proteins for therapeutic, sensor, and separation processes. While soluble protein design has advanced, membrane protein design remains challenging due to the difficulties in modeling the lipid bilayer. Electrostatics plays an intimate role in the physics of membrane protein structure and function. However, accurately capturing electrostatic energies in the low-dielectric membrane often requires expensive calculations that are not scalable. In this work, we contribute a fast-to-compute electrostatic model that considers different lipid bilayers and their features, making design calculations tractable. We demonstrate that the updated energy function improves the calculation of the tilt angle of membrane proteins, stability, and confidence in designing charged residues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samanta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit model to capture electrostatic features of membrane environment.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G2C4 targeting antisense oligonucleotides potently mitigate TDP-43 dysfunction in C9orf72 ALS/FTD human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The G4C2 repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Many studies suggest that dipeptide repeat proteins produced from this repeat are toxic, yet, the contribution of repeat RNA toxicity is under investigated and even less is known regarding the pathogenicity of antisense repeat RNA. Recently, two clinical trials targeting G4C2 (sense) repeat RNA via antisense oligonucleotide failed despite a robust decrease in sense encoded dipeptide repeat proteins demonstrating target engagement. Here, in this brief report, we show that G2C4 antisense, but not G4C2 sense, repeat RNA is sufficient to induce TDP-43 dysfunction in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons (iPSNs). Unexpectedly, only G2C4, but not G4C2 sense strand targeting, ASOs mitigate deficits in TDP-43 function in authentic C9orf72 ALS/FTD patient iPSNs. Collectively, our data suggest that the G2C4 antisense repeat RNA may be an important therapeutic target and provide insights into a possible explanation for the recent G4C2 ASO clinical trial failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlhop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizielinska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G2C4 targeting antisense oligonucleotides potently mitigate TDP-43 dysfunction in C9orf72 ALS/FTD human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pixel-wise programmability enables dynamic high-SNR cameras for high-speed microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-speed wide-field fluorescence microscopy has the potential to capture biological processes with exceptional spatiotemporal resolution. However, conventional cameras suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio at high frame rates, limiting their ability to detect faint fluorescent events. Here, we introduce an image sensor where each pixel has individually programmable sampling speed and phase, so that pixels can be arranged to simultaneously sample at high speed with a high signal-to-noise ratio. In high-speed voltage imaging experiments, our image sensor significantly increases the output signal-to-noise ratio compared to a low-noise scientific CMOS camera ([~]2-3 folds). This signal-to-noise ratio gain enables the detection of weak neuronal action potentials and subthreshold activities missed by the standard scientific CMOS cameras. Our camera with flexible pixel exposure configurations offers versatile sampling strategies to improve signal quality in various experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linghu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Cummings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pixel-wise programmability enables dynamic high-SNR cameras for high-speed microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable, accessible, and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in genome sequencing and assembly are enabling high-quality reference genomes for all species. However, the assembly process is still laborious, computationally and technically demanding, lacks standards for reproducibility, and is not readily scalable. Here we present the latest Vertebrate Genomes Project assembly pipeline and demonstrate that it delivers high-quality reference genomes at scale across a set of vertebrate species arising over the last [~]500 million years. The pipeline is versatile and combines PacBio HiFi long-reads and Hi-C-based haplotype phasing in a new graph-based paradigm. Standardized quality control is performed automatically to troubleshoot assembly issues and assess biological complexities. We make the pipeline freely accessible through Galaxy, accommodating researchers even without local computational resources and enhanced reproducibility by democratizing the training and assembly process. We demonstrate the flexibility and reliability of the pipeline by assembling reference genomes for 51 vertebrate species from major taxonomic groups (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abueg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brajuka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Alba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmada-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooder, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secomandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliano-Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable, accessible, and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding and context-dependent control of reward consumption within the central nucleus of the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to evaluate and select a preferred option among a variety of available offers is an essential aspect of goal-directed behavior. Dysregulation of this valuation process is characteristic of alcohol use disorder, with the central amygdala being implicated in persistent alcohol pursuit. However, the mechanism by which the central amygdala encodes and promotes the motivation to seek and consume alcohol remains unclear. We recorded single-unit activity in male Long-Evans rats as they consumed 10% ethanol or 14.2% sucrose. We observed significant activity at the time of approach to alcohol or sucrose, as well as lick-entrained activity during the ongoing consumption of both alcohol and sucrose. We then evaluated the ability of central amygdala optogenetic manipulation time-locked to consumption to alter ongoing intake of alcohol or sucrose, a preferred non-drug reward. In closed two-choice scenarios where rats could drink only sucrose, alcohol, or quinine-adulterated alcohol with or without central amygdala stimulation, rats drank more of stimulation-paired options. Microstructural analysis of licking patterns suggests these effects were mediated by changes in motivation, not palatability. Given a choice among different options, central amygdala stimulation enhanced consumption if the stimulation was associated with the preferred reward while closed-loop inhibition only decreased consumption if the options were equally valued. However, optogenetic stimulation during consumption of the less-preferred option, alcohol, was unable to enhance overall alcohol intake while sucrose was available. Collectively, these findings indicate that the central amygdala processes the motivational value of available offers to promote pursuit of the most preferred available option.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padovan-Hernandez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding and context-dependent control of reward consumption within the central nucleus of the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex peptide receptor is not required for refractoriness to remating or induction of egg laying in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across diverse insect taxa, the behavior and physiology of females dramatically changes after mating - processes largely triggered by the transfer of seminal proteins from their mates. In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, the seminal protein sex peptide (SP) decreases the likelihood of female flies remating and causes additional behavioral and physiological changes that promote fertility including increasing egg production. Although SP is only found in the Drosophila genus, its receptor, sex peptide receptor (SPR), is the widely-conserved myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) receptor. To test the functional role of SPR in mediating post-mating responses in a non-Drosophila dipteran, we generated two independent Spr-knockout alleles in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Although SPR is needed for post-mating responses in Drosophila and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, Spr mutant Ae. aegypti show completely normal post-mating decreases in remating propensity and increases in egg laying. In addition, injection of synthetic SP or accessory gland homogenate from D. melanogaster into virgin female mosquitoes did not elicit these post-mating responses. Our results indicate that Spr is not required for these canonical post-mating responses in Ae. aegypti, indicating that unknown signaling pathways are likely responsible for these behavioral switches in this disease vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amaro, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso-Parra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex peptide receptor is not required for refractoriness to remating or induction of egg laying in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A protein sequence encodes its energy landscape - all the accessible conformations, energetics, and dynamics. The evolutionary relationship between sequence and landscape can be probed phylogenetically by compiling a multiple sequence alignment of homologous sequences and generating common ancestors via Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction or a consensus protein containing the most common amino acid at each position. Both ancestral and consensus proteins are often more stable than their extant homologs - questioning the differences and suggesting that both approaches serve as general methods to engineer thermostability. We used the Ribonuclease H family to compare these approaches and evaluate how the evolutionary relationship of the input sequences affects the properties of the resulting consensus protein. While the overall consensus protein is structured and active, it neither shows properties of a well-folded protein nor has enhanced stability. In contrast, the consensus protein derived from a phylogenetically-restricted region is significantly more stable and cooperatively folded, suggesting that cooperativity may be encoded by different mechanisms in separate clades and lost when too many diverse clades are combined to generate a consensus protein. To explore this, we compared pairwise covariance scores using a Potts formalism as well as higher-order couplings using singular value decomposition (SVD). We find the SVD coordinates of a stable consensus sequence are close to coordinates of the analogous ancestor sequence and its descendants, whereas the unstable consensus sequences are outliers in SVD space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrkB-dependent regulation of molecular signaling across septal cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral septum (LS), a GABAergic structure located in the basal forebrain, is implicated in social behavior, learning and memory. We previously demonstrated that expression of tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) in LS neurons is required for social novelty recognition. To better understand molecular mechanisms by which TrkB signaling controls behavior, we locally knocked down TrkB in LS and used bulk RNA-sequencing to identify changes in gene expression downstream of TrkB. TrkB knockdown induces upregulation of genes associated with inflammation and immune responses, and downregulation of genes associated with synaptic signaling and plasticity. Next, we generated one of the first atlases of molecular profiles for LS cell types using single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq). We identified markers for the septum broadly, and the LS specifically, as well as for all neuronal cell types. We then investigated whether the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by TrkB knockdown map to specific LS cell types. Enrichment testing identified that downregulated DEGs are broadly expressed across neuronal clusters. Enrichment analyses of these DEGs demonstrated that downregulated genes are uniquely expressed in the LS, and associated with either synaptic plasticity or neurodevelopmental disorders. Upregulated genes are enriched in LS microglia, associated with immune response and inflammation, and linked to both neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, many of these genes are implicated in regulating social behaviors. In summary, the findings implicate TrkB signaling in the LS as a critical regulator of gene networks associated with psychiatric disorders that display social deficits, including schizophrenia and autism, and with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrkB-dependent regulation of molecular signaling across septal cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Protein-Protein Docking with a Multi-Track Iterative Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional protein-protein docking algorithms usually rely on heavy candidate sampling and re-ranking, but these steps are time-consuming and hinder applications that require high-throughput complex structure prediction, e.g., structure-based virtual screening. Existing deep learning methods for protein-protein docking, despite being much faster, suffer from low docking success rates. In addition, they simplify the problem to assume no conformational changes within any protein upon binding (rigid docking). This assumption precludes applications when binding-induced conformational changes play a role, such as allosteric inhibition or docking from uncertain unbound model structures. To address these limitations, we present GeoDock, a multi-track iterative transformer network to predict a docked structure from separate docking partners. Unlike deep learning models for protein structure prediction that input multiple sequence alignments (MSAs), GeoDock inputs just the sequences and structures of the docking partners, which suits the tasks when the individual structures are given. GeoDock is flexible at the protein residue level, allowing the prediction of conformational changes upon binding. For a benchmark set of rigid targets, GeoDock obtains a 41% success rate, outperforming all the other tested methods. For a more challenging benchmark set of flexible targets, GeoDock achieves a similar number of top-model successes as the traditional method ClusPro [1], but fewer than ReplicaDock2 [2]. GeoDock attains an average inference speed of under one second on a single GPU, enabling its application in large-scale structure screening. Although binding-induced conformational changes are still a challenge owing to limited training and evaluation data, our architecture sets up the foundation to capture this backbone flexibility. Code and a demonstration Jupyter notebook are available at https://github.com/Graylab/GeoDock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Protein-Protein Docking with a Multi-Track Iterative Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The leptin receptor has no role in delta-cell control of beta-cell function in the mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin inhibits insulin secretion from isolated islets from multiple species, but the cell type that mediates this process remains elusive. Mouse models have been used to explore this question. Ablation of the leptin receptor (Lepr) throughout the pancreatic epithelium results in altered glucose homeostasis, ex vivo insulin secretion, and calcium dynamics. However, the removal of Lepr from neither alpha nor beta cells mimics these results. Because Lepr is enriched in the delta cells of human islets, we used a mouse model to test whether delta cells mediate the diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in response to leptin. However, ablation of Lepr within mouse delta cells had no impact on glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion. We further demonstrate that Lepr is not appreciably expressed within mouse delta cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosleh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The leptin receptor has no role in delta-cell control of beta-cell function in the mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.545937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.545937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue stiffness is a critical prognostic factor in breast cancer and is associated with metastatic progression. Here we show an alternative and complementary hypothesis of tumor progression whereby physiological matrix stiffness affects the quantity and protein cargo of small EVs produced by cancer cells, which in turn drive their metastasis. Primary patient breast tissue produces significantly more EVs from stiff tumor tissue than soft tumor adjacent tissue. EVs released by cancer cells on matrices that model human breast tumors (25 kPa; stiff EVs) feature increased adhesion molecule presentation (ITG2{beta}1, ITG6{beta}4, ITG6{beta}1, CD44) compared to EVs from softer normal tissue (0.5 kPa; soft EVs), which facilitates their binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen IV, and a 3-fold increase in homing ability to distant organs in mice. In a zebrafish xenograft model, stiff EVs aid cancer cell dissemination through enhanced chemotaxis. Moreover, normal, resident lung fibroblasts treated with stiff and soft EVs change their gene expression profiles to adopt a cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. These findings show that EV quantity, cargo, and function depend heavily on the mechanical properties of the extracellular microenvironment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/545937v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be1dbdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@928710org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e14e9borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@efdb7f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faqih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotti, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igboko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisinger-Mathason, T. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.545937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VTA dopamine neurons drive spatiotemporally heterogeneous striatal dopamine signals during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that invigorate and guide animals toward acquisition of rewards. Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNC) are crucial for this process. Dopamine neurons are embedded in a reciprocally connected network with their striatal targets, the functional organization of which remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how learning during optogenetic Pavlovian cue conditioning of VTA or SNC dopamine neurons directs cue-evoked behavior and shapes subregion-specific striatal dopamine dynamics. We used a fluorescent dopamine biosensor to monitor dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, dorsomedial striatum (DMS), and dorsolateral striatum (DLS). We demonstrate spatially heterogeneous, learning-dependent dopamine changes across striatal regions. While VTA stimulation evoked robust dopamine release in NAc core, shell, and DMS, cues predictive of this activation preferentially recruited dopamine release in NAc core, starting early in training, and DMS, late in training. Corresponding negative prediction error signals, reflecting a violation in the expectation of dopamine neuron activation, only emerged in the NAc core and DMS, and not the shell. Despite development of vigorous movement late in training, conditioned dopamine signals did not similarly emerge in the DLS, even during Pavlovian conditioning with SNC dopamine neuron activation, which elicited robust DLS dopamine release. Together, our studies show broad dissociation in the fundamental prediction and reward-related information generated by different dopamine neuron populations and signaled by dopamine across the striatum. Further, they offer new insight into how larger-scale plasticity across the striatal network emerges during Pavlovian learning to coordinate behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VTA dopamine neurons drive spatiotemporally heterogeneous striatal dopamine signals during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental tenet of animal behavior is that decision-making involves multiple  controllers. Initially, behavior is goal-directed, driven by desired outcomes, shifting later to habitual control, where cues trigger actions independent of motivational state. Clark Hulls question from 1943 still resonates today: "Is this transition abrupt, or is it gradual and progressive?"1 Despite a century-long belief in gradual transitions, this question remains unanswered2,3 as current methods cannot disambiguate goal-directed versus habitual control in real-time. Here, we introduce a novel  volitional engagement approach, motivating animals by palatability rather than biological need. Offering less palatable water in the home cage4,5 reduced motivation to  work for plain water in an auditory discrimination task when compared to water-restricted animals. Using quantitative behavior and computational modeling6, we found that palatability-driven animals learned to discriminate as quickly as water-restricted animals but exhibited state-like fluctuations when responding to the reward-predicting cue--reflecting goal-directed behavior. These fluctuations spontaneously and abruptly ceased after thousands of trials, with animals now always responding to the reward-predicting cue. In line with habitual control, post-transition behavior displayed motor automaticity, decreased error sensitivity (assessed via pupillary responses), and insensitivity to outcome devaluation. Bilateral lesions of the habit-related dorsolateral striatum7 blocked transitions to habitual behavior. Thus,  volitional engagement reveals spontaneous and abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior, suggesting the involvement of a higher-level process that arbitrates between the two.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABDS: tool suite for analyzing biologically diverse samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAnalytics tools are essential to identify informative molecular features about different phenotypic groups. Among the most fundamental tasks are missing value imputation, signature gene detection, and expression pattern visualization. However, most commonly used analytics tools may be problematic for characterizing biologically diverse samples when either signature genes possess uneven missing rates across different groups yet involving complex missing mechanisms, or multiple biological groups are simultaneously compared and visualized.

ResultsWe develop ABDS tool suite tailored specifically to analyzing biologically diverse samples. Mechanism-integrated group-wise imputation is developed to recruit signature genes involving informative missingness, cosine-based one-sample test is extended to detect enumerated signature genes, and unified heatmap is designed to comparably display complex expression patterns. We discuss the methodological principles and demonstrate the conceptual advantages of the three software tools. We also showcase the biomedical applications of these individual tools. Implemented in open-source R scripts, ABDS tool suite complements rather than replaces the existing tools and will allow biologists to more accurately detect interpretable molecular signals among diverse phenotypic samples.

Availability and implementationThe R Scripts of ABDS tool suite is freely available at https://github.com/niccolodpdu/ABDS.

Contactyuewang@vt.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrington, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABDS: tool suite for analyzing biologically diverse samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Score Associates with Atherosclerotic Plaque Characteristics at Autopsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPolygenic risk scores (PRS) for coronary artery disease (CAD) potentially improve cardiovascular risk prediction. However, their relationship with histopathologic features of CAD has never been examined systematically.

MethodsFrom 4,327 subjects referred to CVPath by the State of Maryland Office Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) for sudden death between 1994 and 2015, 2,455 cases were randomly selected for genotyping. We generated PRS from 291 known CAD risk loci. Detailed histopathologic examination of the coronary arteries was performed in all subjects. The primary study outcome measurements were histopathologic plaque features determining severity of atherosclerosis, including %stenosis, calcification, thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFA), and thrombotic CAD.

ResultsAfter exclusion of cases with insufficient DNA sample quality or with missing data, 954 cases (mean age 48.8{+/-}14.7; 75.7% men) remained in the final study cohort. Subjects in the highest PRS quintile exhibited more severe atherosclerosis compared to subjects in the lowest quintile, with greater %stenosis (80.3%{+/-}27.0% vs. 50.4%{+/-}38.7%; adjusted p<0.001) and a higher frequency of calcification (69.6% vs. 35.8%; adjusted p=0.004) and TCFAs (26.7% vs. 9.5%; adjusted p=0.007). Even after adjustment for traditional CAD risk factors subjects within the highest PRS quintile had higher odds of severe atherosclerosis (i.e., [&ge;]75% stenosis; adjusted OR 3.77; 95%CI 2.10-6.78; p<0.001) and plaque rupture (adjusted OR 4.05; 95%CI 2.26-7.24; p<0.001). Moreover, subjects within the highest quintile had higher odds of CAD-associated cause of death, especially among those aged 50 years and younger (adjusted OR 4.08; 95%CI 2.01-8.30; p<0.001). No associations were observed with plaque erosion.

ConclusionsThis is the first autopsy study investigating associations between PRS and atherosclerosis severity at the histopathologic level in subjects with sudden death. Our pathological analysis suggests PRS correlates with plaque burden and features of advanced atherosclerosis and may be useful as a method for CAD risk stratification, especially in younger subjects.

HighlightsO_LIIn this autopsy study including 954 subjects within the CVPath Sudden Death Registry, high PRS correlated with plaque burden and atherosclerosis severity.
C_LIO_LIThe PRS showed differential associations with plaque rupture and plaque erosion, suggesting different etiologies to these two causes of thrombotic CAD.
C_LIO_LIPRS may be useful for risk stratification, particularly in the young. Further examination of individual risk loci and their association with plaque morphology may help understand molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, potentially revealing new therapy targets of CAD.
C_LI

Graphic AbstractA polygenic risk score, generated from 291 known CAD risk loci, was assessed in 954 subjects within the CVPath Sudden Death Registry. Histopathologic examination of the coronary arteries was performed in all subjects. Subjects in the highest PRS quintile exhibited more severe atherosclerosis as compared to subjects in the lowest quintile, with a greater plaque burden, more calcification, and a higher frequency of plaque rupture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornelissen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhoke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bihlmeyer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikongue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braumann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abebe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutys, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutyna, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodgie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schunkert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virmani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Score Associates with Atherosclerotic Plaque Characteristics at Autopsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vitro Modulator Responsiveness of 655 CFTR Variants Found in People With CF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration initiated expansion of drug labels for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) to include CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene variants based on in vitro functional studies. This study aims to identify CFTR variants that result in increased chloride (Cl-) transport function by the CFTR protein after treatment with the CFTR-modulator combination elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA). These data may benefit people with CF (pwCF) who are not currently eligible for modulator therapies.

MethodsPlasmid DNA encoding 655 CFTR variants and wild-type (WT) CFTR were transfected into Fisher Rat Thyroid cells that do not natively express CFTR. After 24 hours of incubation with control or TEZ and ELX, and acute addition of IVA, CFTR function was assessed using the transepithelial current clamp conductance assay. Each variants baseline activity, responsiveness to IVA alone, and responsiveness to the TEZ/ELX/IVA combination were measured in three different laboratories. Western blots were conducted to evaluate CFTR protein maturation and complement the functional data.

Results and Conclusions253 variants not currently approved for CFTR modulator therapy showed low baseline activity (<10% of normal CFTR Cl- transport activity). For 152 of these variants, treatment with ELX/TEZ/IVA improved the Cl- transport activity by [&ge;]10% of normal CFTR function, which is suggestive of clinical benefit. ELX/TEZ/IVA increased CFTR function by [&ge;]10 percentage points for an additional 140 unapproved variants with [&ge;]10% but <50% of normal CFTR function at baseline. These findings significantly expand the number of rare CFTR variants for which ELX/TEZ/IVA treatment should result in clinical benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bihler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivachenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakerar Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musisi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaire, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magaret, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raraigh, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skach, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mense, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vitro Modulator Responsiveness of 655 CFTR Variants Found in People With CF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-Amplitude Coupling Detection and Analysis of Human 2-Dimensional Neural Cultures in Multi-well Microelectrode Array in Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)- derived neurons offer the possibility of studying human-specific neuronal behaviors in physiologic and pathologic states in vitro. However, it is unclear whether these cultured neurons can achieve the fundamental network behaviors that are required to process information in the human brain. Investigating neuronal oscillations and their interactions, as occurs in cross-frequency coupling (CFC), is potentially a relevant approach. Microelectrode array culture plates provide a controlled framework to study populations of hiPSC-derived cortical neurons (hiPSC-CNs) and their electrical activity. Here, we examined whether networks of two-dimensional cultured hiPSC-CNs recapitulate the CFC that is present in networks in vivo. We analyzed the electrical activity recorded from hiPSC-CNs grown in culture with hiPSC-derived astrocytes. We employed the modulation index method for detecting phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) and used an offline spike sorting method to analyze the contribution of a single neurons spiking activities to network behavior. Our analysis demonstrates that the degree of PAC is specific to network structure and is modulated by external stimulation, such as bicuculine administration. Additionally, the shift in PAC is not driven by a single neurons properties but by network-level interactions. CFC analysis in the form of PAC explores communication and integration between groups of nearby neurons and dynamical changes across the entire network. In vitro, it has the potential to capture the effects of chemical agents and electrical or ultrasound stimulation on these interactions and may provide valuable information for the modulation of neural networks to treat nervous system disorders in vivo.

SignificancePhase amplitude coupling (PAC) analysis demonstrates that the complex interactions that occur between neurons and network oscillations in the human brain, in vivo, are present in 2-dimensional human cultures. This coupling is implicated in normal cognitive function as well as disease states. Its presence in vitro suggests that PAC is a fundamental property of neural networks. These findings offer the possibility of a model to understand the mechanisms and of PAC more completely and ultimately allow us to understand how it can be modulated in vivo to treat neurologic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salimpour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habela, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-Amplitude Coupling Detection and Analysis of Human 2-Dimensional Neural Cultures in Multi-well Microelectrode Array in Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting differential transcript usage in complex diseases with SPIT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential transcript usage (DTU) plays a crucial role in determining how gene expression differs among cells, tissues, and different developmental stages, thereby contributing to the complexity and diversity of biological systems. In abnormal cells, it can also lead to deficiencies in protein function, potentially leading to pathogenesis of diseases. Detecting such events for single-gene genetic traits is relatively uncomplicated; however, the heterogeneity of populations with complex diseases presents an intricate challenge due to the presence of diverse causal events and undetermined subtypes. SPIT is the first statistical tool that quantifies the heterogeneity in transcript usage within a population and identifies predominant subgroups along with their distinctive sets of DTU events. We provide comprehensive assessments of SPITs methodology in both single-gene and complex traits and report the results of applying SPIT to analyze brain samples from individuals with schizophrenia. Our analysis reveals previously unreported DTU events in six candidate genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdogdu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting differential transcript usage in complex diseases with SPIT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of human telomere length trans-ancestry meta-analysis association signals identifies POP5 and KBTBD6 as novel human telomere length regulation genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become well-powered to detect novel genes in telomere length regulation. However, no prior work has validated these putative novel genes to confirm the contribution of GWAS loci to telomere length regulation. We conducted a trans-ancestry meta-analysis of 211,369 individuals. Through enrichment analyses of chromatin state and cell-type heritability we identified blood and immune cells as the most relevant cell type to examine telomere length association signals. We validated specific GWAS associations by overexpressing KBTBD6, a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and POP5, a component of the Ribonuclease P/MRP complex, and demonstrating that both lengthened telomeres as predicted by our statistical analyses. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of the predicted causal regions of these association peaks in K562 immortalized blood cells reduced expression of these genes, demonstrating that these loci are related to transcriptional regulation of KBTBD6 and POP5, respectively. Together our results demonstrate the utility of telomere length GWAS in the identification of novel telomere length regulation mechanisms and highlight the importance of the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway in telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladwin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isasi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekhai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of human telomere length trans-ancestry meta-analysis association signals identifies POP5 and KBTBD6 as novel human telomere length regulation genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfluidic strategy to capture antigen-specific high affinity B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessing B cell affinity to pathogen-specific antigens prior to or following exposure could facilitate the assessment of immune status. Current standard tools to assess antigen-specific B cell responses focus on equilibrium binding of the secreted antibody in serum. These methods are costly, time-consuming, and assess antibody affinity under zero-force. Recent findings indicate that force may influence BCR-antigen binding interactions and thus immune status. Here, we designed a simple laminar flow microfluidic chamber in which the antigen (hemagglutinin of influenza A) is bound to the chamber surface to assess antigen-specific BCR binding affinity of five hemagglutinin-specific hybridomas under 65- to 650-pN force range. Our results demonstrate that both increasing shear force and bound lifetime can be used to enrich antigen-specific high affinity B cells. The affinity of the membrane-bound BCR in the flow chamber correlates well with the affinity of the matched antibodies measured in solution. These findings demonstrate that a microfluidic strategy can rapidly assess BCR-antigen binding properties and identify antigen-specific high affinity B cells. This strategy has the potential to both assess functional immune status from peripheral B cells and be a cost-effective way of identifying individual B cells as antibody sources for a range of clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alhassan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirure, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shergill, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfluidic strategy to capture antigen-specific high affinity B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insight into the structural hierarchy of the protease cascade that regulates the mosquito melanization response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serine protease cascades regulate important insect immune responses, including melanization and Toll pathway activation. In the context of melanization, central components of these cascades are clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs) including the catalytic, clip domain serine proteases (cSPs) and their non-catalytic homologs (cSPHs). Here, we define partially the structural hierarchy of An. gambiae cSPs of the CLIPB family, central players in melanization, and characterize their relative contributions to bacterial melanization and to mosquito susceptibility to bacterial infections. Using in vivo genetic analysis we show that the protease cascade branches downstream of the cSPs CLIPB4 and CLIPB17 into two branches one converging on CLIPB10 and the second on CLIPB8. We also show that the contribution of key cSPHs to melanization in vivo in response to diverse microbial challenges is more significant than any of the individual cSPs, possibly due to partial functional redundancy among the latter. Interestingly, we show that the key cSPH CLIPA8 which is essential for the efficient activation cleavage of CLIPBs in vivo is efficiently cleaved itself by several CLIPBs in vitro, suggesting that cSPs and cSPHs regulate signal amplification and propagation in melanization cascades by providing positive reinforcement upstream and downstream of each other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saab, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morejon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insight into the structural hierarchy of the protease cascade that regulates the mosquito melanization response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GAGA Factor Overcomes 1D Diffusion Barrier by 3D Diffusion in Search of Nucleosomal Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate how eukaryotic sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) search for gene targets on chromatin, we used multi-color smFRET and single-particle imaging to track the diffusion of purified GAGA-Associated Factor (GAF) on DNA and nucleosomes. Monomeric GAF DNA-binding domain (DBD) bearing one zinc finger finds its cognate site by 1D or 3D diffusion on bare DNA and rapidly slides back-and-forth between naturally clustered motifs for seconds before escape. Multimeric, full-length GAF also finds clustered motifs on DNA by 1D-3D diffusion, but remains locked on target for longer periods. Nucleosome architecture effectively blocks GAF-DBD 1D-sliding into the histone core but favors retention of GAF-DBD when targeting solvent-exposed sites by 3D-diffusion. Despite the occlusive power of nucleosomes, 1D-3D facilitated diffusion enables GAF to effectively search for clustered cognate motifs in chromatin, providing a mechanism for navigation to nucleosome and nucleosome-free sites by a member of the largest TF family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GAGA Factor Overcomes 1D Diffusion Barrier by 3D Diffusion in Search of Nucleosomal Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progressive death of mature neurons often results in neurodegenerative diseases. While the previous studies have mostly focused on identifying intrinsic mechanisms controlling neuronal survival, the extracellular environment also plays a critical role in regulating cell viability. Here we explore how intercellular communication contributes to the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following the optic nerve crush (ONC). Although the direct effect of the ONC is restricted to the RGCs, we observed transcriptomic responses in other retinal cells to the injury based on the single-cell RNA-seq, with astrocytes and Muller glia having the most interactions with RGCs. By comparing the RGC subclasses with distinct resilience to ONC-induced cell death, we found that the high-survival RGCs tend to have more ligand-receptor interactions with other retinal cells, suggesting that these RGCs are intrinsically programmed to foster more communication with their surroundings. Furthermore, we identified the top 47 interactions that are stronger in the high-survival RGCs, likely representing neuroprotective interactions. We performed functional assays on one of the receptors, -opioid receptor (Oprm1), a receptor known to play roles in regulating pain, reward, and addictive behavior. Although Oprm1 is preferentially expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC), its neuroprotective effect could be transferred to multiple RGC subclasses by selectively overexpressing Oprm1 in pan-RGCs in ONC, excitotoxicity, and glaucoma models. Lastly, manipulating Oprm1 activity improved visual functions or altered pupillary light response in mice. Our study provides an atlas of cell-cell interactions in intact and post-ONC retina, and a strategy to predict molecular mechanisms controlling neuroprotection, underlying the principal role played by extracellular environment in supporting neuron survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain aromatase dynamics reflect parental experience and behaviour in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most mammals, paternal care is not mandatory for raising offspring. In house mice, experience with pups governs the extent and quality of paternal care. First-time fathers undergo a dramatic transition from ignoring or killing pups to caring for pups. The behavioral shift occurs together with changes in brain estrogen signaling as indicated by changes in estrogen receptor presence and distribution in multiple areas regulating olfaction, emotion, and motivation. Here, we report changes in the expression of aromatase, the enzyme converting testosterone into estrogen, as an indirect measure of estrogen synthesis. The amount of paternal experience (5 or 27 days) was associated with increased numbers of immunocytochemically-identified aromatase expressing cells in the medial and cortical amygdala, posterior piriform cortex, and ventromedial hypothalamus. Functionally, these changes can be related to the disappearance of aggression or neglect towards pups when first-time fathers or, even more, well-experienced fathers are handling their own pups. In the lateral septum, the anterior piriform cortex and to some extent in the medial preoptic area, parental experience increased the number of aromatase-positive cells only in fathers with 27 days of experience, and only in the right hemisphere. This is a new case of brain-functional lateralization due to experience that has activated certain instinctive behavior. Nuclei/areas associated with maternal care (medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens) exhibited a left-hemisphere advantage in aromatase expressing cells, both in pup-naive and pup-experienced males. This newly found lateralization may contribute to the left-hemisphere dominant processing and perception of pup calls to release parental behavior. In general, the experience-dependent changes in aromatase expression we observed in most brain areas did not mirror the previously reported changes in estrogen receptors (ER) when pup-naive males became pup-caring fathers. Hence, paternal behavior may depend in a brain area-specific way on the differential action of estrogen through its receptors and/or direct local modulation of neural processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Guterman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain aromatase dynamics reflect parental experience and behaviour in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial IMIX: A Mixture Model Approach to Spatially Correlated Multi-Omics Data Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial high-throughput omics data allow scientists to study gene activity in a tissue sample and map where it occurs at the same time. This enables the possibility to investigate important early cancer-initiating events occur in normal-appearing tissue and gene activities that progress and carry through tumor tissue, as defined by "field effect." The "field effect" genes are differentially expressed or methylated genes in the spatially resolved high-dimensional datasets with respect to the pathology subtype in each geographical sample across the tissue region. Current statistical methods for spatially resolved genomics data focus on the association of omics data with spatial coordinates without being able to incorporate and test for the association with the sample subtypes. In addition, analytical methods are underdeveloped for spatially resolved multi-omics data integration. We propose a novel statistical frame-work  spatial IMIX to integratively analyze spatially resolved high-dimensional multi-omics data associated with a specific trait, such as sample subtypes while modeling the spatial correlations between samples and the inter-data-type correlations between omics data simultaneously. Through extensive simulations, spatial IMIX demonstrated well-controlled type I error, great power by relaxing the independence assumptions between data types, model selection features, and the ability to control FDR across data types. Data applications to a geographically annotated tissue area of bladder cancer discovered cancer-initiating gene activities and revealed interesting fundamental biological mechanisms through path-way analysis. We have implemented our method in R package  spatialimix available at https://github.com/ziqiaow/spatialimix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial IMIX: A Mixture Model Approach to Spatially Correlated Multi-Omics Data Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextual protein encodings from equivariant graph transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optimal residue identity at each position in a protein is determined by its structural, evolutionary, and functional context. We seek to learn the representation space of the optimal amino-acid residue in different structural contexts in proteins. Inspired by masked language modeling (MLM), our training aims to transduce learning of amino-acid labels from non-masked residues to masked residues in their structural environments and from general (e.g., a residue in a protein) to specific contexts (e.g., a residue at the interface of a protein or antibody complex). Our results on native sequence recovery and forward folding with AlphaFold2 suggest that the amino acid label for a protein residue may be determined from its structural context alone (i.e., without knowledge of the sequence labels of surrounding residues). We further find that the sequence space sampled from our masked models recapitulate the evolutionary sequence neighborhood of the wildtype sequence. Remarkably, the sequences conditioned on highly plastic structures recapitulate the conformational flexibility encoded in the structures. Furthermore, maximum-likelihood interfaces designed with masked models recapitulate wildtype binding energies for a wide range of protein interfaces and binding strengths. We also propose and compare fine-tuning strategies to train models for designing CDR loops of antibodies in the structural context of the antibody-antigen interface by leveraging structural databases for proteins, antibodies (synthetic and experimental) and protein-protein complexes. We show that pretraining on more general contexts improves native sequence recovery for antibody CDR loops, especially for the hypervariable CDR H3, while fine-tuning helps to preserve patterns observed in special contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextual protein encodings from equivariant graph transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.548274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing dysregulations via cell-cell communications in Alzheimer's brains using single-cell transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.548274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 44 million people worldwide, leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, and significant impairment in daily functioning. The recent single-cell sequencing technology has revolutionized genetic and genomic resolution by enabling scientists to explore the diversity of gene expression patterns at the finest resolution. Here, we leveraged the large-scale and publicly available single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the human prefrontal cortex (PFC) from 23 AD samples and 13 controls to investigate cell-to-cell communication (C2C) in healthy brains and their perturbations in AD. Specifically, we first performed broad communication pattern analyses and discovered the inter-mixing of cell types and signaling pathways in AD brains. Secondly, we performed cell-type- centric analysis and found that excitatory neurons in AD have significantly increased their communications to inhibitory neurons, while inhibitory neurons and other supporting cells globally decreased theirs to all cells. Then, we delved deeper with a signaling-centric view, showing that canonical signaling pathways CSF, TGF{beta}, and CX3C are significantly dysregulated in their signaling to the cell type microglia/PVM and WNT pathway is dysregulated in its signaling from endothelial to neuronal cells in AD. Finally, after extracting 23 known AD risk genes, our intracellular communication analysis revealed a strong connection of extracellular ligand genes APP, APOE, and PSEN1 to intracellular AD risk genes TREM2, ABCA1, and APP in the communication from astrocytes and microglia to neurons. In summary, with the novel advances in single-cell sequencing technologies, we show that cellular signaling is regulated in a cell-type- specific manner and that improper regulation of extracellular signaling genes is linked to intracellular risk genes, connecting signaling to genetic differences manifested in AD.

Author SummaryAlzheimers is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 44 million people worldwide, leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, and significant impairment in daily functioning. The complex interplay of signaling genes suggests cells act in concert with other cells through cell-to-cell communication. Utilizing the recent advances in single-cell sequencing, we investigated dysregulated ligand-receptor gene pairs in the disease at the cell-type resolution. Specifically, our broad communication pattern analyses revealed the inter-mixing of cell types and signaling pathways in AD brains. Our cell-type-centric analysis found that excitatory neurons in AD have significantly increased their communications with inhibitory neurons, while inhibitory neurons and other supporting cells globally decreased theirs to all cells. With a signaling-centric view, we show that CSF, TGF{beta}, and CX3C pathways are significantly dysregulated in their signaling to the cell type microglia/PVM while the WNT pathway is dysregulated in its signaling from endothelial to neuronal cells in AD. Finally, our intracellular communication analysis revealed a strong connection of extracellular ligand genes APP, APOE, and PSEN1 to intracellular AD risk genes TREM2, ABCA1, and APP in the communication from astrocytes and microglia to neurons. In summary, performing a cell-to-cell communication analysis better explains the genetic differences manifested in Alzheimers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momtaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.548274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing dysregulations via cell-cell communications in Alzheimer's brains using single-cell transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R-loop landscapes in the developing human brain are linked to neural differentiation and cell-type specific transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we construct genome-scale maps for R-loops, three-stranded nucleic acid structures comprised of a DNA/RNA hybrid and a displaced single strand of DNA, in the proliferative and differentiated zones of the human prenatal brain. We show that R-loops are abundant in the progenitor-rich germinal matrix, with preferential formation at promoters slated for upregulated expression at later stages of differentiation, including numerous neurodevelopmental risk genes. RNase H1-mediated contraction of the genomic R-loop space in neural progenitors shifted differentiation toward the neuronal lineage and was associated with transcriptomic alterations and defective functional and structural neuronal connectivity in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, R- loops are important for fine-tuning differentiation-sensitive gene expression programs of neural progenitor cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaMarca, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaza-Jennings, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javidfar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeso-Gil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethridge, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankova, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R-loop landscapes in the developing human brain are linked to neural differentiation and cell-type specific transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HCM-Linked Mutation Arg92Leu in TNNT2 Allosterically Alters the cTnC-cTnI Interface and Disrupts the PKA-mediated Regulation of Myofilament Relaxation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImpaired left ventricular relaxation, high filling pressures, and dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis are common findings contributing to diastolic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Studies have shown that impaired relaxation is an early observation in the sarcomere-gene-positive preclinical HCM cohort which suggests potential involvement of myofilament regulators of relaxation. Yet, a molecular level understanding of mechanism(s) at the level of the myofilament is lacking. We hypothesized that mutation-specific, allosterically mediated, changes to the cardiac troponin C-cardiac troponin I (cTnC-cTnI) interface can account for the development of early-onset diastolic dysfunction via decreased PKA accessibility to cTnI.

MethodsHCM mutations R92L-cTnT (Arg92Leu) and {Delta}160E-cTnT (Glu160 deletion) were studied in vivo, in vitro, and in silico via 2D echocardiography, western blotting, ex vivo hemodynamics, stopped-flow kinetics, time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), and molecular dynamics simulations.

ResultsThe HCM-causative mutations R92L-cTnT and {Delta}160E-cTnT result in different time-of-onset of diastolic dysfunction. R92L-cTnT demonstrated early-onset diastolic dysfunction accompanied by a localized decrease in phosphorylation of cTnI. Constitutive phosphorylation of cTnI (cTnI-D23D24) was sufficient to recover diastolic function to Non-Tg levels only for R92L-cTnT. Mutation-specific changes in Ca2+ dissociation rates associated with R92L-cTnT reconstituted with cTnI-D23D24 led us to investigate potential involvement of structural changes in the cTnC-cTnI interface as an explanation for these observations. We probed the interface via TR-FRET revealing a repositioning of the N-terminus of cTnI, closer to cTnC, and concomitant decreases in distance distributions at sites flanking the PKA consensus sequence. Implementing TR-FRET distances as constraints into our atomistic model identified additional electrostatic interactions at the consensus sequence.

ConclusionThese data indicate that the early diastolic dysfunction observed in a subset of HCM is likely attributable to structural changes at the cTnC-cTnI interface that impair accessibility of PKA thereby blunting {beta}-adrenergic responsiveness and identifying a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klass, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardiff, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HCM-Linked Mutation Arg92Leu in TNNT2 Allosterically Alters the cTnC-cTnI Interface and Disrupts the PKA-mediated Regulation of Myofilament Relaxation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain helps us survive by forming internal representations of the external world1,2. Excitatory cortical neurons are often precisely tuned to specific external stimuli3,4. However, inhibitory neurons, such as parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons, are generally less selective5. PV interneurons differ from excitatory cells in their neurotransmitter receptor subtypes, including AMPA receptors6,7. While excitatory neurons express calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors containing the GluA2 subunit, PV interneurons express receptors that lack the GluA2 subunit and are calcium-permeable (CP-AMPARs). Here we demonstrate a causal relationship between CP-AMPAR expression and the low feature selectivity of PV interneurons. We find a low expression stoichiometry of GluA2 mRNA relative to other subunits in PV interneurons which is conserved across ferrets, rodents, marmosets, and humans, causing abundant CP-AMPAR expression. Replacing CP-AMPARs in PV interneurons with calcium-impermeable AMPARs increased their orientation selectivity in the visual cortex. Sparse CP-AMPAR manipulations demonstrated that this increase was cell-autonomous and could occur well beyond development. Interestingly, excitatory-PV interneuron connectivity rates and unitary synaptic strength were unaltered by CP-AMPAR removal, suggesting that the selectivity of PV interneurons can be altered without drastically changing connectivity. In GluA2 knockout mice, where all AMPARs are calcium-permeable, excitatory neurons showed significantly reduced orientation selectivity, suggesting that CP-AMPARs are sufficient to drive lower selectivity regardless of cell type. Remarkably, hippocampal PV interneurons, which usually exhibit low spatial tuning, became more spatially selective after removing CP-AMPARs, indicating that CP-AMPARs suppress the feature selectivity of PV interneurons independent of modality. These results reveal a novel role of CP-AMPARs in maintaining a low-selectivity sensory representation in PV interneurons and suggest a conserved molecular mechanism that distinguishes the unique synaptic computations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainmueller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cholvin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane mechanics dictate axonal morphology and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons are thought to be ultrathin membrane cables of a relatively uniform diameter, designed to conduct electrical signals, or action potentials. Here, we demonstrate that unmyelinated axons are not simple cylindrical tubes. Rather, axons have nanoscopic boutons repeatedly along their length interspersed with a thin cable with a diameter of [~]60 nm like pearls-on-a-string. These boutons are only [~]200 nm in diameter and do not have synaptic contacts or a cluster of synaptic vesicles, hence non-synaptic. Our in silico modeling suggests that axon pearling can be explained by the mechanical properties of the membrane including the bending modulus and tension. Consistent with modeling predictions, treatments that disrupt these parameters like hyper- or hypo-tonic solutions, cholesterol removal, and non-muscle myosin II inhibition all alter the degree of axon pearling, suggesting that axon morphology is indeed determined by the membrane mechanics. Intriguingly, neuronal activity modulates the cholesterol level of plasma membrane, leading to shrinkage of axon pearls. Consequently, the conduction velocity of action potentials becomes slower. These data reveal that biophysical forces dictate axon morphology and function and that modulation of membrane mechanics likely underlies plasticity of unmyelinated axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griswold, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Quintana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chereau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagerl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane mechanics dictate axonal morphology and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting pioneer transcription factor Ascl1 to promote optic nerve regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) neurons, axon regeneration after injury remains limited due to unfavorable gene regulatory programs. Factors enabling comprehensive epigenetic and transcriptional transitions, for instance, pivotal transcription factors that mediate neurogenesis and morphogenesis may be sufficient to promote CNS axon regeneration. Based on the analyses of multiple public whole-genome RNA and chromatin accessibility sequencing dataset of mouse retina development, as well as previous functional studies on the regeneration-capable dorsal root ganglion neurons, we hypothesize that the overexpression of pioneer transcription factor Achaete-Scute homolog 1 (Ascl1) would promote axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS neurons. We employed the optic nerve crush in mice, a common model for studying CNS axon regeneration, neuron survival and glaucoma, to investigate the effect of Ascl1 overexpression on the post-injury optic nerve regeneration. We found that Ascl1 could sufficiently promote regenerated axons past the crush site and significantly preserve the survival of retinal ganglion cells. Mechanistically, we revealed that effects of Ascl1 was mediated by known pro-regeneration factor Sox11 but not others. Together, our study established an effective workflow combined with the integrated computational inference and experimental validation for discovering functionally important target for promoting CNS neuron axon regeneration and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting pioneer transcription factor Ascl1 to promote optic nerve regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exuberant de novo dendritic spine growth in mature neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are structural correlates of excitatory synapses maintaining stable synaptic communications. However, this strong spine-synapse relationship was mainly characterized in excitatory pyramidal neurons (PyNs), raising a possibility that inferring synaptic density from dendritic spine number may not be universally applied to all neuronal types. Here we found that the ectopic expression of H-Ras increased dendritic spine numbers regardless of cortical cell types such as layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (PyNs), parvalbumin (PV)- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive interneurons (INs) in the primary motor cortex (M1). The probability of detecting dendritic spines was positively correlated with the magnitude of H-Ras activity, suggesting elevated local H-Ras activity is involved in the process of dendritic spine formation. H-Ras overexpression caused high spine turnover rate via adding more spines rather than eliminating them. Two-photon photolysis of glutamate triggered de novo dendritic spine formation in mature neurons, suggesting H-Ras induced spine formation is not restricted to the early development. In PyNs and PV-INs, but not VIP-INs, we observed a shift in average spine neck length towards longer filopodia-like phenotypes. The portion of dendritic spines lacking key excitatory synaptic proteins were significantly increased in H-Ras transfected neurons, suggesting that these increased spines have other distinct functions. High spine density caused by H-Ras did not result in change in the frequency or the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Thus, our results propose that dendritic spines possess more multifaceted functions beyond the morphological proxy of excitatory synapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exuberant de novo dendritic spine growth in mature neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the effect of antibody responses on viral rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected infant Rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWhile the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in perinatally infected infants are well documented, early ART initiation is not always possible in postnatal pediatric HIV infections, which account for the majority of pediatric HIV cases worldwide. The timing of onset of ART initiation is likely to affect the size of the latent viral reservoir established, as well as the development of adaptive immune responses, such as the generation of neutralizing antibody responses against the virus. How these parameters impact the ability of infants to control viremia and the time to viral rebound after ART interruption is unclear. To gain insight into the dynamics, we utilized mathematical models to investigate the effect of time of ART initiation via latent reservoir size and autologous virus neutralizing antibody responses in delaying viral rebound when treatment is interrupted. We used an infant nonhuman primate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) infection model that mimics breast milk HIV transmission in human infants. Infant Rhesus macaques (RMs) were orally challenged with SHIV.C.CH505 375H dCT and either given ART at 4-7 days post-infection (early ART condition), at 2 weeks post-infection (intermediate ART condition), or at 8 weeks post-infection (late ART condition). These infants were then monitored for up to 60 months post-infection with serial viral load and immune measurements. We develop a stochastic mathematical model to investigate the joint effect of latent reservoir size, the autologous neutralizing antibody potency, and CD4+ T cell levels on the time to viral rebound and control of post-rebound viral loads. We find that the latent reservoir size is an important determinant in explaining time to viral rebound by affecting the growth rate of the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibodies also can delay rebound, but we find this effect for high potency antibody responses only.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mainou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendam, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obregon-Perko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uffman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahroudi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silicano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.22.550159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the effect of antibody responses on viral rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected infant Rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ME3BP-7 is a targeted cytotoxic agent that rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly 30% of Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)s exhibit a marked overexpression of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) offering a unique opportunity for therapy. However, biochemical inhibitors of MCT1 have proven unsuccessful in clinical trials. In this study we present an alternative approach using 3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) to target MCT1 overexpressing PDACs. 3BP is a cytotoxic agent that is known to be transported into cells via MCT1, but its clinical usefulness has been hampered by difficulties in delivering the drug systemically. We describe here a novel microencapsulated formulation of 3BP (ME3BP-7), that is effective against a variety of PDAC cells in vitro and remains stable in serum. Furthermore, systemically administered ME3BP-7 significantly reduces pancreatic cancer growth and metastatic spread in multiple orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer with manageable toxicity. ME3BP-7 is, therefore, a prototype of a promising new drug, in which the targeting moiety and the cytotoxic moiety are both contained within the same single small molecule.

One Sentence SummaryME3BP-7 is a novel formulation of 3BP that resists serum degradation and rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of MCT1 with tolerable toxicity in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rincon-Torroella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Molin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmedna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.550207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ME3BP-7 is a targeted cytotoxic agent that rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial cannabinoid receptor type1 mediates social memory deficits produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) is expressed not only in neurons and astrocytes, but also in microglia, which shape synaptic connections during adolescence. Nonetheless, until now, the role of microglia in mediating the adverse cognitive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has been unexplored. Here, we report that adolescent THC exposure produces microglial apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which was exacerbated in the mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication, a representative copy number variation (CNV) risk factor for psychiatric disorders. These effects are mediated by microglial Cnr1, leading to reduction in the excitability of mPFC pyramidal-tract neurons and deficits in social memory in adulthood. Our findings highlight the importance of microglial Cnr1 to produce the adverse effect of cannabis exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouroukhin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyahara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial cannabinoid receptor type1 mediates social memory deficits produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Assembly Modulation: A New Approach to ALS Therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology, most commonly manifest as loss of motor neurons. We introduce a new mechanism of ALS pathogenesis via a novel drug-like small molecule series that targets protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) within a previously unappreciated transient and energy-dependent multi-protein complex. This novel drug was found to have activity in cellular models for both familial and sporadic ALS, as well as in transgenic worms, flies, and mice bearing a diversity of human genes with ALS-associated mutations. These compounds were initially identified as modulators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid assembly in cell-free protein synthesis and assembly (CFPSA) systems, with demonstrated antiviral activity in cell culture. Their advancement as ALS-therapeutics, and the subsequent separation of activity against HIV and ALS in chemical subseries through structure-activity-relationship optimization, may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms governing pathophysiology of disordered homeostasis relevant to ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulvannan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYarman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassy, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuirk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuller-Schiffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asundi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staats, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichida, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvarajah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Assembly Modulation: A New Approach to ALS Therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellSNAP: A fast, accurate algorithm for 3D cell segmentation in quantitative phase imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has rapidly emerged as a complementary tool to fluorescence imaging, as it provides an objective measure of cell morphology and dynamics, free of variability due to contrast agents. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) tomographic imaging of live cells has opened up new directions of investigation by providing systematic and correlative analysis of various cellular parameters without limitations of photobleaching and phototoxicity. While current QPI systems allow the rapid acquisition of tomographic images, the pipeline to analyze these raw 3D tomograms is not well-developed. This work focuses on a critical, yet often underappreciated, step of the analysis pipeline, that of 3D cell segmentation from the acquired tomograms. The current method employed for such tasks is the Otsu-based 3D watershed algorithm, which works well for isolated cells; however, it is very challenging to draw boundaries when the cells are clumped. This process is also memory intensive since the processing requires computation on a 3D stack of images. We report the CellSNAP (Cell Segmentation via Novel Algorithm for Phase Imaging) algorithm for the segmentation of QPI images, which outstrips the current gold standard in terms of speed, robustness, and implementation, achieving cell segmentation under 2 seconds per cell on a single-core processor. The implementation of CellSNAP can easily be parallelized on a multi-core system for further speed improvements. For the cases where segmentation is possible with the existing standard method, our algorithm displays an average difference of 5% for dry mass and 8% for volume measurements. We also show that CellSNAP can handle challenging image datasets where cells are clumped and marred by interferogram drifts, which pose major difficulties for all QPI-focused segmentation tools. We envision our work will lead to the broader adoption of QPI imaging for high-throughput analysis, which has, in part, been stymied by a lack of suitable image segmentation tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellSNAP: A fast, accurate algorithm for 3D cell segmentation in quantitative phase imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sympathetic NPY controls glucose homeostasis, cold tolerance, and cardiovascular functions in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is best known for its effects in the brain as an orexigenic and anxiolytic agent and in reducing energy expenditure. NPY is also co-expressed with Norepinephrine (NE) in sympathetic neurons. Although NPY is generally considered to modulate noradrenergic responses, its specific roles in autonomic physiology remain under-appreciated. Here, we show that sympathetic-derived NPY is essential for metabolic and cardiovascular regulation in mice. NPY and NE are co-expressed in 90% of prevertebral sympathetic neurons and only 43% of paravertebral neurons. NPY-expressing neurons primarily innervate blood vessels in peripheral organs. Sympathetic-specific deletion of NPY elicits pronounced metabolic and cardiovascular defects in mice, including reductions in insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, cold tolerance, pupil size, and an elevation in heart rate, while notably, however, basal blood pressure was unchanged. These findings provide new knowledge about target tissue-specific functions of NPY derived from sympathetic neurons and imply its potential involvement in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascalau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpayi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quansah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sympathetic NPY controls glucose homeostasis, cold tolerance, and cardiovascular functions in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamine transport inhibition and cisplatin synergistically enhance tumor control through oxidative stress in murine head and neck cancer models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurgery and/or platinum-based chemoradiation remain standard of care for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While these therapies are effective in a subset of patients, a substantial proportion experience recurrence or treatment resistance. As cisplatin mediates cytotoxicity through oxidative stress while polyamines play a role in redox regulation, we posited that combining cisplatin with polyamine transport inhibitor, AMXT-1501, would increase oxidative stress and tumor cell death in HNSCC cells.

MethodsCell proliferation was measured in syngeneic mouse HNSCC cell lines treated with cisplatin {+/-} AMXT-1501. Synergy was determined by administering cisplatin and AMXT-1501 at a ratio of 1:10 to cancer cells in vitro. Cancer cells were transferred onto mouse flanks to test the efficacy of treatments in vivo. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Cellular apoptosis was measured with flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI staining. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify polyamines in cell lines. Cell viability and ROS were measured in the presence of exogenous cationic amino acids.

ResultsThe combination of cisplatin and AMXT-1501 synergize in vitro on HNSCC cell lines. In vivo combination treatment resulted in tumor growth inhibition greater than either treatment individually. The combination treatment increased ROS production and induced apoptotic cell death. HPLC revealed the synergistic mechanism was independent of intracellular polyamine levels. Supplementation of cationic amino acids partially rescued cancer cell viability and reduced ROS.

ConclusionAMXT-1501 enhances the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo in aggressive HNSCC cell lines through a polyamine-independent mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yassin-Kassab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Stewart, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbison, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvvuri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamine transport inhibition and cisplatin synergistically enhance tumor control through oxidative stress in murine head and neck cancer models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma proteomic profiles associated with subclinical somatic mutations in blood cells may offer novel insights into downstream clinical consequences. Here, we explore such patterns in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which is linked to several cancer and non-cancer outcomes, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Among 61,833 ancestrally diverse participants (3,881 with CHIP) from NHLBI TOPMed and UK Biobank with blood-based DNA sequencing and proteomic measurements (1,148 proteins by SomaScan in TOPMed and 2,917 proteins by Olink in UK Biobank), we identified 32 and 345 unique proteins from TOPMed and UK Biobank, respectively, associated with the most prevalent driver genes (DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1). These associations showed substantial heterogeneity by driver genes, sex, and race, and were enriched for immune response and inflammation pathways. Mendelian randomization in humans, coupled with ELISA in hematopoietic Tet2-/- vs wild-type mice validation, disentangled causal proteomic perturbations from TET2 CHIP. Lastly, we identified plasma proteins shared between CHIP and CAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vromman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. Q. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellarikkal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niroula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honigberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidermota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornsby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic assessment of long-read RNA-seq methods for transcript identification and quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe Long-read RNA-Seq Genome Annotation Assessment Project (LRGASP) Consortium was formed to evaluate the effectiveness of long-read approaches for transcriptome analysis. The consortium generated over 427 million long-read sequences from cDNA and direct RNA datasets, encompassing human, mouse, and manatee species, using different protocols and sequencing platforms. These data were utilized by developers to address challenges in transcript isoform detection and quantification, as well as de novo transcript isoform identification. The study revealed that libraries with longer, more accurate sequences produce more accurate transcripts than those with increased read depth, whereas greater read depth improved quantification accuracy. In well-annotated genomes, tools based on reference sequences demonstrated the best performance. When aiming to detect rare and novel transcripts or when using reference-free approaches, incorporating additional orthogonal data and replicate samples are advised. This collaborative study offers a benchmark for current practices and provides direction for future method development in transcriptome analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Palacios, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonell-Sala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, D. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prjibelski, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birol, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafezqorani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herwig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lienhard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nip, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic assessment of long-read RNA-seq methods for transcript identification and quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Effects of Low-Dose Inorganic Arsenic Exposure on Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both tissue-resident macrophages and monocytes recruited from the bone marrow that transform into tissue-resident cells play critical roles in mediating homeostasis as well as in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is the most common drinking water contaminant worldwide and represents a major public health concern. Several diseases that macrophages have implicated involvement in are caused by iAs exposure, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and increased risk of infectious disease. Therefore, understanding the effects of iAs exposure on macrophages can help us better grasp the full range of arsenic immunotoxicity and better design therapeutic targets for iAs-induced diseases particularly in exposed populations. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of low dose iAs-exposed male and female murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with either M0, M1, or M2 stimulation. We identified differentially expressed genes by iAs in a sex- and stimulation-dependent manner and used bioinformatics tools to predict protein-protein interactions, transcriptional regulatory networks, and associated biological processes. Overall, our data suggest that M1-stimulated, especially female-derived, BMDMs are most susceptible to iAs exposure. Most notably, we observed significant downregulation of major proinflammatory transcription factors, like IRF8, and its downstream targets, as well as genes encoding proteins involved in pattern recognition and antigen presentation, such as TLR7, TLR8, and H2-D1, potentially providing causal insight regarding arsenics role in perturbing immune responses to infectious diseases. We also observed significant downregulation of genes involved in processes crucial to coordinating a proinflammatory response including leukocyte migration, differentiation, and cytokine and chemokine production and response. Finally, we discovered that 24 X-linked genes were dysregulated in iAs-exposed female stimulation groups compared to only 3 across the iAs-exposed male stimulation groups. These findings elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the sex-differential iAs-associated immune-related disease risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Effects of Low-Dose Inorganic Arsenic Exposure on Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAVE: Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in Electron Microscopy, image segmentation and computational infrastructure have given rise to large-scale and richly annotated connectomic datasets which are increasingly shared across communities. To enable collaboration, users need to be able to concurrently create new annotations and correct errors in the automated segmentation by proofreading. In large datasets, every proofreading edit relabels cell identities of millions of voxels and thousands of annotations like synapses. For analysis, users require immediate and reproducible access to this constantly changing and expanding data landscape. Here, we present the Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine (CAVE), a computational infrastructure for immediate and reproducible connectome analysis in up-to petascale datasets ([~]1mm3) while proofreading and annotating is ongoing. For segmentation, CAVE provides a distributed proofreading infrastructure for continuous versioning of large reconstructions. Annotations in CAVE are defined by locations such that they can be quickly assigned to the underlying segment which enables fast analysis queries of CAVEs data for arbitrary time points. CAVE supports schematized, extensible annotations, so that researchers can readily design novel annotation types. CAVE is already used for many connectomics datasets, including the largest datasets available to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitin-Shephard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Costa, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAVE: Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of polarized membrane ion carriers and extracellular electrical/pH gradients on cell ionic homeostasis and locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anisotropic environmental signals or polarized membrane ion/solute carriers can generate spatially-varying intracellular gradients, leading to polarized cell dynamics. For example, directional migration of neutrophils, galvanotaxis of glioblastoma, and water flux in kidney cells, all result from the polarized distribution of membrane ion carriers and other intracellular components. The underlying physical mechanisms behind how polarized ion carriers interact with environmental signals are not well studied. Here, we use a physiologically-relevant, physics-based mathematical model to reveal how ion carriers generate intracellular ionic and voltage gradients. The model is able to discern the contribution of individual ion carriers to the intracellular pH gradient, electric potential, and water flux. We discover that an extracellular pH gradient leads to an intracellular pH gradient via chloride-bicarbonate exchangers, whereas an extracellular electric field leads to an intracellular electric potential gradient via passive potassium channels. In addition, the mechanical-biochemical coupling can modulate actin distribution and flow, and create biphasic dependence of the cell speed on water flux. Moreover, we find that F-actin interaction with NHE alone can generate cell movement, even when other ion carriers are not polarized. Taken together, the model shows the importance of cell ion dynamics in modulating cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of polarized membrane ion carriers and extracellular electrical/pH gradients on cell ionic homeostasis and locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splam: a deep-learning-based splice site predictor that improves spliced alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of splicing messenger RNA to remove introns plays a central role in creating genes and gene variants. Here we describe Splam, a novel method for predicting splice junctions in DNA based on deep residual convolutional neural networks. Unlike some previous models, Splam looks at a relatively limited window of 400 base pairs flanking each splice site, motivated by the observation that the biological process of splicing relies primarily on signals within this window. Additionally, Splam introduces the idea of training the network on donor and acceptor pairs together, based on the principal that the splicing machinery recognizes both ends of each intron at once. We compare Splams accuracy to recent state-of-the-art splice site prediction methods, particularly SpliceAI, another method that uses deep neural networks. Our results show that Splam is consistently more accurate than SpliceAI, with an overall accuracy of 96% at predicting human splice junctions. Splam generalizes even to non- human species, including distant ones like the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we demonstrate the use of Splam on a novel application: processing the spliced alignments of RNA-seq data in order to identify and eliminate errors. We show that when used in this manner, Splam yields substantial improvements in the accuracy of downstream transcriptome analysis on both poly(A) and ribo-depleted RNA-seq libraries. Overall, Splam offers a faster and more accurate approach to detecting splice junctions, while also providing a reliable and efficient solution for cleaning up erroneous spliced alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splam: a deep-learning-based splice site predictor that improves spliced alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechano-induced homotypic patterned domain formation by monocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matrix stiffness and corresponding mechano-signaling play indispensable roles in cellular phenotypes and functions. How tissue stiffness influences the behavior of monocytes, a major circulating leukocyte of the innate system, and how it may promote the emergence of collective cell behavior is less understood. Here, using tunable collagen-coated hydrogels of physiological stiffness, we show that human primary monocytes undergo a dynamic local phase separation to form highly patterned multicellular multi-layered domains on soft matrix. Local activation of the {beta}2 integrin initiates inter-cellular adhesion, while global soluble inhibitory factors maintain the steady-state domain pattern over days. Patterned domain formation generated by monocytes is unique among other key immune cells, including macrophages, B cells, T cells, and NK cells. While inhibiting their phagocytic capability, domain formation promotes monocytes survival. We develop a computational model based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation, which includes combined local activation and global inhibition mechanisms of intercellular adhesion suggested by our experiments, and provides experimentally validated predictions of the role of seeding density and both chemotactic and random cell migration on pattern formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechano-induced homotypic patterned domain formation by monocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome assembly of a hybrid Trypanosoma cruzi strain assembled with nanopore sequencing alone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, which causes 10,000 deaths per year. Despite the high mortality caused by the pathogen, relatively few parasite genomes have been assembled to date; even some commonly used laboratory strains do not have publicly available genome assemblies. This is at least partially due to T. cruzis highly complex and highly repetitive genome: while describing the variation in genome content and structure is critical to better understanding T. cruzi biology and the mechanisms that underlie Chagas disease, the complexity of the genome defies investigation using traditional short read sequencing methods. Here, we have generated a high-quality whole genome assembly of the hybrid Tulahuen strain, a commercially available Type VI strain, using long read Nanopore sequencing without short read scaffolding. Using automated tools and manual curation for annotation, we report a genome with 25% repeat regions, 17% variable multigene family members, and 27% transposable elements. Notably, we find that regions with transposable elements are significantly enriched for surface proteins, and that on average surface proteins are closer to transposable elements compared to other coding regions. This finding supports a possible mechanism for diversification of surface proteins in which mobile genetic elements such as transposons facilitate recombination within the gene family. This work demonstrates the feasibility of nanopore sequencing to resolve complex regions of T. cruzi genomes, and with these resolved regions, provides support for a possible mechanism for genomic diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnizo, S. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machaca, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome assembly of a hybrid Trypanosoma cruzi strain assembled with nanopore sequencing alone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced microglial dynamics and paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contributes to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer 's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymptomatic Alzheimers disease (AsymAD) describes the status of subjects with preserved cognition but with identifiable Alzheimers disease (AD) brain pathology (i.e. A{beta}-amyloid deposits, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles) at autopsy. In this study, we investigated the postmortem brains of a cohort of AsymAD cases to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of resilience to AD pathology and cognitive decline. Our results showed that AsymAD cases exhibit an enrichment of core plaques and decreased filamentous plaque accumulation, as well as an increase in microglia surrounding this last type. In AsymAD cases we found less pathological tau aggregation in dystrophic neurites compared to AD and tau seeding activity comparable to healthy control subjects. We used spatial transcriptomics to further characterize the plaque niche and found autophagy, endocytosis, and phagocytosis within the top upregulated pathways in the AsymAD plaque niche, but not in AD. Furthermore, we found ARP2, an actin-based motility protein crucial to initiate the formation of new actin filaments, increased within microglia in the proximity of amyloid plaques in AsymAD. Our findings support that the amyloid-plaque microenvironment in AsymAD cases is characterized by microglia with highly efficient actin-based cell motility mechanisms and decreased tau seeding compared to AD. These two mechanisms can potentially provide protection against the toxic cascade initiated by A{beta} that preserves brain health and slows down the progression of AD pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jury-Garfe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karahan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasagna-Reeves, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced microglial dynamics and paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contributes to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer 's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major data analysis errors invalidate cancer microbiome findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We re-analyzed the data from a recent large-scale study that reported strong correlations between microbial organisms and 33 different cancer types, and that created machine learning predictors with near-perfect accuracy at distinguishing among cancers. We found at least two fundamental flaws in the reported data and in the methods: (1) errors in the genome database and the associated computational methods led to millions of false positive findings of bacterial reads across all samples, largely because most of the sequences identified as bacteria were instead human; and (2) errors in transformation of the raw data created an artificial signature, even for microbes with no reads detected, tagging each tumor type with a distinct signal that the machine learning programs then used to create an apparently accurate classifier. Each of these problems invalidates the results, leading to the conclusion that the microbiome-based classifiers for identifying cancer presented in the study are entirely wrong. These flaws have subsequently affected more than a dozen additional published studies that used the same data and whose results are likely invalid as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gihawi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.550993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major data analysis errors invalidate cancer microbiome findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic comparison of computational methods for expression forecasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression forecasting methods use machine learning models to predict how a cell will alter its transcriptome upon perturbation. Such methods are enticing because they promise to answer pressing questions in fields ranging from developmental genetics to cell fate engineering and because they are a fast, cheap, and accessible complement to the corresponding experiments. However, the absolute and relative accuracy of these methods is poorly characterized, limiting their informed use, their improvement, and the interpretation of their predictions. To address these issues, we created a benchmarking platform that combines a panel of 11 large-scale perturbation datasets with an expression forecasting software engine that encompasses or interfaces to a wide variety of methods. We used our platform to systematically assess methods, parameters, and sources of auxiliary data, finding that performance strongly depends on the choice of metric, and especially for simple metrics like mean squared error, it is uncommon for expression forecasting methods to out-perform simple baselines. Our platform will serve as a resource to improve methods and to identify contexts in which expression forecasting can succeed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kernfeld, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic comparison of computational methods for expression forecasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine Regulates Antiretroviral Therapy CNS Access Through Pregnane-X Receptor-Mediated Drug Transporter and Metabolizing Enzyme Modulation at the Blood Brain Barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAppropriate interactions between antiretroviral therapies (ART) and drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes at the blood brain barrier (BBB) are critical to ensure adequate dosing of the brain to achieve HIV suppression. These proteins are modulated by demographic and lifestyle factors, including substance use. While understudied, illicit substances share drug transport and metabolism pathways with ART, increasing the potential for adverse drug:drug interactions. This is particularly important when considering the brain as it is relatively undertreated compared to peripheral organs and is vulnerable to substance use-mediated damage.

MethodsWe used an in vitro model of the human BBB to determine the extravasation of three first-line ART drugs, emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir (TFV), and dolutegravir (DTG), in the presence and absence of cocaine, which served as our illicit substance model. The impact of cocaine on BBB integrity and permeability, drug transporters, metabolizing enzymes, and their master transcriptional regulators were evaluated to determine the mechanisms by which substance use impacted ART central nervous system (CNS) availability.

ResultsWe determined that cocaine had a selective impact on ART extravasation, where it increased FTCs ability to cross the BBB while decreasing TFV. DTG concentrations that passed the BBB were below quantifiable limits. Interestingly, the potent neuroinflammatory modulator, lipopolysaccharide, had no effect on ART transport, suggesting a specificity for cocaine. Unexpectedly, cocaine did not breach the BBB, as permeability to albumin and tight junction proteins and adhesion molecules remained unchanged. Rather, cocaine selectively decreased the pregnane-x receptor (PXR), but not constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Consequently, drug transporter expression and activity decreased in endothelial cells of the BBB, including p-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4). Further, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymatic activity increased following cocaine treatment that coincided with decreased expression. Finally, cocaine modulated adenylate kinases are required to facilitate biotransformation of ART prodrugs to their phosphorylated, pharmacologically active counterparts.

ConclusionOur findings indicate that additional considerations are needed in CNS HIV treatment strategies for people who use cocaine, as it may limit ART efficacy through regulation of drug transport and metabolizing pathways at the BBB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knerler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon Ortiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine Regulates Antiretroviral Therapy CNS Access Through Pregnane-X Receptor-Mediated Drug Transporter and Metabolizing Enzyme Modulation at the Blood Brain Barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable protein-protein docking with AlphaFold, Rosetta and replica-exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the recent breakthrough of AlphaFold (AF) in the field of protein sequence-to-structure prediction, modeling protein interfaces and predicting protein complex structures remains challenging, especially when there is a significant conformational change in one or both binding partners. Prior studies have demonstrated that AF-multimer (AFm) can predict accurate protein complexes in only up to 43% of cases.1 In this work, we combine AlphaFold as a structural template generator with a physics-based replica exchange docking algorithm to better sample conformational changes. Using a curated collection of 254 available protein targets with both unbound and bound structures, we first demonstrate that AlphaFold confidence measures (pLDDT) can be repurposed for estimating protein flexibility and docking accuracy for multimers. We incorporate these metrics within our ReplicaDock 2.0 protocol2 to complete a robust in-silico pipeline for accurate protein complex structure prediction. AlphaRED (AlphaFold-initiated Replica Exchange Docking) successfully docks failed AF predictions including 97 failure cases in Docking Benchmark Set 5.5. AlphaRED generates CAPRI acceptable-quality or better predictions for 63% of benchmark targets. Further, on a subset of antigen-antibody targets, which is challenging for AFm (20% success rate), AlphaRED demonstrates a success rate of 43%. This new strategy demonstrates the success possible by integrating deep-learning based architectures trained on evolutionary information with physics-based enhanced sampling. The pipeline is available at github.com/Graylab/AlphaRED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable protein-protein docking with AlphaFold, Rosetta and replica-exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE6 is Required for Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Adipocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTrafficking of GLUcose Transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) from the adipocyte vesicular pool to the cell surface is tightly regulated by insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis in response to changing demands in energy consumption. Previously, endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger 6 (NHE6, gene name SLC9A6) was identified in adipocyte plasma membranes and shown to associate with GLUT4-positive vesicles. However, the functional contribution of NHE6 to GLUT4 trafficking and glucose uptake remained uncharacterized.

MethodsNHE6 was knocked down in 3T3L1 cells either before or after differentiation into adipocytes using lentiviral delivery of shRNA. Uptake of [3H] 2-deoxyglucose into adipocytes was quantified in response to insulin. We used epitope tagged constructs to distinguish between localization of vesicular and surface levels of NHE6 and GLUT4 proteins. Protein and transcript levels of components of the glucose signaling pathway were monitored by qPCR and Western analysis, respectively, in response to NHE6 knockdown and/or treatment with chemical modulators of endosomal pH.

ResultsWe show that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes is severely impaired upon NHE6 depletion. Correspondingly, insulin-stimulated surface expression of GLUT4 at the adipocyte plasma membrane was diminished in NHE6 knockdown cells due to a post-transcriptional decrease in basal GLUT4. Metformin response of GLUT4 was also muted in the absence of NHE6. Further, we demonstrate diminished activation of the GLUT4 translocation pathway in the absence of NHE6 via reduced expression of the insulin receptor and reduced phosphorylation of the downstream effector kinase Akt. Components of GLUT4 storage vesicles, including GLUT4, LRP1 and sortilin were downregulated in NHE6-knockdown adipocytes under basal conditions. Proteostatic control of key components of the insulin signaling pathway (insulin receptor, GLUT4) could be restored by chemical bypass of NHE6 using the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin or the Na+/H+ exchanger mimetic monensin.

ConclusionsThus, NHE6 is critical for proper expression and trafficking of GLUT4. Basal expression of both insulin receptor and GLUT4 in NHE6 knockdown cells could be restored by bafilomycin-inhibition of the H+-ATPase or the H+ ionophore monensin pointing to pH dysregulation as the underlying defect. We suggest that NHE6 is a component of GLUT4 storage vesicles where it regulates proteostasis. These findings establish NHE6 as a novel contributor to glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism with implications for Christianson syndrome patients who carry loss of function mutations in the SLC9A6 gene.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mekile, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnayak, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE6 is Required for Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Adipocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient encoding of large antigenic spaces by epitope prioritization with Dolphyn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated a relatively underexplored component of the gut-immune axis by profiling the antibody response to gut phages using Phage Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq). To enhance this approach, we developed Dolphyn, a novel method that uses machine learning to select peptides from protein sets and compresses the proteome through epitope-stitching. Dolphyn improves the fraction of gut phage library peptides bound by antibodies from 10% to 31% in healthy individuals, while also reducing the number of synthesized peptides by 78%. In our study on gut phages, we discovered that the immune system develops antibodies to bacteria-infecting viruses in the human gut, particularly E.coli-infecting Myoviridae. Cost-effective PhIP-Seq libraries designed with Dolphyn enable the assessment of a wider range of proteins in a single experiment, thus facilitating the study of the gut-immune axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebhoff, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kula, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rewers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Round, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient encoding of large antigenic spaces by epitope prioritization with Dolphyn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunometabolic cues recompose and reprogram the microenvironment around biomaterials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating monocytes infiltrate and coordinate immune responses in various inflamed tissues, such as those surrounding implanted biomaterials, affecting therapeutic, diagnostic, tissue engineering and regenerative applications. Here, we show that immunometabolic cues in the biomaterial microenvironment govern CCR2- and CX3CR1-dependent trafficking of immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes; ultimately, this affects the composition and activation states of macrophage and dendritic cell populations. Furthermore, immunometabolic cues around implants orchestrate the relative composition of proinflammatory, transitory and anti-inflammatory CCR2+, CX3CR1+ and CCR2+CX3CR1+ immune cell populations. Consequently, modifying immunometabolism by glycolytic inhibition drives a pro-regenerative microenvironment in part by myeloid cells around amorphous polylactide implants. In addition to, Arginase 1-expressing myeloid cells, T helper 2 cells and {gamma}{delta}+ T-cells producing IL-4 significantly contribute to shaping the metabolically reprogramed, pro-regenerative microenvironment around crystalline polylactide biomaterials. Taken together, we find that local metabolic states regulate inflammatory processes in the biomaterial microenvironment, with implications for translational medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maduka, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitter-Sanchez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makela, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ural, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnert, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeeb, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tundo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiselev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankenson, K. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contag, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunometabolic cues recompose and reprogram the microenvironment around biomaterials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined, yet Separate: cocktails of carriers (not drugs) for α-particle therapy of solid tumors expressing moderate-to-low levels of targetable markers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-particle radionuclide-antibody conjugates are being clinically evaluated against solid cancers expressing moderate levels of the targeted markers, with promising results. These findings are attributed to the high killing power of alpha-particles in spite of the expected decrease in antibody tumor uptake, that reduces tumor absorbed doses. However, when tumor absorbed doses are reduced, addressing the heterogeneities in delivery of alpha-particles within solid tumors (i.e. enabling uniform irradiation patterns) becomes critical: to maintain efficacy, the fewer alpha-particles delivered within tumors need to traverse/hit as many different cancer cells as possible. This proof-of-concept study describes an approach to complement the antibody- targeted radiotherapy by using a separate carrier to deliver a fraction of the injected radioactivity to tumor regions geographically different than those affected by the antibody; collectively, the two carriers should distribute the alpha-particle emitters, Actinium-225 in particular, more uniformly within tumors maintaining efficacy.

MethodsWe monitored the extent(s) of tumor growth inhibition, onset delay of spontaneous metastases and/or survival on orthotopic MDA-MB-213 and MDA-MB-436 triple negative breast cancer mouse models and on an ectopic BxPC3 pancreatic cancer mouse model, treated systemically with the two separate carriers. Tumors were chosen to express different (but low) levels of HER1, utilized as a model antibody-targeted marker.

ResultsIndependent of tumor origin and/or resistance to chemotherapy, the two separate carriers: (a) improved the  primary tumor growth inhibition, (b) eliminated the formation of spontaneous metastases, and/or (c) prolonged survival, at lower or comparable tumor delivered doses relative to the antibody alone, without noticeable off-target toxicities.

ConclusionThis tumor-agnostic strategy is timely and could be used to enhance the efficacy of existing alpha-particle radionuclide-antibody treatments without increasing, possibly even reducing, the total administered radioactivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatavdekar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined, yet Separate: cocktails of carriers (not drugs) for α-particle therapy of solid tumors expressing moderate-to-low levels of targetable markers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disordered C-terminal domain drives spatiotemporal confinement of RNAPII to enhance search for chromatin targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient gene expression requires RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) to find chromatin targets precisely in space and time. How RNAPII manages this complex diffusive search in 3D nuclear space remains largely unknown. The disordered carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAPII, which is essential for recruiting transcription-associated proteins, forms phase-separated droplets in vitro, hinting at a potential role in modulating RNAPII dynamics. Here, we use single-molecule tracking and spatiotemporal mapping in living yeast to show that the CTD is required for confining RNAPII diffusion within a subnuclear region enriched for active genes, but without apparent phase separation into condensates. Both Mediator and global chromatin organization are required for sustaining RNAPII confinement. Remarkably, truncating the CTD disrupts RNAPII spatial confinement, prolongs target search, diminishes chromatin binding, impairs pre-initiation complex formation, and reduces transcription bursting. This study illuminates the pivotal role of the CTD in driving spatiotemporal confinement of RNAPII for efficient gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disordered C-terminal domain drives spatiotemporal confinement of RNAPII to enhance search for chromatin targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth media affects susceptibility of air-lifted human nasal epithelial cell cultures to SARS-CoV2, but not Influenza A, virus infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary differentiated human epithelial cell cultures have been widely used by researchers to study viral fitness and virus-host interactions, especially during the COVID19 pandemic. These cultures recapitulate important characteristics of the respiratory epithelium such as diverse cell type composition, polarization, and innate immune responses. However, standardization and validation of these cultures remains an open issue. In this study, two different expansion medias were evaluated and the impact on the resulting differentiated culture was determined. Use of both Airway and Ex Plus media types resulted in high quality, consistent cultures that were able to be used for these studies. Upon histological evaluation, Airway-grown cultures were more organized and had a higher proportion of basal progenitor cells while Ex Plus-grown cultures had a higher proportion terminally differentiated cell types. In addition to having different cell type proportions and organization, the two different growth medias led to cultures with altered susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 but not Influenza A virus. RNAseq comparing cultures grown in different growth medias prior to differentiation uncovered a high degree of differentially expressed genes in cultures from the same donor. RNAseq on differentiated cultures showed less variation between growth medias but alterations in pathways that control the expression of human transmembrane proteases including TMPRSS11 and TMPRSS2 were documented. Enhanced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be explained by altered cell type proportions alone, rather serine protease cofactor expression also contributes to the enhanced replication of SARS-CoV-2 as inhibition with camostat affected replication of an early SARS-CoV-2 variant and a Delta, but not Omicron, variant showed difference in replication efficiency between culture types. Therefore, it is important for the research community to standardize cell culture protocols particularly when characterizing novel viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth media affects susceptibility of air-lifted human nasal epithelial cell cultures to SARS-CoV2, but not Influenza A, virus infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-specific chromatin disruption at CpG islands and aging-related regions in Kabuki syndrome mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many Mendelian developmental disorders caused by coding variants in epigenetic regulators have now been discovered. Epigenetic regulators are broadly expressed, and each of these disorders typically exhibits phenotypic manifestations from many different organ systems. An open question is whether the chromatin disruption - the root of the pathogenesis - is similar in the different disease-relevant cell types. This is possible in principle, since all these cell-types are subject to effects from the same causative gene, that has the same kind of function (e.g. methylates histones) and is disrupted by the same germline variant. We focus on mouse models for Kabuki syndrome types 1 and 2, and find that the chromatin accessibility abnormalities in neurons are mostly distinct from those in B or T cells. This is not because the neuronal abnormalities occur at regulatory elements that are only active in neurons. Neurons, but not B or T cells, show preferential chromatin disruption at CpG islands and at regulatory elements linked to aging. A sensitive analysis reveals that the regions disrupted in B/T cells do exhibit chromatin accessibility changes in neurons, but these are very subtle and of uncertain functional significance. Finally, we are able to identify a small set of regulatory elements disrupted in all three cell types. Our findings reveal the cellular-context-specific effect of variants in epigenetic regulators, and suggest that blood-derived "episignatures" may not be well-suited for understanding the mechanistic basis of neurodevelopment in Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-specific chromatin disruption at CpG islands and aging-related regions in Kabuki syndrome mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetic acid is a superior acidifier for sub-nanogram and single cell proteomic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent study demonstrated a substantial increase in peptide signal and corresponding proteome coverage when employing 0.5% acetic acid (AA) as the ion pairing modifier in place of the 0.1% formic acid traditionally used in shotgun proteomics. In this study, we investigated the effect of modifier in the context of sub-nanogram and single cell proteomics (SCP). We first evaluated a tryptic digest standard down to 20 picograms total load on column on a TIMSTOF SCP system. In line with the previous results, we observed a signal increase when using AA, leading to increased proteome coverage at every peptide load assessed. Relative improvements were more apparent at lower concentrations, with a 20 picogram peptide digest demonstrating a striking 1.8-fold increase to over 2,000 protein groups identified in a 30 minute analysis. Furthermore, we find that this increase in signal can be leveraged to reduce ramp times, leading to 1.7x more scans across each peak and improvements in quantification as measured by %CVs. When evaluating single cancer cells, approximately 13% more peptide groups were identified on average when employing AA in the place of FA. All vendor raw and processed data are available through ProteomeXchange as PXD046002 and PXD051590.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetic acid is a superior acidifier for sub-nanogram and single cell proteomic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivalent GU-rich oligonucleotides sequester TDP-43 in the nucleus by inducing high molecular weight RNP complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation are hallmarks of TDP-43 proteinopathies. We recently demonstrated that binding to endogenous nuclear GU-rich RNAs sequesters TDP-43 in the nucleus by restricting its passive nuclear export. Here, we tested the feasibility of synthetic RNA oligonucleotide-mediated augmentation of TDP-43 nuclear localization. Using biochemical assays, we compared the ability of GU-rich oligonucleotides to engage in multivalent, RRM-dependent binding with TDP-43. When transfected into cells, (GU)16 attenuated TDP-43 mislocalization induced by transcriptional blockade or RanGAP1 ablation. Clip34nt and (GU)16 accelerated TDP-43 nuclear re-import after cytoplasmic mislocalization. RNA pulldowns confirmed that multivalent GU-oligonucleotides induced high molecular weight RNP complexes, incorporating TDP-43 and possibly other GU-binding proteins. Transfected GU-repeat oligos disrupted TDP-43 cryptic exon repression, likely by diverting TDP-43 from endogenous RNAs, except for Clip34nt which contains interspersed A and C. Thus, exogenous multivalent GU-RNAs can promote TDP-43 nuclear localization, though pure GU- repeat motifs impair TDP-43 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivalent GU-rich oligonucleotides sequester TDP-43 in the nucleus by inducing high molecular weight RNP complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-edited mosquitoes lacking a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-like protein, namely (mosGILTnull) have lower Plasmodium infection, which is linked to impaired ovarian development and immune activation. The transcriptome of mosGILTnull A. gambiae was therefore compared to wild type (WT) by RNA-sequencing to delineate mosGILT-dependent pathways. Compared to WT mosquitoes, mosGILTnull A. gambiae demonstrated altered expression of genes related to oogenesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone synthesis, as well as immune-related genes. Serendipitously, the zero population growth gene, zpg, an essential regulator of germ cell development was found to be one of the most downregulated genes in mosGILTnull mosquitoes. These results provide the crucial missing link between two previous studies on the role of zpg and mosGILT in ovarian development. This study further demonstrates that mosGILT has the potential to serve as a target for the biological control of mosquito vectors and to influence the Plasmodium life cycle within the vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresswell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tmem263 deletion disrupts the GH/IGF-1 axis and causes dwarfism and impairs skeletal acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of candidate genes believed to affect longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. One of these candidate genes, TMEM263, encodes a poorly characterized plasma membrane protein. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TMEM263 are associated with bone mineral density in humans and mutations are associated with dwarfism in chicken and severe skeletal dysplasia in at least one human fetus. Whether this genotype-phenotype relationship is causal, however, remains unclear. Here, we determine whether and how TMEM263 is required for postnatal growth. Deletion of the Tmem263 gene in mice causes severe postnatal growth failure, proportional dwarfism, and impaired skeletal acquisition. Mice lacking Tmem263 show no differences in body weight within the first two weeks of postnatal life. However, by P21 there is a dramatic growth deficit due to a disrupted GH/IGF-1 axis, which is critical for longitudinal bone growth. Tmem263-null mice have low circulating IGF-1 levels and pronounced reductions in bone mass and growth plate length. The low serum IGF-1 in Tmem263-null mice is associated with reduced hepatic GH receptor (GHR) expression and GH-induced JAK2/STAT5 signaling. A deficit in GH signaling dramatically alters GH-regulated genes and feminizes the liver transcriptome of Tmem263-null male mice, with their expression profile resembling a wild-type female, hypophysectomized male, and Stat5b-null male mice. Collectively, our data validates the causal role for Tmem263 in regulating postnatal growth and raises the possibility that rare mutations or variants of TMEM263 may potentially cause GH insensitivity and impair linear growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tmem263 deletion disrupts the GH/IGF-1 axis and causes dwarfism and impairs skeletal acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A semi-automated method for quantifying optokinetic reflex tracking acuity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of murine behavioral responses to visual stimuli is a key component of understanding mammalian visual circuitry. One notable response is the optokinetic reflex (OKR), a highly conserved innate behavior necessary for image stabilization on the retina. The OKR provides a robust readout of image tracking ability and has been extensively studied to understand the logic of visual system circuitry and function in mice from different genetic backgrounds. The OKR consists of two phases: a slow tracking phase as the eye follows a stimulus to the edge of the visual plane, and a compensatory fast phase saccade that maintains the image within the visual field. Assessment of the OKR has previously relied on counting individual compensatory eye saccades to estimate tracking speed. To obtain a more direct quantification of tracking ability, we have developed a novel, semi-automated analysis program that allows for rapid and reproducible quantification of unidirectional tracking gains, in addition to being adaptable to any video-oculography equipment. Our analysis program allows for the selection of slow tracking phases, modeling of the vertical and horizontal eye vectors, quantification of eye movement relative to the stimulus, and organization of resultant data into a usable spreadsheet for statistical and graphical comparisons. This quantitative and streamlined analysis pipeline provides a faster and more direct measurement of OKR responses, thereby facilitating further study of visual behavior responses.

SUMMARYWe describe here a semi-automated quantitative analysis method that directly measures eye tracking resulting from murine visual system responses to two-dimensional image motion. A Python-based user interface and analysis algorithm allows for higher throughput and more quantitative measurements of eye tracking parameters than previous methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khindi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A semi-automated method for quantifying optokinetic reflex tracking acuity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-day Neuron Tracking in High Density Electrophysiology Recordings using EMD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate tracking of the same neurons across multiple days is crucial for studying changes in neuronal activity during learning and adaptation. Advances in high density extracellular electrophysiology recording probes, such as Neuropixels, provide a promising avenue to accomplish this goal. Identifying the same neurons in multiple recordings is, however, complicated by non-rigid movement of the tissue relative to the recording sites (drift) and loss of signal from some neurons. Here we propose a neuron tracking method that can identify the same cells independent of firing statistics, that are used by most existing methods. Our method is based on between-day non-rigid alignment of spike sorted clusters. We verified the same cell identity in mice using measured visual receptive fields. This method succeeds on datasets separated from one to 47 days, with an 84% average recovery rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-day Neuron Tracking in High Density Electrophysiology Recordings using EMD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying computational account of temporal context effects in language across the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning advances have revolutionized computational modeling approaches in neuroscience. However, their black-box nature makes it challenging to use deep learning models to discover new insights about brain function. Focusing on human language processing, we propose a new framework to improve the quality and interpretability of the inferences we make from deep learning-based models. First, we add interpretable components to a deep language model and use it to build a predictive encoding model. Then, we use the models predictive abilities to simulate brain responses to controlled stimuli from published experiments. We find that our model, based on a multi-timescale recurrent neural network, captures many previously reported temporal context effects in human cortex. Its failure to capture other effects also highlights important gaps in current language models. Finally, we use this new framework to generate model-based evidence that supports the proposal that different linguistic features are represented at different timescales across cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckage, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, H.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obinwa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying computational account of temporal context effects in language across the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEK inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of radiation therapy in NF1-deficient glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), an autosomal dominant neurogenetic and tumor predisposition syndrome, are susceptible to developing low-grade glioma (LGG) and, less commonly, high-grade glioma (HGG). These gliomas exhibit loss of the neurofibromin gene (NF1), and 10-15% of sporadic HGG have somatic NF1 alterations. Loss of NF1 leads to hyperactive RAS signaling, creating opportunity given the established efficacy of MEK inhibitors (MEKi) in plexiform neurofibromas and some individuals with LGG. We observed that NF1-deficient glioblastoma neurospheres were sensitive to the combination of a MEKi (mirdametinib) with irradiation, as evidenced by synergistic inhibition of cell growth, colony formation, and increased cell death. In contrast, NF1-intact neurospheres were not sensitive to the combination, despite complete ERK pathway inhibition. No neurosphere lines exhibited enhanced sensitivity to temozolomide combined with mirdametinib. Mirdametinib decreased transcription of homologous recombination genes and RAD51 foci, associated with DNA damage repair, in sensitive models. Heterotopic xenograft models displayed synergistic growth inhibition to mirdametinib combined with irradiation in NF1-deficient glioma xenografts, but not those with intact NF1. In sensitive models, benefits were observed at least three weeks beyond the completion of treatment, including sustained phospho-ERK inhibition on immunoblot and decreased Ki-67 expression. These observations demonstrate synergistic activity between mirdametinib and irradiation in NF1-deficient glioma models and may have clinical implications for patients with gliomas that harbor germline or somatic NF1 alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ioannou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalwani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayanlaja, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnasamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEK inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of radiation therapy in NF1-deficient glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independent of its catalytic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynGAP is an abundant synaptic GTPase-activating protein (GAP) critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and cognition. Mutations in SYNGAP1 in humans result in intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. Heterozygous Syngap1 knockout mice display deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, and exhibit seizures. It is unclear whether SynGAP imparts structural properties at synapses independent of its GAP activity. Here, we report that inactivating mutations within the SynGAP GAP domain do not inhibit synaptic plasticity or cause behavioral deficits. Instead, SynGAP modulates synaptic strength by physically competing with the AMPA- receptor-TARP complex, the major excitatory receptor complex in the brain, in the formation of molecular condensates with synaptic scaffolding proteins. These results have significant implications for the development of therapeutic treatments for SYNGAP1- related neurodevelopmental disorders.

One-Sentence SummarySynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition due to its phase separation properties instead of its catalytic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkovich, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamache, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independent of its catalytic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-mediated ribonucleoprotein assembly controls TDP-43 nuclear retention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 is an essential RNA-binding protein strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cytoplasmic aggregates and loss of nuclear TDP-43. The protein shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm, yet maintaining predominantly nuclear TDP-43 localization is important for TDP-43 function and for inhibiting cytoplasmic aggregation. We previously demonstrated that specific RNA binding mediates TDP-43 self-assembly and biomolecular condensation, requiring multivalent interactions via N- and C-terminal domains. Here, we show that these complexes play a key role in TDP-43 nuclear retention. TDP-43 forms macromolecular complexes with a wide range of size distribution in cells and we find that defects in RNA binding or inter-domain interactions, including phase separation, impair the assembly of the largest species. Our findings suggest that recruitment into these macromolecular complexes prevents cytoplasmic egress of TDP-43 in a size-dependent manner. Our observations uncover fundamental mechanisms controlling TDP-43 cellular homeostasis, whereby regulation of RNA-mediated self-assembly modulates TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic distribution. Moreover, these findings highlight pathways that may be implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathies and identify potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>dos Passos, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemamali, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamede, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-mediated ribonucleoprotein assembly controls TDP-43 nuclear retention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin C activates young LINE-1 elements in mouse embryonic stem cells via H3K9me3 demethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin C (vitC) enhances the activity of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including TET enzymes, which catalyse DNA demethylation, and Jumonji-domain histone demethylases. The epigenetic remodelling promoted by vitC improves the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell derivation, and is required to attain a ground-state of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that closely mimics the inner cell mass of the early blastocyst. However, genome-wide DNA and histone demethylation can lead to upregulation of transposable elements (TEs), and it is not known how vitC addition in culture media affects TE expression in pluripotent stem cells. Here we show that vitC increases the expression of evolutionarily young LINE-1 (L1) elements in mouse ESCs. We find that TET activity is dispensable for these effects, and that instead L1 upregulation occurs largely as a result of H3K9me3 loss mediated by KDM4A/C histone demethylases. Despite increased L1 levels, we did not detect increased somatic insertion rates in vitC-treated cells. Notably, treatment of human ESCs with vitC also increases L1 protein levels, which could impact the genetic and epigenetic stability of human pluripotent stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Luque, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Canadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irayanar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Perez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branco, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin C activates young LINE-1 elements in mouse embryonic stem cells via H3K9me3 demethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in atrophic AMD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphAge-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of geriatric blindness, is a multi-factorial disease with retinal-pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction as a central pathogenic driver. With RPE degeneration, lysosomal function is a core process that is disrupted. Transcription factors EB/E3 (TFEB/E3) tightly control lysosomal function; their disruption can cause aging disorders, such as AMD. Here, we show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived RPE cells with the complement factor H variant [CFH (Y402H)] have increased AKT2, which impairs TFEB/TFE3 nuclear translocation and lysosomal function. Increased AKT2 can inhibit PGC1, which downregulates SIRT5, an AKT2 binding partner. SIRT5 and AKT2 co-regulate each other, thereby modulating TFEB-dependent lysosomal function in the RPE. Failure of the AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway in the RPE induced abnormalities in the autophagy-lysosome cellular axis by upregulating secretory autophagy, thereby releasing a plethora of factors that likely contribute to drusen formation, a hallmark of AMD. Finally, overexpressing AKT2 in RPE cells in mice led to an AMD-like phenotype. Thus, targeting the AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway could be a potential therapy for atrophic AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bammidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koontz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdankhah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedziora, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu-Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasundaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahel, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puertollano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zigler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetzman, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Bellver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaarniranta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in atrophic AMD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Mapping of Cellular Resolution Neuropathology in Brain Ischemia by Diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive mapping of cellular pathology can provide critical diagnostic and prognostic information. Recent developments in diffusion MRI have produced new tools for examining tissue microstructure at a level well below the imaging resolution. Here, we report the use of diffusion time (t)-dependent diffusion kurtosis imaging (tDKI) to simultaneously assess the morphology and transmembrane permeability of cells and their processes in the context of pathological changes in hypoxic-ischemic brain (HI) injury. Through Monte Carlo simulations and cell culture organoid imaging, we demonstrate feasibility in measuring effective size and permeability changes based on the peak and tail of tDKI curves. In a mouse model of HI, in vivo imaging at 11.7T detects a marked shift of the tDKI peak to longer t in brain edema, suggesting swelling and beading associated with the astrocytic processes and neuronal neurites. Furthermore, we observed a faster decrease of the tDKI tail in injured brain regions, reflecting increased membrane permeability that was associated with upregulated water exchange upon astrocyte activation at acute stage as well as necrosis with disrupted membrane integrity at subacute stage. Such information, unavailable with conventional diffusion MRI at a single t, can predict salvageable tissues. For a proof-of-concept, tDKI at 3T on an ischemic stroke patient suggested increased membrane permeability in the stroke region. This work therefore demonstrates the potential of tDKI for in vivo detection of the pathological changes in microstructural morphology and transmembrane permeability after ischemic injury using a clinically translatable protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbill, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fieremans, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northington, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Mapping of Cellular Resolution Neuropathology in Brain Ischemia by Diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following acute retinal damage, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate all neuronal subtypes. This regeneration requires Muller glia (MG) to reprogram and divide asymmetrically to produce a multipotent Muller glia-derived neuronal progenitor cell (MGPC). This raises three key questions. First, does loss of different retinal cell subtypes induce unique MG regeneration responses? Second, do MG reprogram to a developmental retinal progenitor cell state? And finally, to what extent does regeneration recapitulate retinal development? We examined these questions by performing single-nuclear and single-cell RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq in both developing and regenerating retinas. While MG reprogram to a state similar to late-stage retinal progenitors in developing retinas, there are transcriptional differences between reprogrammed MG/MGPCs and late progenitors, as well as reprogrammed MG in outer and inner retinal damage models. Validation of candidate genes confirmed that loss of different subtypes induces differences in transcription factor gene expression and regeneration outcomes. This work identifies major differences between gene regulatory networks activated following the selective loss of different subtypes of retina neurons, as well as between retinal regeneration and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serjanov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dynamic Response of Human Lungs Due to Underwater Shock Wave Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the 19th century, underwater explosions have posed a significant threat to service members. While there have been attempts to establish injury criteria for the most vulnerable organs, namely the lungs, existing criteria are highly variable due to insufficient human data and the corresponding inability to understand the underlying injury mechanisms. This study presents an experimental characterization of isolated human lung dynamics during simulated exposure to underwater shock waves. We found that the large acoustic impedance at the surface of the lung severely attenuated transmission of the shock wave into the lungs. However, the shock wave initiated large bulk pressure-volume cycles that are distinct from the response of the solid organs under similar loading. These pressure-volume cycles are due to compression of the contained gas, which we modeled with the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The extent of these lung dynamics was dependent on physical confinement, which in real underwater blast conditions is influenced by factors such as rib cage properties and donned equipment. Findings demonstrate a potential causal mechanism for implosion injuries, which has significant implications for the understanding of primary blast lung injury due to underwater blast exposures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Kochba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaskiw, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetropoulos, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dynamic Response of Human Lungs Due to Underwater Shock Wave Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.551369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma Glycomic Markers of Accelerated Biological Aging During Chronic HIV Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.551369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People with HIV (PWH) experience an increased vulnerability to premature aging and inflammation-associated comorbidities, even when HIV replication is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the factors that contribute to or are associated with this vulnerability remain uncertain. In the general population, alterations in the glycomes of circulating IgGs trigger inflammation and precede the onset of aging-associated diseases. Here, we investigate the IgG glycomes of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from 1,216 women and men, both living with virally suppressed HIV and those without HIV. Our glycan-based machine learning models indicate that living with chronic HIV significantly accelerates the accumulation of pro-aging-associated glycomic alterations. Consistently, PWH exhibit heightened expression of senescence-associated glycan-degrading enzymes compared to their controls. These glycomic alterations correlate with elevated markers of inflammatory aging and the severity of comorbidities, potentially preceding the development of such comorbidities. Mechanistically, HIV-specific antibodies glycoengineered with these alterations exhibit reduced anti-HIV IgG-mediated innate immune functions. These findings hold significant potential for the development of glycomic-based biomarkers and tools to identify and prevent premature aging and comorbidities in people living with chronic viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giron, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniji, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, J. L. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofotokun, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischl, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberlen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macatangay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adimora, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merenstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutsch, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gange, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolinsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.551369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma Glycomic Markers of Accelerated Biological Aging During Chronic HIV Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The heme oxygenase-1 metalloporphyrin inhibitor stannsoporfin enhances the bactericidal activity of a novel regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a murine model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) poses significant challenges to global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Host-directed therapies (HDT) offer a novel approach for TB treatment by enhancing immune-mediated clearance of Mtb. Prior preclinical studies found that inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme involved in heme metabolism, with tin-protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) significantly reduced mouse lung bacillary burden when co-administered with the first-line antitubercular regimen. Here we evaluated the adjunctive HDT activity of a novel HO-1 inhibitor, stannsoporfin (SnMP), in combination with a novel MDR-TB regimen comprising a next-generation diarylquinoline, TBAJ-876 (S), pretomanid (Pa), and a new oxazolidinone, TBI-223 (O) (collectively, SPaO) in Mtb-infected BALB/c mice. After 4 weeks of treatment, SPaO + SnMP 5 mg/kg reduced mean lung bacillary burden by an additional 0.69 log10 (P=0.01) relative to SPaO alone. As early as 2 weeks post-treatment initiation, SnMP adjunctive therapy differentially altered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, and CD38, a marker of M1 macrophages. Next, we evaluated the sterilizing potential of SnMP adjunctive therapy in a mouse model of microbiological relapse. After 6 weeks of treatment, SPaO + SnMP 10 mg/kg reduced lung bacterial burdens to 0.71 {+/-} 0.23 log10 CFU, a 0.78 log-fold greater decrease in lung CFU compared to SpaO alone (P=0.005). However, adjunctive SnMP did not reduce microbiological relapse rates after 5 or 6 weeks of treatment. SnMP was well tolerated and did not significantly alter gross or histological lung pathology. SnMP is a promising HDT candidate requiring further study in combination with regimens for drug-resistant TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruelas Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serbina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The heme oxygenase-1 metalloporphyrin inhibitor stannsoporfin enhances the bactericidal activity of a novel regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a murine model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plug-and-play protein biosensors using aptamer-regulated in vitro transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular biosensors that accurately measure protein concentrations without external equipment are critical for solving numerous problems in diagnostics and therapeutics. Modularly transducing the binding of protein antibodies, protein switches or aptamers into a useful output remains challenging. Here, we develop a biosensing platform based on aptamer-regulated transcription in which aptamers integrated into transcription templates serve as inputs to molecular circuits that can be programmed to a produce a variety of responses. We modularly design molecular biosensors using this platform by swapping aptamer domains for specific proteins and downstream domains that encode different RNA transcripts. By coupling aptamer-regulated transcription with diverse transduction circuits, we rapidly construct analog protein biosensors or digital protein biosensors with detection ranges that can be tuned over two orders of magnitude. Aptamer-regulated transcription is a straightforward and inexpensive approach for constructing programmable protein biosensors suitable for diverse research and diagnostic applications.

One sentence summaryWe develop a modular platform for biosensing across a wide dynamic range using aptamer-regulated transcription to detect different proteins and molecular circuits to process the RNA transcript outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffter, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plug-and-play protein biosensors using aptamer-regulated in vitro transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingolipid metabolism is spatially regulated in the developing embryo by SOXE genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), significant rearrangements occur in plasma membrane protein and lipid content that are important for membrane function and acquisition of cell motility. To gain insight into how neural crest cells regulate their lipid content at the transcriptional level during EMT, here we identify critical enhancer sequences that regulate the expression of SMPD3, a gene responsible for sphingomyelin hydrolysis to produce ceramide, which is necessary for neural crest EMT. We uncovered three enhancer regions within the first intron of the SMPD3 locus that drive reporter expression in distinct spatial and temporal domains, together collectively recapitulating the expression domains of endogenous SMPD3 within the ectodermal lineages. We further dissected one enhancer that is specifically active in the migrating neural crest. By mutating putative transcriptional input sites or knocking down upstream regulators, we find that the SoxE-family transcription factors Sox9 and Sox10 regulate the expression of SMPD3 in migrating neural crest cells. Together these results shed light on how core components of developmental gene regulatory networks interact with metabolic effector genes to control changes in membrane lipid content.

HighlightsO_LISMPD3 is expressed in the neural tube, neural crest, and notochord during early development
C_LIO_LISMPD3 expression is regulated by at least three intronic enhancers
C_LIO_LISox10 and its binding sites are required for expression by a migratory neural crest-specific SMPD3 enhancer
C_LIO_LISox10 is a positive regulator of endogenous SMPD3 expression during neural crest migration
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piacentino, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasse, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho-Avila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabylnikov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingolipid metabolism is spatially regulated in the developing embryo by SOXE genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Informing virtual clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma with spatial multi-omics analysis of a human neoadjuvant immunotherapy clinical trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human clinical trials are important tools to advance novel systemic therapies improve treatment outcomes for cancer patients. The few durable treatment options have led to a critical need to advance new therapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent human clinical trials have shown that new combination immunotherapeutic regimens provide unprecedented clinical response in a subset of patients. Computational methods that can simulate tumors from mathematical equations describing cellular and molecular interactions are emerging as promising tools to simulate the impact of therapy entirely in silico. To facilitate designing dosing regimen and identifying potential biomarkers, we developed a new computational model to track tumor progression at organ scale while reflecting the spatial heterogeneity in the tumor at tissue scale in HCC. This computational model is called a spatial quantitative systems pharmacology (spQSP) platform and it is also designed to simulate the effects of combination immunotherapy. We then validate the results from the spQSP system by leveraging real-world spatial multi-omics data from a neoadjuvant HCC clinical trial combining anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) cabozantinib. The model output is compared with spatial data from Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC). Both IMC data and simulation results suggest closer proximity between CD8 T cell and macrophages among non-responders while the reverse trend was observed for responders. The analyses also imply wider dispersion of immune cells and less scattered cancer cells in responders samples. We also compared the model output with Visium spatial transcriptomics analyses of samples from post-treatment tumor resections in the original clinical trial. Both spatial transcriptomic data and simulation results identify the role of spatial patterns of tumor vasculature and TGF{beta} in tumor and immune cell interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first spatial tumor model for virtual clinical trials at a molecular scale that is grounded in high-throughput spatial multi-omics data from a human clinical trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Informing virtual clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma with spatial multi-omics analysis of a human neoadjuvant immunotherapy clinical trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar damage impairs long-term but not short-term sensorimotor memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is critical for sensorimotor learning. The specific contribution that it makes, however, remains unclear. Inspired by the classic finding that, for declarative memories, medial temporal lobe structures provide a gateway to the formation of long-term memory but are not required for short-term memory, we hypothesized that, for sensorimotor memories, the cerebellum may play an analogous role. Here we studied the sensorimotor learning of individuals with severe ataxia from cerebellar degeneration. We dissected the memories they formed during sensorimotor learning into a short-term temporally-volatile component, that decays rapidly with a time constant of just 15-20sec and thus cannot lead to long-term retention, and a longer-term temporally-persistent component that is stable for 60 sec or more and leads to long-term retention. Remarkably, we find that these individuals display dramatically reduced levels of temporally-persistent sensorimotor memory, despite spared and even elevated levels of temporally-volatile sensorimotor memory. In particular, we find both impairment that systematically increases with memory window duration over shorter memory windows (<12 sec) and near-complete impairment of memory maintenance over longer memory windows (>25 sec). This dissociation uncovers a new role for the cerebellum as a gateway for the formation of long-term but not short-term sensorimotor memories, mirroring the role of the medial temporal lobe for declarative memories. It thus reveals the existence of distinct neural substrates for short-term and long-term sensorimotor memory, and it explains both newly-identified trial-to-trial differences and long-standing study-to-study differences in the effects of cerebellar damage on sensorimotor learning ability.

Significance StatementA key discovery about the neural underpinnings of memory, made more than half a century ago, is that long-term, but not short-term, memory formation depends on neural structures in the brains medial temporal lobe (MTL). However, this dichotomy holds only for declarative memories - memories for explicit facts such as names and dates - as long-term procedural memories - memories for implicit knowledge such as sensorimotor skills - are largely unaffected even with substantial MTL damage. Here we demonstrate that the formation of long-term, but not short-term, sensorimotor memory depends on a neural structure known as the cerebellum, and we show that this finding explains the variability previously reported in the extent to which cerebellar damage affects sensorimotor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibo, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar damage impairs long-term but not short-term sensorimotor memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced brain glutathione levels during normal aging are associated with visuospatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During aging, the brain is subject to greater oxidative stress (OS), which is thought to play a critical role in cognitive impairment. Glutathione (GSH), as a major antioxidant in the brain, can be used to combatting OS. However, how brain GSH levels vary with age and their associations with cognitive function remain unclear. In this study, we combined point-resolved spectroscopy and edited spectroscopy sequences to investigate GSH levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and occipital cortex (OC) of 276 healthy participants (166 females, age range 20-70 years) and examined their relationships with age and cognitive function. The results revealed decreased GSH levels with age in the PCC among all participants. Notably, the timecourse of GSH level changes in the PCC and ACC differed between males and females. Additionally, positive correlations were observed between GSH levels in the PCC and OC and visuospatial memory. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the brain GSH timecourse during normal aging and associations with sex and memory, which is an essential first step for understanding the neurochemical underpinnings of OS-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gao, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced brain glutathione levels during normal aging are associated with visuospatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective concentric cardiac proteostasis adaptations to chronic cAMP-stress at young ages wanes in advanced age leading to accelerated cardiac aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated proteostasis, leading to accumulation of misfolded proteins, electron-dense aggregates (lipofuscin, LF), preamyloid oligomers (PAOs), and proteotoxic stress is a hallmark of aging. We investigated how efficiently proteostatic adaptations to chronic cardiac cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent stress change with aging in mice harboring marked, cardiac-specific over-expression of adenylyl cyclase VIII (TGAC8). We assessed protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms: ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), autophagic flux via macroautophagy, and mitophagy in left ventricles (LVs) of TGAC8 and wild type littermates (WT) at 3-4 months and at 17-21 months of age. At 3-4 months of age TGAC8 mice exhibited markers of increased autophagic flux, measured by levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), p62, and their phospho-forms in TGAC8 LV; cathepsin L1 activity was also significantly increased. In addition, canonical mitophagy signaling was enhanced, as receptors PARKIN, p62S405 and p62S351 were all upregulated, confirming a more efficient proteostasis in TGAC8 at 3-4 months vs WT. In advanced age, however, the PQC mechanisms were overwhelmed by proteotoxic stress, manifested in insufficient proteasome activity and an unbalanced autophagic flux (accelerated for markers such as LC3A in the context of a slower overall flux), leading to an increase in the accumulation of protein aggregates (increased ratio of insoluble/soluble protein fractions). Although both canonical (PARKIN, p62S405 and p62S351 receptors) and non-canonical (FKBP8 receptor) mitophagy signaling were upregulated in advanced age in TGAC8, mitophagy was markedly impaired and mitochondrial dysfunction increased. Accumulation of LF bodies, of brownish-to-black pigments, and of LC3+ and p62+-inclusions of aberrant sizes, of desmin cardiac preamyloid oligomers (PAOs) and of cleaved desmin, tagged for ubiquitination, were all increased in TGAC8 compared to young TGAC8. In contrast, the rate of protein synthesis and levels of soluble aggregates were reduced in aged vs young TGAC8, a sign of "normal" aging. Thus, increased proteostatic mechanisms maintain cardiac health in TGAC8 in youth (3-4 months), but long-term exposure to chronic cardiac stress, imposed by sustained activation of the AC/cAMP/PKA/Ca2+ signaling axis, results in severely dysregulated proteostasis in TGAC8 vs WT mice, associated with proteostatic insufficiency and increased cardiomyopathy that leads to accelerated cardiac aging.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=171 SRC="FIGDIR/small/553128v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perino, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Rubio Barrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarasov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective concentric cardiac proteostasis adaptations to chronic cAMP-stress at young ages wanes in advanced age leading to accelerated cardiac aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2-O deficiency promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and CD4 hyperactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial immune modulators, yet the exact mechanism of thymic Treg development remains controversial. Here, we present the first direct evidence for H2-O, an MHC class II peptide editing molecular chaperon, on selection of thymic Tregs. We provide evidence that lack of H2-O in the thymic medulla promotes thymic Treg development and leads to an increased peripheral Treg frequency. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of splenic CD4 T cells revealed not only of an enrichment of effector-like Tregs but also of activated CD4 T cells in the absence of H2-O. Our data support two concepts; a) lack of H2-O expression in the thymic medulla creates an environment permissive to Treg development and, b) that loss of H2-O drives increased basal auto-stimulation of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in better understanding of predispositions to autoimmunity and design of therapeutics for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welsh, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2-O deficiency promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and CD4 hyperactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourcing and phylogenetic modelling reveal parrot tool use is not rare 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the prevalence of putatively rare behaviours, such as tool use, is challenging because absence of evidence can arise either from a species inability to produce the behaviour or from insufficient research effort. Here, we tackle this challenge by combining crowdsourcing and phylogenetic modelling to approximate actual rates of a rarely observed behaviour based on limited data, targeting tool use in parrots. Crowdsourcing on a social media platform revealed novel instances of tool use in 17 parrot species, more than doubling the confirmed number of tool-using parrot species from 11 (3%) to 28 (7%). Phylogenetic modelling ranked additional species that are most likely to be unobserved tool users, suggesting that between 11% and 17% of extant parrot species may be tool users. These discoveries have implications for inferences about the evolutionary drivers and origins of tool use in parrots, revealing associations with relative brain size and feeding generalism and indicating several genera where tool use was likely an ancestral trait. Overall, our findings challenge the assumption that current sampling effort captures the full distribution of putatively rare animal behaviours. Combining our sampling and analysis methods offers a fruitful approach for investigating the distribution, drivers, and origins of other rare behaviours.

This working paper has not yet been peer-reviewed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claessens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourcing and phylogenetic modelling reveal parrot tool use is not rare]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shining Light on Osteoarthritis: Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy as a Window into Cartilage Health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Articular cartilage is a complex tissue, and early detection of osteoarthritis (OA) is crucial for effective treatment. However, current imaging modalities lack molecular specificity and primarily detect late-stage changes. In this study, we propose the use of Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) for non-invasive, depth-dependent, and molecular-specific diagnostics of articular cartilage. We demonstrate the potential of SORS to penetrate deep layers of cartilage, providing a comprehensive understanding of disease progression. Our SORS measurements were characterized and validated through mechanical and histological techniques, revealing strong correlations between spectroscopic measurements and both Youngs modulus and depth of cartilage damage. By longitudinally monitoring enzymatically degraded condyles, we further developed a depth-dependent damage-tracking method. Our analysis revealed distinct components related to sample depth and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) changes, offering a comprehensive picture of cartilage health. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of SORS as a valuable tool for enhancing OA management and improving patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middendorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shining Light on Osteoarthritis: Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy as a Window into Cartilage Health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sigmoni: classification of nanopore signal with a compressed pangenome index 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in nanopore sequencing necessitate efficient classification methods, including pre-filtering and adaptive sampling algorithms that enrich for reads of interest. Signal-based approaches circumvent the computational bottleneck of basecalling. But past methods for signal-based classification do not scale efficiently to large, repetitive references like pangenomes, limiting their utility to partial references or individual genomes. We introduce Sigmoni: a rapid, multiclass classification method based on the r-index that scales to references of hundreds of Gbps. Sigmoni quantizes nanopore signal into a discrete alphabet of picoamp ranges. It performs rapid, approximate matching using matching statistics, classifying reads based on distributions of picoamp matching statistics and co-linearity statistics. Sigmoni is 10-100x faster than previous methods for adaptive sampling in host depletion experiments with improved accuracy, and can query reads against large microbial or human pangenomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sigmoni: classification of nanopore signal with a compressed pangenome index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine Release Plateau and Outcome Signals in Dorsal Striatum Contrast with Classic Reinforcement Learning Formulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recorded dopamine release signals in medial and lateral sectors of the striatum as mice learned consecutive visual cue-outcome conditioning tasks including cue association, cue discrimination, reversal, and probabilistic discrimination task versions. Dopamine release responses in medial and lateral sites exhibited learning-related changes within and across phases of acquisition. These were different for the medial and lateral sites. In neither sector could these be accounted for by classic reinforcement learning as applied to dopamine-containing neuron activity. Cue responses ranged from initial sharp peaks to modulated plateau responses. In the medial sector, outcome (reward) responses during cue conditioning were minimal or, initially, negative. By contrast, in lateral sites, strong, transient dopamine release responses occurred at both cue and outcome. Prolonged, plateau release responses to cues emerged in both regions when discriminative behavioral responses became required. In most sites, we found no evidence for a transition from outcome to cue signaling, a hallmark of temporal difference reinforcement learning as applied to midbrain dopamine activity. These findings delineate reshaping of dopamine release activity during learning and suggest that current views of reward prediction error encoding need review to accommodate distinct learning-related spatial and temporal patterns of striatal dopamine release in the dorsal striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sompolpong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybiel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine Release Plateau and Outcome Signals in Dorsal Striatum Contrast with Classic Reinforcement Learning Formulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neurogenetic toolkit to decode Anopheles gambiae olfaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae exhibits a strong innate sensory drive to seek out human scent. To detect human odorants, An. gambiae uses olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that can be divided into different classes by unique repertoires of chemoreceptor gene expression. We applied CRISPR-Cas9-mediated T2A-In Frame Fusions and the QF2/QUAS system to gain genetic access to specific OSN subsets in An. gambiae expressing the chemoreceptor genes Ir25a, Ir76b, Gr22 and orco. We first optimized methods to generate cell-type specific QF2 driver and QUAS responder lines to map expression patterns of these chemoreceptors across mosquito sensory appendages. We next applied transcuticular calcium imaging to record neurophysiological responses to select human-related odorants for each OSN class. This neurogenetic toolkit tiling OSN subsets in An. gambiae, including those responsive to CO2, stands to support systematic efforts to decode olfaction in this prolific disease vector at high-resolution to combat malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feole, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Saloum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neurogenetic toolkit to decode Anopheles gambiae olfaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trigeminal innervation and tactile responses in mouse tongue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian tongue is richly innervated with somatosensory, gustatory and motor fibers. These form the basis of many ethologically important functions such as eating, speaking and social grooming. Despite its high tactile acuity and sensitivity, the neural basis of tongue mechanosensation remains largely mysterious. Here we explored the organization of mechanosensory afferents in the tongue and found that each lingual papilla is innervated by Piezo2+ trigeminal neurons. Notably, each fungiform papilla contained highly specialized ring-like sensory neuron terminations that asymmetrically circumscribe the taste buds. Myelinated lingual afferents in the mouse lingual papillae did not form corpuscular sensory end organs but rather had only free nerve endings. In vivo single-unit recordings from the trigeminal ganglion revealed lingual low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) with conduction velocities in the A{delta} range or above and distinct adaptation properties ranging from intermediately adapting (IA) to rapidly adapting (RA). IA units were sensitive to both static indentation and stroking, while RA units had a preference for tangential forces applied by stroking. Lingual LTMRs were not directly responsive to rapid cooling or chemicals that can induce astringent or numbing sensations. Sparse labeling of lingual afferents in the tongue revealed distinct terminal morphologies and innervation patterns in fungiform and filiform papillae. Together, our results indicate that fungiform papillae are mechanosensory structures, while suggesting a simple model that links the functional and anatomical properties of tactile sensory neurons in the tongue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesler, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trigeminal innervation and tactile responses in mouse tongue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed Endocytosis-Triggering Proteins mediate Targeted Degradation and amplify signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis and lysosomal trafficking of cell surface receptors can be triggered by interaction with endogenous ligands. Therapeutic approaches such as LYTAC1,2 and KineTAC3, have taken advantage of this to target specific proteins for degradation by fusing modified native ligands to target binding proteins. While powerful, these approaches can be limited by possible competition with the endogenous ligand(s), the requirement in some cases for chemical modification that limits genetic encodability and can complicate manufacturing, and more generally, there may not be natural ligands which stimulate endocytosis through a given receptor. Here we describe general protein design approaches for designing endocytosis triggering binding proteins (EndoTags) that overcome these challenges. We present EndoTags for the IGF-2R, ASGPR, Sortillin, and Transferrin receptors, and show that fusing these tags to proteins which bind to soluble or transmembrane protein leads to lysosomal trafficking and target degradation; as these receptors have different tissue distributions, the different EndoTags could enable targeting of degradation to different tissues. The modularity and genetic encodability of EndoTags enables AND gate control for higher specificity targeted degradation, and the localized secretion of degraders from engineered cells. The tunability and modularity of our genetically encodable EndoTags should contribute to deciphering the relationship between receptor engagement and cellular trafficking, and they have considerable therapeutic potential as targeted degradation inducers, signaling activators for endocytosis-dependent pathways, and cellular uptake inducers for targeted antibody drug and RNA conjugates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin-Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misquith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piraner, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardes, G. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greisen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed Endocytosis-Triggering Proteins mediate Targeted Degradation and amplify signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rule-based modulation of a sensorimotor transformation across cortical areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible responses to sensory stimuli based on changing rules are critical for adapting to a dynamic environment. However, it remains unclear how the brain encodes rule information and uses this information to guide behavioral responses to sensory stimuli. Here, we made single-unit recordings while head-fixed mice performed a cross-modal sensory selection task in which they switched between two rules in different blocks of trials: licking in response to tactile stimuli applied to a whisker while rejecting visual stimuli, or licking to visual stimuli while rejecting the tactile stimuli. Along a cortical sensorimotor processing stream including the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory areas, and the medial (MM) and anterolateral (ALM) motor areas, the single-trial activity of individual neurons distinguished between the two rules both prior to and in response to the tactile stimulus. Variable rule-dependent responses to identical stimuli could in principle occur via appropriate configuration of pre-stimulus preparatory states of a neural population, which would shape the subsequent response. We hypothesized that neural populations in S1, S2, MM and ALM would show preparatory activity states that were set in a rule-dependent manner to cause processing of sensory information according to the current rule. This hypothesis was supported for the motor cortical areas by findings that (1) the current task rule could be decoded from pre-stimulus population activity in ALM and MM; (2) neural subspaces containing the population activity differed between the two rules; and (3) optogenetic disruption of pre-stimulus states within ALM and MM impaired task performance. Our findings indicate that flexible selection of an appropriate action in response to a sensory input can occur via configuration of preparatory states in the motor cortex.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITask rules are reflected in preparatory activity in sensory and motor cortices.
C_LIO_LINeural subspaces for processing tactile signals depend on the current task rule.
C_LIO_LIMotor cortical activity tracks rule switches and is required for flexible rule-guided behavior.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rule-based modulation of a sensorimotor transformation across cortical areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intersectin and Endophilin condensates prime synaptic vesicles for release site replenishment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter is released from dedicated sites of synaptic vesicle fusion within a synapse. Following fusion, the vacated sites are replenished immediately by new vesicles for subsequent neurotransmission. These replacement vesicles are assumed to be located near release sites and used by chance. Here, we find that replacement vesicles are clustered around this region by Intersectin-1. Specifically, Intersectin-1 forms dynamic molecular condensates with Endophilin A1 near release sites and sequesters vesicles around this region. In the absence of Intersectin-1, vesicles within 20 nm of the plasma membrane are reduced, and consequently, vacated sites cannot be replenished rapidly, leading to depression of synaptic transmission. Similarly, mutations in Intersectin-1 that disrupt Endophilin A1 binding result in similar phenotypes. However, in the absence of Endophilin, this replacement pool of vesicles is available but cannot be accessed, suggesting that Endophilin A1 is needed to mobilize these vesicles. Thus, our work describes a distinct physical region within a synapse where replacement vesicles are harbored for release site replenishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogunmowo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowrisankaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosevic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milovanovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intersectin and Endophilin condensates prime synaptic vesicles for release site replenishment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.552701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural specialization for 'visual' concepts emerges in the absence of vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.552701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision provides a key source of information about many concepts, including  living things (e.g., tiger) and visual events (e.g., sparkle). According to a prominent theoretical framework, neural specialization for different conceptual categories is shaped by sensory features, e.g., living things are neurally dissociable from navigable places because living things concepts depend more on visual features. We tested this framework by comparing the neural basis of  visual concepts across sighted (n=22) and congenitally blind (n=21) adults. Participants judged the similarity of words varying in their reliance on vision while undergoing fMRI. We compared neural responses to living things nouns (birds, mammals) and place nouns (natural, manmade). In addition, we compared visual event verbs (e.g.,  sparkle) to non-visual events (sound emission, hand motion, mouth motion). People born blind exhibited distinctive univariate and multivariate responses to living things in a temporo-parietal semantic network activated by nouns, including the precuneus (PC). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that neural selectivity for living things does not require vision. We additionally observed preserved neural signatures of  visual light events in the left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG+). Across a wide range of semantic types, neural representations of sensory concepts develop independent of sensory experience.

Significance StatementVision offers a key source of information about major conceptual categories, including animals and light emission events. Comparing neural signatures of concepts in congenitally blind and sighted people tests the contribution of visual experience to conceptual representation. Sighted and congenitally blind participants heard  visual nouns (e.g.,  tiger) and verbs (e.g.,  sparkle), as well as less visual nouns (e.g.,  barn) and verbs (e.g.,  squeak) while undergoing fMRI. Contrary to previous claims, both univariate and multivariate approaches reveal similar representations of animals and light emission verbs across groups. Across a broad range of semantic types,  visual concepts develop independent of visual experience. These results challenge theories that emphasize the role of sensory information in conceptual representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauptman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.552701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural specialization for 'visual' concepts emerges in the absence of vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-high density electrodes improve detection, yield, and cell type specificity of brain recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is essential to sensitively and accurately measure neural activity at single neuron and single spike resolution. Extracellular electrophysiology delivers this, but it has biases in the neurons it detects and it imperfectly resolves their action potentials. To minimize these limitations, we developed a silicon probe with much smaller and denser recording sites than previous designs, called Neuropixels Ultra (NP Ultra). This device samples neuronal activity at ultra-high spatial density ([~]10 times higher than previous probes) with low noise levels, while trading off recording span. NP Ultra is effectively an implantable voltage-sensing camera that captures a planar image of a neurons electrical field. We use a spike sorting algorithm optimized for these probes to demonstrate that the yield of visually-responsive neurons in recordings from mouse visual cortex improves up to [~]3-fold. We show that NP Ultra can record from small neuronal structures including axons and dendrites. Recordings across multiple brain regions and four species revealed a subset of extracellular action potentials with unexpectedly small spatial spread and axon-like features. We share a large-scale dataset of these brain-wide recordings in mice as a resource for studies of neuronal biophysics. Finally, using ground-truth identification of three major inhibitory cortical cell types, we found that these cell types were discriminable with approximately 75% success, a significant improvement over lower-resolution recordings. NP Ultra improves spike sorting performance, detection of subcellular compartments, and cell type classification to enable more powerful dissection of neural circuit activity during behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raducanu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bair, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasupathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S. r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-high density electrodes improve detection, yield, and cell type specificity of brain recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitric Oxide modulates spontaneous Ca2+ release and ventricular arrhythmias during β adrenergic signalling through S-nitrosylation of Calcium/Calmodulin dependent kinase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleNitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a signalling molecule generated during {beta}-adrenergic receptor (AR) stimulation in the heart. Furthermore, a role for NO in triggering spontaneous Ca2+ release via S-nitrosylation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II delta (CaMKII{delta}) is emerging. NO donors are routinely used clinically for their cardioprotective effects in the heart, but it is unknown how NO donors modulate the pro-arrhythmic CaMKII to alter cardiac arrhythmia incidence.

ObjectiveWe test the role of S-nitrosylation of CaMKII{delta} at the Cys-273 inhibitory site and Cys-290 activating site in cardiac Ca2+ handling and arrhythmogenesis before and during {beta}-AR stimulation.

Methods and ResultsWe measured Ca2+-handling in isolated cardiomyocytes from C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking CaMKII{delta} expression (CaMKII{delta}-KO) or with deletion of the S-nitrosylation site on CaMKII{delta} at Cys-273 or Cys-290 (CaMKII{delta}-C273S and -C290A knock-in mice). Cardiomyocytes were exposed to NO donors, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO; 150 M), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 200 M) and/or {beta}-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO; 100 nM). WT and CaMKII{delta}-KO cardiomyocytes treated with GSNO showed no change in Ca2+ transient or spark properties under baseline conditions (0.5 Hz stimulation frequency). Both WT and CaMKII{delta}-KO cardiomyocytes responded to ISO with a full inotropic and lusitropic Ca2+ transient response as well as increased Ca2+ spark frequency. However, the increase in Ca2+ spark frequency was significantly attenuated in CaMKII{delta}-KO cardiomyocytes. The protection from ISO-induced Ca2+ sparks and waves was mimicked by GSNO pre-treatment in WT cardiomyocytes, but lost in CaMKII{delta}-C273S cardiomyocytes that displayed a robust increase in Ca2+ waves. This observation is consistent with CaMKII{delta}-C273 S-nitrosylation being critical in limiting ISO-induced arrhythmogenic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak. When GSNO was applied after ISO this protection was not observed in WT or CaMKII{delta}-C273S but was apparent in CaMKII{delta}-C290A. In Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts, GSNO pre-treatment limited ISO-induced arrhythmias in WT but not CaMKII{delta}-C273S hearts, while GSNO exposure after ISO sustained or exacerbated arrhythmic events.

ConclusionsWe conclude that prior S-nitrosylation of CaMKII{delta} at Cys-273 can limit subsequent {beta}-AR induced arrhythmias, but that S-nitrosylation at Cys-290 might worsen or sustain {beta}-AR-induced arrhythmias. This has important implications for the administration of NO donors in the clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Power, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asamudo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alim, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parackal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenebe, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bers, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitric Oxide modulates spontaneous Ca2+ release and ventricular arrhythmias during β adrenergic signalling through S-nitrosylation of Calcium/Calmodulin dependent kinase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome of the Wollemi pine, a critically endangered living fossil unchanged since the Cretaceous, reveals extensive ancient transposon activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the genome of the living fossil, Wollemia nobilis, a southern hemisphere conifer morphologically unchanged since the Cretaceous. Presumed extinct until rediscovery in 1994, the Wollemi pine is critically endangered with less than 60 wild adults threatened by intensifying bushfires in the Blue Mountains of Australia. The 12 Gb genome is among the most contiguous large plant genomes assembled, with extremely low heterozygosity and unusual abundance of DNA transposons. Reduced representation and genome re-sequencing of individuals confirms a relictual population since the last major glacial/drying period in Australia, 120 ky BP. Small RNA and methylome sequencing reveal conservation of ancient silencing mechanisms despite the presence of thousands of active and abundant transposons, including some transferred horizontally to conifers from arthropods in the Jurassic. A retrotransposon burst 8-6 my BP coincided with population decline, possibly as an adaptation enhancing epigenetic diversity. Wollemia, like other conifers, is susceptible to Phytophthora, and a suite of defense genes, similar to those in loblolly pine, are targeted for silencing by sRNAs in leaves. The genome provides insight into the earliest seed plants, while enabling conservation efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, C. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondervan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumajo-Cardona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moschin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croft, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coruzzi, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome of the Wollemi pine, a critically endangered living fossil unchanged since the Cretaceous, reveals extensive ancient transposon activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-Resolved Cryo-EM Specimen Preparation with Single Millisecond Precision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular structures can be determined in vitro and in situ with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Specimen preparation is a major obstacle in cryo-EM. Typical sample preparation is orders of magnitude slower than biological processes. Time-resolved cryo-EM (TR-cryo-EM) can capture short-lived states. Here, we present Cryo-EM Sample Preparation with light-Activated Molecules (C-SPAM), an open-source, photochemistry-coupled device for TR-cryo-EM with single millisecond resolution, tunable timescales, and broad biological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montano Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-Resolved Cryo-EM Specimen Preparation with Single Millisecond Precision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effort cost of reaching prompts vigor reduction in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As people age, they move slower. Is age-related reduction in vigor a reflection of a reduced valuation of reward by the brain, or a consequence of increased effort costs by the muscles? Here, we quantified cost of movements objectively via the metabolic energy that young and old participants consumed during reaching and found that in order reach at a given speed, older adults expended more energy than the young. We next quantified how reward modulated movements in the same populations and found that like the young, older adults responded to increased reward by initiating their movements earlier. Yet, their movements were less sensitive to increased reward, resulting in little or no modulation of reach speed. Lastly, we quantified the effect of increased effort on how reward modulated movements in young adults. Like the effects of aging, when faced with increased effort the young adults responded to reward primarily by reacting faster, with little change in movement speed. Therefore, reaching required greater energetic expenditure in the elderly, suggesting that the slower movements and reactions exhibited in aging are partly driven by an adaptive response to an elevation in the energetic landscape of effort. That is, moving slower appears to be a rational economic consequence of aging.

Significance statementHealthy aging coincides with a reduction in speed, or vigor, of walking, reaching, and eye movements. Here we focused on disentangling two opposing sources of aging-related movement slowing: reduced reward sensitivity due to loss of dopaminergic tone, or increased energy expenditure movements related to mitochondrial or muscular inefficiencies. Through a series of three experiments and construction of a computational model, here we demonstrate that transient changes in reaction time and movement speed together offer a quantifiable metric to differentiate between reward- and effort-based alterations in movement vigor. Further, we suggest that objective increases in the metabolic cost of moving, not reductions in reward valuation, are driving much of the movement slowing occurring alongside healthy aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Summerside, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courter, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effort cost of reaching prompts vigor reduction in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PKC modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets CNS innate immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multiple sclerosis (MS), microglia and macrophages within the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in determining the balance between myelin repair and demyelination/neurodegeneration. Phagocytic and regenerative functions of these CNS innate immune cells support remyelination, whereas chronic and maladaptive inflammatory activation promotes lesion expansion and disability, particularly in the progressive forms of MS. No currently approved drugs convincingly target microglia and macrophages within the CNS, contributing to the critical lack of therapies promoting remyelination and slowing progression in MS. Here, we found that the protein kinase C (PKC)-modulating drug bryostatin-1 (bryo-1), a CNS-penetrant compound with an established human safety profile, produces a shift in microglia and CNS macrophage transcriptional programs from pro-inflammatory to regenerative phenotypes, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of microglia with bryo-1 prevented the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes while stimulating scavenger pathways, phagocytosis, and secretion of factors that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. In line with these findings, systemic treatment with bryo-1 augmented remyelination following a focal demyelinating injury in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential of bryo-1 and functionally related PKC modulators as myelin regenerative and neuroprotective agents in MS and other neurologic diseases through therapeutic targeting of microglia and CNS-associated macrophages.

One Sentence SummaryPKC modulation in CNS innate immune cells favors the activation of a beneficial phenotype that promotes myelin regeneration and neuroprotection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharibani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baydyuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorion, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PKC modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets CNS innate immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cells from the Bone Marrow Resist Exhaustion and Exhibit Increased Persistence in Tumor-Bearing Hosts as Compared to Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy is now an integral aspect of cancer therapy. Strategies employing adoptive cell therapy (ACT) have seen the establishment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells using peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with significant clinical results. Despite these successes, the limitations of the current strategies are also emerging and novel approaches are needed. The bone marrow (BM) is an immunological niche that houses T cells with specificity for previously encountered antigens, including tumor-associated antigens from certain solid cancers. This study sought to improve our understanding of tumor-specific BM T cells in the context of solid tumors by comparing them with TILs, and to assess whether there is a rationale for using the BM as a source of T cells for ACT against solid malignancies. Herein, we demonstrate that T cells from the BM appear superior to TILs as a source of cells for cellular therapy. Specifically, they possess a memory-enriched phenotype and exhibit improved effector function, greater persistence within a tumor-bearing host, and the capacity for increased tumor infiltration. Taken together, these data provide a foundation for further exploring the BM as a source of tumor-specific T cells for ACT in solid malignancies.

Key MessagesO_ST_ABSWhat is already known on this topicC_ST_ABSTIL therapy shows efficacy but significant limitations. T cell quality is an important determinant of responses to cellular immunotherapy.

What this study addsT cells from the BM appear superior to TILs in phenotype, transcriptional profile, and function. These differences appear driven by tissue (e.g., bone marrow as compared to tumor).

How this study might affect research, practice or policyThe BM could serve as an alternative source of cells for adoptive cellular therapy for solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zawidzka, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biavati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanettini, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrello, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cells from the Bone Marrow Resist Exhaustion and Exhibit Increased Persistence in Tumor-Bearing Hosts as Compared to Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpgH is an essential regulator of Caulobacter morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial growth and division rely on intricate regulation of morphogenetic complexes to remodel the cell envelope without compromising envelope integrity. Significant progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the regulation of cell wall metabolic enzymes. However, other cell envelope components play a role in morphogenesis as well. Components required to maintain osmotic homeostasis are among these understudied envelope-associated enzymes that may contribute to cell morphology. A primary factor required to protect envelope integrity in low osmolarity environments is OpgH, the synthase of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs). Here, we demonstrate that OpgH is essential in the -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Unexpectedly, depletion of OpgH results in striking asymmetric bulging and cell lysis, accompanied by misregulation of cell wall insertion and mislocalization of morphogenetic complexes. The enzymatic activity of OpgH is required for normal cell morphology as production of an OpgH mutant that disrupts a conserved glycosyltransferase motif phenocopies the depletion. Our data establish a surprising function for an OpgH homolog in morphogenesis and reveal an essential role of OpgH in maintaining proper cell morphology during normal growth and division in Caulobacter.

SignificanceBacteria must synthesize and fortify the cell envelope in a tightly regulated manner to orchestrate growth and adaptation. Osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) are important, but poorly understood, constituents of Gram-negative cell envelopes that contribute to envelope integrity and protect against osmotic stress. Here, we determined that the OPG synthase OpgH plays a surprising, essential role in morphogenesis in Caulobacter crescentus. Loss of OpgH causes asymmetric cell bulging and lysis via misregulation of the localization and activity of morphogenetic complexes. Because cell envelope integrity is critical for bacterial survival, understanding how OpgH activity contributes to morphogenesis could aid in the development of antibiotic therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpgH is an essential regulator of Caulobacter morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A subclass of evening cells promotes the switch from arousal to sleep at dusk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals exhibit rhythmic patterns of behavior that are shaped by an internal circadian clock and the external environment. While light intensity varies across the day, there are particularly robust differences at twilight (dawn/dusk). These periods are also associated with major changes in behavioral states, such as the transition from arousal to sleep. However, the neural mechanisms by which time and environmental conditions promote these behavioral transitions are poorly defined. Here, we show that the E1 subclass of Drosophila evening clock neurons promotes the transition from arousal to sleep at dusk. We first demonstrate that the cell-autonomous clocks of E2 neurons alone are required to drive and adjust the phase of evening anticipation, the canonical behavior associated with "evening" clock neurons. We next show that conditionally silencing E1 neurons causes a significant delay in sleep onset after dusk. However, rather than simply promoting sleep, activating E1 neurons produces time- and light- dependent effects on behavior. Activation of E1 neurons has no effect early in the day, but then triggers arousal before dusk and induces sleep after dusk. Strikingly, these phenotypes critically depend on the presence of light during the day. Despite their influence on behavior around dusk, in vivo voltage imaging of E1 neurons reveals that their spiking rate does not vary between dawn and dusk. Moreover, E1-specific clock ablation has no effect on arousal or sleep. Thus, we suggest that, rather than specifying "evening" time, E1 neurons act, in concert with other rhythmic neurons, to promote behavioral transitions at dusk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosensweig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keles, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A subclass of evening cells promotes the switch from arousal to sleep at dusk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCP Viz - A universal graphical user interface for single protein analysis in single cell proteomics datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell proteomics (SCP) requires the analysis of dozens to thousands of single human cells to draw biological conclusions. However, assessing of the abundance of single proteins in output data presents a considerable challenge, and no simple universal solutions currently exist. To address this, we developed SCP Viz, a statistical package with a graphical user interface that can handle small and large scale SCP output from any instrument or data processing software. In this software, the abundance of individual proteins can be plotted in a variety of ways, using either unadjusted or normalized outputs. These outputs can also be transformed or imputed within the software. SCP Viz offers a variety of plotting options which can help identify significantly altered proteins between groups, both before and after quantitative transformations. Upon the discovery of subpopulations of single cells, users can easily regroup the cells of interest using straightforward text-based filters. When used in this way, SCP Viz allows users to visualize proteomic heterogeneity at the level of individual proteins, cells, or identified subcellular populations. SCP Viz is compatible with output files from MaxQuant, FragPipe, SpectroNaut, and Proteome Discoverer, and should work equally well with other formats. SCP Viz is publicly available at https://github.com/orsburn/SCPViz. For demonstrations, users can download our test data from GitHub and use an online version that accepts user input for analysis at https://orsburnlab.shinyapps.io/SCPViz/.

Abstract graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warshanna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCP Viz - A universal graphical user interface for single protein analysis in single cell proteomics datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of finger control complexity and intrusion of flexor biases are dissociable in finger individuation impairment after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to control each finger independently is an essential component of human hand dexterity. A common observation of hand function impairment after stroke is the loss of this finger individuation ability, often referred to as enslavement, i.e., the unwanted coactivation of non-intended fingers in individuated finger movements. In the previous literature, this impairment has been attributed to several factors, such as the loss of corticospinal drive, an intrusion of flexor synergy due to upregulations of the subcortical pathways, and/or biomechanical constraints. These factors may or may not be mutually exclusive and are often difficult to tease apart. It has also been suggested, based on a prevailing impression, that the intrusion of flexor synergy appears to be an exaggerated pattern of the involuntary coactivations of task-irrelevant fingers seen in a healthy hand, often referred to as a flexor bias. Most previous studies, however, were based on assessments of enslavement in a single dimension (i.e., finger flexion/extension) that coincide with the flexor bias, making it difficult to tease apart the other aforementioned factors. Here, we set out to closely examine the nature of individuated finger control and finger coactivation patterns in all dimensions. Using a novel measurement device and a 3D finger-individuation paradigm, we aim to tease apart the contributions of lower biomechanical, subcortical constraints, and top-down cortical control to these patterns in both healthy and stroke hands. For the first time, we assessed all five fingers full capacity for individuation. Our results show that these patterns in the healthy and paretic hands present distinctly different shapes and magnitudes that are not influenced by biomechanical constraints. Those in the healthy hand presented larger angular distances that were dependent on top-down task goals, whereas those in the paretic hand presented larger Euclidean distances that arise from two dissociable factors: a loss of complexity in finger control and the dominance of an intrusion of flexor bias. These results suggest that finger individuation impairment after stroke is due to two dissociable factors: the loss of finger control complexity present in the healthy hand reflecting a top-down neural control strategy and an intrusion of flexor bias likely due to an upregulation of subcortical pathways. Our device and paradigm are demonstrated to be a promising tool to assess all aspects of the dexterous capacity of the hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olds, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carducci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of finger control complexity and intrusion of flexor biases are dissociable in finger individuation impairment after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering optimal kinetic pathways for self-assembly using automatic differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During self-assembly of macromolecules ranging from ribosomes to viral capsids, the formation of long-lived intermediates or kinetic traps can dramatically reduce yield of the functional products. Understanding biological mechanisms for avoiding traps and efficiently assembling is essential for designing synthetic assembly systems, but learning optimal solutions requires numerical searches in high-dimensional parameter spaces. Here, we exploit powerful automatic differentiation algorithms commonly employed by deep learning frameworks to optimize physical models of reversible self-assembly, discovering diverse solutions in the space of rate constants for 3-7 subunit complexes. We define two biologically-inspired protocols that prevent kinetic trapping through either internal design of subunit binding kinetics or external design of subunit titration in time. Our third protocol acts to recycle intermediates, mimicking energy-consuming enzymes. Preventative solutions via interface design are the most efficient and scale better with more subunits, but external control via titration or recycling are effective even for poorly evolved binding kinetics. Whilst all protocols can produce good solutions, diverse subunits always helps; these complexes access more efficient solutions when following external control protocols, and are simpler to design for internal control, as molecular interfaces do not need modification during assembly given sufficient variation in dimerization rates. Our results identify universal scaling in the cost of kinetic trapping, and provide multiple strategies for eliminating trapping and maximizing assembly yield across large parameter spaces.

SIGNIFICANCEMacromolecular complexes are frequently composed of diverse subunits. While evolution may favor repeated subunits and symmetry, we show how diversity in subunits generates an expansive parameter space that naturally improves the  expressivity of self-assembly, much like a deeper neural network. By using automatic differentiation algorithms commonly used in deep learning, we searched these parameter spaces to identify classes of kinetic protocols that mimic biological solutions for productive self-assembly. Our results reveal how high-yield complexes that easily become kinetically trapped in incomplete intermediates can instead be steered by internal design of rate constants or external and active control of subunits to efficiently assemble, exploiting nonequilibrium control of these ubiquitous dynamical systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loggia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering optimal kinetic pathways for self-assembly using automatic differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene count normalization in single-cell imaging-based spatially resolved transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in imaging-based spatially resolved transcriptomics (im-SRT) technologies now enable high-throughput profiling of targeted genes and their locations in fixed tissues. Normalization of gene expression data is often needed to account for technical factors that may confound underlying biological signals. Here, we investigate the potential impact of different gene count normalization methods with different targeted gene panels in the analysis and interpretation of im-SRT data. Using different simulated gene panels that overrepresent genes expressed in specific tissue regions or cell types, we demonstrate how normalization methods based on detected gene counts per cell differentially impact normalized gene expression magnitudes in a region- or cell type-specific manner. We show that these normalization-induced effects may reduce the reliability of downstream analyses including differential gene expression, gene fold change, and spatially variable gene analysis, introducing false positive and false negative results when compared to results obtained from gene panels that are more representative of the gene expression of the tissues component cell types. These effects are not observed with normalization approaches that do not use detected gene counts for gene expression magnitude adjustment, such as with cell volume or cell area normalization. We recommend using non-gene count-based normalization approaches when feasible and evaluating gene panel representativeness before using gene count-based normalization methods if necessary. Overall, we caution that the choice of normalization method and gene panel may impact the biological interpretation of the im-SRT data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene count normalization in single-cell imaging-based spatially resolved transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ras-mediated homeostatic control of front-back signaling dictates cell polarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in the model systems, Dictyostelium amoebae and HL-60 neutrophils, have shown that local Ras activity directly regulates cell motility or polarity. Localized Ras activation on the membrane is spatiotemporally regulated by its activators, RasGEFs, and inhibitors, RasGAPs, which might be expected to create a stable  front and  back, respectively, in migrating cells. Focusing on C2GAPB in amoebae and RASAL3 in neutrophils, we investigated how Ras activity along the cortex controls polarity. Since existing gene knockout and overexpression studies can be circumvented, we chose optogenetic approaches to assess the immediate, local effects of these Ras regulators on the cell cortex. In both cellular systems, optically targeting the respective RasGAPs to the cell front extinguished existing protrusions and changed the direction of migration, as might be expected. However, when the expression of C2GAPB was induced globally, amoebae polarized within hours. Furthermore, within minutes of globally recruiting either C2GAPB in amoebae or RASAL3 in neutrophils, each cell type polarized and moved more rapidly. Targeting the RasGAPs to the cell backs exaggerated these effects on migration and polarity. Overall, in both cell types, RasGAP-mediated polarization was brought about by increased actomyosin contractility at the back and sustained, localized F-actin polymerization at the front. These experimental results were accurately captured by computational simulations in which Ras levels control front and back feedback loops. The discovery that context-dependent Ras activity on the cell cortex has counterintuitive, unanticipated effects on cell polarity can have important implications for future drug-design strategies targeting oncogenic Ras.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borleis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ras-mediated homeostatic control of front-back signaling dictates cell polarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic modulation of signaling at cell membrane: Waveform- and time-dependent electric control of ERK dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different exogenous electric fields (EF) can guide cell migration, disrupt proliferation, and program cell development. Studies have shown that many of these processes were initiated at the cell membrane, but the mechanism has been unclear, especially for conventionally non-excitable cells. In this study, we focus on the electrostatic aspects of EF coupling with the cell membrane by eliminating Faradaic processes with dielectric-coated microelectrodes, and show that the ERK signaling pathway of epithelial cells (MCF10A) can be both inhibited and activated by AC EF with different amplitude thresholds, peaking times and refractory periods. Interestingly, the ERK responses were sensitive to the waveform and timing of EF stimulation pulses, depicting the characteristics of electrostatic and dissipative interactions. Blocker tests and correlated changes of active Ras on the cell membrane with ERK signals indicated that both EGFR and Ras were involved in the rich ERK dynamics induced by EF. We propose that the frequency-dependent dielectric relaxation process could be an important mechanism to couple EF energy to the cell membrane region and modulate membrane protein-initiated signaling pathways, which can be further explored to precisely control cell behavior and fate with high temporal and spatial resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic modulation of signaling at cell membrane: Waveform- and time-dependent electric control of ERK dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Toxoplasma gondii putative arginine transporter localizes to the plant-like vacuolar compartment and controls parasite extracellular survival and stage differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects a broad spectrum of hosts and can colonize many organs and cell types. The ability to reside within a wide range of different niches requires substantial adaptability to diverse microenvironments. Very little is known about how this parasite senses various milieus and adapts its metabolism to survive, replicate during the acute stage, and then differentiate to the chronic stage. Most eukaryotes, from yeast to mammals, rely on a nutrient sensing machinery involving the TORC complex as master regulator of cell growth and cell cycle progression. The lysosome functions as a signaling hub where TORC complex assembles and is activated by transceptors, which both sense and transport amino acids, including the arginine transceptor SLC38A9. While most of the TORC components are lost in T. gondii, indicating the evolution of a distinct nutrient sensing mechanism, the parasites lysosomal plant-like vacuolar compartment (PLVAC) may still serve as a sensory platform for controlling parasite growth and differentiation. Using SLC38A9 to query the T. gondii proteome, we identified four putative amino acid transporters, termed TgAAT1-4, that structurally resemble the SLC38A9 arginine transceptor. Assessing their expression and sub-cellular localization, we found that one of them, TgAAT1, localized to the PLVAC and is necessary for normal parasite extracellular survival and bradyzoite differentiation. Moreover, we show that TgAAT1 is involved in the PLVAC efflux of arginine, an amino acid playing a key role in T. gondii differentiation, further supporting the hypothesis that TgAAT1 might play a role in nutrient sensing.

IMPORTANCET. gondii is a highly successful parasite infecting a broad range of warm-blood organisms including about one third of all humans. Although Toxoplasma infections rarely result in symptomatic disease in individuals with a healthy immune system, the incredibly high number of persons infected along with the risk of severe infection in immunocompromised patients and the potential link of chronic infection to mental disorders make this infection a significant public health concern. As a result, there is a pressing need for new treatment approaches that are both effective and well-tolerated. The limitations in understanding how Toxoplasma gondii manages its metabolism to adapt to changing environments and triggers its transformation into bradyzoites have hindered the discovery of vulnerabilities in its metabolic pathways or nutrient acquisition mechanisms to identify new therapeutic targets. In this work, we have shown that the lysosome-like organelle PLVAC, acting through the putative arginine transporter TgAAT1, plays a pivotal role in regulating the parasites extracellular survival and differentiation into bradyzoites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focaia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cristina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Toxoplasma gondii putative arginine transporter localizes to the plant-like vacuolar compartment and controls parasite extracellular survival and stage differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoskeletal activation of NHE1 regulates cell volume and DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian cells can rapidly respond to osmotic and hydrostatic pressure imbalances during an environmental change, generating large fluxes of water and ions that alter cell volume within minutes. While the role of ion pump and leak in cell volume regulation has been well-established, the potential contribution of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and its interplay with ion transporters is unclear. We discovered a cell volume regulation system that is controlled by cytoskeletal activation of ion transporters. After a hypotonic shock, normal-like cells (NIH-3T3, MCF-10A, and others) display a slow secondary volume increase (SVI) following the immediate regulatory volume decrease. We show that SVI is initiated by hypotonic stress induced Ca2+ influx through stretch activated channel Piezo1, which subsequently triggers actomyosin remodeling. The actomyosin network further activates NHE1 through their synergistic linker ezrin, inducing SVI after the initial volume recovery. We find that SVI is absent in cancer cell lines such as HT1080 and MDA-MB-231, where volume regulation is dominated by intrinsic response of ion transporters. A similar cytoskeletal activation of NHE1 can also be achieved by mechanical stretching. On compliant substrates where cytoskeletal contractility is attenuated, SVI generation is abolished. Moreover, cytoskeletal activation of NHE1 during SVI triggers nuclear deformation, leading to a significant, immediate transcriptomic change in 3T3 cells, a phenomenon that is again absent in HT1080 cells. While hypotonic shock hinders ERK-dependent cell growth, cells deficient in SVI are unresponsive to such inhibitory effects. Overall, our findings reveal the critical role of Ca2+ and actomyosin-mediated mechanosensation in the regulation of ion transport, cell volume, transcriptomics, and cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ni, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasconcelosi, A. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoskeletal activation of NHE1 regulates cell volume and DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling of Schlemm's canal cells reveals a lymphatic-biased identity and three major cell states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schlemms canal (SC) is central in intraocular pressure regulation but requires much characterization. It has distinct inner and outer walls, each composed of Schlemms canal endothelial cells (SECs) with different morphologies and functions. Recent transcriptomic studies of the anterior segment added important knowledge, but were limited in power by SEC numbers or did not focus on SC. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of SC biology, we performed bulk RNA sequencing on C57BL/6J SC, blood vessel, and lymphatic endothelial cells from limbal tissue ([~]4500 SECs). We also analyzed mouse limbal tissues by single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (C57BL/6J and 129/Sj strains), successfully sequencing 903 individual SECs. Together, these datasets confirm that SC has molecular characteristics of both blood and lymphatic endothelia with a lymphatic phenotype predominating. SECs are enriched in pathways that regulate cell-cell junction formation pointing to the importance of junctions in determining SC fluid permeability. Importantly, and for the first time, our analyses characterize 3 molecular classes of SECs, molecularly distinguishing inner wall from outer wall SECs and discovering two inner wall cell states that likely result from local environmental differences. Further, and based on ligand and receptor expression patterns, we document key interactions between SECs and cells of the adjacent trabecular meshwork (TM) drainage tissue. Also, we present cell type expression for a collection of human glaucoma genes. These data provide a new molecular foundation that will enable the functional dissection of key homeostatic processes mediated by SECs as well as the development of new glaucoma therapeutics.

Significance statementSchlemms canal is a critical ocular drainage structure that maintains intraocular pressure with important consequences for glaucoma. Despite this, Schlemms canal has been relatively understudied with the molecular process that mediate its function, maintain its health, or that are compromised in glaucoma needing much deeper characterization. This study is important as it provides the most comprehensive molecular characterization of Schlemms canal cells to date providing a wealth of molecular details. In addition to highlighting important biological pathways, this information will guide studies to develop new treatments against glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling of Schlemm's canal cells reveals a lymphatic-biased identity and three major cell states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AP profiling resolves co-translational folding pathway and chaperone interactions in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural proteins have evolved to fold robustly along specific pathways. Folding begins during synthesis, guided by interactions of the nascent protein with the ribosome and molecular chaperones. However, the timing and progression of co-translational folding remain largely elusive, in part because the process is difficult to measure in the natural environment of the cytosol. We developed a high-throughput method to quantify co-translational folding in live cells that we term Arrest Peptide profiling (AP profiling). We employed AP profiling to delineate co-translational folding for a set of GTPase domains with very similar structures, defining how topology shapes folding pathways. Genetic ablation of major nascent chain-binding chaperones resulted in localized folding changes that suggest how functional redundancies among chaperones are achieved by distinct interactions with the nascent protein. Collectively, our studies provide a window into cellular folding pathways of complex proteins and pave the way for systematic studies on nascent protein folding at unprecedented resolution and throughput.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AP profiling resolves co-translational folding pathway and chaperone interactions in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galvanic vs. Pulsatile Effects on Decision-Making Networks: Reshaping the Neural Activation Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.Primarily due to safety concerns, biphasic pulsatile stimulation is the present standard for electrical excitation of neural tissue with a diverse set of applications. While pulses have been shown to be effective to achieve functional outcomes, they have well-known deficits. Due to recent technical advances, galvanic stimulation, delivery of current for extended periods of time (>1s), has re-emerged as an alternative to pulsatile stimulation. In this paper, we use a winner-take-all decision-making cortical network model to investigate differences between pulsatile and galvanic stimulation in the context of a perceptual decision-making task. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that galvanic stimulation would produce more spatiotemporally distributed, network-sensitive neural responses, while pulsatile stimulation would produce highly synchronized activation of a limited group of neurons. Our results in-silico support these hypotheses for low-amplitude galvanic stimulation but deviate when galvanic amplitudes are large enough to directly activate or block nearby neurons. We conclude that with careful parametrization, galvanic stimulation could overcome some limitations of pulsatile stimulation to deliver more naturalistic firing patterns in the group of targeted neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adkisson, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galvanic vs. Pulsatile Effects on Decision-Making Networks: Reshaping the Neural Activation Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HCN channels sense temperature and determine heart rate responses to heat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart rate increases with heat, [1-3] constituting a fundamental physiological relationship in vertebrates. Each normal heartbeat is initiated by an action potential generated in a sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are enriched with hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (HCN) that deliver cell membrane depolarizing inward current that triggers action potentials. HCN channel current increases due to cAMP binding, a mechanism coupling adrenergic tone to physiological  fight or flight heart rate acceleration. However, the mechanism(s) for heart rate response to thermal energy is unknown. We used thermodynamical and homology computational modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and mouse models to identify a concise motif on the S4-S5 linker of the cardiac pacemaker HCN4 channels (M407/Y409) that determines HCN4 current (If) and cardiac pacemaker cell responses to heat. This motif is required for heat sensing in cardiac pacemaker cells and in isolated hearts. In contrast, the cyclic nucleotide binding domain is not required for heat induced HCN4 current increases. However, a loss of function M407/Y409 motif mutation prevented normal heat and cAMP responses, suggesting that heat sensing machinery is essential for operating the cAMP allosteric pathway and is central to HCN4 modulation. The M407/Y409 motif is conserved across all HCN family members suggesting that HCN channels participate broadly in coupling heat to changes in cell membrane excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HCN channels sense temperature and determine heart rate responses to heat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.555754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining RNA oligonucleotides that reverse deleterious phase transitions of RNA-binding proteins with prion-like domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.555754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins with prion-like domains, such as FUS and TDP-43, condense into functional liquids, which can transform into pathological fibrils that underpin fatal neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we define short RNAs (24-48 nucleotides) that prevent FUS fibrillization by promoting liquid phases, and distinct short RNAs that prevent and, remarkably, reverse FUS condensation and fibrillization. These activities require interactions with multiple RNA-binding domains of FUS and are encoded by RNA sequence, length, and structure. Importantly, we define a short RNA that dissolves aberrant cytoplasmic FUS condensates, restores nuclear FUS, and mitigates FUS proteotoxicity in optogenetic models and human motor neurons. Another short RNA dissolves aberrant cytoplasmic TDP-43 condensates, restores nuclear TDP-43, and mitigates TDP-43 proteotoxicity. Since short RNAs can be effectively delivered to the human brain, these oligonucleotides could have therapeutic utility for ALS/FTD and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauna, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubien, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odeh, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleixner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavorando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.555754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining RNA oligonucleotides that reverse deleterious phase transitions of RNA-binding proteins with prion-like domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hopanoid lipids promote soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The symbioses between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia are well known for promoting plant growth and sustainably increasing soil nitrogen. Recent evidence indicates that hopanoids, a family of steroid-like lipids, promote Bradyrhizobium symbioses with tropical legumes. To characterize hopanoids in Bradyrhizobium symbiosis with soybean, the most economically significant Bradyrhizobium host, we validated a recently published cumate-inducible hopanoid mutant of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110, Pcu-shc::{Delta}shc. GC-MS analysis showed that this strain does not produce hopanoids without cumate induction, and under this condition, is impaired in growth in rich medium and under osmotic, temperature, and pH stress. In planta, Pcu-shc::{Delta}shc is an inefficient soybean symbiont with significantly lower rates of nitrogen fixation and low survival within host tissue. RNA-seq revealed that hopanoid loss reduces expression of flagellar motility and chemotaxis-related genes, further confirmed by swim plate assays, and enhances expression of genes related to nitrogen metabolism and protein secretion. These results suggest that hopanoids provide a significant fitness advantage to B. diazoefficiens in legume hosts and provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies of hopanoid function in protein secretion and motility.

IMPORTANCEA major problem for global sustainability is feeding our exponentially growing human population while available arable land is decreasing, especially in areas with the greatest population growth. Harnessing the power of plant-beneficial microbes has gained attention as a potential solution, including the increasing our reliance on the symbioses of leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. This study examines the role of hopanoid lipids in the symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110, an important commercial inoculant strain, and its economically important host soybean. Our research extends our knowledge of the functions of bacterial lipids in symbiosis to an agricultural context, which may one day help improve the practical applications of plant-beneficial microbes in agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hopanoid lipids promote soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.555810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enriched Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing reveals unique attributes of distal convoluted tubule cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.555810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe distal convoluted tubule (DCT) comprises two subsegments, DCT1 and DCT2, with different functional and molecular characteristics. The functional and molecular distinction between these segments, however, has been controversial.

MethodsTo understand the heterogeneity within the DCT population with better clarity, we enriched for DCT nuclei by using a mouse line combining "Isolation of Nuclei TAgged in specific Cell Types" and NCC (sodium chloride cotransporter)-driven inducible Cre recombinase. We sorted the fluorescently labeled DCT nuclei using Fluorescence-Activated Nucleus Sorting, and performed single nucleus transcriptomics.

ResultsAmong 25,183 DCT cells, 70% were from DCT1 and 30% from DCT2. Additionally, there was a small population (<1%) enriched in proliferation-related genes, such asTop2a, Cenpp, and Mki67. Both DCT1 and DCT2 express NCC, magnesium transport genes are more abundant along DCT1; whereas calcium, electrogenic sodium and potassium transport genes are more abundant along DCT2. The transition between these two segments are gradual with a transitional zone where DCT1 and DCT2 cells are interspersed. The expression of the homeobox genes is not consistent between all DCT cells, suggesting that they develop along different trajectories.

ConclusionTranscriptomics analysis of an enriched rare cell population using genetically targeted approach offers better clarification of the function and classification. The DCT segment is short, yet, can be separated into two sub-types that serve distinct functions, and are speculated to derive from different origins during development.

Significance StatementHigh-resolution snRNAseq data indicate a clear separation between primary sites of calcium and magnesium handling within DCT. Both DCT1 and DCT2 express Slc12a3, but these subsegments serve distinctive functions, with more abundant magnesium handling genes along DCT1 and more calcium handling genes along DCT2. The data also provides insight into the plasticity of the distal nephron-collecting duct junction, formed from cells of separate embryonic origins. By focusing/changing gradients of gene expression, the DCT can morph into different physiological cell states on demand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lackey, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welling, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.555810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enriched Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing reveals unique attributes of distal convoluted tubule cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.553268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent alterations in the tumor microenvironment of MYC-driven human and murine prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.553268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tissue microenvironment in prostate cancer is profoundly altered. While such alterations have been implicated in driving prostate cancer initiation and progression to aggressive disease, how prostate cancer cells and their precursors mediate those changes is unclear, in part due to the inability to longitudinally study the disease evolution in human tissues. To overcome this limitation, we performed extensive single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and rigorous molecular pathology of the comparative biology between human prostate cancer and key time points in the disease evolution of a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of prostate cancer. Our studies of human tissues, with validation in a large external data set, revealed that cancer cell-intrinsic activation of MYC signaling was the top up-regulated pathway in human cancers, representing a common denominator across the well-known molecular and pathological heterogeneity of human prostate cancer. Likewise, numerous non-malignant cell states in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including non-cancerous epithelial, immune, and fibroblast cell compartments, were conserved across individuals, raising the possibility that these cell types may be a sequelae of the convergent MYC activation in the cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we employed a GEMM of prostate epithelial cell-specific MYC activation in two mouse strains. Cell communication network and pathway analyses suggested that MYC oncogene-expressing neoplastic cells, directly and indirectly, reprogrammed the TME during carcinogenesis, leading to the emergence of cascading cell state alterations in neighboring epithelial, immune, and fibroblast cell types that paralleled key findings in human prostate cancer. Importantly, among these changes, the progression from a precursor-enriched to invasive-cancer-enriched state was accompanied by a cell-intrinsic switch from pro-immunogenic to immunosuppressive transcriptional programs with coinciding enrichment of immunosuppressive myeloid and Treg cells in the immune microenvironment. These findings implicate activation of MYC signaling in reshaping convergent aspects of the TME of prostate cancer as a common denominator across the otherwise well-documented molecular heterogeneity of human prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wodu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sysa-Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuebel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieberich, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupold, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.553268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent alterations in the tumor microenvironment of MYC-driven human and murine prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subchronic exposure to ambient PM2.5 impairs novelty recognition and spatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Air pollution remains a great challenge for public health, with the detrimental effects of air pollution on cardiovascular, rhinosinusitis, and pulmonary health increasingly well understood. Recent epidemiological associations point to the adverse effects of air pollution on cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Mouse models of subchronic exposure to PM2.5 (ambient air particulate matter < 2.5 {micro}m) provide an opportunity to demonstrate the causality of target diseases. Here, we subchronically exposed mice to concentrated ambient PM2.5 for 7 weeks (5 days/week; 8h/day) and assessed its effect on behavior using standard tests measuring cognition or anxiety-like behaviors. Average daily PM2.5 concentration was 200 {micro}g/m3 in the PM2.5 group and 10 {micro}g/m3 in the filtered air group. The novel object recognition (NOR) test was used to assess the effect of PM2.5 exposure on recognition memory. The increase in exploration time for a novel object versus a familiarized object was lower for PM2.5-exposed mice (42% increase) compared to the filtered air (FA) control group (110% increase). In addition, the calculated discrimination index for novel object recognition was significantly higher in FA mice (67 %) compared to PM2.5 exposed mice (57.3%). The object location test (OLT) was used to examine the effect of PM2.5 exposure on spatial memory. In contrast to the FA-exposed control mice, the PM2.5 exposed mice exhibited no significant increase in their exploration time between novel location versus familiarized location indicating their deficit in spatial memory. Furthermore, the discrimination index for novel location was significantly higher in FA mice (62.6%) compared to PM2.5 exposed mice (51%). Overall, our results demonstrate that subchronic exposure to higher levels of PM2.5 in mice causes impairment of novelty recognition and spatial memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subchronic exposure to ambient PM2.5 impairs novelty recognition and spatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"Surviving and Thriving": Evidence for Cortical GABA Stabilization in Cognitively-Intact Oldest-Old Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical GABA levels are reduced in older age; age-related differences in GABA may be associated with age-related cognitive change. The nature of age-related GABA differences in the highest-functioning stratum of the oldest-old (85+) population is not yet known. We extend our previously-reported Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of GABA levels (Porges et al., 2021) across the lifespan with four novel datasets sampling the cognitively-intact oldest-old. The slope of age-related GABA differences in cognitively-intact oldest-old adults flattens after roughly age 80. We interpret these findings as an effect of survivorship: inclusion in the study required intact cognition, and too great a reduction of GABA levels may not be compatible with neurophysiological function needed for intact cognition. This work contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that successful cognitive aging may require intact GABAergic function, as well as further characterizing successful aging amongst oldest-old adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchetti, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raichlen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessup, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hishaw, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Etten, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouard, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geldmacher, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadley, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alperin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rundek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Surviving and Thriving": Evidence for Cortical GABA Stabilization in Cognitively-Intact Oldest-Old Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate FtsZ function in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cell division is crucial for replication and requires careful coordination via a complex set of proteins collectively known as the divisome. The tubulin-like GTPase FtsZ is the master regulator of this process and serves to recruit downstream divisome proteins and regulate their activities. Upon arrival at mid-cell, FtsZ associates with the membrane via anchoring proteins and exhibits treadmilling motion, driven by its GTP binding and hydrolysis activities. Treadmilling is proposed to play a role in Z-ring condensation, as well as in distribution and regulation of peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall remodeling enzymes. FtsZ polymer superstructure and dynamics are central to its function, yet their regulation is incompletely understood. We sought to address these gaps in knowledge by modulating intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of FtsZ and evaluating their effects in vitro and in cells, alone and in combination. To do this, we leveraged the cell cycle control features of Caulobacter crescentus. We observed that Caulobacter FtsZ variants that abrogate GTP hydrolysis impact FtsZ dynamics and Z-ring positioning, with little to no effect on Z-ring structure or constriction. Production of an FtsZ variant lacking its disordered C-terminal linker ({Delta}CTL) resulted in aberrant Z-ring dynamics and morphology, misregulated PG metabolism, and cell lysis. Combining {Delta}CTL and GTPase mutations was additive, suggesting they each act independently to control the Z-ring. Modulating levels of FtsA resulted in formation of multiple Z-rings that failed to constrict, suggesting roles in regulating both FtsZ superstructure and the activity of downstream divisome components. Collectively, our results indicate that GTP hydrolysis serves primarily to position the Z-ring at mid-cell, the CTL regulates both Z-ring structure and downstream signaling, and FtsA contributes to all aspects of FtsZ assembly and function. The additive effects of these elements are required to support robust and efficient cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrows, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavera-Figueroa, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate FtsZ function in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.555215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequencing Based Analysis of Inflammation Biomarkers in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.555215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the role of inflammatory processes in many diseases and conditions. Sequencing based analyses of such biomarkers can also serve as an exemplar of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. To evaluate the biological insight, which can be provided by a multi-ancestry, whole-genome based association study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of 21 inflammation biomarkers from up to 38,465 individuals with whole-genome sequencing from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We identified 22 distinct single-variant associations across 6 traits - E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and mass, and P-selectin - that remained significant after conditioning on previously identified associations for these inflammatory biomarkers. We further expanded upon known biomarker associations by pairing the single-variant analysis with a rare variant set-based analysis that further identified 19 significant rare variant set-based associations with 5 traits. These signals were distinct from both significant single variant association signals within TOPMed and genetic signals observed in prior studies, demonstrating the complementary value of performing both single and rare variant analyses when analyzing quantitative traits. We also confirm several previously reported signals from semi-quantitative proteomics platforms. Many of these signals demonstrate the extensive allelic heterogeneity and ancestry-differentiated variant-trait associations common for inflammation biomarkers, a characteristic we hypothesize will be increasingly observed with well-powered, large-scale analyses of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Buren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manansala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polfus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratte, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraday, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norwood, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raf</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.555215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequencing Based Analysis of Inflammation Biomarkers in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease related changes in ATAC-Seq of more than 450 iPSC-derived motor neuron lines from ALS patients and controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), like many other neurodegenerative diseases, is highly heritable, but with only a small fraction of cases explained by monogenic disease alleles. To better understand sporadic ALS, we report epigenomic profiles, as measured by ATAC-seq, of motor neuron cultures derived from a diverse group of 380 ALS patients and 80 healthy controls. We find that chromatin accessibility is heavily influenced by sex, the iPSC cell type of origin, ancestry, and the inherent variance arising from sequencing. Once these covariates are corrected for, we are able to identify robust ALS-specific signals in the data. Additionally, we find that the ATAC-seq data is able to predict ALS disease progression rates with similar accuracy to methods based on biomarkers and clinical status. These results suggest that iPSC-derived motor neurons recapitulate important disease-relevant epigenomic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsitkov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozareva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Answer ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease related changes in ATAC-Seq of more than 450 iPSC-derived motor neuron lines from ALS patients and controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of interferon signaling by transposon exonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryInnate immune signaling is essential for clearing pathogens and damaged cells, and must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive inflammation or autoimmunity. Here, we found that the alternative splicing of exons derived from transposable elements is a key mechanism controlling immune signaling in human cells. By analyzing long-read transcriptome datasets, we identified numerous transposon exonization events predicted to generate functional protein variants of immune genes, including the type I interferon receptor IFNAR2. We demonstrated that the transposon-derived isoform of IFNAR2 is more highly expressed than the canonical isoform in almost all tissues, and functions as a decoy receptor that potently inhibits interferon signaling including in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our findings uncover a primate-specific axis controlling interferon signaling and show how a transposon exonization event can be co-opted for immune regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasquesi, G. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivancevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbachano-Guerrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitler, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of interferon signaling by transposon exonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.556394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DBT is a metabolic switch for maintenance of proteostasis under proteasomal impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.556394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteotoxic stress impairs cellular homeostasis and underlies the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The proteasomal and autophagic degradation of proteins are two major pathways for protein quality control in the cell. Here, we report a genome-wide CRISPR screen uncovering a major regulator of cytotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of the proteasome. Dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT) was found to be a robust suppressor, the loss of which protects against proteasome inhibition-associated cell death through promoting clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Loss of DBT altered the metabolic and energetic status of the cell and resulted in activation of autophagy in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism in the presence of proteasomal inhibition. Loss of DBT protected against proteotoxicity induced by ALS-linked mutant TDP-43 in Drosophila and mammalian neurons. DBT is upregulated in the tissues from ALS patients. These results demonstrate that DBT is a master switch in the metabolic control of protein quality control with implications in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, R.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.556394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DBT is a metabolic switch for maintenance of proteostasis under proteasomal impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X chromosome encoded histone demethylase UTX regulates mammalian axon regeneration via microRNA-124 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation of neuronal transcriptomic landscape is emerging to be a key coordinator of mammalian neural regeneration. Here we investigated roles of two histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylases Kdm6a/b in controlling neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Deleting either Kdm6a or Kdm6b led to enhanced sensory axon regeneration in the PNS, whereas in the CNS only deleting Kdm6a in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) significantly enhanced optic nerve regeneration. Moreover, both Kdm6a and Kdm6b functioned to regulate RGC survival but with different mechanisms. Mechanistically, Kdm6a regulates RGC regeneration via distinct pathway from that of Pten and co-deleting Kdm6a and Pten resulted in long distance optic nerve regeneration passing the optic chiasm. In addition, RNA-seq profiling revealed that Kdm6a deletion switched the RGC transcriptomics into a developmental-like state and suppressed several known repressors of neural regeneration. Klf4 was identified as a direct downstream target of Kdm6a-H3K27me3 signaling in both sensory neurons and RGCs to regulate axon regeneration. These findings not only revealed different roles of Kdm6a and Kdm6b in regulation of neural regeneration and their underlying mechanisms, but also identified Kdm6a- mediated histone demethylation signaling as a novel epigenetic target for supporting CNS neural regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijilafu,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X chromosome encoded histone demethylase UTX regulates mammalian axon regeneration via microRNA-124]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rat Wetness Response: Sensory Cues, Behavior & Fur-based Drying 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It never rains in standard lab-confinements; thus we have limited understanding of animal reactions to water and wetness. To address this issue, we sprayed water on different body parts of rats and measured drying and fur temperature by thermal imaging while manipulating behavior, sensory cues and fur. Spraying water on rats resulted in fur changes (hair clumping, apex formation), grooming, shaking, and scratching. Anesthesia abolished behavioral responses, interfered with fur changes, and slowed drying. Spraying water on different body parts resulted in differential behavioral drying responses. Spraying the head resulted in grooming and shaking responses; water evaporated twice as fast as water sprayed on the animals back or belly. We observed no effect of whisker removal on post-water-spraying behavior. In contrast, local anesthesia of dorsal facial skin reduced post-water-spraying behavioral responses. Shaving of head fur drastically enhanced post-water-spraying behaviors, but reduced water loss during drying; indicating that fur promotes evaporation, acting in tandem with behavior to mediate drying. Excised wet fur patches dried and cooled faster than shaved excised wet skin. Water was sucked into distal hair tips, where it evaporated. We propose the wet-fur-heat-pump-hypothesis; fur might extract heat required for drying by cooling ambient air.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=186 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/557175v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ea8b80org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6ca3d9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@78fccdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11d0c83_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triumph Attah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negron-Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amigo-Duran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenngott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rat Wetness Response: Sensory Cues, Behavior & Fur-based Drying]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring, visualizing and diagnosing reference bias with biastools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bioinformatics methods seek to reduce reference bias, but no methods exist to comprehensively measure it. Biastools analyzes and categorizes instances of reference bias. It works in various scenarios, i.e. (a) when the donors variants are known and reads are simulated, (b) when donor variants are known and reads are real, and (c) when variants are unknown and reads are real. Using biastools, we observe that more inclusive graph genomes result in fewer biased sites. We find that end-to-end alignment reduces bias at indels relative to local aligners. Finally, we use biastools to characterize how T2T references improve large-scale bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring, visualizing and diagnosing reference bias with biastools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secreted footprints let cells switch between confined, oscillatory, and exploratory migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For eukaryotic cells to heal wounds, respond to immune signals, or metastasize, they must migrate, often by adhering to extracellular matrix. Cells may also deposit extracellular matrix components, leaving behind a footprint that influences their crawling. Recent experiments showed that some epithelial cells on micropatterned adhesive stripes move persistently in regions they have previously crawled over, where footprints have been formed, but barely advance into unexplored regions, creating an oscillatory migration of increasing amplitude. Here, we explore through mathematical modeling how footprint deposition and cell responses to footprint combine to allow cells to develop oscillation and other complex migratory motions. We simulate cell crawling with a phase field model coupled to a biochemical model of cell polarity, assuming local contact with the deposited footprint activates Rac1, a protein that establishes the cells front. Depending on footprint deposition rate and response to the footprint, cells on micropatterned lines can display many types of motility, including confined, oscillatory, and persistent motion. On two-dimensional substrates, we predict a transition between cells undergoing circular motion and cells developing an exploratory phenotype. Small quantitative changes in a cells interaction with its footprint can completely alter exploration, allowing cells to tightly regulate their motion, leading to different motility phenotypes (confined vs exploratory) in different cells when deposition or sensing is variable from cell to cell. Consistent with our computational predictions, we find in earlier experimental data evidence of cells undergoing both circular and exploratory motion.

Significance StatementRecent experiments showed that epithelial cells modify and sense their local environment, creating a footprint that guides their own motion. Here, we explore how these deposited footprints regulate cell motility. We can recapitulate earlier experimental results with a model that assumes the footprint activates proteins that establish the cell front. We find that cells can use their footprints to change how they explore their surroundings, and that small changes in sensing or depositing footprint can switch the cell from being trapped to being able to explore new environments easily. We find both behaviors in experimental data, suggesting that cells can exhibit multiple crawling behaviors depending on how they deposit and respond to their foot-print.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ipina, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladoux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secreted footprints let cells switch between confined, oscillatory, and exploratory migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking Gba1 E326K mutation to microglia activation and mild age-dependent dopaminergic Neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the GBA1 gene have been identified as a prevalent genetic risk factor for Parkinsons disease (PD). GBA1 mutations impair enzymatic activity, leading to lysosomal dysfunction and elevated levels of -synuclein (-syn). While most research has primarily focused on GBA1s role in promoting synucleinopathy, emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may be a key pathogenic alteration caused by GBA1 deficiency. To examine the molecular mechanism underlying GBA1 deficiency-mediated neuroinflammation, we generated Gba1 E326K knock-in (KI) mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which is linked to an increased risk of PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In the ventral midbrain and hippocampus of 24-month-old Gba1 E326K KI mice, we found a moderate decline in GBA1 enzymatic activity, a buildup of glucosylceramide, and an increase in microglia density. Furthermore, we observed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and formation of reactive astrocytes in primary microglia and astrocytes, respectively, cultured from Gba1 E326K KI mice following treatment with pathologic -syn preformed fibrils (PFF). Additionally, the gut inoculation of -syn PFF in Gba1 E326K KI mice significantly enhanced the accumulation of Lewy bodies in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, accompanied by aggravated neuroinflammation and exacerbated non-motor symptoms. This research significantly enhances our understanding of the Gba1 E326K mutations involvement in neuroinflammation and the cell-to-cell transmission of pathogenic -syn in the brain, thereby opening new therapeutic avenues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kweon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking Gba1 E326K mutation to microglia activation and mild age-dependent dopaminergic Neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel approach to increase glial cell populations in brain microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain microphysiological systems (bMPS), which recapitulate human brain cellular architecture and functionality more closely than traditional monolayer cultures, have become a practical, non-invasive, and increasingly relevant platform for the study of neurological function in health and disease. These models include 3D spheroids and organoids as well as organ-on-chip models. Currently, however, existing 3D brain models vary in reflecting the relative populations of the different cell types present in the human brain. Most of the models consist mainly of neurons, while glial cells represent a smaller portion of the cell populations. Here, by means of a chemically defined glial-enriched medium (GEM), we present an improved method to expand the population of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes without compromising neuronal differentiation in bMPS. An important finding is that astrocytes not only increased in number but also changed in morphology when cultured in GEM, more closely recapitulating primary culture astrocytes. We demonstrate oligodendrocyte and astrocyte enrichment in GEM bMPS using a variety of complementary methods. We found that GEM bMPS are electro-chemically active and showed different patterns of Ca+2 staining and flux. Synaptic vesicles and terminals observed by electron microscopy were also present. No significant changes in neuronal differentiation were observed by gene expression, however, GEM enhanced neurite outgrowth and cell migration, and differentially modulated neuronal maturation in two different iPSC lines. Our results have the potential to significantly improve in vivo-like functionality of bMPS for the study of neurological diseases and drug discovery, contributing to the unmet need for safe human models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantoja, I. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, P. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Din, D. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel approach to increase glial cell populations in brain microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Plant-Parasitic Nematodes are Selectively Killed by Oxadiazole Thioether Pro-Nematicides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Left unchecked, plant-parasitic nematodes have the potential to devastate crops globally. Highly effective but non-selective nematicides are justifiably being phased-out, leaving farmers with limited options for managing nematode infestation. Here, we report our discovery of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether scaffold called Cyprocide that selectively kills diverse plant-parasitic nematodes. Cyprocide is bioactivated into a lethal reactive electrophilic metabolite by specific nematode cytochrome P450 enzymes. Because Cyprocide fails to kill non-target organisms, we infer that the targeted lethality of this pro-nematicide derives from P450 substrate selectivity. Our findings demonstrate that Cyprocide is a selective nematicidal scaffold with broad-spectrum activity that holds the potential to help safeguard our global food supply.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammalleri, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, J. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puumala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stagljar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lautens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zasada, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Plant-Parasitic Nematodes are Selectively Killed by Oxadiazole Thioether Pro-Nematicides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unravelling Paralog-Specific Notch Signaling through Ternary Complex Stability and Transcriptional Activation Measurements Using Chimeric Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch signaling is mediated by four paralogous receptors with conserved architectures and overlapping yet non-redundant functions. Notch signaling generates a transcriptional activation complex (NTC) wherein the N-terminal RAM and ankyrin repeat (ANK) regions of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) bind transcription factor CSL and recruit co-activator Mastermind-like (MAML). To better understand paralog-specific differences in Notch signaling, we analyzed the thermodynamics of binary and ternary NTCs for all four Notch paralogues and chimeric constructs. We find that RAMANK:CSL stability ({Delta}GRA) is primarily determined by the RAM region while MAML binding to preformed RAMANK:CSL complexes ({Delta}GMAML) is largely determined by the ANK region. We determined transcriptional activation data for the paralogous and chimeric NICDs and analyzed the data with an independent multiplicative model. This analysis shows ternary complex stability ({Delta}GTC, where {Delta}GTC= {Delta}GRA+{Delta}GMAML) correlates well with transcriptional activations and provides insights into contributions of RAM, ANK and the C-terminal regions to Notch signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unravelling Paralog-Specific Notch Signaling through Ternary Complex Stability and Transcriptional Activation Measurements Using Chimeric Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory network inference from CRISPR perturbations in primary CD4+ T cells elucidates the genomic basis of immune disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of genetic variation on complex traits act mainly through changes in gene regulation. Although many genetic variants have been linked to target genes in cis, the trans-regulatory cascade mediating their effects remains largely uncharacterized. Mapping trans-regulators based on natural genetic variation, including eQTL mapping, has been challenging due to small effects. Experimental perturbation approaches offer a complementary and powerful approach to mapping trans-regulators. We used CRISPR knockouts of 84 genes in primary CD4+ T cells to perturb an immune cell gene network, targeting both inborn error of immunity (IEI) disease transcription factors (TFs) and background TFs matched in constraint and expression level, but without a known immune disease association. We developed a novel Bayesian structure learning method called Linear Latent Causal Bayes (LLCB) to estimate the gene regulatory network from perturbation data and observed 211 directed edges among the genes which could not be detected in existing CD4+ trans-eQTL data. We used LLCB to characterize the differences between the IEI and background TFs, finding that the gene groups were highly interconnected, but that IEI TFs were much more likely to regulate immune cell specific pathways and immune GWAS genes. We further characterized nine coherent gene programs based on downstream effects of the TFs and linked these modules to regulation of GWAS genes, finding that canonical JAK-STAT family members are regulated by KMT2A, a global epigenetic regulator. These analyses reveal the trans-regulatory cascade from upstream epigenetic regulator to intermediate TFs to downstream effector cytokines and elucidate the logic linking immune GWAS genes to key signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.557749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory network inference from CRISPR perturbations in primary CD4+ T cells elucidates the genomic basis of immune disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digitize your Biology! Modeling multicellular systems through interpretable cell behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells are fundamental units of life, constantly interacting and evolving as dynamical systems. While recent spatial multi-omics can quantitate individual cells characteristics and regulatory programs, forecasting their evolution ultimately requires mathematical modeling. We develop a conceptual framework--a cell behavior hypothesis grammar--that uses natural language statements (cell rules) to create mathematical models. This allows us to systematically integrate biological knowledge and multi-omics data to make them computable. We can then perform virtual "thought experiments" that challenge and extend our understanding of multicellular systems, and ultimately generate new testable hypotheses. In this paper, we motivate and describe the grammar, provide a reference implementation, and demonstrate its potential through a series of examples in tumor biology and immunotherapy. Altogether, this approach provides a bridge between biological, clinical, and systems biology researchers for mathematical modeling of biological systems at scale, allowing the community to extrapolate from single-cell characterization to emergent multicellular behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtoglu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzcar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raddatz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solorzano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.557982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digitize your Biology! Modeling multicellular systems through interpretable cell behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motivation upregulates the adaptive response in sensorimotor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivational state plays a critical role in our ability to learn new motor skills; however, the mechanisms by which motivation influences motor learning are poorly understood. Using a motor learning paradigm in which motivation was varied in a trial-by-trial manner, we found that motivation affects learning by upregulating the rate of the adaptive response, increasing individuals speed of learning. This unveils previously unidentified evidence for a mechanism through which motivation shapes error-based motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khatib, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawase, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motivation upregulates the adaptive response in sensorimotor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.557316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent hyperactivity in syngap1a and syngap1b zebrafish autism models. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.557316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsSYNGAP1 disorder is a prevalent genetic form of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability (ASD/ID) and is caused by de novo or inherited mutations in one copy of the SYNGAP1 gene. In addition to ASD/ID, SYNGAP1 disorder is associated with comorbid symptoms including treatment-resistant-epilepsy, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal distress. Mechanistic links between these diverse symptoms and SYNGAP1 variants remain obscure, therefore, our goal was to generate a zebrafish model in which this range of symptoms can be studied.

MethodsWe used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce frameshift mutations in the syngap1a and syngap1b zebrafish duplicates (syngap1ab) and validated these stable models for Syngap1 loss-of-function. Because SYNGAP1 is extensively spliced, we mapped splice variants to the two zebrafish syngap1a and b genes and identified mammalian-like isoforms. We then quantified locomotory behaviors in zebrafish syngap1ab larvae under three conditions that normally evoke different arousal states in wild type larvae: aversive, high-arousal acoustic, medium-arousal dark, and low-arousal light stimuli.

ResultsWe show that CRISPR/Cas9 indels in zebrafish syngap1a and syngap1b produced loss-of-function alleles at RNA and protein levels. Our analyses of zebrafish Syngap1 isoforms showed that, as in mammals, zebrafish Syngap1 N- and C-termini are extensively spliced. We identified a zebrafish syngap1 1-like variant that maps exclusively to the syngap1b gene. Quantifying locomotor behaviors showed that syngap1ab larvae are hyperactive compared to wild type but to differing degrees depending on the stimulus. Hyperactivity was most pronounced in low arousal settings, with overall movement increasing with the number of mutant syngap1 alleles.

ConclusionsOur data support mutations in zebrafish syngap1ab as causal for hyperactivity associated with elevated arousal that is especially pronounced in low-arousal environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumathipala, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozol, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.557316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent hyperactivity in syngap1a and syngap1b zebrafish autism models.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine and schizophrenia from bench to bedside: Discovery of a striatal co-expression risk gene set that predicts in vivo measures of striatal function. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is characterized by a polygenic risk architecture implicating diverse molecular pathways important for synaptic function. However, how polygenic risk funnels through these pathways to translate into syndromic illness is unanswered. To evaluate biologically meaningful pathways of risk, we used tensor decomposition to characterize gene co-expression in post-mortem brain (of neurotypicals: N=154; patients with SCZ: N=84; and GTEX samples N=120) from caudate nucleus (CN), hippocampus (HP), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We identified a CN-predominant gene set showing dopaminergic selectivity that was enriched for genes associated with clinical state and for genes associated with SCZ risk. Parsing polygenic risk score for SCZ based on this specific gene set (parsed-PRS), we found that greater pathway-specific SCZ risk predicted greater in vivo striatal dopamine synthesis capacity measured by [18F]-FDOPA PET in three independent cohorts of neurotypicals and patients (total N=235) and greater fMRI striatal activation during reward anticipation in two additional independent neurotypical cohorts (total N=141). These results reveal a  bench to bedside translation of dopamine-linked genetic risk variation in driving in vivo striatal neurochemical and hemodynamic phenotypes that have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of SCZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sportelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passiatore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Ambrosio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonucci, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czarapata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardinas, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parihar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popolizio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howes, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pergola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine and schizophrenia from bench to bedside: Discovery of a striatal co-expression risk gene set that predicts in vivo measures of striatal function.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin 1xA interacts with Endophilin A1 via its spliced long C-terminus for ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamin 1 (Dyn1) has two major splice variants, xA and xB, with unique C-terminal extensions of 20 and 7 amino acids, respectively. Of these, only Dyn1xA is enriched at endocytic zones and accelerates vesicle fission during ultrafast endocytosis. Here, we report that the long tail variant, Dyn1xA, achieves this localization by preferentially binding to Endophilin A through a newly defined Class II binding site overlapping with its extension, at a site spanning the splice boundary. Endophilin binds this site at higher affinity than the previously reported site, and this affinity is determined by amino acids outside the binding sites acting as long distance elements within the xA tail. Their interaction is regulated by the phosphorylation state of two serine residues specific to the xA variant. Dyn1xA and Endophilin colocalize in patches near the active zone of synapses. Mutations selectively disrupting Endophilin binding to the long extension cause Dyn1xA mislocalization along axons. In these mutants, endocytic pits are stalled on the plasma membrane during ultrafast endocytosis. These data suggest that the specificity for ultrafast endocytosis is defined by the phospho-regulated interaction of Endophilin A through a newly identified site of Dyn1xAs long tail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin 1xA interacts with Endophilin A1 via its spliced long C-terminus for ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Placebo treatment affects brain systems related to affective and cognitive processes, but not nociceptive pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Placebo analgesia is a replicable and well-studied phenomenon, yet it remains unclear to what degree it includes modulation of nociceptive processes. Some studies find effects consistent with nociceptive effects, but meta-analyses show that these effects are often small. We analyzed placebo analgesia in a large fMRI study (N = 392), including placebo effects on brain responses to noxious stimuli. Placebo treatment caused robust analgesia in both conditioned thermal and unconditioned mechanical pain. Placebo did not decrease fMRI activity in nociceptive pain regions, including the Neurologic Pain Signature (NPS) and pre-registered spinothalamic pathway regions, with strong support from Bayes Factor analyses. However, placebo treatment affected activity in pre-registered analyses of a second neuromarker, the Stimulus Intensity Independent Pain Signature (SIIPS), and several associated a priori brain regions related to motivation and value, in both thermal and mechanical pain. Individual differences in behavioral analgesia were correlated with neural changes in both thermal and mechanical pain. Our results indicate that processes related to affective and cognitive aspects of pain primarily drive placebo analgesia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Placebo treatment affects brain systems related to affective and cognitive processes, but not nociceptive pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B cells occupy a unique, dynamic, biological niche within the human myocardium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionGrowing evidence from animal models indicates that the myocardium hosts a population of B cells that play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy. However, there is minimal data on human myocardial B cells in the context of cardiomyopathy.

MethodsWe integrated single-cell and single-nuclei datasets from 45 healthy human hearts, 70 hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 8 hearts with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Interactions between B cells and other cell types were investigated using the CellChat Package. Differential gene expression analysis comparing B cells across conditions was performed using DESeq2. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity, KEGG, and GO pathways analysis.

ResultsWe identified 1,100 B cells, including naive B cells and plasma cells. B cells showed an extensive network of interactions within the healthy myocardium that included outgoing signaling to macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes, and incoming signaling from endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts. This niche relied on ECM-receptor, contact, and paracrine interaction; and changed significantly in the context of cardiomyopathy, displaying disease-specific features. Differential gene expression analysis showed that in the context of DCM both naive and plasma B cells upregulated several pathways related to immune activation, including upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, upregulation of leukocyte extravasation, and, in naive B cells, antigen presentation.

DiscussionThe human myocardium contains naive B cells and plasma cells, integrated into a diverse and dynamic niche that has distinctive features in healthy myocardium, DCM, and ARVC. Naive myocardial-associated B cells likely contribute to the pathogenesis of human DCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bermea, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalodia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zita, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B cells occupy a unique, dynamic, biological niche within the human myocardium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous motor skills as flexible control policies: a video game study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many motor skills consist of continuous sequential actions, such as a tennis serve. It is currently unclear how these surprisingly understudied behaviors are learned, with the leading hypothesis being that sequences of single actions become "chunked" into larger single executable units. Under this hypothesis, continuous sequential actions should become more task-specific and less generalizable with practice. To test this, we developed a video game that requires participants to hold a tablet with both hands and steer a virtual car (the "ant car") along a curving track. We tested participants ability to generalize their skill to a probe track that required a different sequence of turns. Across days of practice, task success increased, and movement variability decreased. On the probe track, movement quality at the level of kinematics fully generalized but performance at the level of task success showed a consistent decrement. To address this apparent paradox, we empirically derived the control policy participants used at their maximal skill level on the training track. Notably, this policy was fully transferred to the probe track, but there were more instances of momentary deviations from it (lapses), which explains the worse performance despite equivalent skill. We conclude that continuous motor skills are acquired through learning of a flexible control policy that maps states onto actions and not through chunking or automatizing of a specific sequence of actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huberdeau, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous motor skills as flexible control policies: a video game study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.556752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light affects the prefrontal cortex via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.556752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThis manuscript has been withdrawn by bioRxiv following a formal request by the NIH Intramural Research Integrity Office owing to lack of author consent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazzerini Ospri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messanvi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Hoffmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chudasama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.556752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light affects the prefrontal cortex via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural stem cells protect the integrity of blood-brain barrier via the p38, JNK and ERK1/2 pathways following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have displayed great potential in ameliorating brain damage following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) via proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation. However, it remains unclear whether NSCs can improve microvascular function, e.g., blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, after ICH. In this study, we investigate the potential therapeutic benefit of NSCs on BBB integrity as well as the underlying mechanism. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham, ICH+PBS, and ICH+NSCs groups for comparisons. ICH was induced by intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase. An aliquot of NSCs or PBS was injected via the tail vein 2 h after ICH induction. The following multiparametric measurements were compared: brain edema, hematoma volume, behavior, BBB permeability, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway activity. We found that NSCs treatment attenuates BBB permeability, reduces brain edema, and promotes brain function recovery after ICH by inhibiting ERK1/2, p38, and JNK signaling pathway activation. These findings provide novel insight for future therapies aiming to prevent BBB dysfunction and improve functional recovery in ICH patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>yang, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanciu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, B.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural stem cells protect the integrity of blood-brain barrier via the p38, JNK and ERK1/2 pathways following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic control of actin polymerization and symmetry breaking in activeprotocells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-linear biomolecular interactions on the membranes drive membrane remodeling that underlies fundamental biological processes including chemotaxis, cytokinesis, and endocytosis. The multitude of biomolecules, the redundancy in their interactions, and the importance of spatiotemporal context in membrane organization hampers understanding the physical principles governing membrane mechanics. A minimal, in vitro system that models the functional interactions between molecular signaling and membrane remodeling, while remaining faithful to cellular physiology and geometry is powerful yet remains unachieved. Here, inspired by the biophysical processes underpinning chemotaxis, we reconstituted externally-controlled actin polymerization inside giant unilamellar vesicles, guiding self-organization on the membrane. We show that applying undirected external chemical inputs to this system results in directed actin polymerization and membrane deformation that are uncorrelated with upstream biochemical cues, indicating symmetry breaking. A biophysical model of the dynamics and mechanics of both actin polymerization and membrane shape suggests that inhomogeneous distributions of actin generate membrane shape deformations in a non-linear fashion, a prediction consistent with experimental measurements and subsequent local perturbations. The active protocellular system demonstrates the interplay between actin dynamics and membrane shape in a symmetry breaking context that is relevant to chemotaxis and a suite of other biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abubaker-Sharif, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic control of actin polymerization and symmetry breaking in activeprotocells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male violence disrupts estrogen receptor β signaling in the female hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Women are the main target of intimate partner violence (IPV), which is escalating worldwide. Mechanisms subtending IPV-related disorders, such as anxiety, depression and PTSD, remain unclear. We employed a mouse model molded on an IPV scenario (male vs. female prolonged violent interaction) to unearth the neuroendocrine alterations triggered by an aggressive male mouse on the female murine brain. Experimental IPV (EIPV) prompted marked anxiety-like behavior in young female mice, coincident with high circulating/cerebral corticosterone levels. The hippocampus of EIPV-inflicted female animals displayed neuronal loss, reduced BrdU-DCX-positive nuclei, decreased mature DCX-positive cells, and diminished dendritic arborization level in the dentate gyrus (DG), features denoting impaired neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. These hallmarks were associated with marked down-regulation of estrogen receptor {beta} (ER{beta}) density in the hippocampus, especially in the DG and dependent prosurvival ERK signaling. Conversely, ER expression was unchanged. After EIPV, the DG harbored lowered local BDNF pools, diminished TrkB phosphorylation, and elevated glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation. In unison, ER{beta} KO mice had heightened anxiety-like behavior and curtailed BDNF levels at baseline, despite enhanced circulating estradiol levels, while dying prematurely during EIPV. Thus, reiterated male-to-female violence jeopardizes hippocampal homeostasis in the female brain, perturbing ER{beta}/BDNF signaling, thus instigating anxiety and chronic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sbaiti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canossa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaludercic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodovichi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Maschio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male violence disrupts estrogen receptor β signaling in the female hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of aneuploidy on growth and differentiation in human intestinal stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy, a near ubiquitous genetic feature of tumors, is a context-dependent driver of cancer evolution; however, the mechanistic basis of this role remains unclear. Here, by inducing heterogeneous aneuploidy in non-transformed human colon organoids (colonoids), we investigate how the effects of aneuploidy on cell growth and differentiation may promote malignant transformation. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that the gene expression signature across over 100 unique aneuploid karyotypes is enriched with p53 responsive genes. The primary driver of p53 activation is karyotype complexity. Complex aneuploid cells with multiple unbalanced chromosomes activate p53 and undergo G1 cell-cycle arrest, independent of DNA damage and without evidence of senescence. By contrast, simple aneuploid cells with 1-3 chromosomes gained or lost continue to proliferate, demonstrated by single cell tracking in colonoids. Notably, simple aneuploid cells exhibit impaired differentiation when niche factors are withdrawn. These findings suggest that while complex aneuploid cells are eliminated from the normal epithelium due to p53 activation, simple aneuploid cells can escape this checkpoint and may contribute to niche factor-independent growth of cancer-initiating cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of aneuploidy on growth and differentiation in human intestinal stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic learning mechanisms for flexible human locomotion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Movement flexibility and automaticity are necessary to successfully navigate different environments. When encountering difficult terrains such as a muddy trail, we can change how we step almost immediately so that we can continue walking. This flexibility comes at a cost since we initially must pay deliberate attention to how we are moving. Gradually, after a few minutes on the trail, stepping becomes automatic so that we do not need to think about our movements. Canonical theory indicates that different adaptive motor learning mechanisms confer these essential properties to movement: explicit control confers rapid flexibility, while forward model recalibration confers automaticity. Here we uncover a distinct mechanism of treadmill walking adaptation - an automatic stimulus-response mapping - that confers both properties to movement. The mechanism is flexible as it learns stepping patterns that can be rapidly changed to suit a range of treadmill configurations. It is also automatic as it can operate without deliberate control or explicit awareness by the participants. Our findings reveal a tandem architecture of forward model recalibration and automatic stimulus-response mapping mechanisms for walking, reconciling different findings of motor adaptation and perceptual realignment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic learning mechanisms for flexible human locomotion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcineurin-dependent contributions to fitness in the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein phosphatase calcineurin is vital for virulence of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. The host-induced stresses that activate calcineurin signaling are unknown, as are the targets of calcineurin relevant to virulence. To potentially shed light on these processes, millions of transposon insertion mutants throughout the genome of C. glabrata were profiled en masse for fitness defects in the presence of FK506, a specific inhibitor of calcineurin. 87 specific gene deficiencies depended on calcineurin signaling for full viability in vitro both in wild type and pdr1{Delta} null strains lacking pleiotropic drug resistance. Three genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis (FKS1, DCW1, FLC1) possess co-essential paralogs whose expression depended on calcineurin and Crz1 in response to micafungin, a clinical antifungal that interferes with cell wall biogenesis. Interestingly, 80% of the FK506-sensitive mutants were deficient in different aspects of vesicular trafficking, such as endocytosis, exocytosis, sorting, and biogenesis of secretory proteins in the ER. In response to the experimental antifungal manogepix that blocks GPI-anchor biosynthesis in the ER, calcineurin signaling increased and strongly prevented cell death independent of Crz1, one of its major targets. Comparisons between manogepix, micafungin, and the ER-stressing tunicamycin reveal a correlation between the degree of calcineurin signaling and the degree of cell survival. These findings suggest that calcineurin plays major roles in mitigating stresses of vesicular trafficking. Such stresses may arise during host infection and in response antifungal therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavesic, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcineurin-dependent contributions to fitness in the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tenofovir Activation is Diminished in the Brain and Liver of Creatine Kinase Brain-Type Knockout Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tenofovir (TFV) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor prescribed for the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Here, we demonstrate that creatine kinase brain-type (CKB) can form tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP), the pharmacologically active metabolite, in vitro, and identify nine missense mutations (C74S, R96P, S128R, R132H, R172P, R236Q, C283S, R292Q, and H296R) that diminish this activity. Additional characterization of these mutations reveal that five (R96P, R132H, R236Q, C283S, and R292Q) have ATP dephosphorylation catalytic efficiencies less than 20% of wild-type (WT), and seven (C74S, R96P, R132H, R172P, R236Q, C283S, and H296P) induce thermal instabilities. To determine the extent CKB contributes to TFV activation in vivo, we generated a CKB knockout mouse strain, Ckbtm1Nnb. Using an in vitro assay, we show that brain lysates of Ckbtm1Nnb male and female mice form 70.5% and 77.4% less TFV-DP than wild-type brain lysates of the same sex, respectively. Additionally, we observe that Ckbtm1Nnb male mice treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 14 days exhibit a 22.8% reduction in TFV activation in liver compared to wild-type male mice. Lastly, we utilize mass spectrometry-based proteomics to elucidate the impact of the knockout on the abundance of nucleotide and small molecule kinases in the brain and liver, adding to our understanding of how loss of CKB may be impacting tenofovir activation in these tissues. Together, our data suggest that disruptions in CKB may lower levels of active drug in brain and liver.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eberhard, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tenofovir Activation is Diminished in the Brain and Liver of Creatine Kinase Brain-Type Knockout Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption by NPTX2 loss of function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is commonly observed in aging, especially in individuals who experience progressive cognitive decline to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimers disease (AD). However, precise molecular mechanisms underlying the association between SCRD and aging are not fully understood. Orexin A is a well-characterized "sleep neuropeptide" that is expressed in hypothalamic neurons and evokes wake behavior. The importance of Orexin is exemplified in narcolepsy where it is profoundly down-regulated. Interestingly, the synaptic immediate early gene NPTX2 is co-expressed in Orexin neurons and is similarly reduced in narcolepsy. NPTX2 is also down-regulated in CSF of some cognitively normal older individuals and predicts the time of transition from normal cognition to MCI. The association between Orexin and NPTX2 is further evinced here where we observe that Orexin A and NPTX2 are highly correlated in CSF of cognitively normal aged individuals and raises the question of whether SCRD that are typically attributed to Orexin A loss of function may be modified by concomitant NPTX2 down-regulation. Is NPTX2 an effector of sleep or simply a reporter of orexin-dependent SCRD? To address this question, we examined NPTX2 KO mice and found they retain Orexin expression in the brain and so provide an opportunity to examine the specific contribution of NPTX2 to SCRD. Our results reveal that NPTX2 KO mice exhibit a disrupted circadian onset time, coupled with increased activity during the sleep phase, suggesting difficulties in maintaining states. Sleep EEG indicates distinct temporal allocation shifts across vigilance states, characterized by reduced wake and increased NREM time. Evident sleep fragmentation manifests through alterations of event occurrences during Wake and NREM, notably during light transition periods, in conjunction with an increased frequency of sleep transitions in NPTX2 KO mice, particularly between Wake and NREM. EEG spectral analysis indicated significant shifts in power across various frequency bands in the wake, NREM, and REM states, suggestive of disrupted neuronal synchronicity. An intriguing observation is the diminished occurrence of sleep spindles, one of the earliest measures of human sleep disruption, in NPTX2 KO mice. These findings highlight the effector role of NPTX2 loss of function as an instigator of SCRD and a potential mediator of sleep disruption in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roh, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savonenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption by NPTX2 loss of function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensorimotor Integration Supporting Perception Requires Syngap1 Expression in Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception, a cognitive construct, emerges through sensorimotor integration (SMI). The genetic mechanisms that shape SMI required for perception are unknown. Here, we demonstrate in mice that expression of the autism/intellectual disability gene, Syngap1, in cortical excitatory neurons is required for formation of somatomotor networks that promote SMI-mediated perception. Cortical Syngap1 expression was necessary and sufficient for setting tactile sensitivity, sustaining tactile object exploration, and promoting tactile learning. Mice with deficient Syngap1 expression exhibited impaired neural dynamics induced by exploratory touches within a cortical-thalamic network known to promote attention and perception. Disrupted neuronal dynamics were associated with circuit-specific long-range synaptic connectivity abnormalities. Our data support a model where autonomous Syngap1 expression in cortical excitatory neurons promotes cognitive abilities through assembly of circuits that integrate temporally-overlapping sensory and motor signals, a process that promotes perception and attention. These data provide systems-level insights into the robust association between Syngap1 expression and cognitive ability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaissiere, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fürth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazsfi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meletis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensorimotor Integration Supporting Perception Requires Syngap1 Expression in Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Glutathione and GABA+ levels in autistic children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors. Altered neurometabolite levels, including glutathione (GSH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), have been proposed as potential contributors to the biology underlying ASD. This study investigated whether cerebral GSH or GABA levels differ between a large cohort of children aged 8-12 years with ASD (n=52) and typically developing children (TDC, n=49). A comprehensive analysis of GSH and GABA levels in multiple brain regions, including the primary motor cortex (SM1), thalamus (Thal), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and supplementary motor area (SMA), was conducted using single-voxel HERMES MR spectroscopy at 3T. The results revealed no significant differences in cerebral GSH or GABA levels between the ASD and TDC groups across all examined regions. These findings suggest that the concentrations of GSH (an important antioxidant and neuromodulator) and GABA (a major inhibitory neurotransmitter) do not exhibit marked alterations in children with ASD compared to TDC. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between GABA levels in the SM1 and Thal regions with ADHD inattention scores. No significant correlation was found between metabolite levels and hyper/impulsive scores of ADHD, measures of core ASD symptoms (ADOS-2, SRS-P) or adaptive behavior (ABAS-2). While both GSH and GABA have been implicated in various neurological disorders, the current study provides valuable insights into the specific context of ASD and highlights the need for further research to explore other neurochemical alterations that may contribute to the pathophysiology of this complex disorder.

Lay summaryAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors. Altered glutathione (GSH, an important antioxidant and neuromodulator) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter) levels have been proposed as potential contributors to the biology underlying ASD. Here, we used advanced edited Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to measure levels of these low-concentration metabolites in four brain regions of a pediatric cohort. Contrary to our hypothesis, no significant difference was found between ASD and control subjects in either GSH or GABA levels in any brain region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul-Nashirudeen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batschelett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Glutathione and GABA+ levels in autistic children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An autophagy adaptor TRIAD3A promotes tau fibrillation by phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by aberrant proteinaceous accumulations of tau. Here, we report an RBR-type E3 ligase TRIAD3A functions as a novel autophagy adaptor for tau. TRIAD3A(RNF216) is an essential gene with mutations causing ageprogressive neurodegeneration. Our studies reveal that TRIAD3A E3 ligase catalyzes a novel mixed K11/K63 polyubiquitin chain and self assembles into liquid-liquid phase separated (LLPS) droplets. Tau is ubiquitinated and accumulates within TRIAD3A LLPS droplets and via LC3 interacting regions targets tau for autophagic degradation. Unexpectedly, tau sequestered within TRIAD3A droplets rapidly converts to amyloid aggregates without the transitional liquid phase of tau. In vivo studies reveal TRIAD3A decreases the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in a tauopathy mouse model, and disease-associated mutation of TRIAD3A increases accumulation of phosphorylated tau, exacerbates gliosis, and increases pathological tau spreading. In human Alzheimers disease brain, TRIAD3A colocalizes with tau amyloid in multiple histological forms suggesting a role in tau homeostasis. TRIAD3A is the first autophagic adaptor that utilizes E3-ligase and LLPS as a mechanism to capture cargo and appears especially relevant to neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y. a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An autophagy adaptor TRIAD3A promotes tau fibrillation by phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenatal Arsenite Exposure Alters Maternal Cardiac Remodeling During Late Pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to inorganic arsenic through drinking water is widespread and has been linked to many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Arsenic exposure has been shown to alter hypertrophic signaling in the adult heart, as well as in-utero offspring development. However, the effect of arsenic on maternal cardiac remodeling during pregnancy has not been studied. As such, there is a need to understand how environmental exposure contributes to adverse pregnancy-related cardiovascular events. This study seeks to understand the impact of trivalent inorganic arsenic exposure during gestation on maternal cardiac remodeling in late pregnancy, as well as offspring outcomes. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0 (control), 100 or 1000 {micro}g/L sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) beginning at embryonic day (E) 2.5 and continuing through E17.5. Maternal heart function and size were assessed via transthoracic echocardiography, gravimetric measurement, and histology. Transcript levels of hypertrophic markers were probed via qRT-PCR and confirmed by western blot. Offspring outcomes were assessed through echocardiography and gravimetric measurement. We found that exposure to 1000 {micro}g/L iAs abrogated normal physiologic growth of the maternal heart during late pregnancy and reduced transcript levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ER), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) and progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (Pgrmc2). Both 100 and 1000 {micro}g/L iAs also reduced transcription of protein kinase B (Akt) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Akt protein expression was also significantly reduced after 1000 {micro}g/L iAs exposure in the maternal heart with no change in activating phosphorylation. This significant abrogation of maternal cardiac hypertrophy suggests that arsenic exposure during pregnancy can potentially contribute to cardiovascular disease. Taken together, our findings further underscore the importance of reducing arsenic exposure during pregnancy and indicate that more research is needed to assess the impact of arsenic and other environmental exposures on the maternal heart and adverse pregnancy events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taube, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenebe, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam El Din, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenatal Arsenite Exposure Alters Maternal Cardiac Remodeling During Late Pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Epithelium Integrity by Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts through Prostaglandin Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation-associated fibroblasts (IAFs) are associated with the progression and drug resistance of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but their direct impact on epithelial function and architecture is unknown. In this study, we developed an in vitro model whereby human colon fibroblasts are induced to become IAFs by specific cytokines and recapitulate key features of IAFs in vivo. When co-cultured with patient-derived colon organoids (colonoids), IAFs induced rapid colonoid swelling and barrier disruption due to swelling and rupture of individual epithelial cells. Epithelial cells co-cultured with IAFs also exhibit increased DNA damage, mitotic errors, and proliferation arrest. These IAF-induced epithelial defects are mediated through a paracrine pathway involving prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the PGE2 receptor EP4, leading to PKA-dependent activation of the CFTR chloride channel. Importantly, EP4-specific chemical inhibitors effectively prevented colonoid swelling and restored normal proliferation and genome stability of IAF-exposed epithelial cells. These findings reveal a mechanism by which IAFs could promote and perpetuate IBD and suggest a potential treatment to mitigate inflammation-associated epithelial injury.

TeaserInflammation-associated fibroblasts compromise colon epithelial barrier integrity and genome stability via PGE2-EP4 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.560060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Epithelium Integrity by Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts through Prostaglandin Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Resolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Using Oxford Nanopore R10 Sequencing Chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses continue to pose global risks to One Health, including agriculture, public, and animal health. Rapid and accurate genomic surveillance is critical for monitoring viral mutations, tracing transmission, and guiding interventions in near real-time. Oxford Nanopore sequencing holds promise for real-time influenza genotyping, but data quality from R9 chemistry has limited its adoption due to challenges resolving low-complexity regions such as the biologically critical hemagglutinin cleavage site, a homopolymer of basic amino acids that distinguish highly pathogenic strains. In this study, human and avian influenza isolates (n=45) from Cambodia were sequenced using both R9.4.1 and R10.4.1 flow cells and chemistries to evaluate performance between approaches. Overall, R10.4.1 yielded increased data output with higher average quality compared to R9.4.1, producing improved consensus sequences using a reference-based bioinformatics approach. R10.4.1 had significantly lower minor population insertion and deletion frequencies, driven by improved performance in low sequence complexity regions prone to insertion and deletion errors, such as homopolymers. Within the hemagglutinin cleavage site, R10.4.1 resolved the correct motif in 90% of genomes compared to only 60% with R9.4.1. Further examination showed reduced frameshift mutations in consensus sequences generated with R10.4.1 that could result in incorrectly classified virulence. Improved consensus genome quality from nanopore sequencing approaches, especially across biologically important low-complexity regions, is critical to reduce subjective hand-curation and will improve local and global genomic surveillance responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikanth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Resolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Using Oxford Nanopore R10 Sequencing Chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arrested Agonist Paradigm For Selective Radiosensitization of Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a prototypical nuclear hormone receptor, the androgen receptor (AR) signals via a sequential cascade triggered by binding to androgenic ligands such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This cascade includes dimerization of the ligand-receptor complex, nuclear translocation, chromatin binding to response elements, recruitment of TOP2B and co-activator complexes, and induction of an effector transcriptional program. In prostate cancers, this AR signaling cascade is an essential driver of growth and survival, yet its activity confers potential vulnerabilities through transient TOP2B-mediated DNA double strand breaks. We investigated the ability of non-steroidal AR ligands to activate initial steps of the AR signaling cascade up to the point of AR- and TOP2B-mediated double strand breaks, with subsequent arrest of the signaling cascade to prevent induction of pro-growth/survival transcriptional programs in prostate cancer cells. We identified hydroxyflutamide (FLU) as such an androgen receptor arrested agonist; in androgen-deprived conditions, FLU induced AR nuclear translocation, chromatin binding, and TOP2B-mediated double strand breaks, but failed to induce AR target gene expression and prostate cancer cell growth. The FLU-mediated arrest in the signaling cascade could be attributed to the inability of FLU to allow association of AR with SMARCD2, a critical component of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex required for androgen induced AR co-activation. Interestingly, the FLU-induced, AR- and TOP2B-mediated double strand breaks could be used to selectively sensitize AR-positive prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation in vitro and in vivo. These findings support a novel arrested agonist paradigm for selective radiosensitization of prostate cancer cells without inducing AR-mediated pro-growth and survival transcriptional programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coulter, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazibwe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valluri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupold, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arrested Agonist Paradigm For Selective Radiosensitization of Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling pericellular oxygen tension in cell culture reveals distinct breast cancer responses to low oxygen tensions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxygen (O2) tension plays a key role in tissue function and pathophysiology. O2-controlled cell culture, in which the O2 concentration in an incubators gas phase is controlled, is an indispensable tool to study the role of O2 in vivo. For this technique, it is presumed that the incubator setpoint is equal to the O2 tension that cells experience (i.e., pericellular O2). We discovered that physioxic (5% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) setpoints regularly induce anoxic (0.0% O2) pericellular tensions in both adherent and suspension cell cultures. Electron transport chain inhibition ablates this effect, indicating that cellular O2 consumption is the driving factor. RNA-seq revealed that primary human hepatocytes cultured in physioxia experience ischemia-reperfusion injury due to anoxic exposure followed by rapid reoxygenation. To better understand the relationship between incubator gas phase and pericellular O2 tensions, we developed a reaction-diffusion model that predicts pericellular O2 tension a priori. This model revealed that the effect of cellular O2 consumption is greatest in smaller volume culture vessels (e.g., 96-well plate). By controlling pericellular O2 tension in cell culture, we discovered that MCF7 cells have stronger glycolytic and glutamine metabolism responses in anoxia vs. hypoxia. MCF7 also expressed higher levels of HIF2A, CD73, NDUFA4L2, etc. and lower levels of HIF1A, CA9, VEGFA, etc. in response to hypoxia vs. anoxia. Proteomics revealed that 4T1 cells had an upregulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) response and downregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) management, glycolysis, and fatty acid metabolism pathways in hypoxia vs. anoxia. Collectively, these results reveal that breast cancer cells respond non-monotonically to low O2, suggesting that anoxic cell culture is not suitable to model hypoxia. We demonstrate that controlling atmospheric O2 tension in cell culture incubators is insufficient to control O2 in cell culture and introduce the concept of pericellular O2-controlled cell culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombani, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nukovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolston, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bencherif, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling pericellular oxygen tension in cell culture reveals distinct breast cancer responses to low oxygen tensions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunologic changes are detectable in the peripheral blood transcriptome of clinically asymptomatic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected parasitic disease that affects approximately 6 million individuals worldwide. Of those infected, 20-30% will go on to develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), and ultimately many of these individuals will progress to advanced heart failure. The mechanism by which this progression occurs is poorly understood, as few studies have focused on early CCC. In this study, we sought to understand the physiologic changes associated with T. cruzi infection and the development of CCC. We analyzed gene expression in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic Chagas patients with early structural heart disease, Chagas patients without any signs or symptoms of disease, and Chagas-negative patients with and without early structural heart disease. Our analysis shows that early CCC was associated with a downregulation of various peripheral immune response genes, with gene expression changes suggestive of reduced antigen presentation and T cell activation. Notably, these genes and processes were distinct from those of early cardiomyopathy in Chagas-negative patients, suggesting that the processes mediating CCC may be unique from those mediating progression to other cardiomyopathies. This work highlights the importance of the immune response in early CCC, providing insight into the early pathogenesis of this disease. The changes we have identified may serve as biomarkers of progression and could inform strategies for the treatment of CCC in its early stages, before significant cardiac damage has occurred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Sesquen, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeToy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnizo, S. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanbakhsh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machaca, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Schaeubinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luigi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaat, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagas working group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunologic changes are detectable in the peripheral blood transcriptome of clinically asymptomatic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatinization Modulates Topoisomerase II Processivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type IIA topoisomerases are essential DNA processing enzymes that must robustly and reliably relax DNA torsional stress in vivo. While cellular processes constantly create different degrees of torsional stress, how this stress feeds back to control type IIA topoisomerase function remains obscure. Using a suite of single-molecule approaches, we examined the torsional impact on supercoiling relaxation of both naked DNA and chromatin by eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II). We observed that topo II was at least [~] 50-fold more processive on plectonemic DNA than previously estimated, capable of relaxing > 6000 turns. We further discovered that topo II could relax supercoiled DNA prior to plectoneme formation, but with a [~]100-fold reduction in processivity; strikingly, the relaxation rate in this regime decreased with diminishing torsion in a manner consistent with the capture of transient DNA loops by topo II. Chromatinization preserved the high processivity of the enzyme under high torsional stress. Interestingly, topo II was still highly processive ([~] 1000 turns) even under low torsional stress, consistent with the predisposition of chromatin to readily form DNA crossings. This work establishes that chromatin is a major stimulant of topo II function, capable of enhancing function even under low torsional stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatinization Modulates Topoisomerase II Processivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing cell-type spatial relationships across length scales in spatially resolved omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially resolved omics (SRO) technologies enable the identification of cell types while preserving their organization within tissues. Application of such technologies offers the opportunity to delineate cell-type spatial relationships, particularly across different length scales, and enhance our understanding of tissue organization and function. To quantify such multi-scale cell-type spatial relationships, we developed CRAWDAD, Cell-type Relationship Analysis Workflow Done Across Distances, as an open-source R package with source code and additional documentation at https://jef.works/CRAWDAD/.

To demonstrate the utility of such multi-scale characterization, recapitulate expected cell-type spatial relationships, and evaluate against other cell-type spatial analyses, we applied CRAWDAD to various simulated and real SRO datasets of diverse tissues assayed by diverse SRO technologies. We further demonstrate how such multi-scale characterization enabled by CRAWDAD can be used to compare cell-type spatial relationships across multiple samples. Finally, we applied CRAWDAD to SRO datasets of the human spleen to identify consistent as well as patient and sample-specific cell-type spatial relationships. In general, we anticipate such multi-scale analysis of SRO data enabled by CRAWDAD will provide useful quantitative metrics to facilitate the identification, characterization, and comparison of cell-type spatial relationships across axes of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Peixoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserfall, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.560733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing cell-type spatial relationships across length scales in spatially resolved omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The developmental trajectory of 1H-MRS brain metabolites from childhood to adulthood. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain development is ongoing throughout childhood, with for example myelination of nerve fibres and refinement of synaptic connections continuing until early adulthood. 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to quantify the concentrations of endogenous metabolites (e.g., glutamate and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) in the human brain in vivo and so can provide valuable, tractable insight into the biochemical processes that support postnatal neurodevelopment. This can feasibly provide new insight into and aid management of neurodevelopmental disorders by providing chemical markers of atypical development. This study aims to characterize the normative developmental trajectory of various brain metabolites, as measured by 1H-MRS from a midline posterior parietal voxel. We find significant non-linear trajectories for GABA+, Glx, tNAA and tCr concentrations. Glx and GABA+ concentrations steeply decrease across childhood. tNAA concentrations are relatively stable in childhood but gradually decrease from early adulthood, while tCr concentrations increase from childhood to early adulthood. tCho was the only metabolite to have a strictly linear association with age. Trajectories likely reflect fundamental neurodevelopmental processes (including local circuit refinement) which occur from childhood to early adulthood and can be associated with cognitive development; we find GABA+ concentrations significantly positively correlate with recognition memory scores across post-natal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasanta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopwood, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracia-Tabuenca, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arichi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.560892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The developmental trajectory of 1H-MRS brain metabolites from childhood to adulthood.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A murine model of Trypanosoma brucei-induced myocarditis and cardiac dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes human and animal African trypanosomiases (HAT and AAT). Cardiac symptoms are commonly reported in HAT patients, and intracardiac parasites with accompanying myocarditis have been observed in both natural hosts and animal models of T. brucei infection. Despite the importance of T. brucei as a cause of cardiac dysfunction and the dramatic socioeconomic impact of African trypanosomiases in sub-Saharan Africa, there are currently no reproducible murine models of T. brucei-associated cardiomyopathy. We present the first clinically relevant, reproducible murine model of cardiac dysfunction in chronic T. brucei infection. Similar to humans, mice showed histological evidence of myocarditis and elevation of serum NT-proBNP with electrocardiographic abnormalities. Serum NT-proBNP levels were elevated prior to the development of severe ventricular dysfunction. On flow cytometry, myocarditis was associated with an increase of most myocardial immune cell populations, including multiple T cell and macrophage subsets, corroborating the notion that T. brucei-associated cardiac damage is an immune-mediated event. This novel mouse model represents a powerful and practical tool to investigate the pathogenesis of T. brucei-mediated heart damage and supports the development of therapeutic options for T. brucei-associated cardiac disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crilly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zita, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sysa-Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.560950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A murine model of Trypanosoma brucei-induced myocarditis and cardiac dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium Sulfate Microparticle Size Modification for Improved Alginate Hydrogel Fabrication and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium ion-crosslinked alginate hydrogels are widely used as a materials system for investigating cell behavior in 3D environments in vitro. Suspensions of calcium sulfate particles are often used as the source of Ca2+ to control the rate of gelation. However, the instability of calcium sulfate suspensions can increase chances of reduced homogeneity of the resulting gel and requires researchers proficiency. Here, we show that ball-milled calcium sulfate microparticles with smaller sizes can create more stable crosslinker suspensions than unprocessed or simply autoclaved calcium sulfate particles. In particular, 15 {micro}m ball-milled calcium sulfate microparticles result in gels that are more homogeneous with a balanced gelation rate, which facilitates fabrication of gels with consistent mechanical properties and reliable performance for 3D cell culture. Overall, these microparticles represent an improved method for alginate hydrogel fabrication that can increase experimental reliability and quality for 3D cell culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.560969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium Sulfate Microparticle Size Modification for Improved Alginate Hydrogel Fabrication and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution label-free transcranial imaging of in vivo neural activity via interferometric measurement of tissue deformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid sub-nanometer neuronal deformations have been shown to occur as a consequence of action potentials in vitro, allowing for registration of discrete axonal and synaptic depolarizations and thus providing a novel signature for recording neural activity (1-3). We demonstrate that this signature can be extended to in vivo measurements through recording of rapid neuronal deformations on the population level with optical phase-based recordings. Complicating these measurements is the optical phase noise due to microvascular flow as well as the presence of significant tissue clutter (deformation) associated with physiologic processes (e.g., heart and respiratory rate). These recordings were acquired using a full-field holographic imaging system with spatiotemporal resolutions of less than 1 ms and 0.1 mm3 over a 3 mm diameter field of view (FOV). Our system demonstrates, for the first time, the ability to non-invasively record in vivo tissue deformation associated with population level neuronal activity. We confirmed this technique across a range of neural activation models, including direct epidural focal electrical stimulation (FES), activation of primary somatosensory cortex via whisker barrel stimulation, and pharmacologically-induced seizures. Calibrated displacement measurements of the associated tissue deformations provided additional insight into the underlying neural activation mechanisms. Collectively, we show that holographic imaging provides a pathway for high-resolution, label-free, non-invasive recording of transcranial in vivo neural activity at depth, making it highly advantageous for studying neural function and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Kochba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blodgett, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution label-free transcranial imaging of in vivo neural activity via interferometric measurement of tissue deformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomarker discovery in progressive supranuclear palsy from human cerebrospinal fluid using mass spectrometry-based proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is often misdiagnosed as Parkinsons Disease (PD) because of shared symptoms. PSP is characterized by the accumulation of tau protein in specific brain regions, which results in loss of balance, gaze impairment, and dementia. Diagnosing PSP is often challenging, and theres a significant demand for reliable biomarkers. However, existing biomarkers, including tau protein and neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), show inconsistencies in distinguishing PSP from other neurodegenerative disorders. To overcome these limitations, we conducted a comprehensive proteome analysis for CSF samples from 40 PSP, 40 PD, and healthy controls (HC) using the tandem mass tag-based quantification method, identifying 3,653 unique proteins. Our statistical analysis identified 190, 152, and 247 differentially expressed proteins when comparing PSP vs. HC, PSP vs. PD, and PSP against both PD and HC, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis and interactome analysis conducted with the differentially expressed proteins in PSP CSF indicated that most of them were implicated in cell adhesion, cholesterol metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis. Cell-type enrichment analysis revealed that neuronally-derived proteins were predominant among the differentially expressed proteins. Potential biomarker classification performance showed that ATP6AP2 (reduced in PSP) had the highest AUC (0.922), followed by NEFM, EFEMP2, LAMP2, CHST12, FAT2, B4GALT1, LCAT, CBLN3, FSTL5, ATP6AP1, and GGH. This is the first large-scale mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis to discover CSF PSP biomarkers differentiating from both controls and PD, thereby laying a foundation for further development and validation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tropea, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen-Plotkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomarker discovery in progressive supranuclear palsy from human cerebrospinal fluid using mass spectrometry-based proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells identifies inflammatory phenotypes in ataxia telangiectasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with widespread systemic manifestations and marked variability in clinical phenotypes. In this study, we sought to determine whether transcriptomic profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells defines subsets of individuals with A-T beyond mild and classic phenotypes, enabling identification of novel features for disease classification and treatment response to therapy.

MethodsParticipants with stable A-T (n=90) were recruited and compared with unaffected controls (n=15). PBMCs were isolated and bulk RNAseq was performed. Plasma was also isolated in a subset of individuals. Affected individuals were designated mild or classic based on ATM mutations and clinical and laboratory features.

ResultsPeople with classic A-T were more likely to be younger and IgA deficient and to have higher alpha-fetoprotein levels and lower % forced vital capacity compared to individuals with mild A-T. In classic A-T, the expression of genes required for V(D)J recombination was lower, and the expression of genes required for inflammatory activity was higher. We assigned inflammatory scores to study participants and found that inflammatory scores were highly variable among people with classic A-T and that higher scores were associated with lower ATM mRNA levels. Using a cell type deconvolution approach, we inferred that CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were lower in number in people with classic A-T. Finally, we showed that individuals with classic A-T exhibit higher SERPINE1 (PAI-1) mRNA and plasma protein levels, irrespective of age, and higher FLT4 (VEGFR3) and IL6ST (GP130) plasma protein levels compared with mild A-T and controls.

ConclusionUsing an unbiased transcriptomic approach, we identified novel features and developed an inflammatory score to identify subsets of individuals with different inflammatory phenotypes in A-T. Findings from this study could be used to help direct treatment and to track treatment response to therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michki, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Morrow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells identifies inflammatory phenotypes in ataxia telangiectasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons Regenerate Synapses with Refined Release Properties In Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the inner ear are damaged by noise trauma and with aging, causing  synaptopathy and hearing loss. Co-cultures of neonatal denervated organs of Corti and newly introduced SGNs have been developed to find strategies for improving IHC synapse regeneration, but evidence of the physiological normality of regenerated synapses is missing. This study utilizes IHC optogenetic stimulation and SGN recordings, showing that newly formed IHC synapses are indeed functional, exhibiting glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents. When older organs of Corti were plated, synaptic activity probed by deconvolution, showed more mature release properties, closer to the highly specialized mode of IHC synaptic transmission that is crucial for coding the sound signal. This newly developed functional assessment of regenerated IHC synapses provides a powerful tool for testing approaches to improve synapse regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VINCENT, P. F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons Regenerate Synapses with Refined Release Properties In Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gapped-kmer sequence modeling robustly identifies regulatory vocabularies and distal enhancers conserved between evolutionarily distant mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory elements drive many complex biological phenomena such as fetal development, and their mutations are linked to a multitude of common human diseases. The phenotypic impacts of regulatory variants are often tested using their conserved orthologous counterparts in model organisms such as mice. However, mapping human enhancers to conserved elements in mice remains a challenge, due to both rapid evolution of enhancers and limitations of current computational methods to detect conserved regulatory sequences. To improve upon existing computational methods and to better understand the sources of this apparent regulatory divergence, we comprehensively measured the evolutionary dynamics of distal enhancers across 45 matched human/mouse cell/tissue pairs from more than 1,000 DNase-seq experiments. Using this expansive dataset, we show that while cell-specific regulatory vocabulary is conserved, enhancers evolve more rapidly than other genomic elements such as promoters and CTCF binding sites. We observed surprisingly high levels of cell-specific variability in enhancer conservation rates, in part explainable by tissue specific transposable element activity. To improve orthologous enhancer mapping, we developed an improved genome alignment algorithm using gapped-kmer sequence features, and using the matched cell/tissue pairs, we show that this novel computational method, gkm-align, discovers 23,660 novel human/mouse conserved enhancers missed by standard alignment algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gapped-kmer sequence modeling robustly identifies regulatory vocabularies and distal enhancers conserved between evolutionarily distant mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Merging-limited coarsening governs long-term stability of nanoscale condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Droplet coarsening is a long-standing phenomenon widely observed in our daily life and industrial processes. This process is typically governed by classic theories, such as Brownian motion-induced coalescence and Ostwald ripening, predicting continuous and rapid droplet growth. However, recent studies revealed that nanoscale biomolecular condensates, formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), often defy this expectation, exhibiting remarkable long-term stability in cells and in vitro systems. Here, we reveal a merging-limited coarsening mechanism that underpins this anomalously slow growth. Using experiments, theory, and simulations, we demonstrate that nanoscale coacervates formed at neutral stoichiometry remain stable over extended periods due to size-dependent merging inefficiency. This inefficiency stems from entropic charge separation caused by asymmetric chain lengths of oppositely charged polymers, which induces interfacial charge accumulation and inter-coacervate electrostatic repulsion. Our findings reframe LLPS as a kinetically constrained process evolving over a rugged energy landscape, in which merging barriers trap condensates in metastable, long-lived states. This framework offers a physical basis for condensate size control in cells and a design principle for stable synthetic biomolecular assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Merging-limited coarsening governs long-term stability of nanoscale condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sliding windows analysis can undo the effects of preprocessing when applied to fMRI data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data is used to study the intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) in the human brain. In the past decade, interest has focused on studying the temporal dynamics of FC on short timescales, ranging from seconds to minutes. These studies of time-varying FC (TVFC) have enabled the classification of whole-brain dynamic FC profiles into distinct "brain states", defined as recurring whole-brain connectivity profiles reliably observed across subjects and sessions. The analysis of rs-fMRI data is complicated by the fact that the measured BOLD signal consists of changes induced by neuronal activation, as well as non-neuronal nuisance fluctuations that should be removed prior to further analysis. Thus, the data undergoes significant preprocesing prior to analysis. In previous work [24], we illustrated the potential pitfalls involved with using modular preprocessing pipelines, showing how later preprocessing steps can reintroduce correlation with signal previously removed from the data. Here we show that the problem runs deeper, and that certain statistical analysis techniques can potentially interact with preprocessing and reintroduce correlations with previously removed signal. One such technique is the popular sliding window analysis, used to compute TVFC. In this paper, we discuss the problem both theoretically and empirically in application to test-retest rs-fMRI data. Importantly, we show that we are able to obtain essentially the same brain states and state transitions when analyzing motion induced signal as we do when analyzing the preprocessed but windowed data. Our results cast doubt on whether the estimated brain states obtained using sliding window analysis are neuronal in nature, or simply reflect non-neuronal nuisance signal variation (e.g., motion).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sliding windows analysis can undo the effects of preprocessing when applied to fMRI data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of a low-cost photomodulator for in vivo photoactivation of a mGluR5 inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe side effects prevent the utilization of otherwise promising drugs in treatments. These side effects arise when drugs affect untargeted tissues due to poor target specificity. In photopharmacology, light controls the timing and the location of drug delivery, improving treatment specificity and pharmacokinetic control. Photopharmaceuticals have not seen widespread adoption in part because researchers do not always have access to reliable and reproducible light delivery devices at prices which fit within the larger research budget. In this work, we present a customizable photomodulator for use in both wearable and implantable devices. For experimental validation of the photomodulator, we photolyse JF-NP-26 in rats, producing raseglurant, a mGluR5 inhibitor shown to have antinociceptive effects in animal models. We show our photomodulator produces a significant reduction in pain response in the formalin model by photoreleasing raseglurant, indicating our photomodulator can successfully drive in vivo photopharmacology. We demonstrate modifications which enable the photomodulator to operate wirelessly. By documenting our photomodulator development, we hope to introduce researchers to a simple solution which significantly lowers the engineering barriers to photopharmacology research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajieren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albors, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llebaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.07.561310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of a low-cost photomodulator for in vivo photoactivation of a mGluR5 inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LETHAL COVID-19 ASSOCIATES WITH RAAS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE INCLUDING MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lethal COVID-19 outcomes are most often attributed to classic cytokine storm and attendant excessive immune signaling. We re-visit this question using RNA sequencing in nasopharyngeal and 40 autopsy samples from COVID-19-positive and negative individuals. In nasal swabs, the top 100 genes which significantly correlated with COVID-19 viral load, include many canonical innate immune genes. However, 22 much less studied "non-canonical" genes are found and despite the absence of viral transcripts, subsets of these are upregulated in heart, lung, kidney, and liver, but not mediastinal lymph nodes. An important regulatory potential emerges for the non-canonical genes for over-activating the renin-angiotensin-activation-system (RAAS) pathway, resembling this phenomenon in hereditary angioedema (HAE) and its overlapping multiple features with lethal COVID-19 infections. Specifically, RAAS overactivation links increased fibrin deposition, leaky vessels, thrombotic tendency, and initiating the PANoptosis death pathway, as suggested in heart, lung, and especially mediastinal lymph nodes, with a tightly associated mitochondrial dysfunction linked to immune responses. For mediastinal lymph nodes, immunohistochemistry studies validate the transcriptomic findings showing abnormal architecture, excess fibrin and collagen deposition, and pathogenic fibroblasts. Further, our findings overlap findings in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse models, and importantly peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and whole blood samples from COVID-19 patients infected with early variants and later SARS-CoV-2 strains. We thus present cytokine storm in lethal COVID-19 disease as an interplay between upstream immune gene signaling producing downstream RAAS overactivation with resultant severe organ damage, especially compromising mediastinal lymph node function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beigel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haltoom, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borczuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epsi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft-Benz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickmander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widjaja, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, Y. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trovao, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LETHAL COVID-19 ASSOCIATES WITH RAAS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE INCLUDING MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiparameter flow cytometric detection and analysis of rare cells in in vivo models of cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid and reliable circulating tumor cell (CTC) and disseminated tumor cell (DTC) detection forms a major underpinning of rigorous in vivo metastasis research. While many cancer cells initiate metastasis, very few can complete it. Clinical data evidences that each successive step of metastatic cascade presents increasing barriers to metastatic success, limiting the number of successful metastatic cells to fewer than 1 in 1,500,000,000. As such, it is critical to employ metastasis research approaches that allow scientists to discern which step(s) of the cascade present metastatic barriers to their model systems, and in which steps their model systems might display competency. Here, we present a novel flow-cytometry based method that allows for the simultaneous comparison of multiple steps of the cascade within one model system via the co-identification of CTC and DTCs from single animals. This approach is not only highly reliable and reproducible, but also broadly applicable and highly adaptable to a wide range of scientific inquiries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiparameter flow cytometric detection and analysis of rare cells in in vivo models of cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP10 is Critical for Stress Granule Initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates enriched with RNA, translation factors, and other proteins. They form in response to stress and are implicated in various diseased states including viral infection, tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration. Understanding the mechanism of SG assembly, particularly its initiation, offers potential therapeutic avenues. Although ADP-ribosylation plays a key role in SG assembly, and one of its key forms--poly(ADP-ribose) or PAR--is critical for recruiting proteins to SGs, the specific enzyme responsible remains unidentified. Here, we systematically knock down the human ADP-ribosyltransferase family and identify PARP10 as pivotal for SG assembly. Live-cell imaging reveals PARP10s crucial role in regulating initial assembly kinetics. Further, we pinpoint the core SG component, G3BP1, as a PARP10 substrate and find that PARP10 regulates SG assembly driven by both G3BP1 and its modeled mechanism. Intriguingly, while PARP10 only adds a single ADP-ribose unit to proteins, G3BP1 is PARylated, suggesting its potential role as a scaffold for protein recruitment. PARP10 knockdown alters the SG core composition, notably decreasing translation factor presence. Based on our findings, we propose a model in which ADP-ribosylation acts as a rate-limiting step, initiating the formation of this RNA-enriched condensate.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPARP10 plays a crucial role in the initial SG assembly kinetics.
C_LIO_LIThe core SG component G3BP1 is a substrate of PARP10.
C_LIO_LIPARP10 is required for SG assembly mediated by G3BP1 or its synthetic mimic.
C_LIO_LIPARP10 knockdown reduces the levels of translation factors within the SG core.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayabalan, A. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhambhani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP10 is Critical for Stress Granule Initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth retardation in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome 2 bears mechanistic similarities to Kabuki syndrome 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth retardation is a characteristic feature of both Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1) and Kabuki syndrome 2 (KS2), Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery with similar phenotypes but distinct genetic etiologies. We previously described skeletal growth retardation in a mouse model of KS1 and further established that a Kmt2d-/- chondrocyte model of KS1 exhibits precocious differentiation. Here we characterized growth retardation in a mouse model of KS2, Kdm6atm1d/+. We show that Kdm6atm1d/+ mice have decreased femur and tibia length compared to controls and exhibit abnormalities in cortical and trabecular bone structure. Kdm6atm1d/+ growth plates are also shorter, due to decreases in hypertrophic chondrocyte size and hypertrophic zone height. Given these disturbances in the growth plate, we generated Kdm6a-/- chondrogenic cell lines. Similar to our prior in vitro model of KS1, we found that Kdm6a-/- cells undergo premature, enhanced differentiation towards chondrocytes compared to Kdm6a+/+ controls. RNA-seq showed that Kdm6a-/- cells have a distinct transcriptomic profile that indicates dysregulation of cartilage development. Finally, we performed RNA-seq simultaneously on Kmt2d-/-, Kdm6a-/-, and control lines at Days 7 and 14 of differentiation. This revealed surprising resemblance in gene expression between Kmt2d-/- and Kdm6a-/- at both time points and indicates that the similarity in phenotype between KS1 and KS2 also exists at the transcriptional level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth retardation in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome 2 bears mechanistic similarities to Kabuki syndrome 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune landscape of tertiary lymphoid structures in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy is thought to produce long-term remissions through induction of antitumor immune responses before removal of the primary tumor. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), germinal center-like structures that can arise within tumors, may contribute to the establishment of immunological memory in this setting, but understanding of their role remains limited. Here, we investigated the contribution of TLS to antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. We found that neoadjuvant immunotherapy induced the formation of TLS, which were associated with superior pathologic response, improved relapse free survival, and expansion of the intratumoral T and B cell repertoire. While TLS in viable tumor displayed a highly active mature morphology, in areas of tumor regression we identified an involuted TLS morphology, which was characterized by dispersion of the B cell follicle and persistence of a T cell zone enriched for ongoing antigen presentation and T cell-mature dendritic cell interactions. Involuted TLS showed increased expression of T cell memory markers and expansion of CD8+ cytotoxic and tissue resident memory clonotypes. Collectively, these data reveal the circumstances of TLS dissolution and suggest a functional role for late-stage TLS as sites of T cell memory formation after elimination of viable tumor.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=128 SRC="FIGDIR/small/562104v2_fig0.gif" ALT="Figure 0">
View larger version (30K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@859572org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@169ed2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11510f0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b39a4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG O_LSTHighlightsC_LSTO_LIIn patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are induced by neoadjuvant immunotherapy and are associated with favorable clinical outcomes.
C_LIO_LITLS within the same tumor demonstrate extensive sharing of expanded granzyme K and granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T effector memory clonotypes, but the B cell repertoires of individual TLS are almost wholly distinct, consistent with independent germinal center reactions.
C_LIO_LIWithin areas of viable tumor, mature TLS are characterized by high expression of CD21 and CD23, BCL6+ germinal center B cells, and close interactions between DCLAMP+ mature dendritic cells and CXCR5-CXCR3+ CD4 T peripheral helper cells within a T cell zone adjacent to the B cell follicle.
C_LIO_LIWithin areas of tumor regression, an involuted TLS morphology is identified that is notable for dissolution of the B cell germinal center, retention of the T cell zone, and increased T cell memory.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munjal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendinelli, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Vidal, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huff, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabransky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogurtsova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baretti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laheru, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune landscape of tertiary lymphoid structures in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven motif discovery in biological neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWData from a variety of domains are represented as graphs, including social networks, transportation networks, computer networks, and biological networks. A key question spans these domains: are there meaningful repeated subgraphs, or motifs, within the structure of these larger networks? This is a particularly relevant problem when searching for repeated neural circuits in networks of biological neurons, as the field now regularly produces large brain connectivity maps of neurons and synapses, or connectomes. Given acquisition costs, however, these neuron-synapse connectivity maps are mostly one-of-a-kind. With current graph analysis techniques, it is very challenging to discover new "interesting" subgraphs a priori given small sample sizes of host graphs. Another challenge is that for even relatively modest graph sizes, an exhaustive search of all possible subgraphs is computationally intractable. For these reasons, motif discovery in biological graphs remains an unsolved challenge in the field. In this work, we present a motif discovery approach that can derive a list of undirected or directed motifs, with occurrence counts which are statistically significant compared to randomized graphs, from a single graph example. We first address common pitfalls in the current most common approaches when testing for motif statistical significance, and outline a strategy to ameliorate this problem with improved graph randomization techniques. We then propose a progressive-refinement approach for motif discovery, which addresses issues of computational cost. We demonstrate that our sampling correction technique allows for significance testing of target motifs while highlighting misleading conclusions from standard random graph models. Finally, we share our reference implementation, which is available as an open-source Python package, and demonstrate real-world preliminary results on the C. elegans connectome and the ellipsoid body of the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinette, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven motif discovery in biological neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated Aging after Traumatic Brain Injury: an ENIGMA Multi-Cohort Mega-Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on brain structure remain uncertain. In light of current evidence that even a single significant brain injury event increases the risk of dementia, brain-age estimation could provide a novel and efficient indexing of the long-term consequences of TBI. Brain-age procedures use predictive modeling to calculate brain-age scores for an individual using MRI data. Complicated mild, moderate and severe TBI (cmsTBI) is associated with a higher predicted (brain) age difference (PAD), but the progression of PAD over time remains unclear. Here we sought to examine whether PAD increases as a function of time since injury (TSI).

MethodsAs part of the ENIGMA Adult Moderate and Severe (AMS)-TBI working group, we examine the largest TBI sample to date (n=343), along with controls, for a total sample size of 540, to reproduce and extend prior findings in the study of TBI brain age. T1w-MRI data were aggregated across 7 cohorts and brain age was established using a similar brain age algorithm to prior work in TBI.

ResultsFindings show that PAD widens with longer TSI, and there was evidence for differences between sexes in PAD, with men showing more advanced brain age. We did not find evidence supporting a link between PAD and cognitive performance.

InterpretationThis work provides evidence that changes in brain structure after cmsTBI are dynamic, with an initial period of change, followed by relative stability, eventually leading to further changes in the decades after a single cmsTBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vervoordt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caeyenberghs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dams-O'Connor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutscher, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobryakova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genova, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberg, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellstrom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koliatsos, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkley, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcombe, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponsford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smevik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafonte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilde, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillary, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated Aging after Traumatic Brain Injury: an ENIGMA Multi-Cohort Mega-Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Evolutionarily Conserved VSX2 Enhancers in Retinal Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-enhancers (SEs) are expansive regions of genomic DNA that regulate the expression of genes involved in cell identity and cell fate. Recently, we found that distinct modules within a murine SE regulate gene expression of master regulatory transcription factor Vsx2 in a developmental stage- and cell-type specific manner. Vsx2 is expressed in retinal progenitor cells as well as differentiated bipolar neurons and Muller glia. Mutations in VSX2 in humans and mice lead to microphthalmia due to a defect in retinal progenitor cell proliferation. Deletion of a single module within the Vsx2 SE leads to microphthalmia. Deletion of a separate module within the SE leads to a complete loss of bipolar neurons, yet the remainder of the retina develops normally. Furthermore, the Vsx2 SE is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates, suggesting that these modules are important for retinal development across species. In the present study, we examine the ability of these modules to drive retinal development between species. By inserting the human build of one Vsx2 SE module into a mouse with microphthalmia, eye size was rescued. To understand the implications of these SE modules in a model of human development, we generated human retinal organoids. Deleting one module results in small organoids, recapitulating the small-eyed phenotype of mice with microphthalmia, while deletion of the other module leads to a complete loss of ON cone bipolar neurons. This prototypical SE serves as a model for uncoupling developmental stage- and cell-type specific effects of neurogenic transcription factors with complex expression patterns. Moreover, by elucidating the gene regulatory mechanisms, we can begin to examine how dysregulation of these mechanisms contributes to phenotypic diversity and disease.

Summary StatementHerein, we describe how conserved modules within a single super-enhancer can regulate VSX2 gene expression across species in both mice and human retinal organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honnell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norrie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teubner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Evolutionarily Conserved VSX2 Enhancers in Retinal Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural OFF and ON states of myosin can be decoupled from the biochemical super-relaxed and disordered-relaxed states. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing awareness that both thick filament and classical thin filament regulation play central roles in modulating muscle contraction. Myosin ATPase assays have demonstrated that under relaxed conditions, myosin may reside in either a high energy-consuming disordered-relaxed (DRX) state available for binding actin to generate force, or in an energy-sparing super-relaxed (SRX) state unavailable for actin binding. X-ray diffraction studies have shown the majority of myosin heads are in a quasi-helically ordered OFF state in a resting muscle and that this helical ordering is lost when myosin heads are turned ON for contraction. It has been assumed that myosin heads in SRX and DRX states are equivalent to the OFF and ON state respectively and the terms have been used interchangeably. Here, we use X-ray diffraction and ATP turnover assays to track the structural and biochemical transitions of myosin heads respectively induced with either omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) or piperine in relaxed porcine myocardium. We find that while OM and piperine induce dramatic shifts of myosin heads from the OFF to ON states, there are no appreciable changes in the population of myosin heads in the SRX and DRX states in both unloaded and loaded preparations. Our results show that biochemically defined SRX and DRX can be decoupled from structurally-defined OFF and ON states. In summary, while SRX/DRX and OFF/ON transitions can be correlated in some cases, these two phenomena are measured using different approaches, do not necessarily reflect the same properties of the thick filament and should be investigated and interpreted separately.

SignificanceMyosin based thick filament regulation is now known to be critical for muscle contraction with myosin dysregulation found in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies. While previously thought to be synonymous, this study finds that biochemical and structural thick filament disengagement are distinct properties and should be investigated as independent phenomena. Understanding the details of thick filament regulation will be of great relevance to defining sarcomere-level dysfunction in myopathies and understanding and better designing and testing sarcomere therapies aimed at reversing them for treatment of cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadayappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural OFF and ON states of myosin can be decoupled from the biochemical super-relaxed and disordered-relaxed states.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth inhibitory factor/metallothionein-3 is a sulfane sulfur-binding protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cysteine-bound sulfane sulfur atoms in proteins have received much attention as key factors in cellular redox homeostasis. However, the role of sulfane sulfur in zinc regulation has been underinvestigated. We report here that cysteine-bound sulfane sulfur atoms serve as ligands to hold and release zinc ions in growth inhibitory factor (GIF)/metallothionein-3 (MT-3) with an unexpected C-S-S-Zn structure. Oxidation of such a zinc/persulfide cluster in Zn7GIF/MT-3 results in the release of zinc ions, and intramolecular tetrasulfide bridges in apo-GIF/MT-3 efficiently undergo S-S bond cleavage by thioredoxin to regenerate Zn7GIF/MT-3. Three-dimensional molecular modeling confirmed the critical role of the persulfide group in the thermostability and Zn-binding affinity of GIF/MT-3. The present discovery raises the fascinating possibility that the function of other Zn-binding proteins is controlled by sulfane sulfur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinkai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akaike, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuto, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigeta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumagai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth inhibitory factor/metallothionein-3 is a sulfane sulfur-binding protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flap endonuclease 1 repairs DNA-protein crosslinks via ADP-ribosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are among the most ubiquitous and detrimental DNA lesions which arise from exposure to metabolic stresses, drugs, or crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde (FA). FA is a cellular by-product of methanol metabolism, histone demethylation, lipid peroxidation as well as environmental pollutants. Failure to repair FA-induced DPCs blocks nearly all chromatin-based processes including replication and transcription, leading to immunodeficiencies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Yet, it remains largely unknown how the cell repairs DPCs. The study of DPC repair is impeded by our incomprehension of the types of proteins crosslinked by FA due to the lack of techniques to identify the DPCs. Here, we designed a novel bioassay to profile FA-induced DPCs by coupling cesium chloride differential ultracentrifugation with HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Using the method, we revealed the proteome of FA-induced DPCs in human cells and found that the most abundant proteins that form DPCs are PARP1, topoisomerases I and II, methyltransferases, DNA and RNA polymerases, histones, as well as ribosomal proteins. To identify enzymes that repair DPCs, we carried out RNA interference screening and found that downregulation of flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) rendered cells hypersensitive to FA. Since FEN1 possesses 5-flap endonuclease activity, we hypothesized that FA induces DPC-conjugated 5-flap DNA fragments that can be processed by FEN1. Indeed, we demonstrate that FA damages DNA bases that are converted into 5-flap via the base excision pathway (BER). We also observed that the damaged DNA bases were colocalized with DPCs and FEN1. Mechanistically, we showed that FEN1 repairs FA-induced DPCs in vivo and cleaves 5-flap DNA substrate harboring DPC mimetic in vitro. We also found that FEN1 repairs enzymatic topoisomerase II (TOP2)-DPCs induced by their inhibitors etoposide and doxorubicin independently of the BER pathway, and that FEN1 and the DPC-targeting protease SPRTN act as parallel pathways for the repair of both FA-induced non-enzymatic DPCs and etoposide-induced enzymatic TOP2-DPCs. Notably, we found that FA-induced non-enzymatic DPCs and enzymatic TOP2-DPCs are promptly modified by poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation), a post-translational modification catalyzed by PARP1, a key DNA damage response effector that acts by PARylating both DNA damage sites and DNA repair proteins. We performed immunoprecipitation (IP) assays with anti-PAR antibody for HPLC-MS and identified FEN1 as a PARylation substrate. Next, we showed that PARylation of DPC substrates signaled FEN1 whereas PARylation of FEN1 drove FEN1 to DPC sites. Finally, using the enzymatic labeling of the terminal ADP-ribose-MS method, we identified the E285 residue of FEN1 as a dominant PARylation site, which appeared to be required for FEN1 relocation to DPCs. Taken together, our work not only unveiled the identities of FA-induced DPCs but also discovered an unprecedented PARP1-FEN1 nuclease pathway as a universal and imperative mechanism to repair the miscellaneous DPCs and prevent DPC-induced genomic instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Touny, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flap endonuclease 1 repairs DNA-protein crosslinks via ADP-ribosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Semi-automated Proofreading and Mesh Error Detection Pipeline for Neuron Extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe immense scale and complexity of neuronal electron microscopy (EM) datasets pose significant challenges in data processing, validation, and interpretation, necessitating the development of efficient, automated, and scalable error-detection methodologies. This paper proposes a novel approach that employs mesh processing techniques to identify potential error locations near neuronal tips. Error detection at tips is a particularly important challenge since these errors usually indicate that many synapses are falsely split from their parent neuron, injuring the integrity of the connectomic reconstruction. Additionally, we draw implications and results from an implementation of this error detection in a semi-automated proofreading pipeline. Manual proofreading is a laborious, costly, and currently necessary method for identifying the errors in the machine learning based segmentation of neural tissue. This approach streamlines the process of proofreading by systematically highlighting areas likely to contain inaccuracies and guiding proofreaders towards potential continuations, accelerating the rate at which errors are corrected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalavadi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villafane-Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Semi-automated Proofreading and Mesh Error Detection Pipeline for Neuron Extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing NK cell activation in the damaged liver induced by cabozantinib/PD-1 blockade increases survival in hepatocellular carcinoma models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The addition of anti-VEGF antibody treatment to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has increased the efficacy of immunotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite an initial promise, adding multitargeted kinase inhibitors of VEGFR with ICB has failed to increase survival in HCC. To reveal the mechanisms underlying treatment failure, we studied the effects of cabozantinib/ICB using orthotopic murine HCC models with or without liver damage. We monitored tumor growth and liver function, recorded survival outcomes, and performed immune profiling studies for intra-tumoral and surrounding liver. Cabozantinib/ICB treatment led to tumor regression and significantly improved survival in mice with normal livers. However, consistent with the clinical findings, combination therapy failed to show survival benefits despite similar tumor control when tested in the same models but in mice with liver fibrosis. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data converged, showing that activating immune responses by cabozantinib/ICB treatment induced hepatoxicity. Immune profiling revealed that combination therapy effectively reprogrammed the tumor immune microenvironment and increased NK cell infiltration and activation in the damaged liver tissue. Surprisingly, systemic depletion of NK reduced hepatotoxicity elicited by the combination therapy without compromising its anti-cancer effect, and significantly enhanced the survival benefit even in mice with HCC and underlying liver fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that preventing NK activation allowed for maintaining a favorable therapeutic ratio when combining ICB with cabozantinib in advanced HCC models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenudson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing NK cell activation in the damaged liver induced by cabozantinib/PD-1 blockade increases survival in hepatocellular carcinoma models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.562237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotype prediction of 336,463 samples from public expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.562237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tens of thousands of RNA-sequencing experiments comprising hundreds of thousands of individual samples have now been performed. These data represent a broad range of experimental conditions, sequencing technologies, and hypotheses under study. The Recount project has aggregated and uniformly processed hundreds of thousands of publicly available RNA-seq samples. Most of these samples only include RNA expression measurements; genotype data for these same samples would enable a wide range of analyses including variant prioritization, eQTL analysis, and studies of allele specific expression. Here, we developed a statistical model based on the existing reference and alternative read counts from the RNA-seq experiments available through Recount3 to predict genotypes at autosomal biallelic loci in coding regions. We demonstrate the accuracy of our model using large-scale studies that measured both gene expression and genotype genome-wide. We show that our predictive model is highly accurate with 99.5% overall accuracy, 99.6% major allele accuracy, and 90.4% minor allele accuracy. Our model is robust to tissue and study effects, provided the coverage is high enough. We applied this model to genotype all the samples in Recount3 and provide the largest ready-to-use expression repository containing genotype information. We illustrate that the predicted genotype from RNA-seq data is sufficient to unravel the underlying population structure of samples in Recount3 using Principal Component Analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.562237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotype prediction of 336,463 samples from public expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulating the proinflammatory response to implanted composite biomaterials comprising polylactide and hydroxyapatite by targeting immunometabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Composite biomaterials comprising polylactide (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are applied in bone, cartilage and dental regenerative medicine, where HA confers osteoconductive properties. However, after surgical implantation, adverse immune responses to these composites can occur, which have been attributed to size and morphology of HA particles. Approaches to effectively modulate these adverse immune responses have not been described. PLA degradation products have been shown to alter immune cell metabolism, which drives the inflammatory response. Therefore, we aimed to modulate the inflammatory response to composite biomaterials by regulating glycolytic flux with small molecule inhibitors incorporated into composites comprised of amorphous PLA (aPLA) and HA (aPLA+HA). Inhibition at specific steps in glycolysis reduced proinflammatory (CD86+CD206-) and increased pro-regenerative (CD206+) immune cell populations around implanted aPLA+HA resulting in a pro-regenerative microenvironment. Notably, neutrophil and dendritic cell (DC) numbers along with proinflammatory monocyte and macrophage populations were decreased, and Arginase 1 expression among DCs was increased. Targeting immunometabolism to control the inflammatory response to biomaterial composites, and creating a pro-regenerative microenvironment, is a significant advance in tissue engineering where immunomodulation enhances osseointegration, and angiogenesis, which will lead to improved bone regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maduka, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makela, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ural, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnert, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tundo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque Apu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashammakhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankenson, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contag, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulating the proinflammatory response to implanted composite biomaterials comprising polylactide and hydroxyapatite by targeting immunometabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperbolic graph embedding of MEG brain networks to study brain alterations in individuals with subjective cognitive decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An expansive area of research focuses on discerning patterns of alterations in functional brain networks from the early stages of Alzheimers disease, even at the subjective cognitive decline (SCD) stage. Here, we developed a novel hyperbolic MEG brain network embedding framework for transforming high-dimensional complex MEG brain networks into lower-dimensional hyperbolic representations. Using this model, we computed hyperbolic embeddings of the MEG brain networks of two distinct participant groups: individuals with SCD and healthy controls. We demonstrated that these embeddings preserve both local and global geometric information, presenting reduced distortion compared to rival models, even when brain networks are mapped into low-dimensional spaces. In addition, our findings showed that the hyperbolic embeddings encompass unique SCD-related information that improves the discriminatory power above and beyond that of connectivity features alone. Notably, we introduced a unique metric--the radius of the node embeddings--which effectively proxies the hierarchical organization of the brain. Using this metric, we identified subtle hierarchy organizational differences between the two participant groups, suggesting increased hierarchy in the dorsal attention, frontoparietal, and ventral attention subnetworks among the SCD group. Last, we assessed the correlation between these hierarchical variations and cognitive assessment scores, revealing associations with diminished performance across multiple cognitive evaluations in the SCD group. Overall, this study presents the first evaluation of hyperbolic embeddings of MEG brain networks, offering novel insights into brain organization, cognitive decline, and potential diagnostic avenues of Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperbolic graph embedding of MEG brain networks to study brain alterations in individuals with subjective cognitive decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhysiCell Studio: a graphical tool to make agent-based modeling more accessible 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining a multicellular model can be challenging. There may be hundreds of parameters that specify the attributes and behaviors of objects. Hopefully the model will be defined using some format specification, e.g., a markup language, that will provide easy model sharing (and a minimal step toward reproducibility). PhysiCell is an open source, physics-based multicellular simulation framework with an active and growing user community. It uses XML to define a model and, traditionally, users needed to manually edit the XML to modify the model. PhysiCell Studio is a tool to make this task easier. It provides a graphical user interface that allows editing the XML model definition, including the creation and deletion of fundamental objects, e.g., cell types and substrates in the microenvironment. It also lets users build their model by defining initial conditions and biological rules, run simulations, and view results interactively. PhysiCell Studio has evolved over multiple workshops and academic courses in recent years which has led to many improvements. Its design and development has benefited from an active undergraduate and graduate research program. Like PhysiCell, the Studio is open source software and contributions from the community are encouraged.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L. Rocha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noël, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhysiCell Studio: a graphical tool to make agent-based modeling more accessible]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor- and Nerve-Derived Axon Guidance Molecule Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression and Metastasis through Macrophage Reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axon guidance molecules were found to be the gene family most frequently altered in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) through mutations and copy number changes. However, the exact molecular mechanism regarding PDA development remained unclear. Using genetically engineered mouse models to examine one of the axon guidance molecules, semaphorin 3D (SEMA3D), we found a dual role for tumor-derived SEMA3D in malignant transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells and a role for nerve-derived SEMA3D in PDA development. This was demonstrated by the pancreatic-specific knockout of the SEMA3D gene from the KRASG12D and TP53R172H mutation knock-in, PDX1-Cre (KPC) mouse model which demonstrated a delayed tumor initiation and growth comparing to the original KPC mouse model. Our results showed that SEMA3D knockout skews the macrophages in the pancreas away from M2 polarization, providing a potential mechanistic role of tumor-derived SEMA3D in PDA development. The KPC mice with the SEMA3D knockout remained metastasis-free, however, died from primary tumor growth. We then tested the hypothesis that a potential compensation mechanism could result from SEMA3D which is naturally expressed by the intratumoral nerves. Our study further revealed that nerve-derived SEMA3D does not reprogram macrophages directly, but reprograms macrophages indirectly through ARF6 signaling and lactate production in PDA tumor cells. SEMA3D increases tumor-secreted lactate which is sensed by GPCR132 on macrophages and subsequently stimulates pro-tumorigenic M2 polarization in vivo. Tumor intrinsic- and extrinsic-SEMA3D induced ARF6 signaling through its receptor Plexin D1 in a mutant KRAS-dependent manner. Consistently, RNA sequencing database analysis revealed an association of higher KRASMUT expression with an increase in SEMA3D and ARF6 expression in human PDAs. Moreover, multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis showed an increased number of M2-polarized macrophages proximal to nerves in human PDA tissue expressing SEMA3D. Thus, this study suggests altered expression of SEMA3D in tumor cells lead to acquisition of cancer-promoting functions and the axon guidance signaling originating from nerves is "hijacked" by tumor cells to support their growth. Other axon guidance and neuronal development molecules may play a similar dual role which is worth further investigation.

One sentence summaryTumor- and nerve-derived SEMA3D promotes tumor progression and metastasis through macrophage reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThis study established the dual role of axon guidance molecule, SEMA3D, in the malignant transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells and of nerve-derived SEMA3D in PDA progression and metastasis. It revealed macrophage reprogramming as the mechanism underlying bothroles. Together, this research elucidated how inflammatory responses promote invasive PDA progression and metastasis through an oncogenic process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thielman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davuluri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lbanez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor- and Nerve-Derived Axon Guidance Molecule Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression and Metastasis through Macrophage Reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LOXL2 inhibition ameliorates pulmonary artery remodeling in pulmonary hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundConduit pulmonary arterial stiffening and the resultant increase in pulmonary vascular impedance has emerged as an important underlying driver of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Given that matrix deposition is central to vascular remodeling, we evaluated the role of the collagen crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) in this study.

Methods and ResultsHuman pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) subjected to hypoxia showed increased LOXL2 secretion. LOXL2 activity and expression were markedly higher in primary PASMCs isolated from pulmonary arteries of the rat Sugen 5416 + hypoxia (SuHx) model of severe PH. Similarly, LOXL2 protein and mRNA levels were increased in pulmonary arteries (PA) and lungs of rats with PH (SuHx and monocrotaline (MCT) models). Pulmonary arteries (PAs) isolated from rats with PH exhibited hypercontractility to phenylephrine and attenuated vasorelaxation elicited by acetylcholine, indicating severe endothelial dysfunction. Tensile testing revealed a a significant increase in PA stiffness in PH. Treatment with PAT-1251, a novel small-molecule LOXL2 inhibitor, improved active and passive properties of the PA ex vivo. There was an improvement in right heart function as measured by right ventricular pressure volume loops in-vivo with PAT-1251. Importantly PAT-1251 treatment ameliorated PH, resulting in improved pulmonary artery pressures, right ventricular remodeling, and survival.

ConclusionHypoxia induced LOXL2 activation is a causal mechanism in pulmonary artery stiffening in PH, as well as pulmonary artery mechanical and functional decline. LOXL2 inhibition with PAT-1251 is a promising approach to improve pulmonary artery pressures, right ventricular elastance, cardiac relaxation, and survival in PAH.

New & NoteworthyPulmonary arterial stiffening contributes to the progression of PAH and the deterioration of right heart function. This study shows that LOXL2 is upregulated in rat models of PH. LOXL2 inhibition halts pulmonary vascular remodeling and improves PA contractility, endothelial function and improves PA pressure, resulting in prolonged survival. Thus, LOXL2 is an important mediator of PA remodeling and stiffening in PH and a promising target to improve PA pressures and survival in PH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steppan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadkari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LOXL2 inhibition ameliorates pulmonary artery remodeling in pulmonary hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Length-dependent Intramolecular Coil-to-Globule Transition in Poly(ADP-ribose) Induced by Cations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a non-canonical nucleic acid, is essential for DNA/RNA metabolism and protein condensation, and its dysregulation is linked to cancer and neurodegeneration. However, key structural insights into PARs functions remain largely uncharacterized, hindered by the challenges in synthesizing and characterizing PAR, which are attributed to its length heterogeneity. A central issue is how PAR, comprised solely of ADP-ribose units, attains specificity in its binding and condensing proteins based on chain length. Here, we integrate molecular dynamics simulations with small-angle X-ray scattering to analyze PAR structures. We reveal the diverse structural ensembles of PAR and the factors influencing them, including a notable length-dependent compaction of PAR upon the addition of small amounts of Mg2+ ions. Unlike PAR15, PAR22 forms ADP-ribose bundles via local intramolecular coil-to-globule transitions. Understanding these length-dependent structural changes could be central to deciphering the specific biological functions of PAR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coshic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksimentiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Length-dependent Intramolecular Coil-to-Globule Transition in Poly(ADP-ribose) Induced by Cations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.559969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic network analysis of brain and bone reveals shared molecular mechanisms underlyingAlzheimer's Disease and related dementias and Osteoporosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.559969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease and related dementias (ADRD) and Osteoporosis (OP) are two prevalent diseases of aging with numerous epidemiological associations, but the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to this association are unknown. We used WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) to develop transcriptomic networks in bone and brain tissue using two different studies to discover common molecular mechanisms. We used RNA-sequencing data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tissue of autopsied brains in 629 participants from ROSMAP (Religious Orders Study and the Memory and Aging Project), including a subset of 298 meeting criteria for inclusion in five ADRD categories and the full set in a secondary analysis, and RNA array data from transiliac bone in 84 participants from the Oslo study of postmenopausal women. After developing each network, we analyzed associations between modules (groups of co-expressed genes) with multiple bone and neurological traits, examined overlap in modules between networks, and performed pathway enrichment analysis to discover conserved mechanisms. We discovered three modules in ROSMAP that showed significant associations with ADRD and bone related traits and four modules in Oslo that showed significant associations with multiple bone outcomes. We found significant module overlap between the two networks, most notably among those modules linked to canonical Wnt signaling and skeletal tissue homeostasis and development. These results were preserved with a network from the full ROSMAP cohort (n=629), which included a broader spectrum of participants. Our results require validation in experimental studies but show support for Wnt signaling as an important driver of pathology in OP and ADRD. We additionally show a strong link between Dementia with Lewy bodies and bone outcomes. These results have translational significance in the development of novel treatments and biomarkers for both ADRD and OP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugochukwu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reppe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautvik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lary, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.559969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic network analysis of brain and bone reveals shared molecular mechanisms underlyingAlzheimer's Disease and related dementias and Osteoporosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescence of endplate osteoclasts induces sensory innervation and spinal pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal pain affects individuals of all ages and is the most common musculoskeletal problem globally. Its clinical management remains a challenge as the underlying mechanisms leading to it are still unclear. Here, we report that significantly increased numbers of senescent osteoclasts (SnOCs) are observed in mouse models of spinal hypersensitivity, like lumbar spine instability (LSI) or aging, compared to controls. The larger population of SnOCs is associated with induced sensory nerve innervation, as well as the growth of H-type vessels, in the porous endplate. We show that deletion of senescent cells by administration of the senolytic drug Navitoclax (ABT263) results in significantly less spinal hypersensitivity, spinal degeneration, porosity of the endplate, sensory nerve innervation and H-type vessel growth in the endplate. We also show that there is significantly increased SnOC-mediated secretion of Netrin-1 and NGF, two well-established sensory nerve growth factors, compared to non-senescent OCs. These findings suggest that pharmacological elimination of SnOCs may be a potent therapy to treat spinal pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkato, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescence of endplate osteoclasts induces sensory innervation and spinal pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.560483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust reprogramming of glia into neurons by inhibition of Notch signaling and NFI factors in adult mammalian retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.560483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation of neurons through direct reprogramming has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. Despite successful applications in vitro, in vivo implementation has been hampered by low efficiency. In this study, we present a highly efficient strategy for reprogramming retinal glial cells into neurons by simultaneously inhibiting key negative regulators. By suppressing Notch signaling through the removal of its central mediator Rbpj, we induced mature Muller glial cells to reprogram into bipolar and amacrine neurons in uninjured adult mouse retinas, and observed that this effect was further enhanced by retinal injury. We found that specific loss of function of Notch1 and Notch2 receptors in Muller glia mimicked the effect of Rbpj deletion on Muller glia-derived neurogenesis. Integrated analysis of multiome (scRNA- and scATAC-seq) and CUT&Tag data revealed that Rbpj directly activates Notch effector genes and genes specific to mature Muller glia while also indirectly represses the expression of neurogenic bHLH factors. Furthermore, we found that combined loss of function of Rbpj and Nfia/b/x resulted in a robust conversion of nearly all Muller glia to neurons. Finally, we demonstrated that inducing Muller glial proliferation by AAV (adeno-associated virus)-mediated overexpression of dominant- active Yap supports efficient levels of Muller glia-derived neurogenesis in both Rbpj- and Nfia/b/x/Rbpj- deficient Muller glia. These findings demonstrate that, much like in zebrafish, Notch signaling actively represses neurogenic competence in mammalian Muller glia, and suggest that inhibition of Notch signaling and Nfia/b/x in combination with overexpression of activated Yap could serve as an effective component of regenerative therapies for degenerative retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.560483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust reprogramming of glia into neurons by inhibition of Notch signaling and NFI factors in adult mammalian retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social anxiety--which typically emerges in adolescence--lies on a continuum and, when extreme, can be devastating. Socially anxious individuals are prone to heightened fear, anxiety, and the avoidance of contexts associated with potential social scrutiny. Yet most neuroimaging research has focused on acute social threat. Much less attention has been devoted to understanding the neural systems recruited during the uncertain anticipation of potential encounters with social threat. Here we used a novel fMRI paradigm to probe the neural circuitry engaged during the anticipation and acute presentation of threatening faces and voices in a racially diverse sample of 66 adolescents selectively recruited to encompass a range of social anxiety and enriched for clinically significant levels of distress and impairment. Results demonstrated that adolescents with more severe social anxiety symptoms experience heightened distress when anticipating encounters with social threat, and reduced discrimination of uncertain social threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), a key division of the central extended amygdala (EAc). Although the EAc--including the BST and central nucleus of the amygdala--was robustly engaged by the acute presentation of threatening faces and voices, the degree of EAc engagement was unrelated to the severity of social anxiety. Together, these observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing adolescent social anxiety and set the stage for the kinds of prospective-longitudinal and mechanistic research that will be necessary to determine causation and, ultimately, to develop improved interventions for this often-debilitating illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockbridge, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Los Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shackman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Phenotyping of Sleep in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal behavior depends on internal state. While subtle movements can signify significant changes in internal state, computational methods for analyzing these "microbehaviors" are lacking. Here, we present FlyVISTA, a machine-learning platform to characterize microbehaviors in freely-moving flies, which we use to perform deep phenotyping of sleep. This platform comprises a high-resolution closed-loop video imaging system, coupled with a deep-learning network to annotate 35 body parts, and a computational pipeline to extract behaviors from high-dimensional data. FlyVISTA reveals the distinct spatiotemporal dynamics of sleep-associated microbehaviors in flies. We further show that stimulation of dorsal fan-shaped body neurons induces micromovements, not sleep, whereas activating R5 ring neurons triggers rhythmic proboscis extension followed by persistent sleep. Importantly, we identify a novel microbehavior ("haltere switch") exclusively seen during quiescence that indicates a deeper sleep stage. These findings enable the rigorous analysis of sleep in Drosophila and set the stage for computational analyses of microbehaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keles, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapcı, A. O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Phenotyping of Sleep in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A statistical framework for powerful multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies have improved our understanding of the contributions of coding and noncoding rare variants to complex human traits. Leveraging association effect sizes across multiple traits in WGS rare variant association analysis can improve statistical power over single-trait analysis, and also detect pleiotropic genes and regions. Existing multi-trait methods have limited ability to perform rare variant analysis of large-scale WGS data. We propose MultiSTAAR, a statistical framework and computationally-scalable analytical pipeline for functionally-informed multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale WGS studies. MultiSTAAR accounts for relatedness, population structure and correlation among phenotypes by jointly analyzing multiple traits, and further empowers rare variant association analysis by incorporating multiple functional annotations. We applied MultiSTAAR to jointly analyze three lipid traits (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) in 61,861 multi-ethnic samples from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program. We discovered new associations with lipid traits missed by single-trait analysis, including rare variants within an enhancer of NIPSNAP3A and an intergenic region on chromosome 1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Buren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaw, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konigsberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahaney, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A statistical framework for powerful multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Heterogenous Single-cell Perturbation Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding diverse responses of individual cells to the same perturbation is central to many biological and biomedical problems. Current methods, however, do not precisely quantify the strength of perturbation responses and, more importantly, reveal new biological insights from heterogeneity in responses. Here we introduce the perturbation-response score (PS), based on constrained quadratic optimization, to quantify diverse perturbation responses at a single-cell level. Applied to single-cell transcriptomes of large-scale genetic perturbation datasets (e.g., Perturb-seq), PS outperforms existing methods for quantifying partial gene perturbation responses. In addition, PS presents two major advances. First, PS enables large-scale, single-cell-resolution dosage analysis of perturbation, without the need to titrate perturbation strength. By analyzing the dose-response patterns of over 2,000 essential genes in Perturb-seq, we identify two distinct patterns, depending on whether a moderate reduction in their expression induces strong downstream expression alterations. Second, PS identifies intrinsic and extrinsic biological determinants of perturbation responses. We demonstrate the application of PS in contexts such as T cell stimulation, latent HIV-1 expression, and pancreatic cell differentiation. Notably, PS unveiled a previously unrecognized, cell-type-specific role of coiled-coil domain containing 6 (CCDC6) in guiding liver and pancreatic lineage decisions, where CCDC6 knockouts drive the endoderm cell differentiation towards liver lineage, rather than pancreatic lineage. The PS approach provides an innovative method for dose-to-function analysis and will enable new biological discoveries from single-cell perturbation datasets.

One sentence summaryWe present a method to quantify diverse perturbation responses and discover novel biological insights in single-cell perturbation datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMyn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krejci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Untermoser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loregger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürckstümmer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huangfu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Heterogenous Single-cell Perturbation Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased fucosylation impacts epithelial integrity and increases risk for COPD. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COPD causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Epithelial damage is fundamental to disease pathogenesis, although the mechanisms driving disease remain undefined. Published evidence from a COPD cohort (SPIROMICS) and confirmed in a second cohort (COPDgene) demonstrate a polymorphism in Fucosyltransferese-2 (FUT2) is a trans-pQTL for E-cadherin, which is critical in COPD pathogenesis. We found by MALDI-TOF analysis that FUT2 increased terminal fucosylation of E-cadherin. Using atomic force microscopy, we found that FUT2-dependent fucosylation enhanced E-cadherin-E-cadherin bond strength, mediating the improvement in monolayer integrity. Tracheal epithelial cells from Fut2-/- mice have reduced epithelial integrity, which is recovered with reconstitution of Fut2. Overexpression of FUT2 in COPD derived epithelia rescues barrier function. Fut2-/- mice show increased susceptibility in an elastase model of disease developing both emphysema and fibrosis. We propose this is due to the role of FUT2 in proliferation and cell differentiation. Overexpression of FUT2 significantly increased proliferation. Loss of Fut2 results in accumulation of Spc+ cells suggesting a failure of alveolar type 2 cells to undergo transdifferentiation to alveolar type 1. Using a combination of population data, genetically manipulated mouse models, and patient-derived cells, we present a novel mechanism by which post-translational modifications modulate tissue pathology and serve as a proof of concept for the development of a disease-modifying target in COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swaby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung-Luk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wally, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederkofler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouche, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putcha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased fucosylation impacts epithelial integrity and increases risk for COPD.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathological claustrum activity drives aberrant cognitive network processing in human chronic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant cognitive network activity and cognitive deficits are established features of chronic pain. However, the nature of cognitive network alterations associated with chronic pain and their underlying mechanisms require elucidation. Here, we report that the claustrum, a subcortical nucleus implicated in cognitive network modulation, is activated by acute painful stimulation and pain-predictive cues in healthy participants. Moreover, we discover pathological activity of the claustrum and a lateral aspect of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (latDLPFC) in migraine patients. Dynamic causal modeling suggests a directional influence of the claustrum on activity in this latDLPFC region, and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) verifies their structural connectivity. These findings advance understanding of claustrum function during acute pain and provide evidence of a possible circuit mechanism driving cognitive impairments in chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margerison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormie, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathological claustrum activity drives aberrant cognitive network processing in human chronic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropeptide Signaling Is Required To Implement A Line Attractor Encoding A Persistent Internal Behavioral State 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal states drive survival behaviors, but their neural implementation is not well understood. Recently we identified a line attractor in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) that represents an internal state of aggressiveness. Line attractors can be implemented by recurrent connectivity and/or neuromodulatory signaling, but evidence for the latter is scant. Here we show that neuropeptidergic signaling is necessary for line attractor dynamics in this system, using a novel approach that integrates cell type-specific, anatomically restricted CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing with microendoscopic calcium imaging. Co-disruption of receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in adult VMH Esr1+ neurons that control aggression suppressed attack, reduced persistent neural activity and eliminated line attractor dynamics, while only modestly impacting neural activity and sex- or behavior-tuning. These data identify a requisite role for neuropeptidergic signaling in implementing a behaviorally relevant line attractor. Our approach should facilitate mechanistic studies in neuroscience that bridge different levels of biological function and abstraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mountoufaris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropeptide Signaling Is Required To Implement A Line Attractor Encoding A Persistent Internal Behavioral State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of CTRP10 results in female obesity with preserved metabolic health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Intriguingly, there is a subset of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals who are seemingly able to maintain a healthy metabolic profile free of metabolic syndrome. The molecular underpinnings of MHO, however, are not well understood. Here, we report that CTRP10/C1QL2-deficient mice represent a unique female model of MHO. CTRP10 modulates weight gain in a striking and sexually dimorphic manner. Female, but not male, mice lacking CTRP10 develop obesity with age on a low-fat diet while maintaining an otherwise healthy metabolic profile. When fed an obesogenic diet, female Ctrp10 knockout (KO) mice show rapid weight gain. Despite pronounced obesity, Ctrp10 KO female mice do not develop steatosis, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, or low-grade inflammation. Obesity is largely uncoupled from metabolic dysregulation in female KO mice. Multi-tissue transcriptomic analyses highlighted gene expression changes and pathways associated with insulin-sensitive obesity. Transcriptional correlation of the differentially expressed gene (DEG) orthologous in humans also shows sex differences in gene connectivity within and across metabolic tissues, underscoring the conserved sex-dependent function of CTRP10. Collectively, our findings suggest that CTRP10 negatively regulates body weight in females, and that loss of CTRP10 results in benign obesity with largely preserved insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. This female MHO mouse model is valuable for understanding sex-biased mechanisms that uncouple obesity from metabolic dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seldin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of CTRP10 results in female obesity with preserved metabolic health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous multi-transient linear-combination modeling of MRS data improves uncertainty estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe interest in applying and modeling dynamic MRS has recently grown. 2D modeling yields advantages for the precision of metabolite estimation in interrelated MRS data. However, it is unknown whether including all transients simultaneously in a 2D model without averaging (presuming a stable signal) performs similarly to 1D modeling of the averaged spectrum. Therefore, we systematically investigated the accuracy, precision, and uncertainty estimation of both described model approaches.

MethodsMonte Carlo simulations of synthetic MRS data were used to compare the accuracy and uncertainty estimation of simultaneous 2D multi-transient LCM with 1D-LCM of the average. 2,500 datasets per condition with different noise representations of a 64-transient MRS experiment at 6 signal-to-noise levels for two separate spin systems (scyllo-inositol and GABA) were analyzed. Additional datasets with different levels of noise correlation were also analyzed. Modeling accuracy was assessed by determining the relative bias of the estimated amplitudes against the ground truth, and modeling precision was determined by standard deviations and Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLB).

ResultsAmplitude estimates for 1D- and 2D-LCM agreed well and showed similar level of bias compared to the ground truth. Estimated CRLBs agreed well between both models and with ground truth CRLBs. For correlated noise the estimated CRLBs increased with the correlation strength for the 1D-LCM but remained stable for the 2D-LCM.

ConclusionOur results indicate that the model performance of 2D multi-transient LCM is similar to averaged 1D-LCM. This validation on a simplified scenario serves as necessary basis for further applications of 2D modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous multi-transient linear-combination modeling of MRS data improves uncertainty estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering the microstructure and spatial bioactivity of MAP scaffolds in vitro instructs neovascularization in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In tissues where the vasculature is either lacking or abnormal, biomaterials can be designed to promote vessel formation and enhance tissue repair. In this work, we independently tune the microstructure and bioactivity of microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds to guide cell patterning in 3D and promote de novo assembly of endothelial progenitor-like cells into vessels. We implement both in silico characterization and in vitro experimentation to elucidate an optimal scaffold formulation for vessel formation. We determine that MAP scaffolds with pore volumes on the same order of magnitude as cells facilitate cell growth and vacuole formation. We achieve spatial control over cell spreading by incorporating adhesive microgels in well-mixed, heterogeneous MAP scaffolds. While we demonstrate that integrin engagement is the primary driver of network formation in these materials, introducing adhesive microgels loaded with heparin nanoparticles leads to the formation of vascular tubes after 3 days in culture. We then show in vivo that this unique scaffold formulation enhances vessel maturation in a wound healing model and instructs differential vascular patterning in the tumor microenvironment. Taken together, this work determines the optimal microstructure and ligand presentation within MAP scaffolds that lead to vascular constructs in vitro and facilitate neovascularization in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caston, E. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntekoumes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering the microstructure and spatial bioactivity of MAP scaffolds in vitro instructs neovascularization in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LARP1 senses free ribosomes to coordinate supply and demand of ribosomal proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminal oligopyrimidine motif-containing mRNAs (TOPs) encode all ribosomal proteins in mammals and are regulated to tune ribosome synthesis to cell state. Previous studies implicate LARP1 in 40S- or 80S-ribosome complexes that repress and stabilize TOPs. However, a mechanistic understanding of how LARP1 and TOPs interact with these complexes to coordinate TOP outcomes is lacking. Here, we show that LARP1 senses the cellular supply of ribosomes by directly binding non-translating ribosomal subunits. Cryo-EM structures reveal a previously uncharacterized domain of LARP1 bound to and occluding the 40S mRNA channel. Free cytosolic ribosomes induce sequestration of TOPs in repressed 80S-LARP1-TOP complexes independent of alterations in mTOR signaling. Together, this work demonstrates a general ribosome-sensing function of LARP1 that allows it to tune ribosome protein synthesis to cellular demand.

One-Sentence SummaryLARP1 directly binds free ribosomal subunits to repress TOP mRNAs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LARP1 senses free ribosomes to coordinate supply and demand of ribosomal proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Control of Neocortical Size and Microcephaly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian neocortex differs vastly in size and complexity between mammalian species, yet the mechanisms that lead to an increase in brain size during evolution are not known. We show here that two transcription factors coordinate gene expression programs in progenitor cells of the neocortex to regulate their proliferative capacity and neuronal output in order to determine brain size. Comparative studies in mice, ferrets and macaques demonstrate an evolutionary conserved function for these transcription factors to regulate progenitor behaviors across the mammalian clade. Strikingly, the two transcriptional regulators control the expression of large numbers of genes linked to microcephaly suggesting that transcriptional deregulation as an important determinant of the molecular pathogenesis of microcephaly, which is consistent with the finding that genetic manipulation of the two transcription factors leads to severe microcephaly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vistein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, B.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein O Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Control of Neocortical Size and Microcephaly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Last in first out: SIV proviruses seeded later in infection are harbored in short-lived CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV can persist in a latent form as integrated DNA (provirus) in resting CD4+ T cells of infected individuals and as such is unaffected by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite being a major obstacle for eradication efforts, the genetic variation and timing of formation of this latent reservoir remains poorly understood. Previous studies on when virus is deposited in the latent reservoir have come to contradictory conclusions. To reexamine the genetic variation of HIV in CD4+ T cells during ART, we determined the divergence in envelope sequences collected from 10 SIV infected rhesus macaques. We found that the macaques displayed a biphasic decline of the viral divergence over time, where the first phase lasted for an average of 11.6 weeks (range 4-28 weeks). Motivated by recent observations that the HIV-infected CD4+ T cell population is composed of short- and long-lived subsets, we developed a model to study the divergence dynamics. We found that SIV in short-lived cells was on average more diverged, while long-lived cells harbored less diverged virus. This suggests that the long-lived cells harbor virus deposited starting earlier in infection and continuing throughout infection, while short-lived cells predominantly harbor more recent virus. As these cell populations decayed, the overall proviral divergence decline matched that observed in the empirical data. This model explains previous seemingly contradictory results on the timing of virus deposition into the latent reservoir, and should provide guidance for future eradication efforts.

Significance statementHIV can persist in a latent reservoir unaffected by antiretroviral drugs. The genetic variation of this latent virus population is a major obstacle for eradication efforts, but also a clue to when HIV variants are deposited in the reservoirs. Unfortunately, previous studies assessing when the virus was deposited in latent reservoirs have come to contradictory conclusions. Here, we propose SIV proviral DNA exists in both short- and long-lived CD4+ T cells, and that these two cell subsets harbor different genetically diverged virus populations. Our model explains the contradictory findings and shows that when CD4+ T cells decay under effective drug treatment, which prevents virus replication, the resulting virus divergence decreases and recapitulates observed data. This knowledge should help in improving future eradication efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sambaturu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitzmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perelson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Paris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Last in first out: SIV proviruses seeded later in infection are harbored in short-lived CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.564839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility in multiple African population samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.564839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the functional human genome and impact of genetic variants is often limited to European-descendent population samples. To aid in overcoming this limitation, we measured gene expression using RNA sequencing in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 599 individuals from six African populations to identify novel transcripts including those not represented in the hg38 reference genome. We used whole genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project and 164 Maasai individuals to identify 8,881 expression and 6,949 splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/sQTLs), and 2,611 structural variants associated with gene expression (SV-eQTLs). We further profiled chromatin accessibility using ATAC-Seq in a subset of 100 representative individuals, to identity chromatin accessibility quantitative trait loci (caQTLs) and allele-specific chromatin accessibility, and provide predictions for the functional effect of 78.9 million variants on chromatin accessibility. Using this map of eQTLs and caQTLs we fine-mapped GWAS signals for a range of complex diseases. Combined, this work expands global functional genomic data to identify novel transcripts, functional elements and variants, understand population genetic history of molecular quantitative trait loci, and further resolve the genetic basis of multiple human traits and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGorter, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakoc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwaracherla, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloudemans, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathya Moorthy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungar, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balliu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaren, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurdasani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.564839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility in multiple African population samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movi: a fast and cache-efficient full-text pangenome index 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient pangenome indexes are promising tools for many applications, including rapid classification of nanopore sequencing reads. Recently, a compressed-index data structure called the "move structure" was proposed as an alternative to other BWT-based indexes like the FM index and r-index. The move structure uniquely achieves both O(r) space and O(1)-time queries, where r is the number of runs in the pangenome BWT. We implemented Movi, an efficient tool for building and querying move-structure pangenome indexes. While the size of the Movis index is larger than the r-index, it scales at a smaller rate for pangenome references, as its size is exactly proportional to r, the number of runs in the BWT of the reference. Movi can compute sophisticated matching queries needed for classification - such as pseudo-matching lengths and backward search - at least ten times faster than the fastest available methods, and in some cases more than 30-fold faster. Movi achieves this speed by leveraging the move structures strong locality of reference, incurring close to the minimum possible number of cache misses for queries against large pangenomes. We achieve still further speed improvements by using memory prefetching to attain a degree of latency hiding that would be difficult with other index structures like the r-index. Movis fast constant-time query loop makes it well suited to real-time applications like adaptive sampling for nanopore sequencing, where decisions must be made in a small and predictable time interval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.565615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movi: a fast and cache-efficient full-text pangenome index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sources of gene expression variation in a globally diverse cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryGenetic variation influencing gene expression and splicing is a key source of phenotypic diversity. Though invaluable, studies investigating these links in humans have been strongly biased toward participants of European ancestries, diminishing generalizability and hindering evolutionary research. To address these limitations, we developed MAGE, an open-access RNA-seq data set of lymphoblastoid cell lines from 731 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project spread across 5 continental groups and 26 populations. Most variation in gene expression (92%) and splicing (95%) was distributed within versus between populations, mirroring variation in DNA sequence. We mapped associations between genetic variants and expression and splicing of nearby genes (cis-eQTLs and cis-sQTLs, respective), identifying >15,000 putatively causal eQTLs and >16,000 putatively causal sQTLs that are enriched for relevant epigenomic signatures. These include 1310 eQTLs and 1657 sQTLs that are largely private to previously underrepresented populations. Our data further indicate that the magnitude and direction of causal eQTL effects are highly consistent across populations and that apparent "population-specific" effects observed in previous studies were largely driven by low resolution or additional independent eQTLs of the same genes that were not detected. Together, our study expands understanding of gene expression diversity across human populations and provides an inclusive resource for studying the evolution and function of human genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassia, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.565639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sources of gene expression variation in a globally diverse cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contexts facilitate dynamic value encoding in the mesolimbic dopamine system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior in a dynamic environment often requires rapid revaluation of stimuli that deviates from well-learned associations. The divergence between stable value-encoding and appropriate behavioral output remains a critical test to theories of dopamines function in learning, motivation, and motor control. Yet how dopamine neurons are involved in the revaluation of cues when the world changes to alter our behavior remains unclear. Here we make use of pharmacology, in vivo electrophysiology, fiber photometry, and optogenetics to resolve the contributions of the mesolimbic dopamine system to the dynamic reorganization of reward-seeking. Male and female rats were trained to discriminate when a conditioned stimulus would be followed by sucrose reward by exploiting the prior, non-overlapping presentation of a separate discrete cue - an occasion setter. Only when the occasion setters presentation preceded the conditioned stimulus did the conditioned stimulus predict sucrose delivery. As a result, in this task we were able to dissociate the average value of the conditioned stimulus from its immediate expected value on a trial-to-trial basis. Both the activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens were essential for rats to successfully update behavioral responding in response to the occasion setter. Moreover, dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens following the conditioned stimulus only occurred when the occasion setter indicated it would predict reward. Downstream of dopamine release, we found that single neurons in the nucleus accumbens dynamically tracked the value of the conditioned stimulus. Together these results reveal a novel mechanism within the mesolimbic dopamine system for the rapid revaluation of motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhoft, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contexts facilitate dynamic value encoding in the mesolimbic dopamine system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypermetabolic state is associated with circadian rhythm disruption in mouse and human cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosstalk between cellular metabolism and circadian rhythms is a fundamental building block of multicellular life, and disruption of this reciprocal communication could be relevant to degenerative disease, including cancer. Here, we investigated whether maintenance of circadian rhythms depends upon specific metabolic pathways, particularly in the context of cancer. We found that in adult mouse fibroblasts, ATP levels were a major contributor to overall levels of a clock gene luciferase reporter, although not necessarily to the strength of circadian cycling. In contrast, we identified significant metabolic control of circadian function in an in vitro mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Metabolic profiling of a library of congenic tumor cell clones revealed significant differences in levels of lactate, pyruvate, ATP, and other crucial metabolites that we used to identify candidate clones with which to generate circadian reporter lines. Despite the shared genetic background of the clones, we observed diverse circadian profiles among these lines that varied with their metabolic phenotype: the most hypometabolic line had the strongest circadian rhythms while the most hypermetabolic line had the weakest rhythms. Treatment of these tumor cell lines with bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist shown to increase OxPhos, decreased the amplitude of circadian oscillation in a subset of tumor cell lines. Strikingly, treatment with the Complex I antagonist rotenone enhanced circadian rhythms only in the tumor cell line in which glycolysis was also low, thereby establishing a hypometabolic state. We further analyzed metabolic and circadian phenotypes across a panel of human patient-derived melanoma cell lines and observed a significant negative association between metabolic activity and circadian cycling strength. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic heterogeneity in cancer directly contributes to circadian function, and that high levels of glycolysis or OxPhos independently disrupt circadian rhythms in these cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesaros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofbauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pivarshev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypermetabolic state is associated with circadian rhythm disruption in mouse and human cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.563812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An encyclopedia of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.563812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying transcriptional enhancers and their target genes is essential for understanding gene regulation and the impact of human genetic variation on disease1-6. Here we create and evaluate a resource of >13 million enhancer-gene regulatory interactions across 352 cell types and tissues, by integrating predictive models, measurements of chromatin state and 3D contacts, and large-scale genetic perturbations generated by the ENCODE Consortium7. We first create a systematic benchmarking pipeline to compare predictive models, assembling a dataset of 10,411 element-gene pairs measured in CRISPR perturbation experiments, >30,000 fine-mapped eQTLs, and 569 fine-mapped GWAS variants linked to a likely causal gene. Using this framework, we develop a new predictive model, ENCODE-rE2G, that achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple prediction tasks, demonstrating a strategy involving iterative perturbations and supervised machine learning to build increasingly accurate predictive models of enhancer regulation. Using the ENCODE-rE2G model, we build an encyclopedia of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions in the human genome, which reveals global properties of enhancer networks, identifies differences in the functions of genes that have more or less complex regulatory landscapes, and improves analyses to link noncoding variants to target genes and cell types for common, complex diseases. By interpreting the model, we find evidence that, beyond enhancer activity and 3D enhancer-promoter contacts, additional features guide enhancer-promoter communication including promoter class and enhancer-enhancer synergy. Altogether, these genome-wide maps of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions, benchmarking software, predictive models, and insights about enhancer function provide a valuable resource for future studies of gene regulation and human genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gschwind, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbalayghareh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagoda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurtdinov, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avsec, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughty, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulirsch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finucane, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.563812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An encyclopedia of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.564562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid metabolism drives allele-specific early-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.564562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) results from pathogenic variants in sarcomeric protein genes, that increase myocyte energy demand and lead to cardiac hypertrophy. But it is unknown whether a common metabolic trait underlies the cardiac phenotype at early disease stage. This study characterized two HCM mouse models (R92W-TnT, R403Q-MyHC) that demonstrate differences in mitochondrial function at early disease stage. Using a combination of cardiac phenotyping, transcriptomics, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and computational modeling, we discovered allele-specific differences in cardiac structure/function and metabolic changes. TnT-mutant hearts had impaired energy substrate metabolism and increased phospholipid remodeling compared to MyHC-mutants. TnT-mutants showed increased incorporation of saturated fatty acid residues into ceramides, cardiolipin, and increased lipid peroxidation, that could underlie allele-specific differences in mitochondrial function and cardiomyopathy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=172 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/564562v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=185 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/564562v1_ufig2.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=74 SRC="FIGDIR/small/564562v1_ufig3.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@195b1d7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cead88org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e2bf35org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@776765_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaniya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlstaedt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ates Gulkok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thottakara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eades, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukunaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.564562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid metabolism drives allele-specific early-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Nucleus RNA Sequencing of Remnant Kidney Biopsies and Urine Cell RNA Sequencing Reveal Cell Specific Markers of Covid-19 Acute Kidney Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Critically ill COVID-19 patients are at twice the risk of in-hospital mortality compared to non-COVID AKI patients. We know little about the cell-specific mechanism in the kidney that contributes to worse clinical outcomes in these patients. New generation single cell technologies have the potential to provide insights into physiological states and molecular mechanisms in COVID-AKI. One of the key limitations is that these patients are severely ill posing significant risks in procuring additional biopsy tissue. We recently generated single nucleus RNA-sequencing data using COVID-AKI patient biopsy tissue as part of the human kidney atlas. Here we describe this approach in detail and report deeper comparative analysis of snRNAseq of 4 COVID-AKI, 4 reference, and 6 non-COVID-AKI biopsies. We also generated and analyzed urine transcriptomics data to find overlapping COVID-AKI-enriched genes and their corresponding cell types in the kidney from snRNA-seq data. We identified all major and minor cell types and states by using by using less than a few cubic millimeters of leftover tissue after pathological workup in our approach. Differential expression analysis of COVID-AKI biopsies showed pathways enriched in viral response, WNT signaling, kidney development, and cytokines in several nephron epithelial cells. COVID-AKI profiles showed a much higher proportion of altered TAL cells than non-COVID AKI and the reference samples. In addition to kidney injury and fibrosis markers indicating robust remodeling we found that, 17 genes overlap between urine cell COVID-AKI transcriptome and the snRNA-seq data from COVID-AKI biopsies. A key feature was that several of the distal nephron and collecting system cell types express these markers. Some of these markers have been previously observed in COVID-19 studies suggesting a common mechanism of injury and potentially the kidney as one of the sources of soluble factors with a potential role in disease progression.

Translational StatementThe manuscript describes innovation, application and discovery that impact clinical care in kidney disease. First, the approach to maximize use of remnant frozen clinical biopsies to inform on clinically relevant molecular features can augment existing pathological workflow for any frozen tissue without much change in the protocol. Second, this approach is transformational in medical crises such as pandemics where mechanistic insights are needed to evaluate organ injury, targets for drug therapy and diagnostic and prognostic markers. Third, the cell type specific and soluble markers identified and validated can be used for diagnoses or prognoses in AKI due to different etiologies and in multiorgan injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwanne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnasco, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperati, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atta, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arend, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Nucleus RNA Sequencing of Remnant Kidney Biopsies and Urine Cell RNA Sequencing Reveal Cell Specific Markers of Covid-19 Acute Kidney Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-wide base editor screens to assess phosphorylation site functionality in high-throughput 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling pathways that drive gene expression are typically depicted as having a dozen or so landmark phosphorylation and transcriptional events. In reality, thousands of dynamic post-translational modifications (PTMs) orchestrate nearly every cellular function, and we lack technologies to find causal links between these vast biochemical pathways and genetic circuits at scale. Here, we describe "signaling-to-transcription network" mapping through the development of PTM-centric base editing coupled to phenotypic screens, directed by temporally-resolved phosphoproteomics. Using T cell activation as a model, we observe hundreds of unstudied phosphorylation sites that modulate NFAT transcriptional activity. We identify the phosphorylation-mediated nuclear localization of the phosphatase PHLPP1 which promotes NFAT but inhibits NF{kappa}B activity. We also find that specific phosphosite mutants can alter gene expression in subtle yet distinct patterns, demonstrating the potential for fine-tuning transcriptional responses. Overall, base editor screening of PTM sites provides a powerful platform to dissect PTM function within signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deh Sheikh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matias, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirete, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-wide base editor screens to assess phosphorylation site functionality in high-throughput]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.564824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans rapidly invades the murine brain by sequential breaching of airway and endothelial tissues barriers and engulfment by microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.564824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans causes lethal meningitis in humans with weakened immune systems and is estimated to account for 10-15% of AIDS-associated deaths worldwide. There are major gaps in our understanding of how this environmental fungus evades the immune system and invades the mammalian brain before the onset of overt symptoms. To investigate the dynamics of C. neoformans tissue invasion, we mapped early fungal localisation and host cell interactions at early times in infected brain, lung, and upper airways using mouse models of systemic and airway infection. To enable this, we developed an in situ imaging pipeline capable of measuring large volumes of tissue while preserving anatomical and cellular information by combining thick tissue sections, tissue clarification, and confocal imaging. Made possible by these techniques, we confirm high fungal burden in mouse upper airway turbinates after nasal inoculation. Surprisingly, most yeasts in turbinates were titan cells, indicating this microenvironment enables titan cell formation with faster kinetics than reported in mouse lungs. Importantly, we observed one instance of fungal cells enmeshed in lamina propria of upper airways, suggesting penetration of airway mucosa as a possible route of tissue invasion and dissemination to the bloodstream. We extend previous literature positing bloodstream dissemination of C. neoformans, via imaging C. neoformans within blood vessels of mouse lungs and finding viable fungi in the bloodstream of mice a few days after intranasal infection, suggesting that bloodstream access can occur via lung alveoli. In a model of systemic cryptococcosis, we show that as early as 24 h post infection, majority of C. neoformans cells traversed the blood-brain barrier, and are engulfed or in close proximity to microglia. Our work establishes that C. neoformans can breach multiple tissue barriers within the first days of infection. This work presents a new method for investigating cryptococcal invasion mechanisms and demonstrates microglia as the primary cells responding to C. neoformans invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liddle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junior, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballou, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.564824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans rapidly invades the murine brain by sequential breaching of airway and endothelial tissues barriers and engulfment by microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centrifuger: lossless compression of microbial genomes for efficient and accurate metagenomic sequence classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrifuger is an efficient taxonomic classification method that compares sequencing reads against a microbial genome database. In Centrifuger, the Burrows-Wheeler transformed genome sequences are losslessly compressed using a novel scheme called run-block compression. Run-block compression achieves sublinear space complexity and is effective at compressing diverse microbial databases like RefSeq while supporting fast rank queries. Combining this compression method with other strategies for compacting the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index, Centrifuger reduces the memory footprint by half compared to other FM-index-based approaches. Furthermore, the lossless compression and the unconstrained match length help Centrifuger achieve greater accuracy than competing methods at lower taxonomic levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centrifuger: lossless compression of microbial genomes for efficient and accurate metagenomic sequence classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-restricted feeding ameliorates MCDD-induced steatohepatitis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is an inflammatory form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), closely associated with disease progression, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been shown to decrease body weight and adiposity and improve metabolic outcomes, however, the effect of TRF on NASH has not yet been fully understood. We had previously reported that inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) mediates hepatic insulin signaling. Importantly, we have found that TRF increases hepatic IPMK levels. Therefore, we investigated whether there is a causal link between TRF and IPMK in a mouse model of NASH, i.e., methionine and choline deficient diet (MCDD)-induced steatohepatitis. Here, we show that TRF alleviated markers of NASH, i.e., reduced hepatic steatosis, liver triglycerides (TG), serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), inflammation and fibrosis in MCDD mice. Interestingly, MCDD led to a significant reduction in IPMK levels, and the deletion of hepatic IPMK exacerbates the NASH phenotype induced by MCDD, accompanied by increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Conversely, TRF restored IPMK levels and significantly reduced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our results demonstrate that TRF attenuates MCDD-induced NASH via IPMK-mediated changes in hepatic steatosis and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-restricted feeding ameliorates MCDD-induced steatohepatitis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MYC axis in advanced prostate cancer is impacted through concurrent targeting of ERβ and AR using a novel ERβ-selective ligand alongside Enzalutamide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have dissected the role of Estrogen receptor beta (ER{beta}) in prostate cancer (PCa) with a novel ER{beta} ligand, OSU-ERb-12. Drug screens revealed additive interactions between OSU-ERB-12 and either epigenetic inhibitors or the androgen receptor antagonist, Enzalutamide (Enza). Clonogenic and cell biolody studies supported the potent additive effects of OSU-ERB-12 (100nM) and Enza (1{micro}M). The cooperative behavior was in PCa cell lines treated with either OSU- ERB-12 plus Enza or combinations involving 17{beta}-estradiol (E2). OSU-ERb-12 plus Enza uniquely impacted the transcriptiome, accessible chromatin, and the AR, MYC and H3K27ac cistromes. This included skewed transcriptional responses including suppression of the androgen and MYC transcriptomes, and repressed MYC protein. OSU-ERb-12 plus Enza uniquely impacted chromatin accessibility at approximately 3000 nucleosome-free sites, enriched at enhancers, enriched for basic Helix-Loop-Helix motifs. CUT&RUN experiments revealed combination treatment targeting of MYC, AR, and H3K27ac again shaping enhancer accessibility. Specifically, it repressed MYC interactions at enhancer regions enriched for bHLH motifs, and overlapped with publicly-available bHLH cistromes. Finally, cistrome-transcriptome analyses identified [~]200 genes that distinguished advanced PCa tumors in the SU2C cohort with high androgen and low neuroendocrine scores.

Statement of ImplicationTargeting ER{beta} has potentially to augment AR antagonism to restrain MYC signaling and limit growth of advanced prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clinton, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coss, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MYC axis in advanced prostate cancer is impacted through concurrent targeting of ERβ and AR using a novel ERβ-selective ligand alongside Enzalutamide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome sequence for the threatened whitebark pine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whitebark pine (WBP, Pinus albicaulis) is a white pine of subalpine regions in western contiguous US and Canada. WBP has become critically threatened throughout a significant part of its natural range due to mortality from the introduced fungal pathogen white pine blister rust (WPBR, Cronartium ribicola) and additional threats from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), wildfire, and maladaptation due to changing climate. Vast acreages of WBP have suffered nearly complete mortality. Genomic technologies can contribute to a faster, more cost-effective approach to the traditional practices of identifying disease-resistant, climate-adapted seed sources for restoration. With deep-coverage Illumina short-reads of haploid megametophyte tissue and Oxford Nanopore long-reads of diploid needle tissue, followed by a hybrid, multistep assembly approach, we produced a final assembly containing 27.6 Gbp of sequence in 92,740 contigs (N50 537,007 bp) and 34,716 scaffolds (N50 2.0 Gbp). Approximately 87.2% (24.0 Gbp) of total sequence was placed on the twelve WBP chromosomes. Annotation yielded 25,362 protein-coding genes, and over 77% of the genome was characterized as repeats. WBP has demonstrated the greatest variation in resistance to WPBR among the North American white pines. Candidate genes for quantitative resistance include disease resistance genes known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat receptors (NLRs). A combination of protein domain alignments and direct genome scanning was employed to fully describe the three subclasses of NLRs (TNL, CNL, RNL). Our high-quality reference sequence and annotation provide a marked improvement in NLR identification compared to previous assessments that leveraged de novo assembled transcriptomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neale, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa Corona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Torre, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegrzyn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome sequence for the threatened whitebark pine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semaphorin 6A in Retinal Ganglion Cells Regulates Functional Specialization of the Inner Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To form functional circuits, neurons must settle in their appropriate cellular locations and then project and elaborate neurites to contact their target synaptic neuropils. Laminar organization within the vertebrate retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) facilitates pre- and postsynaptic neurite targeting, yet, the precise mechanisms underlying establishment of functional IPL subdomains are not well understood. Here we explore mechanisms defining the compartmentalization of OFF and ON neurites generally, and OFF and ON direction-selective neurites specifically, within the developing IPL. We show that semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), a repulsive axon guidance cue, is required for delineation of OFF versus ON circuits within the IPL: in the Sema6a null IPL, the boundary between OFF and ON domains is blurred. Furthermore, Sema6A expressed by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) directs laminar segregation of OFF and ON starburst amacrine cell (SAC) dendritic scaffolds, which themselves serve as a substrate upon which other retinal neurites elaborate. These results demonstrate for the first time that RGCs, the first neuron-type born within the retina, play an active role in functional specialization of the IPL.

Retinal ganglion cell-dependent regulation of OFF and ON starburst amacrine cell dendritic scaffold segregation prevents blurring of OFF versus ON functional domains in the murine inner plexiform layer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasterkamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.18.567662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semaphorin 6A in Retinal Ganglion Cells Regulates Functional Specialization of the Inner Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated method for single cell proteomics with simultaneous measurements of intracellular drug concentration implicates new mechanisms for adaptation to KRASG12D inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well established that a population of single human cells will often respond to the same drug treatment in a heterogeneous manner. In the context of chemotherapeutics, these diverse responses may lead to individual adaptation mechanisms and ultimately multiple distinct methods of resistance. The obvious question from a pharmacology perspective is how intracellular concentrations of active drug varies between individual cells, and what role does that variation play in drug response heterogeneity? To date, no integrated methods for rapidly measuring intracellular drug levels while simultaneously measuring drug responses have been described. This study describes a method for single cell preparation that allows proteins to be extracted and digested from single cells while maintaining conditions for small molecules to be simultaneously measured. The method as described allows up to 40 cells to be analyzed per instrument per day. When applied to a KRASG12D small molecule inhibitor I observe a wide degree of intracellular levels of the drug, and that proteomic responses largely stratify based on the concentration of drug within each single cell. Further work is in progress to develop and standardize this method and - more importantly - to normalize drug measurements against direct measurements of cell volume. However, these preliminary results appear promising for the identification of single cells with unique drug response mechanisms. All data described in this study has been made publicly available through the ProteomeXchange consortium under accession PXD046002.

Abstract graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=171 SRC="FIGDIR/small/567669v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.18.567669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated method for single cell proteomics with simultaneous measurements of intracellular drug concentration implicates new mechanisms for adaptation to KRASG12D inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.566520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome association testing in 333,100 individuals across three biobanks identifies rare non-coding single variant and genomic aggregate associations with height 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.566520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of rare non-coding variation in complex human phenotypes is still largely unknown. To elucidate the impact of rare variants in regulatory elements, we performed a whole-genome sequencing association analysis for height using 333,100 individuals from three datasets: UK Biobank (N=200,003), TOPMed (N=87,652) and All of Us (N=45,445). We performed rare (<0.1% minor-allele-frequency) single-variant and aggregate testing of non-coding variants in regulatory regions based on proximal, intergenic and deep-intronic annotation. We observed 29 independent variants associated with height at P < 6 x 10-10 after conditioning on previously reported variants, with effect sizes ranging from -7cm to +4.7cm. We also identified and replicated non-coding aggregate-based associations proximal to HMGA1 containing variants associated with a 5cm taller height and of highly-conserved variants in MIR497HG on chromosome 17. We have developed a novel approach for identifying non-coding rare variants in regulatory regions with large effects from whole-genome sequencing data associated with complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashrani, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordeuk, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyani, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NH</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.566520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome association testing in 333,100 individuals across three biobanks identifies rare non-coding single variant and genomic aggregate associations with height]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel mutant selection identifies genetic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized for its ability to colonize diverse habitats and cause disease in a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates, and mammals. Understanding how this bacterium is able to occupy wide-ranging niches is important for deciphering its ecology. We used transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq, also known as INSeq) to identify genes in P. aeruginosa that contribute to fitness during colonization of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results reveal a suite of critical factors, including those that contribute to polysaccharide production, DNA repair, metabolism, and respiration. Comparison of candidate genes with fitness determinants discovered in previous studies of P. aeruginosa identified several genes required for colonization and virulence determinants that are conserved across hosts and tissues. This analysis provides evidence for both the conservation of function of several genes across systems, as well as host-specific functions. These findings, which represent the first use of transposon sequencing of a gut pathogen in Drosophila, demonstrate the power of Tn-Seq in the fly model system and advance existing knowledge of intestinal pathogenesis by D. melanogaster, revealing bacterial colonization determinants that contribute to a comprehensive portrait of P. aeruginosa lifestyles across habitats.

ImportanceDrosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for understanding host-pathogen interactions. Research with this system has yielded notable insights into mechanisms of host immunity and defense, many of which emerged from analysis of bacterial mutants defective for well-characterized virulence factors. These foundational studies - and advances in high-throughput sequencing of transposon mutants - support unbiased screens of bacterial mutants in the fly. To investigate mechanisms of host-pathogen interplay and exploit the tractability of this model host, we used a high-throughput, genome-wide mutant analysis to find genes that enable a pathogen, P. aeruginosa, to colonize the fly. Our analysis reveals critical mediators of P. aeruginosa establishment in its host, some of which are required across fly and mouse systems. These findings demonstrate the utility of massively parallel mutant analysis and provide a platform for aligning the fly toolkit with comprehensive bacterial genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendhran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabb, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel mutant selection identifies genetic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Protein-DNA Binding in Single Molecules using Antibody Guided Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of DNA binding sites for specific proteins is of fundamental importance in molecular biology. It is commonly addressed experimentally by chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq) of bulk samples (103-107 cells). We have developed an alternative method that uses a Chromatin Antibody-mediated Methylating Protein (ChAMP) composed of a GpC methyltransferase fused to protein G. By tethering ChAMP to a primary antibody directed against the DNA-binding protein of interest, and selectively switching on its enzymatic activity in situ, we generated distinct and identifiable methylation patterns adjacent to the protein binding sites. This method is compatible with methods of single-cell methylation-detection and single molecule methylation identification. Indeed, as every binding event generates multiple nearby methylations, we were able to confidently detect protein binding in long single molecules.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/567792v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thatavarty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdos, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Protein-DNA Binding in Single Molecules using Antibody Guided Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fish Playpens: Method for raising individual juvenile zebrafish on a recirculating system for studies requiring repeated measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even though many experimental approaches benefit from tracking individual larval animals, there is yet to be a commercial zebrafish rack system designed to accomplish this task. Thus, we invented playpens, an acrylic and screen container, to raise 12 individual zebrafish juveniles per standard 10 L tank on an existing recirculating fish system. During a week-long experiment, fish raised in playpens grow to the same size as conventionally raised juveniles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moll, T. O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fish Playpens: Method for raising individual juvenile zebrafish on a recirculating system for studies requiring repeated measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular regulation of retinal regeneration is context specific 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genes are known to regulate retinal regeneration following widespread tissue damage. Conversely, genes controlling regeneration following limited retinal cell loss, akin to disease conditions, are undefined. Combining a novel retinal ganglion cell (RGC) ablation-based glaucoma model, single cell omics, and rapid CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout methods to screen 100 genes, we identified 18 effectors of RGC regeneration kinetics. Surprisingly, 32 of 33 previously known/implicated regulators of retinal tissue regeneration were not required for RGC replacement; 7 knockouts accelerated regeneration, including sox2, olig2, and ascl1a. Mechanistic analyses revealed loss of ascl1a increased "fate bias", the propensity of progenitors to produce RGCs. These data demonstrate plasticity and context-specificity in how genes function to control regeneration, insights that could help to advance disease-tailored therapeutics for replacing lost retinal cells.

One sentence summaryWe discovered eighteen genes that regulate the regeneration of retinal ganglion cells in zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hageter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceisel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chunawala, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graziano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reibman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horstick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular regulation of retinal regeneration is context specific]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.567909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha9alpha10 knockout mice show altered physiological and behavioral responses to signals in masking noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.567909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents modulate outer hair cell motility through specialized nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to support encoding of signals in noise. Transgenic mice lacking the alpha9 subunits of these receptors (9KOs) have normal hearing in quiet and noise, but lack classic cochlear suppression effects and show abnormal temporal, spectral, and spatial processing. Mice deficient for both the alpha9 and alpha10 receptor subunits (910KOs) may exhibit more severe MOC-related phenotypes. Like 9KOs, 910KOs have normal auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and weak MOC reflexes. Here, we further characterized auditory function in 910KO mice. Wildtype and 910KO mice had similar ABR thresholds and acoustic startle response (ASR) amplitudes in quiet and noise, and similar frequency and intensity difference sensitivity. 910KO mice had larger ABR Wave I amplitudes than wildtypes in quiet and noise, but the noise:quiet amplitude ratio suggested 910KOs were more susceptible to masking effects for some stimuli. 910KO mice also had larger startle amplitudes in tone backgrounds than wildtypes. Overall, 910KO mice had grossly normal auditory function in quiet and noise, though their larger ABR amplitudes and hyperreactive startles suggest some auditory processing abnormalities. These findings contribute to the growing literature showing mixed effects of MOC dysfunction on hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.567909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha9alpha10 knockout mice show altered physiological and behavioral responses to signals in masking noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional neural representations of social features during movie viewing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The social world is dynamic and contextually embedded. Yet, most studies utilize simple stimuli that do not capture the complexity of everyday social episodes. To address this, we implemented a movie viewing paradigm and investigated how the everyday social episodes are processed in the brain. Participants watched one of two movies during an MRI scan. Neural patterns from brain regions involved in social perception, mentalization, action observation, and sensory processing were extracted. Representational similarity analysis results revealed that several labeled social features (including social interaction, mentalization, the actions of others, characters talking about themselves, talking about others, and talking about objects) were represented in superior temporal gyrus (STG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). The mentalization feature was also represented throughout the theory of mind network, and characters talking about others engaged the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), suggesting that listeners may spontaneously infer the mental state of those being talked about. In contrast, we did not observe the action representations in frontoparietal regions of the action observation network. The current findings indicate that STG and MTG serve as central hubs for social processing, and that listening to characters talk about others elicits spontaneous mental state inference in TPJ during natural movie viewing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional neural representations of social features during movie viewing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing evolutionary rescue in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWFirst-line cancer treatment frequently fails due to initially rare therapeutic resistance. An important clinical question is then how to schedule subsequent treatments to maximize the probability of tumour eradication. Here, we provide a theoretical solution to this problem by using mathematical analysis and extensive stochastic simulations within the framework of evolutionary rescue theory to determine how best to exploit the vulnerability of small tumours to stochastic extinction. Whereas standard clinical practice is to wait for evidence of relapse, we confirm a recent hypothesis that the optimal time to switch to a second treatment is when the tumour is close to its minimum size before relapse, when it is likely undetectable. This optimum can lie slightly before or slightly after the nadir, depending on tumour parameters. Given that this exact time point may be difficult to determine in practice, we study windows of high extinction probability that lie around the optimal switching point, showing that switching after the relapse has begun is typically better than switching too early. We further reveal how treatment dose and tumour demographic and evolutionary parameters influence the predicted clinical outcome, and we determine how best to schedule drugs of unequal efficacy. Our work establishes a foundation for further experimental and clinical investigation of this evolutionarily-informed "extinction therapy" strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viossat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing evolutionary rescue in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Regulation of Invasive Protrusion Formation at the Mammalian Fusogenic Synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive membrane protrusions play a central role in a variety of cellular processes. Unlike filopodia, invasive protrusions are mechanically stiff and propelled by branched actin polymerization. However, how branched actin filaments are organized to create finger-like invasive protrusions remains a longstanding question in cell biology. Here, by examining the mammalian fusogenic synapse, where invasive protrusions are generated to promote cell membrane juxtaposition and fusion, we have uncovered the mechanism underlying invasive protrusion formation. We show that two Arp2/3 nucleation promoting factors (NPFs), WAVE and N-WASP, exhibit distinct and complementary localization patterns in the protrusions. While WAVE is at the leading edge, N-WASP is recruited by its interacting protein, WIP, to the shaft of the protrusion. During protrusion growth, new branched actin filaments are polymerized at the periphery of the shaft and crosslinked to preexisting actin bundles by the "pioneer" actin-bundling protein dynamin. The thickened actin bundles are further stabilized by WIP, which functions as a WH2 domain-mediated actin-bundling protein. Disrupting any of these components results in defective protrusions and myoblast fusion in cultured cells and/or in mouse embryos. Thus, our study has revealed the intricate spatiotemporal coordination between two NPFs and two actin-bundling proteins in creating invasive protrusions and has general implications in understanding protrusion formation in many cellular processes beyond cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldhamer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidtke, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Regulation of Invasive Protrusion Formation at the Mammalian Fusogenic Synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-bore MRI-compatible Transrectal Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) is known as one of the most prevalent and fatal cancer types. This report describes an MRI-compatible photoacoustic/ultrasound (PA/US) imaging platform to improve the diagnosis of PCa. In the proposed solution, PA imaging, which offers real-time, non-ionizing imaging with high sensitivity and specificity, is combined with MRI, aiming to overcome PAs limited field of view (FOV) and make PA scalable for translation to clinical settings. Central to the design of the system is a reflector-based transrectal probing mechanism composed of MRI-compatible materials. The linear transducer with a center hole for optical fiber delivery can be mechanically actuated to form a multi-angled scan, allowing PA/US imaging from varied cross-sectional views. Performance assessment was carried out in phantom and ex-vivo settings. We confirmed the MRI compatibility of the system and demonstrated the feasibility of its tri-modal imaging capability by visualizing a tubing phantom containing contrast agents. The ex-vivo evaluation of targeted tumor imaging capability was performed with a mouse liver sample expressing PSMA-positive tumors, affirming the systems compatibility in spectroscopic PA (sPA) imaging with biological tissue. These results support the feasibility of the in-bore MRI-compatible transrectal PA and US and the potential clinical adaptability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murakami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesniak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsumura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunoi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nycz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomper, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-bore MRI-compatible Transrectal Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression and fusogenic activity of SARS CoV-2 Spike protein displayed in the HSV-1 Virion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease in humans. The new SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the current global pandemic termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has resulted in many millions of deaths world-wide. The virus is a member of the Betacoronavirus family, its genome is a positive strand RNA molecule that encodes for many genes which are required for virus genome replication as well as for structural proteins that are required for virion assembly and maturation. A key determinant of this virus is the Spike (S) protein embedded in the virion membrane and mediates attachment of the virus to the receptor (ACE2). This protein also is required for cell-cell fusion (syncytia) that is an important pathogenic determinant. We have developed a pseudotyped herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) recombinant virus expressing S protein in the virion envelop. This virus has also been modified to express a Venus fluorescent protein fusion to VP16, a virion protein of HSV-1. The virus expressing Spike can enter cells and generates large multi-nucleated syncytia which are evident by the Venus fluorescence. The HSV-1 recombinant virus is genetically stable and virus amplification can be easily done by infecting cells. This recombinant virus provides a reproducible platform for Spike function analysis and thus adds to the repertoire of pseudotyped viruses expressing Spike.

Impact StatementThe isolation of a pseudotyped herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virus using the Spike protein is new and innovative. This virus can be used to study entry and fusion events mediated by the S protein as well as test antibodies for their ability to neutralize this particle. In addition, these virions can be used for screening antibody specificity using the S protein displayed in its natural membrane bound conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.568860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression and fusogenic activity of SARS CoV-2 Spike protein displayed in the HSV-1 Virion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.568895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A (Sub)field Guide to Quality Control in Hippocampal Subfield Segmentation on High-resolution T2-weighted MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.568895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inquiries into properties of brain structure and function have progressed due to developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To sustain progress in investigating and quantifying neuroanatomical details in vivo, the reliability and validity of brain measurements are paramount. Quality control (QC) is a set of procedures for mitigating errors and ensuring the validity and reliability of brain measurements. Despite its importance, there is little guidance on best QC practices and reporting procedures. The study of hippocampal subfields in vivo is a critical case for QC because of their small size, inter-dependent boundary definitions, and common artifacts in the MRI data used for subfield measurements. We addressed this gap by surveying the broader scientific community studying hippocampal subfields on their views and approaches to QC. We received responses from 37 investigators spanning 10 countries, covering different career stages, and studying both healthy and pathological development and aging. In this sample, 81% of researchers considered QC to be very important or important, and 19% viewed it as fairly important. Despite this, only 46% of researchers reported on their QC processes in prior publications. In many instances, lack of reporting appeared due to ambiguous guidance on relevant details and guidance for reporting, rather than absence of QC. Here, we provide recommendations for correcting errors to maximize reliability and minimize bias. We also summarize threats to segmentation accuracy, review common QC methods, and make recommendations for best practices and reporting in publications. Implementing the recommended QC practices will collectively improve inferences to the larger population, as well as have implications for clinical practice and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canada, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazloum-Farzaghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocchetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keresztes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaJoie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuestefeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.568895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A (Sub)field Guide to Quality Control in Hippocampal Subfield Segmentation on High-resolution T2-weighted MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of conserved gene expression programs activated in multiple modes of torpor across vertebrate clades. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Torpor encompasses adaptations to diverse extreme environmental stressors such as hibernation, aestivation, brumation, and daily torpor. Here we introduce StrokeofGenus, an analytic pipeline that identifies distinct transcriptomic states and conservation of gene expression patterns across studies, tissues, and species. We use StrokeofGenus to study multiple and diverse forms of torpor from publicly available RNA-seq datasets that span eight species and two classes. We identify three transcriptionally distinct states during the cycle of heterothermia: euthermia, torpor, and interbout arousal. We also identify torpor-specific gene expression patterns that are conserved both across tissues and between species with over three hundred million years of evolutionary divergence. We further demonstrate the general conservation of gene expression patterns in multiple forms of torpor, implying a common evolutionary origin for this process. Although here we apply StrokeofGenus to analysis of torpor, it can be used to interrogate any other complex physiological processes defined by transient transcriptomic states.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIStrokeofGenus integrates orthologue annotation, non-negative matrix factorization, and transfer learning for cross-species analysis.
C_LIO_LIStrokeofGenus identifies conserved topor-related gene expression patterns across divergent species and cell types.
C_LIO_LIHeterothermia has three distinct transcriptomic states.
C_LIO_LITorpor-specific gene expression patterns are conserved between species and forms of torpor.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajdak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallestad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palczewski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of conserved gene expression programs activated in multiple modes of torpor across vertebrate clades.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paradoxical mTORC1-Dependent microRNA-mediated Translation Repression in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice Consuming Alcohol Attenuates Glycolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mTORC1 promotes protein translation, learning and memory, and neuroadaptations that underlie alcohol use and abuse. We report that activation of mTORC1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice consuming alcohol promotes the translation of microRNA (miR) machinery components and the upregulation of microRNAs (miRs) expression including miR-34a-5p. In parallel, we detected a paradoxical mTORC1-dependent repression of translation of transcripts including Aldolase A, an essential glycolytic enzyme. We found that miR-34a-5p in the NAc targets Aldolase A for translation repression and promotes alcohol intake. Our data further suggest that glycolysis is inhibited in the NAc manifesting in an mTORC1-dependent attenuation of L-lactate, the end product of glycolysis. Finally, we show that systemic administration of L-lactate attenuates mouse excessive alcohol intake. Our data suggest that alcohol promotes paradoxical actions of mTORC1 on translation and glycolysis which in turn drive excessive alcohol use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehinger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laguesse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phamluong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoisington, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sei, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paradoxical mTORC1-Dependent microRNA-mediated Translation Repression in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice Consuming Alcohol Attenuates Glycolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.568362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimizing Reference Bias with an Impute-First Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.568362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenome indexes reduce reference bias in sequencing data analysis. However, bias can be reduced further by using a personalized reference, e.g. a diploid human reference constructed to match a donor individuals alleles. We present a novel impute-first alignment framework that combines elements of genotype imputation and pangenome alignment. It begins by genotyping the individual using only a subsample of the input reads. It next uses a reference panel and efficient imputation algorithm to impute a personalized diploid reference. Finally, it indexes the personalized reference and applies a read aligner, which could be a linear or graph aligner, to align the full read set to the personalized reference. This framework achieves higher variant-calling recall (99.54% vs. 99.37%), precision (99.36% vs. 99.18%), and F1 (99.45% vs. 99.28%) compared to a graph pangenome aligner. The personalized reference is also smaller and faster to query compared to a pangenome index, making it an overall advantageous choice for whole-genome DNA sequencing experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaddadi, N. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.568362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimizing Reference Bias with an Impute-First Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apes possess two sex chromosomes--the male-specific Y and the X shared by males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for male reproduction, with deletions linked to infertility1. The X chromosome carries genes vital for reproduction and cognition2. Variation in mating patterns and brain function among great apes suggests corresponding differences in their sex chromosomes. However, due to their highly repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies, ape sex chromosomes have been challenging to study. Here, using the methodology developed for the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome, we produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean and Sumatran orangutans) and a lesser ape, the siamang gibbon. These assemblies allowed us to untangle the intricacies of ape sex chromosome evolution. We found that, compared to the Xs, the ape Ys vary greatly in size and have low alignability and high levels of structural rearrangements. This divergence on the Y arises from the accumulation of lineage-specific ampliconic regions, palindromes, transposable elements, and satellites. Our analysis of Y chromosome genes revealed expansions of multi-copy gene families and signatures of purifying selection. Thus, the Y exhibits dynamic evolution, while the X is more stable. Mapping short-read sequencing data to these assemblies revealed diversity and selection patterns on sex chromosomes of >100 great ape individuals. These reference assemblies are expected to inform human evolution and conservation genetics of nonhuman apes, all of which are endangered species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makova, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Gennaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pond, S. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPolice, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maste</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) display surface but not membrane-bound IgE across a broad range of total serum IgE levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are unique antigen presenting cells that may be implicated in allergic disease because they bind IgE on their surface and modulate important Th1/Th2 cytokine responses. While conducting in vitro experiments using excess omalizumab to capture IgE, we discovered that this immunoglobulin is not readily removed from pDC to the same extent observed for basophils suggesting that a portion of the IgE on pDC is membrane bound.

MethodsBasophils and pDC were prepared from leukopacks using established protocols. In order to isolate PBMCs, blood was also drawn from consenting donors with a wide range in total serum IgE levels. B cells and pDCs were identified by flow cytometry by gating on CD19/CD27 and BDCA2/CD123, respectively. Quilizumab, a mouse anti-human monoclonal IgG1 antibody with specificity only for membrane-bound IgE, was used to detect this molecule in both cell types.

ResultsWhen used in vitro at 1.5 mg/ml, omalizumab removed [~]80-90% of the IgE expressed by basophils. In contrast, IgE expression decreased only 30-40% on pDC treated likewise. Upon analyzing pDC for membrane-bound IgE, there was no significant difference in number of target-bound cells and mean fluorescence between the mouse isotype control and quilizumab among pDCs (P = 0.125, 0.165). However, the ratio of the proportion of target-bound CD19+27+ B cells compared to other cells was 32:1 for isotype (P < 0.001) and 54:1 for quilizumab (P = 0.015).

ConclusionOverall, this study demonstrates that while pDCs express significant levels of Fc{varepsilon}RI that binds IgE to the surface, there is no appreciable amount of membrane-bound IgE noted. The reason for omalizumabs poor ability to remove IgE from pDCs remains unknown.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGlashan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tversky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) display surface but not membrane-bound IgE across a broad range of total serum IgE levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quality assessment of splice site annotation based on conservation across multiple species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite many improvements over the years, the annotation of the human genome remains imperfect. The use of evolutionarily conserved sequences provides a strategy for selecting a high-confidence subset of the annotation. Using the latest whole genome alignment, we found that splice sites from protein-coding genes in the high-quality MANE annotation are consistently conserved across more than 350 species. We also studied splice sites from the RefSeq, GENCODE, and CHESS databases not present in MANE. In addition, we analyzed the completeness of the alignment with respect to the human genome annotations and described a method that would allow us to fix up to 50% of the missing alignments of the protein-coding exons. We trained a logistic regression classifier to distinguish between the conservation exhibited by sites from MANE versus sites chosen randomly from neutrally evolving sequences. We found that splice sites classified by our model as well-supported have lower SNP rates and better transcriptomic evidence. We then computed a subset of transcripts using only "well-supported" splice sites or ones from MANE. This subset is enriched in high-confidence transcripts of the major gene catalogs that appear to be under purifying selection and are more likely to be correct and functionally relevant.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quality assessment of splice site annotation based on conservation across multiple species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power-law growth models explain incidences and sizes of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions and confirm spatial genomic findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a rare but lethal cancer. Recent evidence reveals that pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs), the microscopic precursor lesions in the pancreatic ducts that can give rise to invasive pancreatic cancer, are significantly larger and more prevalent than previously believed. Better understanding of the growth law dynamics of PanINs may improve our ability to understand how a miniscule fraction of these lesions makes the transition to invasive cancer. Here, using artificial intelligence (AI)-based three-dimensional (3D) tissue mapping method, we measured the volumes of >1,000 PanIN and found that lesion size is distributed according to a power law with a fitted exponent of -1.7 over > 3 orders of magnitude. Our data also suggest that PanIN growth is not very sensitive to the pancreatic microenvironment or an individuals age, family history, and lifestyle, and is rather shaped by general growth behavior. We analyze several models of PanIN growth and fit the predicted size distributions to the observed data. The best fitting models suggest that both intraductal spread of PanIN lesions and fusing of multiple lesions into large, highly branched structures drive PanIN growth patterns. This work lays the groundwork for future mathematical modeling efforts integrating PanIN incidence, morphology, genomic, and transcriptomic features to understand pancreas tumorigenesis, and demonstrates the utility of combining experimental measurement of human tissues with dynamic modeling for understanding cancer tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power-law growth models explain incidences and sizes of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions and confirm spatial genomic findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLiPPR: A Processor for Limited Proteolysis (LiP) Mass Spectrometry Datasets Built on FragPipe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we present FLiPPR, or FragPipe LiP (limited proteolysis) Processor, a tool that facilitates the analysis of data from limited proteolysis mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) experiments following primary search and quantification in FragPipe. LiP-MS has emerged as a method that can provide proteome-wide information on protein structure and has been applied to a range of biological and biophysical questions. Although LiP- MS can be carried out with standard laboratory reagents and mass spectrometers, analyzing the data can be slow and poses unique challenges compared to typical quantitative proteomics workflows. To address this, we leverage the fast, sensitive, and accurate search and label-free quantification algorithms in FragPipe and then process its output in FLiPPR. FLiPPR formalizes a specific data imputation heuristic that carefully uses missing data in LiP-MS experiments to report on the most significant structural changes. Moreover, FLiPPR introduces a new data merging scheme (from ions to cut-sites) and a protein-centric multiple hypothesis correction scheme, collectively enabling processed LiP-MS datasets to be more robust and less redundant. These improvements substantially strengthen statistical trends when previously published data are reanalyzed with the FragPipe/FLiPPR workflow. As a final feature, FLiPPR facilitates the collection of structural metadata to identify correlations between experiments and structural features. We hope that FLiPPR will lower the barrier for more users to adopt LiP-MS, standardize statistical procedures for LiP-MS data analysis, and systematize output to facilitate eventual larger-scale integration of LiP-MS data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manriquez-Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lule, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLiPPR: A Processor for Limited Proteolysis (LiP) Mass Spectrometry Datasets Built on FragPipe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional assessments are necessary to determine the true spatial tissue composition of diseased tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods for spatially resolved cellular profiling using thinly cut sections have enabled in-depth quantitative tissue mapping to study inter-sample and intra-sample differences in normal human anatomy and disease onset and progression. These methods often profile extremely limited regions, which may impact the evaluation of heterogeneity due to tissue sub-sampling. Here, we applied CODA, a deep learning-based tissue mapping platform, to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) microanatomy of grossly normal and cancer-containing human pancreas biospecimens obtained from individuals who underwent pancreatic resection. To compare inter-and intra-sample heterogeneity, we assessed bulk and spatially resolved tissue composition in a cohort of two-dimensional (2D) whole slide images (WSIs) and a cohort of thick slabs of pancreas tissue that were digitally reconstructed in 3D from serial sections. To demonstrate the marked under sampling of 2D assessments, we simulated the number of WSIs and tissue microarrays (TMAs) necessary to represent the compositional heterogeneity of 3D data within 10% error to reveal that tens of WSIs and hundreds of TMA cores are sometimes needed. We show that spatial correlation of different pancreatic structures decay significantly within a span of microns, demonstrating that 2D histological sections may not be representative of their neighboring tissues. In sum, we demonstrate that 3D assessments are necessary to accurately assess tissue composition in normal and abnormal specimens and in order to accurately determine neoplastic content. These results emphasize the importance of intra-sample heterogeneity in tissue mapping efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujikura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional assessments are necessary to determine the true spatial tissue composition of diseased tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cue-Invariant Geometric Structure of the Population Codes in Macaque V1 and V2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWOur ability to recognize objects and scenes, whether they appear in photographs, cartoons, or simple line drawings, is striking. Studies have shown that infants, members of isolated Stone Age tribes, and non-human primates can readily identify objects from line drawings. These findings suggest that the brain may inherently generate neural representations that align across different rendering cues, enabling abstraction. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the representational invariance of complex patterns of surface boundaries found in natural scenes. We tested whether individual neurons in V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey responded similarly to the presentation of these patterns across different renderings (i.e., as contours, luminance-defined patches, and segments of natural images). We found that individual neurons exhibit some degree of tuning invariance, stronger in V1 than in V2. At the population level, as a means to assess cue-invariant abstract representation, we measured decoding accuracy across cues ( cue-transfer decoding). We found that this decoding is greatly enhanced when a geometric transformation (Procrustes Transformation) is first performed to align the population activities across cues. It is also effective when applied to different populations of neurons within or across visual areas. These results were compared with populations of artificial neurons from models of the ventral visual streams, further indicating that cue-invariance stabilizes with population size. In summary, we found that while individual neurons exhibit some cue-invariance properties, the stability of the population geometry emerges as a more robust candidate for supporting a cue-invariant representation of visual information in the early visual areas.

SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTHow can we easily recognize objects and scenes in a wide range of renderings, such as photographs, cartoons, or line drawings? One possibility is that our visual system processes information using an invariant representation. To investigate this hypothesis, we designed a stimulus set made of boundary patterns extracted from natural scenes, and displayed using three distinct renderings. We found that, while the tuning preference of individual V1 and V2 neurons displayed some correlation across renderings, a more robust invariant representation could be achieved when analyzing neural population geometry. Overall, we found that a cue-invariant representation of visual elements in the early visual areas may rest primarily on the geometry of the population responses, rather than individual neurons tuning characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockwell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papandreou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cue-Invariant Geometric Structure of the Population Codes in Macaque V1 and V2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Multiplexed Imaging and Multiscale Modeling Identifies Tumor Phenotype Transformation as a Critical Component of Therapeutic T Cell Efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer progression is a complex process involving interactions that unfold across molecular, cellular, and tissue scales. These multiscale interactions have been difficult to measure and to simulate. Here we integrated CODEX multiplexed tissue imaging with multiscale modeling software, to model key action points that influence the outcome of T cell therapies with cancer. The initial phenotype of therapeutic T cells influences the ability of T cells to convert tumor cells to an inflammatory, anti-proliferative phenotype. This T cell phenotype could be preserved by structural reprogramming to facilitate continual tumor phenotype conversion and killing. One takeaway is that controlling the rate of cancer phenotype conversion is critical for control of tumor growth. The results suggest new design criteria and patient selection metrics for T cell therapies, call for a rethinking of T cell therapeutic implementation, and provide a foundation for synergistically integrating multiplexed imaging data with multiscale modeling of the cancer-immune interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agmon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunwoo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Multiplexed Imaging and Multiscale Modeling Identifies Tumor Phenotype Transformation as a Critical Component of Therapeutic T Cell Efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Attention in Multi Attribute Decision Making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-life decisions typically involve multiple options, each with multiple attributes affecting value. In such complex cases, sequential shifts of attention to specific options and attributes are thought to guide the decision process. We designed a task that allowed us to monitor attention in monkeys engaged in such multi-attribute decisions. We recorded pre-supplementary motor area neurons encoding action value signals reflecting the decision process. Attention guides this process through two mechanisms. First, attention enhances the activity of neurons representing the currently sampled option, independent of the attended option value. Second, attention up-regulates the gain of information integration towards the evolving value estimate for the attended option. In contrast, we found no evidence for a third suggested mechanism, in which only the attended option is represented. Instead, attention influences the ongoing information accumulation and competition between the options by modulating the strength of the value information that drives this circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sampson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Attention in Multi Attribute Decision Making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Elucidates Design Features of Plasmid DNA Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell Type-Preferential Transfection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For cell and gene therapies to become more broadly accessible, it is critical to develop and optimize non-viral cell type-preferential gene carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs).

Despite the effectiveness of high throughput screening (HTS) approaches in expediting LNP discovery, they are often costly, labor-intensive, and often do not provide actionable LNP design rules that focus screening efforts on the most relevant chemical and formulation parameters. Here we employed a machine learning (ML) workflow using well-curated plasmid DNA LNP transfection datasets across six cell types to maximize chemical insights from HTS studies and has achieved predictions with 5-9% error on average depending on cell type. By applying Shapley additive explanations to our ML models, we unveiled composition-function relationships dictating cell type-preferential LNP transfection efficiency. Notably, we identified consistent LNP composition parameters that enhance in vitro transfection efficiency across diverse cell types, such as ionizable to helper lipid ratios near 1:1 or 10:1 and the incorporation of cationic/zwitterionic helper lipids. In addition, several parameters were found to modulate cell type-preferentiality, including the ionizable and helper lipid total molar percentage, N/P ratio, cholesterol to PEGylated lipid ratio, and the chemical identity of the helper lipid. This study leverages HTS of compositionally diverse LNP libraries and ML analysis to understand the interactions between lipid components in LNP formulations; and offers fundamental insights that contribute to the establishment of unique sets of LNP compositions tailored for cell type-preferential transfection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toh, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangpachatanaruk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Elucidates Design Features of Plasmid DNA Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell Type-Preferential Transfection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional reconstruction of fetal rhesus macaque kidneys at single-cell resolution reveals complex inter-relation of structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kidneys are among the most structurally complex organs in the body. Their architecture is critical to ensure proper function and is often impacted by diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Understanding the spatial interplay between the different structures of the nephron and renal vasculature is crucial. Recent efforts have demonstrated the value of three-dimensional (3D) imaging in revealing new insights into the various components of the kidney; however, these studies used antibodies or autofluorescence to detect structures and so were limited in their ability to compare the many subtle structures of the kidney at once. Here, through 3D reconstruction of fetal rhesus macaque kidneys at cellular resolution, we demonstrate the power of deep learning in exhaustively labelling seventeen microstructures of the kidney. Using these tissue maps, we interrogate the spatial distribution and spatial correlation of the glomeruli, renal arteries, and the nephron. This work demonstrates the power of deep learning applied to 3D tissue images to improve our ability to compare many microanatomical structures at once, paving the way for further works investigating renal pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dequiedt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional reconstruction of fetal rhesus macaque kidneys at single-cell resolution reveals complex inter-relation of structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Category-based attention facilitates memory search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We often need to decide whether the object we look at is also the object we look for. When we look for one specific object, this process can be facilitated by preparatory feature-based attention. However, when we look for multiple objects at the same time (e.g., the products on our shopping list) such a strategy may no longer be possible, as research has shown that we can actively prepare to detect only one object at a time. Therefore, looking for multiple objects may additionally involve search in long-term memory, slowing down decision making. Interestingly, however, previous research has shown that memory search can be very efficient when distractor objects are from a different category than the items in the memory set. Here, using EEG, we show that this efficiency is supported by top-down attention at the category level. In Experiment 1, human participants (both sexes) performed a memory search task on individually presented objects of the same or different category as the objects in the memory set. We observed category-level attentional modulation of distractor processing from [~]150 ms after stimulus onset, expressed both as an evoked response modulation and as an increase in decoding accuracy of same-category distractors. In Experiment 2, memory search was performed on two concurrently presented objects. When both objects were distractors, spatial attention (indexed by the N2pc component) was directed to the object that was of the same category as the objects in the memory set. Together, these results demonstrate how attention can facilitate memory search.

Significance statementWhen we are in the supermarket, we repeatedly decide whether a product we look at (e.g., a banana) is on our memorized shopping list (e.g., apples, oranges, kiwis). This requires searching our memory, which takes time. However, when the product is of an entirely different category (e.g., dairy instead of fruit), the decision can be made quickly. Here, we used EEG to show that this between-category advantage in memory search tasks is supported by top-down attentional modulation of visual processing: The visual response evoked by distractor objects was modulated by category membership, and spatial attention was quickly directed to the location of within-category (vs. between-category) distractors. These results demonstrate a close link between attention and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Category-based attention facilitates memory search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.570606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid long-distance migration of RPA on single stranded DNA occurs through intersegmental transfer utilizing multivalent interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.570606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) is a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that coordinates diverse DNA metabolic processes including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. RPA is a heterotrimeric protein with six functional oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide (OB) domains and flexible linkers. Flexibility enables RPA to adopt multiple configurations and is thought to modulate its function. Here, using single molecule confocal fluorescence microscopy combined with optical tweezers and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the diffusional migration of single RPA molecules on ssDNA under tension. The diffusion coefficient D is the highest (20,000 nucleotides2/s) at 3 pN tension and in 100 mM KCl and markedly decreases when tension or salt concentration increases. We attribute the tension effect to intersegmental transfer which is hindered by DNA stretching and the salt effect to an increase in binding site size and interaction energy of RPA-ssDNA. Our integrative study allowed us to estimate the size and frequency of intersegmental transfer events that occur through transient bridging of distant sites on DNA by multiple binding sites on RPA. Interestingly, deletion of RPA trimeric core still allowed significant ssDNA binding although the reduced contact area made RPA 15-fold more mobile. Finally, we characterized the effect of RPA crowding on RPA migration. These findings reveal how the high affinity RPA-ssDNA interactions are remodeled to yield access, a key step in several DNA metabolic processes.

SignificanceReplication Protein A (RPA) binds to the exposed single stranded DNA (ssDNA) during DNA metabolism. RPA dynamics are essential to reposition RPA on ssDNA and recruit downstream proteins at the bound site. Here in this work, we perform a detailed biophysical study on dynamics of yeast RPA on ssDNA. We show that RPA can diffuse on ssDNA and is affected by tension and salt. Our observations are best explained by the intersegmental transfer model where RPA can transiently bridge two distant DNA segments for its migration over long distances. We further dissect the contributions of the trimerization core of RPA and other adjacent RPA molecules on RPA migration. This study provides detailed experimental and computational insights into RPA dynamics on ssDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.570606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid long-distance migration of RPA on single stranded DNA occurs through intersegmental transfer utilizing multivalent interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-Synuclein pathology disrupts mitochondrial function in dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons at-risk in Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPathological accumulation of aggregated -synuclein (aSYN) is a common feature of Parkinsons disease (PD). However, the mechanisms by which intracellular aSYN pathology contributes to dysfunction and degeneration of neurons in the brain are still unclear. A potentially relevant target of aSYN is the mitochondrion. To test this hypothesis, genetic and physiological methods were used to monitor mitochondrial function in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) cholinergic neurons after stereotaxic injection of aSYN pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) into the mouse brain.

MethodsaSYN PPFs were stereotaxically injected into the SNc or PPN of mice. Twelve weeks later, mice were studied using a combination of approaches, including immunocytochemical analysis, cell- type specific transcriptomic profiling, electron microscopy, electrophysiology and two-photon-laser- scanning microscopy of genetically encoded sensors for bioenergetic and redox status.

ResultsIn addition to inducing a significant neuronal loss, SNc injection of PFFs induced the formation of intracellular, phosphorylated aSYN aggregates selectively in dopaminergic neurons. In these neurons, PFF-exposure decreased mitochondrial gene expression, reduced the number of mitochondria, increased oxidant stress, and profoundly disrupted mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. Consistent with an aSYN-induced bioenergetic deficit, the autonomous spiking of dopaminergic neurons slowed or stopped. PFFs also up-regulated lysosomal gene expression and increased lysosomal abundance, leading to the formation of Lewy-like inclusions. Similar changes were observed in PPN cholinergic neurons following aSYN PFF exposure.

ConclusionsTaken together, our findings suggest that disruption of mitochondrial function, and the subsequent bioenergetic deficit, is a proximal step in the cascade of events induced by aSYN pathology leading to dysfunction and degeneration of neurons at-risk in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geibl, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zampese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkatch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wokosin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasiri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotmann, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandel, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oertel, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surmeier, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-Synuclein pathology disrupts mitochondrial function in dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons at-risk in Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species Myocardial Proteomics For Animal Models of Cardiometabolic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to insufficient sample size to make conclusions. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species Myocardial Proteomics For Animal Models of Cardiometabolic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly variable molecular signatures of TDP-43 loss of function are associated with nuclear pore complex injury in a population study of sporadic ALS patient iPSNs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic aggregation of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 is widely considered a pathological hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and related neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have artificially reduced TDP-43 in wildtype human neurons to replicate loss of function associated events. Although this prior work has defined a number of gene expression and mRNA splicing changes that occur in a TDP-43 dependent manner, it is unclear how these alterations relate to authentic ALS where TDP-43 is not depleted from the cell but miscompartmentalized to variable extents. Here, in this population study, we generate [~]30,000 qRT-PCR data points spanning 20 genes in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons (iPSNs) from >150 control, C9orf72 ALS/FTD, and sALS patients to examine molecular signatures of TDP-43 dysfunction. This data set defines a time dependent and variable profile of individual molecular hallmarks of TDP-43 loss of function within and amongst individual patient lines. Importantly, nearly identical changes are observed in postmortem CNS tissues obtained from a subset of patients whose iPSNs were examined. Notably, these studies provide evidence that induction of nuclear pore complex (NPC) injury via reduction of the transmembrane Nup POM121 in wildtype iPSNs is sufficient to phenocopy disease associated signatured of TDP-43 loss of function thereby directly linking NPC integrity to TDP-43 loss of function. Therapeutically, we demonstrate that the expression of all mRNA species associated with TDP-43 loss of function can be restored in sALS iPSNs via two independent methods to repair NPC injury. Collectively, this data 1) represents a substantial resource for the community to examine TDP-43 loss of function events in authentic sALS patient iPSNs, 2) demonstrates that patient derived iPSNs can accurately reflect actual TDP-43 associated alterations in patient brain, and 3) that targeting NPC injury events can be preclinically and reliably accomplished in an iPSN based platform of a sporadic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warlick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly variable molecular signatures of TDP-43 loss of function are associated with nuclear pore complex injury in a population study of sporadic ALS patient iPSNs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A software tool for at-home measurement of sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation is traditionally studied in well-controlled laboratory settings with specialized equipment. However, recent public health concerns such as the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a desire to recruit a more diverse study population, have led the motor control community to consider at-home study designs. At-home motor control experiments are still rare because of the requirement to write software that can be easily used by anyone on any platform. To this end, we developed software that runs locally on a personal computer. The software provides audiovisual instructions and measures the ability of the subject to control the cursor in the context of visuomotor perturbations. We tested the software on a group of at-home participants and asked whether the adaptation principles inferred from in-lab measurements were reproducible in the at-home setting. For example, we manipulated the perturbations to test whether there were changes in adaptation rates (savings and interference), whether adaptation was associated with multiple timescales of memory (spontaneous recovery), and whether we could selectively suppress subconscious learning (delayed feedback, perturbation variability) or explicit strategies (limited reaction time). We found remarkable similarity between in-lab and at-home behaviors across these experimental conditions. Thus, we developed a software tool that can be used by research teams with little or no programming experience to study mechanisms of adaptation in an at-home setting.

SignificanceSensorimotor learning is traditionally studied in the laboratory, but recent public health emergencies have caused the community to consider at-home data collection. To accelerate this effort, we implemented a software tool that remotely tracks motor learning. Compared with previous remote data collection strategies, our software (1) generates experiments of arbitrary length that (2) run locally on a participants laptop which (3) can be modified without any programming expertise in the research laboratory. Here we show a close correspondence between behaviors captured by our tool and those observed in laboratory environments including savings, interference, spontaneous recovery, and variations in implicit and explicit learning due to changes in perturbation variance, reaction time constraints, and feedback delay. Our software and its corresponding manuals are available here: https://osf.io/e8b63/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A software tool for at-home measurement of sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting LOXL2 Improves Arterial Stiffness and Function in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension in Males but not Females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHypertension, a disease with known sexual dimorphism, accelerates aging associated arterial stiffening, in part due to the activation of matrix remodeling caused by increased biomechanical load. In this study, we tested the effect of biological sex and the role of the matrix remodeling enzyme lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) in hypertension induced arterial stiffening.

MethodsAngiotensin II (Ang II) was delivered using osmotic pumps in Loxl2+/- and WT male and female mice. Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured noninvasively to assess hypertension and aortic stiffness. Wire myography and uniaxial tensile testing were used to test aortic vasoreactivity and mechanical properties. Aortic wall composition was examined by histology and Western blotting. The effect of biomechanical strain on LOXL2 expression and secretion by vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) was evaluated by uniaxial cyclic stretching of cultured cells. The role of LOXL2s catalytic function on VSMC alignment in response to mechanical loading was determined with LOXL2 inhibition and knockout.

ResultsAng II infusion induced hypertension in WT and Loxl2+/- mice of both sexes and increased PWV in WT males but not in Loxl2+/- males, WT females, or Loxl2+/- females. LOXL2 depletion protected males from Ang II mediated potentiation of vasoconstriction but worsened in females and improved aortic mechanical properties in both sexes. Histological analysis showed increased aortic wall thickness in hypertensive WT males but not females and increased intralamellar distance in both sexes, that was ameliorated in Loxl2+/- mice. Western blotting revealed increased collagen I, decreased collagen IV, and increased LOXL2 accumulation and processing in hypertensive mice. Hypertensive cyclic strain contributed to LOXL2 upregulation in the cell-derived matrix in VSMCs but not ECs. LOXL2s catalytic function facilitated VSMC alignment in response to biomechanical strain.

ConclusionsIn males, arterial stiffening in hypertension is driven both by VSMC response and matrix remodeling. Females exhibit a delayed onset of Ang II-induced hypertension with minimal ECM remodeling but with VSMC dysfunction. LOXL2 depletion ameliorates arterial stiffening and preserves functional contractility and aortic structure in male hypertensive mice. LOXL2 depletion improves aortic mechanics but worsens aortic contractility in hypertensive females. VSMCs are the primary source of LOXL2 in the aorta and hypertension increases LOXL2 processing and shifts to collagen I accumulation. Overall, LOXL2 depletion offers protection in young hypertensive males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yus, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wodu, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almodiel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steppan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting LOXL2 Improves Arterial Stiffness and Function in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension in Males but not Females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved bladder cancer antitumor efficacy with a recombinant BCG that releases a STING agonist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the introduction of several new agents for the treatment of bladder cancer (BC), intravesical BCG remains a first line agent for the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. In this study we evaluated the antitumor efficacy in animal models of BC of a recombinant BCG known as BCG-disA-OE that releases the small molecule STING agonist c-di-AMP. We found that compared to wild-type BCG (BCG-WT), in both the orthotopic, carcinogen-induced rat MNU model and the heterotopic syngeneic mouse MB-49 model BCG-disA-OE afforded improved antitumor efficacy. A mouse safety evaluation further revealed that BCG-disA-OE proliferated to lesser degree than BCG-WT in BALB/c mice and displayed reduced lethality in SCID mice. To probe the mechanisms that may underlie these effects, we found that BCG-disA-OE was more potent than BCG-WT in eliciting IFN-{beta} release by exposed macrophages, in reprogramming myeloid cell subsets towards an M1-like proinflammatory phenotypes, inducing epigenetic activation marks in proinflammatory cytokine promoters, and in shifting monocyte metabolomic profiles towards glycolysis. Many of the parameters elevated in cells exposed to BCG-disA-OE are associated with BCG-mediated trained innate immunity suggesting that STING agonist overexpression may enhance trained immunity. These results indicate that modifying BCG to release high levels of proinflammatory PAMP molecules such as the STING agonist c-di-AMP can enhance antitumor efficacy in bladder cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Um, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikrishna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved bladder cancer antitumor efficacy with a recombinant BCG that releases a STING agonist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.570445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic computational modeling of monospecific and bispecific antibodies targeting interleukin-6/8 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.570445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spread of cancer from organ to organ (metastasis) is responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths; however, most current anti-cancer drugs are designed to arrest or reverse tumor growth without directly addressing disease spread. It was recently discovered that tumor cell-secreted interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) synergize to enhance cancer metastasis in a cell-density dependent manner, and blockade of the IL-6 and IL-8 receptors (IL-6R and IL-8R) with a novel bispecific antibody, BS1, significantly reduced metastatic burden in multiple preclinical mouse models of cancer. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), which combine two different antigen-binding sites into one molecule, are a promising modality for drug development due to their enhanced avidity and dual targeting effects. However, while BsAbs have tremendous therapeutic potential, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their binding and inhibition will be critical for maximizing the efficacy of new BsAb treatments. Here, we describe a quantitative, computational model of the BS1 BsAb, exhibiting how modeling multivalent binding provides key insights into antibody affinity and avidity effects and can guide therapeutic design. We present detailed simulations of the monovalent and bivalent binding interactions between different antibody constructs and the IL-6 and IL-8 receptors to establish how antibody properties and system conditions impact the formation of binary (antibody-receptor) and ternary (receptor-antibody-receptor) complexes. Model results demonstrate how the balance of these complex types drives receptor inhibition, providing important and generalizable predictions for effective therapeutic design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.570445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic computational modeling of monospecific and bispecific antibodies targeting interleukin-6/8 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.570831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Functional Schizophrenia-associated genetic variant near the TSNARE1 and ADGRB1 genes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.570831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent collaborative genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >200 independent loci contributing to risk for schizophrenia (SCZ). The genes closest to these loci have diverse functions, supporting the potential involvement of multiple relevant biological processes; yet there is no direct evidence that individual variants are functional or directly linked to specific genes. Nevertheless, overlap with certain epigenetic marks suggest that most GWAS-implicated variants are regulatory. Based on the strength of association with SCZ and the presence of regulatory epigenetic marks, we chose one such variant near TSNARE1 and ADGRB1, rs4129585, to test for functional potential and assay differences that may drive the pathogenicity of the risk allele. We observed that the variant-containing sequence drives reporter expression in relevant neuronal populations in zebrafish. Next, we introduced each allele into human induced pluripotent cells and differentiated 4 isogenic clones homozygous for the risk allele and 5 clones homozygous for the non-risk allele into neural precursor cells. Employing RNA-seq, we found that the two alleles yield significant transcriptional differences in the expression of 109 genes at FDR <0.05 and 259 genes at FDR <0.1. We demonstrate that these genes are highly interconnected in pathways enriched for synaptic proteins, axon guidance, and regulation of synapse assembly. Exploration of genes near rs4129585 suggests that this variant does not regulate TSNARE1 transcripts, as previously thought, but may regulate the neighboring ADGRB1, a regulator of synaptogenesis. Our results suggest that rs4129585 is a functional common variant that functions in specific pathways likely involved in SCZ risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wahbeh, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rike, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.570831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Functional Schizophrenia-associated genetic variant near the TSNARE1 and ADGRB1 genes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and Compositional Biomarkers in Tumor Microenvironment Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited treatment options, which warrants identification of novel therapeutic targets. Deciphering nuances in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may unveil insightful links between anti-tumor immunity and clinical outcomes, yet such connections remain underexplored. Here we employed a dataset derived from imaging mass cytometry of 58 TNBC patient specimens at single-cell resolution and performed in-depth quantifications with a suite of multi-scale computational algorithms. We detected distinct cell distribution patterns among clinical subgroups, potentially stemming from different infiltration related to tumor vasculature and fibroblast heterogeneity. Spatial analysis also identified ten recurrent cellular neighborhoods (CNs) - a collection of local TME characteristics with unique cell components. Coupling of the prevalence of pan-immune and perivasculature immune hotspot CNs, enrichment of inter-CN interactions was associated with improved survival. Using a deep learning model trained on engineered spatial data, we can with high accuracy (mean AUC of 5-fold cross-validation = 0.71) how a separate cohort of patients in the NeoTRIP clinical trial will respond to treatment based on baseline TME features. These data reinforce that the TME architecture is structured in cellular compositions, spatial organizations, vasculature biology, and molecular profiles, and suggest novel imaging-based biomarkers for treatment development in the context of TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimino-Mathews, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emens, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and Compositional Biomarkers in Tumor Microenvironment Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal recording of mammalian development and precancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key to understanding many biological phenomena is knowing the temporal ordering of cellular events, which often require continuous direct observations [1, 2]. An alternative solution involves the utilization of irreversible genetic changes, such as naturally occurring mutations, to create indelible markers that enables retrospective temporal ordering [3-8]. Using NSC-seq, a newly designed and validated multi-purpose single-cell CRISPR platform, we developed a molecular clock approach to record the timing of cellular events and clonality in vivo, while incorporating assigned cell state and lineage information. Using this approach, we uncovered precise timing of tissue-specific cell expansion during murine embryonic development and identified new intestinal epithelial progenitor states by their unique genetic histories. NSC-seq analysis of murine adenomas and single-cell multi-omic profiling of human precancers as part of the Human Tumor Atlas Network (HTAN), including 116 scRNA-seq datasets and clonal analysis of 418 human polyps, demonstrated the occurrence of polyancestral initiation in 15-30% of colonic precancers, revealing their origins from multiple normal founders. Thus, our multimodal framework augments existing single-cell analyses and lays the foundation for in vivo multimodal recording, enabling the tracking of lineage and temporal events during development and tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadien, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winton, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal recording of mammalian development and precancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancement of antibody thermostability and affinity by computational design in the absence of antigen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades, therapeutic antibodies have emerged as a rapidly expanding domain within the field biologics. In silico tools that can streamline the process of antibody discovery and optimization are critical to support a pipeline that is growing more numerous and complex every year. In this study, DeepAb, a deep learning model for predicting antibody Fv structure directly from sequence, was used to design 200 potentially stabilized variants of an anti-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antibody. We sought to determine whether DeepAb can enhance the stability of these antibody variants without relying on or predicting the antibody-antigen interface, and whether this stabilization could increase antibody affinity without impacting their developability profile. The 200 variants were produced through a robust highthroughput method and tested for thermal and colloidal stability (Tonset, Tm, Tagg), affinity (KD) relative to the parental antibody, and for developability parameters (non-specific binding, aggregation propensity, self-association). In the designed clones, 91% and 94% exhibited increased thermal and colloidal stability and affinity, respectively. Of these, 10% showed a significantly increased affinity for HEL (5-to 21-fold increase), with most clones retaining the favorable developability profile of the parental antibody. These data open the possibility of in silico antibody stabilization and affinity maturation without the need to predict the antibody-antigen interface, which is notoriously difficult in the absence of crystal structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haskins, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vozza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehzabeen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shandilya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croasdale-Wood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damschroder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dippel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancement of antibody thermostability and affinity by computational design in the absence of antigen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.20.572625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of the transcription factor CdnL promotes adaptation to nutrient stress in Caulobacter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.20.572625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to nutrient deprivation, bacteria activate a conserved stress response pathway called the stringent response (SR). During SR activation in Caulobacter crescentus, SpoT synthesizes the secondary messengers (p)ppGpp, which affect transcription by binding RNA polymerase to downregulate anabolic genes. (p)ppGpp also impacts expression of anabolic genes by controlling the levels and activities of their transcriptional regulators. In Caulobacter, a major regulator of anabolic genes is the transcription factor CdnL. If and how CdnL is controlled during the SR and why that might be functionally important is unclear. Here, we show that CdnL is downregulated post-translationally during starvation in a manner dependent on SpoT and the ClpXP protease. Inappropriate stabilization of CdnL during starvation causes misregulation of ribosomal and metabolic genes. Functionally, we demonstrate that the combined action of SR transcriptional regulators and CdnL clearance allows for rapid adaptation to nutrient repletion. Moreover, cells that are unable to clear CdnL during starvation are outcompeted by wild-type cells when subjected to nutrient fluctuations. We hypothesize that clearance of CdnL during the SR, in conjunction with direct binding of (p)ppGpp and DksA to RNAP, is critical for altering the transcriptome in order to permit cell survival during nutrient stress.

SIGNIFICANCEThe stringent response (SR) is a ubiquitous bacterial stress response that promotes adaptation to nutrient deprivation. While it is known that SR activation affects RNA polymerase activity to reprogram the transcriptome, the impact of the SR on other transcriptional regulators is not well understood. Here, we show that a conserved transcription factor, CdnL, is cleared upon activation of the SR, and that its clearance is important for cells to efficiently adapt to nutrient fluctuations. Our results suggest that CdnL regulation enables adaptation by transcriptionally downregulating ribosome biosynthesis and flux through metabolic pathways, thereby promoting survival during nutrient stress. As CdnL homologs are broadly found, we hypothesize that CdnL regulation is a conserved mechanism of bacterial adaptation to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldemeskel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollier, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of the transcription factor CdnL promotes adaptation to nutrient stress in Caulobacter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human telomere length is chromosome specific and conserved across individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short telomeres cause age-related disease and long telomeres predispose to cancer; however, the mechanisms regulating telomere length are unclear. To probe these mechanisms, we developed a nanopore sequencing method, Telomere Profiling, that is easy to implement, precise, and cost effective with broad applications in research and the clinic. We sequenced telomeres from individuals with short telomere syndromes and found similar telomere lengths to the clinical FlowFISH assay. We mapped telomere reads to specific chromosome end and identified both chromosome end-specific and haplotype-specific telomere length distributions. In the T2T HG002 genome, where the average telomere length is 5kb, we found a remarkable 6kb difference in lengths between some telomeres. Further, we found that specific chromosome ends were consistently shorter or longer than the average length across 147 individuals. The presence of conserved chromosome end-specific telomere lengths suggests there are new paradigms in telomere biology that are yet to be explored. Understanding the mechanisms regulating length will allow deeper insights into telomere biology that can lead to new approaches to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huso, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahidi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDyer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechtsteiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human telomere length is chromosome specific and conserved across individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.573099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Steroid signaling controls sex-specific development in an invertebrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.573099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrate sexual development, two important steroid hormones, testosterone and estrogen, regulate the sex-specific development of many tissues. In contrast, invertebrates utilize a single steroid hormone, ecdysone, to regulate developmental timing in both sexes. However, here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, sex-specific ecdysone (E) signaling controls important aspects of gonad sexual dimorphism. Rather than being regulated at the level of hormone production, hormone activity is regulated cell-autonomously through sex-specific hormone reception. Ecdysone receptor (EcR) expression is restricted to the developing ovary and is repressed in the testis at a time when ecdysone initiates ovary morphogenesis. Interestingly, EcR expression is regulated downstream of the sex determination factor Doublesex (Dsx), the founding member of the Dsx/Mab3 Related Transcription Factor (DMRT) family that regulates gonad development in all animals. E signaling is required for normal ovary development1,2, and ectopic activation of E signaling in the testis antagonized stem cell niche identity and feminized somatic support cells, which were transformed into follicle-like cells. This work demonstrates that invertebrates can also use steroid hormone signaling to control sex-specific development. Further, it may help explain recent work showing that vertebrate sexual development is surprisingly cell-autonomous. For example, chickens utilize testosterone and estrogen to control sex-specific development, but when they have a mixture of cells with male and female genotypes, the male cells develop as male and the female cells develop as female despite exposure to the same circulating hormones3. Sex-specific regulation of steroid hormone signaling may well underly such cell-autonomous sexual fate choices in vertebrates as it does in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grmai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.573099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Steroid signaling controls sex-specific development in an invertebrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.24.573229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding contextual influences on auditory perception from primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.24.573229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception can be highly dependent on stimulus context, but whether and how sensory areas encode the context remains uncertain. We used an ambiguous auditory stimulus - a tritone pair - to investigate the neural activity associated with a preceding contextual stimulus that strongly influenced the tritone pairs perception: either as an ascending or a descending step in pitch.

We recorded single-unit responses from a population of auditory cortical cells in awake ferrets listening to the tritone pairs preceded by the contextual stimulus. We find that the responses adapt locally to the contextual stimulus, consistent with human MEG recordings from the auditory cortex under the same conditions. Decoding the population responses demonstrates that cells responding to pitch-class-changes are able to predict well the context-sensitive percept of the tritone pairs. Conversely, decoding the individual pitch-class representations and taking their distance in the circular Shepard tone space predicts the opposite of the percept. The various percepts can be readily captured and explained by a neural model of cortical activity based on populations of adapting, pitch-class and pitch-class-direction cells, aligned with the neurophysiological responses.

Together, these decoding and model results suggest that contextual influences on perception may well be already encoded at the level of the primary sensory cortices, reflecting basic neural response properties commonly found in these areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Englitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.24.573229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding contextual influences on auditory perception from primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) Inhibits Innate Anti-Tumor and Tissue Remodeling ImmuneResponses by Regulating CD47-SIRPα and CD24-Siglec10-Mediated Phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate immune responses such as phagocytosis are critically linked to the generation of adaptive immune responses against the neoantigens in cancer and the efferocytosis that is essential for homeostasis in diseases characterized by lung injury, inflammation, and remodeling as in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) is induced in many cancers where it inhibits adaptive immune responses by stimulating immune checkpoint molecules (ICPs) and portends a poor prognosis. CHI3L1 is also induced in COPD where it regulates epithelial cell death. Here we demonstrate that pulmonary melanoma metastasis inhibits macrophage phagocytosis by stimulating the CD47-SIRP and CD24-Siglec10 phagocytosis checkpoint pathways while inhibiting macrophage "eat me" signals from calreticulin and HMGB1. We also demonstrate that these effects on macrophage phagocytosis are mediated by CHI3L1 stimulation of the SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases and the inhibition of the accumulation and phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-regulating non-muscle myosin IIa. This inhibition of innate immune responses like phagocytosis provides a mechanistic explanation for the ability of CHI3L1 to stimulate ICPs and inhibit adaptive immune responses in cancer and diseases like COPD. The ability of CHI3L1 to simultaneously inhibit innate immune responses, stimulate ICPs, inhibit T cell co-stimulation, and regulate a number of other oncogenic and inflammation pathways suggest that CHI3L1-targeted therapeutics are promising interventions in cancer, COPD and other disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) Inhibits Innate Anti-Tumor and Tissue Remodeling ImmuneResponses by Regulating CD47-SIRPα and CD24-Siglec10-Mediated Phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of all CDKN2A missense variants and comparison to in silico models of pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interpretation of variants identified during genetic testing is a significant clinical challenge. In this study, we developed a high-throughput CDKN2A functional assay and characterized all possible CDKN2A missense variants. We found that 17.7% of all missense variants were functionally deleterious. We also used our functional classifications to assess the performance of in silico models that predict the effect of variants, including recently reported models based on machine learning. Notably, we found that all in silico models performed similarly when compared to our functional classifications with accuracies of 39.5-85.4%. Furthermore, while we found that functionally deleterious variants were enriched within ankyrin repeats, we did not identify any residues where all missense variants were functionally deleterious. Our functional classifications are a resource to aid the interpretation of CDKN2A variants and have important implications for the application of variant interpretation guidelines, particularly the use of in silico models for clinical variant interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahouel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.28.573507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of all CDKN2A missense variants and comparison to in silico models of pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of nonsense-mediated decay inhibitors that alter the tumor immune landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite exciting developments in cancer immunotherapy, its broad application is limited by the paucity of targetable antigens on the tumor cell surface. As an intrinsic cellular pathway, nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) conceals neoantigens through the destruction of the RNA products from genes harboring truncating mutations. We developed and conducted a high throughput screen, based on the ratiometric analysis of transcripts, to identify critical mediators of NMD. This screen implicated disruption of kinase SMG1s phosphorylation of UPF1 as a potential disruptor of NMD. This led us to design a novel SMG1 inhibitor, KVS0001, that elevates the expression of transcripts and proteins resulting from truncating mutations in vivo and in vitro. Most importantly, KVS0001 concomitantly increased the presentation of immune-targetable HLA class I-associated peptides from NMD-downregulated proteins on the surface of cancer cells. KVS0001 provides new opportunities for studying NMD and the diseases in which NMD plays a role, including cancer and inherited diseases.

One Sentence SummaryDisruption of the nonsense-mediated decay pathway with a newly developed SMG1 inhibitor with in-vivo activity increases the expression of T-cell targetable cancer neoantigens resulting from truncating mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.28.573594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of nonsense-mediated decay inhibitors that alter the tumor immune landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.31.573789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basolateral amygdala population coding of a cued reward seeking state depends on orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.31.573789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basolateral amygdala (BLA) neuronal responses to conditioned stimuli are closely linked to the expression of conditioned behavior. An area of increasing interest is how the dynamics of BLA neurons relate to evolving behavior. Here, we recorded the activity of individual BLA neurons across the acquisition and extinction of conditioned reward seeking and employed population-level analyses to assess ongoing neural dynamics. We found that, with training, sustained cue-evoked activity emerged that discriminated between the CS+ and CS-and correlated with conditioned responding. This sustained population activity continued until reward receipt and rapidly extinguished along with conditioned behavior during extinction. To assess the contribution of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a major reciprocal partner to BLA, to this component of BLA neural activity, we inactivated OFC while recording in BLA and found blunted sustained cue-evoked activity in BLA that accompanied reduced reward seeking. Optogenetic disruption of BLA activity and OFC terminals in BLA also reduced reward seeking. Our data suggest that sustained cue-driven activity in BLA, which in part depends on OFC input, underlies conditioned reward-seek-ing states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambroggi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.31.573789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basolateral amygdala population coding of a cued reward seeking state depends on orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.01.573823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A food color based colorimetric assay for Cryptococcus neoformans laccase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.01.573823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes cryptococcosis mostly in immune compromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS. One survival mechanism of C. neoformans during infection is melanin production, which catalyzed by laccase, and protects fungal cells against immune attack. Hence comparative assessment of laccase activity is useful for characterizing cryptococcal strains. We serendipitously observed that culturing C. neoformans with food coloring resulted in the degradation of some dyes with phenolic structures. Consequently, we investigated the color changes for the food dyes metabolized by C. neoformans laccase and explored using this effect for the development of a colorimetric assay to measure laccase activity. We developed several versions of a food dye based colorimetric laccase assay that can be used to compare the relative laccase activities between different C. neoformans strains. We found that phenolic color degradation was glucose dependent, which may reflect changes in the reduction properties of the media. Our food color based colorimetric assay has several advantages over the commonly used 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay for laccase activity, including lower cost, irreversibility, and does not require constant monitoring. This method has potential applications to bioremediation of water pollutants in addition to its use in determining laccase virulence factor expression.

ImportanceCryptococcus neoformans is present in the environment and while infection is common, disease occurs mostly in immunocompromised individuals. C. neoformans infection in the lungs results in symptoms like pneumonia, and consequently cryptococcal meningitis occurs if the fungal infection spreads to the brain. The laccase enzyme catalyzes the melanization reaction that serves as a virulence factor of C. neoformans. Developing a simple and less costly assay to determine laccase activity in C. neoformans strains can be useful for a variety of procedures ranging from studying the relative virulence of cryptococci to environmental pollution studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.01.573823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A food color based colorimetric assay for Cryptococcus neoformans laccase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.01.573825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MntJULiP and Jutils: Differential splicing analysis of RNA-seq data with covariates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.01.573825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differences in alternative splicing patterns can reveal important markers of phenotypic differentiation, including biomarkers of disease. Emerging large and complex RNA-seq datasets from disease and population studies include multiple confounders such as sex, age, ethnicity and clinical attributes, which demand highly specialized data analysis tools. However, few methods are equipped to handle the new challenges. We describe an implementation of our programs MntJULiP and Jutils for differential splicing detection and visualization from RNA-seq data that takes into account covariates. MntJULiP detects intron-level differences in alternative splicing from RNA-seq data using a Bayesian mixture model. Jutils visualizes alternative splicing variation with heatmaps, PCA and sashimi plots, and Venn diagrams. Our tools are scalable and can process thousands of samples within hours. We applied our methods to the collection of GTEx brain RNA-seq samples to deconvolute the effects of sex and age at death on the splicing patterns. In particular, clustering of covariate adjusted data identifies a subgroup of individuals undergoing a distinct splicing program during aging. MntJULiP and Jutils are implemented in Python and are available from https://github.com/splicebox/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lui, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.01.573825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MntJULiP and Jutils: Differential splicing analysis of RNA-seq data with covariates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel metagenomics analysis suggests a Vibrio species is associated with stony coral tissue loss disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) has devastated coral reefs off the coast of Florida and continues to spread throughout the Caribbean. Although a number of bacterial taxa have consistently been associated with SCTLD, no pathogen has been definitively implicated in the etiology of SCTLD. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the prokaryotic community through 16S rRNA sequencing of healthy and affected tissues. Here, we provide a different analytical approach by applying a bioinformatics pipeline to publicly available metagenomic sequencing samples of SCTLD lesions and healthy tissues from four stony coral species. To compensate for the lack of coral reference genomes, we used data from apparently healthy coral samples to approximate a host genome and healthy microbiome reference. These reads were then used as a reference to which we matched and removed reads from diseased lesion tissue samples, and the remaining reads associated only with disease lesions were taxonomically classified at the DNA and protein levels. For DNA classifications, we used a pathogen identification protocol originally designed to identify pathogens in human tissue samples, and for protein classifications, we used a fast protein sequence aligner. To assess the utility of our pipeline, a species-level analysis of a candidate genus, Vibrio, was used to demonstrate the pipelines effectiveness. Our approach revealed both complementary and unique coral microbiome members compared to a prior metagenome analysis of the same dataset.

Article SummaryStudies of stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), a devastating coral disease, have primarily used 16S rRNA sequencing approaches to identify putative pathogens. In contrast, this study applied human tissue pathogen identification protocols to SCTLD metagenomic DNA samples. Diseased samples were filtered of host sequences using a k-mer based method since host genomes were unavailable. DNA and protein-level classifications from this novel approach revealed both complementary and unique microbiome members compared to a prior metagenome analysis of the same dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.573916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel metagenomics analysis suggests a Vibrio species is associated with stony coral tissue loss disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive heterogeneity of enlarged and irregularly shaped apicoplasts in P. falciparum persister blood stages after drug treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphological modifications and shifts in organelle relationships are hallmarks of dormancy in eukaryotic cells. Communications between altered mitochondria and nuclei are associated with metabolic quiescence of cancer cells that can survive chemotherapy. In plants, changes in the pathways between nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are associated with cold stress and bud dormancy. Plasmodium falciparum parasites, the deadliest agent of malaria in humans, contain a chloroplast-like organelle (apicoplast) derived from an ancient photosynthetic symbiont. Antimalarial treatments can fail because a small fraction of the blood stage parasites enter dormancy and recrudesce after drug exposure. Altered mitochondrial-nuclear interactions in these persisters have been described for P. falciparum, but interactions of the apicoplast remained to be characterized. In the present study, we examined the apicoplasts of persisters obtained after exposure to dihydroartemisinin (a first-line antimalarial drug) followed by sorbitol treatment, or after exposure to sorbitol treatment alone. As previously observed, the mitochondrion of persisters was consistently enlarged and in close association with the nucleus. In contrast, the apicoplast varied from compact and oblate, like those of active ring stage parasites, to enlarged and irregularly shaped. Enlarged apicoplasts became more prevalent later in dormancy, but regular size apicoplasts subsequently predominated in actively replicating recrudescent parasites. All three organelles, nucleus, mitochondrion, and apicoplast, became closer during dormancy. Understanding their relationships in erythrocytic-stage persisters may lead to new strategies to prevent recrudescences and protect the future of malaria chemotherapy.

Significance StatementDormancy of blood-stage malaria parasites (as persister forms) frequently undermines treatment and may facilitate the evolution of drug resistance. Here, we examine changes that occur in dormancy with two P. falciparum organelles relative to the nucleus: the mitochondrion and the plastid-like apicoplast. As previously reported, the mitochondrion of persisters is consistently enlarged, irregularly shaped, and shifted into close apposition with the nucleus. However, apicoplasts exhibit a greater variety of shapes, volumes, and relative positioning during dormancy: some persisters maintain a regular appearing apicoplast, while others show dramatically altered apicoplasts, reminiscent of the chloroplast swelling and degradation that occurs with death from reactive oxygen species in various plant cells. Improved understanding of these processes will support new approaches in antimalarial chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Micchelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percopo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzostowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellems, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive heterogeneity of enlarged and irregularly shaped apicoplasts in P. falciparum persister blood stages after drug treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Alu exonization in the human genome with a deep learning model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alu exonization, or the recruitment of intronic Alu elements into gene sequences, has contributed to functional diversification; however, its extent and the ways in which it influences gene regulation are not fully understood. We developed an unbiased approach to predict Alu exonization events from genomic sequences implemented in a deep learning model, eXAlu, that overcomes the limitations of tissue or condition specificity and the computational burden of RNA-seq analysis. The model captures previously reported characteristics of exonized Alu sequences and can predict sequence elements important for Alu exonization. Using eXAlu, we estimate the number of Alu elements in the human genome undergoing exonization to be between 55-110K, 11-21 fold more than represented in the GENCODE gene database. Using RT-PCR we were able to validate selected predicted Alu exonization events, supporting the accuracy of our method. Lastly, we highlight a potential application of our method to identify polymorphic Alu insertion exonizations in individuals and in the population from whole genome sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquesi, G. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Alu exonization in the human genome with a deep learning model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.04.574228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Air pollution drives macrophage senescence through a phagolysosome-15-lipoxygenase pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.04.574228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urban particulate matter (uPM) poses significant health risks, particularly to the respiratory system. Fine particles, such as PM2.5, can penetrate deep into the lungs and exacerbate a range of health problems, including emphysema, asthma, and lung cancer. PM exposure is also linked to extra-pulmonary disorders like heart and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, prolonged exposure to elevated PM levels can reduce overall life expectancy. Senescence is a dysfunctional cell state typically associated with age but can also be precipitated by environmental stressors. This study aimed to determine whether uPM could drive senescence in macrophages, an essential cell type involved in particulate phagocytosis-mediated clearance. While it is known that uPM exposure impairs immune function, this deficit is multi-faceted and incompletely understood, partly due to the use of particulates such as diesel exhaust particle (DEP) as a surrogate for true uPM. uPM was collected from several locations in the USA, including Baltimore, Houston, and Phoenix. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with uPM or reference particulates (e.g., DEP) to assess senescence-related parameters. We report that uPM-exposed BMDMs adopt a senescent phenotype characterized by increased IL-1 secretion, senescence- associated {beta}-galactosidase activity, and diminished proliferation. Exposure to allergens failed to elicit such a response, supporting a distinction between different types of environmental exposures. uPM-induced senescence was independent of key macrophage activation pathways, specifically inflammasome and scavenger receptor. However, inhibition of the phagolysosome pathway abrogated senescence markers, supporting this phenotypes attribution to uPM phagocytosis. These data suggest uPM exposure leads to macrophage senescence, which may contribute to immunopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rule, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Air pollution drives macrophage senescence through a phagolysosome-15-lipoxygenase pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.04.574272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-display exosomes provide adjuvant-free protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease at nanogram levels of spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.04.574272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the only bionormal nanovesicle, exosomes have high potential as a nanovesicle for delivering vaccines and therapeutics. We show here that the loading of type-1 membrane proteins into the exosome membrane is induced by exosome membrane anchor domains, EMADs, that maximize protein delivery to the plasma membrane, minimize protein sorting to other compartments, and direct proteins into exosome membranes. Using SARS-CoV-2 spike as an example and EMAD13 as our most effective exosome membrane anchor, we show that cells expressing a spike-EMAD13 fusion protein produced exosomes that carry dense arrays of spike trimers on 50% of all exosomes. Moreover, we find that immunization with spike-EMAD13 exosomes induced strong neutralizing antibody responses and protected hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 disease at doses of just 0.5-5 ng of spike protein, without adjuvant, demonstrating that antigen-display exosomes are particularly immunogenic, with important implications for both structural and expression-dependent vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachithanandham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-display exosomes provide adjuvant-free protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease at nanogram levels of spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate Immune Activation and Mitochondrial ROS Invoke Persistent Cardiac Conduction System Dysfunction after COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCardiac risk rises during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and in long COVID syndrome in humans, but the mechanisms behind COVID-19-linked arrhythmias are unknown. This study explores the acute and long term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the cardiac conduction system (CCS) in a hamster model of COVID-19.

MethodsRadiotelemetry in conscious animals was used to non-invasively record electrocardiograms and subpleural pressures after intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cardiac cytokines, interferon-stimulated gene expression, and macrophage infiltration of the CCS, were assessed at 4 days and 4 weeks post-infection. A double-stranded RNA mimetic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC), was used in vivo and in vitro to activate viral pattern recognition receptors in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

ResultsCOVID-19 induced pronounced tachypnea and severe cardiac conduction system (CCS) dysfunction, spanning from bradycardia to persistent atrioventricular block, although no viral protein expression was detected in the heart. Arrhythmias developed rapidly, partially reversed, and then redeveloped after the pulmonary infection was resolved, indicating persistent CCS injury. Increased cardiac cytokines, interferon-stimulated gene expression, and macrophage remodeling in the CCS accompanied the electrophysiological abnormalities. Interestingly, the arrhythmia phenotype was reproduced by cardiac injection of PIC in the absence of virus, indicating that innate immune activation was sufficient to drive the response. PIC also strongly induced cytokine secretion and robust interferon signaling in hearts, human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), and engineered heart tissues, accompanied by alterations in electrical and Ca2+ handling properties. Importantly, the pulmonary and cardiac effects of COVID-19 were blunted by in vivo inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling or by a mitochondrially-targeted antioxidant.

ConclusionsThe findings indicate that long term dysfunction and immune cell remodeling of the CCS is induced by COVID-19, arising indirectly from oxidative stress and excessive activation of cardiac innate immune responses during infection, with implications for long COVID Syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscione, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate Immune Activation and Mitochondrial ROS Invoke Persistent Cardiac Conduction System Dysfunction after COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable Individual Differences from Dynamic Patterns of Function: Brain Network Flexibility Predicts Openness/Intellect and Intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing understanding of the nature of brain function has led to increased interest in interpreting the properties of large-scale brain networks. Methodological advances in network neuroscience provide means to decompose these networks into smaller functional communities and measure how they reconfigure over time as an index of their dynamic and flexible properties. Recent evidence has identified associations between flexibility and a variety of traits pertaining to complex cognition including creativity and working memory. The present study used measures of dynamic resting-state functional connectivity in data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 994) to test associations with Openness/Intellect and general intelligence, two traits that involve flexible cognition. Using a machine-learning cross-validation approach, we identified reliable associations of intelligence with cohesive flexibility of parcels in large communities across the cortex, and of Openness/Intellect with overall flexibility among parcels in smaller communities. These findings are reasonably consistent with previous theories of the neural correlates of intelligence and Openness/Intellect, and help to expand on previous associations of behavior and dynamic functional connectivity within the context of broader personality dimensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sassenberg, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable Individual Differences from Dynamic Patterns of Function: Brain Network Flexibility Predicts Openness/Intellect and Intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell proteomics by mass spectrometry reveals deep epigenetic insight and new targets of a class specific histone deacetylase inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic programming has been shown to play a role in nearly every human system and disease where anyone has thought to look. However, the levels of heterogeneity at which epigenetic or epiproteomic modifications occur at single cell resolution across a population remains elusive. While recent advances in sequencing technology have allowed between 1 and 3 histone post-translational modifications to be analyzed in each single cell, over twenty separate chemical PTMs are known to exist, allowing thousands of possible combinations. Single cell proteomics by mass spectrometry (SCP) is an emerging technology in which hundreds or thousands of proteins can be directly quantified in typical human cells. As the proteins detected and quantified by SCP are heavily biased toward proteins of highest abundance, chromatin proteins are an attractive target for analysis. To this end, I applied SCP to the analysis of cancer cells treated with mocetinostat, a class specific histone deacetylase inhibitor. I find that 16 PTMs can be confidently identified and localized with high site specificity in single cells. In addition, the high abundance of histone proteins allows higher throughput methods to be utilized for SCP than previously described. While quantitative accuracy suffers when analyzing more than 700 cells per day, 9 histone proteins can be measured in single cells analyzed at even 3,500 cells per day, a throughput 10-fold greater than any previous report. In addition, the unbiased global approach utilized herein identifies a previously uncharacterized response to this drug through the S100-A8/S100-A9 protein complex partners. This response is observed in nearly every cell of the over 1,000 analyzed in this study, regardless of the relative throughput of the method utilized. While limitations exist in the methods described herein, current technologies can easily improve upon the results presented here to allow comprehensive analysis of histone PTMs to be performed in any mass spectrometry lab. All raw and processed data described in this study has been made publicly available through the ProteomeXchange/MASSIVE repository system as MSV000093434

Abstract graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=148 SRC="FIGDIR/small/574437v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell proteomics by mass spectrometry reveals deep epigenetic insight and new targets of a class specific histone deacetylase inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EEG responses to rapidly unfolding stochastic sounds reflect precision tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is increasingly viewed as a statistical learning machine, where our sensations and decisions arise from the intricate interplay between bottom-up sensory signals and constantly changing expectations regarding the surrounding world. Which statistics does the brain track while monitoring the rapid progression of sensory information?

Here, by combining EEG (three experiments N[&ge;]22 each) and computational modelling, we examined how the brain processes rapid and stochastic sound sequences that simulate key aspects of dynamic sensory environments. Passively listening participants were exposed to structured tone-pip arrangements that contained transitions between a range of stochastic patterns. Predictions were guided by a Bayesian predictive inference model. We demonstrate that listeners automatically track the statistics of unfolding sounds, even when these are irrelevant to behaviour. Transitions between sequence patterns drove an increase of the sustained EEG response. This was observed to a range of distributional statistics, and even in situations where behavioural detection of these transitions was at floor. These observations suggest that the modulation of the EEG sustained response reflects a universal process of belief updating within the brain. By establishing a connection between the outputs of the computational model and the observed brain responses, we demonstrate that the dynamics of these transition-related responses align with the tracking of  precision - the confidence or reliability assigned to a predicted sensory signal - shedding light on the intricate interplay between the brains statistical tracking mechanisms and its response dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skirritt-Davis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.08.574691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EEG responses to rapidly unfolding stochastic sounds reflect precision tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.10.574868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Late consolidation of rRNA structure during co-transcriptional assembly in E. coli by time-resolved DMS footprinting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.10.574868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The production of new ribosomes requires proper folding of the rRNA and the addition of more than 50 ribosomal proteins. The structures of some assembly intermediates have been determined by cryo-electron microscopy, yet these structures do not provide information on the folding dynamics of the rRNA. To visualize the changes in rRNA structure during ribosome assembly in E. coli cells, transcripts were pulse-labeled with 4-thiouridine and the structure of newly made rRNA probed at various times by dimethyl sulfate modification and mutational profiling sequencing (4U-DMS-MaPseq). The in-cell DMS modification patterns revealed that many long-range rRNA tertiary interactions and protein binding sites through the 16S and 23S rRNA remain partially unfolded 1.5 min after transcription. By contrast, the active sites were continually shielded from DMS modification, suggesting that these critical regions are guarded by cellular factors throughout assembly. Later, bases near the peptidyl tRNA site exhibited specific rearrangements consistent with the binding and release of assembly factors. Time-dependent structure-probing in cells suggests that many tertiary interactions throughout the new ribosomal subunits remain mobile or unfolded until the late stages of subunit maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulscher, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.10.574868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Late consolidation of rRNA structure during co-transcriptional assembly in E. coli by time-resolved DMS footprinting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.10.574960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent connections enable point attractor dynamics and dimensionality reduction in a connectome-constrained model of the insect learning center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.10.574960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The learning center in the insect, the mushroom body (MB) with its predominant population of Kenyon Cells (KCs), is a widely studied model system to investigate neural processing principles, both experimentally and theoretically. While many computational models of the MB have been studied, the computational role of recurrent connectivity between KCs remains inadequately understood. Dynamical point attractors are a candidate theoretical framework where recurrent connections in a neural network can enable a discrete set of stable activation patterns. However, given that detailed, full recurrent connectivity patterns in biological neuron populations are mostly unknown, how theoretical models are substantiated by specific networks found in biology has not been clear. Leveraging the recent release of the full synapse-level connectivity of the MB in the fly, we performed a series of analyses and network model simulations to investigate the computational role of the recurrent KC connections, especially their significance in attractor dynamics. Structurally, the recurrent excitation (RE) connections are highly symmetric and balanced with feedforward input. In simulations, RE facilitates dimensionality reduction and allows a small set of self-sustaining point attractor states to emerge. To further quantify the possible range of network properties mediated by RE, we systematically explored the dynamical regimes enabled by changing recurrent connectivity strength. Finally, we establish connections between our findings and potential functional or behavioral implications. Overall, our work provides quantitative insights into the possible functional role of the recurrent excitatory connections in the MB by quantifying the point attractor network dynamics within a full synapse-level connectome-constrained highly recurrent network model. These findings advance our understanding of how biological neural networks may utilize point attractor dynamics.

Author summaryPoint attractor neural networks are widely used theoretical models of associative memory, where recurrent connections between neurons enable a discrete set of stable activation patterns that can recover a full pattern based on partial cues. The detailed full recurrent connectivity patterns in biological neuron populations are largely unknown, however, raising questions about the precise correspondence between theoretical point attractor models and neural networks found in biology. Recent breakthroughs have unveiled the synapse-level connectivity of all neurons within the learning center of an insect, including recurrent connections between the primary neuron type--a crucial component with an elusive computational role. In this work, we perform analyses of these recurrent connectivity patterns and simulate neural network models that have these biologically constrained neural network patterns. We find that these recurrent connections are highly symmetric and balanced with input to the memory center. In simulations, we find that these recurrent connections perform dimensionality reduction and enable a small set of point attractor states. We additionally characterize how the strength of these recurrent connections affects network properties and downstream behavioral consequences. Overall, this work advances an understanding of the insect learning center as well as the relationship between theoretical and biological recurrent networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Western, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.10.574960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent connections enable point attractor dynamics and dimensionality reduction in a connectome-constrained model of the insect learning center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.11.575156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive stroke risk assessment by combining atrial computational fluid dynamics simulations and functional patient data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.11.575156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stroke, a major global health concern often rooted in cardiac dynamics, demands precise risk evaluation for targeted intervention. Current risk models, like the CHA2DS2-VASc score, often lack the granularity required for personalized predictions. In this study, we present a nuanced and thorough stroke risk assessment by integrating functional insights from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Our cohort, evenly split between control and stroke groups, comprises eight patients. Utilizing CINE CMR, we compute kinematic features, revealing smaller left atrial volumes for stroke patients. The incorporation of patient-specific atrial displacement into our hemodynamic simulations unveils the influence of atrial compliance on the flow fields, emphasizing the importance of LA motion in CFD simulations and challenging the conventional rigid wall assumption in hemodynamics models. Standardizing hemodynamic features with functional metrics enhances the differentiation between stroke and control cases. While standalone assessments provide limited clarity, the synergistic fusion of CMR-derived functional data and patient-informed CFD simulations offers a personalized and mechanistic understanding, distinctly segregating stroke from control cases. Specifically, our investigation reveals a crucial clinical insight: normalizing hemodynamic features based on ejection fraction fails to differentiate between stroke and control patients. Differently, when normalized with stroke volume, a clear and clinically significant distinction emerges and this holds true for both the left atrium and its appendage, providing valuable implications for precise stroke risk assessment in clinical settings. This work introduces a novel framework for seamlessly integrating hemodynamic and functional metrics, laying the groundwork for improved predictive models, and highlighting the significance of motion-informed, personalized risk assessments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zingaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholmovski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dede', L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarteroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trayanova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive stroke risk assessment by combining atrial computational fluid dynamics simulations and functional patient data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.11.575229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic subpopulation of CRISPR-Cas overexpressers allows Streptococcus pyogenes to rapidly respond to phage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.11.575229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many CRISPR-Cas systems, which provide bacteria with adaptive immunity against phages, are transcriptionally repressed in their native hosts. How CRISPR-Cas expression is induced as needed, for example during a bacteriophage infection, remains poorly understood. In Streptococcus pyogenes, a non-canonical guide RNA tracr-L directs Cas9 to autorepress its own promoter. Here, we describe a dynamic subpopulation of cells harboring single mutations that disrupt Cas9 binding and cause CRISPR-Cas overexpression. Cas9 actively expands this population by elevating mutation rates at the tracr-L target site. Overexpressers exhibit higher rates of memory formation, stronger potency of old memories, and a larger memory storage capacity relative to wild-type cells, which are surprisingly vulnerable to phage infection. However, in the absence of phage, CRISPR-Cas overexpression reduces fitness. We propose that CRISPR-Cas overexpressers are critical players in phage defense, enabling bacterial populations to mount rapid transcriptional responses to phage without requiring transient changes in any one cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoltzfus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic subpopulation of CRISPR-Cas overexpressers allows Streptococcus pyogenes to rapidly respond to phage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lateral habenula integrates age and experience to promote social transitions in developing rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social behavior deficits are an early-emerging marker of psychopathology and are linked with early caregiving quality. However, the infant neural substrates linking early care to social development are poorly understood. Here, we focused on the infant lateral habenula (LHb), a highly-conserved brain region at the nexus between forebrain and monoaminergic circuits. Despite its consistent links to adult psychopathology, this brain region has been understudied in development when the brain is most vulnerable to environmental impacts. In a task combining social and threat cues, suppressing LHb principal neurons had opposing effects in infants versus juveniles, suggesting the LHb promotes a developmental switch in social approach behavior under threat. We observed that early caregiving adversity (ECA) disrupts typical growth curves of LHb baseline structure and function, including volume, firing patterns, neuromodulatory receptor expression, and functional connectivity with cortical regions. Further, we observed that suppressing cortical projections to the LHb rescued social approach deficits following ECA, identifying this microcircuit as a substrate for disrupted social behavior. Together, these results identify immediate biomarkers of ECA in the LHb and highlight this region as a site of early social processing and behavior control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobb-Lewis, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Packard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Lopez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesone, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opendak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.12.575446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lateral habenula integrates age and experience to promote social transitions in developing rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.13.575504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLAb: Benchmarking deep learning methods for antibody fitness prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.13.575504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The successful application of machine learning in therapeutic antibody design relies heavily on the ability of models to accurately represent the sequence-structure-function landscape, also known as the fitness landscape. Previous protein bench-marks (including The Critical Assessment of Function Annotation [33], Tasks Assessing Protein Embeddings [23], and FLIP [6]) examine fitness and mutational landscapes across many protein families, but they either exclude antibody data or use very little of it. In light of this, we present the Fitness Landscape for Antibodies (FLAb), the largest therapeutic antibody design benchmark to date. FLAb currently encompasses six properties of therapeutic antibodies: (1) expression, (2) thermosta-bility, (3) immunogenicity, (4) aggregation, (5) polyreactivity, and (6) binding affinity. We use FLAb to assess the performance of various widely adopted, pretrained, deep learning models for proteins (IgLM [28], AntiBERTy [26], ProtGPT2 [11], ProGen2 [21], ProteinMPNN [7], and ESM-IF [13]); and compare them to physics-based Rosetta [1]. Overall, no models are able to correlate with all properties or across multiple datasets of similar properties, indicating that more work is needed in prediction of antibody fitness. Additionally, we elucidate how wild type origin, deep learning architecture, training data composition, parameter size, and evolutionary signal affect performance, and we identify which fitness landscapes are more readily captured by each protein model. To promote an expansion on therapeutic antibody design benchmarking, all FLAb data are freely accessible and open for additional contribution at https://github.com/Graylab/FLAb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chungyoun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.13.575504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLAb: Benchmarking deep learning methods for antibody fitness prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.14.575609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood immunophenotyping identifies distinct kidney histopathology and outcomes in patients with lupus nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.14.575609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, and fewer than half of patients achieve complete renal response with standard immunosuppressants. Identifying non-invasive, blood-based pathologic immune alterations associated with renal injury could aid therapeutic decisions. Here, we used mass cytometry immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 145 patients with biopsy-proven LN and 40 healthy controls to evaluate the heterogeneity of immune activation in patients with LN and to identify correlates of renal parameters and treatment response. Unbiased analysis identified 3 immunologically distinct groups of patients with LN that were associated with different patterns of histopathology, renal cell infiltrates, urine proteomic profiles, and treatment response at one year. Patients with enriched circulating granzyme B+ T cells at baseline showed more severe disease and increased numbers of activated CD8 T cells in the kidney, yet they had the highest likelihood of treatment response. A second group characterized primarily by a high type I interferon signature had a lower likelihood of response to therapy, while a third group appeared immunologically inactive by immunophenotyping at enrollment but with chronic renal injuries. Main immune profiles could be distilled down to 5 simple cytometric parameters that recapitulate several of the associations, highlighting the potential for blood immune profiling to translate to clinically useful non-invasive metrics to assess immune-mediated disease in LN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horisberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murzin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inamo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuschel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preisinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Arcelus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Era, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wofsy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izmirly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildeman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodle, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payan-Schober, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeke, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putterman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Pa</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.14.575609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood immunophenotyping identifies distinct kidney histopathology and outcomes in patients with lupus nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon-mediated genic rearrangements underlie variation in small RNA pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are parasitic DNA sequences that insert into the host genome and can cause alterations in host gene structure and expression. Host organisms cope with the often detrimental consequences caused by recent transposition and develop mechanisms that repress TE activities. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway dependent on the helicase ERI-6/7 primarily silences long terminal repeat retrotransposons and recent genes of likely viral origin. By studying gene expression variation among wild C. elegans strains, we discovered that structural variants and transposon remnants at the eri-6/7 locus alter its expression in cis and underlie a trans-acting expression quantitative trait locus affecting non-conserved genes and pseudogenes. Multiple insertions of the Polinton DNA transposon (also known as Mavericks) reshuffled the eri-6/7 locus in different configurations, separating the eri-6 and eri-7 exons and causing the inversion of eri-6 as seen in the reference N2 genome. In the inverted configuration, gene function was previously shown to be repaired by unusual trans-splicing mediated by direct repeats flanking the inversion. We show that these direct repeats originated from terminal inverted repeats specific to C. elegans Polintons. This trans-splicing event occurs infrequently compared to cis-splicing to novel downstream exons, thus affecting the production of ERI-6/7. Diverse Polinton-induced structural variations display regulatory effects within the locus and on targets of ERI-6/7-dependent siRNA pathways. Our findings highlight the role of host-transposon interactions in driving rapid host genome diversification among natural populations and shed light on evolutionary novelty in genes and splicing mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon-mediated genic rearrangements underlie variation in small RNA pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting how lipid composition controls protein curvature sensing with a continuum bilayer membrane model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic proteins must recruit to membranes to function in processes such as endocytosis and cell division. Many of these proteins recognize not only the chemical structure of the membrane lipids, but the curvature of the surface, binding more strongly to more highly curved surfaces, or  curvature sensing. Curvature sensing by amphipathic helices is known to vary with membrane bending rigidity, but changes to lipid composition can simultaneously alter membrane thickness, spontaneous curvature, and leaflet symmetry, thus far preventing a systematic characterization of lipid composition on such curvature sensing through either experiment or simulation. Here we develop and apply a bilayer continuum membrane model that can tractably address this gap, quantifying how controlled changes to each material property can favor or disfavor protein curvature sensing. We evaluate both energetic and structural changes to vesicles upon helix insertion, with strong agreement to new in vitro experiments and all-atom MD simulations, respectively. Our membrane model builds on previous work to include both monolayers of the bilayer via representation by continuous triangular meshes. We introduce a coupling energy that captures the incompressibility of the membrane and the established energetics of lipid tilt. In agreement with experiment, our model predicts stronger curvature sensing in membranes with distinct tail groups (POPC vs DOPC vs DLPC), despite having identical head-group chemistry; the model shows that the primary driving force for weaker curvature sensing in DLPC is that it is thinner, and more wedge shaped. Somewhat surprisingly, asymmetry in lipid shape composition between the two leaflets has a negligible contribution to membrane mechanics following insertion. Our multi-scale approach can be used to quantitatively and efficiently predict how changes to membrane composition in flat to highly curved surfaces alter membrane energetics driven by proteins, a mechanism that helps proteins target membranes at the correct time and place.

SignificanceProteins must recruit to membranes for essential biological functions including endocytosis and cell division. In addition to recognizing specific lipid head-groups, many of these proteins also  sense the curvature of the membrane, but the strength of sensing is known to vary with distinct membrane compositions. Predicting the dependence of sensing on changes to lipid composition cannot be done a priori due to the multiple material properties, including bilayer thickness, bending rigidity, tilt modulus, spontaneous curvature, and leaflet asymmetry that vary with lipid type. Here we use a multi-scale approach to systematically address this gap, developing a double-leaflet continuum model that is informed by structural deformations from all-atom MD and validated against in vitro experiments. This efficient approach can be applied and extended to quantify how proteins sense and drive membrane curvature across a wide range of membrane bilayers, including distinct leaflet compositions and membrane geometries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaven, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodt, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeno, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting how lipid composition controls protein curvature sensing with a continuum bilayer membrane model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Fapy·dG Replication by Human DNA Polymerase β 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-(2-deoxy-,{beta}-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamido-pyrimidine (Fapy*dG) is formed from a common intermediate and in comparable amounts to the well-studied mutagenic DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OxodGuo). Fapy*dG preferentially gives rise to G [-&gt;] T transversions and G [-&gt;] A transitions. However, the molecular basis by which Fapy*dG is processed by DNA polymerases during this mutagenic process remains poorly understood. To address this we investigated how DNA polymerase {beta} (Pol {beta}), a model mammalian polymerase, bypasses a templating Fapy*dG, inserts Fapy*dGTP, and extends from Fapy*dG at the primer terminus. When Fapy*dG is present in the template, Pol {beta} incorporates TMP less efficiently than either dCMP or dAMP. Kinetic analysis revealed that Fapy*dGTP is a poor substrate but is incorporated [~]3-times more efficiently opposite dA than dC. Extension from Fapy*dG at the 3-terminus of a nascent primer is inefficient due to the primer terminus being poorly positioned for catalysis. Together these data indicate that mutagenic bypass of Fapy*dG is likely to be the source of the mutagenic effects of the lesion and not Fapy*dGTP. These experiments increase our understanding of the promutagenic effects of Fapy*dG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oden, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Fapy·dG Replication by Human DNA Polymerase β]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective in FTD/ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a conserved transcriptomic signature of reduced fatty acid and lipid metabolism gene expression in human post-mortem ALS spinal cord and a Drosophila model of the most common genetic cause of FTD/ALS, a repeat expansion in C9orf72. To investigate lipid alterations, we performed lipidomics on C9FTD/ALS iPSC-neurons and post-mortem FTLD brain tissue. This revealed a common and specific reduction in phospholipid species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To determine whether this PUFA deficit contributes to neurodegeneration, we fed C9FTD/ALS flies PUFAs, which yielded a modest increase in survival. However, increasing PUFA levels specifically in neurons of the C9orf72 flies, by overexpressing fatty acid desaturase enzymes, led to a substantial extension of lifespan. Neuronal overexpression of fatty acid desaturases also suppressed stressor induced neuronal death in C9FTD/ALS patient iPSC-neurons. These data implicate neuronal fatty acid saturation in the pathogenesis of FTD/ALS and suggest that interventions to increase PUFA levels specifically within neurons will be beneficial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giblin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammack, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coneys, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier-Jimenez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atilano, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niccoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective in FTD/ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProteinMPNN Recovers Complex Sequence Properties of Transmembrane β-Barrels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent deep-learning (DL) protein design methods have been successfully applied to a range of protein design problems, including the de novo design of novel folds, protein binders, and enzymes. However, DL methods have yet to meet the challenge of de novo membrane protein (MP) and the design of complex {beta}-sheet folds. We performed a comprehensive benchmark of one DL protein sequence design method, ProteinMPNN, using transmembrane and water-soluble {beta}-barrel folds as a model, and compared the performance of ProteinMPNN to the new membrane-specific Rosetta Franklin2023 energy function. We tested the effect of input backbone refinement on ProteinMPNN performance and found that given refined and well-defined inputs, ProteinMPNN more accurately captures global sequence properties despite complex folding biophysics. It generates more diverse TMB sequences than Franklin2023 in pore-facing positions. In addition, ProteinMPNN generated TMB sequences that passed state-of-the-art in silico filters for experimental validation, suggesting that the model could be used in de novo design tasks of diverse nanopores for single-molecule sensing and sequencing. Lastly, our results indicate that the low success rate of ProteinMPNN for the design of {beta}-sheet proteins stems from backbone input accuracy rather than software limitations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolorfino, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobieva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProteinMPNN Recovers Complex Sequence Properties of Transmembrane β-Barrels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LSD1 inhibition suppresses ASCL1 and de-represses YAP1 to drive potent activity against neuroendocrine prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A) has emerged as a critical mediator of tumor progression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Among mCRPC subtypes, neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an exceptionally aggressive variant driven by lineage plasticity, an adaptive resistance mechanism to androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies. Our study shows that LSD1 expression is elevated in NEPC and associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Using genetic approaches, we validated the on-target effects of LSD1 inhibition across various models. We investigated the therapeutic potential of bomedemstat, an orally bioavailable, irreversible LSD1 inhibitor with low nanomolar potency. Our findings demonstrate potent antitumor activity against CRPC models, including tumor regressions in NEPC patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, our study uncovers that LSD1 inhibition suppresses the neuronal transcriptional program by downregulating ASCL1 through disrupting LSD1:INSM1 interactions and de-repressing YAP1 silencing. Our data support the clinical development of LSD1 inhibitors for treating CRPC - especially the aggressive NE phenotype.

Statement of SignificanceNeuroendocrine prostate cancer presents a clinical challenge due to the lack of effective treatments. Our research demonstrates that bomedemstat, a potent and selective LSD1 inhibitor, effectively combats neuroendocrine prostate cancer by downregulating the ASCL1- dependent NE transcriptional program and re-expressing YAP1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, T. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalrymple, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanratty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celatka, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleppe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanayama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speranzini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sena, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trock, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denmeade, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carducci, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattevi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rienhoff, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennen, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LSD1 inhibition suppresses ASCL1 and de-represses YAP1 to drive potent activity against neuroendocrine prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OPA1 protects intervertebral disc and knee joint health in aged mice by maintaining the structure and metabolic functions of mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their glycolytic nature and limited vascularity, nucleus pulposus (NP) cells of the intervertebral disc and articular chondrocytes were long thought to have minimal reliance on mitochondrial function. Recent studies have challenged this long-held view and highlighted the increasingly important role of mitochondria in the physiology of these tissues. We investigated the role of mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 in maintaining the spine and knee joint health in aging mice. OPA1 knockdown in NP cells altered mitochondrial size and cristae shape and increased the oxygen consumption rate without affecting ATP synthesis. OPA1 governed the morphology of multiple organelles, and its loss resulted in the dysregulation of NP cell autophagy. Metabolic profiling and 13C-flux analyses revealed TCA cycle anaplerosis and altered metabolism in OPA1-deficient NP cells. Noteworthy, Opa1AcanCreERT2 mice showed age- dependent disc, and cartilage degeneration and vertebral osteopenia. Our findings suggest that OPA1 regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and multi-organelle interactions is critical in preserving metabolic homeostasis of disc and cartilage.

TeaserOPA1 is necessary for the maintenance of intervertebral disc and knee joint health in aging mice
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madhu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Meadows, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inguito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneski, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbud, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OPA1 protects intervertebral disc and knee joint health in aged mice by maintaining the structure and metabolic functions of mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric changes in the nucleoids of Deinococcus radiodurans reveal involvement of new proteins in recovery from ionizing radiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans maintains a highly-organized and condensed nucleoid as its default state, possibly contributing to high tolerance of ionizing radiation (IR). Previous studies of the D. radiodurans nucleoid were limited by reliance on manual image annotation and qualitative metrics. Here, we introduce a high-throughput approach to quantify the geometric properties of cells and nucleoids, using confocal microscopy, digital reconstructions of cells, and computational modeling. We utilize this novel approach to investigate the dynamic process of nucleoid condensation in response to IR stress. Our quantitative analysis reveals that at the population level, exposure to IR induced nucleoid compaction and decreased size of D. radiodurans cells. Morphological analysis and clustering identified six distinct sub-populations across all tested experimental conditions. Results indicate that exposure to IR induces fractional redistributions of cells across sub-populations to exhibit morphologies that associate with greater nucleoid condensation, and decreased abundance of sub-populations associated with cell division. Nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) may link nucleoid compaction and stress tolerance, but their roles in regulating compaction in D. radiodurans is unknown. Imaging of genomic mutants of known and suspected NAPs that contribute to nucleoid condensation found that deletion of nucleic acid binding proteins, not previously described as NAPs, can remodel the nucleoid by driving condensation or decondensation in the absence of stress and that IR increases the abundance of these morphological states. Thus, our integrated analysis introduces a new methodology for studying environmental influences on bacterial nucleoids and provides an opportunity to further investigate potential regulators of nucleoid condensation.

ImportanceD. radiodurans, an extremophile known for its stress tolerance, constitutively maintains a highly-condensed nucleoid. Qualitative studies have described nucleoid behavior under a variety of conditions. However, a lack of quantitative data regarding nucleoid organization and dynamics have limited our understanding of regulatory mechanisms controlling nucleoid organization in D. radiodurans. Here, we introduce a quantitative approach that enables high-throughput quantitative measurements of subcellular spatial characteristics in bacterial cells. Applying this to wild-type or single-protein-deficient populations of D. radiodurans subjected to ionizing radiation, we identified significant stress-responsive changes in cell shape, nucleoid organization, and morphology. These findings highlight this methodologys adaptability and capacity for quantitatively analyzing the cellular response to stressors for screening cellular proteins involved in bacterial nucleoid organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niese, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric changes in the nucleoids of Deinococcus radiodurans reveal involvement of new proteins in recovery from ionizing radiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective movement of schooling fish reduces locomotor cost in turbulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ecological and evolutionary benefits of collective behaviours are rooted in the physical principles and physiological mechanisms underpinning animal locomotion. We propose a turbulence sheltering hypothesis that collective movements of fish schools in turbulent flow can reduce the total energetic cost of locomotion by shielding individuals from the perturbation of chaotic turbulent eddies. We test this hypothesis by quantifying energetics and kinematics in schools of giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus) compared to solitary individuals swimming under control and turbulent conditions over a wide speed range. We discovered that, when swimming at high speeds and high turbulence levels, fish schools reduced their total energy expenditure (TEE, both aerobic and anaerobic energy) by 63-79% compared to solitary fish. Solitary individuals spend [~]25% more kinematic effort (tail beat amplitude*frequency) to swim in turbulence at higher speeds than in control conditions. However, fish schools swimming in turbulence reduced their three-dimensional group volume by 41-68% (at higher speeds) and did not alter their kinematic effort compared to control conditions. This substantial energy saving highlighted a [~]261% higher TEE when fish swimming alone in turbulence are compared to swimming in a school. Schooling behaviour could mitigate turbulent disturbances by sheltering fish within schools from the eddies of sufficient kinetic energy that can disrupt the locomotor gaits. Providing a more desirable internal hydrodynamic environment could be one of the ecological drivers underlying collective behaviours in a dense fluid environment.

One-Sentence SummaryThe collective movement of fish schools substantially reduces the energetic cost of locomotion in turbulence compared to that of swimming alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>zhang, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calicchia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective movement of schooling fish reduces locomotor cost in turbulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Supervised Transformer Model Training for a Sleep-EEG Foundation Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes five sleep/wake states (Wake, N1, N2, N3, REM), yet this classification schema provides only a high-level summary of sleep and likely overlooks important neurological or health information. New, data-driven approaches are needed to more deeply probe the information content of sleep signals. Here we present a self-supervised approach that learns the structure embedded in large quantities of neurophysiological sleep data. This masked transformer training procedure is inspired by high performing self-supervised methods developed for speech transcription. We show that self-supervised pre-training matches or outperforms supervised sleep stage classification, especially when labeled data or compute-power is limited. Perhaps more importantly, we also show that our pre-trained model is flexible and can be fine-tuned to perform well on new EEG recording montages not seen in training, and for new tasks including distinguishing individuals or quantifying "brain age" (a potential health biomarker). This suggests that modern methods can automatically learn information that is potentially overlooked by the 5-class sleep staging schema, laying the groundwork for new sleep scoring schemas and further data-driven exploration of sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Supervised Transformer Model Training for a Sleep-EEG Foundation Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laying the Foundation: Modern Transformers for Gold-Standard Sleep Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate sleep assessment is critical to the practice of sleep medicine and sleep research. The recent availability of large quantities of publicly available sleep data, alongside recent breakthroughs in AI like transformer architectures, present novel opportunities for data-driven discovery efforts. Transformers are flexible neural networks that not only excel at classification tasks, but also can enable data-driven discovery through un-or self-supervised learning, which requires no human annotations to the input data. While transformers have been extensively used in supervised learning scenarios for sleep stage classification, they have not been fully explored or optimized in forms designed from the ground up for use in un-or self-supervised learning tasks in sleep. A necessary first step will be to study these models on a canonical benchmark supervised learning task (5-class sleep stage classification). Hence, to lay the groundwork for future data-driven discovery efforts, we evaluated optimizations of a transformer-based architecture that has already demonstrated substantial success in self-supervised learning in another domain (audio speech recognition), and trained it to perform the canonical 5-class sleep stage classification task, to establish foundational baselines in the sleep domain. We found that small transformer models designed from the start for (later) self-supervised learning can match other state-of-the-art automated sleep scoring techniques, while also providing the basis for future data-driven discovery efforts using large sleep data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coon, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laying the Foundation: Modern Transformers for Gold-Standard Sleep Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.575817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP1 condensates differentially partition DNA repair proteins and enhance DNA ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.575817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is one of the first responders to DNA damage and plays crucial roles in recruiting DNA repair proteins through its activity - poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation). The enrichment of DNA repair proteins at sites of DNA damage has been described as the formation of a biomolecular condensate. However, it is not understood how PARP1 and PARylation contribute to the formation and organization of DNA repair condensates. Using recombinant human PARP1 in vitro, we find that PARP1 readily forms viscous biomolecular condensates in a DNA-dependent manner and that this depends on its three zinc finger (ZnF) domains. PARylation enhances PARP1 condensation in a PAR chain-length dependent manner and increases the internal dynamics of PARP1 condensates. DNA and single-strand break repair proteins XRCC1, LigIII, Pol{beta}, and FUS partition in PARP1 condensates, although in different patterns. While Pol{beta} and FUS are both homogeneously mixed within PARP1 condensates, FUS enrichment is greatly enhanced upon PARylation whereas Pol{beta} partitioning is not. XRCC1 and LigIII display an inhomogeneous organization within PARP1 condensates; their enrichment in these multiphase condensates is enhanced by PARylation. Functionally, PARP1 condensates concentrate short DNA fragments and facilitate compaction of long DNA and bridge DNA ends. Furthermore, the presence of PARP1 condensates significantly promotes DNA ligation upon PARylation. These findings provide insight into how PARP1 condensation and PARylation regulate the assembly and biochemical activities in DNA repair foci, which may inform on how PARPs function in other PAR-driven condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin Sang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tereshchenko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosella, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alderson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.575817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP1 condensates differentially partition DNA repair proteins and enhance DNA ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aggregation of recount3 RNA-seq data improves the inference of consensus and tissue-specific gene co-expression networks. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGene co-expression networks (GCNs) describe relationships among expressed genes key to maintaining cellular identity and homeostasis. However, the small sample size of typical RNA-seq experiments which is several orders of magnitude fewer than the number of genes is too low to infer GCNs reliably. recount3, a publicly available dataset comprised of 316,443 uniformly processed human RNA-seq samples, provides an opportunity to improve power for accurate network reconstruction and obtain biological insight from the resulting networks.

ResultsWe compared alternate aggregation strategies to identify an optimal workflow for GCN inference by data aggregation and inferred three consensus networks: a universal network, a non-cancer network, and a cancer network in addition to 27 tissue context-specific networks. Central network genes from our consensus networks were enriched for evolutionarily constrained genes and ubiquitous biological pathways, whereas central context-specific network genes included tissue-specific transcription factors and factorization based on the hubs led to clustering of related tissue contexts. We discovered that annotations corresponding to context-specific networks inferred from aggregated data were enriched for trait heritability beyond known functional genomic annotations and were significantly more enriched when we aggregated over a larger number of samples.

ConclusionThis study outlines best practices for network GCN inference and evaluation by data aggregation. We recommend estimating and regressing confounders in each data set before aggregation and prioritizing large sample size studies for GCN reconstruction. Increased statistical power in inferring context-specific networks enabled the derivation of variant annotations that were enriched for concordant trait heritability independent of functional genomic annotations that are context-agnostic. While we observed strictly increasing held-out log-likelihood with data aggregation, we noted diminishing marginal improvements. Future directions aimed at alternate methods for estimating confounders and integrating orthogonal information from modalities such as Hi-C and ChIP-seq can further improve GCN inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aggregation of recount3 RNA-seq data improves the inference of consensus and tissue-specific gene co-expression networks.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic features of NF1-associated peripheral nerve sheath tumors: a cohort analysis from the Johns Hopkins NF1 biospecimen repository 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited neurocutaneous condition that predisposes to the development of peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) including cutaneous neurofibromas (CNF), plexiform neurofibromas (PNF), atypical neurofibromatous neoplasms with unknown biological potential (ANNUBP), and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). The successful advancement of therapeutic development for NF1-associated PNST necessitates the systematic acquisition and analysis of human tumor specimens and their corresponding model systems. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and whole exome sequencing (WES) data were generated from 73 and 114 primary human tumor samples, respectively. These pre-processed data, standardized for immediate computational analysis, are accessible through the NF Data Portal, allowing immediate interrogation. This analysis combines new and previously released samples, offering a comprehensive view of the entire cohort sequenced. As a dedicated effort to systematically bank tumor samples from people with NF1, in collaboration with molecular geneticists and computational biologists to advance understanding of NF1 biology, the Johns Hopkins NF1 biospecimen repository offers access to samples and genomic data to promote advancement of NF1-related therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makri, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calizo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic features of NF1-associated peripheral nerve sheath tumors: a cohort analysis from the Johns Hopkins NF1 biospecimen repository]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mimicking the breast metastatic microenvironment: characterization of a novel syngeneic model of HER2+ breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preclinical murine models in which primary tumors spontaneously metastasize to distant organs are valuable tools to study metastatic progression and novel cancer treatment combinations. Here, we characterize a novel syngeneic murine breast tumor cell line, NT2.5-lung metastasis (- LM), that provides a model of spontaneously metastatic neu-expressing breast cancer with quicker onset of widespread metastases after orthotopic mammary implantation in immune-competent NeuN mice. Within one week of orthotopic implantation of NT2.5-LM in NeuN mice, distant metastases can be observed in the lungs. Within four weeks, metastases are also observed in the bones, spleen, colon, and liver. Metastases are rapidly growing, proliferative, and responsive to HER2-directed therapy. We demonstrate altered expression of markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enrichment in EMT-regulating pathways, suggestive of their enhanced metastatic potential. The new NT2.5-LM model provides more rapid and spontaneous development of widespread metastases. Besides investigating mechanisms of metastatic progression, this new model may be used for the rationalized development of novel therapeutic interventions and assessment of therapeutic responses targeting distant visceral metastases

SUMMARY STATEMENTWe characterize a new syngeneic, immune-competent murine model of breast cancer (NT2.5-LM) that yields rapid and widespread metastases, preserves spontaneous metastasis, and provides a model for studying novel therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baugh, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narumi, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasiadou, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos Torres, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mimicking the breast metastatic microenvironment: characterization of a novel syngeneic model of HER2+ breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paraoxonase-like APMAP maintains endoplasmic reticulum-associated lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative stress perturbs lipid homeostasis and contributes to metabolic diseases. Though ignored compared to mitochondrial oxidation, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generates reactive oxygen species requiring antioxidant quality control. Using multi-organismal profiling featuring Drosophila, zebrafish, and mammalian cells, here we characterize the paraoxonase-like APMAP as an ER-localized protein that promotes redox and lipid homeostasis and lipoprotein maturation. APMAP-depleted mammalian cells exhibit defective ER morphology, elevated ER and oxidative stress, lipid droplet accumulation, and perturbed ApoB-lipoprotein homeostasis. Critically, APMAP loss is rescued with chemical antioxidant NAC. Organismal APMAP depletion in Drosophila perturbs fat and lipoprotein homeostasis, and zebrafish display increased vascular ApoB-containing lipoproteins, particles that are atherogenic in mammals. Lipidomics reveals altered polyunsaturated phospholipids and increased ceramides upon APMAP loss, which perturbs ApoB-lipoprotein maturation. These ApoB-associated defects are rescued by inhibiting ceramide synthesis. Collectively, we propose APMAP is an ER-localized antioxidant that promotes lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis.

Key findings summaryO_LIAPMAP localizes primarily to the ER network in human cells and Drosophila fat body tissue, and is a type II integral membrane protein
C_LIO_LILoss of APMAP or Drosophila APMAP (dAPMAP) causes ER membrane expansion, elevates CHOP-associated ER stress, promotes LD accumulation, and alters ApoB-lipoprotein secretion
C_LIO_LIAPMAP-depleted cells and dAPMAP-depleted Drosophila fat tissue exhibit defective redox homeostasis; phenotypes associated with APMAP loss are rescued by antioxidant NAC
C_LIO_LIZebrafish-based LipoGlo reporter reveals that loss of apmap in zebrafish causes increased vascular ApoB-containing lipoproteins
C_LIO_LILipidomic profiling indicates that APMAP loss reduces PUFA-phospholipids and elevates intracellular ceramides, which perturbs ApoB maturation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugrankar-Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias do Vale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henne, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paraoxonase-like APMAP maintains endoplasmic reticulum-associated lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Islands of genomic stability in the face of genetically unstable metastatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_ST_ABSIntroductionC_ST_ABSMetastatic cancer affects millions of people worldwide annually and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Most patients with metastatic disease are not eligible for surgical resection, and current therapeutic regimens have varying success rates, some with 5-year survival rates below 5%. Here we test the hypothesis that metastatic cancer can be genetically targeted by exploiting single base substitution mutations unique to individual cells that occur as part of normal aging prior to transformation. These mutations are targetable because [~]10% of them form novel tumor-specific "NGG" protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sites targetable by CRISPR-Cas9.

MethodsWhole genome sequencing was performed on five rapid autopsy cases of patient-matched primary tumor, normal and metastatic tissue from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma decedents. CRISPR-Cas9 PAM targets were determined by bioinformatic tumor-normal subtraction for each patient and verified in metastatic samples by high-depth capture-based sequencing.

ResultsWe found that 90% of PAM targets were maintained between primary carcinomas and metastases overall. We identified rules that predict PAM loss or retention, where PAMs located in heterozygous regions in the primary tumor can be lost in metastases (private LOH), but PAMs occurring in regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the primary tumor were universally conserved in metastases.

ConclusionsRegions of truncal LOH are strongly retained in the presence of genetic instability, and therefore represent genetic vulnerabilities in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A CRISPR-based gene therapy approach targeting these regions may be a novel way to genetically target metastatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teh, S. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Islands of genomic stability in the face of genetically unstable metastatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.28.577603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organizing glycolytic waves fuel cell migration and cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.28.577603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycolysis has traditionally been thought to take place in the cytosol but we observed the enrichment of glycolytic enzymes in propagating waves of the cell cortex in human epithelial cells. These waves reflect excitable Ras/PI3K signal transduction and F-actin/actomyosin networks that drive cellular protrusions, suggesting that localized glycolysis at the cortex provides ATP for cell morphological events such as migration, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis. Perturbations that altered cortical waves caused corresponding changes in enzyme localization and ATP production whereas synthetic recruitment of glycolytic enzymes to the cell cortex enhanced cell spreading and motility. Interestingly, the cortical waves and ATP levels were positively correlated with the metastatic potential of cancer cells. The coordinated signal transduction, cytoskeletal, and glycolytic waves in cancer cells may explain their increased motility and their greater reliance on glycolysis, often referred to as the Warburg effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borleis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janetopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.28.577603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organizing glycolytic waves fuel cell migration and cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium RON11 triggers biogenesis of the merozoite rhoptry pair and is essential for erythrocyte invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is a global and deadly human disease caused by the apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Parasite proliferation within human red blood cells (RBC) is associated with the clinical manifestations of the disease. This asexual expansion within human RBCs, begins with the invasion of RBCs by P. falciparum, which is mediated by the secretion of effectors from two specialized club-shaped secretory organelles in merozoite-stage parasites known as rhoptries. We investigated the function of the Rhoptry Neck Protein 11 (RON11), which contains seven transmembrane domains and calcium-binding EF-hand domains. We generated conditional mutants of the P. falciparum RON11. Knockdown of RON11 inhibits parasite growth by preventing merozoite invasion. The loss of RON11 did not lead to any defects in processing of rhoptry proteins but instead led to a decrease in the amount of rhoptry proteins. We utilized ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) to determine the effect of RON11 knockdown on rhoptry biogenesis. Surprisingly, in the absence of RON11, fully developed merozoites had only one rhoptry each. The single rhoptry in RON11 deficient merozoites were morphologically typical with a bulb and a neck oriented into the apical polar ring. Moreover, rhoptry proteins are trafficked accurately to the single rhoptry in RON11 deficient parasites. These data show that in the absence of RON11, the first rhoptry is generated during schizogony but upon the start of cytokinesis, the second rhoptry never forms. Interestingly, these single-rhoptry merozoites were able to attach to host RBCs but are unable to invade RBCs. Instead, RON11 deficient merozoites continue to engage with RBC for prolonged periods eventually resulting in echinocytosis, a result of secreting the contents from the single rhoptry into the RBC. Together, our data show that RON11 triggers the de novo biogenesis of the second rhoptry and functions in RBC invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaguano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewale Fasoro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vick, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwkamp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absalon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SRINIVASAN, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium RON11 triggers biogenesis of the merozoite rhoptry pair and is essential for erythrocyte invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number reduction via in vitro TFAM knockout remodels the nuclear epigenome and transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is associated with several age-related chronic diseases and is a predictor of all-cause mortality. Here, we examine site-specific differential nuclear DNA (nDNA) methylation and differential gene expression resulting from in vitro reduction of mtDNA-CN to uncover shared genes and biological pathways mediating the effect of mtDNA-CN on disease. Epigenome and transcriptome profiles were generated for three independent human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell lines harbouring a mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) heterozygous knockout generated via CRISPR-Cas9, and matched control lines. We identified 4,242 differentially methylated sites, 228 differentially methylated regions, and 179 differentially expressed genes associated with mtDNA-CN. Integrated analysis uncovered 381 Gene-CpG pairs. GABAA receptor genes and related pathways, the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway, ABCD1/2 gene activity, and cell signalling processes were overrepresented, providing insight into the underlying biological mechanisms facilitating these associations. We also report evidence implicating chromatin state regulatory mechanisms as modulators of mtDNA-CN effect on gene expression. We demonstrate that mitochondrial DNA variation signals to the nuclear DNA epigenome and transcriptome and may lead to nuclear remodelling relevant to development, aging, and complex disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Win, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagano, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial DNA copy number reduction via in vitro TFAM knockout remodels the nuclear epigenome and transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsZ-mediated spatial-temporal control over septal cell wall synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FtsZ, the tubulin-like GTPase, is the central organizer of the bacterial divisome, a macromolecular complex that synthesizes new septal cell wall and degrades old septal cell wall (made of septal peptidoglycan, sPG) to allow cell wall constriction and cytokinesis. In E. coli, it is well accepted that 1) FtsZ recruits all essential divisome proteins to the septum, including the core sPG synthase complex, FtsWI/QLB and its activator, FtsN; 2) FtsWI/QLB must complex with FtsN to produce sPG under the wild-type background; and 3) the Brownian ratcheting by treadmilling FtsZ polymers drives the directional movements of sPG synthase proteins along the septum circumference; and 4) FtsZ is essential for the early stage, but dispensable for the late stage of cell wall constriction. However, it remains unclear how FtsZ spatial-temporally organizes the divisome for robust bacterial cytokinesis throughout cell wall constriction process. Combining theoretical modeling with experiments in E. coli, we show that at the early stage during cell division, the Brownian ratcheting by FtsZ treadmilling acts both as a template to corral FtsWI/QLB and FtsN into close contacts for FtsWI/QLB-FtsN complex formation and as a conveyor to maximally homologize the septal distribution of sPG synthesis activities to avoid uneven cell wall constriction. When the septum constricts progressively, the FtsN septal density increases via binding to denuded sPG; consequently, the denuded PG-bound FtsN serves as the template to activate FtsWI/QLB for continued sPG synthesis, rendering FtsZ dispensable. Our work establishes an overarching framework that FtsZ spatial-temporally controls over septal cell wall constriction.

SignificanceBacteria utilize FtsZ, the tubulin-like GTPase, to organize cell wall enzymes during cell division. FtsZ forms treadmilling polymers along the septum circumference and drives the directional movement of cell wall enzymes for robust cell wall constriction. How this role is achieved is unclear. We show that FtsZ treadmilling acts both as a template to corral cell wall enzymes into close contacts for priming and as a conveyor to homologize the septal distribution of cell wall synthesis activities for even septum constriction. These roles evolve at different stages of cell division and are modulated differentially by different bacteria; they likely define an overarching principle for robust cell division across the microbial world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesterova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsZ-mediated spatial-temporal control over septal cell wall synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting PD-L1 in solid cancer with myeloid cells expressing a CAR-like immune receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid cells are prevalent in solid cancers, but they frequently exhibit a pro-tumor phenotype, hindering cancer immunotherapy. Their abundance makes engineered myeloid cell therapy an intriguing approach to tackle challenges posed by solid cancers, such as tumor trafficking and infiltration along with tumor cell heterogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Solid cancers often upregulate the checkpoint molecule PD-L1 to evade immune responses. Thus, we devised an adoptive cell therapy strategy based on myeloid cells expressing a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-like immune receptor (CARIR). The extracellular domain of CARIR is derived from the natural inhibitory receptor PD-1, while the intracellular domain(s) are derived from CD40 and/or CD3{xi}. To assess the efficacy of CARIR-engineered myeloid cells, we conducted proof-of-principle experiments using co-culture and flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assays in vitro. Additionally, we employed a fully immune-competent syngeneic tumor mouse model to evaluate the strategys effectiveness in vivo. Co-culturing CARIR-expressing human monocytic THP-1 cells with PD-L1+ target cells lead to upregulation of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 along with expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-1 and IL-1{beta}. Moreover, CARIR expression significantly enhanced phagocytosis of multiple PD-L1+ human solid tumor cell lines in vitro. Similar outcomes were observed with CARIR-expressing human primary macrophages. In experiments conducted on Balb/c mice bearing aggressive 4T1 mammary tumors, infusing murine myeloid cells expressing a murine version of CARIR significantly slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival. Taken together, our results demonstrate that adoptive transfer of PD-1 CARIR-engineered myeloid cells may be an effective strategy in treating PD-L1+ solid tumors.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/577873v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (15K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1657eborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e61ae3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ef3df4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc90ea_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In BriefWe described here an adoptive cell therapy approach employing PD-L1-specific CAR-like immune receptor (CARIR) modified myeloid cells as a potential immune cell therapy strategy for treating PD-L1+ solid cancer.

O_LICARIR expression directed human THP-1 macrophages to recognize PD-L1+ target cells, which led to an upregulation of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 and production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF- and IL-1{beta}.
C_LIO_LICARIR expression in human THP-1 macrophages had increased % phagocytosis and killing against PD-L1+ tumor cells in vitro.
C_LIO_LIAdoptive transfer of CARIR transduced myeloid cells in immunocompetent syngeneic mice with established aggressive 4T1 tumor significantly slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting PD-L1 in solid cancer with myeloid cells expressing a CAR-like immune receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.576279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Therapeutic Approach using CXCR3 Blockade to Treat Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-mediated Myocarditis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.576279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are successful in treating many cancers but may cause immune-related adverse events. ICI-mediated myocarditis has a high fatality rate of up to 40%, with severe cardiovascular consequences. Targeted therapies for ICI myocarditis are currently lacking.

MethodsWe used a genetic mouse model of PD-1 deletion (MRL/Pdcd1-/-) along with a novel drug-treated ICI myocarditis mouse model to recapitulate the disease phenotype. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq), single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing (scTCR-seq), and cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes (CITE-seq) on immune cells isolated from MRL and MRL/Pdcd1-/- mice at serial timepoints. We assessed the impact of macrophage deletion in MRL/Pdcd1-/- mice, then inhibited CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) in ICI-treated mice to assess therapeutic effect on myocarditis phenotype. Furthermore, we delineated functional effects of CXCR3 blockade on T-cell and macrophage interactions in a transwell assay. We then correlated the results in human single-cell multi-omics data from blood and heart biopsy data from patients with ICI myocarditis.

ResultsSingle-cell multi-omics demonstrated expansion of CXCL9/10+CCR2+ macrophages and CXCR3hi CD8+ effector T-lymphocytes in the hearts of MRL/Pdcd1-/- mice correlating with onset of myocarditis development. Both depletion of CXCL9/10+CCR2+ macrophages and CXCR3 blockade respectively led to decreased CXCR3hiCD8+ T-cell infiltration into the heart and significantly improved survival. A transwell assay showed that selective blockade of CXCR3 and its ligand, CXCL10 decreased CD8+ T-cell migration towards macrophages, implicating this interaction in T-cell cardiotropism towards cardiac macrophages. Cardiac biopsies from patients with confirmed ICI myocarditis demonstrated infiltrating CXCR3+ lymphocytes and CXCL9+/CXCL10+ macrophages. Both mouse cardiac immune cells and patient peripheral blood immune cells revealed expanded TCRs correlating with CXCR3hi CD8+ T-cells in ICI myocarditis samples.

ConclusionsThese findings bring forth the CXCR3-CXCL9/10 axis as an attractive therapeutic target for ICI myocarditis treatment, and more broadly, as a druggable pathway in cardiac inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waliany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakelee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witteles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcaide, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.576279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Therapeutic Approach using CXCR3 Blockade to Treat Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-mediated Myocarditis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.577512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF2 promotes the expansion of parietal mesothelial progenitor pools and inhibits BMP4-mediated smooth muscle cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.577512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesothelial cells, in the outermost layer of internal organs, are essential for both organ development and homeostasis. Although the parietal mesothelial cell is the primary origin of mesothelioma that may highjack developmental signaling, the signaling pathways that orchestrate developing parietal mesothelial progenitor cell (MPC) behaviors, such as MPC pool expansion, maturation, and differentiation, are poorly understood. To address it, we established a robust protocol for culturing WT1+ MPCs isolated from developing pig and mouse parietal thorax. Quantitative qPCR and immunostaining analyses revealed that BMP4 facilitated MPC differentiation into smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In contrast, FGF2 significantly promoted MPC progenitor pool expansion but blocked the SMC differentiation. BMP4 and FGF2 counterbalanced these effects, but FGF2 had the dominant impact in the long-term culture. A Wnt activator, CHIR99021, was pivotal in MPC maturation to CALB2+ mesothelial cells, while BMP4 or FGF2 was limited. Our results demonstrated central pathways critical for mesothelial cell behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SARMAH, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.577512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF2 promotes the expansion of parietal mesothelial progenitor pools and inhibits BMP4-mediated smooth muscle cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexing of temporal and spatial information in the lateral entorhinal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory involves the processing of spatial and temporal aspects of personal experiences. The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) plays an essential role in subserving memory. However, the specific mechanism by which LEC integrates spatial and temporal information remains elusive. Here, we recorded LEC neurons while rats performed foraging and shuttling behaviors on one-dimensional, linear or circular tracks. Unlike open-field foraging tasks, many LEC cells displayed spatial firing fields in these tasks and demonstrated selectivity for traveling directions. Furthermore, some LEC neurons displayed changes in the firing rates of their spatial rate maps during a session, a phenomenon referred to as rate remapping. Importantly, this temporal modulation was consistent across sessions, even when the spatial environment was altered. Notably, the strength of temporal modulation was found to be greater in LEC compared to other brain regions, such as the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), CA1, and CA3. Thus, the spatial rate mapping observed in LEC neurons may serve as a coding mechanism for temporal context, allowing for flexible multiplexing of spatial and temporal information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.578307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexing of temporal and spatial information in the lateral entorhinal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counter-regulation of RNA stability by UPF1 and TDP43 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA quality control is crucial for proper regulation of gene expression. Disruption of nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD), the primary RNA decay pathway responsible for the degradation of transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs), can disrupt development and lead to multiple diseases in humans and other animals. Similarly, therapies targeting NMD may have applications in hematological, neoplastic and neurological disorders. As such, tools capable of accurately quantifying NMD status could be invaluable for investigations of disease pathogenesis and biomarker identification. Toward this end, we assemble, validate, and apply a next-generation sequencing approach (NMDq) for identifying and measuring the abundance of PTC-containing transcripts. After validating NMDq performance and confirming its utility for tracking RNA surveillance, we apply it to determine pathway activity in two neurodegenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) characterized by RNA misprocessing and abnormal RNA stability. Despite the genetic and pathologic evidence implicating dysfunctional RNA metabolism, and NMD in particular, in these conditions, we detected no significant differences in PTC-encoding transcripts in ALS models or disease. Contrary to expectations, overexpression of the master NMD regulator UPF1 had little effect on the clearance of transcripts with PTCs, but rather restored RNA homeostasis through differential use and decay of alternatively poly-adenylated isoforms. Together, these data suggest that canonical NMD is not a significant contributor to ALS/FTD pathogenesis, and that UPF1 promotes neuronal survival by regulating transcripts with abnormally long 3UTRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykstra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waksmacki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaepful, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tank, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmada, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.578310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counter-regulation of RNA stability by UPF1 and TDP43]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the fitness effects of resistance alleles with and without anthelmintic selection pressure using Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Albendazole and ivermectin are the two most commonly co-administered anthelmintic drugs in mass-drug administration programs worldwide. Despite emerging resistance, we do not fully understand the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs nor the consequences of delivering them in combination. Albendazole resistance has primarily been attributed to variation in the drug target, a beta-tubulin gene. Ivermectin targets glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) genes, but it is unknown whether these genes are involved in ivermectin resistance in nature. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we defined the fitness costs associated with loss of the drug target genes singly or in combinations of the genes that encode GluCl subunits. We quantified the loss-of-function effects on three traits: (i) multi-generational competitive fitness, (ii) fecundity, and (iii) development. In competitive fitness and development assays, we found that a deletion of the beta-tubulin gene ben-1 conferred albendazole resistance, but ivermectin resistance required loss of two GluCl genes (avr-14 and avr-15) or loss of three GluCl genes (avr-14, avr-15, and glc-1). The fecundity assays revealed that loss of ben-1 did not provide any fitness benefit in albendazole and that no GluCl deletion mutants were resistant to ivermectin. Next, we searched for evidence of multi-drug resistance across the three traits. Loss of ben-1 did not confer resistance to ivermectin, nor did loss of any single GluCl subunit or combination confer resistance to albendazole. Finally, we assessed the development of 124 C. elegans wild strains across six benzimidazoles and seven macrocyclic lactones to identify evidence of multi-drug resistance between the two drug classes and found a strong phenotypic correlation within a drug class but not across drug classes. Because each gene affects various aspects of nematode physiology, these results suggest that it is necessary to assess multiple fitness traits to evaluate how each gene contributes to anthelmintic resistance.

AUTHOR SUMMARYControl of parasitic nematodes often depends on mass-drug administration (MDA) programs, where combinations of anthelmintics are distributed to at-risk populations. Two commonly co-administered anthelmintic drugs in MDA programs are albendazole and ivermectin, and resistance to both drugs has emerged. Although the mechanism of resistance (MoR) to albendazole has been primarily attributed to variation in a beta-tubulin gene, the MoR to ivermectin remains unknown. Ivermectin acts through pentameric glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls). However, it is unclear whether genes that encode GluCls are involved in ivermectin resistance in parasitic nematodes. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we quantified the fitness costs associated with deletions of the beta-tubulin gene ben-1 and three genes encoding GluCl subunits avr-14, avr-15, and glc-1 on three traits: (i) multi-generational competitive fitness, (ii) fecundity, and (iii) development. We found different anthelmintic responses across strains and traits but no evidence of multi-drug resistance. Our results suggest that multiple traits should be considered to understand resistance comprehensively and that the determination of whether a gene plays a role in anthelmintic resistance depends on the trait measured. Understanding the quantitative effects and fitness-associated costs of each GluCl subunit in C. elegans can help explain the costs of mutations in these subunits in parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaye, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the fitness effects of resistance alleles with and without anthelmintic selection pressure using Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-Diffusion: Leveraging Generative Models for Controlling Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression via Synthetic Regulatory Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The challenge of systematically modifying and optimizing regulatory elements for precise gene expression control is central to modern genomics and synthetic biology. Advancements in generative AI have paved the way for designing synthetic sequences with the aim of safely and accurately modulating gene expression. We leverage diffusion models to design context-specific DNA regulatory sequences, which hold significant potential toward enabling novel therapeutic applications requiring precise modulation of gene expression. Our framework uses a cell type-specific diffusion model to generate synthetic 200 bp regulatory elements based on chromatin accessibility across different cell types. We evaluate the generated sequences based on key metrics to ensure they retain properties of endogenous sequences: transcription factor binding site composition, potential for cell type-specific chromatin accessibility, and capacity for sequences generated by DNA diffusion to activate gene expression in different cell contexts using state-of-the-art prediction models. Our results demonstrate the ability to robustly generate DNA sequences with cell type-specific regulatory potential. DNA-Diffusion paves the way for revolutionizing a regulatory modulation approach to mammalian synthetic biology and precision gene therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira DaSilva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabbita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, C. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenteler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunjic, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuleman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-Diffusion: Leveraging Generative Models for Controlling Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression via Synthetic Regulatory Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural substrates underlying the expectation of rewards resulting from effortful exertion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why do people persist--or stop--when rewards require effort? Such choices are often framed as a trade-off between reward and cost, yet this conceptualization overlooks a fundamental determinant: expectations. Economic theories propose that labor supply is reference-dependent, responding to deviations from expected earnings, but whether such reference points govern effort and how they are implemented in the brain has remained unknown. Using an incentivized grip-force paradigm with functional magnetic resonance imaging, we experimentally imposed reward expectations independent of outcomes. Effort provision shifted systematically with these expectations, demonstrating that individuals evaluate exertion relative to a reference point rather than absolute incentives. Activity in the ventral striatum encoded both prospective reward expectations and deviations between realized and expected earnings, and these signals predicted inter-individual differences in reference-dependent effort. These findings identify a neural mechanism by which expectations recalibrate the value of exertion, revealing reference dependence as a fundamental principle of motivated behavior.

One-Sentence SummaryBy demonstrating that reward expectations serve as neural reference points for effort valuation, we reveal reference dependence as a fundamental principle of motivated action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural substrates underlying the expectation of rewards resulting from effortful exertion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEraster: a rasterization preprocessing framework for scalable spatial omics data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSpatial omics data demand computational analysis but many analysis tools have computational resource requirements that increase with the number of cells analyzed. This presents scalability challenges as researchers use spatial omics technologies to profile millions of cells.

ResultsTo enhance the scalability of spatial omics data analysis, we developed a rasterization preprocessing framework called SEraster that aggregates cellular information into spatial pixels. We apply SEraster to both real and simulated spatial omics data prior to spatial variable gene expression analysis to demonstrate that such preprocessing can reduce resource requirements while maintaining high performance. We further integrate SEraster with existing analysis tools to characterize cell-type spatial cooccurrence. Finally, we apply SEraster to enable analysis of a mouse pup spatial omics dataset with over a million cells to identify tissue-level and cell-type-specific spatially variable genes as well as cooccurring cell-types that recapitulate expected organ structures.

Availability and implementationSource code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/SEraster) with additional tutorials at https://JEF.works/SEraster.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aihara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEraster: a rasterization preprocessing framework for scalable spatial omics data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimers disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharibani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wender, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Functional Connectome Fingerprinting for Generalization and Transfer Learning in Neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional MRI currently supports a limited application space stemming from modest dataset sizes, large interindividual variability and heterogeneity among scanning protocols. These constraints have made it difficult for fMRI researchers to take advantage of modern deep-learning tools that have revolutionized other fields such as NLP, speech transcription, and image recognition. To address these issues, we scaled up functional connectome fingerprinting as a neural network pre-training task, drawing inspiration from speaker recognition research, to learn a generalizable representation of brain function. This approach sets a new high-water mark for neural fingerprinting on a previously unseen scale, across many popular public fMRI datasets (individual recognition over held out scan sessions: 94% on MPI-Leipzig, 94% on NKI-Rockland, 73% on OASIS-3, and 99% on HCP). Near-ceiling performance is maintained even when the duration of the evaluation scan is truncated to less than two minutes. We show that this representation can also generalize to support accurate neural fingerprinting for completely new datasets and participants not used in training. Finally, we demonstrate that the representation learned by the network encodes features related to individual variability that supports some transfer learning to new tasks. These results open the door for a new generation of clinical applications based on functional imaging data.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDeep learning models that leverage the increasing scale of available fMRI data could address fundamental generalization challenges. We drew inspiration from other domains that have successfully used AI to address these problems, namely human language technology, to guide our exploration of the potential for this approach in neuroimaging. Our pre-training approach sets a new high-watermark for functional connectome fingerprinting, achieving very high recognition accuracy across different tasks, scanning sessions, and acquisition parameters, even when the duration of a scan is limited to less than two minutes. We showed that we could re-purpose the representation learned by our model to recognize new individuals from new datasets and to predict new participants cognitive performance and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Functional Connectome Fingerprinting for Generalization and Transfer Learning in Neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial domain detection using contrastive self-supervised learning for spatial multi-omics technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in spatially-resolved single-omics and multi-omics technologies have led to the emergence of computational tools to detect or predict spatial domains. Additionally, histological images and immunofluorescence (IF) staining of proteins and cell types provide multiple perspectives and a more complete understanding of tissue architecture. Here, we introduce Proust, a scalable tool to predict discrete domains using spatial multi-omics data by combining the low-dimensional representation of biological profiles based on graph-based contrastive self-supervised learning. Our scalable method integrates multiple data modalities, such as RNA, protein, and H&E images, and predicts spatial domains within tissue samples. Through the integration of multiple modalities, Proust consistently demonstrates enhanced accuracy in detecting spatial domains, as evidenced across various benchmark datasets and technological platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial domain detection using contrastive self-supervised learning for spatial multi-omics technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine candidate against Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus classified by the World Health Organization as a critically important pathogen, posing a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. In this study, we present the chemical synthesis and evaluation of two semi-synthetic vaccine candidates targeting the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) of C. neoformans. These semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines contain the identical synthetic decasaccharide (M2 motif) antigen. This motif is present in serotype A strains, which constitute 95% of clinical cryptococcosis cases. This synthetic oligosaccharide was conjugated to two proteins (CRM197 and Anthrax 63 kDa PA) and tested for immunogenicity in mice. The conjugates elicited a specific antibody response that bound to the M2 motif but also exhibited additional cross-reactivity towards M1 and M4 GXM motifs. Both glycoconjugates produced antibodies that bound to GXM in ELISA assays and to live fungal cells. Mice immunized with the CRM197 glycoconjugate produced opsonic antibodies and displayed trends toward increased median survival relative to mice given a mock PBS injection (18 vs 15 days, p = 0.06). While these findings indicate promise, achieving a successful vaccine demands further optimization of the glycoconjugate. It could serve as a component in a multi-valent GXM motif vaccine, enhancing both strength and breadth of immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liporagi-Lopes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Junior, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscarson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine candidate against Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.04.578802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SREBP-dependent regulation of lipid homeostasis is required for progression and growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.04.578802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic reprogramming is a necessary component of oncogenesis and cancer progression that solid tumors undergo when their growth outstrips local nutrient supply. The supply of lipids such as cholesterol and fatty acids is required for continued tumor cell proliferation, and oncogenic mutations stimulate de novo lipogenesis to support tumor growth. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors control cellular lipid homeostasis by activating genes required for lipid synthesis and uptake. SREBPs have been implicated in the progression of multiple cancers, including brain, breast, colon, liver, and prostate. However, the role the SREBP pathway and its central regulator SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been studied in detail. Here, we demonstrated that pancreas-specific knockout of Scap has no effect on mouse pancreas development or function, allowing for examination of the role for Scap in the murine KPC model of PDAC. Notably, heterozygous loss of Scap prolonged survival in KPC mice, and homozygous loss of Scap impaired PDAC tumor progression. Using subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models, we showed that SCAP is required for human PDAC tumor growth. Mechanistically, chemical or genetic inhibition of the SREBP pathway prevented PDAC cell growth under low serum conditions due to a lack of lipid supply. Highlighting the clinical importance of this pathway, the SREBP pathway is broadly required for cancer cell growth, SREBP target genes are upregulated in human PDAC tumors, and increased expression of SREBP targets genes is associated with poor survival in PDAC patients. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SCAP and the SREBP pathway activity are essential for PDAC cell and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, identifying SCAP as a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.

SIGNIFICANCEOur findings demonstrate that SREBP pathway activation is a critical part of the metabolic reprogramming that occurs in PDAC development and progression. Therefore, targeting the SREBP pathway has significant therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishida, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewachiw, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasheed, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenshade, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.04.578802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SREBP-dependent regulation of lipid homeostasis is required for progression and growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.04.578838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transport activity regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis in renal tubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.04.578838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Renal tubules are featured with copious mitochondria and robust transport activity. Mutations in mitochondrial genes cause congenital renal tubulopathies, and changes in transport activity affect mitochondrial morphology, suggesting mitochondrial function and transport activity are tightly coupled. Current methods of using bulk kidney tissues or cultured cells to study mitochondrial bioenergetics are limited. Here, we optimized an extracellular flux analysis (EFA) to study mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism using microdissected mouse renal tubule segments. EFA detects mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis by measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates, respectively. We show that both measurements positively correlate with sample sizes of a few centimeter-length renal tubules. The thick ascending limbs (TALs) and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) predominantly utilize glucose/pyruvate as energy substrates, whereas proximal tubules (PTs) are significantly much less so. Acute inhibition of TALs transport activity by ouabain treatment reduces basal and ATP-linked mitochondrial respiration. Chronic inhibition of transport activity by 2-week furosemide treatment or deletion of with-no-lysine kinase 4 (Wnk4) decreases maximal mitochondrial capacity. In addition, chronic inhibition downregulates mitochondrial DNA mass and mitochondrial length/density in TALs and DCTs. Conversely, gain-of-function Wnk4 mutation increases maximal mitochondrial capacity and mitochondrial length/density without increasing mitochondrial DNA mass. In conclusion, EFA is a sensitive and reliable method to investigate mitochondrial functions in isolated renal tubules. Transport activity tightly regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis to meet the energy demand in renal tubules. The system allows future investigation into whether and how mitochondria contribute to tubular remodeling adapted to changes in transport activity.

Key pointsO_LIA positive correlation between salt reabsorption and oxygen consumption in mammalian kidneys hints at a potential interaction between transport activity and mitochondrial respiration in renal tubules.
C_LIO_LIRenal tubules are heterogeneous in transport activity and mitochondrial metabolism, and traditional assays using bulk kidney tissues cannot provide segment-specific information.
C_LIO_LIHere, we applied an extracellular flux analysis to investigate mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism in isolated renal tubules. This assay is sensitive in detecting oxygen consumption and acid production in centimeter-length renal tubules and reliably recapitulates segment-specific metabolic features.
C_LIO_LIAcute inhibition of transport activity reduces basal and ATP-linked mitochondrial respirations without changing maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Chronic alterations of transport activity further adjust maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacity via regulating mitochondrial biogenesis or non-transcriptional mechanisms.
C_LIO_LIOur findings support the concept that renal tubular cells finely adjust mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis to match the new steady state of transport activity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.04.578838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transport activity regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis in renal tubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host response during unresolved urinary tract infection alters mammary tissue homeostasis through collagen deposition and TIMP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to pathogens throughout a lifetime influences immunity and organ function. Here, we explored how the systemic host-response to bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) induces tissue-specific alterations to the mammary gland. Utilizing a combination of histological tissue analysis, single cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we identified that mammary tissue from UTI-bearing mice display collagen deposition, enlarged ductal structures, ductal hyperplasia with atypical epithelial transcriptomes and altered immune composition. Bacterial cells were absent in the mammary tissue and blood of UTI-bearing mice, therefore, alterations to the distal mammary tissue were mediated by the systemic host response to local infection. Furthermore, broad spectrum antibiotic treatment resolved the infection and restored mammary cellular and tissue homeostasis. Systemically, unresolved UTI correlated with increased plasma levels of the metalloproteinase inhibitor, TIMP1, which controls extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and neutrophil function. Treatment of nulliparous and post-lactation UTI-bearing female mice with a TIMP1 neutralizing antibody, or broad-spectrum antibiotic, prevented mammary collagen deposition, thus providing evidence for an unexpected link between the systemic host response during UTI and mammary alterations.

SummaryThe systemic response during urinary tract infection induces TIMP1-driven collagen deposition specifically into the mammary gland.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyrill, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundara, A. V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caligiuri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccone, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EGEBLAD, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dos Santos, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.578977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host response during unresolved urinary tract infection alters mammary tissue homeostasis through collagen deposition and TIMP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TBX5-dependent compartment boundary patterns the cardiac interventricular septum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failure of septation of the interventricular septum (IVS) is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD), but mechanisms for patterning the IVS are largely unknown. Here, we show that a Tbx5+/Mef2cAHF+ progenitor lineage forms a compartment boundary bisecting the IVS. This coordinated population originates at a first- and second heart field interface. Ablation of Tbx5+/Mef2cAHF+ progenitors cause IVS disorganization, right ventricular hypoplasia and mixing of IVS lineages. Reduced dosage of the CHD transcription factor TBX5 disrupts boundary position and integrity, resulting in ventricular septation defects (VSDs) and patterning defects, including misexpression of Slit2 and Ntn1, which encode guidance cues. Reducing NTN1 dosage partly rescues cardiac defects in Tbx5 mutant embryos. Loss of Slit2 or Ntn1 causes VSDs and perturbed septal lineage distributions. Thus, we identify Tbx5 as a candidate selector gene, directing progenitors and regulating essential cues, to pattern a compartment boundary for proper cardiac septation, revealing mechanisms for cardiac birth defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kathiriya, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muncie-Vasic, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hota, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garay, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukonnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel-Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.578995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TBX5-dependent compartment boundary patterns the cardiac interventricular septum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate stiffness modulates the emergence and magnitude of senescence phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a major driver of aging and disease. Here we show that substrate stiffness modulates the emergence and magnitude of senescence phenotypes after exposure to senescence inducers. Using a primary dermal fibroblast model, we show that decreased substrate stiffness accelerates senescence-associated cell-cycle arrest and regulates the expression of conventional protein-based biomarkers of senescence. We found that the expression of these senescence biomarkers, namely p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4a are mechanosensitive and are in-part regulated by myosin contractility through focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-ROCK signaling. Interestingly, at the protein level senescence-induced dermal fibroblasts on soft substrates (0.5 kPa) do not express p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4a at comparable levels to induced cells on stiff substrates (4GPa). However, cells express CDKN1a, CDKN2a, and IL6 at the RNA level across both stiff and soft substrates. Moreover, when cells are transferred from soft to stiff substrates, senescent cells recover an elevated expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4a at levels comparable to senescence cells on stiff substrates, pointing to a mechanosensitive regulation of the senescence phenotype. Together, our results indicate that the emergent senescence phenotype depends critically on the local mechanical environments of cells and that senescent cells actively respond to changing mechanical cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanrioven, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaluso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eoh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate stiffness modulates the emergence and magnitude of senescence phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.578652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural basis of self-control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.578652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-control is the capacity to inhibit self-defeating behavior in the face of temptation. The neural basis of self-control remains elusive, due to the difficulty of disentangling self-control from value-based economic choice. To overcome this problem, we designed a novel task for monkeys that allows to identify states of high and low self-control. We found that neurons in the Supplementary Eye Field encode self-control and predict whether and when monkeys give in to temptation. This neuronal activity was present early in the trial, even preceding presentation of choice options. Our findings suggest that Supplementary Eye Field is part of a neuronal circuit exerting proactive self-control, which is crucial for selecting and maintaining the pursuit of costly goals that are beneficial in the long run.

One-Sentence SummarySupplementary eye field encodes proactive self-control signals independent from cost-benefit estimation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeric, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.578652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural basis of self-control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.09.579615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule-dependent orchestration of centriole amplification in brain multiciliated cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.09.579615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiciliated cell (MCC) differentiation is a calibrated version of the canonical cell cycle. The MCC cell cycle variant sustains amplification of centrioles for the nucleation of dozens of motile cilia, while avoiding cell division. In this study, we show that the MCC cell cycle variant is also an accelerated version of the canonical cell cycle, which superposes two cycles of centriole biogenesis, in order to obtain multiple mature centrioles within a single -instead of double-cell cycle iteration. We further show that the precocious maturation of amplified procentrioles is even determinant for their spatial self-organization, disengagement and apical migration for cilia nucleation. Our findings collectively suggest that the decomposition of centriole biogenesis over two cycle iterations in dividing cells may have been adopted to ensure the growth of a solitary primary cilium, and exemplify how minimal deviations of the canonical cell cycle allows MCC progenitors to both amplify, and accelerate, centriole biogenesis for vital motile ciliogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boudjema, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balague, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoMastro, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Jord, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucourt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgehyr, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spassky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule-dependent orchestration of centriole amplification in brain multiciliated cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.577842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lateral habenula is required for maternal behavior in the mouse dam 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.577842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian parenting is an unusually demanding commitment. How did evolution co-opt the reward system to ensure parental care? Previous work has implicated the lateral habenula (LHb), an epithalamic nucleus, as a potential intersection of parenting behavior and reward. Here, we examine the role of the LHb in the maternal behavior of naturally parturient mouse dams. We show that kainic acid lesions of the LHb induced a severe maternal neglect phenotype in dams towards their biological pups. Next, we demonstrate that through chronic chemogenetic inactivation of the LHb using DREADDs impaired acquisition and performance of various maternal behaviors, such as pup retrieval and nesting. We present a random intercepts model suggesting LHb-inactivation prevents the acquisition of the novel pup retrieval maternal behavior and decreases nest building performance, an already-established behavior, in primiparous mouse dams. Lastly, we examine the spatial histology of kainic-acid treated dams with a random intercepts model, which suggests that the role of LHb in maternal behavior may be preferentially localized at the posterior aspect of this structure. Together, these findings serve to establish the LHb as required for maternal behavior in the mouse dam, thereby complementing previous findings implicating the LHb in parental behavior using pup-sensitized virgin female mice.

Significance StatementWork conducted using rats in the 1990s suggested an important role for the LHb in maternal behavior, but this area of research has since lain dormant. In the interim, the LHb has been garnering attention as a hub for punishment signaling. Recently, interest in the LHbs role in maternal behavior was renewed, with an important paper examining LHb function during pup-directed behaviors in pup-sensitized virgin female mice. But it is unknown how closely pup-directed behaviors in sensitized virgin females may mimic maternal behavior in natural mouse mothers. This work demonstrates the importance of the LHb in the regulation of natural maternal behavior in the mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benedict, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cudmore, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.577842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lateral habenula is required for maternal behavior in the mouse dam]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous Bump Attractor Networks Require Explicit Error Coding for Gain Recalibration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representations of continuous variables are crucial to create internal models of the external world. A prevailing model of how the brain maintains these representations is given by continuous bump attractor networks (CBANs) in a broad range of brain functions across different areas, such as spatial navigation in hippocampal/entorhinal circuits and working memory in prefrontal cortex. Through recurrent connections, a CBAN maintains a persistent activity bump, whose peak location can vary along a neural space, corresponding to different values of a continuous variable. To track the value of a continuous variable changing over time, a CBAN updates the location of its activity bump based on inputs that encode the changes in the continuous variable (e.g., movement velocity in the case of spatial navigation)--a process akin to mathematical integration. This integration process is not perfect and accumulates error over time. For error correction, CBANs can use additional inputs providing ground-truth information about the continuous variables correct value (e.g., visual landmarks for spatial navigation). These inputs enable the network dynamics to automatically correct any representation error. Recent experimental work on hippocampal place cells has shown that, beyond correcting errors, ground-truth inputs also fine-tune the gain of the integration process, a crucial factor that links the change in the continuous variable to the updating of the activity bumps location. However, existing CBAN models lack this plasticity, offering no insights into the neural mechanisms and representations involved in the recalibration of the integration gain. In this paper, we explore this gap by using a ring attractor network, a specific type of CBAN, to model the experimental conditions that demonstrated gain recalibration in hippocampal place cells. Our analysis reveals the necessary conditions for neural mechanisms behind gain recalibration within a CBAN. Unlike error correction, which occurs through network dynamics based on ground-truth inputs, gain recalibration requires an additional neural signal that explicitly encodes the error in the networks representation via a rate code. Finally, we propose a modified ring attractor network as an example CBAN model that verifies our theoretical findings. Combining an error-rate code with Hebbian synaptic plasticity, this model achieves recalibration of integration gain in a CBAN, ensuring accurate representation for continuous variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Secer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.579874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous Bump Attractor Networks Require Explicit Error Coding for Gain Recalibration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.579966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRM1 regulates androgen receptor stability and impacts DNA repair pathways in prostate cancer, independent of the androgen receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.579966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the known nuclear exportins, CRM1 is the most studied prototype. Dysregulation of CRM1 occurs in many cancers, hence, understanding the role of CRM1 in cancer can help in developing synergistic therapeutics. The study investigates how CRM1 affects prostate cancer growth and survival. It examines the role of CRM1 in regulating androgen receptor (AR) and DNA repair in prostate cancer. Our findings reveal that CRM1 influences AR mRNA and protein stability, leading to a loss of AR protein upon CRM1 inhibition. Furthermore, it highlights the involvement of HSP90 alpha, a known AR chaperone, in the CRM1-dependent regulation of AR protein stability. The combination of CRM1 inhibition with an HSP90 inhibitor demonstrates potent effects on decreasing prostate cancer cell growth and survival. The study further explores the influence of CRM1 on DNA repair proteins and proposes a strategy of combining CRM1 inhibitors with DNA repair pathway inhibitors to decrease prostate cancer growth. Overall, the findings suggest that CRM1 plays a crucial role in prostate cancer growth, and a combination of inhibitors targeting CRM1 and DNA repair pathways could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owoyemi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyapati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topiwala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denmeade, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carducci, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.579966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRM1 regulates androgen receptor stability and impacts DNA repair pathways in prostate cancer, independent of the androgen receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary Cytoskeletal Feedback Loops Control Signal Transduction Excitability and Cell Polarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To move through complex environments, cells must constantly integrate chemical and mechanical cues. Signaling networks, such as those comprising Ras and PI3K, transmit chemical cues to the cytoskeleton, but the cytoskeleton must also relay mechanical information back to those signaling systems. Using novel synthetic tools to acutely control specific elements of the cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium and neutrophils, we delineate feedback mechanisms that alter the signaling network and promote front- or back-states of the cell membrane and cortex. First, increasing branched actin assembly increases Ras/PI3K activation while reducing polymeric actin levels overall decreases activation. Second, reducing myosin II assembly immediately increases Ras/PI3K activation and sensitivity to chemotactic stimuli. Third, inhibiting branched actin alone increases cortical actin assembly and strongly blocks Ras/PI3K activation. This effect is mitigated by reducing filamentous actin levels and in cells lacking myosin II. Finally, increasing actin crosslinking with a controllable activator of cytoskeletal regulator RacE leads to a large decrease in Ras activation both globally and locally. Curiously, RacE activation can trigger cell spreading and protrusion with no detectable activation of branched actin nucleators. Taken together with legacy data that Ras/PI3K promotes branched actin assembly and myosin II disassembly, our results define front- and back-promoting positive feedback loops. We propose that these loops play a crucial role in establishing cell polarity and mediating signal integration by controlling the excitable state of the signal transduction networks in respective regions of the membrane and cortex. This interplay enables cells to navigate intricate topologies like tissues containing other cells, the extracellular matrix, and fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary Cytoskeletal Feedback Loops Control Signal Transduction Excitability and Cell Polarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UHRF1 ubiquitin ligase activity supports the maintenance of low-density CpG methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RING E3 ubiquitin ligase UHRF1 is an established cofactor for DNA methylation inheritance. Nucleosomal engagement through histone and DNA interactions directs UHRF1 ubiquitin ligase activity toward lysines on histone H3 tails, creating binding sites for DNMT1 through ubiquitin interacting motifs (UIM1 and UIM2). Here, we profile contributions of UHRF1 and DNMT1 to genome-wide DNA methylation inheritance and dissect specific roles for ubiquitin signaling in this process. We reveal DNA methylation maintenance at low-density CpGs is vulnerable to disruption of UHRF1 ubiquitin ligase activity and DNMT1 ubiquitin reading activity through UIM1. Hypomethylation of low-density CpGs in this manner induces formation of partially methylated domains (PMD), a methylation signature observed across human cancers. Furthermore, disrupting DNMT1 UIM2 function abolishes DNA methylation maintenance. Collectively, we show DNMT1-dependent DNA methylation inheritance is a ubiquitin-regulated process and suggest a disrupted UHRF1-DNMT1 ubiquitin signaling axis contributes to the development of PMDs in human cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiedemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothbart, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UHRF1 ubiquitin ligase activity supports the maintenance of low-density CpG methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact centriole counts are critical for B cell development but not function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrioles define centrosome structure and function. Deregulation of centriole numbers can cause developmental defects and foster malignant disease. The p53 tumor suppressor limits the growth of cells lacking or harboring additional centrioles and can be engaged by the "mitotic surveillance" or the "PIDDosome pathway", respectively. Here, we show that early B cell progenitors frequently present extra centrioles that are rapidly lost during maturation. Increasing centriole counts beyond physiological levels by Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) overexpression induces apoptosis, suggesting clearance of such cells during development. Remarkably, this apoptotic response is independent of PIDD1 or p53, but can be blocked by excess BCL2. In contrast, loss of centrosomes upon Plk4 deletion arrests B cell development at the pro B cell stage. This defect can be rescued by co-deletion of Usp28, a critical component of the mitotic surveillance pathway that restores cell number and function in the absence of centrioles. In both scenarios, too many and too few centrosomes, mitochondrial apoptosis is engaged to kill B cells with abnormal centriole counts during their development with progenitor B cells being intolerant to centriole loss but permissive to centriole amplification. Unexpectedly, our findings show that centrioles are dispensable for mounting an effective humoral immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schapfl, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoMastro, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiermaier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villunger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact centriole counts are critical for B cell development but not function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila histone methyl-transferase SET1 coordinates multiple signaling pathways in regulating male germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cell types come from tissue-specific adult stem cells that maintain the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Here, we study how the H3K4me3 methyltransferase, Set1, regulates early-stage male germ cell proliferation and differentiation in Drosophila. Early-stage germline-specific knockdown of set1 results in a temporally progressed defects, arising as germ cell loss and developing to overpopulated early-stage germ cells. These germline defects also impact the niche architecture and cyst stem cell lineage in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Additionally, wild-type Set1, but not the catalytically inactive Set1, could rescue the set1 knockdown phenotypes, highlighting the functional importance of the methyl-transferase activity of the Set1 enzyme. Further, RNA-seq experiments reveal key signaling pathway components, such as the JAK-STAT pathway gene stat92E and the BMP pathway gene mad, that are upregulated upon set1 knockdown. Genetic interaction assays support the functional relationships between set1 and JAK-STAT or BMP pathways, as mutations of both the stat92E and mad genes suppress the set1 knockdown phenotypes. These findings enhance our understanding of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in an adult stem cell lineage. The germ cell loss followed by over-proliferation phenotypes when inhibiting a histone methyl-transferase raise concerns about using their inhibitors in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidaurre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila histone methyl-transferase SET1 coordinates multiple signaling pathways in regulating male germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Short-TE and Hadamard-edited Multi-Sequence (ISTHMUS) for Advanced MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTo examine data quality and reproducibility using ISTHMUS, which has been implemented as the standardized MR spectroscopy sequence for the multi-site Healthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study.

MethodsISTHMUS is the consecutive acquisition of short-TE PRESS (32 transients) and long-TE HERCULES (224 transients) data with dual-TE water reference scans. Voxels were positioned in the centrum semiovale, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and bilateral thalamus regions. After acquisition, ISTHMUS data were separated into the PRESS and HERCULES portions for analysis and modeled separately using Osprey. In vivo experiments were performed in 10 healthy volunteers (6 female; 29.5{+/-}6.6 years). Each volunteer underwent two scans on the same day. Differences in metabolite measurements were examined. T2 correction based on the dual-TE water integrals were compared with: 1) T2 correction based the default white matter and gray matter T2 reference values in Osprey; 2) shorter WM and GM T2 values from recent literature; and 3) reduced CSF fractions.

ResultsNo significant difference in linewidth was observed between PRESS and HERCULES. Bilateral thalamus spectra had produced significantly higher (p<0.001) linewidth compared to the other three regions. Linewidth measurements were similar between scans, with scan-to-scan differences under 1 Hz for most subjects. Paired t-tests indicated a significant difference only in PRESS NAAG between the two thalamus scans (p=0.002). T2 correction based on shorter T2 values showed better agreement to the dual-TE water integral ratio.

ConclusionsISTHMUS facilitated and standardized acquisition and post-processing and reduced operator workload to eliminate potential human error.

HighlightsO_LIISTHMUS has been implemented into the HBCD study protocol.
C_LIO_LIIt acquires both short-TE and Hadamard-edited transients.
C_LIO_LIISTHMUS reduces operator workload.
C_LIO_LIISTHMUS potentially allows improved T2 relaxation correction
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagoski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Short-TE and Hadamard-edited Multi-Sequence (ISTHMUS) for Advanced MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neural Network Approach to Identify Left-Right Orientation of Anatomical Brain MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Left-right orientation misidentification in brain MRIs presents significant challenges due to several factors, including metadata loss or ambiguity, which often occurs during the de-identification of medical images for research, conversion between image formats, software operations that strip or overwrite metadata, and the use of older imaging systems that stored orientation differently. This study presents a novel application of deep-learning to enhance the accuracy of left-right orientation identification in anatomical brain MRI scans. A three-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network model was trained using 350 MRIs and evaluated on eight distinct brain MRI databases, totaling 3,384 MRIs, to assess its performance across various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. The proposed deep-learning framework demonstrated a 99.6% accuracy in identifying the left-right orientation, thus addressing challenges associated with the loss of orientation metadata. GradCAM was used to visualize areas of the brain where the model focused, demonstrating the importance of the right planum temporale and surrounding areas in judging left-right orientation. The planum temporale is known to exhibit notable left-right asymmetry related to language functions, underscoring the biological validity of the model. More than half of the ten left-right misidentified MRIs involved notable brain feature variations, such as severe temporal lobe atrophy, arachnoidal cysts adjacent to the temporal lobe, or unusual cerebral torque, indicating areas for further investigation. This approach offers a potential solution to the persistent issue of left-right misorientation in brain MRIs and supports the reliability of neuroscientific research by ensuring accurate data interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishimaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyatomi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neural Network Approach to Identify Left-Right Orientation of Anatomical Brain MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.580982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathologic α-Synuclein-NOD2 Interaction and RIPK2 Activation Drives Microglia-Induced Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.580982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological aggregation of -Synuclein (-Syn) and neuroinflammation are closely linked to Parkinsons disease (PD). However, the specific regulators of the neuroinflammation caused by pathological -syn remain obscure. In this study, we show that NOD2/RIPK2 signaling is a crucial regulator of neuroinflammation in PD. Pathological -syn binds to NOD2, causing self-oligomerization and complex formation with RIPK2, leading to RIPK2 ubiquitination and activation of MAPK and NF-kB. Notably, this NOD2/RIPK2 signaling is particularly active in microglia of human PD brains and the -Syn preformed fibril (-Syn PFF) mouse model. Depleting NOD2 or RIPK2 reduces neuroinflammation and protects against dopamine neuron degeneration in a pathologic -Syn mouse model by blocking the formation of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes caused by microglia activation. The discovery of NOD2/RIPK2 signaling as a key regulator of neuroinflammation in PD provides a new understanding of -Syn-driven neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD and a potential new therapeutic strategy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/580982v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (74K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10c010aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1183b23org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d289dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@158b6ef_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In briefPathological -Synuclein (-Syn) binds to the microglial NOD2 protein, which in turn triggers NOD2/RIPK2 complex and RIPK2 phosphorylation/ubiquitination. This process activates the NF-kB/MAPK pathways, ultimately leading to neurotoxic reactive astrocyte-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Depletion of RIPK2 (RIPK2 KO) or NOD2 (NOD2) protects dopamine neurons in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease (PD). These findings provide insights into -Syn-driven neuroinflammation and offer potential therapeutic strategies for PD.

HighlightsNOD2/RIPK2 signaling is identified as a crucial regulator of neuroinflammation in PD.
NOD2/RIPK2 signaling is highly active in microglia in human PD brains and -Syn PFF mouse models.
Pathological -Syn binds to NOD2, triggering self-oligomerization and RIPK2 complex formation, leading to MAPK and NF-kB activation
Genetic depletion of NOD2 or RIPK2 reduces neuroinflammation and protects dopamine neurons by blocking the formation of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.580982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathologic α-Synuclein-NOD2 Interaction and RIPK2 Activation Drives Microglia-Induced Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Insights into Psychosis Proneness, Brain Function, and Environmental Factors among Young Individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExperiencing symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions and hallucinations, are observed in general, nonclinical populations. These experiences are sometimes described as psychosis proneness (PP) and potentially part of the psychosis continuum. The directional relationships among various factors contributing to psychosis proneness and its interactions, encompassing both environmental and neural mechanisms, lack comprehensive description. We aimed to identify targets to prevent psychosis proneness and its interactions by characterizing pathways using causal discovery analysis (CDA).

MethodsParticipants were 194 healthy adolescent and young adult twin and sibling pairs aged between 14-24 years from Turkiye. They completed comprehensive assessments evaluating sociodemographic status, environmental risk, general intelligence, self-schema, PP, and working memory (WM) performance during fMRI (37 variables). CDA was applied, a novel machine learning algorithm, to understand the causal relationships of PP.

ResultsThe analysis identified negative self-schema as having the largest causal effect among all assessments in PP [Effect size (ES)= 0.55]. Secondly, social cohesion and trust (SC&T) had a protective causal effect on PP [ES= -0.18]. Lastly, PP was identified as a direct cause of greater activation in DLPFC (BA9a-BA46v) during manipulation in the WM (ES= 0.14).

ConclusionsCDA provides directionality of the 37 variables which were not presented earlier. The findings highlight the significance of negative self-schema and SC&T in the general population with PP, emphasizing the potential for preventive interventions targeting these factors. These findings also suggest a role for DLPFC as a potential target in this regard. To our knowledge, this is the first study using data-driven analysis to model causal mechanisms in PP in the general population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahin-Ilikoglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummerfeld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawls, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toulopoulou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.581044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Insights into Psychosis Proneness, Brain Function, and Environmental Factors among Young Individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voice patches in the marmoset auditory cortex revealed by wide-field calcium imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species-specific vocalizations are behaviorally critical sounds. Similar to faces, species-specific vocalizations are important for the survival and social interactions of both humans and vocal animals. Face patches have been found in the brains of both human and non-human primates. In humans, a voice patch system has been identified on the lateral superior temporal gurus (STG) that is selective to human voices over other sounds. In non-human primates, while vocalization-selective regions were found on the rostral portion of the temporal lobe outside of the auditory cortex in both macaques and marmosets using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it is yet clear whether vocalization-selective regions are present in the auditory cortex. Using wide-field calcium imaging, a technique with both high temporal and high spatial resolution, we discovered two voice patches in the marmoset auditory cortex that preferentially respond to marmoset vocalizations over other sounds and carry call types and identity information. One patch is located on the posterior primary auditory cortex (A1), and the other one is located on the anterior non-core region of the auditory cortex. These voice patches are functionally connected and hierarchically organized as shown by latency and selectivity analyses. Our findings reveal the existence of voice patches in the auditory cortex of marmosets and support the notion that similar cortical architectures are adapted for recognizing communication signals for both vocalizations and faces in different primate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmanski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.581089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voice patches in the marmoset auditory cortex revealed by wide-field calcium imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rejuvenating silicon probes for acute electrophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiological recording with a new probe often yields better signal quality than with a used probe. Why does the signal quality degrade after only a few experiments? Here, we considered silicon probes in which the contacts are densely packed, and each is coated with a conductive polymer that increases its surface area. We tested 12 Cambridge Neurotech silicon probes during 61 recording sessions from the brain of 3 marmosets. Out of the box, each probe arrived with an electrodeposited polymer coating on 64 gold contacts, and an impedance of around 50k Ohms. With repeated use, the impedance increased and there was a corresponding decrease in the number of well-isolated neurons. Imaging of the probes suggested that the reduction in signal quality was due to a gradual loss of the polymer coating. To rejuvenate the probes, we first stripped the contacts, completely removing their polymer coating, and then recoated them in a solution of 10 mM EDOT monomer with 32 uM PSS using a current density of about 3mA/cm2 for 30 seconds. This recoating process not only returned probe impedance to around 50k Ohms, it also yielded significantly improved signal quality during neurophysiological recordings. Thus, insertion into the brain promoted loss of the polymer that coated the contacts of the silicon probes. This led to degradation of signal quality, but recoating rejuvenated the probes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porwal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rejuvenating silicon probes for acute electrophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous protein and RNA analysis in single extracellular vesicles, including viruses: SPIRFISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interest in using nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic RNA has been steadily growing, provoking a need to precisely understand their structure and contents. Single-particle and single-molecule analysis techniques provide snapshots of single biological nanoparticles, including viruses, liposomes, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). While existing methods primarily focus on protein detection, RNA delivery is becoming increasingly prevalent. A method to simultaneously detect protein and internal RNA in the same particle would reveal variability in size, structure, and RNA packaging efficiency, enabling optimization of nanoparticle delivery. Here, we introduce SPIRFISH, a high-throughput method for single-particle protein and RNA analysis, combining single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS) with single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization (smFISH). Using SPIRFISH, we detect HIV-1 envelope protein and genomic RNA within single infectious virions, allowing resolution against EV background and noninfectious virions. We further show that SPIRFISH can be used to detect specific RNA within EVs. SPIRFISH should enable single particle analysis of a broad class of RNA-containing nanoparticles.

Teaser: A new single particle analysis technique simultaneously detects specific RNA and protein in biological nanoparticles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troyer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous protein and RNA analysis in single extracellular vesicles, including viruses: SPIRFISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of novel tools for dissection of central versus peripheral dopamine D2-like receptor signaling in dysglycemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery are key modulators of metabolism. Moreover, disruption of D2-like receptor signaling is implicated in dysglycemia. Yet, the respective metabolic contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2-like receptors including D2 (D2R) and D3 (D3R) receptors remain poorly understood. To address this, we developed new pharmacological tools, D2-like receptor agonists with diminished and delayed blood-brain barrier capability, to selectively manipulate D2R/D3R signaling in the periphery. We designated bromocriptine methiodide (BrMeI), a quaternary methiodide analogue of D2/3R agonist and diabetes drug bromocriptine, as our lead compound based on preservation of D2R/D3R binding and functional efficacy. We then used BrMeI and unmodified bromocriptine to dissect relative contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2R/D3R signaling in treating dysglycemia. Systemic administration of bromocriptine, with unrestricted access to CNS and peripheral targets, significantly improved both insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese, dysglycemic mice in vivo. In contrast, metabolic improvements were attenuated when access to bromocriptine was restricted either to the CNS through intracerebroventricular administration or delayed access to the CNS via BrMeI. Our findings demonstrate that the coordinated actions of both CNS and peripheral D2-like receptors are required for correcting dysglycemia. Ultimately, the development of a first-generation of drugs designed to selectively target the periphery provides a blueprint for dissecting mechanisms of central versus peripheral DA signaling and paves the way for novel strategies to treat dysglycemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonifazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farino, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslanoglou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantilla-Rivas, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boateng, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of novel tools for dissection of central versus peripheral dopamine D2-like receptor signaling in dysglycemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of plant prickles is drivenby repeated gene co-option over deep time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An enduring question in evolutionary biology concerns the degree to which episodes of convergent trait evolution depend on the same genetic programs, particularly over long timescales. Here we genetically dissected repeated origins and losses of prickles, sharp epidermal projections, that convergently evolved in numerous plant lineages. Mutations in a cytokinin hormone biosynthetic gene caused at least 16 independent losses of prickles in eggplants and wild relatives in the genus Solanum. Strikingly, homologs promote prickle formation across angiosperms that collectively diverged over 150 million years ago. By developing new Solanum genetic systems, we leveraged this discovery to eliminate prickles in a wild species and an indigenously foraged berry. Our findings implicate a shared hormone-activation genetic program underlying evolutionarily widespread and recurrent instances of plant morphological innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramazio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalacqua, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilgenhof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizenga, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendahmane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prohens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of plant prickles is drivenby repeated gene co-option over deep time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitinated histone H2B as gatekeeper of the nucleosome acidic patch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoubiquitination of histones H2B-K120 (H2BK120ub) and H2A-K119 (H2AK119ub) play opposing roles in regulating transcription and chromatin compaction. H2BK120ub is a hallmark of actively transcribed euchromatin, while H2AK119ub is highly enriched in transcriptionally repressed heterochromatin. Whereas H2BK120ub is known to stimulate the binding or activity of various chromatin-modifying enzymes, this post-translational modification (PTM) also interferes with the binding of several proteins to the nucleosome H2A/H2B acidic patch via an unknown mechanism. Here we report cryoEM structures of an H2BK120ub nucleosome showing that ubiquitin adopts discrete positions that occlude the acidic patch. Molecular dynamics simulations show that ubiquitin remains stably positioned over this nucleosome region. By contrast, our cryoEM structures of H2AK119ub nucleosomes show ubiquitin adopting discrete positions that minimally occlude the acidic patch. Consistent with these observations, H2BK120ub, but not H2AK119ub, abrogates nucleosome interactions with acidic patch-binding proteins RCC1 and LANA, and single-domain antibodies specific to this region. Our results suggest a mechanism by which H2BK120ub serves as a gatekeeper to the acidic patch and point to distinct roles for histone H2AK119 and H2BK120 ubiquitination in regulating protein binding to nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husby, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitinated histone H2B as gatekeeper of the nucleosome acidic patch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MaizeCODE reveals bi-directionally expressed enhancers that harbor molecular signatures of maize domestication. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern maize was domesticated from Teosinte parviglumis, with subsequent introgressions from Teosinte mexicana, yielding increased kernel row number, loss of the hard fruit case and dissociation from the cob upon maturity, as well as fewer tillers. Molecular approaches have identified several transcription factors involved in the development of these traits, yet revealed that a complex regulatory network is at play. MaizeCODE deploys ENCODE strategies to catalog regulatory regions in the maize genome, generating histone modification and transcription factor ChIP-seq in parallel with transcriptomics datasets in 5 tissues of 3 inbred lines which span the phenotypic diversity of maize, as well as the teosinte inbred TIL11. Integrated analysis of these datasets resulted in the identification of a comprehensive set of regulatory regions in each inbred, and notably of distal enhancers which were differentiated from gene bodies by their lack of H3K4me1. Many of these distal enhancers expressed non- coding enhancer RNAs bi-directionally, reminiscent of "super enhancers" in animal genomes. We show that pollen grains are the most differentiated tissue at the transcriptomic level, and share features with endosperm that may be related to McClintocks chromosome breakage- fusion-bridge cycle. Conversely, ears have the least conservation between maize and teosinte, both in gene expression and within regulatory regions, reflecting conspicuous morphological differences selected during domestication. The identification of molecular signatures of domestication in transcriptional regulatory regions provides a framework for directed breeding strategies in maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regulski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Santis Alves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chougule, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drenkow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufford, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingeras, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MaizeCODE reveals bi-directionally expressed enhancers that harbor molecular signatures of maize domestication.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.580911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicotinamide riboside activates renal metabolism and protects the kidney in a model of Alport syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.580911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with renal metabolic disturbances, including impaired fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a small molecule that participates in hundreds of metabolism-related reactions. NAD+ levels are decreased in CKD, and NAD+ supplementation is protective. However, both the mechanism of how NAD+ supplementation protects from CKD, as well as the cell types involved, are poorly understood. Using a mouse model of Alport syndrome, we show that nicotinamide riboside (NR), an NAD+ precursor, stimulates renal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha signaling and restores FAO in the proximal tubules, thereby protecting from CKD in both sexes. Bulk RNA-sequencing shows that renal metabolic pathways are impaired in Alport mice and activated by NR in both sexes. These transcriptional changes are confirmed by orthogonal imaging techniques and biochemical assays. Single nuclei RNA-sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, both the first of their kind from Alport mice, show that NAD+ supplementation restores FAO in proximal tubule cells. Finally, we also report, for the first time, sex differences at the transcriptional level in this Alport model. In summary, we identify a nephroprotective mechanism of NAD+ supplementation in CKD, and we demonstrate that the proximal tubule cells substantially contribute to this benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gisch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadiq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taranenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolowicz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.580911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicotinamide riboside activates renal metabolism and protects the kidney in a model of Alport syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognate Antigen Engagement Induces HIV-1 Expression In CD4+ T Cells From People On Long-Term ART 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists in latently-infected CD4+ T cells, preventing cure. Antigens drive the proliferation of infected cells, precluding latent reservoir decay. However, the relationship between antigen recognition and HIV-1 gene expression is poorly understood since most studies of latency reversal use agents that induce non-specific global T cell activation. Here, we isolated rare CD4+ T cells responding to cytomegalovirus (CMV) or HIV-1 Gag antigens from participants on long-term ART and assessed T cell activation and HIV-1 RNA expression upon co-culture with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) presenting cognate antigens. Physiological presentation of cognate antigens induced broad T cell activation (median 42-fold increase in CD154+CD69+ cells) and significantly increased HIV-1 transcription (median 4-fold), mostly through the induction of rare cells with higher viral expression. Thus, despite low proviral inducibility, physiologic antigen recognition can promote HIV-1 expression, potentially contributing to spontaneous reservoir activity on ART and viral rebound upon ART interruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moskovjlevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Board, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mounzer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognate Antigen Engagement Induces HIV-1 Expression In CD4+ T Cells From People On Long-Term ART]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linewidth-related bias in modelled concentration estimates from GABA-edited 1H-MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
J-difference-edited MRS is widely used to study GABA in the human brain. Editing for low-concentration target molecules (such as GABA) typically exhibits lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than conventional non-edited MRS, varying with acquisition region, volume and duration. Moreover, spectral lineshape may be influenced by age-, pathology-, or brain-region-specific effects of metabolite T2, or by task-related blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) changes in functional MRS contexts. Differences in both SNR and lineshape may have systematic effects on concentration estimates derived from spectral modelling.

The present study characterises the impact of lineshape and SNR on GABA+ estimates from different modelling algorithms: FSL-MRS, Gannet, LCModel, Osprey, spant and Tarquin. Publicly available multi-site GABA-edited data (222 healthy subjects from 20 sites; conventional MEGA-PRESS editing; TE = 68 ms) were pre-processed with a standardised pipeline, then filtered to apply controlled levels of Lorentzian and Gaussian linebroadening and SNR reduction.

Increased Lorentzian linewidth was associated with a 2-5% decrease in GABA+ estimates per Hz, observed consistently (albeit to varying degrees) across datasets and most algorithms. Weaker, often opposing effects were observed for Gaussian linebroadening. Variations are likely caused by differing baseline parametrization and lineshape constraints between models. Effects of linewidth on other metabolites (e.g., Glx and tCr) varied, suggesting that a linewidth confound may persist after scaling to an internal reference.

These findings indicate a potentially significant confound for studies where linewidth may differ systematically between groups or experimental conditions, e.g. due to T2 differences between brain regions, age, or pathology, or varying T2* due to BOLD-related changes. We conclude that linewidth effects need to be rigorously considered during experimental design and data processing, for example by incorporating linewidth into statistical analysis of modelling outcomes or development of appropriate lineshape matching algorithms.

HighlightsO_LIIn-vivo GABA-edited 1H-MRS data from 222 subjects were filtered to simulate varying linewidth and SNR conditions
C_LIO_LIFiltered datasets were quantified with six different modelling algorithms to assess the impact of linewidth and SNR on the metabolite level estimates.
C_LIO_LISynthetic spectra with controlled GABA+ levels and in-vivo-like background signals (applied incrementally) were also assessed.
C_LIO_LIFor both in-vivo and synthetic datasets, GABA+ estimates showed a significant association with Lorentzian linewidth across most algorithms, even for small changes in linewidth.
C_LIO_LIWeaker, often opposing associations were observed for Gaussian linebroadening.
C_LIO_LIThis indicates a potentially significant confound for studies where linewidth or lineshape may be expected to differ, even slightly, between groups.
C_LIO_LIThe need for appropriate strategies to account for lineshape differences is highlighted.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=173 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/582249v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (51K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@612fbaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8462aforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16af040org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c3141f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG To assess the degree to which aspects of linewidth, lineshape and SNR may confound GABA+ estimates, a collection of in-vivo datasets were quantified with six modelling algorithms, with linebroadening and SNR varied experimentally. Most algorithms showed a strong association between GABA+ estimate and Lorentzian linebroadening (2-5% decrease per Hz), with weaker effects for Gaussian broadening. This indicates a potentially significant confound in cases of differing relaxation parameters between groups or experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craven, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ersland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugdahl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linewidth-related bias in modelled concentration estimates from GABA-edited 1H-MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Lung Cancer Mouse Model Database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits diverse histological subtypes and genetic complexities. Numerous preclinical mouse models have been developed to study lung cancer, but data from these models are disparate, siloed, and difficult to compare in a centralized fashion. Here we established the Lung Cancer Mouse Model Database (LCMMDB), an extensive repository of 1,354 samples from 77 transcriptomic datasets covering 974 samples from genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), 368 samples from carcinogen-induced models, and 12 samples from a spontaneous model. Meticulous curation and collaboration with data depositors have produced a robust and comprehensive database, enhancing the fidelity of the genetic landscape it depicts. The LCMMDB aligns 859 tumors from GEMMs with human lung cancer mutations, enabling comparative analysis and revealing a pressing need to broaden the diversity of genetic aberrations modeled in GEMMs. Accompanying this resource, we developed a web application that offers researchers intuitive tools for in-depth gene expression analysis. With standardized reprocessing of gene expression data, the LCMMDB serves as a powerful platform for cross-study comparison and lays the groundwork for future research, aiming to bridge the gap between mouse models and human lung cancer for improved translational relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minna, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Lung Cancer Mouse Model Database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of justification for and gender bias in author order among those contributing equally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The practice of designating two or more authors as equal contributors (EC) on a scientific publication is increasingly common as a form of sharing credit. However, EC authors are often unclearly attributed on CVs or citation engines, and it is unclear how research teams determine author order within an EC listing. In response to studies showing that male authors were more likely to be placed first in an EC listing, the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) required that authors explain the reasons for author order beginning in 2020. In this study we analyze data from over 2500 ASM publications to see how this policy affected gender bias and how research teams are making decisions on author order. Data on publications from 2018-2021 show that gender bias was largely nonsignificant both before and after authors were asked by ASM to provide an EC statement. The most likely reasons for EC order included alphabetical order, seniority, and chance, although there were differences for publications from different geographic regions. However, many research teams used unique methods in order selection, highlighting the importance of EC statements to provide clarity for readers, funding agencies, and tenure committees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattoon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of justification for and gender bias in author order among those contributing equally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermal Characterization and Preclinical Validation of an Accessible, Carbon Dioxide-Based Cryotherapy System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To investigate the potential of an affordable cryotherapy device for accessible treatment of breast cancer, the performance of a novel carbon dioxide-based device was evaluated through both benchtop and in vivo canine models. This novel device was quantitatively compared to a commercial device that utilizes argon gas as the cryogen. The thermal behavior of each device was characterized through calorimetry and by measuring the temperature profiles of iceballs generated in tissue phantoms. A 45-minute treatment from the carbon dioxide device in a tissue phantom produced a 1.67 {+/-} 0.06 cm diameter lethal isotherm that was equivalent to a 7-minute treatment from the commercial argon-based device which produced a 1.53 {+/-} 0.15 cm diameter lethal isotherm. In vivo validation was performed with the carbon dioxide-based device in one spontaneously occurring canine mammary mass with two standard 10-minutes freezes. Following cryotherapy, this mass was surgically resected and analyzed for necrosis margins via histopathology. The histopathology margin of necrosis from the in vivo treatment with the carbon dioxide device at 14 days post cryoablation was 1.57 cm. While carbon dioxide gas has historically been considered an impractical cryogen due to its low working pressure and high boiling point, this study shows that carbon dioxide-based cryotherapy may be equivalent to conventional argon-based cryotherapy in the size of the ablation zone in a standard treatment time. The validation of the carbon dioxide device performed in this study is an important step towards bringing accessible breast cancer treatment to women in low-resource settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraitchman, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surtees, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermal Characterization and Preclinical Validation of an Accessible, Carbon Dioxide-Based Cryotherapy System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.583014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Signatures of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Large-scale Proteomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.583014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the persistent challenge of differentiating idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH) from similar clinical entities, we conducted an in-depth proteomic study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 28 shunt-responsive iNPH patients, 38 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimers disease, and 49 healthy controls. Utilizing the Olink Explore 3072 panel, we identified distinct proteomic profiles in iNPH that highlight significant downregulation of synaptic markers and cell-cell adhesion proteins. Alongside vimentin and inflammatory markers upregulation, these results suggest ependymal layer and transependymal flow dysfunction. Moreover, downregulation of multiple proteins associated with congenital hydrocephalus (e.g., L1CAM, PCDH9, ISLR2, ADAMTSL2, and B4GAT1) points to a possible shared molecular foundation between congenital hydrocephalus and iNPH. Through orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), a panel comprising 13 proteins has been identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers of iNPH, pending external validation. These findings offer novel insights into the pathophysiology of iNPH, with implications for improved diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamalian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirzadeh Barough, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.583014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Signatures of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Large-scale Proteomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for the S4-domain containing protein YlmH in ribosome-associated quality control in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomes trapped on mRNAs during protein synthesis need to be rescued for the cell to survive. The most ubiquitous bacterial ribosome rescue pathway is trans-translation mediated by tmRNA and SmpB. Genetic inactivation of trans-translation can be lethal, unless the ribosomes are rescued by ArfA or ArfB alternative rescue factors or the ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) system, which in B. subtilis involves MutS2, RqcH, RqcP and Pth. Using transposon sequencing in a trans-translation-incompetent B. subtilis strain we identify a poorly characterized S4-domain-containing protein YlmH as a novel potential RQC factor. Cryo-EM structures reveal that YlmH binds peptidyl-tRNA-50S complexes in an position analogous to that of S4-domain-containing RqcP, and that, similarly to RqcP, YlmH can co-habit with RqcH. Consistently, we show that YlmH can assume the role of RqcP in RQC in facilitating the addition of polyalanine tails to the truncated nascent polypeptides. While in B. subtilis the function of YlmH is redundant with RqcP, our taxonomic analysis reveals that in multiple bacterial phyla RqcP is absent, while YlmH and RqcH are present, suggesting that in these species the YlmH plays a central role in the RQC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paternoga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamoto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova-Paternoga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauryliuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.03.583159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for the S4-domain containing protein YlmH in ribosome-associated quality control in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyaluronidase impacts exposures of long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate in rodent models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A significant challenge in the development of long-acting injectable drug formulations, especially for anti-infective agents, is delivering an efficacious dose within a tolerable injection volume. Co-administration of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme hyaluronidase can increase maximum tolerable injection volumes but is untested for this benefit with long-acting injectable formulations. One concern is that hyaluronidase could potentially alter the tissue response surrounding an injection depot, a response known to be important for drug release kinetics of long-acting injectable formulations. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of co-administration of hyaluronidase on the drug release kinetics, pharmacokinetic profiles, and injection site histopathology of the long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate for up to four weeks following intramuscular injection in mouse and rat models. In both species, co-administration of hyaluronidase increased paliperidone plasma exposures the first week after injection but did not negate the overall long-acting release nature of the formulation. Hyaluronidase-associated modification of the injection site depot was observed in mice but not in rats. These findings suggest that further investigation of hyaluronidase with long-acting injectable agents is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pertinez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arshad, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Khateeb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kijak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herriott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flexner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.03.583160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyaluronidase impacts exposures of long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate in rodent models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.582965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated stress response associated with dark microglia promotes microglial lipogenesis and contributes to neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.582965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the brains primary resident immune cells, are a heterogeneous population and can assume phenotypes with diverse functional outcomes on brain homeostasis. In Alzheimers disease (AD), where microglia are a leading causal cell type, microglia subsets with protective functions have been well characterized. Yet, the identity of microglia subsets that drive neurodegeneration remains unresolved. Here, we identify a neurodegenerative microglia phenotype that is characterized by a conserved stress signaling pathway, the integrated stress response (ISR). Using mouse models to activate or inhibit ISR in microglia, we show that ISR underlies the ultrastructurally distinct "dark" microglia subset linked to pathological synapse loss. Inducing microglial ISR in murine AD models exacerbates neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Tau pathology and synaptic terminal loss. Conversely, inhibiting microglial ISR in AD models ameliorates these pathologies. Mechanistically, we present evidence that ISR promotes the secretion of toxic long-chain lipids that impair neuron and oligodendrocyte homeostasis in vitro. Accordingly, small molecule-based inhibition of lipid synthesis in AD models ameliorates synaptic terminal loss. Our results demonstrate that activation of ISR within microglia represents a novel pathway contributing to neurodegeneration and suggest that this may be sustained, at least in part, by the secretion of long-chain lipids from ISR-activated microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljayousi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khakpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braniff, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avnon-Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werneburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayata, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.582965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated stress response associated with dark microglia promotes microglial lipogenesis and contributes to neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic infection alters pathogen virulence, microbiome composition, and fly physiology across generations. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many insects, parents and offspring share the same environment. Thus, an infection in the parents has the potential to influence offspring defenses. Moreover, infection can also affect other host aspects, including the microbiome, development, and reproduction. To better understand the intergenerational impacts of infection, we assessed the effects of challenge by the gut pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila (Pe) on Drosophila melanogaster. We found that parental challenge by Pe led to environmental transmission of the pathogen from parents to offspring, resulting in a persistent infection among the population. Pe is a highly virulent pathogen; however, we found that persistent infection was correlated with a loss of pathogen virulence across generations. We explored the impact of chronic pathogen exposure on host physiological traits. Our results showed that pathogen load, virulence, and pathogen-induced microbiome remodeling influence fecundity and starvation resistance. Current research in Drosophila and other insects has shown that immune status can be transmitted to the next generation (transgenerational immunity). Since the offspring were continuously exposed to the pathogen, we explored their response to a new infection. Even though we did not find a protective effect, we observed alterations in gene expression and microbiome remodeling following a new Pe challenge that was dependent on the parental treatment. Altogether, our results provide evidence that the pathogen adapted across generations as part of a tolerance mechanism that allows the pathogen to persist in the environment, which confers a greater probability of survival in subsequent generations. However, chronic exposure to the pathogen resulted in a cost to the host by altering several aspects of host physiology.

Author summaryInfection impacts many aspects of animal physiology, including priming host immune responses to repeated pathogen exposure. Whether parental experiences with a pathogen can influence such responses in offspring is less certain. Here, to further our understanding of generational impacts of infection, we studied the interaction between host immunity, the microbiome, and a gut pathogen across generations using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Our results showed that parental challenge established a persistent infection in the population, such that offspring were chronically exposed to the pathogen. This chronic pathogen exposure impacted many host physiological traits, but did not confer protection to re-infection with a high-dose of the pathogen. Instead, we found that the transmitted infection led to a loss of pathogen virulence in offspring. At the same time, pathogen density, virulence, and pathogen-induced microbiome remodeling influenced fecundity and starvation resistance. Overall, our results highlight that infection in parents can influence intergenerational responses due to impacts both on the microbiome and on selection on pathogen virulence. Such chronic interactions with the pathogen, even reduced in virulence, alter host physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maya-Maldonado, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic infection alters pathogen virulence, microbiome composition, and fly physiology across generations.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sarm1 is not necessary for activation of neuron-intrinsic growth programs yet required for the Schwann cell repair response and peripheral nerve regeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury, severed axons undergo rapid SARM1-dependent Wallerian degeneration (WD). In mammals, the role of SARM1 in PNS regeneration, however, is unknown. Here we demonstrate that Sarm1 is not required for axotomy induced activation of neuron-intrinsic growth programs and axonal growth into a nerve crush site. However, in the distal nerve, Sarm1 is necessary for the timely induction of the Schwann cell (SC) repair response, nerve inflammation, myelin clearance, and regeneration of sensory and motor axons. In Sarm1-/- mice, regenerated fibers exhibit reduced axon caliber, defective nerve conduction, and recovery of motor function is delayed. The growth hostile environment of Sarm1-/- distal nerve tissue was demonstrated by grafting of Sarm1-/- nerve into WT recipients. SC lineage tracing in injured WT and Sarm1-/- mice revealed morphological differences. In the Sarm1-/- distal nerve, the appearance of p75NTR+, c-Jun+ SCs is significantly delayed. Ex vivo, p75NTR and c-Jun upregulation in Sarm1-/- nerves can be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of ErbB kinase. Together, our studies show that Sarm1 is not necessary for the activation of neuron intrinsic growth programs but in the distal nerve is required for the orchestration of cellular programs that underlie rapid axon extension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmitd, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adib, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biscola, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athaiya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilborn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumpert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havton, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinski, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sarm1 is not necessary for activation of neuron-intrinsic growth programs yet required for the Schwann cell repair response and peripheral nerve regeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncalled4 improves nanopore DNA and RNA modification detection via fast and accurate signal alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore signal analysis enables detection of nucleotide modifications from native DNA and RNA sequencing, providing both accurate genetic/transcriptomic and epigenetic information without additional library preparation. Presently, only a limited set of modifications can be directly basecalled (e.g. 5-methylcytosine), while most others require exploratory methods that often begin with alignment of nanopore signal to a nucleotide reference. We present Uncalled4, a toolkit for nanopore signal alignment, analysis, and visualization. Uncalled4 features an efficient banded signal alignment algorithm, BAM signal alignment file format, statistics for comparing signal alignment methods, and a reproducible de novo training method for k-mer-based pore models, revealing potential errors in ONTs state-of-the-art DNA model. We apply Uncalled4 to RNA 6-methyladenine (m6A) detection in seven human cell lines, identifying 26% more modifications than Nanopolish using m6Anet, including in several genes where m6A has known implications in cancer. Uncalled4 is available open-source at github.com/skovaka/uncalled4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morina, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncalled4 improves nanopore DNA and RNA modification detection via fast and accurate signal alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Basis for Hydrodynamic Properties of PEGylated Human Serum Albumin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyethylene glycol conjugation provides a protective modification that enhances the pharmacokinetics and solubility of proteins for therapeutic use. A knowledge of the structural ensemble of these PEGylated proteins is necessary to understand the molecular details that contribute to their hydrodynamic and colligative properties. Because of the large size and dynamic flexibility of pharmaceutically important PEGylated proteins, the determination of structure is challenging. Here we demonstrate that structural ensembles, generated by coarse-grained simulations, can be analyzed with HullRad and used to predict sedimentation coefficients and concentration dependent hydrodynamic and diffusion nonideality coefficients of PEGylated proteins. A knowledge of these properties enhances the ability to design and analyze new modified protein therapeutics.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEProteins constitute a growing class of biotherapeutics. Chemical modification(s) with inert polymers are known to enhance the serum half-life and formulation of these biological therapeutics but the effects of modification on protein-protein interactions in solution have been difficult to predict. Here we describe methods for predicting the molecular basis for the hydrodynamic properties of polymer conjugated proteins that determine their solution behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Basis for Hydrodynamic Properties of PEGylated Human Serum Albumin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centriole structural integrity defects are a crucial feature of Hydrolethalus Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrolethalus Syndrome (HLS) is a lethal, autosomal recessive ciliopathy caused by the mutation of the conserved centriole protein HYLS1. However, how HYLS1 facilitates the centriole-based templating of cilia is poorly understood. Here, we show that mice harboring the HYLS1 disease mutation die shortly after birth and exhibit developmental defects that recapitulate several manifestations of the human disease. These phenotypes arise from tissue-specific defects in cilia assembly and function caused by a loss of centriole integrity. We show that HYLS1 is recruited to the centriole by CEP120 and functions to recruit centriole inner scaffold proteins that stabilize the centriolar microtubule wall. The HLS mutation disrupts the interaction of HYLS1 with CEP120 leading to HYLS1 displacement and degeneration of the centriole distal end. We propose that tissue-specific defects in centriole integrity caused by the HYLS1 mutation prevent ciliogenesis and drive HLS phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliech, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friskes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centriole structural integrity defects are a crucial feature of Hydrolethalus Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological inhibition of macrophage triglyceride biosynthesis pathways does not improve Mycobacterium tuberculosis control in infected mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triglyceride rich macrophages (foam cells) are a hallmark of necrotic granulomas in tuberculosis, and multiple antimicrobial functions are down-regulated in these cells. In this study, we assessed the ability of two different compounds to reduce triglyceride content and intracellular burden in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected macrophages: A-922500 (DGATi), an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, an enzyme involved in triglyceride synthesis; and LY2584702 (p70S6Ki), an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase, a serine/threonine kinase involved in mTORC-1dependent lipid biogenesis. Additionally, we evaluated the adjunctive activity of these inhibitors as host-directed therapies against chronic Mtb infection in C3HeB/FeJ mice. DGATi and p70S6Ki significantly reduced the lipid content and bacillary burden in Mtb-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages. In Mtb-infected mice, each inhibitor reduced the triglyceride content (P[&le;] 0.0001) in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Adjunctive treatment of DGATi with isoniazid and p70S6Ki monotherapy reduced the lipid droplet content (P[&le;] 0.05) within lung macrophages of Mtb-infected mice. However, neither inhibitor reduced the lung bacterial burden in Mtb-infected mice alone or in combination with isoniazid, and they did not alter lung inflammation. These findings provide further insights into the role of foam cells in tuberculosis pathogenesis and the utility of interventions targeting these cell populations as adjunctive host-directed therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological inhibition of macrophage triglyceride biosynthesis pathways does not improve Mycobacterium tuberculosis control in infected mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-cycle and Age-Related Modulations in Mouse Chromosome Stiffness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome structure is complex, and many aspects of chromosome organization are still not understood. Measuring the stiffness of chromosomes offers valuable insight into their structural properties. In this study, we analyzed the stiffness of chromosomes from metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes. Our results revealed a ten-fold increase in stiffness (Youngs modulus) of MI chromosomes compared to somatic chromosomes. Furthermore, the stiffness of MII chromosomes was found to be lower than that of MI chromosomes. We examined the role of meiosis-specific cohesin complexes in regulating chromosome stiffness. Surprisingly, the stiffness of chromosomes from three meiosis-specific cohesin mutants did not significantly differ from that of wild-type chromosomes, indicating that these cohesins may not be primary determinants of chromosome stiffness. Additionally, our findings revealed an age-related increase of chromosome stiffness for MI oocytes. Since aging is associated with elevated levels of DNA damage, we investigated the impact of etoposide-induced DNA damage on chromosome stiffness and found that it led to a reduction in stiffness in MI oocytes. Overall, our study underscores the dynamic and cyclical nature of chromosome stiffness, modulated by both the cell cycle, and by age-related factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marko, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-cycle and Age-Related Modulations in Mouse Chromosome Stiffness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing Automated Subcortical Volume Estimation Methods; Amygdala Volumes Estimated by FSL and FreeSurfer Have Poor Consistency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical volumes are a promising source of biomarkers and features in biosignatures, and automated methods facilitate extracting them in large, phenotypically rich datasets. However, while extensive research has verified that the automated methods produce volumes that are similar to those generated by expert annotation, the consistency of methods with each other is understudied. Using data from the UK Biobank, we compare the estimates of subcortical volumes produced by two popular software suites: FSL and FreeSurfer. Although most subcortical volumes exhibit good to excellent consistency across the methods, the tools produce diverging estimates of amygdalar volume. Through simulation, we show that this poor consistency can lead to conflicting results, where one but not the other tool suggests statistical significance, or where both tools suggest a significant relationship but in opposite directions. Considering these issues, we discuss several ways in which care should be taken when reporting on relationships involving amygdalar volume.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing Automated Subcortical Volume Estimation Methods; Amygdala Volumes Estimated by FSL and FreeSurfer Have Poor Consistency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative interpolation and restoration of images using deep learning for improved 3D tissue mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of novel imaging platforms has improved our ability to collect and analyze large three-dimensional (3D) biological imaging datasets. Advances in computing have led to an ability to extract complex spatial information from these data, such as the composition, morphology, and interactions of multi-cellular structures, rare events, and integration of multi-modal features combining anatomical, molecular, and transcriptomic (among other) information. Yet, the accuracy of these quantitative results is intrinsically limited by the quality of the input images, which can contain missing or damaged regions, or can be of poor resolution due to mechanical, temporal, or financial constraints. In applications ranging from intact imaging (e.g. light-sheet microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging) to sectioning based platforms (e.g. serial histology and serial section transmission electron microscopy), the quality and resolution of imaging data has become paramount.

Here, we address these challenges by leveraging frame interpolation for large image motion (FILM), a generative AI model originally developed for temporal interpolation, for spatial interpolation of a range of 3D image types. Comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of FILM over traditional linear interpolation to produce functional synthetic images, due to its ability to better preserve biological information including microanatomical features and cell counts, as well as image quality, such as contrast, variance, and luminance. FILM repairs tissue damages in images and reduces stitching artifacts. We show that FILM can decrease imaging time by synthesizing skipped images. We demonstrate the versatility of our method with a wide range of imaging modalities (histology, tissue-clearing/light-sheet microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, serial section transmission electron microscopy), species (human, mouse), healthy and diseased tissues (pancreas, lung, brain), staining techniques (IHC, H&E), and pixel resolutions (8 nm, 2 {micro}m, 1mm). Overall, we demonstrate the potential of generative AI in improving the resolution, throughput, and quality of biological image datasets, enabling improved 3D imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang Han, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative interpolation and restoration of images using deep learning for improved 3D tissue mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro and in vivo validation of cwlM and pbpB essentiality for viability and resistance to imipenem in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection is notoriously difficult to treat due, in part, to the intrinsic resistance of this pathogen to most marketed antibiotics. {beta}-Lactams, namely imipenem and cefoxitin, are first-line drugs in combination regimens used to treat this infection; and there is growing interest in dual-{beta}-lactam-based regimens. Better understanding of the molecular basis of {beta}-lactam activity through study of the genetic determinants of {beta}-lactam susceptibility and tolerance would enable more rational drug combinations and guide discovery of novel drug targets to complement {beta}-lactams. We recently used an inducible CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system to silence cwlM and pbpB and confirm their essentiality for in vitro growth and resistance to sub-MIC concentrations of imipenem. Here, we extend those findings to show that silencing either gene alone is bactericidal and augments the bactericidal activity of imipenem in vitro. Furthermore, using CRISPRi in a mouse model of M. abscessus lung infection for the first time, we confirm the essentiality of each gene for in vivo survival. These results validate cwlM and pbpB as essential genes and promising drug targets in this pathogen, including for potentiation of carbapenem activity. The results further establish CRISPRi as a powerful method for validating drug targets and studying gene-gene and gene-drug interactions in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurepina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro and in vivo validation of cwlM and pbpB essentiality for viability and resistance to imipenem in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct inhibitors of InhA with efficacy similar or superior to isoniazid in novel drug regimens for tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isoniazid is an important first-line medicine to treat tuberculosis (TB). Isoniazid resistance increases the risk of poor treatment outcomes and development of multidrug resistance, and is driven primarily by mutations involving katG, encoding the pro-drug activating enzyme, rather than its validated target, InhA. The chemical tractability of InhA has fostered efforts to discover direct inhibitors of InhA (DIIs). During the past five years, successful target engagement and in vivo efficacy have been demonstrated by diverse DIIs. In this study, we bridge the gap in understanding the potential contribution of DIIs to novel combination regimens and demonstrate a clear distinction of DIIs, like GSK693 and the newly described GSK138, from isoniazid, based on activity against clinical isolates and contribution to novel drug regimens. The results presented increase the understanding of DII mechanism of action and provide further impetus to continue exploiting InhA as a promising target for TB drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Encinas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rullas-Trincado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TYAGI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>garcia-perez, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez del Rio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Mercado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosi?, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobec, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Losana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BARROS-AGUIRRE, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct inhibitors of InhA with efficacy similar or superior to isoniazid in novel drug regimens for tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The carrier proteome limit should be reassessed for each mass analyzer architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A clever utilization of classic proteomics reagents now allows the effective amplification of peptide sequencing potential in shotgun proteomics. The application of this method has helped usher in the exciting new field of single cell proteomics. While it was easy to first think that the discovery of Budnik et al., was finally the answer for protein PCR, limitations were carefully described by the authors and others. A study by Cheung et al., systematically identified the consequences of higher concentration carrier proteomes and defined the "carrier proteome limit". While this work has been replicated by others, every analysis published to date has used a variation of the same mass analyzer. When the same analysis is performed on alternative instruments, these limits appear to be very different and attributable to defined characteristics of each mass analyzer. Specifically, in mass analyzers with higher relative intrascan linear dynamic range, increased carrier channels appear far less detrimental to quantitative accuracy. As such, we may be limiting the power of isobaric peptide signal "amplification" by restricting ourselves to traditional mass analyzer options.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The carrier proteome limit should be reassessed for each mass analyzer architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Amygdalar Oscillator Coordinates Cellular and Behavioral Rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are generated by the master pacemaker suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in concert with local clocks throughout the body. While many brain regions exhibit cycling clock gene expression, the identity of a discrete extra-SCN brain oscillator that produces rhythmic behavior has remained elusive. Here, we show that an extra-SCN oscillator in the lateral amygdala (LA) is defined by expression of the clock-output molecule mWAKE/ANKFN1. mWAKE is enriched in the anterior/dorsal LA (adLA), and strikingly, selective disruption of clock function or excitatory signaling in adLAmWAKE neurons abolishes Period2 (Per2) rhythms throughout the LA. mWAKE levels rise at night and promote rhythmic excitability of adLAmWAKE neurons by upregulating Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity specifically at night. adLAmWAKE neurons coordinate rhythmic sensory perception and anxiety in a clock-dependent and WAKE-dependent manner. Together, these data reveal the cellular identity of an extra-SCN brain oscillator and suggest a multi-level hierarchical system organizing molecular and behavioral rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latremoliere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Amygdalar Oscillator Coordinates Cellular and Behavioral Rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deepening biomedical research training: Community-Building Wellness Workshops for Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP) Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ProblemAll trainees, especially those from historically minoritized backgrounds, experience stresses that may reduce their continuation in science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine (STEMM) careers. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine is one of [~]45 institutions with a National Institutes of Health funded Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP) that provides mentoring and a year of fulltime research to prepare students from historically excluded groups for graduate school. Having experienced the conflation of stresses during the COVID-19 pandemic and related shutdown, we realized our program lacked a component that explicitly helped PREP Scholars recognize and cope with non-academic stresses (financial, familial, social, mental) that might threaten their confidence and success as scientists and future in STEMM.

InterventionWe developed an early-intervention program to help Scholars develop life-long skills to become successful and resilient scientists. We developed a year-long series comprised of 9 workshops focused on community, introspection, financial fitness, emotional intelligence, mental health, and soft-skills. We recruited and compensated a cohort of PhD students and postdoctoral fellows to serve as Peer Mentors, to provide a community and the safest  space for Scholars to discuss personal concerns. Peer Mentors were responsible for developing and facilitating these Community-Building Wellness Workshops (CBWW).

ContextCBWW were created and exectued as part of the larger PREP program. Workshops included a PowerPoint presentation by Peer Mentors that featured several case studies that prompted discussion and provided time for small-group discussions between Scholars and Peer Mentors. We also included pre- and post-work for each workshop. These touch-points helped Scholars cultivate the habit of introspection.

ImpactThe CBWW exceeded our goals. Both Peer Mentors and Scholars experienced strong mutual support, and Scholars developed life-long skills. Notably, several Scholars who had been experiencing financial, mental or mentor-related stress immediately brought this to the attention of program leadership, allowing early and successful intervention. At the completion of CBWW, PREP Scholars reported implementing many workshop skills into practice, were reshaping their criteria for choosing future mentors, and evaluating career decisions. Strikingly, Peer Mentors found they also benefitted from the program as well, suggesting a potential larger scope for the role of CBWW in academia.

Lessons LearnedPeer Mentors were essential in creating a safe supportive environment that facilitated discussions, self-reflection, and self-care. Providing fair compensation to Peer Mentors for their professional mentoring and teaching contributions was essential and contributed meaningfully to the positive energy and impact of this program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eneim, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddings, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimalasena, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Franco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhariri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deepening biomedical research training: Community-Building Wellness Workshops for Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP) Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mixed Effect Similarity Matrix Regression Model (SMRmix) for Integrating Multiple Microbiome Datasets at Community Level and its Application in HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRecent studies have highlighted the importance of human microbiota in our health and diseases. However, in many areas of research, individual microbiome studies often offer inconsistent results due to the limited sample sizes and the heterogeneity in study populations and experimental procedures. This inconsistency underscores the necessity for integrative analysis of multiple microbiome datasets. Despite the critical need, statistical methods that incorporate multiple microbiome datasets and account for the study heterogeneity are not available in the literature.

MethodsIn this paper, we develop a mixed effect similarity matrix regression (SMRmix) approach for identifying community level microbiome shifts between outcomes. SMRmix has a close connection with the microbiome kernel association test, one of the most popular approaches for such a task but is only applicable when we have a single study. SMRmix enables researchers to consolidate findings from diverse microbiome studies.

ResultsVia extensive simulations, we show that SMRmix has well-controlled type I error and higher power than some potential competitors. We applied the SMRmix to two real-world datasets. The first, from the HIV-reanalysis consortium, integrated data from 17 studies on gut dysbiosis in HIV. Our analysis confirmed consistent associations between the gut microbiome and HIV infection as well as MSM (men who have sex with men) status, demonstrating greater power than competing methods. The second dataset involved 11 studies on the gut microbiome in colorectal cancer; analysis with SMRmix confirmed significant dysbiosis in affected individuals compared to healthy controls.

ConclusionThe development of SMRmix enables the integration of multiple studies and effectively managing study heterogeneity, and provides a powerful tool for uncovering consistent associations between diseases and community-level microbiome data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mixed Effect Similarity Matrix Regression Model (SMRmix) for Integrating Multiple Microbiome Datasets at Community Level and its Application in HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Ethanol Exposure Produces Persistent Impairment in Cognitive Flexibility and Decision Signals in the Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lack of cognitive flexibility is a hallmark of substance use disorders and has been associated with drug-induced synaptic plasticity in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). Yet the possible impact of altered plasticity on real-time striatal neural dynamics during decision-making is unclear. Here, we identified persistent impairments induced by chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure on cognitive flexibility and striatal decision signals. After a substantial withdrawal period from prior EtOH vapor exposure, male, but not female, rats exhibited reduced adaptability and exploratory behavior during a dynamic decision-making task. Reinforcement learning models showed that prior EtOH exposure enhanced learning from rewards over omissions. Notably, neural signals in the DMS related to the decision outcome were enhanced, while those related to choice and choice-outcome conjunction were reduced, in EtOH-treated rats compared to the controls. These findings highlight the profound impact of chronic EtOH exposure on adaptive decision-making, pinpointing specific changes in striatal representations of actions and outcomes as underlying mechanisms for cognitive deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Ethanol Exposure Produces Persistent Impairment in Cognitive Flexibility and Decision Signals in the Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rejuvenation of aged oocyte through exposure to young follicular microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive aging is a major cause of fertility decline, attributed to decreased oocyte quantity and competence. Follicular somatic cells play crucial roles in the growth and development of the oocyte by providing nutrients and regulatory factors. Here we investigated how oocyte quality is affected by its somatic cell environment by creating chimeric follicles, whereby an oocyte from one follicle was transplanted into and cultured within another follicle whose native oocyte was removed. Somatic cells within the chimeric follicle re-establish connections with the oocyte and support oocyte growth and maturation in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. We show that young oocytes transplanted into aged follicles exhibited reduced meiotic maturation and developmental potential, whereas the young follicular environment significantly improved the rates of maturation, blastocyst formation and live birth of aged oocytes. Aged oocytes cultured within young follicles exhibited enhanced interaction with somatic cells, more youth-like transcriptome, remodelled metabolome, improved mitochondrial function, and enhanced fidelity of meiotic chromosome segregation. These findings provide the basis for a future follicular somatic cell-based therapy to treat age-associated female infertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakkiri, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drum, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rejuvenation of aged oocyte through exposure to young follicular microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of GABAAreceptor trafficking by WWC2 reveals class-specific mechanisms of synapse regulation by WWC family proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WWC2 (WW and C2 domain-containing protein) is implicated in several neurological disorders, however its function in the brain has yet to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that WWC2 interacts with inhibitory but not excitatory postsynaptic scaffolds, consistent with prior proteomic identification of WWC2 as a putative component of the inhibitory postsynaptic density. Using mice lacking WWC2 expression in excitatory forebrain neurons, we show that WWC2 suppresses GABAAR incorporation into the plasma membrane and regulates HAP1 and GRIP1, which form a complex promoting GABAAR recycling to the membrane. Inhibitory synaptic transmission is dysregulated in CA1 pyramidal cells lacking WWC2. Furthermore, unlike the WWC2 homolog KIBRA (WWC1), a key regulator of AMPA receptor trafficking at excitatory synapses, deletion of WWC2 does not affect synaptic AMPAR expression. In contrast, loss of KIBRA does not affect GABAAR membrane expression. These data reveal unique, synapse class-selective functions for WWC proteins as regulators of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors and provide insight into mechanisms regulating GABAAR membrane expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunham, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of GABAAreceptor trafficking by WWC2 reveals class-specific mechanisms of synapse regulation by WWC family proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cervical collagen network porosity assessed by SHG endomicroscopy distinguishes preterm and normal pregnancy - a pilot study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSPreterm birth (PTB) is a global public health issue affecting millions of newborns every year. Orchestrated remodeling of the cervix is essential for normal pregnancy and birth, while PTB is closely related with premature cervical ripening and loss of cervical mechanical strength. The structure and organization of fibrillar collagen in the extracellular matrix are of vital importance to the biomechanical properties of the cervix. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has proved capable of revealing the progressive changes in cervical collagen morphology over the course of pregnancy. To translate this promising imaging technology to clinical practice, a flexible SHG endomicroscope has long been envisaged for label-free, non-invasive visualization of cervical collagen architecture and for assessment of PTB risk.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the potential of our newly-developed SHG endomicroscope for imaging-based differentiation of cervical collagen architecture between normal pregnant mice and RU486/mifepristone-induced PTB mouse models.

Study DesignWe undertook endomicroscopy SHG imaging of cervical collagen on two types of ex vivo samples: 1) frozen cervical tissue sections ([~]50 {micro}m thick) and 2) resected intact cervices, and performed SHG-image-based quantitative collagen morphology analysis to distinguish RU486 mouse models from normal pregnant mice.

ResultsEndomicroscopic SHG images of cervical tissue sections from mifepristone-treated mouse models exhibit statistically larger collagen fiber diameter, increased pore size, and reduced pore numbers than those of normal pregnant mice. Similar changes are also observed on SHG images of subepithelial collagen fibers acquired from intact cervices by the endomicroscope.

ConclusionThe experiment results demonstrated that SHG endomicroscopy along with quantitative image analysis holds promising potential for clinical assessment of cervical collagen remodeling and preterm birth risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakulsaengprapha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby-Phelps, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahendroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cervical collagen network porosity assessed by SHG endomicroscopy distinguishes preterm and normal pregnancy - a pilot study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adoptive Transfer of CD49a+ Tissue Resident memory cells reverses pulmonary fibrosis in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease with no effective treatments to cure, stop or reverse the unremitting, fatal fibrosis. A critical barrier to treating this disease is the lack of understanding of the pathways leading to fibrosis as well as those regulating the resolution of fibrosis. Fibrosis is the pathologic side of normal tissue repair that results when the normal wound healing programs go awry. Successful resolution of tissue injury requires several highly coordinated pathways, and this research focuses on the interplay between these overlapping pathways: immune effectors, inflammatory mediators and fibroproliferation in the resolution of fibrosis. Previously we have successfully prevented, mitigated, and even reversed established fibrosis using vaccinia vaccination immunotherapy in two models of murine lung fibrosis. The mechanism by which vaccinia reverses fibrosis is by vaccine induced lung specific Th1 skewed tissue resident memory (TRMs) in the lung. In this study, we isolated a population of vaccine induced TRMs - CD49a+ CD4+ T cells - that are both necessary and sufficient to reverse established pulmonary fibrosis. Using adoptive cellular therapy, we demonstrate that intratracheal administration of CD49a+ CD4+ TRMs into established fibrosis, reverses the fibrosis histologically, by promoting a decrease in collagen, and functionally, by improving lung function, without the need for vaccination. Furthermore, co-culture of in vitro derived CD49+ CD4+ human TRMs with human fibroblasts from individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) results in the down regulation of IPF fibroblast collagen production. Lastly, we demonstrate in human IPF lung histologic samples that CD49a+ CD4+ TRMs, which can down regulate human IPF fibroblast function, fail to increase in the IPF lungs, thus potentially failing to promote resolution. Thus, we define a novel unappreciated role for tissue resident memory T cells in regulating established lung fibrosis to promote resolution of fibrosis and re-establish lung homeostasis. We demonstrate that immunotherapy, in the form of adoptive transfer of CD49a+ CD4+ TRMs into the lungs of mice with established fibrosis, not only stops progression of the fibrosis but more importantly reverses the fibrosis. These studies provide the insight and preclinical rationale for a novel paradigm shifting approach of using cellular immunotherapy to treat lung fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan-Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenderov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adoptive Transfer of CD49a+ Tissue Resident memory cells reverses pulmonary fibrosis in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying 3D correlative structured illumination microscopy and X-ray tomography to characterise herpes simplex virus-1 morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous viral genes are involved in assembly of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), but their relative importance and function remain poorly characterised. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study viral protein function in cells infected with HSV-1 mutants; however, these studies were usually conducted without correlative light microscopy to identify specific viral components. In this study, fluorescent capsid (eYFP-VP26) and envelope (gM-mCherry) proteins were imaged by structured illumination microscopy under cryogenic conditions (cryoSIM) and cellular ultrastructure was captured from the same infected cells using cryo-soft-X-ray tomography (cryoSXT). Nine fluorescent HSV-1 mutants, each lacking a different viral protein, were compared to assess the importance of viral proteins in different stages of HSV-1 morphogenesis. The relative importance of five viral proteins to nuclear egress were ranked (pUL34 > pUL21 > VP16 > pUL16 > pUS3) according to the levels of attenuation observed for each virus. Correlative imaging also revealed the roles of five viral proteins in cytoplasmic envelopment. VP16 was found to be important in capsid delivery to envelopment compartments, while cytoplasmic clusters of virus particles plus features of stalled envelopment not previously described were observed in the absence of pUL11, pUL51, gK, and gE. Finally, this 3D imaging approach was used to capture different assembly stages during cytoplasmic envelopment and to determine that envelopment occurs by particle budding rather than wrapping. The findings demonstrate that tomographic 3D correlative imaging is an emerging technology that sheds new light on viral protein functions and virion morphogenesis.

ImportanceTo date, the characterisation of HSV-1 mutants in the study of virus assembly has been limited to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) without the addition of correlative light microscopy to identify fluorescently labelled viral proteins. In addition, only a small number of mutants are typically used in each study. Herein, a comparative analysis of nine HSV-1 mutants lacking specific structural proteins was performed using correlative fluorescence microscopy and X-ray tomography for the first time, revealing the relative roles of each viral protein in virus assembly. pUL11, pUL51, gK, and gE were shown to have important roles in cytoplasmic envelopment, with the loss of their functions leading to various stalled cytoplasmic envelopment phenotypes involving polarised arrays of capsids at one side of cytoplasmic vesicles that to our knowledge have never been seen with TEM. This correlative imaging approach enabled the study of cytoplasmic envelopment in 3D, revealing an envelopment mechanism driven by capsid budding rather than membrane wrapping. Further cryoSIM experiments revealed that pUL16 and pUL21 are important in nuclear egress of HSV-1 and that VP16 promotes nuclear egress and delivery of capsids to cytoplasmic envelopment compartments. By providing novel and comparative insights into the roles of different viral proteins in various stages of HSV-1 assembly, these findings highlight the utility of correlative cryo-fluorescence plus cryo-soft-X-ray tomography for probing trajectories of intracellular pathogen assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahas, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijesinghe, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbie, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkiolaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying 3D correlative structured illumination microscopy and X-ray tomography to characterise herpes simplex virus-1 morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pavlovian cue-evoked alcohol seeking is disrupted by ventral pallidal inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cues paired with alcohol can be potent drivers of craving, alcohol-seeking, consumption, and relapse. While the ventral pallidum is implicated in appetitive and consummatory responses across several reward classes and types of behaviors, its role in behavioral responses to Pavlovian alcohol cues has not previously been established. Here, we tested the impact of optogenetic inhibition of ventral pallidum on Pavlovian-conditioned alcohol-seeking in male Long Evans rats. Rats underwent Pavlovian conditioning with an auditory cue predicting alcohol delivery to a reward port and a control cue predicting no alcohol delivery, until they consistently entered the reward port more during the alcohol cue than the control cue. We then tested the within-session effects of optogenetic inhibition during 50% of cue presentations. We found that optogenetic inhibition of ventral pallidum during the alcohol cue reduced port entry likelihood and time spent in the port, and increased port entry latency. Overall, these results suggest that normal ventral pallidum activity is necessary for Pavlovian alcohol-seeking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muruganandan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pavlovian cue-evoked alcohol seeking is disrupted by ventral pallidal inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidemiological, Serological, and Virological Analysis of an Outbreak of Elephant Hemorrhagic Disease in Switzerland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elephant hemorrhagic disease (EHD), caused by several Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHV), represents a frequently lethal syndrome, affecting both captive and free-living elephants. In summer 2022, three young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) succumbed to EHD in a zoo in Switzerland, despite of considerable preventive efforts and early detection of EEHV1A viremia. In this communication, we describe the extent of preventive measures in terms of prior virus detection, active survey of viremia, and antibody status. In the course of the outbreak, the causative virus was concomitantly analyzed and eventually fully sequenced and compared to other EEHV types and strains.

The conclusions from these analyses may be summarized in three points: (1) A previously undetected EEHV1A strain had remained unrecognized among these elephants. Probably, the new virus re-emerged after almost 40 years of latency from one of the oldest elephants in the zoo. (2) While two of the three affected animals had prior immune responses against EEHV1, their strain-specific immunity proved insufficient to prevent EHD. (3) There is an urgent need to develop efficient antiviral drugs and protective vaccines. In particular, ways need to be found to circumvent the present unavailability of appropriate cell cultures and animal models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubacki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaggans-Ebbeson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidemiological, Serological, and Virological Analysis of an Outbreak of Elephant Hemorrhagic Disease in Switzerland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tobacco Smoke Exposure is Characterized by a Distinct Nasal Rhinotype in a Pediatric Population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSecondhand tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) increases susceptibility to respiratory diseases, but the mechanisms of action are poorly understood.

ObjectiveTo study the effect of TSE in the nasal microbiome of children, and to evaluate whether such effect is dose-dependent with measured levels of cotinine in saliva and urine.

MethodsThe study was performed at the Mount Sinai Kravis Childrens Hospital (New York, NY) and the Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, MD). We enrolled 236 children between 6 months and 10 years of age, both inpatients and outpatients. We collected swabs to characterize the diversity and composition of the nasal microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and measured cotinine levels in salivary and urinary samples to quantify TSE. We then determined the relationship between these measures and participant respiratory conditions, demographics and lifestyle factors.

ResultsInfants with high cotinine levels had lower nasal microbiome alpha diversity and an enrichment in Moraxella, Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium, which formed a distinct cluster in network analysis. A Dirichlet Multinomial Mixture model identified the existence of two distinct microbial rhinotypes, the first one characterized by significantly higher cotinine levels, lower alpha diversity, and enrichment of these taxa.

ConclusionChildren with higher cotinine levels had reduced alpha diversity and a distinct nasal rhinotype. Our results suggest TSE is associated with alterations of the nasal microbiome and identify a rhinotype as a potential biomarker for TSE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monaco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elaiho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collaco, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Morrow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tobacco Smoke Exposure is Characterized by a Distinct Nasal Rhinotype in a Pediatric Population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the breast tumor microenvironment: proximity analysis reveals spatial relationships between macrophage subtypes and metastasis-initiating cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of metastasis, responsible for the majority of cancer-related fatalities, is the most dangerous aspect of breast cancer, the predominant malignancy affecting women. We previously identified specific cancer cell populations responsible for metastatic events which are cytokeratin-14 (CK14) and E-cadherin positive in luminal tumors, and E-cadherin and vimentin positive in triple-negative tumors. Since cancer cells evolve within a complex ecosystem comprised of immune cells and stromal cells, we sought to decipher the spatial interactions of these aggressive cancer cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We used imaging mass cytometry to detect 36 proteins in tumor microarrays containing paired primary and metastatic lesions from luminal or triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), resulting in a dataset of 1,477,337 annotated cells. Focusing on metastasis-initiating cell populations, we observed close proximity to specific fibroblast and macrophage subtypes, a relationship maintained between primary and metastatic tumors. Notably, high CK14 in luminal cancer cells and high vimentin in TNBC cells correlated with close proximity to specific macrophage subtypes (CD163intCD206intPDL1intHLA-DR+ or PDL1highARG1high). Our in-depth spatial analysis elucidates that metastasis-initiating cancer cells exhibit with distinct cell populations within the TME, implicating the role of these cell-cell interactions in promoting metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grasset, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desphande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimino-Matthews, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the breast tumor microenvironment: proximity analysis reveals spatial relationships between macrophage subtypes and metastasis-initiating cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gapless assembly of complete human and plant chromosomes using only nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combination of ultra-long Oxford Nanopore (ONT) sequencing reads with long, accurate PacBio HiFi reads has enabled the completion of a human genome and spurred similar efforts to complete the genomes of many other species. However, this approach for complete, "telomere-to-telomere" genome assembly relies on multiple sequencing platforms, limiting its accessibility.

ONT "Duplex" sequencing reads, where both strands of the DNA are read to improve quality, promise high per-base accuracy. To evaluate this new data type, we generated ONT Duplex data for three widely-studied genomes: human HG002, Solanum lycopersicum Heinz 1706 (tomato), and Zea mays B73 (maize). For the diploid, heterozygous HG002 genome, we also used "Pore-C chromatin contact mapping to completely phase the haplotypes.

We found the accuracy of Duplex data to be similar to HiFi sequencing, but with read lengths tens of kilobases longer, and the Pore-C data to be compatible with existing diploid assembly algorithms. This combination of read length and accuracy enables the construction of a high-quality initial assembly, which can then be further resolved using the ultra-long reads, and finally phased into chromosome-scale haplotypes with Pore-C. The resulting assemblies have a base accuracy exceeding 99.999% (Q50) and near-perfect continuity, with most chromosomes assembled as single contigs. We conclude that ONT sequencing is a viable alternative to HiFi sequencing for de novo genome assembly, and has the potential to provide a single-instrument solution for the reconstruction of complete genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNulty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautianinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelofs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneiders, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrijenhoek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijbroek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittenberg, A. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gapless assembly of complete human and plant chromosomes using only nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies in Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma Subpopulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMGs) are universally fatal, primarily pediatric malignancies affecting the midline structures of the central nervous system. Despite decades of clinical trials, treatment remains limited to palliative radiation therapy. A major challenge is the coexistence of molecularly distinct malignant cell states with potentially orthogonal drug sensitivities. To address this challenge, we leveraged established network-based methodologies to elucidate Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing mechanistic, non-oncogene dependencies of seven coexisting subpopulations identified by single-cell analysis--whose enrichment in essential genes was validated by pooled CRISPR/Cas9 screens. Perturbational profiles of 372 clinically relevant drugs helped identify those able to invert the activity of subpopulation-specific MRs for follow-up in vivo validation. While individual drugs predicted to target individual subpopulations--including avapritinib, larotrectinib, and ruxolitinib--produced only modest tumor growth reduction in orthotopic models, systemic co-administration induced significant survival extension, making this approach a valuable contribution to the rational design of combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minns, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzaridis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartrell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalontay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharoulis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavisic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.17.585370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies in Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma Subpopulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-gated Integrator for Highlighting Kinase Activity in Living Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinases are key signaling nodes that regulate fundamental biological and disease processes. Illuminating kinase signaling from multiple angles can provide deeper insights into disease mechanisms and improve therapeutic targeting. While fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools for visualizing live-cell kinase activity dynamics in real time, new molecular tools are needed that enable recording of transient signaling activities for post hoc analysis and targeted manipulation. Here, we develop a light-gated kinase activity coupled transcriptional integrator (KINACT) that converts dynamic kinase signals into "permanent" fluorescent marks. KINACT enables robust monitoring of kinase activity across scales, accurately recording subcellular PKA activity, highlighting PKA signaling heterogeneity in 3D cultures, and identifying PKA activators and inhibitors in high-throughput screens. We further leverage the ability of KINACT to drive signaling effector expression to allow feedback manipulation of the balance of GsR201C-induced PKA and ERK activation and dissect the mechanisms of oncogenic G protein signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatarphekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-gated Integrator for Highlighting Kinase Activity in Living Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformer Model Generated Bacteriophage Genomes are Compositionally Distinct from Natural Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel applications of language models in genomics promise to have a large impact on the field. The megaDNA model is the first publicly available generative model for creating synthetic viral genomes. To evaluate megaDNAs ability to recapitulate the nonrandom genome composition of viruses and assess whether synthetic genomes can be algorithmically detected, compositional metrics for 4,969 natural bacteriophage genomes and 1,002 de novo synthetic bacteriophage genomes were compared. Transformer-generated sequences had varied but realistic genome lengths and 58% were classified as viral by geNomad. However, the sequences demonstrated consistent differences in various compositional metrics when compared to natural bacteriophage genomes by rank-sum tests and principal component analysis. A simple neural network trained to detect transformer-generated sequences on global compositional metrics alone displayed a median sensitivity of 93.0% and specificity of 97.9% (n = 12 independent models). Overall, these results demonstrate that megaDNA does not yet generate bacteriophage genomes with realistic compositional biases and that genome composition is a reliable method for detecting sequences generated by this model. While the results are specific to the megaDNA model, the evaluate framework described here could be applied to any generative model for genomic sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformer Model Generated Bacteriophage Genomes are Compositionally Distinct from Natural Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ComPRePS: An Automated Cloud-based Image Analysis tool to democratize AI in Digital Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digital pathology using whole slide imaging (WSI) and artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform diagnostic workflows, but adoption remains limited by technical complexity and scalability. We developed the Computational Renal Pathology Suite (ComPRePS), a scalable cloud-based platform that automates WSI ingestion, compartmental segmentation, feature extraction, and AI-assisted interpretation through an integrated high-performance architecture.

ComPRePS was evaluated in two use cases. First, using 213 procurement biopsies, we compared conventional assessments with automated AI analyses and a hybrid AI-assisted expert workflow. ComPRePS AI-assisted methods achieved higher precision and significantly improved interobserver agreement for key lesions, including global glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and arterial intimal thickening. Second, ComPRePS enabled high-throughput quantitative profiling of glomerular and tubular features across minimal change disease, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloid nephropathy revealing disease-specific phenotypic patterns inaccessible to manual evaluation.

Overall, ComPRePS improves reproducibility, interpretability, and objectivity in renal pathology, bridging computation with clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mimar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucarelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boarder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naglah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ComPRePS: An Automated Cloud-based Image Analysis tool to democratize AI in Digital Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Flt3L Drives Tolerogenic State to Attenuate Anti-drug Antibody Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune reactions to protein drugs present substantial challenges to protein replacement for treating congenital diseases and metabolic deficiencies, due to the lack of endogenous tolerance or the protein drugs partial or total non-human origin. We sought to transiently modify the immune environment when the adaptive response to the drug antigen is mounted to lessen future reactions upon continued therapeutic treatment, without modifying the drug itself. Herein, we characterize a recombinant fusion of the cytokine Flt3L to serum albumin and describe a novel pathway of Flt3L-mediated immune regulation. We highlight reduced activation of dendritic cells (DC) as well as an increased frequency of DCs expressing LAP, a TGF-{beta} precursor. These effects in combination with low doses of the exogenous antigen led to less TH2 differentiation. This enabled a tolerance-biasing induction regimen to significantly decrease anti-drug antibodies upon repeated exposure to a clinically used, immunogenic fungal enzyme, rasburicase. This induction regimen reduced the Tfh compartment and increased Tfh cells expressing Foxp3 and PD-L1, suggesting a regulatory response. Overall, we introduce the use of a Flt3L variant as an induction therapeutic to modulate the innate immune response, thereby attenuating the adaptive reaction to antigenic protein drugs and addressing an unmet clinical need.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refvik, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterbach, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesser, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medellin, J. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Flt3L Drives Tolerogenic State to Attenuate Anti-drug Antibody Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upstream open reading frames may contain hundreds of novel human exons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent studies have presented evidence that the human gene catalogue should be expanded to include thousands of short open reading frames (ORFs) appearing upstream or downstream of existing protein-coding genes, each of which would comprise an additional bicistronic transcript in humans. Here we explore an alternative hypothesis that would explain the translational and evolutionary evidence for these upstream ORFs without the need to create novel genes or bicistronic transcripts. We examined 2,199 upstream ORFs that have been proposed as high-quality candidates for novel genes, to determine if they could instead represent protein-coding exons that can be added to existing genes. We checked for the conservation of these ORFs in four recently sequenced, high-quality human genomes, and found a large majority (87.8%) to be conserved in all four as expected. We then looked for splicing evidence that would connect each upstream ORF to the downstream protein-coding gene at the same locus, thus creating a novel splicing variant using the upstream ORF as its first exon. These protein coding exon candidates were further evaluated using protein structure predictions of the protein sequences that included the proposed new exons. We determined that 582 out of 2,199 upstream ORFs have strong evidence that they can form protein coding exons that are part of an existing gene, and that the resulting protein is predicted to have similar or better structural quality than the currently annotated isoform.

Author SummaryWe analyzed over 2000 human sequences that have been proposed to represent novel protein-coding genes, and that reside just upstream of known genes. These "upstream ORFs" (uORFs) would represent a surprisingly large addition to the human gene catalogue, which after decades of refinement now contains just under 20,000 protein-coding genes. They would also create over 2000 new bicistronic genes, which number only 10 in current human annotation databases. We hypothesized that rather than novel genes, these sequences might instead represent novel exons that can be spliced into existing protein-coding genes, creating new isoforms of those genes. Using a combination of transcriptional evidence and computational predictions, we show that at least 582 of the previously-described uORFs can be used to create novel protein-coding exons, generating new transcripts and new protein isoforms, but not requiring the addition of entirely new genes to the human gene catalogue. We also demonstrate that the predicted three-dimensional structure of some of the new protein isoforms hints at new or improved functions for existing proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upstream open reading frames may contain hundreds of novel human exons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switching between newly learned motor skills 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of cognitive flexibility suggest that switching between different tasks can entail a transient switch cost. Here, we asked whether analogous switch costs exist in the context of switching between different motor skills. We tested whether participants could switch between a newly learned skill associated with a novel visuomotor mapping, and an existing skill associated with an intuitive mapping. Participants showed increased errors in trials immediately following a switch between mappings. These errors were attributable to persisting with the pre-switch policy, rather than imperfect implementation or retrieval of the post-switch policy. A subset of our participants further learned a second new skill. Switching between these two novel skills was initially very challenging, but improved with further training. Our findings suggest that switching between newly learned motor skills can be challenging, and that errors in the context of switching between skills are primarily attributable to perseveration with the wrong control policy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switching between newly learned motor skills]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global coral genomic vulnerability explains recent reef losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dramatic decline of reef-building corals calls for a better understanding of coral adaptation to ocean warming. Here, we characterized genetic diversity of the widespread genus Acropora by building a genomic database of 595 coral samples from different oceanic regions--from the Great Barrier Reef to the Persian Gulf. Through genome-environment associations, we found that different Acropora species showed parallel evolutionary signals of heat-adaptation in the same genomic regions, pointing to genes associated with molecular heat shock responses and symbiosis. We then projected the present and the predicted future distribution of heat-adapted genotypes across reefs worldwide. Reefs projected with low frequency of heat-adapted genotypes display higher rates of Acropora decline, indicating a potential genomic vulnerability to heat exposure. Our projections also suggest a transition where heat-adapted genotypes will spread at least until 2040. However, this transition will likely involve mass mortality of entire non-adapted populations and a consequent erosion of Acropora genetic diversity. This genetic diversity loss could hinder the capacity of Acropora to adapt to the more extreme heatwaves projected beyond 2040. Genomic vulnerability and genetic diversity loss estimates can be used to reassess which coral reefs are at risk and their conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleves, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global coral genomic vulnerability explains recent reef losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senolytic therapy preserves blood-brain barrier integrity and promotes microglia homeostasis in a tauopathy model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence, characterized by expressing the cell cycle inhibitory proteins, is evident in driving age-related diseases. Senescent cells play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of tau-mediated pathology, suggesting that targeting cell senescence offers a therapeutic potential for treating tauopathy associated diseases. This study focuses on identifying non-invasive biomarkers and validating their responses to a well-characterized senolytic therapy combining dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q), in a widely used tauopathy mouse model, PS19. We employed human-translatable MRI measures, including water extraction with phase-contrast arterial spin tagging (WEPCAST) MRI, T2 relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST), longitudinally assessed brain physiology and high-resolution structural MRI evaluated the brain regional volumes in PS19 mice. Our data reveal increased BBB permeability, decreased oxygen extraction fraction, and brain atrophy in 9-month-old PS19 mice compared to their littermate controls. (D+Q) treatment effectively preserves BBB integrity, rescues cerebral oxygen hypometabolism, attenuates brain atrophy, and alleviates tau hyperphosphorylation in PS19 mice. Mechanistically, D+Q treatment induces a shift of microglia from a disease-associated to a homeostatic state, reducing a senescence-like microglial phenotype marked by increased p16/INK4a. D+Q-treated PS19 mice exhibit enhanced cue-associated cognitive performance in the tracing fear conditioning test compared to the vehicle-treated littermates, implying improved cognitive function by D+Q treatment. Our results pave the way for application of senolytic treatment as well as these noninvasive MRI biomarkers in clinical trials in tauopathy associated neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakazu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scafidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senolytic therapy preserves blood-brain barrier integrity and promotes microglia homeostasis in a tauopathy model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions of mirror-image hair cell orientation to mouse otolith organ and zebrafish neuromast function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Otolith organs in the inner ear and neuromasts in the fish lateral-line harbor two populations of hair cells oriented to detect stimuli in opposing directions. The underlying mechanism is highly conserved: the transcription factor EMX2 is regionally expressed in just one hair cell population and acts through the receptor GPR156 to reverse cell orientation relative to the other population. In mouse and zebrafish, loss of Emx2 results in sensory organs that harbor only one hair cell orientation and are not innervated properly. In zebrafish, Emx2 also confers hair cells with reduced mechanosensory properties. Here, we leverage mouse and zebrafish models lacking GPR156 to determine how detecting stimuli of opposing directions serves vestibular function, and whether GPR156 has other roles besides orienting hair cells. We find that otolith organs in Gpr156 mouse mutants have normal zonal organization and normal type I-II hair cell distribution and mechano-electrical transduction properties. In contrast, gpr156 zebrafish mutants lack the smaller mechanically-evoked signals that characterize Emx2-positive hair cells. Loss of GPR156 does not affect orientation-selectivity of afferents in mouse utricle or zebrafish neuromasts. Consistent with normal otolith organ anatomy and afferent selectivity, Gpr156 mutant mice do not show overt vestibular dysfunction. Instead, performance on two tests that engage otolith organs is significantly altered - swimming and off-vertical-axis rotation. We conclude that GPR156 relays hair cell orientation and transduction information downstream of EMX2, but not selectivity for direction-specific afferents. These results clarify how molecular mechanisms that confer bi-directionality to sensory organs contribute to function, from single hair cell physiology to animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarysta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindt, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarchini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions of mirror-image hair cell orientation to mouse otolith organ and zebrafish neuromast function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial respiration atlas reveals differential changes in mitochondrial function across sex and age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ function declines with age, and large-scale transcriptomic analyses have highlighted differential aging trajectories across tissues. The mechanism underlying shared and organ-selective functional changes across the lifespan, however, still remains poorly understood. Given the central role of mitochondria in powering cellular processes needed to maintain tissue health, we therefore undertook a systematic assessment of respiratory activity across 33 different tissues in young (2.5 months) and old (20 months) mice of both sexes. Our high-resolution mitochondrial respiration atlas reveals: 1) within any group of mice, mitochondrial activity varies widely across tissues, with the highest values consistently seen in heart, brown fat, and kidney; 2) biological sex is a significant but minor contributor to mitochondrial respiration, and its contributions are tissue-specific, with major differences seen in the pancreas, stomach, and white adipose tissue; 3) age is a dominant factor affecting mitochondrial activity, especially across most brain regions, different fat depots, skeletal muscle groups, eyes, and different regions of the gastrointestinal tract; 4) age-effects can be sex- and tissue-specific, with some of the largest effects seen in pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle; and 5) while aging alters the functional trajectories of mitochondria in a majority of tissues, some are remarkably resilient to age-induced changes. Altogether, our data provide the most comprehensive compendium of mitochondrial respiration and illuminate functional signatures of aging across diverse tissues and organ systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial respiration atlas reveals differential changes in mitochondrial function across sex and age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based frequency-and-phase correction of 1H MRS data with 2D linear-combination modeling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeRetrospective frequency-and-phase correction (FPC) methods attempt to remove frequency- and-phase variations between transients to improve the quality of the averaged MR spectrum. However, traditional FPC methods like spectral registration struggle at low SNR. Here, we propose a method that directly integrates FPC into a two-dimensional linear-combination model (2D-LCM) of individual transients ( model-based FPC). We investigated how model-based FPC performs compared to the traditional approach, i.e., spectral registration followed by 1D-LCM in estimating frequency-and-phase drifts and, consequentially, metabolite level estimates.

MethodsWe created synthetic in-vivo-like 64-transient short-TE sLASER datasets with 100 noise realizations at 5 SNR levels and added randomly sampled frequency and phase variations. We then used this synthetic dataset to compare the performance of 2D-LCM with the traditional approach (spectral registration, averaging, then 1D-LCM). Outcome measures were the frequency/phase/amplitude errors, the standard deviation of those ground-truth errors, and amplitude Cramer Rao Lower Bounds (CRLBs). We further tested the proposed method on publicly available in-vivo short-TE PRESS data.

Results2D-LCM estimates (and accounts for) frequency-and-phase variations directly from uncorrected data with equivalent or better fidelity than the conventional approach. Furthermore, 2D-LCM metabolite amplitude estimates were at least as accurate, precise, and certain as the conventionally derived estimates. 2D-LCM estimation of frequency and phase correction and amplitudes performed substantially better at low-to-very-low SNR.

ConclusionModel-based FPC with 2D linear-combination modeling is feasible and has great potential to improve metabolite level estimation for conventional and dynamic MRS data, especially for low-SNR conditions, e.g., long TEs or strong diffusion weighting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based frequency-and-phase correction of 1H MRS data with 2D linear-combination modeling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KAT6A deficiency impairs cognitive functions through suppressing RSPO2/Wnt signaling in hippocampal CA3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intellectual disability (ID) affects [~]2% of the general population and is often genetic in origin. ID-associated genes are enriched for epigenetic factors, including those encoding the largest family of histone lysine acetyltransferases (KAT5-KAT8). Among them is KAT6A, whose de novo heterozygous mutations cause KAT6A Syndrome (or Arboleda-Tham Syndrome), with ID as a common clinical feature. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that haploinsufficiency of Kat6a impairs learning and memory in mice, and specific deletion of Kat6a in excitatory neurons recapitulates the hippocampus-dependent memory deficits. Unexpectedly, KAT6A deficiency results in impaired synaptic structure and plasticity in hippocampal CA3, but not in CA1 region. Combining single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and chromatin analysis, we identify a CA3-enriched gene Rspo2, encoding a Wnt activator R-spondin 2, as a key transcriptional target of KAT6A. Moreover, deletion of Rspo2 in excitatory neurons phenocopies the loss of Kat6a, resulting in defective Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling and synaptic plasticity in CA3, and abnormal cognitive behaviors in mice. Importantly, restoring RSPO2 expression in CA3 pyramidal neurons rescues the deficits in Wnt signaling and learning-associated behaviors in Kat6a mutant mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that KAT6A plays a critical role in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory formation through RSPO2-mediated Wnt signaling in hippocampal CA3, shedding new light on the fundamental mechanisms of ID and providing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of KAT6A Syndrome and related neurodevelopmental diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KAT6A deficiency impairs cognitive functions through suppressing RSPO2/Wnt signaling in hippocampal CA3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D in vitro assay to study combined immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cell-mediated killing of cancer cells in a solid tumor is prefaced by a multi-step infiltration cascade of invasion, directed migration, and cytotoxic activities. In particular, immune cells must invade and migrate through a series of different extracellular matrix (ECM) boundaries and domains before reaching and killing their target tumor cells. These infiltration events are a central challenge to the clinical success of CAR T cells against solid tumors. The current standard in vitro cell killing assays measure cell cytotoxicity in an obstacle-free, two-dimensional (2D) microenvironment, which precludes the study of 3D immune cell-ECM interactions. Here, we present a 3D combined infiltration/cytotoxicity assay based on an oil-in-water microtechnology. This assay measures stromal invasion following extravasation, migration through the stromal matrix, and invasion of the solid tumor in addition to cell killing. We compare this 3D cytotoxicity assay to the benchmark 2D assay through tumor assembloid cocultures with immune cells and engineered immune cells. This assay is amenable to an array of imaging techniques, which allows direct observation and quantification of each stage of infiltration in different immune and oncological contexts. We establish the 3D infiltration/cytotoxicity assay as an important tool for the mechanistic study of immune cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/586980v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6a161dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d1e5d3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@47b87corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a0e051_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG The 3D combined infiltration/cytotoxicity assay captures three important steps of immune cell infiltration into the solid tumor microenvironment: (1) circulating immune cells extravasate and invade the stromal matrix, (2) immune cells migrate through the stromal matrix to reach the tumor core, and (3) immune cells that successfully navigate the stroma must cross a basement membrane boundary secreted by the cancer cells to contact and kill the cancer cells within a solid tumor.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D in vitro assay to study combined immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Outer membrane vesicles can contribute to cellulose degradation in Teredinibacter turnerae, a cultivable intracellular endosymbiont of shipworms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Teredinibacter turnerae is a cultivable cellulolytic Gammaproteobacterium (Cellvibrionaceae) that commonly occurs as an intracellular endosymbiont in the gills of wood-eating bivalves of the family Teredinidae (shipworms). The genome of T. turnerae encodes a broad range of enzymes that deconstruct cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin and contribute to wood (lignocellulose) digestion in the shipworm gut. However, the mechanisms by which T. turnerae secretes lignocellulolytic enzymes are incompletely understood. Here, we show that T. turnerae cultures grown on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produce membrane vesicles (MVs) that include a variety of proteins identified by LC-MS/MS as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) with predicted activities against cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Reducing sugar assays and zymography confirm that these MVs exhibit cellulolytic activity, as evidenced by the hydrolysis of CMC. Additionally, these MVs were enriched with TonB-dependent receptors, which are essential to carbohydrate and iron acquisition by free-living bacteria. These observations indicate a potential role for MVs in lignocellulose utilization by T. turnerae in the free-living state, suggest possible mechanisms for host-symbiont interaction, and may be informative for commercial applications such as enzyme production and lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gasser, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preheim, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filone, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Outer membrane vesicles can contribute to cellulose degradation in Teredinibacter turnerae, a cultivable intracellular endosymbiont of shipworms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP): 3D Human Reference Atlas Construction and Usage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) aims to construct a reference 3D structural, cellular, and molecular atlas of the healthy adult human body. The HuBMAP Data Portal (https://portal.hubmapconsortium.org) serves experimental datasets and supports data processing, search, filtering, and visualization. The Human Reference Atlas (HRA) Portal (https://humanatlas.io) provides open access to atlas data, code, procedures, and instructional materials. Experts from more than 20 consortia are collaborating to construct the HRAs Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), knowledge graphs, and tools that describe the multiscale structure of the human body (from organs and tissues down to cells, genes, and biomarkers) and to use the HRA to understand changes that occur at each of these levels with aging, disease, and other perturbations. The 6th release of the HRA v2.0 covers 36 organs with 4,499 unique anatomical structures, 1,195 cell types, and 2,089 biomarkers (e.g., genes, proteins, lipids) linked to ontologies and 2D/3D reference objects. New experimental data can be mapped into the HRA using (1) three cell type annotation tools (e.g., Azimuth) or (2) validated antibody panels (OMAPs), or (3) by registering tissue data spatially. This paper describes the HRA user stories, terminology, data formats, ontology validation, unified analysis workflows, user interfaces, instructional materials, application programming interface (APIs), flexible hybrid cloud infrastructure, and previews atlas usage applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boerner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blood, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purkerson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaurooni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP): 3D Human Reference Atlas Construction and Usage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Application of Decontamination Methods for the Re-Use of Laboratory Grade Plastic Pipette Tips 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a need for methods to decontaminate and reuse personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical plastics became a priority. In this investigation we aimed to develop a contamination evaluation protocol for laboratory pipette tips, after decontamination. Decontamination methods tested in this study included cleaning with a common laboratory detergent (2.5% Alconox(R) solution followed with steam decontamination), exposure of ozone vapor at 250 and 14400 PPM * minute, and exposure to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). All tips (control and experimental groups) were introduced to the methods described, while tips exposed to DNA extracts of Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC-23211) were assessed for experimental groups. Decontamination was determined by turnover ratio and log reduction in detectable genomic material on the contaminated products using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay.

Our results showed, cleaning tips with lab detergents along with steam decontamination removed genetic material, resulting in the highest log reduction, compared with ozone or CAP treatments. Detergent/washing methods showed the highest turnover ratio (95.9 %) and log reduction (5.943). However, the excessive residue (post-cleaning) on the plastic, within inner filters, and tip boxes suggested that washing with lab detergents was not favorable for reuse. Ozone vapor at 14400 PPM * minutes showed the second highest turnover ratio (98.4 %) and log reduction (4.511). CAP exposure with tips inverted (the tip end exposed closer to the plasma flame) for 1 minute showed a turnover ratio of (68.3 %) and log reduction (4.002). Relatively, lower turnover ratio and log reduction of CAP could be attributed to development/optimization of treatment conditions, including increases in exposure time and relative to tip positioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastor, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunasena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Application of Decontamination Methods for the Re-Use of Laboratory Grade Plastic Pipette Tips]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TraitProtNet: Deciphering the Genome for Trait Prediction with Interpretable Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome data is far from fully explored. We present TraitProtNet, an innovative deep learning framework for predictive trait profiling in fungi, leveraging genome data and pretrained language models. The use of Integrated Gradients and bioinformatic analysis provides insights into the models interpretability, complementing traditional omics by highlighting the difference between protein importance and expression levels. This framework offers significant potential for future applications in both agriculture and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TraitProtNet: Deciphering the Genome for Trait Prediction with Interpretable Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Imaging Reveals Changes in the Neurovascular Architecture of the Murine Calvarium with Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calvarial nerves, along with vasculature, influence skull formation during development and following injury, but it remains unclear how calvarial nerves are spatially distributed during postnatal growth and aging. Studying the spatial distribution of nerves in the skull remains challenging due to a lack of methods to image and quantify 3D structures in intact bone. To visualize calvarial 3D neurovascular architecture, we imaged nerves and endothelial cells with lightsheet microscopy. We employed machine-learning-based segmentation to facilitate high-resolution characterization from post-natal day 0 (P0) to Week 80 (80wk). We found that TUBB3+ nerve density decreased with aging with the frontal bone demonstrating earlier onset age-related nerve loss than the parietal bone. In addition, nerves in the periosteum and dura mater exhibited similar yet distinct temporal patterns of nerve growth and loss. While no difference was observed in TUBB3+ nerves during skeletal maturation (P0 {longrightarrow} 12wk), we did observe an increase in the volume of unmyelinated nerves in the dura mater. Regarding calvarial vasculature, larger CD31hiEmcn- vessel density increased with aging, while CD31hiEmcnhi vessel density was reduced. For all nerve markers studied, calvarial nerves maintained a preferential spatial association with CD31hiEmcnhi vessels that decreased with aging. Additionally, we used a model of Apert syndrome that demonstrates early coronal suture fusion to explore the impact of suture-related disease on neurovascular architecture. We identified a mild dysregulation of dural nerves and minor shifts in vessel populations. Collectively, this 3D, spatiotemporal characterization of calvarial nerves throughout the lifespan and provides new insights into age-induced neurovascular architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Imaging Reveals Changes in the Neurovascular Architecture of the Murine Calvarium with Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foraging Under Uncertainty Follows the Marginal Value Theorem with Bayesian Updating of Environment Representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foraging theory has been a remarkably successful approach to understanding the behavior of animals in many contexts. In patch-based foraging contexts, the marginal value theorem (MVT) shows that the optimal strategy is to leave a patch when the marginal rate of return declines to the average for the environment. However, the MVT is only valid in deterministic environments whose statistics are known to the forager; naturalistic environments seldom meet these strict requirements. As a result, the strategies used by foragers in naturalistic environments must be empirically investigated. We developed a novel behavioral task and a corresponding computational framework for studying patch-leaving decisions in head-fixed and freely moving mice. We varied between-patch travel time, as well as within-patch reward depletion rate, both deterministically and stochastically. We found that mice adopt patch residence times in a manner consistent with the MVT and not explainable by simple ethologically motivated heuristic strategies. Critically, behavior was best accounted for by a modified form of the MVT wherein environment representations were updated based on local variations in reward timing, captured by a Bayesian estimator and dynamic prior. Thus, we show that mice can strategically attend to, learn from, and exploit task structure on multiple timescales simultaneously, thereby efficiently foraging in volatile environments. The results provide a foundation for applying the systems neuroscience toolkit in freely moving and head-fixed mice to understand the neural basis of foraging under uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.30.587253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foraging Under Uncertainty Follows the Marginal Value Theorem with Bayesian Updating of Environment Representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontology-based modeling, integration, and analysis of heterogeneous clinical, pathological, and molecular kidney data for precision medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many resources are now generating, processing, storing, or providing kidney-related molecular, pathological, and clinical data. Reference ontologies offer an opportunity to support knowledge and data organization and integration. The Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) team contributed to the representation and addition of 329 kidney phenotype terms to the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) and identified many subcategories of acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Kidney Tissue Atlas Ontology (KTAO) imports and integrates kidney-related terms from existing ontologies (e.g., HPO, CL, and Uberon) and represents 259 kidney-related biomarkers. We also developed a precision medicine metadata ontology (PMMO) to integrate 50 variables from KPMP and CellxGene resources and applied PMMO for integrative analysis. The gene expression profiles of kidney gene biomarkers were specifically analyzed in healthy controls or AKI/CKD disease states. This work demonstrates how ontology-based approaches support multi-domain data and knowledge organization and integration to advance precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuong, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnous, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alakwaa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerius, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontology-based modeling, integration, and analysis of heterogeneous clinical, pathological, and molecular kidney data for precision medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeding competent TDP-43 persists in human patient and mouse muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is an RNA binding protein that accumulates as aggregates in the central nervous system of some neurodegenerative diseases. However, TDP-43 aggregation is also a sensitive and specific pathologic feature found in a family of degenerative muscle diseases termed inclusion body myopathy (IBM). TDP-43 aggregates from ALS and FTD brain lysates may serve as self-templating aggregate seeds in vitro and in vivo, supporting a prion-like spread from cell to cell. Whether a similar process occurs in IBM patient muscle is not clear. We developed a mouse model of inducible, muscle-specific cytoplasmic localized TDP-43. These mice develop muscle weakness with robust accumulation of insoluble and phosphorylated sarcoplasmic TDP-43, leading to eosinophilic inclusions, altered proteostasis and changes in TDP-43-related RNA processing that resolve with the removal of doxycycline. Skeletal muscle lysates from these mice also have seeding competent TDP-43, as determined by a FRET-based biosensor, that persists for weeks upon resolution of TDP-43 aggregate pathology. Human muscle biopsies with TDP-43 pathology also contain TDP-43 aggregate seeds. Using lysates from muscle biopsies of patients with IBM, IMNM and ALS we found that TDP-43 seeding capacity was specific to IBM. Surprisingly, TDP-43 seeding capacity anti-correlated with TDP-43 aggregate and vacuole abundance. These data support that TDP-43 aggregate seeds are present in IBM skeletal muscle and represent a unique TDP-43 pathogenic species not previously appreciated in human muscle disease.

SummaryTDP-43 aggregate seeds persist in mouse and human skeletal muscle independent of large TDP-43 inclusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikenaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhavale, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackrel, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotzbauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestronk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weihl, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeding competent TDP-43 persists in human patient and mouse muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microanatomy of human skin in aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major driver of diseases in humans. Identifying features associated with aging is essential for designing robust intervention strategies and discovering novel biomarkers of aging. Extensive studies at both the molecular and organ/whole-body physiological scales have helped determined features associated with aging. However, the lack of meso-scale studies, particularly at the tissue level, limits the ability to translate findings made at molecular scale to impaired tissue functions associated with aging. In this work, we established a tissue image analysis workflow - quantitative micro-anatomical phenotyping (qMAP) - that leverages deep learning and machine vision to fully label tissue and cellular compartments in tissue sections. The fully mapped tissue images address the challenges of finding an interpretable feature set to quantitatively profile age-related microanatomic changes. We optimized qMAP for skin tissues and applied it to a cohort of 99 donors aged 14 to 92. We extracted 914 microanatomic features and found that a broad spectrum of these features, represented by 10 cores processes, are strongly associated with aging. Our analysis shows that microanatomical features of the skin can predict aging with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 7.7 years, comparable to state-of-the-art epigenetic clocks. Our study demonstrates that tissue-level architectural changes are strongly associated with aging and represent a novel category of aging biomarkers that complement molecular markers. Our results highlight the complex and underexplored multi-scale relationship between molecular and tissue microanatomic scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.588011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microanatomy of human skin in aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tonotopic organization of auditory cortex in awake marmosets revealed by multi-modal wide-field optical imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex has been extensively studied in many mammalian species using various methodologies and physiological preparations. Tonotopy mapping in primates, however, is more limited due to constraints such as cortical folding, use of anesthetized subjects, and mapping methodology. Here we applied a combination of through-skull and through-window intrinsic optical signal imaging, wide-field calcium imaging, and neural probe recording techniques in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a New World monkey with most of its auditory cortex located on a flat brain surface. Coarse tonotopic gradients, including a recently described rostral-temporal (RT) to parabelt gradient, were revealed by the through-skull imaging of intrinsic optical signals and were subsequently validated by single-unit recording. Furthermore, these tonotopic gradients were observed with more details through chronically implanted cranial windows with additional verifications on the experimental design. Moreover, the tonotopy mapped by the intrinsic-signal imaging methods was verified by wide-field calcium imaging in an AAV-GCaMP labeled subject. After these validations and with the further effort to expand the field of view more anteroventrally in both windowed and through-skull subjects, an additional putative tonotopic gradient was observed more rostrally to the area RT, which has not been previously described by the standard model of tonotopic organization of the primate auditory cortex. Together, these results provide the most comprehensive data of tonotopy mapping in awake primate species with unprecedented coverage and details in the rostral proportion and supports a caudorostrally arranged mesoscale organization of at least three repeats of functional gradients in the primate auditory cortex, similar to the ventral stream of primate visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tonotopic organization of auditory cortex in awake marmosets revealed by multi-modal wide-field optical imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.06.588331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure of the monobactam-producing thioesterase domain of SulM forms a unique complex with the upstream carrier protein domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.06.588331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are responsible for the production of important biologically active peptides. The large, multidomain NRPSs operate through an assembly line strategy in which the growing peptide is tethered to carrier domains that deliver the intermediates to neighboring catalytic domains. While most NRPS domains catalyze standard chemistry of amino acid activation, peptide bond formation and product release, some canonical NRPS catalytic domains promote unexpected chemistry. The paradigm monobactam antibiotic sulfazecin is produced through the activity of a terminal thioesterase domain that catalyzes an unusual {beta}-lactam forming reaction in which the nitrogen of the C-terminal N-sulfo-2,3-diaminopropionate residue attacks its thioester tether to release the {beta}-lactam product. We have determined the structure of the thioesterase domain as both a free-standing domain and a didomain complex with the upstream holo peptidyl-carrier domain. The structure illustrates a constrained active site that orients the substrate properly for {beta}-lactam formation. In this regard, the structure is similar to the {beta}-lactone forming thioesterase domain responsible for the production of obafluorin. Analysis of the structure identifies features that are responsible for this four-membered ring closure and enable bioinformatic analysis to identify additional, uncharacterized {beta}-lactam-forming biosynthetic gene clusters by genome mining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichstrahl, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.06.588331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure of the monobactam-producing thioesterase domain of SulM forms a unique complex with the upstream carrier protein domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inferotemporal coding strategy robust to partial object occlusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Object coding in primate ventral pathway cortex progresses in sparseness/compression/efficiency, from many orientation signals in V1, to fewer 2D/3D part signals in V4, to still fewer multi-part configuration signals in AIT (anterior inferotemporal cortex).1-11 This progression could lead to individual neurons exclusively selective for unique objects, the sparsest code for identity, especially for highly familiar, important objects.12-18 To test this, we trained macaque monkeys to discriminate 8 simple letter-like shapes in a match-to-sample task, a design in which one-to-one coding of letters by neurons could streamline behavior. Performance increased from chance to >80% correct over a period of weeks, after which AIT neurons showed clear learning effects, with increased selectivity for multi-part configurations within the trained alphabet shapes. But these neurons were not exclusively tuned for unique letters based on training, since their responsiveness generalized to different, non-trained shapes containing the same configurations. This multi-part configuration coding limit in AIT is not maximally sparse, but it could explain the robustness of primate vision to partial object occlusion, which is common in the natural world and problematic for computer vision. Multi-part configurations are highly diagnostic of identity, and neural signals for various partial object structures can provide different but equally sufficient evidence for whole object identity across most occlusion conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inferotemporal coding strategy robust to partial object occlusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The relationship between event boundary strength and pattern shifts across the cortical hierarchy during naturalistic movie-viewing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our continuous experience is spontaneously segmented by the brain into discrete events. However, the beginning of a new event (an event boundary) is not always sharply identifiable: phenomenologically, event boundaries vary in salience. How are the response profiles of cortical areas at event boundaries modulated by boundary strength during complex, naturalistic movie-viewing? Do cortical responses scale in a graded manner with boundary strength, or do they merely detect boundaries in a binary fashion? We measured "cortical boundary shifts" as transient changes in multi-voxel patterns at event boundaries with different strengths (weak, moderate, and strong), determined by across-subject agreement. Cortical regions with different processing timescales were examined. In auditory areas, which have short timescales, cortical boundary shifts exhibited a clearly graded profile both in group-level and individual-level analyses. In cortical areas with long timescales, including the default mode network, boundary strength modulated pattern shift magnitude at the individual subject level. We also observed a positive relationship between boundary strength and the extent of temporal alignment of boundary shifts across different levels of the cortical hierarchy. Additionally, hippocampal activity was highest at event boundaries for which cortical boundary shifts were most aligned across hierarchical levels. Overall, we found that event boundary strength modulated cortical pattern shifts strongly in sensory areas and more weakly in higher-level areas, and that stronger boundaries were associated with greater alignment of these shifts across the cortical hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The relationship between event boundary strength and pattern shifts across the cortical hierarchy during naturalistic movie-viewing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing microgliosis and tau deposition in the mouse brain using paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility source separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tauopathies, including Alzheimers disease (AD), are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates in the brain. In addition to protein aggregates, microglia-mediated inflammation and iron dyshomeostasis are other pathological features observed in AD and other tauopathies. It is known that these alterations at the subcellular level occur much before the onset of macroscopic tissue atrophy or cognitive deficits. The ability to detect these microstructural changes with MRI therefore has substantive importance for improved characterization of disease pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility source separation has the potential to distinguish neuropathological alterations in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. 3D multi-echo gradient echo data were acquired from fixed brains of PS19 (Tau) transgenic mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5 each) at 11.7 T. The multi-echo data were fit to a 3-pool complex signal model to derive maps of paramagnetic component susceptibility (PCS) and diamagnetic component susceptibility (DCS). Group-averaged signal fraction and composite susceptibility maps showed significant region-specific differences between the WT and Tau mouse brains. Significant bilateral increases in PCS and |DCS| were observed in specific hippocampal and cortical sub-regions of the Tau mice relative to WT controls. Comparison with immunohistological staining for microglia (Iba1) and phosphorylated-tau (AT8) further indicated that the PCS and DCS differences corresponded to regional microgliosis and tau deposition in the PS19 mouse brains, respectively. The results demonstrate that quantitative susceptibility source separation may provide sensitive imaging markers to detect distinct pathological alterations in tauopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakazu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.588962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing microgliosis and tau deposition in the mouse brain using paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility source separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative tests of albendazole resistance in beta-tubulin mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics are among the most important treatments for parasitic nematode infections in the developing world. Widespread BZ resistance in veterinary parasites and emerging resistance in human parasites raise major concerns for the continued use of BZs. Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance is necessary to make informed treatment decisions and circumvent resistance. Benzimidazole resistance has traditionally been associated with mutations and natural variants in the C. elegans beta-tubulin gene ben-1 and orthologs in parasitic species. However, variants in ben-1 alone do not explain the differences in BZ responses across parasite populations. Here, we examine the roles of five C. elegans beta-tubulin genes (tbb-1, mec-7, tbb-4, ben-1, and tbb-6) to identify the role each gene plays in BZ response. We generated C. elegans strains with a loss of each beta-tubulin gene, as well as strains with a loss of tbb-1, mec-7, tbb-4, or tbb-6 in a genetic background that also lacks ben-1 to test beta-tubulin redundancy in BZ response. We found that only the individual loss of ben-1 conferred a substantial level of BZ resistance, although the loss of tbb-1 was found to confer a small benefit in the presence of albendazole (ABZ). The loss of ben-1 was found to confer an almost complete rescue of animal development in the presence of 30 {micro}M ABZ, likely explaining why no additive effects caused by the loss of a second beta-tubulin were observed. We demonstrate that ben-1 is the only beta-tubulin gene in C. elegans where loss confers substantial BZ resistance.

Highlights- Loss of ben-1 provides almost complete rescue of development in albendazole (ABZ)
- Loss of different beta-tubulin genes does not confer ABZ resistance
- Loss of ben-1 and a second beta-tubulin does not enhance the ben-1 level of ABZ resistance
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Moutaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative tests of albendazole resistance in beta-tubulin mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics: therapeutic insights from simulated cortical dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonergic psychedelics have been identified as promising next-generation therapeutic agents in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. While their efficacy has been increasingly validated, the mechanism by which they exert a therapeutic effect is still debated. A popular theoretical account is that excessive 5-HT2a agonism disrupts cortical dynamics, relaxing the precision of maladaptive high-level beliefs and making them more malleable and open to revision. We extend this perspective by developing a simple energy-based model of cortical dynamics based on predictive processing which incorporates effects of neuromodulation. Using this model, we propose and simulate hypothetical computational mechanisms for both 5-HT2a and 5-HT1a agonism. Results from our model are able to account for a number of existing empirical observations concerning serotonergic psychedelics effects on cognition and affect. Using the findings of our model, we provide a theoretically-grounded hypothesis for the clinical success of LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, as well as identify the design space of biased 5-HT1a agonist psychedelics such as 5-MeO-DMT as potentially fruitful in the development of more effective and tolerable psychotherapeutic agents in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juliani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graesser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics: therapeutic insights from simulated cortical dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing transcriptome expression quantification through accurate assignment of long RNA sequencing reads with TranSigner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently developed long-read RNA sequencing technologies promise to provide a more accurate and comprehensive view of transcriptomes compared to short-read sequencers, primarily due to their capability to achieve full-length sequencing of transcripts. However, realizing this potential requires computational tools tailored to process long reads, which exhibit a higher error rate than short reads. Existing methods for assembling and quantifying long-read data often disagree on expressed transcripts and their abundance levels, leading researchers to lack confidence in the transcriptomes produced using this data. One approach to address the uncertainties in transcriptome assembly and quantification is by assigning the long reads to transcripts, enabling a more detailed characterization of transcript support at the read level. Here, we introduce TranSigner, a versatile tool that assigns long reads to any input transcriptome. TranSigner consists of three consecutive modules performing: read alignment to the given transcripts, computation of read-to-transcript compatibility based on alignment scores and positions, and execution of an expectation-maximization algorithm to probabilistically assign reads to transcripts and estimate transcript abundances. Using simulated data and experimental datasets from three well-studied organisms -- Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Mus musculus -- we demonstrate that TranSigner achieves accurate read assignments, obtaining higher accuracy in transcript abundance estimation compared to existing tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing transcriptome expression quantification through accurate assignment of long RNA sequencing reads with TranSigner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.14.589442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viscoelastic Extracellular Matrix Enhances Epigenetic Remodeling and Cellular Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.14.589442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrices of living tissues exhibit viscoelastic properties, yet how these properties regulate chromatin and the epigenome remains unclear. Here, we show that viscoelastic substrates induce changes in nuclear architecture and epigenome, with more pronounced effects on softer surfaces. Fibroblasts on viscoelastic substrates display larger nuclei, lower chromatin compaction, and differential expression of distinct sets of genes related to the cytoskeleton and nuclear function compared to those on purely elastic surfaces. Slow-relaxing viscoelastic substrates reduce lamin A/C expression and enhance nuclear remodeling. These structural changes are accompanied by a global increase in euchromatin marks and local increase in chromatin accessibility at cis-regulatory elements associated with neuronal and pluripotent genes. Consequently, viscoelastic substrates improve the reprogramming efficiency from fibroblasts into neurons and induced pluripotent stem cells. Collectively, our findings unravel the roles of matrix viscoelasticity in epigenetic regulation and cell reprogramming, with implications for designing smart materials for cell fate engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eoh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.14.589442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viscoelastic Extracellular Matrix Enhances Epigenetic Remodeling and Cellular Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of HIV-1 prophylactic efficacy and toxicity with islatravir shows non-superiority for oral dosing, but promise as a subdermal implant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV prevention with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) constitutes a major pillar in fighting the ongoing epidemic. While daily oral PrEP adherence may be challenging, long-acting (LA-)PrEP in oral or implant formulations could overcome frequent dosing with convenient administration. The novel drug islatravir (ISL) may be suitable for LA-PrEP, but high doses have been associated with lymphopenia.

We developed a mathematical model to predict ISL pro-drug levels in plasma and active intracellular ISL-triphosphate concentrations after oral vs. subdermal implant dosing. Using phase-II trial data, we simulated antiviral effects and estimated HIV risk reduction for multiple dosages and dosing frequencies. We then established non-toxic exposure thresholds and evaluated low-dose regimens. Our findings suggest that implants with 56-62 mg ISL offer safe, effective HIV risk reduction without being toxic. Oral 0.1 mg daily, 3-5 mg weekly, and 10 mg bi-weekly ISL provide comparable efficacy, but weekly and bi-weekly doses resulted in residual toxicity, while adherence requirements for daily dosing were similar to established oral PrEP regimen. Oral 0.5-1 mg on-demand provided > 90% protection, while not being suitable for post-exposure prophylaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kleist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of HIV-1 prophylactic efficacy and toxicity with islatravir shows non-superiority for oral dosing, but promise as a subdermal implant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of neuron-astrocyte coordinated activity among sensory processing centers of the developing brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Afferent neurons in developing sensory organs exhibit a prolonged period of burst firing prior to the onset of sensory experience. This intrinsically generated activity propagates from the periphery through central processing centers to promote the survival and physiological maturation of neurons and refine their synaptic connectivity. Recent studies in the auditory system indicate that these bursts of action potentials also trigger metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated calcium increases within astrocytes that are spatially and temporally correlated with neuronal events; however, it is not known if this phenomenon occurs in other sensory modalities. Here we show using in vivo simultaneous imaging of neuronal and astrocyte calcium activity in awake mouse pups that waves of retinal ganglion cell activity induce spatially and temporally correlated waves of astrocyte activity in the superior colliculus that depend on metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR5 and mGluR3. Astrocyte calcium transients reliably occurred with each neuronal wave, but peaked more than one second after neuronal events. Despite differences in the temporal features of spontaneous activity in auditory and visual processing regions, individual astrocytes exhibited similar overall calcium activity patterns, providing a conserved mechanism to synchronize neuronal and astrocyte maturation within discrete sensory domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellner, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of neuron-astrocyte coordinated activity among sensory processing centers of the developing brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ModDotPlot - Rapid and interactive visualization of complex repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA common method for analyzing genomic repeats is to produce a sequence similarity matrix visualized via a dot plot. Innovative approaches such as StainedGlass have improved upon this classic visualization by rendering dot plots as a heatmap of sequence identity, enabling researchers to better visualize multi-megabase tandem repeat arrays within centromeres and other heterochromatic regions of the genome. However, computing the similarity estimates for heatmaps requires high computational overhead and can suffer from decreasing accuracy.

ResultsIn this work we introduce ModDotPlot, an interactive and alignment-free dot plot viewer. By approximating average nucleotide identity via a k-mer-based containment index, ModDotPlot produces accurate plots orders of magnitude faster than StainedGlass. We accomplish this through the use of a hierarchical modimizer scheme that can visualize the full 128 Mbp genome of Arabidopsis thaliana in under 5 minutes on a laptop. ModDotPlot is bundled with a graphical user interface supporting real-time interactive navigation of entire chromosomes.

Availability and ImplementationModDotPlot is available at https://github.com/marbl/ModDotPlot.

Contactalex.sweeten@nih.gov, adam.phillippy@nih.gov
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweeten, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ModDotPlot - Rapid and interactive visualization of complex repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optogenetic assay for the dauer decision in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dauer decision in Caenorhabditis elegans is a critical developmental decision that ensures survival under harsh environmental conditions. Factors such as temperature, food availability, and pheromone strongly influence the decision to enter and exit dauer. Traditional assays that assess the dauer decision are often confounded by the influence of pheromones from the population, which are often dynamic and highly variable. To mitigate this issue, we developed a simple, single-housing assay for dauer quantification that is compatible with optogenetics. We show that insulin-like peptides (ILPs) from ASJ and other neurons strongly influence the decision to exit dauer, and that ASJ activity can be manipulated with optogenetics to influence the dauer decision in a temporally precise manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optogenetic assay for the dauer decision in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balancing selection and the functional effects of shared polymorphism in cryptic Daphnia species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The patterns of genetic variation within and between related taxa represent the genetic history of a species. Shared polymorphisms, loci with identical alleles across species, are of unique interest as they may represent cases of ancient selection maintaining functional variation post-speciation. In this study, we investigate the abundance of shared polymorphism in the Daphnia pulex species complex. We test whether shared mutations are consistent with the action of balancing selection or alternative hypotheses such as hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, or convergent evolution. We analyzed over 2,000 genomes from North American and European D. pulex and several outgroup species to examine the prevalence and distribution of shared alleles between the focal species pair, North American and European D. pulex. We show that while North American and European D. pulex diverged over ten million years ago, they retained tens of thousands of shared alleles. We found that the number of shared polymorphisms between North American and European D. pulex cannot be explained by hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting alone. Instead, we show that most shared polymorphisms could be the product of convergent evolution, that a limited number appear to be old trans-specific polymorphisms, and that balancing selection is affecting young and ancient mutations alike. Finally, we provide evidence that a blue wavelength opsin gene with trans-specific polymorphisms has functional effects on behavior and fitness in the wild. Ultimately, our findings provide insights into the genetic basis of adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doceti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergland, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balancing selection and the functional effects of shared polymorphism in cryptic Daphnia species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.589619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPnotebook: A pan-cancer glycoproteomic database and toolkit for analysis of protein glycosylation changes associated with cancer phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.589619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein glycosylation plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, and the analysis of intact glycopeptides (IGPs) has emerged as a powerful approach for characterizing alterations in protein glycosylation associated with diseases. Despite the critical insights gained from IGP analysis, there is an evident scarcity of intact glycopeptide database and specialized tools for a comprehensive glycoproteomic examination. In response to this deficiency, we have developed a Python package, "GPnotebook," which consolidates the intact glycopeptides identified from different cancer types by the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) and includes analytical tools for an in-depth characterization of glycopeptides. GPnotebook facilitates an array of functions including statistical profiling, differential expression analysis, glycosylation subtype categorization, investigation of glycosylation-phosphorylation interplay, survival analysis, and glycosylation enzyme assessment. We have deployed GPnotebook in a study of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), thereby validating its application and demonstrating its capabilities. Our findings suggest that IGPs hold significant promise as cancer-specific changes and subtype differentiation. Consequently, GPnotebook stands out as a valuable resource for cancer researchers delving into the nuances of protein glycosylation and its correlation with cancer phenotypes.

HILIGHTSO_LISimplified and unified access to pan-cancer glycoproteomic database including 90,795 intact glycopeptides.
C_LIO_LIDeveloped a glycoproteomic analysis toolkit for systematic glycoproteomic data analysis
C_LIO_LIApplied the toolkit for identification of glycosylation changes associated with cancer phenotypes in pancreatic cancer.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.589619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPnotebook: A pan-cancer glycoproteomic database and toolkit for analysis of protein glycosylation changes associated with cancer phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-TIMP: Cellular Trajectory Inference based on Morphological Parameter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular morphology, shaped by various genetic and environmental influences, is pivotal to studying experimental cell biology, necessitating precise measurement and analysis techniques. Traditional approaches, which rely on geometric metrics derived from stained images, encounter obstacles stemming from both the imaging and analytical domains. Staining processes can disrupt the cells natural state and diminish accuracy due to photobleaching, while conventional analysis techniques, which categorize cells based on shape to discern pathophysiological conditions, often fail to capture the continuous and asynchronous nature of biological processes such as cell differentiation, immune responses, and cancer progression. In this work, we propose the use of quantitative phase imaging for morphological assessment due to its label-free nature. For analysis, we repurposed the genomic analysis toolbox to perform trajectory inference analysis purely based on morphology information. We applied the developed framework to study the progression of leukemia and breast cancer metastasis. Our approach revealed a clear pattern of morphological evolution tied to the diseases advancement, highlighting the efficacy of our method in identifying functionally significant shape changes where conventional techniques falter. This advancement offers a fresh perspective on analyzing cellular morphology and holds significant potential for the broader research community, enabling a deeper understanding of complex biological dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-TIMP: Cellular Trajectory Inference based on Morphological Parameter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved genetic basis for commensal-host specificity through live imaging of colonization dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals throughout the metazoa selectively acquire specific symbiotic gut bacteria from their environment that aid host fitness. Current models of colonization suggest these bacteria use weakly specific receptors to stick to host tissues and that colonization results when they stick in a region of the host gut that overlaps with their nutritional niche. An alternative model is that unique receptor-ligand binding interactions provide specificity for target niches. Here we use live imaging of individual symbiotic bacterial cells colonizing the gut of living Drosophila melanogaster to show that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum specifically recognizes a distinct physical niche in the host gut. We find that recognition is controlled by a colonization island that is widely conserved in commensals and pathogens from the Lactobacillales to the Clostridia. Our findings indicate a genetic mechanism of host specificity that is broadly conserved.

One-Sentence SummaryHost-symbiont specificity is encoded by a conserved colonization island that provides molecular precision to host niche access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Garcia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved genetic basis for commensal-host specificity through live imaging of colonization dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Profiling of Thyroid Eye Disease Orbital Fat Demonstrates Differences in Adipogenicity and IGF-1R Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent advances in the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED), significant gaps remain in our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly concerning the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway. To dissect the pathophysiology of TED, we utilized single nucleus RNA-Seq to analyze orbital fat specimens from both TED patients and matched controls. The analysis demonstrated a marked increase in the proportion of fibroblasts transitioning to adipogenesis in the orbital fat of TED patients compared to controls. This was associated with diverse alterations in immune cell composition. Significant alterations in the IGF-1R signaling pathway were noted between TED specimens and controls, indicating a potential pathological mechanism driven by IGF-1R signaling abnormalities. Additionally, our data show that linsitinib, a small molecule inhibitor of IGF-1R, effectively reduces adipogenesis in TED orbital fibroblasts in vitro, suggesting its potential utility as a therapeutic agent. Our findings reveal that beyond immune dysfunction, abnormal IGF-1R signaling leading to enhanced adipogenesis is a crucial pathogenic mechanism in TED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Profiling of Thyroid Eye Disease Orbital Fat Demonstrates Differences in Adipogenicity and IGF-1R Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-level Graph Learning Unveils Prognosis-Relevant Tumor Microenvironment Patterns from Breast Multiplexed Digital Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment is widely recognized for its central role in driving cancer progression and influencing prognostic outcomes. There have been increasing efforts dedicated to characterizing this complex and heterogeneous environment, including developing potential prognostic tools by leveraging modern deep learning methods. However, the identification of generalizable data-driven biomarkers has been limited, in part due to the inability to interpret the complex, black-box predictions made by these models. In this study, we introduce a data-driven yet interpretable approach for identifying patterns of cell organizations in the tumor microenvironment that are associated with patient prognoses. Our methodology relies on the construction of a bi-level graph model: (i) a cellular graph, which models the intricate tumor microenvironment, and (ii) a population graph that captures inter-patient similarities, given their respective cellular graphs, by means of a soft Weisfeiler-Lehman subtree kernel. This systematic integration of information across different scales enables us to identify patient subgroups exhibiting unique prognoses while unveiling tumor microenvironment patterns that characterize them. We demonstrate our approach in a cohort of breast cancer patients and show that the identified tumor microenvironment patterns result in a risk stratification system that provides new complementary information with respect to standard stratification systems. Our results, which are validated in two independent cohorts, allow for new insights into the prognostic implications of the breast tumor microenvironment. This methodology could be applied to other cancer types more generally, providing insights into the cellular patterns of organization associated with different outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-level Graph Learning Unveils Prognosis-Relevant Tumor Microenvironment Patterns from Breast Multiplexed Digital Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut-Initiated Alpha Synuclein Fibrils Drive Parkinson's Disease Phenotypes: Temporal Mapping of non-Motor Symptoms and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is characterized by progressive motor as well as less recognized non-motor symptoms that arise often years before motor manifestation, including sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Despite the heavy burden on the patients quality of life, these non-motor manifestations are poorly understood. To elucidate the temporal dynamics of the disease, we employed a mouse model involving injection of alpha-synuclein (Syn) pre-formed fibrils (PFF) in the duodenum and antrum as a gut-brain model of Parkinsonism. Using anatomical mapping of Syn-PFF propagation and behavioral and physiological characterizations, we unveil a correlation between post-injection time the temporal dynamics of Syn propagation and non-motor/motor manifestations of the disease. We highlight the concurrent presence of Syn aggregates in key brain regions, expressing acetylcholine or dopamine, involved in sleep duration, wakefulness, and particularly REM-associated atonia corresponding to REM behavioral disorder-like symptoms. This study presents a novel and in-depth exploration into the multifaceted nature of PD, unraveling the complex connections between -synucleinopathies, gut-brain connectivity, and the emergence of non-motor phenotypes.

One Sentence SummaryPropagation of Syn from the gut-to-the-brain induces RBD and several non-motor and motor phenotypes of Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dautan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paslawski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montejo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marangiu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplitt, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenningsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut-Initiated Alpha Synuclein Fibrils Drive Parkinson's Disease Phenotypes: Temporal Mapping of non-Motor Symptoms and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribonuclease activity undermines immune sensing of naked extracellular RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plasma membrane and the membrane of endosomal vesicles are considered physical barriers preventing extracellular RNA uptake. While naked RNA can be spontaneously internalized by certain cells types, functional delivery of naked RNA into the cytosol has been rarely observed. Here we show that extracellular ribonucleases, mainly derived from cell culture supplements, have so far hindered the study of extracellular RNA functionality. In the presence of active ribonuclease inhibitors (RI), naked bacterial RNA is pro-inflammatory when spiked in the media of dendritic cells and macrophages. In murine cells, this response mainly depends on the action of endosomal Toll-like receptors. However, we also show that naked RNA can perform endosomal escape and engage with cytosolic RNA sensors and ribosomes. For example, naked mRNAs encoding reporter proteins can be spontaneously internalized and translated by a variety of cell types, in an RI-dependent manner. In vivo, RI co-injection enhances the activation induced by naked extracellular RNA on splenic lymphocytes and myeloid-derived leukocytes. Furthermore, naked extracellular RNA is inherently pro-inflammatory in ribonuclease-poor compartments such as the peritoneal cavity. Overall, these results demonstrate that naked RNA is bioactive and does not need encapsulation inside synthetic or biological lipid vesicles for functional uptake, making a case for nonvesicular extracellular RNA-mediated intercellular communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castellano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Calzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segovia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribonuclease activity undermines immune sensing of naked extracellular RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.590643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics atlas reveals the molecular landscape of the human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.590643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus contains many unique cell types, which serve the structures specialized functions, including learning, memory and cognition. These cells have distinct spatial organization, morphology, physiology, and connectivity, highlighting the importance of transcriptome-wide profiling strategies that retain cytoarchitectural organization. Here, we generated spatially-resolved transcriptomics (SRT) and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) data from adjacent tissue sections of the anterior human hippocampus in ten adult neurotypical donors to define molecular profiles for hippocampal cell types and spatial domains. Using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and label transfer, we integrated these data by defining gene expression patterns within the snRNA-seq data and inferring their expression in the SRT data. We identified NMF patterns that captured transcriptional variation across neuronal cell types and indicated that the response of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic specializations were prioritized in different SRT spatial domains. We used the NMF and label transfer approach to leverage existing rodent datasets, identifying patterns of activity-dependent transcription and subpopulations of dentate gyrus granule cells in our SRT dataset that may be predisposed to participate in learning and memory ensembles. Finally, we characterized the spatial organization of NMF patterns corresponding to non-cornu ammonis pyramidal neurons and identified snRNA-seq clusters mapping to distinct regions of the retrohippocampus, to three subiculum layers, and to a population of presubiculum neurons. To make this comprehensive molecular atlas accessible to the scientific community, both raw and processed data are freely available, including through interactive web applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramnauth, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaipa, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.590643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics atlas reveals the molecular landscape of the human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Levels of Lagging Strand Polymerases Shape Stem Cell Chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells display asymmetric histone inheritance while non-stem progenitor cells exhibit symmetric patterns in the Drosophila male germline lineage. Here, we report that components involved in lagging strand synthesis, such as DNA polymerase  and {delta} (Pol and Pol{delta}), have significantly reduced levels in stem cells compared to progenitor cells. Compromising Pol genetically induces the replication-coupled histone incorporation pattern in progenitor cells to be indistinguishable from that in stem cells, which can be recapitulated using a Pol inhibitor in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, stem cell-derived chromatin fibers display a higher degree of old histone recycling by the leading strand compared to progenitor cell-derived chromatin fibers. However, upon reducing Pol levels in progenitor cells, the chromatin fibers now display asymmetric old histone recycling just like GSC-derived fibers. The old versus new histone asymmetry is comparable between stem cells and progenitor cells at both S-phase and M-phase. Together, these results indicate that developmentally programmed expression of key DNA replication components is important to shape stem cell chromatin. Furthermore, manipulating one crucial DNA replication component can induce replication-coupled histone dynamics in non-stem cells in a manner similar to that in stem cells.

One Sentence SummaryDelayed lagging strand synthesis regulates asymmetric histone incorporation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blundon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Levels of Lagging Strand Polymerases Shape Stem Cell Chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell models of TAFAZZIN deficiency reveal novel tissue-specific pathologies in Barth Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare mitochondrial disease caused by pathogenic variants in the gene TAFAZZIN, which leads to abnormal cardiolipin (CL) metabolism on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although TAFAZZIN is ubiquitously expressed, BTHS involves a complex combination of tissue specific phenotypes including cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delays, with a relatively minimal neurological burden. To understand both the developmental and functional effects of TAZ-deficiency in different tissues, we generated isogenic TAZ knockout (TAZ- KO) and WT cardiomyocytes (CMs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In TAZ-KO CMs we discovered evidence of dysregulated mitophagy including dysmorphic mitochondria and mitochondrial cristae, differential expression of key autophagy-associated genes, and an inability of TAZ-deficient CMs to properly initiate stress-induced mitophagy. In TAZ-deficient NPCs we identified novel phenotypes including a reduction in CIV abundance and CIV activity in the CIII2&CIV2 intermediate complex. Interestingly, while CL acyl chain manipulation was unable to alter mitophagy defects in TAZ-KO CMs, we found that linoleic acid or oleic acid supplementation was able to partially restore CIV abundance in TAZ-deficient NPCs. Taken together, our results have implications for understanding the tissue-specific pathology of BTHS and potential for tissue-specific therapeutic targeting. Moreover, our results highlight an emerging role for mitophagy in the cardiac pathophysiology of BTHS and reveal a potential neuron-specific bioenergetic phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carney, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlfarter, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butschek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamacher-Brady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.28.591534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell models of TAFAZZIN deficiency reveal novel tissue-specific pathologies in Barth Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Different Approaches to Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. PDAC has a high propensity for metastasis, particularly to the lungs and liver. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent a major stromal component of PDAC with both tumor-promoting and restraining properties. Of note, CAFs play a significant role in the creation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and the metastasis of PDAC. Studies have demonstrated functional heterogeneity among different subpopulations of CAFs, highlighting the need to identify specific subpopulations when targeting CAFs.

MethodsThe orthotopic model was used for both KPC-4545 and KPC-3403 cell lines, which were derived from the primary tumors of KPC mice with liver metastases and lung metastases only, respectively. In brief, 2x106 KPC cells were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of synergic female C57BI6 mice. Tumors were harvested and cut into 2-3 mm3 pieces before being implanted into the pancreas of new 6-8-week-old syngeneic female C57Bl/6 mice. Murine orthotopic tumors were dissected, mechanically and enzymatically processed with Miltenyi Tumor Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) thirteen days after tumor implantation. Samples were filtered with a 100 {micro}m strainer, washed with T cell media, and centrifuged twice.

Two different samples underwent single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) for each cell line: an unenriched sample, which represents all cells following dissociation of the tumor, and a CAF-enriched sample. To further obtain the CAF-enriched sample, cells were then stained with CD45-AF657 (BioLegend clone 30-F11, 1:20), CD31-AF647 (BioLegend clone 390, 1:20), EPCAM-AF647 (BioLegend, clone G8.8, 1:20), and TER119-AF647 (BioLegend clone TER-119 1:20) for 30 minutes on ice. After two washes, CD45-, CD31-, EPCAM-, and TER119-negative cells, representing the CAF-enriched fraction, were obtained via cell sorting. scRNA-seq of both the unenriched and CAF-enriched fractions were performed using 10X Chromium microfluidic chips and data was analyzed using CellRanger v6.1.1, mm10 transcriptome reference, and 10X Loupe Browser.

ResultsWe found that scRNA-seq of the unenriched whole tumor showed only one cluster of CAFs for both cells lines, making it difficult for studying CAF heterogeneity. Enriching for CAFs prior to scRNA-seq allowed for better capture of CAFs and provided more granularity on CAF heterogeneity for both KPC-4545 and KPC-3403.

ConclusionsWhile enrichment provides more information on CAF heterogeneity, the process results in the loss of other cells within the TME. The need to capture CAF heterogeneity while studying cell-cell interaction between CAFs and other cells within the TME and identifying how distinct CAF populations respond differently to treatment warrants the use of other methods such as single-nuclear RNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kung, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loycano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Different Approaches to Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurocognitive Mechanism of Radiologists Perceptual Errors: Results of Preliminary Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe most prevalent type of radiologist error is failing to detect abnormalities on images, the so-called "perceptual error." The prevalence of this type of false-negative (FN) error remains essentially unchanged since it was first described in 1949.

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to identify a potential neurocognitive mechanism contributing to radiologists susceptibility to perceptual error, in order to inform intervention strategies to reduce such errors in practice. These experiments evaluated the relationship between brain network activation states and radiologists perceptual errors on two distinct visual tasks utilizing functional MRI (fMRI) and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRs).

Materials and MethodsA prospective study consisting of three experiments was carried out on a small number of radiologist subjects. The first two experiments used fMRI, with participants performing two distinct types of visual tasks, respectively: the first was a task requiring subjects continuous attention and the second task required visual search. For the first of these experiments, simultaneous functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging (fNIRs) was utilized along with fMRI. The second experiment was combined fMRI and eye-tracking. A third experiment using fNIRs alone was an observational study of subjects neurocognitive states during their usual practice.

ResultsAn approximately threefold increased risk of FN perceptual errors (misses) was observed in the presence of a particular error-prone neurocognitive state (EPS) involving simultaneous co-activation of elements of the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Frontoparietal Network (FPN), which was detectable by both functional imaging modalities, with high concordance. EPS episodes appeared to be stochastic in occurrence, and occurred without operator awareness. We also found a high prevalence of the EPS in radiologists performing their normal interpretive tasks in their actual practice setting.

ConclusionOur results suggest that dynamic interactions between brain networks leading to a particular error-prone state (EPS) may underlie a substantial fraction of radiologists perceptual errors. We demonstrate that this EPS can be detected unobtrusively in the clinical setting. These results suggest potential intervention strategies for perceptual error, the largest class of radiologist errors in practice.

Key Results/HighlightsO_LIPeriodic episodes of a discrete neurocognitive state were observed in radiologists during specific visual tasks and in actual clinical settings.
C_LIO_LIThere was an approximately threefold increased risk of perceptual error during this state. Most FN errors for the two visual tasks occurred during these brief episodes (p < 0.01).
C_LIO_LIThere was also a highly significant anti-correlation of the prevalence of the error-prone neurocognitive state (EPS) with subject age (p < 0.001).
C_LI

ConflictsThe authors report no conflicts of interest or potential competing interests.

Summary StatementWe report experimental results corelating perceptual errors by radiologists to episodic fluctuations in brain network activation, which appear to occur on a stochastic basis. These produce an error-prone neurocognitive state outside of operator awareness or control that is associated with an approximately threefold increase in the risk of perceptual error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruno, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupinski, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunce, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunanayaka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egeth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jump, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurocognitive Mechanism of Radiologists Perceptual Errors: Results of Preliminary Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double training reveals an interval-invariant subsecond temporal structure in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subsecond temporal perception is critical for understanding time-varying events. Many studies suggest that subsecond timing is an intrinsic property of neural dynamics, distributed across sensory modalities and brain areas. Furthermore, we hypothesize the existence of a more abstract and conceptual representation of subsecond time, which may guide the temporal processing of distributed mechanisms. However, one major challenge to this hypothesis is that learning in temporal interval discrimination (TID) consistently fails to transfer from trained intervals to untrained intervals. To address this issue, here we examined whether this interval specificity can be removed with double training, a procedure we originally created to eliminate various specificities in visual perceptual learning. Specifically, participants practiced the primary TID task, the learning of which per se was specific to the trained interval (e.g., 100 ms). In addition, they also received exposure to a new interval (e.g., 200 ms) through a secondary and functionally independent tone-frequency discrimination (FD) task. This double training successfully enabled complete transfer of TID learning to the new interval, indicating that training improved an interval-invariant component of temporal interval perception, which supports our general proposal of an abstract and conceptual representation of subsecond time in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double training reveals an interval-invariant subsecond temporal structure in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type and dynamic state govern genetic regulation of gene expression in heterogeneous differentiating cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the molecular effects of human genetic variation across cellular contexts is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying disease-associated loci, yet many cell-types and developmental stages remain underexplored. Here we harnessed the potential of heterogeneous differentiating cultures (HDCs), an in vitro system in which pluripotent cells asynchronously differentiate into a broad spectrum of cell-types. We generated HDCs for 53 human donors and collected single-cell RNA-sequencing data from over 900,000 cells. We identified expression quantitative trait loci in 29 cell-types and characterized regulatory dynamics across diverse differentiation trajectories. This revealed novel regulatory variants for genes involved in key developmental and disease-related processes while replicating known effects from primary tissues, and dynamic regulatory effects associated with a range of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type and dynamic state govern genetic regulation of gene expression in heterogeneous differentiating cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering Intron Gain Events in Humans through Large-Scale Evolutionary Comparisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid growth in the number of sequenced genomes makes it possible to search for the appearance of entirely new introns in the human lineage. In this study, we compared the genomic sequences for 19,120 human protein-coding genes to a collection of 3493 vertebrate genomes, mapping the patterns of intron alignments onto a phylogenetic tree. This mapping allowed us to trace many intron gain events to precise locations in the tree, corresponding to distinct points in evolutionary history. We discovered 584 intron gain events, all of them relatively recent, in 514 distinct human genes. Among these events, we explored the hypothesis that intronization was the mechanism responsible for intron gain. Intronization events were identified by locating instances where human introns correspond to exonic sequences in homologous vertebrate genes. Although apparently rare, we found three compelling cases of intronization, and for each of those we compared the human protein sequence and structure to homologous genes that lack the introns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering Intron Gain Events in Humans through Large-Scale Evolutionary Comparisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tn-seq of the Candida glabrata reference strain CBS138 reveals epigenetic plasticity, structural variation, and intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to micafungin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C. glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen that can resist common antifungals and rapidly acquire multidrug resistance. A large amount of genetic variation exists between isolates, which complicates generalizations. Portable Tn-seq methods can efficiently provide genome-wide information on strain differences and genetic mechanisms. Using the Hermes transposon, the CBS138 reference strain and a commonly studied derivative termed 2001 were subjected to Tn-seq in control conditions and after exposure to varying doses of the clinical antifungal micafungin. The approach revealed large differences between these strains, including a 131 kb tandem duplication and a variety of fitness differences. Additionally, both strains exhibited up to 1000-fold increased transposon accessibility in subtelomeric regions relative to the BG2 strain, indicative of open subtelomeric chromatin in these isolates and large epigenetic variation within the species. Unexpectedly, the Pdr1 transcription factor conferred resistance to micafungin through targets other than CDR1. Other micafungin resistance pathways were also revealed including mannosyltransferase activity and biosynthesis of the lipid precursor sphingosine, the drugging of which by SDZ 90-215 or myriocin enhanced the potency of micafungin in vitro. These findings provide insights into complexity of the C. glabrata species as well as strategies for improving antifungal efficacy.

SummaryCandida glabrata is an emerging pathogen with large genetic diversity and genome plasticity. The type strain CBS138 and a laboratory derivative were mutagenized with the Hermes transposon and profiled using Tn-seq. Numerous genes that regulate innate and acquired resistance to an important clinical antifungal were uncovered, including a pleiotropic drug resistance gene (PDR1) and a duplication of part of one chromosome. Compounds that target PDR1 and other genes may augment the potency of existing antifungals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tn-seq of the Candida glabrata reference strain CBS138 reveals epigenetic plasticity, structural variation, and intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to micafungin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dark exposure reduces high-frequency hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plastic changes in the brain are primarily limited to early postnatal periods. Recovery of adult brain plasticity is critical for the effective development of therapies. A brief (1-2 week) duration of visual deprivation (dark exposure, DE) in adult mice can trigger functional plasticity of thalamocortical and intracortical circuits in the primary auditory cortex suggesting improved sound processing. We tested if DE enhances the ability of adult mice to detect sounds. We trained and continuously evaluated the behavioral performance of mice in control and DE conditions using automated home-cage training. Consistent with age-related peripheral hearing loss present in C57BL/6J mice, we observed decreased performance for high-frequency sounds with age, which was reduced by DE. In CBA mice with preserved peripheral hearing, we also found that DE enhanced auditory performance in low and mid frequencies over time compared to the control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jendrichovsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dark exposure reduces high-frequency hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening identifies geranylgeranyl diphosphate as a pancreatic cancer tumor growth dependency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells must maintain lipid supplies for their proliferation and do so by upregulating lipogenic gene programs. The sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) act as modulators of lipid homeostasis by acting as transcriptional activators of genes required for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and uptake. SREBPs have been recognized as chemotherapeutic targets in multiple cancers, however it is not well understood which SREBP target genes are essential for tumorigenesis. Using parallel in vitro and in vivo CRISPR knockout screens, we identified terpenoid backbone biosynthesis genes as essential for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor development. Specifically, we identified the non-sterol isoprenoid product of the mevalonate pathway, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), as an essential lipid for tumor growth. Mechanistically, we observed that restricting mevalonate pathway activity using statins and SREBP inhibitors synergistically induced apoptosis and caused disruptions in small G protein prenylation that have pleiotropic effects on cellular signaling pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (GGPS1) knockdown significantly reduces tumor burden in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. These findings indicate that PDAC tumors selectively require GGPP over other lipids such as cholesterol and fatty acids and that this is a targetable vulnerability of pancreatic cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubota, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppala, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenshade, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo CRISPR screening identifies geranylgeranyl diphosphate as a pancreatic cancer tumor growth dependency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Skeletal Muscle Measured by Ultrafast Z-Spectroscopy (UFZ) MRI at 3T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTo investigate the feasibility of rapid CEST MRI acquisition for evaluating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in human skeletal muscle at 3 Tesla, utilizing ultrafast Z-spectroscopy (UFZ) MRI combined with the Polynomial and Lorentzian line-shape Fitting (PLOF) technique.

MethodsUFZ MRI on muscle was evaluated with turbo spin echo (TSE) and segmented 3D EPI readouts. Five healthy subjects performed in-magnet plantar flexion exercise (PFE) and subsequent changes of amide, phosphocreatine (PCr) and partial PCr mixed creatine (Cr+) CEST dynamic signals post-exercise were enabled by PLOF fitting. PCr/Cr CEST signal was further refined through pH correction by using the ratios between PCr/Cr and amide signals, named PCAR/CAR, respectively.

ResultsUFZ MRI with TSE readout significantly reduces acquisition time, achieving a temporal resolution of <50 seconds for collecting high-resolution Z-spectra. Following PFE, the recovery/decay times ({tau}) for both PCr and Cr in the gastrocnemius muscle of the calf were notably longer when determined using PCr/Cr CEST compared to those after pH correction with amideCEST, namely [Formula] s and{tau} PCr = 98.1 {+/-} 20.4 s versus{tau} CAR =36.4 {+/-} 18.6 s and{tau} PCAR = 43.0 {+/-} 13.0 s, respectively. Literature values of{tau} PCr obtained via 31P MRS closely resemble those obtained from pH-corrected PCr/Cr CEST signals.

ConclusionThe outcomes suggest potential of UFZ MRI as a robust tool for non-invasive assessment of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscles. pH correction is critical for the reliable OXPHOS measurement by CEST.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ju, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zijl, P. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.05.592570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Skeletal Muscle Measured by Ultrafast Z-Spectroscopy (UFZ) MRI at 3T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.591758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal epigenomic alterations are associated with a dysregulated nutrient absorption phenotype in obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.591758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is an epidemic with myriad health effects, but little is understood regarding individual obese phenotypes and how they may respond to therapy. Epigenetic changes associated with obesity have been detected in blood, liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues. Previous work using human organoids found that dietary glucose hyperabsorption is a steadfast trait in cultures derived from some obese subjects, but detailed transcriptional or epigenomic features of the intestinal epithelia associated with this persistent phenotype are unknown. This study evaluated differentially expressed genes and relative chromatin accessibility in intestinal organoids established from donors classified as non-obese, obese, or obese hyperabsorptive by body mass index and glucose transport assays. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that obese hyperabsorptive subject organoids have significantly upregulated dietary nutrient absorption transcripts and downregulated type I interferon targets. Chromatin accessibility and transcription factor footprinting predicted that enhanced HNF4G binding may promote the obese hyperabsorption phenotype. Quantitative RT-PCR assessment in organoids representing a larger subject cohort suggested that intestinal epithelial expression of CUBN, GIP, SLC5A11, and SLC2A5 were highly correlated with hyperabsorption. Thus, the obese hyperabsorption phenotype was characterized by transcriptional changes that support increased nutrient uptake by intestinal epithelia, potentially driven by differentially accessible chromatin. Recognizing unique intestinal phenotypes in obesity provides a new perspective in considering therapeutic targets and options to manage the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badurdeen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwate, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latanich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogiparthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordog, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulke-Abel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.591758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal epigenomic alterations are associated with a dysregulated nutrient absorption phenotype in obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resiliency to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology can be distinguished from dementia using cortical astrogliosis imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the presence of significant Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology, characterized by amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) plaques and phosphorylated tau (pTau) tangles, some cognitively normal elderly individuals do not inevitably develop dementia. These findings give rise to the notion of cognitive  resilience, suggesting maintained cognitive function despite the presence of AD neuropathology, highlighting the influence of factors beyond classical pathology. Cortical astroglial inflammation, a ubiquitous feature of symptomatic AD, shows a strong correlation with cognitive impairment severity, potentially contributing to the diversity of clinical presentations. However, noninvasively imaging neuroinflammation, particularly astrogliosis, using MRI remains a significant challenge. Here we sought to address this challenge and to leverage multidimensional (MD) MRI, a powerful approach that combines relaxation with diffusion MR contrasts, to map cortical astrogliosis in the human brain by accessing sub-voxel information. Our goal was to test whether MD-MRI can map astroglial pathology in the cerebral cortex, and if so, whether it can distinguish cognitive resiliency from dementia in the presence of hallmark AD neuropathological changes. We adopted a multimodal approach by integrating histological and MRI analyses using human postmortem brain samples. Ex vivo cerebral cortical tissue specimens derived from three groups comprised of non-demented individuals with significant AD pathology postmortem, individuals with both AD pathology and dementia, and non-demented individuals with minimal AD pathology postmortem as controls, underwent MRI at 7 T. We acquired and processed MD-MRI, diffusion tensor, and quantitative T1 and T2 MRI data, followed by histopathological processing on slices from the same tissue. By carefully co-registering MRI and microscopy data, we performed quantitative multimodal analyses, leveraging targeted immunostaining to assess MD-MRI sensitivity and specificity towards A{beta}, pTau, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for astrogliosis. Our findings reveal a distinct MD-MRI signature of cortical astrogliosis, enabling the creation of predictive maps for cognitive resilience amid AD neuropathological changes. Multiple linear regression linked histological values to MRI changes, revealing that the MD-MRI cortical astrogliosis biomarker was significantly associated with GFAP burden (standardized {beta}=0.658, pFDR<0.0001), but not with A{beta} (standardized {beta}=0.009, pFDR=0.913) or pTau (standardized {beta}=-0.196, pFDR=0.051). Conversely, none of the conventional MRI parameters showed significant associations with GFAP burden in the cortex. While the extent to which pathological glial activation contributes to neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in AD is uncertain, developing a noninvasive imaging method to see its affects holds promise from a mechanistic perspective and as a potential predictor of cognitive outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barsoum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latimer, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resiliency to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology can be distinguished from dementia using cortical astrogliosis imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct inference of the distribution of fitness effects of spontaneous mutations from recombinant inbred C. elegans mutation accumulation lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of new mutations plays a central role in evolutionary biology. Estimates of the DFE from experimental Mutation Accumulation (MA) lines are compromised by the complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) between mutations in different lines. To reduce LD, we constructed two sets of recombinant inbred lines from a cross of two C. elegans MA lines. One set of lines ("RIAILs") was intercrossed for ten generations prior to ten generations of selfing; the second set of lines ("RILs") omitted the intercrossing. Residual LD in the RIAILs is much less than in the RILs, which affects the inferred DFE when the sets of lines are analyzed separately. The best-fit model estimated from all lines (RIAILs + RILs) infers a large fraction of mutations with positive effects ([~]40%); models that constrain mutations to have negative effects fit much worse. The conclusion is the same using only the RILs. For the RIAILs, however, models that constrain mutations to have negative effects fit nearly as well as models that allow positive effects. When mutations in high LD are pooled into haplotypes, the inferred DFE becomes increasingly negative-skewed and leptokurtic. We conclude that the conventional wisdom - most mutations have effects near zero, a handful of mutations have effects that are substantially negative and mutations with positive effects are very rare - is likely correct, and that unless it can be shown otherwise, estimates of the DFE that infer a substantial fraction of mutations with positive effects are likely confounded by LD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crombie, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponciano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct inference of the distribution of fitness effects of spontaneous mutations from recombinant inbred C. elegans mutation accumulation lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B cell-mediated antigen presentation promotes adverse cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. A primary driver of cardiovascular mortality is ischemic heart failure, a form of cardiac dysfunction that can develop in patients who survive myocardial infarction. Acute cardiac damage triggers robust changes in the spleen with rapid migration of immune cells from the spleen to the heart. Activating this "cardio-splenic" axis contributes to progressive cardiac dysfunction. The cardio-splenic axis has, therefore, been identified as a promising therapeutic target to prevent or treat heart failure.

However, our understanding of the precise mechanisms by which specific immune cells contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling within the cardio-splenic axis remains limited. Here, we show that splenic B cells contribute to the development of heart failure via MHC II-mediated antigen presentation. We found that the adoptive transfer of splenic B cells from mice with ischemic heart failure promoted adverse cardiac remodeling and splenic inflammatory changes in naive recipient mice. Based on single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of splenic B cells from mice with ischemic heart failure, we hypothesized that B cells contributed to adverse cardiac remodeling through antigen presentation by MHC II molecules. This mechanism was confirmed using transgenic mice with B cell-specific MHC II deletion, and by analyzing circulating B cells from humans who experienced myocardial infarction. Our results broaden our understanding of B lymphocyte biology, reshape current models of immune activation in response to myocardial injury, and point towards MHC II-mediated signaling in B cells as a novel and specific therapeutic target in chronic heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalodia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermea, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B cell-mediated antigen presentation promotes adverse cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.592618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Myelin Dysfunction in the Most Common Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies - CMT1A and HNPP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.592618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A (CMT1A) and Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) are the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies and arise from copy number variation of the Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 gene (PMP22). While secondary axon degeneration has been proposed as a primary driver of pathogenesis, our prior work demonstrated neuromuscular deficits in CMT1A mice in the absence of overt axonal loss, prompting investigation into primary myelin dysfunction. Here, we reveal that altered PMP22 dosage profoundly disrupts molecular architecture at critical myelin subdomains, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (SLIs) and Nodes of Ranvier. Using high-resolution confocal imaging of teased peripheral nerve fibers from CMT1A and HNPP model mice, we identified disorganization of adherens junctions, mislocalization of Connexin29, and altered distribution of nodal ion channels in CMT1A and HNPP, with several defects more pronounced in CMT1A, aligning with clinical severity. Notably, Kv1.2 and Caspr mislocalization along the internode and Nav nodal widening suggest disruption of axoglial domains essential for saltatory conduction. Together, these phenotypes support a model in which PMP22 governs myelin architecture, likely through adherens junction regulation, with its dysregulation predicted to impair metabolic support and axonal ion homeostasis, thereby compromising the structural and functional integrity of myelin and contributing directly to disease pathogenesis. These findings shift the pathogenic paradigm for CMT1A and HNPP from axonal degeneration to primary myelin failure and highlight actionable molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. This study offers mechanistic insight into CMT1A and HNPP and provides a conceptual framework with broad relevance to other dysmyelinating disorders.

Main PointsO_LIPMP22 copy number variation disrupts myelin architecture at SLIs and Nodes of Ranvier.
C_LIO_LIAdherens junction and axoglial domain defects are more severe in CMT1A than HNPP.
C_LIO_LIFindings support primary myelin dysfunction as a key driver of pathogenesis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moss, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetinkaya-Fisgin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.592618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Myelin Dysfunction in the Most Common Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies - CMT1A and HNPP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic signaling in the adult Drosophila prostate-like accessory gland leads to activation of a conserved pro-tumorigenic program, in the absence of proliferation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila models for tumorigenesis and metastasis have revealed conserved mechanisms of signaling that are also involved in mammalian cancer. Many of these models use the proliferating tissues of the larval stages of Drosophila development, when tissues are highly mitotically active, or stem cells are abundant. Fewer Drosophila tumorigenesis models use adult animals to initiate tumor formation when many tissues are largely terminally differentiated and postmitotic. The Drosophila accessory glands are prostate-like tissues and a model for some aspects of prostate tumorigenesis using this tissue has been explored. In this model, oncogenic signaling was induced during the proliferative stage of accessory gland development, raising the question of how oncogenic activity would impact the terminally differentiated and postmitotic adult tissue. Here, we show that oncogenic signaling in the adult Drosophila accessory gland leads to activation of a conserved pro-tumorigenic program, similar to that observed in mitotic larval tissues, but in the absence of proliferation. Oncogenic signaling in the adult postmitotic gland leads to tissue hyperplasia with nuclear anaplasia and aneuploidy through endoreduplication, which increases polyploidy and occasionally results in non-mitotic neoplastic-like extrusions. We compare gene expression changes in our Drosophila model with that of endocycling prostate cancer cells induced by chemotherapy, which potentially mediate tumor recurrence after treatment. Similar signaling pathways are activated in the Drosophila gland and endocycling cancer cells, suggesting the adult accessory glands provide a useful model for aspects of prostate cancer progression that do not involve cellular proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulianmackal, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cackowski, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttitta, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic signaling in the adult Drosophila prostate-like accessory gland leads to activation of a conserved pro-tumorigenic program, in the absence of proliferation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolutional architectures are cortex-aligned de novo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What underlies the emergence of cortex-aligned representations in deep neural network models of vision? Earlier work suggested that shared architectural constraints were a major factor, but the success of widely varied architectures after pre-training raises critical questions about the importance of architectural constraints. Here we show that in wide networks with minimal training, architectural inductive biases have a prominent role. We examined networks with varied architectures but no pre-training and quantified their ability to predict image representations in the visual cortices of monkeys and humans. We found that cortex-aligned representations emerge in convolutional architectures that combine two key manipulations of dimensionality: compression in the spatial domain, through pooling, and expansion in the feature domain by increasing the number of channels. We further show that the inductive biases of convolutional architectures are critical for obtaining performance gains from feature expansion--dimensionality manipulations were relatively ineffective in other architectures and in convolutional models with targeted lesions. Our findings suggest that the architectural constraints of convolutional networks are sufficiently close to the constraints of biological vision to allow many aspects of cortical visual representation to emerge even before synaptic connections have been tuned through experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kazemian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmoznino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolutional architectures are cortex-aligned de novo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell morphology encodes functional subtypes of senescence in aging human dermal fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is an established driver of aging, exhibiting context-dependent phenotypes across multiple biological length-scales. Despite its mechanistic importance, profiling senescence within cell populations is challenging. This is in part due to the limitations of current biomarkers to robustly identify senescent cells across biological settings, and the heterogeneous, non-binary phenotypes exhibited by senescent cells. Using a panel of primary dermal fibroblasts, we combined live single-cell imaging, machine learning, multiple senescence induction conditions, and multiple protein-based senescence biomarkers to show the emergence of functional subtypes of senescence. Leveraging single-cell morphologies, we defined eleven distinct morphology clusters, with the abundance of cells in each cluster being dependent on the mode of senescence induction, the time post-induction, and the age of the donor. Of these eleven clusters, we identified three bona-fide senescence subtypes (C7, C10, C11), with C10 showing the strongest age-dependence across a cohort of fifty aging individuals. To determine the functional significance of these senescence subtypes, we profiled their responses to senotherapies, specifically focusing on Dasatinib + Quercetin (D+Q). Results indicated subtype-dependent responses, with senescent cells in C7 being most responsive to D+Q. Altogether, we provide a robust single-cell framework to identify and classify functional senescence subtypes with applications for next-generation senotherapy screens, and the potential to explain heterogeneous senescence phenotypes across biological settings based on the presence and abundance of distinct senescence subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaluso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell morphology encodes functional subtypes of senescence in aging human dermal fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic acute pain states decoded from neural and facial dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain is a complex experience that remains largely unexplored in naturalistic contexts, hindering our understanding of its neurobehavioral representation in ecologically valid settings. To address this, we employed a multimodal, data-driven approach integrating intracranial electroencephalography, pain self-reports, and facial expression quantification to characterize the neural and behavioral correlates of naturalistic acute pain in twelve epilepsy patients undergoing continuous monitoring with neural and audiovisual recordings. High self-reported pain states were associated with elevated blood pressure, increased pain medication use, and distinct facial muscle activations. Using machine learning, we successfully decoded individual participants high versus low self-reported pain states from distributed neural activity patterns (mean AUC = 0.70), involving mesolimbic regions, striatum, and temporoparietal cortex. High self-reported pain states exhibited increased low-frequency activity in temporoparietal areas and decreased high-frequency activity in mesolimbic regions (hippocampus, cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortex) compared to low pain states. This neural pain representation remained stable for hours and was modulated by pain onset and relief. Objective facial expression changes also classified self-reported pain states, with results concordant with electrophysiological predictions. Importantly, we identified transient periods of momentary pain as a distinct naturalistic acute pain measure, which could be reliably differentiated from affect-neutral periods using intracranial and facial features, albeit with neural and facial patterns distinct from self-reported pain. These findings reveal reliable neurobehavioral markers of naturalistic acute pain across contexts and timescales, underscoring the potential for developing personalized pain interventions in real-world settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakusa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramayya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvizi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic acute pain states decoded from neural and facial dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Video-Language Models as Flexible Social and Physical Reasoners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From an early age, humans are challenged with evaluating rich environments full of socially and physically grounded concepts. For example, we might be spectating a rapidly unfolding tennis match, anticipating ball trajectories based on players body cues and goals. In another scenario, we may engage with long storylines, juggling the mental states of characters with varying knowledge of an unfolding conflict. The complexity of this learning problem is notable as it can be multimodal, integrate information at varying timescales, and implicitly co-attend to social and physical scene properties for downstream reasoning. Large language-vision models like GPT4-V, LLaMA-3, which use vision-language embeddings, show skills in commonsense psychology and physics, though they only process single images. Models like CLIP and VisualBERT encode visual information in high-level cortical areas but do not inherently capture video-level representations. This paper introduces a novel video-language architecture that incorporates pooled video embeddings into LLMs by first extracting spatiotemporal embeddings and mapping them to the models decoder through a learnable linear layer. We enhance the model by training it with video-caption pairs from the ADEPT and AGENT datasets, aimed at quantifying "surprisal" in physical and psychological contexts. Finally, we design separate voxel wise encoding models for videos involving physics and psychology using the hidden states and logits from the LLMs last layer and pre-projected CLIP embeddings. We find that hidden state activations can remarkably explain high variance (R^2 up to [~]70%) across dorsal physics regions and highly distributed, ventral social vision areas. Notably, for models trained to only encode physically surprising stimuli, the hidden states and pre-projected CLIP embeddings explain nearly identical regions of variance across the inferior-parietal lobule. However, when the encoding model is trained to encode only socially surprising events, hidden states explain far more distributed ventral and dorsal activations over pre-projected CLIP embeddings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.11.593700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Video-Language Models as Flexible Social and Physical Reasoners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.591851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-translation digital data encoding into the genomes of mammalian cell populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.591851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High resolution cellular signal encoding is critical for better understanding of complex biological phenomena. DNA-based biosignal encoders alter genomic or plasmid DNA in a signal dependent manner. Current approaches involve the signal of interest affecting a DNA edit by interacting with a signal specific promoter which then results in expression of the effector molecule (DNA altering enzyme). Here, we present the proof of concept of a biosignal encoding system where the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) acts as the effector molecule upon directly interacting with the signal of interest. A template independent DNA polymerase (DNAp), TdT incorporates nucleotides at the 3 OH ends of DNA substrate in a signal dependent manner. By employing CRISPR-Cas9 to create double stranded breaks in genomic DNA, we make 3OH ends available to act as substrate for TdT. We show that this system can successfully resolve and encode different concentrations of various biosignals into the genomic DNA of HEK-293T cells. Finally, we develop a simple encoding scheme associated with the tested biosignals and encode the message "HELLO WORLD" into the genomic DNA of HEK-293T cells at a population level with 91% accuracy. This work demonstrates a simple and engineerable system that can reliably store local biosignal information into the genomes of mammalian cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callisto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.591851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-translation digital data encoding into the genomes of mammalian cell populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsN coordinates septal peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation through self-interaction of SPOR in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. coli cell division protein FtsN was proposed to coordinate septal peptidoglycan (sPG) synthesis and degradation to ensure robust cell wall constriction without lethal lesions. Although the precise mechanism remains unclear, previous work highlights the importance of two FtsN domains: the E domain, which interacts with and activates the sPG synthesis complex FtsWIQLB, and the SPOR domain, which binds to denuded glycan (dnG) strands, key intermediates in sPG degradation. Here, we used single-molecule tracking of FtsN and FtsW (a proxy for the sPG synthesis complex FtsWIQLB) to investigate how FtsN coordinates the two opposing processes. We observed dynamic behaviors indicating that FtsNs SPOR domain binds to dnGs cooperatively, which both sequesters the sPG synthesis complex on dnG (termed as the dnG-track) and protects dnGs from degradation by lytic transglycosylases (LTs). The release of the SPOR domain from dnGs leads to activating the sPG synthesis complex on the sPG-track and simultaneously exposing those same dnGs to degradation. Furthermore, FtsNs SPOR domain self-interacts and facilitates the formation of a multimeric sPG synthesis complex on both tracks. The cooperative self-interaction of the SPOR domain creates a sensitive switch to regulate the partitioning of FtsN between the dnG- and sPG-tracks, thereby controlling the balance between sequestered and active populations of the sPG synthesis complex. As such, FtsN coordinates sPG synthesis and degradation in space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsN coordinates septal peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation through self-interaction of SPOR in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PSAURON: a tool for assessing protein annotation across a broad range of species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating the accuracy of protein-coding sequences in genome annotations is a challenging problem for which there is no broadly applicable solution. In this manuscript we introduce PSAURON (Protein Sequence Assessment Using a Reference ORF Network), a novel software tool developed to assess the quality of protein-coding gene annotations. Utilizing a machine learning model trained on a diverse dataset from over 1000 plant and animal genomes, PSAURON assigns a score to coding DNA or protein sequence that reflects the likelihood that the sequence is a genuine protein coding region. PSAURON scores can be used for genome-wide protein annotation assessment as well as the rapid identification of potentially spurious annotated proteins. Validation against established benchmarks demonstrates PSAURONs effectiveness and correlation with recognized measures of protein quality, highlighting its potential use as a general-purpose method to evaluate gene annotation. PSAURON is open source and freely available at https://github.com/salzberg-lab/PSAURON.

One-Sentence SummaryPSAURON is a machine learning-based tool for rapid assessment of protein coding gene annotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PSAURON: a tool for assessing protein annotation across a broad range of species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.593026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining DNA and protein alignments to improve genome annotation with LiftOn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.593026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the number and variety of assembled genomes continues to grow, the number of annotated genomes is falling behind, particularly for eukaryotes. DNA-based mapping tools help to address this challenge, but they are only able to transfer annotation between closely-related species. Here we introduce LiftOn, a homology-based software tool that integrates DNA and protein alignments to enhance the accuracy of genome-scale annotation and to allow mapping between relatively distant species. LiftOns protein-centric algorithm considers both types of alignments, chooses optimal open reading frames, resolves overlapping gene loci, and finds additional gene copies where they exist. LiftOn can reliably transfer annotation between genomes representing members of the same species, as we demonstrate on human, mouse, honey bee, rice, and Arabidopsis thaliana. It can further map annotation effectively across species pairs as far apart as mouse and rat or Drosophila melanogaster and D. erecta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.593026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining DNA and protein alignments to improve genome annotation with LiftOn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM52 is a primate-specific player in the DNA repair process under tight proteolytic control by a triad of giant E3 ligases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tripartite motif 52 (TRIM52) exhibits strong positive selection in humans, yet is lost in many other mammals. In contrast to what one would expect for such a non-conserved factor, TRIM52 loss compromises cell fitness. We set out to determine the cellular function of TRIM52. Genetic and proteomic analyses revealed TRIM52s involvement in resolving topoisomerase 2 (TOP2)-DNA cross-links, mitigating DNA damage and preventing cell-cycle arrest. Consistent with a fitness-promoting function, TRIM52 is upregulated in various cancers, prompting us to investigate its regulatory pathways. We found TRIM52 to be targeted for ultra-rapid proteasomal degradation by the giant E3 ubiquitin ligases BIRC6, HUWE1, and UBR4/KCMF1. BIRC6 mono-ubiquitinates TRIM52, with subsequent extension by UBR4/KCMF1. These findings underscore TRIM52s pivotal role in DNA damage repair and regulation of its own abundance through multi-ligase degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shulkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrmann, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budroni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandlbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabarczyk, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochella, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versteeg, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM52 is a primate-specific player in the DNA repair process under tight proteolytic control by a triad of giant E3 ligases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.593967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity to visual features in inattentional blindness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.593967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relation between attention, perception and awareness is among the most fundamental problems in the science of the mind. One of the most striking and well-known phenomena bearing on this question is inattentional blindness (IB; Neisser & Becklen, 1975; Mack & Rock, 1998; Most et al., 2001, 2005). In IB, naive observers fail to report clearly visible stimuli when their attention is otherwise engaged--famously even missing a gorilla parading before their eyes (Simons & Chabris, 1999). This phenomenon and the research programs it has motivated carry tremendous theoretical significance, both as crucial evidence that awareness requires attention (Cohen et al., 2012; Prinz, 2012; Noah & Mangun, 2020) and as a key tool in seeking the neural correlates of consciousness (Rees et al., 1999; Pitts et al., 2014; Hutchinson, 2019). However, these and other implications critically rest on a notoriously biased measure: asking participants whether they noticed anything unusual (and interpreting negative answers as reflecting a complete lack of perception). Here, in the largest ever set of IB studies, we show that, as a group, inattentionally blind participants can successfully report the location, color and shape of the stimuli they deny noticing. This residual visual sensitivity shows that perceptual information remains accessible in IB. We further show that subjective reports in IB are conservative, by introducing absent trials where no IB stimulus is presented; this approach allows us to show for the first time that observers collectively show a systematic bias to report not noticing in IB--essentially  playing it safe in reporting their sensitivity. This pair of results is consistent with an alternative hypothesis about IB, namely that inattentionally blind subjects retain some degree of awareness of the stimuli they fail to report. Overall, these data provide the strongest evidence to date of significant residual visual sensitivity in IB. They also challenge the use of inattentional blindness to argue that awareness requires attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nartker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egeth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.593967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity to visual features in inattentional blindness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.594818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants from long-term, persistently infected immunocompromised patients have altered syncytia formation, temperature-dependent replication, and serum neutralizing antibody escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.594818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection of immunocompromised individuals often leads to prolonged detection of viral RNA and infectious virus in nasal specimens, presumably due to the lack of induction of an appropriate adaptive immune response. Mutations identified in virus sequences obtained from persistently infected patients bear signatures of immune evasion and have some overlap with sequences present in variants of concern. We characterized virus isolates from two COVID-19 patients undergoing immunosuppressive cancer therapy, with all isolates obtained greater than 100 days after the initial COVID-19 diagnoses and compared to an isolate from the start of the infection. Isolates from an individual who never mounted an antibody response specific to SARS-CoV-2 despite the administration of convalescent plasma showed slight reductions in plaque size and some showed temperature-dependent replication attenuation on human nasal epithelial cell culture compared to the virus that initiated infection. An isolate from another patient - who did mount a SARS-CoV-2 IgM response - showed temperature dependent changes in plaque size as well as increased syncytia formation and escape from serum neutralizing antibody. Our results indicate that not all virus isolates from immunocompromised COVID-19 patients display clear signs of phenotypic change, but increased attention should be paid to monitoring virus evolution in this patient population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wouters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachithanandham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieterse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.594818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 variants from long-term, persistently infected immunocompromised patients have altered syncytia formation, temperature-dependent replication, and serum neutralizing antibody escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triptolide sensitizes cancer cells to nucleoside DNA methyltransferase inhibitors through inhibition of DCTPP1-mediated cell-intrinsic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While nucleoside DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) such as decitabine and azacitidine are effective in treating myelodysplatic syndrome (MDS)/leukemia, they have had limited utility for the majority of other cancers. Through a chemical library screen, we identified that triptolide, a diterpenoid epoxide from Tripterygium wilfordii, or analogs significantly augmented the epigenetic and anti-cancer effects of decitabine in vitro and in vivo. These effects were attributable to inhibition of DCTPP1-mediated cleavage of 5-aza-deoxycytidine triphosphate, the convergent activated metabolite of nucleoside DNMTi, leading to enhanced drug incorporation into genomic DNA, increased DNMT degradation, enhanced global DNA demethylation and associated transcriptional reprogramming. We show that high DCTPP1 expression was associated with cell-intrinsic resistance to nucleoside DNMTi, and that triptolide and its analogs could overcome this resistance.

SIGNIFICANCEWe screened a library of existing drugs to identify those capable of enhancing the anti-cancer effects of the nucleoside DNMTi decitabine. The combination of triptolide and decitabine synergistically inhibited cancer cell growth and survival in vitro, and was highly effective in inhibiting xenograft growth in vivo. Biochemical, genetic and structural biology studies with triptolide and its analogs revealed that this synergy was due to their inhibition of DCTPP1-mediated pyrophosphate cleavage from 5-aza-deoxycytidine triphosphate, the active metabolite of DNMTi. The genomic incorporation and efficacy of decitabine in cancer cell lines were significantly correlated with DCTPP1 expression more so than those of other nucleoside metabolizing genes. Triptolide and its analogs comprise rational adjuncts to nucleoside DNMTi ripe for further pre-clinical/clinical translation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITriptolide synergistically sensitizes cancer cells to DNMTi in vitro.
C_LIO_LITriptolide and decitabine combination shows favorable efficacy and safety in vivo.
C_LIO_LISynergy of triptolide and decitabine is mediated through inhibition of DCTPP1.
C_LIO_LIHigh DCTPP1 expression confers cell intrinsic resistance to DNMTi.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjiku, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuhn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovinazzo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esopi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triptolide sensitizes cancer cells to nucleoside DNA methyltransferase inhibitors through inhibition of DCTPP1-mediated cell-intrinsic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-Driven Fluid Dynamics: A Physical Model of Active Systemic Circulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active fluid circulation and transport are key functions of living organisms, which drive efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to various physiological compartments. Because fluid circulation occurs in a network, the systemic flux and pressure are not simple outcomes of any given component. Rather, they are emergent properties of network elements and network topology. Moreover, consistent pressure and osmolarity gradients across compartments such as the kidney, interstitium, and vessels are known. How these gradients and network properties are established and maintained is an unanswered question in systems physiology. Previous studies have shown that epithelial cells are fluid pumps that actively generate pressure and osmolarity gradients. Polarization and activity of ion exchangers that drive fluid flux in epithelial cells are affected by pressure and osmolarity gradients. Therefore, there is an unexplored coupling between the pressure and osmolarity in the circulating network. Here we develop a mathematical theory that integrates the influence of pressure and osmolarity on solute transport and explores both cell fluid transport and systemic circulation. This model naturally generates pressure and osmolarity gradients across physiological compartments, and demonstrates how systemic transport properties can depend on cell properties, and how the cell state can depend on systemic properties. When epithelial and en-dothelial pumps are considered together, we predict how pressures at various points in the network depend on the overall osmolarity of the system. The model can be improved by including physiological geometries and expanding solute species, and highlights the interplay of fluid properties with cell function in living organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-Driven Fluid Dynamics: A Physical Model of Active Systemic Circulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human birth tissue products as a regenerative medicine to inhibit post-surgical pain through multi-modal action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain after surgery causes significant suffering. Opioid analgesics cause severe side effects and accidental death. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop non-opioid therapies for managing post-surgical pain. Local application of Clarix Flo (FLO), a human amniotic membrane (AM) product, attenuated established post-surgical pain hypersensitivity without exhibiting known side effects of opioid use in mice. This effect was achieved through direct inhibition of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons via CD44-dependent pathways. We further purified the major matrix component, the heavy chain-hyaluronic acid/pentraxin 3 (HC-HA/PTX3) from human AM that has greater purity and water solubility than FLO. HC-HA/PTX3 replicated FLO-induced neuronal and pain inhibition. Mechanistically, HC-HA/PTX3 induced cytoskeleton rearrangements to inhibit sodium current and high-voltage activated calcium current on nociceptive neurons, suggesting it is a key bioactive component mediating pain relief. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of naturally derived biologics from human birth tissues as an effective non-opioid treatment for post-surgical pain. Moreover, we unravel the underlying mechanisms of pain inhibition induced by FLO and HC-HA/PTX3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uniyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahabole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human birth tissue products as a regenerative medicine to inhibit post-surgical pain through multi-modal action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The buoyancy of cryptococcal cells and its implications for transport and persistence of Cryptococcus in aqueous environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus is a genus of saprophytic fungi with global distribution. Two species complexes, C. neoformans and C. gattii, pose health risks to humans and animals. Cryptococcal infections result from inhalation of aerosolized spores and/or desiccated yeasts from terrestrial reservoirs such as soil, trees, and avian guano. More recently, C. gattii has been implicated in infections in marine mammals, suggesting that inhalation of liquid droplets or aerosols from the air-water interface is also an important, yet understudied, mode of respiratory exposure. Water transport has also been suggested to play a role in the spread of C. gattii from tropical to temperate environments. However, the dynamics of fungal survival, persistence, and transport via water have not been fully studied. The size of the cryptococcal capsule was previously shown to reduce cell density and increase buoyancy. Here, we demonstrate that cell buoyancy is also impacted by the salinity of the media in which cells are suspended, with formation of a halocline interface significantly slowing the rate of settling of cryptococcal cells through water, resulting in persistence of C. neoformans within 1 cm of the air-water interface for over 60 min and C. gattii for 4-6 h. Our data also showed that during culture in yeast peptone dextrose media (YPD), polysaccharide accumulating in the supernatant formed a raft that augmented buoyancy and further slowed settling of cryptococcal cells. These findings illustrate new mechanisms by which cryptococcal cells may persist in aquatic environments, with important implications for aqueous transport and pathogen exposure.

ImportanceCryptococcosis is a major fungal disease leading to morbidity and mortality worldwide. C. neoformans is a major fungal species of public health concern, causing opportunistic systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. C. gattii was traditionally a tropical pathogen, but in the 1990s emerged in the temperate climates of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest United States. Outbreaks in these areas also led to the first host record of cryptococcosis in free-ranging cetaceans. C. gattii is particularly concerning as an emerging fungal pathogen due to its capacity to cause clinical disease in immunocompetent patients, its recent spread to a new ecological niche, and its higher resistance to antifungal therapies. Our research defines characteristics that influence transport of cryptococci through water and its persistence at the air-water interface, which improve our understanding of mechanisms for cryptococcal aqueous transport and persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stempinski, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengo, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Ramirez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.595024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The buoyancy of cryptococcal cells and its implications for transport and persistence of Cryptococcus in aqueous environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEM-based pangenome indexing for k-mer queries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenomes are growing in number and size, thanks to the prevalence of high-quality long-read assemblies. However, current methods for studying sequence composition and conservation within pangenomes have limitations. Methods based on graph pangenomes require a computationally expensive multiple-alignment step, which can leave out some variation. Indexes based on k-mers and de Bruijn graphs are limited to answering questions at a specific substring length k. We present Maximal Exact Match Ordered (MEMO), a pangenome indexing method based on maximal exact matches (MEMs) between sequences. A single MEMO index can handle arbitrary-length queries over pangenomic windows. MEMO enables both queries that test k-mer presence/absence (membership queries) and that count the number of genomes containing k-mers in a window (conservation queries). MEMOs index for a pangenome of 89 human autosomal haplotypes fits in 2.04 GB, 8.8x smaller than a comparable KMC3 index and 11.4x smaller than a PanKmer index. MEMO indexes can be made smaller by sacrificing some counting resolution, with our decile-resolution HPRC index reaching 0.67 GB. MEMO can conduct a conservation query for 31-mers over the human leukocyte antigen locus in 13.89 seconds, 2.5x faster than other approaches. MEMOs small index size, lack of k-mer length dependence, and efficient queries make it a flexible tool for studying and visualizing substring conservation in pangenomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.595044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEM-based pangenome indexing for k-mer queries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Analysis of Within-Host Dynamics of Acute Infection and Viral Rebound Dynamics in Postnatally SHIV-Infected ART-Treated Infant Rhesus Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral dynamics of acute HIV infection and HIV rebound following suspension of antiretroviral therapy may be qualitatively similar but must differ given, for one, development of adaptive immune responses. Understanding the differences of acute HIV infection and viral rebound dynamics in pediatric populations may provide insights into the mechanisms of viral control with potential implications for vaccine design and the development of effective targeted therapeutics for infants and children. Mathematical models have been a crucial tool to elucidate the complex processes driving viral infections within the host. Traditionally, acute HIV infection has been modeled with a standard model of viral dynamics initially developed to explore viral decay during treatment, while viral rebound has necessitated extensions of that standard model to incorporate explicit immune responses. Previous efforts to fit these models to viral load data have underscored differences between the two infection stages, such as increased viral clearance rate and increased death rate of infected cells during rebound. However, these findings have been predicated on viral load measurements from disparate adult individuals. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap, in infants, by comparing the dynamics of acute infection and viral rebound within the same individuals by leveraging an infant nonhuman primate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) infection model. Ten infant Rhesus macaques (RMs) orally challenged with SHIV.C.CH505 375H dCT and given ART at 8 weeks post-infection. These infants were then monitored for up to 60 months post-infection with serial viral load and immune measurements. We use the HIV standard viral dynamics model fitted to viral load measurements in a nonlinear mixed effects framework. We find that the primary difference between acute infection and rebound is the increased death rate of infected cells during rebound. We use these findings to generate hypotheses on the effects of adaptive immune responses. We leverage these findings to formulate hypotheses to elucidate the observed results and provide arguments to support the notion that delayed viral rebound is characterized by a stronger CD8+ T cell response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mainou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obregon-Perko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahroudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Analysis of Within-Host Dynamics of Acute Infection and Viral Rebound Dynamics in Postnatally SHIV-Infected ART-Treated Infant Rhesus Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced dynamic covalent chemistry for the controlled release of small molecules and biologics from a nanofibrous peptide hydrogel platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining safe and potent pharmaceutical drug levels is often challenging. Multidomain peptides (MDPs) assemble into supramolecular hydrogels with a well-defined, highly porous nanostructure that makes them attractive for drug delivery, yet their ability to extend release is typically limited by rapid drug diffusion. To overcome this challenge, we developed self-assembling boronate ester release (SABER) MDPs capable of engaging in dynamic covalent bonding with payloads containing boronic acids (BAs). As examples, we demonstrate that SABER hydrogels can prolong the release of five BA-containing small-molecule drugs as well as BA-modified insulin and antibodies. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that SABER hydrogels extended the therapeutic effect of ganfeborole from days to weeks, preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth better than repeated oral administration in an infection model. Similarly, SABER hydrogels extended insulin activity, maintaining normoglycemia for six days in diabetic mice after a single injection. These results suggest that SABER hydrogels present broad potential for clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pogostin, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swierczynski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohidova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veiseh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartgerink, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced dynamic covalent chemistry for the controlled release of small molecules and biologics from a nanofibrous peptide hydrogel platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal-Coherence Induces Binding in Responses to Sound Sequences in Ferret Auditory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding the attributes of a sensory source is necessary to perceive it as a unified entity, one that can be attended to and extracted from its surrounding scene. In auditory perception, this is the essence of the cocktail party problem in which a listener segregates one speaker from a mixture of voices, or a musical stream from simultaneous others. It is postulated that coherence of the temporal modulations of a sources features is necessary to bind them. The focus of this study is on the role of temporal-coherence in binding and segregation, and specifically as evidenced by the neural correlates of rapid plasticity that enhance cortical responses among synchronized neurons, while suppressing them among asynchronized ones. In a first experiment, we find that attention to a sound sequence rapidly binds it to other coherent sequences while suppressing nearby incoherent sequences, thus enhancing the contrast between the two groups. In a second experiment, a sequence of synchronized multi-tone complexes, embedded in a cloud of randomly dispersed background of desynchronized tones, perceptually and neurally pops-out after a fraction of a second highlighting the binding among its coherent tones against the incoherent background. These findings demonstrate the role of temporal-coherence in binding and segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal-Coherence Induces Binding in Responses to Sound Sequences in Ferret Auditory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Coherence Shapes Cortical Responses to Speech Mixtures in a Ferret Cocktail Party 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segregation of complex sounds such as speech, music and animal vocalizations as they simultaneously emanate from multiple sources (referred to as the "cocktail party problem") is a remarkable ability that is common in humans and animals alike. The neural underpinnings of this process have been extensively studied behaviorally and physiologically in non-human animals primarily with simplified sounds (tones and noise sequences). In humans, segregation experiments utilizing more complex speech mixtures are common; but physiological experiments have relied on EEG/MEG/ECoG recordings that sample activity from thousands of neurons, often obscuring the detailed processes that give rise to the observed segregation. The present study combines the insights from animal single-unit physiology with segregation of speech-like mixtures. Ferrets were trained to attend to a female voice and detect a target word, both in presence or absence of a concurrent, equally salient male voice. Single neuron recordings were obtained from primary and secondary ferret auditory cortical fields, as well as frontal cortex. During task performance, representation of the female words became more enhanced relative to those of the (distractor) male in all cortical regions, especially in the higher auditory cortical field. Analysis of the temporal and spectral response characteristics during task performance reveals how speech segregation gradually emerges in the auditory cortex. A computational model evaluated on the same voice mixtures replicates and extends these results to different attentional targets (attention to female or male voices). These findings are consistent with the temporal coherence theory whereby attention to a target voice anchors neural activity in cortical networks hence binding together channels that are coherently temporally-modulated with the target, and ultimately forming a common auditory stream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkkar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Coherence Shapes Cortical Responses to Speech Mixtures in a Ferret Cocktail Party]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virtual patient analysis identifies strategies to improve the performance of predictive biomarkers for PD-1 blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) show variable responses to PD-1 inhibition. Efficient patient selection by predictive biomarkers would be desirable, but is hindered by the limited performance of existing biomarkers. Here, we leveraged in-silico patient cohorts generated using a quantitative systems pharmacology model of metastatic TNBC, informed by transcriptomic and clinical data, to explore potential ways to improve patient selection. We tested 90 biomarker candidates, including various cellular and molecular species, by a cutoff-based biomarker testing algorithm combined with machine learning-based feature selection. Combinations of pre-treatment biomarkers improved the specificity compared to single biomarkers at the cost of reduced sensitivity. On the other hand, early on-treatment biomarkers, such as the relative change in tumor diameter from baseline measured at two weeks after treatment initiation, achieved remarkably higher sensitivity and specificity. Further, blood-based biomarkers had a comparable ability to tumor- or lymph node-based biomarkers in identifying a subset of responders, potentially suggesting a less invasive way for patient selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arulraj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emens, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virtual patient analysis identifies strategies to improve the performance of predictive biomarkers for PD-1 blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haspin kinase binds to a nucleosomal DNA supergroove 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine 3 (H3T3) by Haspin recruits the chromosomal passenger complex to the inner centromere and ensures proper cell cycle progression through mitosis. The mechanism by which Haspin binds to nucleosomes to phosphorylate H3T3 is not known. We report here cryo-EM structures of the Haspin kinase domain bound to a nucleosome. In contrast with previous structures of histone-modifying enzymes, Haspin solely contacts the nucleosomal DNA, inserting into a supergroove formed by apposing major grooves of two DNA gyres. This unique binding mode provides a plausible mechanism by which Haspin can bind to nucleosomes in a condensed chromatin environment to phosphorylate H3T3. We identify key basic residues in the Haspin kinase domain that are essential for phosphorylation of nucleosomal histone H3 and binding to mitotic chromatin. Our structure is the first of a kinase domain bound to a nucleosome and is the first example of a histone-modifying enzyme that binds to nucleosomes solely through DNA contacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliech, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haspin kinase binds to a nucleosomal DNA supergroove]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro Dihedral Angles Reveal Allosteric Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In allosteric proteins, identifying the pathways that signals take from allosteric ligand-binding sites to enzyme active sites or binding pockets and interfaces remains challenging. This avenue of research is motivated by the goals of understanding particular macromolecular systems of interest and creating general methods for their study. An especially important protein that is the subject of many investigations in allostery is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which is necessary for coronaviral replication. It is both an attractive drug target and, due to intense interest in it for the development of pharmaceutical compounds, a gauge of the state-of-the-art approaches in studying protein inhibition. Here we develop a computational method for characterizing protein allostery and use it to study Mpro. We propose a role of the proteins C-terminal tail in allosteric modulation and warn of unintuitive traps that can plague studies of the role of protein dihedrals angles in transmitting allosteric signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheraz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro Dihedral Angles Reveal Allosteric Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating Subpopulation Dynamics in Clonal CHO-K1 Cells with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are used to produce monoclonal antibodies and other biotherapeutics at industrial scale. Despite their ubiquitous nature in the biopharmaceutical industry, little is known about the behaviors of individual transfected clonal CHO cells. Most CHO cells are assessed on their ability to produce the protein of interest over time, known as their stability. But these CHO cells have primarily been studied in bulk, working under the assumption that these bulk samples are identical because of genetic clonality across the sample; however, this does not address other forms of cellular heterogeneity in these ostensibly clonal cells. It is possible these variable stability phenotypes reflect heterogeneity within the clonal samples. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on two clonal CHO-K1 cell populations with different stability phenotypes over a 90 day culture period. Our data showed that the instability of the unstable clone was due in part to the emergence of a low-producing subpopulation in the aged samples. This low-producing subpopulation did not exhibit markers of cellular stress which were expressed in the higher-producing populations. Further multiomic investigation should be performed to better characterize this heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morina, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarland, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewska, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating Subpopulation Dynamics in Clonal CHO-K1 Cells with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of age on responses of principal cells of the mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus in quiet and noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Older listeners often report difficulties understanding speech in noisy environments. It is important to identify where in the auditory pathway hearing-in-noise deficits arise to develop appropriate therapies. We tested how encoding of sounds is affected by masking noise at early stages of the auditory pathway by recording responses of principal cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) of aging CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J mice in vivo. Previous work indicated that masking noise shifts the dynamic range of single auditory nerve fibers (ANFs), leading to elevated tone thresholds. We hypothesized that such threshold shifts could contribute to increased hearing-in-noise deficits with age if susceptibility to masking increased in AVCN units. We tested this by recording the responses of AVCN principal neurons to tones in the presence and absence of masking noise. Surprisingly, we found that masker-induced threshold shifts decreased with age in primary-like units and did not change in choppers. In addition, spontaneous activity decreased in primary-like and chopper units of old mice, with no change in dynamic range or tuning precision. In C57 mice, which undergo early onset hearing loss, units showed similar changes in threshold and spontaneous rate at younger ages, suggesting they were related to hearing loss and not simply aging. These findings suggest that sound information carried by AVCN principal cells remains largely unchanged with age. Therefore, hearing-in-noise deficits may result from other changes during aging, such as distorted across-channel input from the cochlea and changes in sound coding at later stages of the auditory pathway.

Significance StatementMiddle age and older listeners commonly experience hearing deficits in the presence of background noise. Central auditory areas have been implicated in hearing-in-noise deficits, but it is not known where these deficits arise. We performed in vivo recordings in mice of different ages at the first stage of the auditory pathway in the brain, the cochlear nucleus, to examine how encoding of sounds is perturbed by masking noise. We found that the responses of individual neurons remain largely intact with age, including the processing of tones in masking noise, despite previously documented structural and physiological degeneration of their auditory nerve inputs. This suggests that problems hearing in masking noise result from changes at other stages of the auditory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Postolache, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, C. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu-Friedman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of age on responses of principal cells of the mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus in quiet and noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesendodermal cells fail to contribute to heart formation following blastocyst injection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blastocyst complementation offers an opportunity for generating transplantable whole organs from donor sources. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have traditionally served as the primary donor cells due to their ability to differentiate into any type of body cell. However, the use of PSCs raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding their uncontrollable differentiation potential to undesired cell lineages such as brain and germline cells. To address this issue, various strategies have been explored, including the use of genetically modified PSCs with restricted lineage potential or lineage-specified progenitor cells as donors. In this study, we tested whether nascent mesendodermal cells (MECs), which appear during early gastrulation, can be used as donor cells. To do this, we induced Bry-GFP+ MECs from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and introduced them into the blastocyst. While donor ESCs gave rise to various regions of embryos, including the heart, Bry-GFP+ MECs failed to contribute to the host embryos. This finding suggests that MECs, despite being specified from PSCs within a few days, lack the capacity to assimilate into the developing embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesendodermal cells fail to contribute to heart formation following blastocyst injection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon-Induced PARP14-Mediated ADP-Ribosylation in p62 Bodies Requires an Active Ubiquitin-Proteasome System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are cellular compartments without enveloping membranes, enabling them to dynamically adjust their composition in response to environmental changes through post-translational modifications. A recent study has revealed that interferon-induced ADP-ribosylation (ADPr), which can be reversed by a SARS-CoV-2-encoded hydrolase, is enriched within a condensate. However, the identity of the condensate and responsible host ADP-ribosyltransferase remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that interferon induces ADPr through transcriptional activation of PARP14, requiring both its physical presence and catalytic activity for condensate formation. Interferon-induced ADPr colocalizes with PARP14, and these PARP14/ADPr condensates contain key components of p62 bodies--including the selective autophagy receptor p62 and its binding partner NBR1, along with K48-linked and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains--but lack the autophagosome marker LC3B. Knockdown of p62 disrupts the formation of these ADPr condensates. Importantly, these structures are unaffected by autophagy inhibition but depend on both ubiquitin activation and proteasome activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that interferon triggers PARP14-mediated ADP-ribosylation in p62 bodies, which requires an active ubiquitin-proteasome system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon-Induced PARP14-Mediated ADP-Ribosylation in p62 Bodies Requires an Active Ubiquitin-Proteasome System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribute to balance, wire in accordance: Emergence of backpropagation from a simple, bio-plausible neuroplasticity rule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past several decades, backpropagation (BP) has played a critical role in the advancement of machine learning and remains a core method in numerous computational applications. It is also utilized extensively in comparative studies of biological and artificial neural network representations. Despite its widespread use, the implementation of BP in the brain remains elusive, and its biological plausibility is often questioned due to inherent issues such as the need for symmetry of weights between forward and backward connections, and the requirement of distinct forward and backward phases of computation. Here, we introduce a novel neuroplasticity rule that offers a potential mechanism for implementing BP in the brain. Similar in general form to the classical Hebbian rule, this rule is based on the core principles of maintaining the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs as well as on retrograde signaling, and operates over three progressively slower timescales: neural firing, retrograde signaling, and neural plasticity. We hypothesize that each neuron possesses an internal state, termed credit, in addition to its firing rate. After achieving equilibrium in firing rates, neurons receive credits based on their contribution to the E-I balance of postsynaptic neurons through retrograde signaling. As the networks credit distribution stabilizes, connections from those presynaptic neurons are strengthened that significantly contribute to the balance of postsynaptic neurons. We demonstrate mathematically that our learning rule precisely replicates BP in layered neural networks without any approximations. Simulations on artificial neural networks reveal that this rule induces varying community structures in networks, depending on the learning rate. This simple theoretical framework presents a biologically plausible implementation of BP, with testable assumptions and predictions that may be evaluated through biological experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribute to balance, wire in accordance: Emergence of backpropagation from a simple, bio-plausible neuroplasticity rule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.593868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural killer cells associate with epithelial cells in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.593868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits dense fibrosis and immune exclusion. While fibrosis has been studied globally and at the region-of-interest level, its impact on stromal-ductal architecture and immune cell localization remains unknown. Here, we establish cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-stratified ductal spatial architecture as a fundamental determinant of immune exclusion in PDAC. Focusing on malignant PDAC epithelial ductal regions, the critical interface where immune cells must access tumor epithelium, we demonstrate that periductal fibroblast organization dictates leukocyte proximity. Through integrative analysis of treatment-naive patient samples from three independent cohorts - including imaging mass cytometry, multiplex immunohistochemistry, and single-cell RNA sequencing - we uncovered that activated, pro-inflammatory leukocytes preferentially localized near malignant ducts in regions with low fibroblast density. Stratifying epithelial-ductal regions by CAF abundance revealed a graded constraint: increasing fibroblast content corresponded to reduced leukocyte-epithelial proximity and elevated collagen I deposition. Despite their exclusion in high-CAF ducts, leukocytes in low-CAF ducts retained functional competence. Mechanistically, ligand-receptor inference implicated collagen-CD44 signaling as an adhesion axis anchoring immune cells within fibroblast-rich zones, with CD44 blockade enhancing natural killer cell invasion and motility in fibrotic spheroid models. Thus, by establishing ductal regions as critical spatial units of immune exclusion, these findings provide a framework for dissecting stromal-immune interactions and reveal targetable "stromal checkpoints" that can be leveraged to overcome CAF-driven barriers to leukocyte motility and infiltration in PDAC.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=111 SRC="FIGDIR/small/593868v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (30K):
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malchiodi, Z. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suter, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duttargi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetherill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.593868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural killer cells associate with epithelial cells in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of microbial content in whole-genome sequencing samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, a growing number of publications have reported the presence of microbial species in human tumors and of mixtures of microbes that appear to be highly specific to different cancer types. Our recent re-analysis of data from three cancer types revealed that technical errors have caused erroneous reports of numerous microbial species found in sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Here we have expanded our analysis to cover all 5,734 whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data sets currently available from TCGA, covering 25 distinct types of cancer. We analyzed the microbial content using updated computational methods and databases, and compared our results to those from two major recent studies that focused on bacteria, viruses, and fungi in cancer. Our results expand upon and reinforce our recent findings, which showed that the presence of microbes is far smaller than had been previously reported, and that many species identified in TCGA data are either not present at all, or are known contaminants rather than microbes residing within tumors. As part of this expanded analysis, and to help others avoid being misled by flawed data, we have released a dataset that contains detailed read counts for bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi detected in all 5,734 TCGA samples, which can serve as a public reference for future investigations.

One-sentence summaryAnalysis of microbial content in 5,734 whole-genome sequencing samples from TCGA yields a comprehensive new resource for investigating the role of microbes in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revsine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of microbial content in whole-genome sequencing samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cliffy: robust 16S rRNA classification based on a compressed LCA index 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taxonomic sequence classification is a computational problem central to the study of metagenomics and evolution. Advances in compressed indexing with the r-index enable full-text pattern matching against large sequence collections. But the data structures that link pattern sequences to their clades of origin still do not scale well to large collections. Previous work proposed the document array profiles, which use[O] (rd) words of space where r is the number of maximal-equal letter runs in the Burrows-Wheeler transform and d is the number of distinct genomes. The linear dependence on d is limiting, since real taxonomies can easily contain 10,000s of leaves or more. We propose a method called cliff compression that reduces this size by a large factor, over 250x when indexing the SILVA 16S rRNA gene database. This method uses {Theta}(r log d) words of space in expectation under a random model we propose here. We implemented these ideas in an open source tool called Cliffy that performs efficient taxonomic classification of sequencing reads with respect to a compressed taxonomic index. When applied to simulated 16S rRNA reads, Cliffys read-level accuracy is higher than Kraken2s by 11-18%. Clade abundances are also more accurately predicted by Cliffy compared to Kraken2 and Bracken. Overall, Cliffy is a fast and space-economical extension to compressed full-text indexes, enabling them to perform fast and accurate taxonomic classification queries.

2012 ACM Subject ClassificationApplied computing[-&gt;] Computational genomics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.25.595899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cliffy: robust 16S rRNA classification based on a compressed LCA index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.26.595236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Detection of Subtle Torsional Eye Movements: Preliminary Results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.26.595236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The control of torsional eye position is a key component of ocular motor function. Ocular torsion can be affected by pathologies that involve ocular motor pathways, spanning from the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ears to various regions of the brainstem and cerebellum. Timely and accurate diagnosis enables efficient interventions and management of each case which are crucial for patients with dizziness, vertical double vision, or imbalance. Such detailed evaluation of eye movements may not be possible in all frontline clinical settings, particularly for detecting torsional abnormalities. These abnormalities are often more challenging to identify at the bedside compared to horizontal or vertical eye movements. To address these challenges, we used a dataset of torsional eye movements recorded with video-oculography (VOG) to develop deep learning models for detecting ocular torsion. Our models achieve 0.9308 AUROC and 86.79 % accuracy, leveraging ocular features particularly pertinent to tracking torsional eye position.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukunda, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoitou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheradmand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.26.595236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Detection of Subtle Torsional Eye Movements: Preliminary Results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.595990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Display of the Animal Meta-Venome for Discovery of Novel Therapeutic Peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.595990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal venoms, distinguished by their unique structural features and potent bioactivities, represent a vast and relatively untapped reservoir of therapeutic molecules. However, limitations associated with extracting or expressing large numbers of individual venoms and venom-like molecules have precluded their therapeutic evaluation via high throughput screening. Here, we developed an innovative computational approach to design a highly diverse library of animal venoms and "metavenoms". We employed programmable M13 hyperphage display to preserve critical disulfide-bonded structures for highly parallelized single-round biopanning with quantitation via high-throughput DNA sequencing. Our approach led to the discovery of Kunitz type domain containing proteins that target the human itch receptor Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X4 (MRGPRX4), which plays a crucial role in itch perception. Deep learning-based structural homology mining identified two endogenous human homologs, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type 2 (SPINT2), which exhibit agonist-dependent potentiation of MRGPRX4. Highly multiplexed screening of animal venoms and metavenoms is therefore a promising approach to uncover new drug candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, D. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.595990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Display of the Animal Meta-Venome for Discovery of Novel Therapeutic Peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ApoE ϵ4-dependent alteration of CXCR3+CD127+ CD4+ T cells is associated with elevated plasma neurofilament light chain in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent findings indicate a correlation between the peripheral adaptive immune system and neuroinflammation in Alzheimers disease (AD). To characterize the composition of adaptive immune cells in the peripheral blood of AD patients, we utilized single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) to profile peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Concurrently, we assessed the concentration of proteins associated with AD and neuroinflammation in the plasma of the same subjects. We found that the abundance of proinflammatory CXCR3+CD127+ Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells in AD patients was negatively correlated with the abundance of neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein. This correlation is apolipoprotein E (ApoE) {varepsilon}4-dependent. Analyzing public single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, we found that, contrary to the scenario in the peripheral blood, the cell frequency of CXCR3+CD127+ Th1 cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients was increased compared to healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, the proinflammatory capacity of CXCR3+CD127+ Th1 cells in the CSF of AD patients was further increased compared to HCs. These results reveal an association of a peripheral T-cell change with neuroinflammation in AD and suggest that dysregulation of peripheral adaptive immune responses, particularly involving CXCR3+CD127+ Th1 cells, may potentially be mediated by factors such as ApoE {varepsilon}4 genotype.

One sentence summaryAn apolipoprotein E (ApoE) {varepsilon}4-dependent alteration of CD4 T cell subpopulation in peripheral blood is associated with neuroinflammation in patients with Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ApoE ϵ4-dependent alteration of CXCR3+CD127+ CD4+ T cells is associated with elevated plasma neurofilament light chain in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directly Measuring Atherogenic Lipoprotein Kinetics in Zebrafish with the Photoconvertible LipoTimer Reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipoprotein kinetics are a crucial factor in understanding lipoprotein metabolism since a prolonged time in circulation can contribute to the atherogenic character of apolipoprotein-B (ApoB)-containing lipoproteins (B-lps). Here, we report a method to directly measure lipoprotein kinetics in live developing animals. We developed a zebrafish geneticly encoded reporter, LipoTimer, in which endogenous ApoBb.1 is fused to the photoconvertible fluorophore Dendra2 which shift its emission profile from green to red upon UV exposure. By quantifying the red population of ApoB-Dendra2 over time, we found that B-lp turnover in wild-type larvae becomes faster as development proceeds. Mutants with impaired B-lp uptake or lipolysis present with increased B-lp levels and half-life. In contrast, mutants with impaired B-lp triglyceride loading display slightly fewer and smaller-B-lps, which have a significantly shorter B-lp half-life. Further, we showed that chronic high-cholesterol feeding is associated with a longer B-lp half-life in wild-type juveniles but does not lead to changes in B-lp half-life in lipolysis deficient apoC2 mutants. These data support the hypothesis that B-lp lipolysis is suppressed by the flood of intestinal-derived B-lps that follow a high-fat meal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moll, T. O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemek, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directly Measuring Atherogenic Lipoprotein Kinetics in Zebrafish with the Photoconvertible LipoTimer Reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complement Biosensors Identify a Classical Pathway Stimulus in Complement-Mediated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complement-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome (CM-HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by germline variants or acquired antibodies to complement proteins and regulators. Building upon our prior experience with the modified Ham (mHam) assay for ex vivo diagnosis of complementopathies, we have developed an array of cell-based complement "biosensors by selective removal of complement regulatory proteins (CD55 and CD59, CD46, or a combination thereof) in an autonomously bioluminescent HEK293 cell line. These biosensors can be used as a sensitive method for diagnosing CM-HUS and monitoring therapeutic complement blockade. Using specific complement pathway inhibitors, this model identifies IgM-driven classical pathway stimulus during both acute disease and in many patients during clinical remission. This provides a potential explanation for ~50% of CM-HUS patients who lack an alternative pathway "driving" variant and suggests at least a subset of CM-HUS is characterized by a breakdown of IgM immunologic tolerance.

Key PointsO_LICM-HUS has a CP stimulus driven by polyreactive IgM, addressing the mystery of why 40% of CM-HUS lack complement specific variants
C_LIO_LIComplement biosensors and the bioluminescent mHam can be used to aid in diagnosis of CM-HUS and monitor complement inhibitor therapy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Guerrero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperati, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrae, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complement Biosensors Identify a Classical Pathway Stimulus in Complement-Mediated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Molecules to Behavior: Linking Brain Biochemistry in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex to 'Anxiety to Eat' Responses in Anorexia Nervosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental and behavioral health condition characterized by an intense fear of body weight or fat gain, restriction of food intake resulting in low body weight, and distorted body image. Substantial research has focused on general anxiety in AN, but less is known about eating-related anxiety and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We sought to characterize anxiety-to-eat in AN and to examine neurometabolite levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a brain region putatively involved in modulating anxiety-related responses, using edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sixteen women hospitalized with AN and 16 women of healthy weight without a lifetime history of an eating disorder (healthy controls; HC) completed a computer-based behavioral task assessing anxiety-to-eat in response to images of higher (HED) and lower energy density (LED) foods. The AN group reported greater anxiety to eat HED and LED foods relative to the HC group. Both groups reported greater anxiety to eat HED foods relative to LED foods. The neurometabolite myo-inositol (myo-I) was lower in the dACC in AN relative to HC. In the AN group only, myo-I levels negatively predicted anxiety to eat HED but not LED foods and was independent of body mass index, duration of illness, and general anxiety. These findings provide new insight into the clinically challenging feature of eating-related anxiety in AN, and indicate potential for myo-I levels in the dACC to serve as a novel biomarker of illness severity or therapeutic target in individuals vulnerable to AN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Molecules to Behavior: Linking Brain Biochemistry in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex to 'Anxiety to Eat' Responses in Anorexia Nervosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cell Division Protein FzlA Performs a Conserved Function in Diverse Alphaproteobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In almost all bacteria, the tubulin-like GTPase FtsZ polymerizes to form a "Z-ring" that marks the site of division. FtsZ recruits other proteins, collectively known as the divisome, that together remodel and constrict the envelope. Constriction is driven by peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall synthesis by the glycosyltransferase FtsW and the transpeptidase FtsI (FtsWI), but these enzymes require activation to function. How recruitment of FtsZ to the division site leads to FtsWI activation and constriction remains largely unknown. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that an FtsZ-binding protein, FzlA, is essential for activation of FtsWI in the alphaproteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Additionally, we found that FzlA also binds to a DNA translocase called FtsK, suggesting that it may link constriction activation to chromosome segregation. FzlA is conserved throughout alphaproteobacteria but has only been examined in detail in C. crescentus. Here, we explored whether FzlA function is conserved in diverse alphaproteobacteria. We assessed FzlA homologs from Rickettsia parkeri and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and found that, similar to C. crescentus FzlA, they bind directly to FtsZ and localize to midcell. The FtsZ-FzlA interaction interface is conserved, as we demonstrated that FzlA from each of the three species examined can bind to FtsZ from any of the three in vitro. Additionally, we determined that A. tumefaciens FzlA can fulfill the essential function of FzlA when produced in C. crescentus, indicating conservation of function. These results suggest that FzlA serves as an important regulator that coordinates chromosome segregation with envelope constriction across diverse alphaproteobacteria.

ImportanceCell division is essential for bacterial replication and must be highly regulated to ensure robust remodeling of the cell wall in coordination with segregation of the genome to daughter cells. In Caulobacter crescentus, FzlA plays a major role in regulating this process by activating cell wall synthesis in a manner that couples constriction to chromosome segregation. FzlA is broadly conserved in alphaproteobacteria suggesting it plays a similar function across this class of bacteria. Here we have shown that, indeed, FzlA biochemical interactions and function are conserved in diverse alphaproteobacteria. Because FzlA is conserved in alphaproteobacterial human pathogens, understanding this protein and its interactome could present therapeutic benefits by identifying potential antibiotic targets to treat infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrows, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cell Division Protein FzlA Performs a Conserved Function in Diverse Alphaproteobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scRNA-seq reveals transcriptional dynamics of Encephalitozoon intestinalis parasites in human macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsporidia are single-celled intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic diseases in humans. Encephalitozoon intestinalis is a prevalent human-infecting species that invades the small intestine. Dissemination to other organ systems is also observed, and is potentially facilitated by macrophages. The macrophage response to infection and the developmental trajectory of the parasite are not well studied. Here we use single cell RNA sequencing to investigate transcriptional changes in both the host and parasite during infection. While a small population of infected macrophages mount a response, most remain transcriptionally unchanged, suggesting that the majority of parasites may avoid host detection. The parasite transcriptome reveals large transcriptional changes throughout the life cycle, providing a blueprint for parasite development. The stealthy microsporidian lifestyle likely allows these parasites to harness macrophages for replication and dissemination. Together, our data provide insights into the host response in primary human macrophages and the E. intestinalis developmental program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaroenlak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwack, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scRNA-seq reveals transcriptional dynamics of Encephalitozoon intestinalis parasites in human macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Late sporogonic stages of Plasmodium parasites are susceptible to the melanization response in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malaria-causing parasites have to complete a complex infection cycle in the mosquito vector that also involves attack by the insects innate immune system, especially at the early stages of midgut infection. However, Anopheles immunity to the late Plasmodium sporogonic stages, such as oocysts, has received little attention as they are considered to be concealed from immune factors due to their location under the midgut basal lamina and for harboring an elaborate cell wall comprising an external layer derived from the basal lamina that confers self-properties to an otherwise foreign structure. Here, we investigated whether Plasmodium berghei oocysts and sporozoites are susceptible to melanization-based immunity in Anopheles gambiae. Silencing of the negative regulator of melanization response, CLIPA14, increased melanization prevalence without significantly increasing the numbers of melanized oocysts, while co-silencing CLIPA14 with CLIPA2, a second negative regulator of melanization, resulted in a significant increase in melanized oocysts and melanization prevalence. Only late-stage oocysts were found to be melanized, suggesting that oocyst rupture was a prerequisite for melanization-based immune attack, presumably due to the loss of the immune-evasive features of their wall. We also found melanized sporozoites inside oocysts and in the hemocoel, suggesting that sporozoites at different maturation stages are susceptible to melanization. Silencing the melanization promoting factors TEP1 and CLIPA28 rescued oocyst melanization in CLIPA2/CLIPA14 co-silenced mosquitoes. Interestingly, silencing of CTL4, that protects early stage ookinetes from melanization, had no effect on oocysts and sporozoites, indicating differential regulation of immunity to early and late sporogonic stages. Similar to previous studies addressing ookinete stage melanization, the melanization of Plasmodium falciparum oocysts was significantly lower than that observed for P. berghei. In summary, our results provide conclusive evidence that late sporogonic malaria parasite stages are susceptible to melanization, and we reveal distinct regulatory mechanisms for ookinete and oocyst melanization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeineddine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhleh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Late sporogonic stages of Plasmodium parasites are susceptible to the melanization response in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stick-slip unfolding favors self-association of expanded HTT mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Huntingtons Disease (HD) and related disorders, expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats produces a toxic gain of function in affected neurons. Expanded huntingtin (expHTT) mRNA forms aggregates that sequester essential RNA binding proteins, dysregulating mRNA processing and translation. The physical basis of RNA aggregation has been difficult to disentangle owing to the heterogeneous structure of the CAG repeats. Here, we probe the folding and unfolding pathways of expHTT mRNA using single-molecule force spectroscopy. Whereas normal HTT mRNAs unfold reversibly and cooperatively, expHTT mRNAs with 20 or 40 CAG repeats slip and unravel non-cooperatively at low tension. Slippage of CAG base pairs is punctuated by concerted rearrangement of adjacent CCG trinucleotides, trapping partially folded structures that readily base pair with another RNA strand. We suggest that the conformational entropy of the CAG repeats, combined with stable CCG base pairs, creates a stick-slip behavior that explains the aggregation propensity of expHTT mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez Avalos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stick-slip unfolding favors self-association of expanded HTT mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OneSC: A computational platform for recapitulating cell state transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational modelling of cell state transitions has been a great interest of many in the field of developmental biology, cancer biology and cell fate engineering because it enables performing perturbation experiments in silico more rapidly and cheaply than could be achieved in a wet lab. Recent advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) allow the capture of high- resolution snapshots of cell states as they transition along temporal trajectories. Using these high-throughput datasets, we can train computational models to generate in silico  synthetic cells that faithfully mimic the temporal trajectories. Here we present OneSC, a platform that can simulate synthetic cells across developmental trajectories using systems of stochastic differential equations govern by a core transcription factors (TFs) regulatory network. Different from the current network inference methods, OneSC prioritizes on generating Boolean network that produces faithful cell state transitions and steady cell states that mimic real biological systems. Applying OneSC to real data, we inferred a core TF network using a mouse myeloid progenitor scRNA-seq dataset and showed that the dynamical simulations of that network generate synthetic single-cell expression profiles that faithfully recapitulate the four myeloid differentiation trajectories going into differentiated cell states (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, granulocytes and monocytes). Finally, through the in-silico perturbations of the mouse myeloid progenitor core network, we showed that OneSC can accurately predict cell fate decision biases of TF perturbations that closely match with previous experimental observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OneSC: A computational platform for recapitulating cell state transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Folding of Germ Granule mRNAs Controls Intermolecular Base Pairing in Germ Granules and Maintains Normal Fly Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila germ granules enrich mRNAs critical for fly development. Within germ granules, mRNAs form multi-transcript clusters marked by increased mRNA concentration, creating an elevated potential for intermolecular base pairing. However, the type and abundance of intermolecular base pairing in mRNA clusters is poorly characterized. Using single-molecule super-resolution microscopy, chemical probing for base accessibility, phase separation assays, and simulations, we demonstrated that mRNAs remain well-folded upon localization to germ granules. While most base pairing is intramolecular, mRNAs still display the ability for intermolecular base pairing, facilitating clustering without high sequence complementarity or significant melting of secondary structure. This base pairing among mRNAs is driven by scattered and discontinuous stretches of bases appearing on the surface of folded RNAs, providing multivalency to clustering but exhibits low probability for sustained interactions. Notably, engineered germ granule mRNAs with exposed GC-rich complementary sequences (CSs) presented within stable stem loops induce sustained base pairing in vitro and enhanced intermolecular interactions in vivo. However, the presence of these stem loops alone disrupts fly development, and the addition of GC-rich CSs exacerbates this phenotype. Although germ granule mRNAs contain numerous GC-rich CSs capable of stable intermolecular base pairing, they are primarily embedded by RNA folding. This study emphasizes the role of RNA folding in controlling the type and abundance of intermolecular base pairing, thereby preserving the functional integrity of mRNAs within the germ granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirumalai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trcek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Folding of Germ Granule mRNAs Controls Intermolecular Base Pairing in Germ Granules and Maintains Normal Fly Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decomposed Linear Dynamical Systems (dLDS) modelsreveal context-dependent dynamic connectivity in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting empirical evidence indicates that neural "tuning" can be highly variable within an individual across time and especially across individuals. Furthermore, modulatory effects can change the relationship between neurons in the brain as a function of behavioral or other conditions, meaning that the changes in activity (the derivative) may be as important as the activity itself. However, current computational models fail to capture the nonstationarity and variability of neural coding, preventing the quantitative evaluation of these effects, especially during individuals adaptation to their environments. Here we present a novel way to study the effects of adaptation in one of the most well-studied organisms, C. elegans, leveraging recent advances in dynamical systems modeling, specifically decomposed Linear Dynamical Systems (dLDS).Our approach enables the discovery of multiple parallel neural processes on different timescales using a low-dimensional set of linear operators that can be recombined in different ratios. Our model identifies "dynamic connectivity," describing patterns of dynamic neural interactions in time. We use these patterns to identify instantaneous, contextually-dependent, hierarchical roles of neurons; discover the underlying variability of neural representations even under seemingly discrete behaviors; and learn a single aligned latent space underlying multiple individual worms activity. By analyzing individual worms and neurons, we found evidence that 1) changes in interneuron connectivity mediate efficient task-switching and 2) changes in sensory neuron connectivity show a mechanism of adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yezerets, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decomposed Linear Dynamical Systems (dLDS) modelsreveal context-dependent dynamic connectivity in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the impact of autologous neutralizing antibodies on rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected ART-treated infant Rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe presence of antibodies against HIV in infected children is associated with a greater capacity to control viremia in the absence of therapy. While the benefits of early antiretroviral treatment (ART) in infants are well documented, early ART may interfere with the development of antibody responses. In contrast to adults, early treated children lack detectable HIV-specific antibodies, suggesting a fundamental difference in HIV pathogenesis. Despite this potential adverse effect, early ART may decrease the size of the latent reservoir established early in infection in infants, which can be beneficial in viral control. Understanding the virologic and immunologic aspects of pediatric HIV is crucial to inform innovative targeted strategies for treating children living with HIV. In this study, we investigate how ART initiation time sets the stage for trade-offs in the latent reservoir establishment and the development of humoral immunity and how these, in turn, affect post-treatment dynamics. We also elucidate the biological function of antibodies in pediatric HIV. We employ mathematical modeling coupled with experimental data from an infant nonhuman primate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) infection model. Infant Rhesus macaques (RMs) were orally challenged with SHIV.C.CH505 375H dCT four weeks after birth and started treatment at different times after infection. In addition to viral load measurements, antibody responses and latent reservoir sizes were measured. We estimate model parameters by fitting viral load measurements to the standard HIV viral dynamics model within a nonlinear fixed effects framework. This approach allows us to capture differences between rhesus macaques (RMs) that develop antibody responses or exhibit high latent reservoir sizes compared to those that do not. We find that neutralizing antibody responses are associated with increased viral clearance and decreased viral infectivity but decreased death rate of infected cells. In addition, the presence of detectable latent reservoir is associated with less robust immune responses. These results demonstrate that both immune response and latent reservoir dynamics are needed to understand post-rebound dynamics and point to the necessity of a comprehensive approach in tailoring personalized medical interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mainou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obregon-Perko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the impact of autologous neutralizing antibodies on rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected ART-treated infant Rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTPS1 inhibition synergizes with replication stress signaling inhibition in MYC-amplified Group 3 medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MYC-driven medulloblastomas (MBs) represent the most aggressive and deadly subgroup of MB, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Direct targeting of MYC itself remains an unmet clinical need, therefore focusing on vulnerabilities driven by MYC may be a viable option for novel therapeutic interventions. Using whole-genome CRISPR screening, we identified the de novo pyrimidine synthesis enzyme CTP synthase (CTPS1) as a strong dependency in MYC-driven MB. CTPS1 is the final and rate-limiting step in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. Targeted inhibition of CTPS1 leads to decreased tumor cell proliferation and markedly reduces MYC expression in G3 MB models. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that single agent CTPS1 inhibition activates the replication stress signaling pathway mediated by ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1. Blockade of CHK1 kinase activity increases sensitivity to CTPS1 inhibition and significantly impedes heterotopic MB tumor growth. CTPS1 enzymatic activity requires the amino acid glutamine, therefore we inhibited CTPS1 using the glutamine antagonists, JHU083 and JHU395. These compounds are prodrugs of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) which were developed to exhibit better tumor targeting and enhanced blood-brain barrier penetrability. Combining JHU083 and CHK1 inhibition demonstrates potent synergy against patient-derived MB xenografts in vivo. Our findings strongly suggest that combining de novo pyrimidine synthesis and ATR-CHK1 inhibitors is a promising treatment for MYC-driven MBs.

Key PointsO_LICTPS1 is a unique vulnerability in MYC-driven medulloblastoma
C_LIO_LICTPS1 inhibition activates the ATR-CHK1 replication stress response pathway for cell survival
C_LIO_LIBlockade of CTPS1 enzymatic activity synergizes with CHK1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo
C_LI

Importance of the StudyMYC hyperactivation in tumors drives multiple anabolic processes which contribute to tumor proliferation and aggressiveness in patients. We show that targeting de novo pyrimidine synthesis (via CTPS1) limits tumor growth and targets MYC itself through a feedback mechanism. CTPS1 inhibition potently combines with CHK1 blockade and enhances disease control in both heterotopic and orthotopic models of medulloblastoma (MB). Our results support the clinical evaluation of combined CTPS1 and CHK1 inhibition in patients with MYC-driven MB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadek, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagana, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrones, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemenway, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meechan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitanza, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattwell, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTPS1 inhibition synergizes with replication stress signaling inhibition in MYC-amplified Group 3 medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Parental Time-Restricted Feeding on Offspring Metabolic Phenotypic Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A substantial body of research elucidates the mechanisms and health advantages associated with intermittent fasting (IF). However, the impact of parental IF on offspring remains unclear. Through an investigation involving four IF and ad libitum combinations of parental mating groups, we demonstrate that parental IF (daily time-restricted feeding) influences offsprings metabolic health indicators in male and female offspring in distinct ways. We found that when both parents are on IF their offspring exhibit protection against the adverse effects of a high-fat, high-sugar, and high-salt diet in a sex-specific manner. This study underscores the potential significance of parental lifestyle modifications involving dietary restriction for the metabolic status of their children and their risk for obesity and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabassum, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickramasinghe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, Q. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelderblom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vemuganti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Parental Time-Restricted Feeding on Offspring Metabolic Phenotypic Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AID2 system offers a potent tool for rapid, reversible, or sustained degradation of essential proteins in live mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying essential genes required for dynamic processes in live mice is challenging as genetic perturbations are irreversible and limited by slow protein depletion kinetics. The first-generation auxin-inducible-degron (AID) system is a powerful tool for analyzing inducible protein loss in cultured cells. However, auxin administration is toxic to mice, preventing its long-term use in animals. Here, we use an optimized second-generation AID system to achieve the conditional and reversible loss of the essential centrosomal protein CEP192 in live mice. We show that the auxin derivative 5-Ph-IAA is well tolerated over two weeks and drives near-complete CEP192-mAID degradation in less than one hour in vivo. Prolonged CEP192 loss led to cell division failure and cell death in proliferative tissues. Thus, the second-generation AID system is well suited for rapid and/or sustained protein depletion in live mice, offering a valuable new tool for interrogating protein function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sladky, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapias-Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drown, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AID2 system offers a potent tool for rapid, reversible, or sustained degradation of essential proteins in live mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Somatosensory Afferent Circuitry to Bone Identifies Neurotrophic Signals Required for Fracture Healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The profound pain accompanying bone fracture is mediated by somatosensory neurons, which also appear to be required to initiate bone regeneration following fracture. Surprisingly, the precise neuroanatomical circuitry mediating skeletal nociception and regeneration remains incompletely understood. Here, we characterized somatosensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) afferent neurons innervating murine long bones before and after experimental long bone fracture in mice. Retrograde labeling of DRG neurons by an adeno-associated virus with peripheral nerve tropism showed AAV-tdT signal. Single cell transcriptomic profiling of 6,648 DRG neurons showed highest labeling across CGRP+ neuron clusters (6.9-17.2%) belonging to unmyelinated C fibers, thinly myelinated A{delta} fibers and A{beta}-Field LTMR (9.2%). Gene expression profiles of retrograde labeled DRG neurons over multiple timepoints following experimental stress fracture revealed dynamic changes in gene expression corresponding to the acute inflammatory (S100a8, S100a9) and mechanical force (Piezo2). Reparative phase after fracture included morphogens such as Tgfb1, Fgf9 and Fgf18. Two methods to surgically or genetically denervate fractured bones were used in combination with scRNA-seq to implicate defective mesenchymal cell proliferation and osteodifferentiation as underlying the poor bone repair capacity in the presence of attenuated innervation. Finally, multi-tissue scRNA-seq and interactome analyses implicated neuron-derived FGF9 as a potent regulator of fracture repair, a finding compatible with in vitro assessments of neuron-to-skeletal mesenchyme interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thottappillil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherief, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwirigi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaranarayanan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares-Ferreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Somatosensory Afferent Circuitry to Bone Identifies Neurotrophic Signals Required for Fracture Healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MICOS Complex Regulates Mitochondrial Structure and Oxidative Stress During Age-Dependent Structural Deficits in the Kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to aging, the efficiency of kidney function begins to decrease. Dysfunction in mitochondria and their cristae is a hallmark of aging. Therefore, age-related decline in kidney function could be attributed to changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure, increased reactive oxygen species, and alterations in metabolism and lipid composition. We sought to understand how mitochondrial ultrastructure is altered over time in tubular kidney cells. A serial block facing-scanning electron microscope and manual segmentation using the Amira software were employed to visualize murine kidney samples during the aging process at 3 months (young) and 2 years (old). We found that 2-year mitochondria are more fragmented with many uniquely shaped mitochondria observed across aging, concomitant with shifts in ROS, metabolomics, and lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex is impaired in the kidney during aging. Disruption of the MICOS complex resulted in altered mitochondrial metabolic function and increased ROS levels. We found significant, detrimental structural changes in the mitochondria of aged kidney tubules, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the increased frequency of kidney disease with aging. We hypothesize that disruption of the MICOS complex exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle of mitochondrial degradation and oxidative stress, which impacts kidney health.

Impact and ImplicationsDue to aging, the efficiency of kidney function begins to decrease, and the risk of kidney diseases may increase; however, the specific regulators of mitochondrial age-related changes are poorly understood. This study demonstrates that the MICOS complex may be a target for mitigating age-related mitochondrial changes. The MICOS complex is associated with oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation, which also arise in many kidney pathologies.

HighlightsO_LIAging alters the MICOS mRNA levels and disease markers.
C_LIO_LIAging reduces cristae architecture, mitochondrial volume and complexity in murine kidney ultrastructure
C_LIO_LIReducing MIC60 and CHCHD6 lowers Ca2+ uptake and retention and induces oxidative stress in HEK cells.
C_LIO_LIMetabolomic Profiling revealed that NAD+ and amino acid metabolism were altered in aged kidneys.
C_LIO_LIMICOS deficiency alters the reduced basal, ATP-linked, maximal capacity and spare capacity.
C_LIO_LIDecreased modeled expression of CHCHD6 in individuals of European genetic ancestry is linked to chronic kidney disease, whereas decreased modeled expression of OPA1 in individuals of African genetic ancestry is associated with chronic kidney disease.
C_LI

Graphical AbstractKidney aging causes a decline in the MICOS complex, concomitant with metabolic, lipidomic, and mitochondrial structural alterations.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=142 SRC="FIGDIR/small/598108v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a868f0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1817bfborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f2a1a3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@520692_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabugi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaganjor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajijola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albritton, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweetwyne, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadiya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MICOS Complex Regulates Mitochondrial Structure and Oxidative Stress During Age-Dependent Structural Deficits in the Kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocytes Mobilized by Gut Neurons Remodel the Enteric Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proper organization of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is critical for normal gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) dysregulates GI physiology, including bowel movements (motility), but in many IBD patients, GI motility disorders persist in remission through a poorly understood pathological process. Here we uncover that post-inflammatory GI dysmotility (PI-GID) stems from structural ENS remodeling driven by a combination of neuronal loss and neurogenesis. Enteric neurons respond to mucosal inflammation by upregulating CCL2 expression and facilitating the recruitment of CCR2+ monocytes into the neural myenteric plexus within the intestinal muscle. This is followed by the expansion of monocyte-derived macrophages and their migration into the myenteric ganglia and phagocytosis of neurons. However, excessive recruitment of monocytes results in disproportionate ENS remodeling and PI-GID. The expansion of inflammatory cells is known to promote tissue hypoxia. We find that enteric neurons become hypoxic upon colitis, but hypoxia-induced signaling via HIF1 initiates an adaptation program in enteric neurons to attenuate CCL2 expression and limit monocyte recruitment. We demonstrate that reinforcing HIF1 signaling in enteric neurons prevents PI-GID by reducing colitis-associated monocyte recruitment in the myenteric plexus and protecting against ENS remodeling. In summary, our findings unveil PI-GID pathogenesis and identify a regulatory axis for its prevention.

One Sentence SummaryIntestinal mucosal inflammation engages enteric neurons in the inflammatory response leading to neurogenic recruitment of monocytes into the extra-mucosal myenteric plexus followed by pathological structural remodeling of the enteric nervous system by monocyte-derived macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulzhenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogunovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocytes Mobilized by Gut Neurons Remodel the Enteric Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the reliability of T2 measurement in magnetic resonance imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile technique broadly utilized in research and clinic. Among the information available from MRI measurements, transversal relaxation time (T2) is a basic but critical one to reflect the microstructure and microenvironment at the molecular level. A popular method to estimate T2 is employing a series of evolution time (TE) values and, thereafter, fitting with the exponential model (termed as T2 fitting). Despite of the popularity in using T2 fitting, there is a lack of knowledge how related experimental parameters, such as signal-to-noise (SNR), number of TE utilized, dynamic range of TE, and repetition number of each TE, affect the measurement reproducibility. In this study, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate how SNR, TE number, TE range, and repetition number influence the reliability of T2 measurement, which was indexed by coefficient of variations. Good reliability with [&le;]5.0% variation can be achieved when the normalized noise level is below 2.2%. Optimal TE range for measuring T2 is related to the T2 under evaluation. TE number and repetition number can be increased to reduce measurement variations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the reliability of T2 measurement in magnetic resonance imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An expanded metabolic pathway for androgen production by host-associated bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of literature implicates host-associated microbiota in the modulation of circulating androgen levels in the host, which could have far-reaching implications for androgen-mediated diseases. However, the microbial genetic pathways involved in androgen production remain unknown. Here, we report the first host-associated microbial gene (desF) encoding an enzyme that catalyzes conversion of androstenedione to epitestosterone (epiT) in the gut bacterium, Clostridium scindens. Despite current dogma that epiT is a nuclear androgen-receptor (AR) antagonist, we demonstrate that epiT is a potent androgen, as assessed by its ability to promote prostate cancer cell growth and expression of prostate specific antigen (PSA). We then quantified the desF gene in fecal samples collected from individuals with advanced prostate cancer (rising blood PSA) undergoing androgen deprivation therapy combined with abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AA/P). Strikingly, fecal desF levels were elevated in a subset of individuals progressing on AA/P versus samples taken during AA/P response (stable). Importantly, we observed that AA does not inhibit the bacterial desmolase enzyme that is analogous to the human drug target of AA. We then determined that bacterial isolates from urine or prostatectomy tissue are capable of androgen production. From these isolates we detected 17{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17{beta}-HSDH) activity, which has not been previously reported in urinary tract bacteria, and discovered the desG gene in urinary isolates encoding 17{beta}-HSDH that catalyzed conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. Applying advanced artificial intelligence and molecular dynamics, we predict the structures and ligand binding to DesF and DesG. Using a novel bioengineered microencapsulation technique, we demonstrate that urinary androgen-producing bacterial strains can also promote prostate cancer cell growth through steroid metabolism. Taken together, our results are a significant advance for steroid microbiology in humans and suggest that these microbial biotransformations should be further studied in the context of androgen-mediated physiological processes and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Lebron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicedo, K. Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binion, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbuvi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Materan, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breister, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskins, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hylemon, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardi, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, J. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irudayaraj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridlon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An expanded metabolic pathway for androgen production by host-associated bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP Citrate Lyase Supports Cardiac Function and NAD+/NADH Balance And Is Depressed in Human Heart Failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) converts citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate in the cytosol. It plays a prominent role in lipogenesis and fat accumulation coupled to excess glucose, and its inhibition is approved for treating hyperlipidemia. In RNAseq analysis of human failing myocardium, we found ACLY gene expression is reduced; however the impact this might have on cardiac function and/or metabolism has not been previously studied. As new ACLY inhibitors are in development for cancer and other disorders, such understanding has added importance.

MethodsCardiomyocytes, ex-vivo beating hearts, and in vivo hearts with ACLY inhibited by selective pharmacologic (BMS303141, ACLYi) or genetic suppression, were studied. Regulation of ACLY gene/protein expression, and effects of ACLYi on function, cytotoxicity, tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle metabolism, and redox and NAD+/NADH balance were assessed. Mice with cardiac ACLY knockdown induced by AAV9-acly-shRNA or cardiomyocyte tamoxifen-inducible Acly knockdown were studied.

ResultsAcly gene expression was reduced more in obese patients with heart failure and preserved EF (HFpEF) than HF with reduced EF. In vivo pressure-overload and in vitro hormonal stress increased ACLY protein expression, whereas it declined upon fatty-acid exposure. Acute ACLYi (1-hr) dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity in adult and neonatal cardiomyocytes, and caused substantial reduction of systolic and diastolic function in myocytes and ex-vivo beating hearts. In the latter, ATP/ADP ratio also fell and lactate increased. U13C-glucose tracing revealed an ACLY-dependent TCA-bypass circuit in myocytes, where citrate generated in mitochondria is transported to the cytosol, metabolized by ACLY and then converted to malate to re-enter mitochondria, bypassing several NADH-generating steps. ACLYi lowered NAD+/NADH ratio and restoring this balance ameliorated cardiomyocyte toxicity. Oxidative stress was undetected with ACLYi. Adult hearts following 8-weeks of reduced cardiac and/or cardiomyocyte ACLY downregulation exhibited ventricular dilation and reduced function that was prevented by NAD augmentation. Cardiac dysfunction from ACLY knockdown was worse in hearts subjected to sustained pressure-overload, supporting a role in stress responses.

ConclusionsACLY supports normal cardiac function through maintenance of the NAD+/NADH balance and is upregulated by hemodynamic and hormonal stress, but depressed by lipid excess. ACLY levels are most reduced in human HFpEF with obesity potentially worsening cardio-metabolic reserve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meddeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keykhaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farshidfar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP Citrate Lyase Supports Cardiac Function and NAD+/NADH Balance And Is Depressed in Human Heart Failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.597946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid emergence of latent knowledge in the sensory cortex drives learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.597946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid learning confers significant advantages to animals in ecological environments. Despite the need for speed, animals appear to only slowly learn to associate rewarded actions with predictive cues1-4. This slow learning is thought to be supported by a gradual expansion of predictive cue representation in the sensory cortex2,5. However, evidence is growing that animals learn more rapidly than classical performance measures suggest6-8, challenging the prevailing model of sensory cortical plasticity. Here, we investigated the relationship between learning and sensory cortical representations. We trained mice on an auditory go/no-go task that dissociated the rapid acquisition of task contingencies (learning) from its slower expression (performance) 7. Optogenetic silencing demon-strated that the auditory cortex (AC) drives both rapid learning and slower performance gains but becomes dispensable at expert. Rather than enhancement or expansion of cue representations9, two-photon calcium imaging of AC excitatory neurons throughout learning revealed two higher-order signals that were causal to learning and performance. First, a reward prediction (RP) signal emerged rapidly within tens of trials, was present after action-related errors only early in training, and faded at expert levels. Strikingly, silencing at the time of the RP signal impaired rapid learning, suggesting it serves an associative and teaching role. Second, a distinct cell ensemble encoded and controlled licking suppression that drove the slower performance improvements. These two ensembles were spatially clustered but uncoupled from underlying sensory representations, indicating a higher-order functional segregation within AC. Our results reveal that the sensory cortex manifests higher-order computations that separably drive rapid learning and slower performance improvements, reshaping our understanding of the fundamental role of the sensory cortex.

Despite the value of rapid learning in ecological environments, most laboratory models of rodent learning show that linking sensory cues with reinforced actions is a slow, gradual process1-4,10. An alternative view suggests that animals, including humans, rapidly infer relationships between cues, actions, and reinforcement (i.e. learning)6 even if they continue to make ongoing performance errors 7,8,11. Recent behavioral studies in rodents have begun to reconcile these views, arguing that latent task knowledge (i.e. discriminative contingencies) can emerge rapidly even though behavioral performance appears to improve only gradually7. How are these two dissociable behavioral processes--rapid acquisition of contingencies versus slower performance improvements--implemented in the brain?

An attractive brain region to consider is the sensory cortex as it is thought to subserve instrumental learning by enhancing or attenuating the representation of sensory cues that drive behavior. Plasticity of cue-related responses in the sensory cortex is thought to subserve learning as it mirrors the slow and gradual improvements in behavioral performance 1,2,5,10. This raises a fundamental challenge: if animals learn discriminative contingencies rapidly but cue representations in the sensory cortex change slowly1,2,9, the causal model linking cue-related plasticity to learning becomes problematic. One possible solution is that the sensory cortex plays a role beyond cue-related representational plasticity and directly represents high-order signals that associate reinforced actions with predictive cues. Here we focus on the auditory cortex (AC) and asked whether and how it plays a higher-order role in cue-guided learning.

We trained head-fixed, water-restricted mice to lick to a target tone (S+) for water reward and to withhold licking to a foil tone (S-) to avoid a timeout (auditory go/no-go task, Fig. 1a). We used simple pure tones to prevent the AC from being recruited for complex sensory processing. To confirm this, two-photon imaging of AC excitatory neurons showed that stimulus identity could accurately be decoded from AC activity from the first training day with no subsequent improvement throughout training (Supplementary Figure 1), suggesting that the AC was indeed not needed for perceptual sharpening in the task and thereby allowing us to identify possible associative functions. Performance was evaluated in each session in reinforced and non-reinforced ( probe) trials (Fig. 1b). Performance in probe trials revealed a rapid acquisition of task contingency knowledge which was only expressed much later in reinforced trials (Fig. 1c)7. Reinforcement feedback, although critical for learning, paradoxically masked the underlying task knowledge. By combining this behavioral procedure with optogenetics and longitudinal two-photon imaging, we aimed to determine how quickly animals learn stimulus-action contingencies and to define the fundamental role of the auditory cortex in sound-guided learning.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=123 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@951aadorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10a6bbforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@127e8eeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d84ba_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 1.C_FLOATNO Auditory cortex silencing impairs sound-guided learning and performance during learning.a, Head-fixed mice were trained on an auditory go/no-go task with 3 -spaced pure tones. H: hit, M: miss, FA: false alarm, CR: correct reject. b, Every day during training, task knowledge is probed by omitting reinforcement for 20 trials. c, Two distinct learning trajectories are revealed: a fast acquisition of task contingencies (measured in probe trials; green) and a slower knowledge expression (measured in reinforced trials; black). d, Probabilistic optogenetic silencing of the auditory cortex over learning. e, Testing conditions. f, Accuracy in reinforced light-on trials (two-way ANOVA, p < 10-8). g, Action rate in reinforced light-on trials (HIT, p = 0.07; FA, p < 10-33). See also Supplementary Figure 4. h, Accuracy in probe light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, p < 10-4). i, Tone response index in S+ trials (see Methods; two-way ANOVA, p < 10-101). Black and gray lines are individual mice and dots indicate change points (see Methods). j, Maximal difference between hit and FA rates in probe light-off trials over the first 6 days (t-test, p < 10-3). k, Hit lick latency in probe light-off trials (median {+/-} s.e.median; Wilcoxon test, p = 0.007). l, Accuracy in reinforced light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, p < 10-8). m, Action rate in reinforced light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, HIT: p = 0.57, FA: p < 10-8). n, Accuracy in reinforced light-off trials with inter-subject alignment to the day where probe accuracy[&ge;] 0.65 (green triangle) (two-way ANOVA, p < 10-5). Supplementary Figure 3a-c. o, Comparison of light-off versus light-on trials to measure auditory cortex silencing effect on on-line performance. p, Session density plot of accuracy in reinforced light-on against light-off. Top, control; bottom, PV-ChR2. See also Supplementary Figure 3d-g. q, Within subject accuracy difference in reinforced light-on and light-off trials, aligned to the day where FA rate < 0.3 in reinforced light-off (two-way ANOVA, p < 10-15). r, Within subject accuracy difference in reinforced light-on and light-off when silencing started at expert level (n = 4; t-test, p = 0.58). See also Supplementary Figure 6. mean {+/-} s.e.m.; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, n.s.: not significant.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=38 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@164efbdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b784e2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1754599org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2c7b07_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 1.C_FLOATNO Stimulus decoding in the auditory cortex is at ceiling from Day 1 of learning. a, Stimulus decoding is at ceiling on Day 1 and remains high throughout learning (example mouse) Only the cells tracked across all days were used to decode tone identity. b, Stimulus decoding is at ceiling on day 1 and remains high throughout passive exposure over 15 days (example mouse). c, Average decoding accuracy for all Learning mice (n = 5). d, Average decoding accuracy for all Passive mice (n = 3). e, Evolution of tone decoding accuracy in the tone-evoked window across days for Learning and Passive mice compared to chance level (trial shuffle, see Methods).

C_FIG

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=125 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs4.gif" ALT="Figure 4">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4114f7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c76c77org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a20971org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19dc17_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 4.C_FLOATNO Effect of AC full trial silencing on lick patterns a, Example control (top) and ChR2 (bottom) mice accuracy in probe light-off, reinforced light-off and reinforced light-on trials across day. Dashed rectangle indicates day where licks in b are extracted from. b, Lick raster plots from day 4 from the example mouse from A in probe light-off (left), reinforced light-off (middle) and reinforced light-on (right) trials, split into target (black, left) and foil (red, right) trials. Green and red dots indicates correct and incorrect trials, respectively. Note the difference in discrimination in all contexts between control and PV-ChR2 mice. c, Average lick probability across training days for control (n = 8) and ChR2 (n = 8) mice in response to target (vertical green line) and foil (vertical red line) tones, in reinforced light-off (black) and light-on (blue) trials. d, Insets showing faster lick latencies (red arrow heads) in response to both tones and higher lick probability in response to the foil (incorrect licking) in reinforced light-on compared to light-off in ChR2 mice (right). Light has no effect on lick structure in control mice (left). e, Lick latencies (top) and lick rate (bottom) in response to target (HIT trials; left) and foil (false alarm (FA) trials; right) tones in reinforced light-off trials (HIT lick latencies, Days: F (20, 256) = 8.2738, p < 10-17, Groups: F (1, 256) = 8.1568, p = 0.0046, Days*Groups: F (20, 256) = 0.9176, p = 0.56; FA Lick latencies, Days: F (20, 190) = 2.2393, p = 0.0027, Groups: F (1, 190) = 1.8422, p = 0.18, Days*Group: F (20, 190) = 1.5563, p = 0.067; HIT lick rate, Days: F (20, 256) = 4.3619, p < 10-8, Groups: F (1, 256) = 2.9549, p = 0.087, Days*Groups: F (20, 256) = 0.2927, p = 0.99; FA lick rate, Days: F (20, 190) = 4.04477, p < 10-6, Groups: F (1, 190) = 7.4070, p = 0.0071, Days*Groups: F (20, 190) = 1.1944, p = 0.26). f, Lick latencies (top) and lick rate (bottom) in response to target (HIT trials; left) and foil (false alarm (FA) trials; right) tones in reinforced light-on trials (HIT lick latencies, Days: F (20, 256) = 10.5303, p < 10-22, Groups: F (1, 256) = 11.2328, p < 10-3, Days*Groups: F (20, 256) = 0.6211, p = 0.90; FA Lick latencies, Days: F (20, 254) = 3.9111, p < 10-6, Groups: F (1, 254) = 450.4358, p < 10-57, Days*Group: F (20, 254) = 2.1947, p = 0.0029; HIT lick rate, Days: F (20, 256) = 2.6372, p < 10-3, Groups: F (1, 256) = 3.7748, p = 0.0531, Days*Groups: F (20, 256) = 0.4520, p = 0.98; FA lick rate, Days: F (20, 254) = 6.4469, p < 10-13, Groups: F (1, 254) = 301.2679, p < 10-44, Days*Groups: F (20, 254) = 0.6326, p = 0.89). g, Lick latencies (left) and lick rate (right) in response to target (HIT) and foil (FA) tones in probe light-off trials (HIT lick latencies, Days: F (5, 83) = 6.4522, p < 10-4, Groups: F (1, 83) = 11.7734, p < 10-3, Days*Groups: F (5, 83) = 0.2878, p = 0.92; FA Lick latencies, Days: F (5, 58) = 2.9217, p = 0.020, Groups: F (1, 58) = 0.9337, p = 0.338, Days*Group: F (5, 58) = 2.1909, p = 0.068; HIT lick rate, Days: F (5, 83) = 2.0103, p = 0.086, Groups: F (1, 83) = 5.9422, p = 0.017, Days*Groups: F (5, 83) = 0.5721, p = 0.72; FA lick rate, Days: F (5, 58) = 5.6386, p < 10-3, Groups: F (1, 58) = 0.0192, p = 0.89, Days*Groups: F (5, 58) = 1.6182, p = 0.17).

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=74 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs3.gif" ALT="Figure 3">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c07f99org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f919c8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bd263org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@217412_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 3.C_FLOATNO AC full trial silencing impairs expression and on-line performance a, Assessment of the impact of AC full trial silencing over learning on Expression by controlling for the delay in Acquisition. b, Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of mice as function of the day to reach an accuracy[&ge;] 0.65 in probe trials. c, Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of mice as function of the relative number of days to reach accuracy (acc.) criteria of >0.7 (left), >0.8 (middle), and >0.9 (right) in reinforced light-off trials after reaching an accuracy[&ge;] 0.65 in probe trials. Black and dark gray vertical lines correspond to when CDF was reach for acc.>0.7 and >0.8, respectively. d, Comparing action rate and accuracy between reinforced light-off versus reinforced light-on trials to assess the impact of AC silencing on on-line performance. e, Hit (solid line) and FA (dashed line) of an example control mouse (top) and an example PV-ChR2 mouse (bottom) in reinforced light-off (black) and reinforced light-on (blue) trials across learning. f, Averaged action rate in reinforced light-off (black) and reinforced light-on (blue) trials per day for control (top) and PV-ChR2 (bottom) groups. g, Accuracy in light-on reinforced trials from the day when FA<0.3 in light-off reinforced trials. Note how PV-ChR2 mice (gray lines) increase accuracy (positive slopes) with light-on, showing that performance impairment fades away.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=43 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs6.gif" ALT="Figure 6">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b4bdcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1617149org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@547fb7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18ce33e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 6.C_FLOATNO AC full trial silencing at expert level a, Probabilistic optogenetic silencing of the auditory cortex at expert level. Silencing starts once stable performance is reached. b, Accuracy in probe light-off (green), reinforced light-off (black) and reinforced light-on (blue) trials. Silencing is performed from day 19 to 23. c, Accuracy in reinforced light-off and light-on trials (paired t-test, p = 0.602).

C_FIG The auditory cortex is the default pathway for sound-guided learningLesion studies have suggested that the AC may not be essential to learn or execute cue-guided tasks with simple sensory stimuli12-15. However, permanent lesions cannot determine whether the AC is normally used for, or causally produces16, learning in an intact brain. To address this, we exploited a transient silencing approach to prevent the recruitment of alternative pathways15,17-20 while also using a probabilistic design to allow assessment of learning as distinct from performance by measuring behavior on non-silenced trials, thereby avoiding direct effects of silencing on performance.

We examined the impact of bilateral cortical silencing of the AC throughout learning (Fig. 1a). We probabilistically silenced the AC on 90% of reinforced trials throughout learning ( light-on reinforced, Fig. 1d), leaving 10% of reinforced ( light-off reinforced) and 100% of probe trials ( light-off probe) with intact AC activity. Silenced trials were pseudo-randomly sequenced and equally split between S+ and S-. Silencing was achieved by shining blue light bilaterally through cranial windows implanted above the AC of double transgenic mice (n=8) expressing channel rhodopsin (ChR2) in parvalbumin (PV) interneurons14,21 (Fig. 1d). We confirmed that the excitatory network was effectively silenced using this approach by combining two-photon calcium imaging of excitatory neurons and full-field optogenetic stimulation in PV-ChR2 mice (Supplementary Figure 2). Control mice (n=8) received the same light stimulation but did not express ChR2. This experimental design allowed us to assay the impact of cortical silencing on performance (control vs PV-ChR2 performance on light-on reinforced trials) versus acquisition learning (control vs PV-ChR2 performance on light-off probe trials) and expression learning (control vs PV-ChR2 performance on light-off reinforced trials) (Fig. 1e).

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=190 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs2.gif" ALT="Figure 2">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9b2f88org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4d8c14org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@127aa8borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12daa04_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 2.C_FLOATNO Activating PV+ neurons in the auditory cortex robustly suppresses stimulus-evoked activity of excitatory neurons. a, PV-ChR2 mice (n = 2) were injected with AAV-CaMKII-GCaMP6f to allow simultaneous one-photon excitation of PV cells and two-photon recordings of pyramidal cell population. b, Schematic of simultaneous widefield optogenetics and two-photon imaging. c, Optogenetic activation was locked to frame acquisition. d, Trial-averaged{Delta} F/F aligned to tone onset (black vertical line) of an example neuron at different intensity of LED power (blue scale). Yellow rectangle indicates period of light delivery. mean {+/-} s.e.m. e, Effect of optogenetic silencing as a function of LED power (n = 454 neurons; Friedman test, p [~] 0).{Delta} F/F at powers 0-0.26 mW/mm2 are all significantly different from{Delta} F/F at powers 0.84-3.15 mW/mm2 (post hoc comparisons with Tukey-Kramer test, ***p < 0.001). Black line is the logistic fit. median {+/-} s.e.median. f, Immunostaining of PV-ChR2 mice auditory cortex showing ChR2 expression in PV cells (PV+ and ChR2+ colocalization). g, Post-task imaging of a representative control (top) and a representative test (PV-ChR2, bottom) mouse used in AC silencing experiments. Note that no fluorescence below the dura is detected in control mice.

C_FIG We first compared performance in light-on reinforced trials between PV-ChR2 and control mice (Fig. 1e) and observed a large performance impairment in PV-ChR2 mice (Fig. 1f,g). To address whether this performance reduction was accompanied by an impairment in rapid learning, we compared performance in PV-ChR2 and control animals in light-off probe trials (Fig. 1e,h-k) when the AC was not silenced and knowledge acquisition can be accurately measured7. Accuracy was lower during probe trials in PV-ChR2 mice (Fig. 1h), with delayed S+-response learning (Fig. 1i), lower discrimination (Fig. 1j), and longer lick latency on hit trials (Fig. 1k). Rapid acquisition of task knowledge was therefore impaired in PV-ChR2 mice.

Accuracy was also lower in reinforced light-off trials in PV-ChR2 mice (Fig. 1l,m). This remained true even after controlling for their slower task acquisition (Figs.1n, Supplementary Figure 3a-c). These impairments were also apparent in response latency and response vigor (Supplementary Figure 4). Together, these results suggest that the AC is the default pathway for sound-guided reward learning, even when not needed for perceptual sharpening.

The auditory cortex is used during learning but becomes dispensable at expert levelsWe next sought to understand the contribution of AC activity for the expression of the learned behavior as animals transitioned to expert performance. Transient inactivation of auditory cortex in expert animals has led to conflicting results, with some reports showing degradation of sound-guided behavior14,17,22,23 and others not14,24,25. We exploited our probabilistic silencing strategy and compared performance in light-on (AC silenced) versus light-off (AC functional) reinforced trials within subjects (Fig. 1o). Performance on these two trial types was similar at early periods of training, as performance was poor overall (Fig. 1p). As training progressed, performance remained poor on light-on trials but improved on light-off trials (Fig. 1p), demonstrating that the AC is used for task performance at early and intermediate time-point during learning. Surprisingly, this deficit in performance on light-on trials gradually waned (Fig. 1p,q), suggesting that while the AC was used during learning, it became dispensable once the mice had mastered the task.

These results could be explained by three alternative explanations. First, the optogenetic manipulation per se may not be interfering with a task-relevant process but instead could be  distracting the animal, necessitating more time to increase performance in light-on trials. We reasoned that bilateral silencing of another cortical region that is nominally unrelated to the task would serve as an important control. We bilaterally silenced the visual cortex throughout learning in PV-ChR2 mice and found no evidence of performance impairment in light-on trials (Supplementary Figure 5), demonstrating that the performance impairment was specific to AC silencing. Second, it is possible that AC silencing altered tone perception, increasing task difficulty at the perceptual level in light-on trials. Third, the reduction of impairment during light-on trials could be driven by a reduction of the silencing effect with time due, for example, to brain damage induced by repeated silencing. To address the second and third possibilities, we trained a separate cohort of PV-ChR2 mice without daily inactivation and, instead, inactivated the AC only after they reached expert performance (see Methods). We observed no impact from AC silencing (Figs.1r, Supplementary Figure 6)14.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs5.gif" ALT="Figure 5">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f501baorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1449653org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e923cborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d042e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 5.C_FLOATNO Silencing of the visual cortex does not impair performance throughout learning a, Silencing of the visual cortex in 90% of the reinforced trials throughout learning (n = 8 PV-ChR2 mice). b, Comparison of reinforced light-off versus light-on trials shows no deficit when silencing the VC demonstrating the specificity of the effects of AC silencing. c, Accuracy in reinforced light-off and light-on trials across days (two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Group: F (1, 140) = 0.5093, p = 0.50). d, Accuracy in reinforced light-off and light-on trials (n = 168 sessions; Wilcoxon signed rank, p = 0.41). e, Difference in accuracy in reinforced light-on versus light-off trials per session. f, Difference in accuracy in reinforced light-on versus light-off trials across days in visual cortex PV-ChR2 mice (dashed line) versus auditory cortex control mice (solid line) (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (20, 271) = 1.5547, p = 0.06, Groups: F (1, 271) = 2.3072, p = 0.13, Days*Groups: F (20, 271) = 1.1540, p = 0.2950).

C_FIG Altogether, these results show that the AC is engaged during learning but is dispensable at expert levels, potentially tutoring subcortical structures that take over once the associations are learned.

Unsupervised discovery of learning-related dynamics by low-rank tensor decompositionWe next sought to understand the nature and dynamics of auditory cortical activity underlying learning and performance. To do so, we performed longitudinal, two-photon calcium imaging of thousands of excitatory neurons in mice learning the auditory go/no-go task (n = 5). A separate group of water-restricted mice was passively exposed to two pure tones over the same duration but with no association with reinforcement (n = 3, see Methods; Supplementary Figure 7). This design allowed us to use the passive network as a base-case model to isolate learning-related neural dynamics.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=172 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs7.gif" ALT="Figure 7">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d72deorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1906cd7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d99914org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d1311b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 7.C_FLOATNO Experimental design and timeline of imaging experiments. a, After surgery, animals underwent a 10-day recovery period after which water restriction started. Tonotopic mapping (tuning curve session) of the auditory cortex took place 5 days later under the two-photon microscope, followed by two days of lick training under the two-photon microscope. These two sessions also allowed for habituation to head fixation and context. Behavior sessions started the following day for 15 or 16 days, after which tonotopic mapping sessions took place at day +1, +7 and +15 post learning. b, One behavioral session consisted of three blocks of 80 or 100 trials, and a baseline session (no tone presented). Two groups of mice were imaged under the two-photon microscope: the Passive group (top; n = 3) was presented with two pure tones but was never rewarded (lick tube out), and the Learning group (n = 5) was rewarded (3{micro}l water drop) if licking in the response window after the S+ tone. Two probe blocks of 10 trials each were introduced in two of the three reinforced blocks. c, Trial structure. After a no-lick period of 1s, a 100-ms tone was played, followed by a 200-ms dead period and a[&le;] 2.5s response period. The length of the delay period was of 2s after a miss (M, no lick after S+) or a correct reject (CR, no lick after S-), 4s after a hit (H, lick after S+) and 7s after a false alarm (FA, lick after S-).

C_FIG We expressed the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f under the CaMKII pro-moter, targeting AC layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. We imaged two planes[~] 50{micro}m apart (Fig. 2a), allowing us to record simultaneously hundreds of neurons per animal (n=7,137 neurons in 8 mice). All mice were passively presented with a series of pure tones (4 to 64kHz, quarter-octave spaced) to characterize auditory tuning properties within the local area of expression. We computed single-neuron tuning curves and then constructed a  best frequency map confirming the location in the AC (Fig. 2b). For each mouse, we chose two stimuli that were similarly represented in the recorded population and were 3/4 octaves apart (Fig. 2c). We used a custom head-fixation system that allowed for kinematic registration and tracked the activity of the same neurons across weeks, including pre- and post-learning tuning curve sessions (n = 4, 643 neurons in 8 mice, see Methods; Fig. 2d-g).

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=191 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_fig2.gif" ALT="Figure 2">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ef252borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@716b28org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@321266org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@155e6a3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 2.C_FLOATNO Low-rank tensor decomposition reveals learning-related network dynamics.

a, Multi-plane, longitudinal two-photon calcium imaging of layer 2/3 excitatory network in the auditory cortex during learning (n = 5 mice) or passive exposure (n = 3 mice; see Methods). b, Tonotopic organization of the field of view of one example mouse before learning (left). Cells are colored according to their best frequency and tone-evoked responses of example cells circled in black to 17 pure tones ranging from 4 to 64 kHz are displayed on the right. c, Tone-evoked activity (top) and proportion of responsive cells (bottom) to pure tones. S+ and S- (filled and unfilled triangles, respectively) are chosen for training in the task based on their equal representation in the field of view in b. d, Six example cells tracked everyday across weeks. e, Two planes recorded in one example mouse. Cells are colored according to the number of days tracked among the 19 recording sessions in this mouse. f, Distribution of number of tracked days per cells in e. g, Cumulative distribution of tracked cells according to the percentage of recording sessions. Data for mouse in e is the light blue line. h, Calcium data is arranged by neurons x time within trial (-1 to +4s relative to tone onset, vertical line) x trials over time x trial outcomes. i, Activity from all Learning and Passive cells are concatenated together to create a fourth-order tensor (megamouse; left). In the 3rd, across trials dimension, data is aligned across mice according to learning phases: Acquisition (performance increases in probe trials), Expression (performance increases in reinforced trials), and Expert (high, stable performance in reinforced trials; see Methods and Supplementary Figure 8). j, Megamouse tensor decomposition identifies six neuronal dynamics (numbered; see Methods) that are characterized by a set of four factors: Neuron, Within trial, Across trial, and Outcome (see also Supplementary Figure 10). k, Projection of the tensor decomposition output onto principal subspace. WNr, WW r and WAr indicate neuronal, within trial and across trial weights for a component r, respectively. l, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) projections of neuronal weights. Each dot represents a cell, colored according to the neuronal dynamic it contributed in the most. Bars (right) display the proportion of learning and passive cells among the highest contributors for each dynamic. Dynamics 1 and 2 are driven by the passive network (burgundy), while Dynamics 3 to 6 are driven by the learning network (blue). m, In the passive network, the highest contributing cells in Dynamic 1 define cell ensemble 1, and highest contributing cells in Dynamic 2 define cell ensemble 2. Similarly, in the learning network, cell ensembles 3 to 6 are constituted of the highest contributing cells to Dynamics 3 to 6, respectively. n, Absolute weights of cell ensembles across the six identified dynamics. Neurons can participate in more than one dynamic.

C_FIG

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=145 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs8.gif" ALT="Figure 8">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@990420org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ddf61corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@148c3e4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@34ef05_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 8.C_FLOATNO Inter-subject performance alignment for megamouse tensor. a, Accuracy in probe and reinforced contexts across days of all Learning mice. b, Action rate in reinforced context across days of all Learning mice. c, Action rate in probe context across days of all Learning mice. Please note that we fixed the probe performance at the maximum discrimination that was followed by a decrease in hit rate do to extinction. d, After the alignment procedure, action rate from the megamouse (all learning mice pooled) in reinforced context across learning phases. e, Megamouse accuracy in reinforced context across learning phases. f, Accuracy difference between the start and the end of the three learning phases in probe (green) and reinforced (black) contexts. Acquisition is characterized by an increase of accuracy in probe trials (paired t-test, p = 5.47.10-4) but not in reinforced trials (paired t-test, p = 0.07), Expression corresponds to an increase of accuracy in reinforced trials (paired t-test, p = 0.008) and Expert is when accuracy in reinforced trials is high and stable (paired t-test, p = 0.27).

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=147 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs10.gif" ALT="Figure 10">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1383264org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@747519org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b3d529org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16f8e2f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 10.C_FLOATNO Low-rank tensor decomposition. a, Similarity score as a function of model components. Each dot shows the similarity of a single optimization run compared to the best-fit model within each category. b, Model reconstruction error as a function of the number of components, where each dot corresponds to a different optimization run. c, Neuronal contribution (Learning vs Passive cells) per components (binomial proportion tests, all p < 0.001). d, Positive and negative neuronal weights across components in cell population recorded in learning mice (Learning) or in passive mice (Passive) (Wilcoxon tests). e, Positive and negative neuronal weights across components and individual mice. f, t-SNE of neuronal weights. Note how Learning and Passive cell populations are largely non-overlapping. g, Projection of neuronal x within trial weights of Learning and Passive network activity into principal component space. h, Projection of neuronal x within trial x trial outcome weights of Learning and Passive network activity into principal component space. i, Projection of neuronal x within trial x across trials x trial outcome (H/M and CR only) weights of Learning and Passive network activity into principal component space.

C_FIG From this high-dimensional dataset, we sought to identify single neurons and neuronal ensembles carrying learning-related information, resolve stimulus and non-stimulus related activity within a given trial, identify changes in representation across trials, and determine outcome-specific dynamics. To do so, we organized our data into a 4-dimensional array containing neurons x time in trial x trials across learning x trial outcome (Fig. 2h). To identify shared and distinct variability in neuronal populations recorded in passive mice (n = 2, 339,  passive network) and in learning mice (n = 2, 304,  learning network), we created a  megamouse by combining data from all mice and aligning neural activity to learning phase (n=4,643 neurons, see Methods; Fig. 2i; Supplementary Figure 8). We then used low-rank tensor decomposition to allow unsupervised identification of demixed, low-dimensional neural dynamics across multiple (> 2) dimensions26,27 (Supplementary Figure 9 and Supplementary Figure 10a,b; see Methods). The tensor decomposition revealed six neuronal dynamics, each characterized by the four factors of the original tensor (see Methods; Figs.2j, Supplementary Figure 10c,d, Supplementary Figure 11d). These six dynamics represented independent computations performed by the auditory cortical networks.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs9.gif" ALT="Figure 9">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dfedf2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17eb071org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7205f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4d76d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 9.C_FLOATNO Tensor representation of neural data. a, Data are organized into a fourth-order tensor with dimensions NxWxAxO. Tensor decom-position approximates the data as a sum of outer products of four vectors. Each outer product contains a neuron factor (green rectangles), within trial factor (pink rectangles), across trial factor (blue rectangles) and outcome factor (purple rectangles). Each set of low-dimensional factors (i.e. component) describes the activity of group of neurons within and across trials according to trial outcomes.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=120 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs11.gif" ALT="Figure 11">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fb3b34org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ec029corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19f8a32org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@129f839_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 11.C_FLOATNO Defining unique cell ensembles based on neuronal weights. a, Neuronal weights in the four components. Each neuron is attributed to a given dynamic according to its highest absolute weights, i.e. highest contribution. As a result, each dynamic is attributed to a unique cell ensemble (gray rectangles). b, Neuronal weights distribution before (raw, black) and after unique contribution attribution (gray). c, Learning and Passive cell proportion among components after unique attribution (binomial proportion tests). d, Learning and Passive cell proportion among components and given neuronal weight sign after unique attribution. In other words, proportion of cells from Learning and Passive networks describing the tensor-revealed neuronal dynamics (binomial proportion tests). ***p < 0.001, n.s.: not significant.

C_FIG Projecting the product of the decomposition into principal component subspace showed that learning and passive networks exhibit almost orthogonal dynamics (Fig. 2k; Supplementary Figure 10f,g) and that the neural dynamics of different trial types evolved further apart in the learning network than in the passive network (Supplementary Figure 10h,i). Importantly, we ensured that the identified dynamics were not driven by isolated mice (Supplementary Figure 10e). Therefore, decomposition of the megamouse tensor discovered distinct dynamics exhibited by passive versus learning networks.

For further analyses, we attributed each dynamic to individual neurons based on the neurons maximum weight ( unique participation; Fig. 2l; see Methods and Supplementary Figure 11). This allowed us to map the six dynamics onto six distinct cell ensembles, i.e. groups of neurons maximally encoding a particular network-specific dynamic (Fig. 2m and Supplementary Figure 11d). It is important to note that individual neurons (and corresponding ensembles) could exhibit mixed selectivity for the six dynamics, which allows an individual neurons to contribute to multiple, independent computations (Fig. 2n).

Learning counteracts tone-evoked habituation by maintaining stimulus selectivity in distinct cell populationsA prevailing view in sensory systems holds that sensory cortices subserve associative learning through plasticity of the cue representation5,28-36. This model posits that individual neurons (via changes in sensory tuning) and neural populations (via cortical map expansion) enhance the representation of behaviorally relevant cues for use by downstream regions37-39. These studies, however, measure neural tuning and map expansion outside of the task context in a  pre and  post learning design and infer that plasticity of cue representations reflects the mechanistic role of the sensory cortex. To assess this model, we initially focused on the cell ensembles that exhibited classical stimulus-evoked activity (Fig. 2j), namely cell ensembles 1-4.

We observed a prominent signature of stimulus-evoked habituation over hundreds to thousands of trials. This habituation dominated activity in passive networks, as seen in cell ensembles 1 and 2 which represented[~] 77% (1, 803/2, 339) of all passive cells (Fig. 3a,d). These neurons exhibited stimulus-evoked activation (cell ensemble 1) or suppression (cell ensemble 2), both of which decreased in amplitude over time (Fig. 3b-c,e-f). These cell ensembles were not stimulus selective and displayed the same dynamic in both stimulus 1 (S1) and stimulus 2 (S2) trials (Fig. 3b,e). These ensembles thus reflected the broad-based suppression of non-selective neurons after long-term repeated presentation of the same sounds.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=166 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_fig3.gif" ALT="Figure 3">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@678173org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@163d156org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@447847org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1349c3a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 3.C_FLOATNO Learning counteracts tone-evoked habituation by maintaining stimulus selectivity in distinct populations.

a, Representation of cell ensemble 1 in the Passive network. b, Average activity of cell ensemble 1 in S1 (black) and S2 (gray) trials across time in 80-trial blocks. Black triangles indicate tone onset, gray lines delimit averaged trial blocks. Black dashed lines separate time phases indicated by light to dark gray rectangles at the top: early, middle and late (see Methods). c, Cell ensemble 1 tone-evoked calcium responses across time phases for S1 and S2 trials combined (Friedman test, p = 1.26.10-291). d, Representation of cell ensemble 2 in the Passive network. e, Average activity of cell ensemble 2 in S1 and S2 trials across time. f, Cell ensemble 2 tone-evoked calcium responses across time phases for S1 and S2 trials combined (Friedman test, p = 7.32.10-121). g, Representation of cell ensemble 3 in the Learning network. h, Average activity of cell ensemble 3 in hit (green) and CR (yellow) trials across learning in 80-trial blocks. Black triangles indicate tone onset, gray lines delimit averaged trial blocks. Black dashed lines separate learning phases indicated by colored rectangles at the top: Acquisition, Expression and Expert (see Methods). i, Representation of cell ensemble 4 in the Learning network. j, Average activity of cell ensemble 4 in hit and CR trials across learning. k, Response index (response probability over learning; see Methods) of cell ensembles 1 and 2 (red) vs cell ensembles 3 and 4 (blue) (Wilcoxon test, p = 1.23.10-30). l, Selectivity index (see Methods) of cell ensembles 1 and 2 (red) vs cell ensembles 3 and 4 (blue) (Wilcoxon test, p = 1.37.10-94). m, Pre (top raw) and post (bottom raw) learning tonotopic maps (left), after spatial binning (middle) and restricted to surface with S+ (filled triangle) and S- (open triangle) best frequency (right) of one example mouse. n, Change in surface representation of S+ and S- pre- vs post-task learning (Learning) or pre- vs post-passive exposure (Passive) (binomial proportion tests). o, Pre vs post-learning change in percentage of neurons responsive to S+ and S-(binomial proportion tests). p, Pre vs post-learning change in tone-evoked responses of pre-task S+ and S- responsive neurons (KW test, p = 2.77.10-5). q, Pre- vs post-learning comparison of local best frequency differences in tonotopic maps. r, Distribution of local differences (from difference maps in q) in Learning versus Passive. median {+/-} s.e.median; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, n.s.: not significant.

C_FIG

Stimulus-evoked responses in learning networks were observed in cell ensembles 3 and 4 (Fig. 3g-j). This includes a high selectivity for the S- (cell ensemble 3) or S+ (cell ensemble 4) cues (Fig. 3g-j). Cell ensemble 3 consisted of 19% of the Learning cell population (Fig. 3g), and displayed a slight habituation but mainly a strong preference for the S- throughout learning (Fig. 3h), while cell ensemble 4 (12% of total learning cells; Fig. 3j) exhibited S+ selectivity throughout learning (Fig. 3j). Cell ensembles 3 and 4 were more tone responsive and tone selective than cell ensembles 1 and 2 (Fig. 3k,l). Stimulus-evoked activity analyses across days of all recorded neurons (n = 7, 137) also support these results (Supplementary Figure 12, Supplementary Figure 13). Therefore, learning counteracted tone-evoked habituation by maintaining distinct ensembles that encoded either the S+ or S- selectively.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=154 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs12.gif" ALT="Figure 12">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fcbe19org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1247daaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b654b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@729d91_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 12.C_FLOATNO Evolution of tone-evoked responses across days. a, Tone-evoked responses to S+ and S- in Learning mice across days for all cells recorded. b, Tone-evoked responses to S1 and S2 in Passive mice across days for all cells recorded.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=33 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs13.gif" ALT="Figure 13">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c6a200org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b5b179org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@96ad75org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5604a2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 13.C_FLOATNO Learning counteracts tone-evoked habituation. a, Proportion of tone-responsive cells across days among Passive and Learning cells. b, Averaged proportion of tone-responsive cells in Passive and Learning networks (mean {+/-} s.e.m.; t-test, p = 3.89.10-5). c, Proportion of tone-responsive cells in days 1-5 versus days 11-15 in Learning and Passive networks (mean {+/-} s.e.m.; two-way ANOVA, Time x Group, p = 1.73.10-7). d, Proportion of cells responsive to S+ and S- in Learning network and S1, S2 or S1 or S2 (S) in Passive network. e, Averaged proportion of cells responsive to S+, S- or S (mean {+/-} s.e.m.; ANOVA, p = 1.93.10-6).

C_FIG Learning was not associated with cortical map expansionTo directly test representational expansion and tuning shifts, we conducted a series of analyses focusing on stimulus-evoked responses before (pre-task) and after (post-task) learning, akin to classical measures of tuning and tonotopy. We computed the change in surface area occupied by S+ and S- preferring cells in tuning curve sessions, outside the task (Fig. 3m). Surprisingly, we observed no increase in the map-level representation of the S+ or S- after learning, and instead, observed a modest decrease (Fig. 3m-n). In addition to the best frequency representation, the fraction of neurons responding to the S+ and S- decreased (Fig. 3o) and the response amplitude of neurons that were initially tuned to the S+ and S- was lower after learning (Fig. 3p). Interestingly, while we observed no increase in representation to the S+ and S-, learning networks favored the representation of frequencies in between S+ and S-, but not higher or lower as seen in passive networks (Fig. 3n). Finally, using our passive networks as a base-case comparison, we calculated the local changes in the tonotopic map structure (Fig. 3q). Learning networks were surprisingly stable and exhibited less local changes than passive networks (Fig. 3r). These pre- vs post-learning changes in responsiveness and tonotopy thus mirrored the responsiveness observed online during learning (in dynamics 1 and 2) in a stable, tracked network (n=4,643 neurons, Fig. 3a-l), as well as when we include all neurons from each session (n=7,137 neurons) (Supplementary Figure 13). Altogether, our results suggest that cortical map expansion and changes in single-neuron tuning are unlikely to be the substrate for associative learning40,41.

Tone-restricted silencing only partially impairs learning and performanceWe next sought to understand the extent to which the maintenance of stimulus-selectivity by learning networks was important to learning and performing the task. We performed daily bilateral silencing of AC during stimulus presentation throughout learning (Supplementary Figure 14a). Tone-restricted AC silencing impaired task performance throughout learning (Supplementary Figure 14b-e), task acquisition (Supplementary Figure 14f-i), and online performance during learning, with gradual fading of the effect at expert performance (Supplementary Figure 14n-q). Accuracy and action rate were not affected in reinforced light-off trials (Supplementary Figure 14j-k), but PV-ChR2 mice lick more and faster to the S- (Supplementary Figure 14l-m), suggesting that tone-restricted AC silencing also impaired expression, but to a lesser extent than full-trial silencing. Altogether, these results showed that information carried by the AC network in the tone-evoked window is used during learning. Interestingly, tone-restricted silencing impacted learning less than full trial silencing across nearly all measures (Fig. 1, Supplementary Figure 14), suggesting that activity after the tone-evoked window was critical for rapid contingency acquisition and performance during learning.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=186 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs14.gif" ALT="Figure 14">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14a2aedorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@486bd0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9e6054org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c64aea_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 14.C_FLOATNO AC silencing restricted to sound presentation impairs audiomotor learning and on-line performance during learning. a, Probabilistic optogenetic silencing of the auditory cortex during learning. Light-on periods were restricted to sound presentation only (see Methods). b, Accuracy in reinforced light-on trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (17, 86) = 5.4950, p < 10-7; Groups: F (1, 86) = 50.5343, p < 10-9; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 0.70700, p = 0.79). c, Action rate in reinforced light-on trials (HIT, two-way ANOVAs, HIT, Days: F (17, 86)10.68010, p < 10-14; Groups: F (1, 86) = 0.0200, p = 0.89; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 1.0647, p = 0.40; FA, Days: F (17, 86) = 2.7330, p = 0.0012; Groups: F (1, 86) = 41.5010, p < 10-8; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 0.7255, p = 0.77). d, False alarm lick rate in reinforced light-on trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (17, 86) = 0.8663, p = 0.6140; Groups: F (1, 86) = 89.3004, p < 10-14; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 3.2285, p < 10-3). e, False alarm lick latency in reinforced light-on trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (17, 86) = 2.0216, p = 0.018; Groups: F (1, 86) = 251.7387, p < 10-26; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 4.8600, p < 10-6). f, Accuracy in probe light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (5, 30) = 8.3041, p < 10-4; Groups: F (1, 30) = 4.7288, p = 0.038; Days*Groups: F (5, 30) = 0.7288, p = 0.619). g, Action rate in probe light-off trials (two-way ANOVAs, HIT, Days: F (5, 30) = 5.4632, p = 0.0011; Groups: F (1, 30) = 6.3510, p = 0.017; Days*Groups: F (5, 30) = 1.2158, p = 0.33; FA, Days: F (5, 30) = 5.5019, p = 0.0010; Groups: F (1, 30) = 0, p = 1; Days*Groups: F (5, 30) = 1.1320, p = 0.37). h, HIT lick latency in probe light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (5, 29) = 6.0308, p < 10-3; Groups: F (1, 29) = 10.3058, p = 0.0032; Days*Groups: F (5, 29) = 0.1542, p = 0.98). i, Maximal difference between hit and false alarm rates in probe light-off trials over the first 6 days (t-test, p = 0.40). j,Accuracy in reinforced light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (17, 86) = 8.3579, p < 10-11; Groups: F (1, 86) = 1.6832, p = 0.20; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 0.2356, p = 1). k, Action rate in reinforced light-off trials (two-way ANOVAs, HIT, Days: F (17, 86) = 11.1314, p < 10-14; Groups: F (1, 86) = 2.1423, p = 0.15; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 0.9107, p = 0.56; FA, Days: F (17, 86) = 4.2760, p < 10-5; Groups: F (1, 86) = 0.5043, p = 0.48; Days*Groups: F (17, 86) = 0.3026, p = 1). l, FA lick latency in reinforced light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (17, 78) = 1.7364, p = 0.053; Groups: F (1, 78) = 9.0848, p = 0.0035; Days*Groups: F (17, 78) = 1.3749, p = 0.17). m, FA lick rate in reinforced light-off trials (two-way ANOVA, Days: F (17, 78) = 0.7983, p = 0.69; Groups: F (1, 78) = 13.4564, p < 10-3; Days*Groups: F (17, 78) = 1.4494, p = 0.14). n, Comparison of light-off versus light-on trials to measure auditory cortex silencing effect on on-line performance. o, Session density plot of accuracy in reinforced light-on against light-off. Top, control; bottom, PV-ChR2. p, Accuracy in light-on reinforced trials from day where FA< 0.3 in light-off reinforced trials. Note the general trend for ChR2 mice (gray lines) to increase accuracy (positive slopes), i.e. performance impairment fades away. q, Within subject difference between accuracy in reinforced light-on and light-off aligned to the day where false alarm rate < 0.3 in reinforced light-off.

C_FIG Rapid emergence of reward prediction activity in the auditory cortexThe sensory cortex is widely considered to be specialized for perception by interpreting complex sensory objects42,43 or adjusting representations of behaviorally-relevant stimuli2,33,37,44,45. Recent evidence, however, suggests that sensory cortical neurons directly encode non-sensory variables such as movement46-49, reward timing50-53, expectation54,55, and context23,45,56-63. Conjoint representations of sensory and non-sensory variables in the same network could further hone perception or, alternatively, subserve more integrative associative processes.

Inspection of the within-trial dynamics of learning-driven cell ensembles 5 and 6 suggested that these neurons exhibited non-canonical activity in the form of a signal that occurred late in the trial, delayed from the tone-evoked response (Fig. 2j). This late-in-trial signal increased over learning and was trial type selective (Fig. 2j). We next sought to further explore the encoding properties of these two cell ensembles. Cell ensemble 5 (n = 155 cells from the learning network), exhibited late-in-trial activity on hit trials (licking to the S+) that increased with learning (Fig. 4a). This delayed activity was not apparent on correct S-trials (correct reject, CR), where neurons exhibited classical stimulus-evoked response that habituated over learning (Fig. 4b).

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=179 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_fig4.gif" ALT="Figure 4">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16050bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@54ba70org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9c1355org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b96c3b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 4.C_FLOATNO Rapid emergence of reward prediction encoding drives learning.

a, Heat map of cell ensemble 5 activity (n = 155 cells) across learning phases (delimited by horizontal white dashed lines) in hit trials (20-trial blocks). White trace represents the average trial trace. Inserts (right) show average activity at time indicated by black triangles. Colored rectangles indicate learning phases: Acquisition (green), Expression (black) and Expert (blue). b, Heat map of cell ensemble 5 activity across learning phases (delimited by horizontal white dashed lines) in CR trials (20-trial blocks). c, Heat map of the activity of a fraction of cells from cell ensemble 5 (n = 20 cells) from one example mouse across consecutive S+ trials. Black dots indicate licks. Trial outcome is represented on the right (green circle: hit; blue stars: miss). d, Cell ensemble 5 activity in hit vs miss trials (time and number matched, see Methods and Supplementary Figure 15a). e, Area under the curve (AUC) quantification of data in gray rectangle in d (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 6.78.10-21). f, Procedure of reinforced and probe hit trial (H) matching. g, Average cell ensemble 5 activity in reinforced hit trials immediately before (black) or after (gray) probe hit trials (green). h, AUC quantification of data in h (Friedman test, p = 0.3071). i, Lick PSTHs in reinforced hit trials immediately before (black) or after (gray) probe hit trials (green). j, Quantification of number of licks in 1-s window post-tone (KW test, p = 3.18.10-56). k, Average activity of cell ensemble 5 over the first five blocks of 40-reinforced hit trials in learning. l, Late peak activity in HIT trials across learning phases of cell ensemble 5 (green) and low weighted cells (null, black). m, Procedure of reinforced and probe FA trial (fa) matching (top) and corresponding local accuracy quantification (bottom; see Methods; repeated measures ANOVA, p = 3.16.10-4). n, Average cell ensemble 5 activity in FA trials in the probe, non-reinforced context (orange). AUC late-in-trial (gray rectangle) compared to zero (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 1.46.10-8). o, Average activity of cell ensemble 5 (n = 51 cells) from one example mouse in FA trials in the reinforced context (n = 423) after classification based on the detection of a reward prediction signal. Bottom, average activity of FA trials with (RP+, n = 101) or without (RP-, n = 322) reward prediction signal, and activity during FA trials in the probe context (n = 19 trials, orange) reflecting knowledge errors (see also Supplementary Figure 16). p, Heat map of the activity of a fraction of cells from cell ensemble 5 (n = 51 cells) from the same example mouse in o across consecutive FA trials in the reinforced context. Identification of a RP signal is represented by a black dot (right). q, Distribution of RP+ and RP- FA trials over learning in learning mice (binomial proportion tests, Acquisition, p = 1.65.10-7, Expression, p = 3.32.10-10, Expert, p = 0.22). r, Trial-specific closed-loop optogenetic AC inactivation over learning. s, Performance index (left, see Methods; two-way ANOVA, p = 2.11.10-21) and hit lick latency (right; two-way ANOVA, p = 0.013) in probe context in post-hit silencing experiments. t, Performance index (left, see Methods; two-way ANOVA, p = 6.36.10-5) and hit lick latency (right; two-way ANOVA, p = 0.008) in probe context in post-FA silencing experiments.

C_FIG

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs15.gif" ALT="Figure 15">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@170c926org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a60375org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2cfc4corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168027e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 15.C_FLOATNO Emergence of reward prediction signal. a, Procedure of hit and miss trial matching. b, Heat map of members of cell ensemble 5 (n = 105) activity aligned to lick bout onset outside task events in day 1 of training. Lick PSTH is represented above. c, Quantification of z-scored calcium activity 1s pre- vs 1s post-lick bout onset (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.11). d, Average cell ensemble 5 activity in reinforced hit (green) and FA (orange) trials over Expression phase. e, Lick PSTHs aligned to tone onset of FA trials in Expression and hit trials in probe context. f, Cell ensemble 5 activity over the first 300 hit trials (20-trial blocks). Only significant activity (and higher than null population, see Methods) is represented. Note the emergence of a stable late-on-trial signal after 40 hit trials onwards. g, Quantification of Fig. 4l, i.e. evolution of late-in-trial signal of cell ensemble 5 across learning, taking first and last two 40-hit trial blocks (KW test, p = 1.05.10-23). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s.: not significant.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=92 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597946v1_figs16.gif" ALT="Figure 16">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17bc3d8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@76c09forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@601c80org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ef45da_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 16.C_FLOATNO Reward prediction signal on error trials. a, Classification of hit versus CR trials in the reinforced context from the AUC post-tone of a fraction of cell ensemble 5 (n = 51) recorded in the example mouse showed in Fig. 4p,q. Right: posterior probability of being part of CR class. b, Proportion of RP+ and RP- FA trials from the example mouse showed in Fig. 4o,p. c, No difference in lick latency was observed between RP+ and RP- FA trials (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.83). d, AUC quantification of RP+, RP- and probe FA trials (KW, p = 9.76.10-28). e, Proportion of RP+ among all FA trials and misclassification rate in each learning mice. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s.: not significant.

C_FIG To understand the nature of the late-in-trial activity, we exploited our multiple trial types to disambiguate the contribution of sensory, motor, and reward signals. To assess whether the late-in-trial signal was a delayed form of sensory activity, we compared activity in hit trials to activity in trials where the same stimulus was presented but the mice did not lick and did not get rewarded (miss trials, Figs.1a and 4c-e). To ensure an appropriate comparison between hit and miss trials, we generated a balanced set of trials that were matched in number (given that miss trials were less frequent) and occurred within the same time period (given that the signal amplitude evolved with learning) (Supplementary Figure 15a). Cell ensemble 5 did not exhibit late-in-trial activity on miss trials (Fig. 4c-e), discarding the possibility that it reflected a delayed sensory response. We then asked whether this activity reflected reward consumption. We compared cell ensemble activity during hit trials in the reinforced context to the activity during hit trials in the probe context (Fig. 4f), where the mice expected reward and thus correctly licked to the S+ but the reward was omitted (Fig. 1b). We matched the number of trials between reinforced and probe contexts and controlled for within-session and across-session changes by comparing probe hit trials to reinforced hit trials immediately before and after the probe block (Fig. 4f). Strikingly, late-in-trial activity was preserved in probe trials (Fig. 4g,h), indicating that it did not reflect reward consumption. Finally, although movement has been reported to decrease auditory cortical activity46,64-66, we sought to understand the degree to which this late-in-trial signal could be driven by licking itself. To do this, we first exploited probe hit trials where the lick rate was strongly reduced compared to reinforced hit trials (Fig. 4i,j). We observed no difference in the late-in-trial neural signal and could thus conclude that the signal was not due to ongoing licking (Fig. 4i,j). Second, we tested the possibility that this late-in-trial signal was driven by the initiation of a lick bout as compared to the ongoing licking activity. We isolated spontaneous lick bouts in between training blocks and observed that the cell ensemble was not lick-responsive (Supplementary Figure 15b,c). In addition, if lick initiation drove this activity, we would also expect to see it on false alarm trials (incorrect licking to the S-). For this analysis, we focused on false alarms that occurred after task acquisition, as these errors are unlikely to be errors due to imperfect task knowledge. We observed no systematic late-in-trial activity on these trials (Supplementary Figure 15d) even though the licking pattern in false alarm trials was similar to that during probe hit trials (Supplementary Figure 15e). Taken together, the late-in-trial activity did not reflect stimulus, reward consumption, licking, nor lick initiation. Instead, these results showed that cell ensemble 5 encoded the higher-order process of reward prediction (RP).

We next sought to identify the precise moment when a contingency is formed by identifying the trials when this reward prediction signal emerged. Initially, these neurons exhibited classical tone-evoked responses but then abruptly and within only 40 hit trials, developed a robust reward prediction activity (Fig. 4k, Supplementary Figure 15f). This reward prediction signal continued to develop over Acquisition, strengthened during Expression, and then surprisingly receded at Expert level when learning is nominally complete (Fig. 4a,l, Supplementary Figure 15g). This longitudinal temporal dynamic mirrored our optogenetic results which demonstrates that the AC is the default pathway for learning but then becomes dispensable at expert levels. Altogether, these results show that a reward prediction signal rapidly emerges at the timescale of Acquisition in auditory cortical networks.

Revealing the underlying cognitive drivers of errorsIdentifying the cognitive drivers of errors is particularly challenging during learning 4. Errors during learning are typically considered  mistakes while discriminative contingencies (task knowledge) are still forming. However, errors arise not only from knowledge-related mistakes (for which animals incorrectly expect reward), but also from factors such as impulsivity, disengagement, and exploration (for which animals do not expect reward). While detailed behavioral inspection has been a promising route to uncover the nature of errors11, an alternative approach is to use neural activity itself. Given our findings of reward prediction encoding on correct trials, we hypothesized that the same signal would be present when animals make  knowledge-related errors, when animals incorrectly  expected rewards on S- trials. To address this, we first focused on the occasional false alarms (FA) that occurred during probe trials, as they reflected errors of task knowledge (Fig. 4m)7. Strikingly, we observed a robust reward prediction activity in these trials (Fig. 4n), strongly suggesting that animals were indeed expecting reward. We next reasoned that such knowledge errors should be present not only on probe trials, but also in a subset of reinforced trials, interspersed with non-knowledge errors. We classified individual FA trials in the reinforced context based on the presence of a reward prediction signal (see Methods; Supplementary Figure 16a). We identified a significant proportion of trials that exhibited robust reward prediction activity, but also many that did not (Fig. 4o, Supplementary Figure 16b). The reward prediction signal was identical to that observed in probe trials (Fig. 4o, Supplementary Figure 16d), providing further confidence that these were indeed knowledge errors. These data suggest that we could isolate knowledge errors using neural data, which was not possible from behavioral inspection alone (Supplementary Figure 16c). Interestingly, we found that knowledge errors were interspersed with errors that did not elicit reward prediction activity (Fig. 4p). Finally, we hypothesized that knowledge errors should predominantly occur during the Acquisition phase of behavior, when animals are still learning the discriminative contingencies. We computed the fraction of RP+ (knowledge-related errors) and RP-(non-knowledge errors) over time and found that RP+ errors peaked during the Acquisition phase of learning, and rar
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnozahy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.597946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid emergence of latent knowledge in the sensory cortex drives learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanism for telomere-specific telomere length regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length is a critical determinant of telomere function and hence chromosome stability. Critically short telomeres induce cellular senescence and division arrest, which eventually may lead to devastating age-related degenerative diseases. Conversely, maintenance of telomere length is a hallmark of cancer. How telomere set-length is established and molecular mechanisms for telomere-specific length regulation remained unknown. Here we detail a mechanism of a telomere-specific set-length regulation that causes drastic differences in telomere length between individual telomeres in the same cell. Indeed, the results show that telomerase recruitment is modulated in cis in a telomere-specific way. Increased Sir4 abundance on yeast TEL03L subtelomeric heterochromatin leads to a set-length maintenance that is two to three times higher than on any other telomere. Remarkably, the distal 15 kb of TEL03L are sufficient to transfer this telomere specific set-length regulation to another chromosome. Furthermore, a mutation in the telomere boundary element protein Tbf1 allows increased Sir4 binding on all telomeres and hence results in longer set-lengths. The results therefore will force a rethinking of telomere length regulation away from the generalized view that all telomeres are treated the same to a more telomere-specific treatment.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIRegulation of the set-length of telomeric repeats is telomere-specific.
C_LIO_LITEL03L on yeast chromosome III displays a set-length regulation that confers an extremely long repeat tract.
C_LIO_LITransferring the distal part of TEL03L onto chromosome XV is sufficient to impose the very long set-length regulation.
C_LIO_LITelomere-specific tract set-length regulation depends on the alternate telomerase recruitment pathway involving Sir4 and yKU and the chromatin boundary protein Tbf1.
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=122 SRC="FIGDIR/small/598646v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teplitz, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Laurentiis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucier, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellinger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanism for telomere-specific telomere length regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell responsiveness to IL-10 defines the immunomodulatory effect of costimulation blockade via anti-CD154 and impacts transplant survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Costimulation blockade (CoB)-based immunotherapy is a promising alternative to immunosuppression for transplant recipients; however, the current limited understanding of the factors that impact its efficacy restrains its clinical applicability. In this context, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are being recognized as having an impact on T cell activation beyond effector differentiation. This study aims at elucidating the impact of direct IL-10 signaling in T cells on CoB outcomes. We used a full-mismatch skin transplantation model where recipients had a T cell-restricted expression of a dominant negative IL-10 receptor (10R-DN), alongside anti-CD154 as CoB therapy. Unlike wild-type recipients, 10R-DN mice failed to benefit from CoB. This accelerated graft rejection correlated with increased accumulation of T cells producing TNF-, IFN-{gamma}, and IL-17. In vitro experiments indicated that while lack of IL-10 signaling did not change the ability of anti-CD154 to modulate alloreactive T cell proliferation, the absence of this pathway heightened TH1 effector cell differentiation. Furthermore, deficiency of IL-10 signaling in T cells impaired Treg induction, a hallmark of anti-CD154 therapy. Overall, these findings unveil an important and novel role of IL-10 signaling in T cells that defines the success of CoB therapies and identifies a target pathway for obtaining robust immunoregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibicheff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chicco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell responsiveness to IL-10 defines the immunomodulatory effect of costimulation blockade via anti-CD154 and impacts transplant survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics and proteomics of projection neurons in a circuit linking hippocampus with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome and proteome sequencing of brain tissue homogenate has helped unravel processes underlying schizophrenia (SCZ). However, most studies have lacked granularity at the cell type level and have focused on individual brain regions, rather than examining expression dynamics across multiple regions or illness-relevant circuitries. We used laser capture microdissection to collect excitatory neuron-enriched samples from hippocampal subregions CA1 and presubiculum (SUB), and from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a circuit prominently implicated in schizophrenia. Using RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics, we show significantly superior discrimination of brain regional identity in the transcriptomic (>90% accuracy) and proteomic data (>97% accuracy) compared with gene-level expression data (<70% in bulk). Patients with SCZ show hippocampal-specific differential protein phosphorylation. SCZ risk co-expression gene-sets that replicate across transcript and protein networks are enriched for transmembrane transporters in the DLPFC and CA1 and postsynaptic processes in the SUB. We demonstrate a strong directional connectivity effect of SCZ risk in that excitatory synaptic genes in CA1 unidirectionally predict gene expression in SUB. Finally, parallel CA1 snRNA-seq results suggest that in SCZ excitatory efferents in CA1 are affected by interactions with glia and by downregulation of inhibitory neuropeptide inputs. Our study proposes molecular mechanisms by which hippocampal communication, previously associated with SCZ at the macroscopic level, may be altered at the inter-field and interregional circuit level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcuk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikidis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sportelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallepalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parihar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pergola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics and proteomics of projection neurons in a circuit linking hippocampus with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteogenomic Reprogramming to a Functional Human Totipotent Stem Cell State via a PARP-DUX4 Regulatory Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP1 (ARTD1) and Tankyrases (TNKS1/TNKS2; PARP5a/5b) are poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) with catalytic and non-catalytic functions that regulate both the genome and proteome during zygotic genome activation (ZGA), totipotent, and pluripotent embryonic stages. Here, we show that primed, conventional human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) cultured continuously under non-specific TNKS1/TNKS2/PARP1-inhibited chemical naive reversion conditions underwent epigenetic reprogramming to clonal blastomere-like stem cells. TIRN stem cells (TIRN-SC) concurrently expressed hundreds of gene targets of the ZGA-priming pioneer factor DUX4, as well as a panoply of four-cell (4C)-specific (e.g., TPRXL, HOX clusters), eight-cell (8C)-specific (e.g., DUXA, GSC, GATA6), primitive endoderm-specific (e.g., GATA4, SOX17), trophectoderm-specific (e.g., CDX2, TFAP2C), and naive epiblast-specific (e.g., DNMT3L, NANOG, POU5F1(OCT4)) factors; all in a hybrid, combinatorial single-cell manner. Mapping of proteomic and single-cell expressions of TIRN-SC against human preimplantation embryo references identified them as relatively homogenous 4C-8C stage populations. Injection of TIRN cells into murine 8C-16C-staged embryos resulted in efficient totipotent-like single cell contributions of human cells to both extra-embryonic (trophectoderm, placenta) and embryonic (neural, fetal liver, hematopoietic) lineages in human-murine blastocyst and fetal chimeras. Pairing of proteome with ubiquitinome analyses of TIRN-SC revealed a global shutdown of ADP-ribosylation, and a perturbed TNKS/PARP1 equilibrium which not only impacted the protein levels of hundreds of TNKS/PARP1 substrates via a rewiring of the ubiquitin-proteosome system (UPS), but also de-repressed expression of hundreds of developmental genes associated with PARP1 suppression. ChIP-Seq analysis of core NANOG-SOX2-OCT4 (NSO) pluripotency factors in TIRN-SC identified reprogrammed DUX4-accessible distal and cis-regulatory enhancer regions that were co-bound by PARP1 (NSOP). These NSOP enhancer regions possessed co-binding motifs for hundreds of the same ZGA-associated, embryonic, and extraembryonic lineage-specifying pioneer factors (e.g., HOX, FOX, GATA, SOX, TBX, CDX families) that were concurrently co-expressed in TIRN-SC; suggesting that PARP1 and DUX4 cooperate with NSO pluripotency core factors to regulate the epigenetic plasticity of a human totipotency program. These findings provide the first demonstration that global, proteome-wide perturbations of post-translational modifications (i.e., ADP-ribosylation, ubiquitination) can regulate epigenetic reprogramming during human embryogenesis. Totipotent TIRN-SC will provide a valuable cell culture model for studying the proteogenomic regulation of lineage specification from human blastomere stages and may facilitate the efficient generation of human organs in interspecies chimeras.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmerlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angarita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Moses, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochendoerfer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambidis, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.598510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteogenomic Reprogramming to a Functional Human Totipotent Stem Cell State via a PARP-DUX4 Regulatory Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamine Depletion by D, L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine Inhibits Ewing Sarcoma Metastasis by Inducing Ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWPolyamine metabolism and signaling play important roles in multiple cancers but have not previously been studied in Ewing sarcoma. Here, we show that blocking polyamine synthesis with D, L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) causes a G1 cell cycle arrest, dose-dependent decreases in sarcosphere formation from Ewing sarcoma cell lines growing in non-adherent conditions and a decrease in clonogenic growth in soft agar. Further, we utilized our orthotopic implantation/amputation model of Ewing sarcoma metastasis to demonstrate that DFMO slowed primary tumor growth in addition to limiting metastasis. RNA sequencing demonstrated gene expression patterns consistent with induction of ferroptosis caused by polyamine depletion. Induction of ferroptosis was validated in vitro by demonstrating that ferrostatin-1, an inhibitor of ferroptosis, allows sphere formation even in the presence of DFMO. Collectively, these results reveal a novel mechanism by which DFMO prevents metastasis - induction of ferroptosis due to polyamine depletion. Our results provide preclinical justification to test the ability of DFMO to prevent metastatic recurrence in Ewing sarcoma patients at high risk for relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Offenbacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.599064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamine Depletion by D, L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine Inhibits Ewing Sarcoma Metastasis by Inducing Ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The value of initiating a pursuit in temporal decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-rate maximization is a prominent normative principle commonly held in behavioral ecology, neuroscience, economics, and artificial intelligence. Here, we identify and compare equations for evaluating the worth of initiating pursuits that an agent could implement to enable reward-rate maximization. We identify two fundamental temporal decision-making categories requiring the valuation of the initiation of a pursuit--forgo and choice decision-making--over which we generalize and analyze the optimal solution for how to evaluate a pursuit in order to maximize reward rate. From this reward-rate-maximizing formulation, we derive expressions for the subjective value of a pursuit, i.e. that pursuits equivalent immediate reward magnitude, and reveal that times cost is composed of an apportionment, in addition to, an opportunity cost. By re-expressing subjective value as a temporal discounting function, we show precisely how the temporal discounting function of a reward-rate-optimal agent is sensitive not just to the properties of a considered pursuit, but to the time spent and reward acquired outside of the pursuit for every instance spent within it. In doing so, we demonstrate how the apparent discounting function of a reward-rate-optimizing agent depends on the temporal structure of the environment and is a combination of hyperbolic and linear components, whose contributions relate the apportionment and opportunity cost of time, respectively. We further then show how purported signs of suboptimal behavior (hyperbolic discounting, the Delay effect, the Magnitude effect, the Sign effect) are in fact consistent with reward-rate maximization. Having clarified what features are and are not signs of optimal decision-making, we analyze the impact of the misestimation of reward rate-maximizing parameters in order to better account for the pattern of errors actually observed in humans and animals. We find that error in agents assessment of the apportionment of time that underweights the time spent outside versus inside a considered pursuit type is the likely driver of suboptimal temporal decision-making observed behaviorally. We term this the Malapportionment Hypothesis. This generalized form for reward-rate maximization and its relation to subjective value and temporal discounting allows the true pattern of errors exhibited by humans and animals to be more deeply understood, identified, and quantified, which is key to deducing the learning algorithms and representational architectures actually used by humans and animals to evaluate the worth of pursuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutlief, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain Shuler, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.16.599189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The value of initiating a pursuit in temporal decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.598514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular patterns and mechanisms of tumorigenesis in HPV-associated and HPV-independent sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.598514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of tumorigenesis in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) remain poorly described due to its rare nature. A subset of SNSCC are associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV); however, it is unknown whether HPV is a driver of HPV-associated SNSCC tumorigenesis or merely a neutral bystander. We hypothesized that performing the first large high-throughput sequencing study of SNSCC would reveal molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis driving HPV-associated and HPV-independent SNSCC and identify targetable pathways. High-throughput sequencing was performed on 64 patients with HPV-associated and HPV-independent sinonasal carcinomas. Mutation annotation, viral integration, copy number, and pathway-based analyses were performed. Analysis of HPV-associated SNSCC revealed similar mutational patterns observed in HPV-associated cervical and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, including lack of TP53 mutations and the presence of known hotspot mutations in PI3K and FGFR3. Further similarities included enrichment of APOBEC mutational signature, viral integration at known hotspot locations, and frequent mutations in epigenetic regulators.

HPV-associated SNSCC-specific recurrent mutations were also identified including KMT2C, UBXN11, AP3S1, MT-ND4, and MT-ND5. Mutations in KMT2D and FGFR3 were associated with decreased overall survival. We developed the first known HPV-associated SNSCC cell line and combinatorial small molecule inhibition of YAP/TAZ and PI3K pathways synergistically inhibited tumor cell clonogenicity. In conclusion, HPV-associated SNSCC and HPV-independent SNSCC are driven by molecularly distinct mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Combinatorial blockade of YAP/TAZ and vertical inhibition of the PI3K pathway may be useful in targeting HPV-associated SNSCC whereas targeting MYC and horizontal inhibition of RAS/PI3K pathways for HPV-independent SNSCC.

One Sentence SummaryThis study solidifies HPV as a driver of HPV-associated SNSCC tumorigenesis, identifies molecular mechanisms distinguishing HPV-associated and HPV-independent SNSCC, and elucidates YAP/TAZ and PI3K blockade as key targets for HPV-associated SNSCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamuner, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starrett, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraswathula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallia, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooper, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.598514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular patterns and mechanisms of tumorigenesis in HPV-associated and HPV-independent sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Omics Approach to Defining Target Organ Injury in Youth with Primary Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDPrimary hypertension in childhood tracks into adulthood and may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Studies conducted in children and adolescents provide an opportunity to explore the early cardiovascular target organ injury (CV-TOI) in a population free from many of the co-morbid cardiovascular disease risk factors that confound studies in adults.

METHODSYouths (n=132, mean age 15.8 years) were stratified by blood pressure (BP) as low, elevated, and high-BP and by left ventricular mass index (LVMI) as low- and high-LVMI. Systemic circulating RNA, miRNA, and methylation profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and deep proteome profiles in serum were determined using high-throughput sequencing techniques.

RESULTSVASH1 gene expression was elevated in youths with high-BP with and without high-LVMI. VASH1 expression levels positively correlated with systolic BP (r=0.3143, p=0.0034). The expression of hsa-miR-335-5p, one of the VASH1-predicted miRNAs, was downregulated in high-BP with high-LVMI youths and was inversely correlated with systolic BP (r=-0.1891, p=0.0489). GSE1 hypermethylation, circulating PROZ upregulation (log2FC=0.61, p=0.0049 and log2FC=0.62, p=0.0064), and SOD3 downregulation (log2FC=-0.70, p=0.0042 and log2FC=-0.64, p=0.010) were observed in youths with elevated BP and high-BP with high-LVMI. Comparing the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles revealed elevated HYAL1 levels in youths displaying high-BP and high-LVMI.

CONCLUSIONSThe findings are compatible with a novel blood pressure-associated mechanism that may occur through impaired angiogenesis and extracellular matrix degradation through dysregulation of Vasohibin-1 and Hyaluronidase1 was identified as a possible mediator of CV-TOI in youth with high-BP and suggests strategies for ameliorating TOI in adult-onset primary hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ananthamohan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanevold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lande, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitsnefes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuffel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilliox, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbina, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadayappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.599125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Omics Approach to Defining Target Organ Injury in Youth with Primary Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid rebalancing of co-tuned ensemble activity in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory information is represented by small varying neuronal ensembles in sensory cortices. In the auditory cortex (AC) repeated presentations of the same sound activate differing ensembles indicating high trial-by trial variability in activity even though the sounds activate the same percept. Efficient processing of complex acoustic signals requires that these sparsely distributed neuronal ensembles actively interact in order to provide a constant percept. Thus, the differing ensembles might interact to process the incoming sound inputs. Here, we probe interactions within and across ensembles by combining in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging and holographic optogenetic stimulation to study how increased activity of single cells level affects the cortical network. We stimulated a small number of neurons sharing the same frequency preference alongside the presentation of a target pure tone, further increasing their tone-evoked activity. We found that other non-stimulated co-tuned neurons decreased their tone-evoked activity when the frequency of the presented pure tone matched to their tuning property, while non co-tuned neurons were unaffected. Activity decrease was greater for non-stimulated co-tuned neurons with higher frequency selectivity. Co-tuned and non co-tuned neurons were spatially intermingled. Our results shows that co-tuned ensembles communicated and balanced their total activity across the larger network. The rebalanced network activity due to external stimulation remained constant. These effects suggest that co-tuned ensembles in AC interact and rapidly rebalance their activity to maintain encoding network dynamics, and that the rebalanced network is persistent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.599418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid rebalancing of co-tuned ensemble activity in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific expression of angiotensin receptors in the human lung with implications for health, aging, and chronic disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The renin-angiotensin system is a well-characterized regulator of tissue homeostasis whose clinical relevance has expanded to include lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-associated emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and COVID-19. Despite this interest, the cell-specific localization of angiotensin receptors in the human lung has remained poorly defined, in part due to limitations of available antibody reagents. Here, we define the expression patterns of the two predominant angiotensin receptors, AGTR1 and AGTR2, using complementary bulk and single-nucleus transcriptomic datasets from human lung tissue. We demonstrate that these receptors exhibit mutually exclusive, compartment-specific localization, with AGTR1 expressed in lung pericytes and AGTR2 expressed in alveolar epithelial type 2 cells. AGTR1 is detectable in isolated lung pericytes, and spatial colocalization with pericyte markers confirmed within the airspace microvasculature compartment by RNAscope. Airspace pericyte abundance was reduced in an experimental emphysema model but restored by pharmacologic attenuation of AGTR1 signaling commensurate with airspace repair. In COPD lungs, AGTR1 expression showed heterogeneous, disease-associated dysregulation across stromal populations, including upregulation in alveolar fibroblasts. Bulk transcriptomics also revealed aging-associated redistribution of AGTR1 expression into stromal compartments. Angiotensin II and cigarette smoke impaired pericyte migration toward endothelial cells, while combined exposure suppressed pericyte proliferation. Together, these findings identify AGTR1 as a new highly selective marker of lung pericytes and a regulator of pericyte behaviors within the airspace microvasculature. These findings provide a cell-resolved framework for angiotensin signaling with direct relevance to airspace resilience and therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, K. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poonyagariyagorn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neptune, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.599425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific expression of angiotensin receptors in the human lung with implications for health, aging, and chronic disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore Decoding with Speed and Versatility for Data Storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs nanopore technology reaches ever higher throughput and accuracy, it becomes an increasingly viable candidate for reading out DNA data storage. Nanopore sequencing offers considerable flexibility by allowing long reads, real-time signal analysis, and the ability to read both DNA and RNA. We need flexible and efficient designs that match nanopores capabilities, but relatively few designs have been explored and many have significant inefficiency in read density, error rate, or compute time. To address these problems, we designed a new single-read per-strand decoder that achieves low byte error rates, offers high throughput, scales to long reads, and works well for both DNA and RNA molecules. We achieve these results through a novel soft decoding algorithm that can be effectively parallelized on a GPU. Our faster decoder allows us to study a wider range of system designs.

ResultsWe demonstrate our approach on HEDGES, a state-of-the-art DNA-constrained convolutional code. We implement one hard decoder that runs serially and two soft decoders that run on GPUs. Our evaluation for each decoder is applied to the same population of nanopore reads collected from a synthesized library of strands. These same strands are synthesized with a T7 promoter to enable RNA transcription and decoding. Our results show that the hard decoder has a byte error rate over 25%, while the prior state of the art soft decoder can achieve error rates of 2.25%. However, that design also suffers a low throughput of 183 seconds/read. Our new Alignment Matrix Trellis soft decoder improves throughput by 257x with the trade off of a higher byte error rate of 3.52% compared to the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, we use the faster speed of our algorithm to explore more design options. We show that read densities of 0.33 bits/base can be achieved, which is 4x larger than prior MSA-based decoders. We also compare RNA to DNA, and find that RNA has 85% as many error free reads as compared to DNA.

Availability and implementationSource code for our soft decoder and data used to generate figures is available publicly in the Github repository https://github.com/dna-storage/hedges-soft-decoder (10.5281/zenodo.11454877). All raw FAST5/FASTQ data is available at 10.5281/zenodo.11985454 and 10.5281/zenodo.12014515.

Contackvolkel@ncsu.edu or jtuck@ncsu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volkel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keung, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore Decoding with Speed and Versatility for Data Storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D in-situ characterization reveals the instability-induced auxetic behavior of collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen scaffolds seeded with human chondrocytes have shown great potential for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, these porous scaffolds buckle under low compressive forces, creating regions of highly localized deformations that can cause cell death and deteriorate the integrity of the engineered tissue. We perform three-dimensional (3D) tomography-based characterization to track the evolution of collagen scaffolds microstructure under large deformation. The results illustrate how instabilities produce a spatially varying compaction across the specimens, with more pronounced collapse near the free boundaries. We discover that, independent of differences in pore-size distributions, all collagen scaffolds examined displayed strong auxetic behavior i.e., their transverse area contracts under compression, as a result of the instability cascade. This feature, typically characteristic of engineered metamaterials, is of critical importance for the performance of collagen scaffolds in tissue engineering, especially regarding the persistent challenge of lateral integration in cartilage constructs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouklas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonassar, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaitanaros, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D in-situ characterization reveals the instability-induced auxetic behavior of collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical inhibitory parvalbumin interneurons exhibit metabolic specializations coordinated by PGC-1α that are lost in rodents and humans after traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) regulate neuronal and circuit activity, and their dysfunction is observed across neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), epilepsy, Alzheimers disease, and schizophrenia. PV-INs are particularly vulnerable to cell loss, potentially due to their increased metabolic demands arising from their uniquely high level of electrical activity, which render them susceptible to metabolic pressure. Here, we use single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNAseq) data from a rodent model of TBI, as well as human TBI data, and demonstrate PV-INs have unique metabolic specializations that are lost after injury and can be rescued by in vivo treatment with the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose. We generated a novel PV-IN transcriptional identity module comprised primarily of genes encoding specialized ion channels, metabolic enzymes, and synaptic machinery, that identifies heterogenous subsets of injury-associated PV-INs with loss of PV-IN transcriptional identity. We show that changes in metabolic specialization are coupled to changes in transcriptional identity in PV-INs and implicate the PV-IN-enriched transcriptional co-activator, Ppargc1a, as a key driver of PV-IN transcriptional metabolic dysfunction. We also identify a family of long non-coding RNAs enriched in this subset of transcriptionally dysfunctional PV-INs that negatively correlates with PV-IN metabolic specialization. Lastly, we utilize these tools to interrogate a published human TBI snRNAseq data set and find nearly identical changes, underscoring the importance of PV-IN metabolic dysfunction in the pathology of TBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottom-Tanzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkinson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulla, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.599637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical inhibitory parvalbumin interneurons exhibit metabolic specializations coordinated by PGC-1α that are lost in rodents and humans after traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic programming of peripheral monocytes determines their transcriptional response to the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classical monocytes are recruited to tumors and undergo transcriptional reprogramming resulting in tumor-promoting functions. Epigenomic features, such as post-translational modification of histones and chromatin accessibility, are key determinants of transcription factor binding and thereby play an important role in determining transcriptional responses to the tissue environment. It is unknown to what extent the epigenetic landscape of peripheral monocytes is rewired by cancer and how this could shape their transcriptional response upon recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. Here we used a combination of genome-wide assays for mRNA expression, chromatin accessibility and multiple histone modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac) in a mouse model to investigate changes in the epigenomic landscape of peripheral monocytes. We then linked these epigenetic alterations to gene expression changes in monocytes occurring in the periphery or during tumor infiltration. We found that the distal tumor caused extensive remodeling of both H3K4me3+ promoters and H3K4me1+ enhancers in peripheral monocytes. Specifically, this involved the repression of interferon-responsive promoters and enhancers as well as the establishment of enhancers harboring binding motifs for transcription factors downstream of inflammatory and cytokine signaling pathways. The enhancers altered in the periphery could be linked to sustained gene expression changes which were less likely to be reversed in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, genes activated upon tumor infiltration showed prior epigenetic priming in peripheral monocytes. Overall, these results indicate that the epigenomic landscape of peripheral monocytes is altered in response to a distal tumor, and this could shape the transcriptional response of monocytes when they encounter microenvironmental signals upon infiltrating the tumor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadadi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzerpos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poliska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debraekeleer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brughmans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkrim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czimmerer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laoui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ginderachter, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.599675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic programming of peripheral monocytes determines their transcriptional response to the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite T2 relaxation times decrease across the adult lifespan in a large multi-site cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeRelaxation correction is crucial for accurately estimating metabolite concentrations measured using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). However, the majority of MRS quantification routines assume that relaxation values remain constant across the lifespan, despite prior evidence of T2 changes with aging for multiple of the major metabolites. Here, we comprehensively investigate correlations between T2 and age in a large, multi-site cohort.

MethodsWe recruited approximately 10 male and 10 female participants from each decade of life: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60+ years old (n=101 total). We collected PRESS data at 8 TEs (30, 50, 74, 101, 135, 179, 241, and 350 ms) from voxels placed in white-matter-rich centrum semiovale (CSO) and gray-matter-rich posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). We quantified metabolite amplitudes using Osprey and fit exponential decay curves to estimate T2.

ResultsOlder age was correlated with shorter T2 for tNAA, tCr3.0, tCr3.9, tCho, Glx, and tissue water in CSO and PCC; rs = -0.21 to -0.65, all p<0.05, FDR-corrected for multiple comparisons. These associations remained statistically significant when controlling for cortical atrophy. T2 values did not differ across the adult lifespan for mI. By region, T2 values were longer in the CSO for tNAA, tCr3.0, tCr3.9, Glx, and tissue water and longer in the PCC for tCho and mI.

ConclusionThese findings underscore the importance of considering metabolite T2 changes with aging in MRS quantification. We suggest that future 3T work utilize the equations presented here to estimate age-specific T2 values instead of relying on uniform default values.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simegn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.599719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite T2 relaxation times decrease across the adult lifespan in a large multi-site cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.597748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glia-enriched stem-cell 3D model of the human brain mimics the glial-immune neurodegenerative phenotypes of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.597748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of central nervous system (CNS) glia in sustaining self-autonomous inflammation and driving clinical progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is gaining scientific interest. We applied a single transcription factor (SOX10)-based protocol to accelerate oligodendrocyte differentiation from hiPSC-derived neural precursor cells, generating self-organizing forebrain organoids. These organoids include neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and hiPSC-derived microglia to achieve immunocompetence. Over 8 weeks, organoids reproducibly generated mature CNS cell types, exhibiting single-cell transcriptional profiles similar to the adult human brain. Exposed to inflamed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from MS patients, organoids properly mimic macroglia-microglia neuro-degenerative phenotypes and intercellular communication seen in chronic active MS. Oligodendrocyte vulnerability emerged by day 6 post-MS-CSF exposure, with nearly 50% reduction. Temporally-resolved organoid data support and expand on the role of soluble CSF mediators in sustaining downstream events leading to oligodendrocyte death and inflammatory neurodegeneration. Such findings support implementing this organoid model for drug screening to halt inflammatory neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fagiani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambilla, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtaj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braccia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magliozzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattrini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panina-Bordignon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absinta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.597748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glia-enriched stem-cell 3D model of the human brain mimics the glial-immune neurodegenerative phenotypes of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrkA+ sensory neurons regulate osteosarcoma proliferation and vascularization to promote disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone pain is a presenting feature of bone cancers such as osteosarcoma (OS), relayed by skeletal-innervating peripheral afferent neurons. Potential functions of tumor-associated sensory neurons in bone cancers beyond pain sensation are unknown. To uncover neural regulatory functions, a chemical-genetic approach in mice with a knock-in allele for TrkA was used to functionally perturb sensory nerve innervation during OS growth and disease progression. TrkA inhibition in transgenic mice led to significant reductions in sarcoma-associated sensory innervation and vascularization, tumor growth and metastasis, and prolonged overall survival. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that sarcoma denervation was associated with phenotypic alterations in both OS tumor cells and cells within the tumor microenvironment, and with reduced calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. Multimodal and multi-omics analyses of human OS bone samples and human dorsal root ganglia neurons further implicated peripheral innervation and neurotrophin signaling in OS tumor biology. In order to curb tumor-associated axonal ingrowth, we next leveraged FDA-approved bupivacaine liposomes leading to significant reductions in sarcoma growth, vascularity, as well as alleviation of pain. In sum, TrkA-expressing peripheral neurons positively regulate key aspects of OS progression and sensory neural inhibition appears to disrupt calcitonin receptor signaling (CALCR) and VEGF signaling within the sarcoma microenvironment leading to significantly reduced tumor growth and improved survival. These data suggest that interventions to prevent pathological innervation of osteosarcoma represent a novel adjunctive therapy to improve clinical outcomes and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherief, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thottappillil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uniyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.599869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrkA+ sensory neurons regulate osteosarcoma proliferation and vascularization to promote disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell wall melanin impedes growth of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule by sequestering calcium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans has emerged as a frontrunner among deadly fungal pathogens and is particularly life-threatening for many HIV-infected individuals with compromised immunity. Multiple virulence factors contribute to the growth and survival of C. neoformans within the human host, the two most prominent of which are the polysaccharide capsule and melanin. As both of these features are associated with the cell wall, we were interested to explore possible cooperative or competitive interactions between these two virulence factors. Whereas capsule thickness had no effect on the rate at which cells became melanized, build-up of the melanin pigment layer resulted in a concomitant loss of polysaccharide material, leaving melanized cells with significantly thinner capsules than their non-melanized counterparts. When melanin was provided exogenously to cells in a transwell culture system we observed a similar inhibition of capsule growth and maintenance. Our results show that melanin sequesters calcium thereby limiting its availability to form divalent bridges between polysaccharide subunits required for outer capsule assembly. The decreased ability of melanized cells to incorporate exported polysaccharide into the growing capsule correlated with the amount of shed polysaccharide, which could have profound negative impacts on the host immune response.

Significance StatementCryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that presents a significant health risk for immunocompromised individuals. We report an interaction between the two major cryptococcal virulence factors, the polysaccharide capsule and melanin. Melanin impacted the growth and maintenance of the polysaccharide capsule, resulting in loss of capsular material during melanization. Our results suggest that melanin can act as a sink for calcium, thereby limiting its availability to form ionic bridges between polysaccharide chains on the growing surface of the outer capsule. As polysaccharide is continuously exported to support capsule growth, failure of melanized cells to incorporate this material results in a higher concentration of shed polysaccharide in the extracellular milieu, which is expected to interfere with host immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.599928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell wall melanin impedes growth of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule by sequestering calcium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal fMRI dataset unifying naturalistic processes with a rich array of experimental tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive neuroscience has advanced significantly due to the availability of openly shared datasets. Large sample sizes, large amounts of data per person, and diversity in tasks and data types are all desirable, but are difficult to achieve in a single dataset. Here, we present an open dataset with N = 101 participants and 6 hours of scanning per participant, with 6 multifaceted cognitive tasks including 2 hours of naturalistic movie viewing. This datasets combination of ample sample size, extensive data per participant, more than 600 iso hours worth of data, and a wide range of experimental conditions -- including cognitive, affective, social, and somatic/interoceptive tasks -- positions it uniquely for probing important questions in cognitive neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilicher, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal fMRI dataset unifying naturalistic processes with a rich array of experimental tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myo-optogenetics: optogenetic stimulation and electrical recording in skeletal muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex movements involve highly coordinated control of local muscle elements. Highly controlled perturbations of motor outputs can reveal insights into the neural control of movements. Here we introduce an optogenetic method, compatible with electromyography (EMG) recordings, to perturb muscles in transgenic mice. By expressing channelrhodopsin in muscle fibers, we achieved noninvasive, focal activation of orofacial muscles, enabling detailed examination of the mechanical properties of optogenetically evoked jaw muscle contractions. We demonstrated simultaneous EMG recording and optical stimulation, revealing the electrophysiological characteristics of optogenetically triggered muscle activity. Additionally, we applied optogenetic activation of muscles in physiologically and behaviorally relevant settings, mapping precise muscle actions and perturbing active behaviors. Our findings highlight the potential of muscle optogenetics to precisely manipulate muscle activity, offering a powerful tool for probing neuromuscular control systems and advancing our understanding of motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyche, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myo-optogenetics: optogenetic stimulation and electrical recording in skeletal muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VERICIGUAT RESCUES cGMP PRODUCTION IN HUMAN AORTIC VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND AUGMENTS VASORELAXATION IN AORTIC RINGS EXPOSED TO HIGH GLUCOSE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNormal endothelial cell dependent vascular smooth muscle cell function is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), which stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) production of the second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) leading to increased protein kinase G (PKG) activity and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. NO bioavailability is impaired in inflammatory settings, such as high glucose (HG). We examined whether the direct sGC sensitizer/stimulator vericiguat, augments cGMP production in human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) exposed to high glucose and explored its effect on vasorelaxation.

MethodsAortic HVSMCs were exposed to HG for 24h. In the treatment group, cells also received 1uM vericiguat for 24h. After incubation, cGMP and PKG activity were measured. Additionally, thoracic murine aortas were exposed to HG or to normal glucose (NG) control. The rings were then placed in an organ chamber bath and dose response curves to increasing doses of acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside were constructed for three groups: control (normal glucose), HG alone, and HG + vericiguat.

ResultsHVSMCs exposed to HG produced significantly less cGMP than those exposed to NG. cGMP production in the presence of HG was rescued when treated with 1uM vericiguat. Additionally, PKG activity was impaired in the presence of HG and enzyme activity was restored with vericiguat. In isolated mouse aortic rings, ACh mediated relaxation was impaired following treatment with HG, but was improved when a HG group was treated with vericiguat.

ConclusionsThe sGC sensitizer/stimulator vericiguat restored cGMP production and PKG activity in the setting of HG. Vericiguat enhanced ACh-mediated vasorelaxation in the setting of HG. The findings suggest clinical studies are warranted to investigate the potential of sGC sensitization/stimulation as a therapeutic intervention to improve vascular endothelial-dependent function that is impaired in pro-inflammatory settings that are associated with the development of atherosclerotic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polhemus, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almodiel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziogos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amat-Alarcon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstenblith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leucker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VERICIGUAT RESCUES cGMP PRODUCTION IN HUMAN AORTIC VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND AUGMENTS VASORELAXATION IN AORTIC RINGS EXPOSED TO HIGH GLUCOSE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.22.600200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent cell heterogeneity and responses to senolytic treatment are related to cell cycle status during cell growth arrest. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.22.600200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence has been strongly linked to aging and age-related diseases. It is well established that the phenotype of senescent cells is highly heterogeneous and influenced by their cell type and senescence-inducing stimulus. Recent single-cell RNA-sequencing studies identified heterogeneity within senescent cell populations. However, proof of functional differences between such subpopulations is lacking. To identify functionally distinct senescent cell subpopulations, we employed high-content image analysis to measure senescence marker expression in primary human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. We found that G2-arrested senescent cells feature higher senescence marker expression than G1-arrested senescent cells. To investigate functional differences, we compared IL-6 secretion and response to ABT263 senolytic treatment in G1 and G2 senescent cells. We determined that G2-arrested senescent cells secrete more IL-6 and are more sensitive to ABT263 than G1-arrested cells. We hypothesize that cell cycle dependent DNA content is a key contributor to the heterogeneity within senescent cell populations. This study demonstrates the existence of functionally distinct senescent subpopulations even in culture. This data provides the first evidence of selective cell response to senolytic treatment among senescent cell subpopulations. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the senescent cell heterogeneity in the development of future senolytic therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desprez, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerencser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.22.600200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent cell heterogeneity and responses to senolytic treatment are related to cell cycle status during cell growth arrest.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.23.600101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoglycerate mutase regulates Treg differentiation through control of serine synthesis and one-carbon metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.23.600101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The differentiation and suppressive functions of regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are supported by a broad array of metabolic changes, providing potential therapeutic targets for immune modulation. In this study, we focused on the regulatory role of glycolytic enzymes in Tregs and identified phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) as being differentially overexpressed in Tregs and associated with a highly suppressive phenotype. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of PGAM reduced Treg differentiation and suppressive function while reciprocally inducing markers of a pro-inflammatory, T helper 17 (Th17)-like state. The regulatory role of PGAM was dependent on the contribution of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), the PGAM substrate, to de novo serine synthesis. Blocking de novo serine synthesis from 3PG reversed the effect of PGAM inhibition on Treg polarization, while exogenous serine directly inhibited Treg polarization. Additionally, altering serine levels in vivo with a serine/glycine-free diet increased peripheral Tregs and attenuated autoimmunity in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Mechanistically, we found that serine limits Treg polarization by contributing to one-carbon metabolism and methylation of Treg-associated genes. Inhibiting one-carbon metabolism increased Treg polarization and suppressive function both in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of autoimmune colitis. Our study identifies a novel physiologic role for PGAM and highlights the metabolic interconnectivity between glycolysis, serine synthesis, one-carbon metabolism, and epigenetic regulation of Treg differentiation and suppressive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambati, C. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamal, A. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.23.600101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoglycerate mutase regulates Treg differentiation through control of serine synthesis and one-carbon metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.23.600305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging limits stemness and tumorigenesis in the lung by reprogramming iron homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.23.600305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with a decline in the number and fitness of adult stem cells1-4. Aging-associated loss of stemness is posited to suppress tumorigenesis5,6, but this hypothesis has not been tested in vivo. Here, using physiologically aged autochthonous genetically engineered mouse models and primary cells7,8, we demonstrate aging suppresses lung cancer initiation and progression by degrading stemness of the alveolar cell of origin. This phenotype is underpinned by aging-associated induction of the transcription factor NUPR1 and its downstream target lipocalin-2 in the cell of origin in mice and humans, leading to a functional iron insufficiency in the aged cells. Genetic inactivation of the NUPR1--lipocalin-2 axis or iron supplementation rescue stemness and promote tumorigenic potential of aged alveolar cells. Conversely, targeting the NUPR1-- lipocalin-2 axis is detrimental to young alveolar cells via induction of ferroptosis. We find that aging-associated DNA hypomethylation at specific enhancer sites associates with elevated NUPR1 expression, which is recapitulated in young alveolar cells by inhibition of DNA methylation. We uncover that aging drives a functional iron insufficiency, which leads to loss of stemness and tumorigenesis, but promotes resistance to ferroptosis. These findings have significant implications for the therapeutic modulation of cellular iron homeostasis in regenerative medicine and in cancer prevention. Furthermore, our findings are consistent with a model whereby most human cancers initiate in young individuals, revealing a critical window for such cancer prevention efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, U. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katajisto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Feliciano, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanic, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tammela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.23.600305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging limits stemness and tumorigenesis in the lung by reprogramming iron homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of TDP-43 exacerbates tauopathy-dependent brain atrophy by sensitizing vulnerable neurons to caspase 3-mediated endoproteolysis of tau in a mouse model of Multiple Etiology Dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 proteinopathy, initially disclosed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), coexists with tauopathy in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, termed multiple etiology dementias (MEDs), including Alzheimers Disease (AD). While such co-pathology of TDP-43 is strongly associated with worsened neurodegeneration and steeper cognitive decline, the pathogenic mechanism underlying the exacerbated neuron loss remains elusive. The loss of TDP-43 splicing repression that occurs in presymptomatic ALS-FTD individuals suggests that such early loss could facilitate the pathological conversion of tau to accelerate neuron loss. Here, we report that the loss of TDP-43 repression of cryptic exons in forebrain neurons (CaMKII-CreER;Tardbpf/f mice) is necessary to exacerbate tauopathy-dependent brain atrophy by sensitizing vulnerable neurons to caspase 3-dependent cleavage of endogenous tau to promote tauopathy. Corroborating this finding within the human context, we demonstrate that loss of TDP-43 function in iPSC-derived cortical neurons promotes early cryptic exon inclusion and subsequent caspase 3-mediated endoproteolysis of tau. Using a genetic approach to seed tauopathy in CaMKII-CreER;Tardbpf/fmice by expressing a four-repeat microtubule binding domain of human tau, we show that the amount of tau seed positively correlates with levels of caspase 3-cleaved tau. Importantly, we found that the vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to TDP-43 depletion is dependent on the amount of caspase 3-cleaved tau: from most vulnerable neurons in the CA2/3, followed by those in the dentate gyrus, to the least in CA1. Taken together, our findings strongly support the view that TDP-43 loss-of-function exacerbates tauopathy-dependent brain atrophy by increasing the sensitivity of vulnerable neurons to caspase 3-mediated endoproteolysis of tau, resulting in a greater degree of neurodegeneration in human disorders with co-pathologies of tau and TDP-43. Our work thus discloses novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets for human tauopathies harboring co-pathology of TDP-43 and provides a new MED model for testing therapeutic strategies.

HighlightsO_LILoss of TDP-43 repression of cryptic exons is necessary for caspase 3-dependent endoproteolysis of tau at D421 in the mouse brain and human iPSC-derived cortical neurons.
C_LIO_LIThe level of caspase 3-dependent cleavage of tau is a major determinant of the vulnerability of mouse brain neurons lacking TDP-43.
C_LIO_LIIn a novel mouse model of multiple etiology dementia, TDP-43 loss-of-function exacerbates tauopathy-dependent brain atrophy by sensitizing vulnerable neurons to caspase 3-mediated endoproteolysis of tau to drive tauopathy.
C_LIO_LIIn human tauopathies with co-pathology of TDP-43, dysfunction of TDP-43 may promote caspase 3-dependent cleavage of endogenous tau in vulnerable neurons and exacerbate tauopathy-dependent neurodegeneration.
C_LI

SummaryThe pathogenic mechanism by which TDP-43 loss of repression function exacerbates tauopathy-dependent neurodegeneration in multiple etiology dementia (MED) with co-pathology of TDP-43 is unknown. In a novel mouse model of MED, loss of TDP-43 function exacerbates tauopathy-dependent brain atrophy by sensitizing vulnerable neurons to caspase 3-dependent cleavage of endogenous tau to drive tauopathy. This mechanistic insight informs novel targets and therapeutic strategies for MEDs harboring the co-pathologies of tau and TDP-43, which can be validated using this mouse model of MED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baghel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapatsis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peethambaran Mallika, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, A. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, I. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of TDP-43 exacerbates tauopathy-dependent brain atrophy by sensitizing vulnerable neurons to caspase 3-mediated endoproteolysis of tau in a mouse model of Multiple Etiology Dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of asgr1a leads to the secretion of excess dietary cholesterol in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the major pathways to clear glycoproteins from circulation is via the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Loss of asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1), the major subunit of ASGPR, was recently found to correlate with lower levels of plasma apolipoprotein B- containing lipoproteins (B-lps) and a profoundly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. We set out to identify the zebrafish ortholog of ASGR1 (asgr1a) and generated two independent mutations in asgr1a using CRISPR/Cas9. Neither asgr1a mutation displayed changes in larval, juvenile, and adult B-lp numbers or sizes. However, when challenged with a Western diet, asgr1a mutant zebrafish exhibit less hepatic steatosis and lower hepatic triglyceride levels compared to control animals. Instead, the excess dietary cholesterol was excreted. While these results do not explain the cardioprotective nature of ASGR1 in humans, they indicate the importance of ASGR1 in modulating whole animal cholesterol flux.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moll, T. O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derrick, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of asgr1a leads to the secretion of excess dietary cholesterol in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.600865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-dependence of the neuroblastoma surfaceome defines tumor cell state-dependent and independent immunotherapeutic targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.600865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeuroblastoma is a heterogeneous disease with adrenergic (ADRN)- and therapy resistant mesenchymal (MES)-like cells driven by distinct transcription factor networks. Here, we investigate the expression of immunotherapeutic targets in each neuroblastoma subtype and propose pan-neuroblastoma and cell state specific targetable cell-surface proteins.

MethodsWe characterized cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and patient samples as ADRN-dominant or MES- dominant to define subtype-specific and pan-neuroblastoma gene sets. Targets were validated with ChIP- sequencing, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry in neuroblastoma cell lines and isogenic ADRN-to-MES transition cell line models. Finally, we evaluated the activity of MES-specific agents in vivo and in vitro.

ResultsMost immunotherapeutic targets being developed for neuroblastoma showed significantly higher expression in the ADRN subtype with limited expression in MES-like tumor cells. In contrast, CD276 (B7-H3) and L1CAM maintained expression across both ADRN and MES states. We identified several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) enriched in MES-dominant samples and showed that AXL targeting with ADCT-601 was potently cytotoxic in MES-dominant cell lines and showed specific anti-tumor activity in a MES cell line-derived xenograft.

ConclusionsImmunotherapeutic strategies for neuroblastoma must address the potential of epigenetic downregulation of antigen density as a mechanism for immune evasion. We identified several RTKs as candidate MES-specific immunotherapeutic target proteins for the elimination of therapy-resistant cells. We hypothesize that the phenomena of immune escape will be less likely when targeting pan-neuroblastoma cell surface proteins such as B7-H3 and L1CAM, and/or dual targeting strategies that consider both the ADRN- and MES-cell states.

Key PointsO_LICellular plasticity influences the abundance of immunotherapeutic targets.
C_LIO_LISubtype-specific targets may be susceptible to epigenetically-mediated downregulation.
C_LIO_LIImmunotherapeutic targets in development, B7-H3 and L1CAM, show "pan-subtype" expression.
C_LI

Importance of StudyNeuroblastoma is a lethal childhood malignancy that shows cellular plasticity in response to anti-cancer therapies. Several plasma membrane proteins are being developed as immunotherapeutic targets in this disease. Here we define which cell surface proteins are susceptible to epigenetically regulated downregulation during an adrenergic to mesenchymal cell state switch and propose immunotherapeutic strategies to anticipate and circumvent acquired immunotherapeutic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kendsersky, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odrobina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabe, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpaw, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammarchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Berkel, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosse, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.600865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-dependence of the neuroblastoma surfaceome defines tumor cell state-dependent and independent immunotherapeutic targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of telacebec to novel drug regimens in a murine tuberculosis model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical efficacy of combination drug regimens containing the first generation diarylquinoline (DARQ) bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has validated ATP synthesis as a vulnerable pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. New DARQs in clinical development may be even more effective than bedaquiline, including against emerging bedaquiline-resistant strains. Telacebec (T) is a novel cytochrome bc1:aa3 oxidase inhibitor that also inhibits ATP synthesis. Based on its demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy in mice and in a phase 2a clinical trial, we used an established BALB/c mouse model of tuberculosis (TB) to test the contribution of T to novel combination therapies against two strains of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv and HN878) in an effort to find more effective regimens. Overall, T was more effective in regimens against the HN878 strain than against the H37Rv strain, a finding that supports the greater vulnerability of the former strain to T and to genetic depletion of QcrB. Against both strains, combinations of a DARQ, clofazimine (CFZ), and T were highly bactericidal. However, only against HN878 did T contribute synergistically, whereas an antagonistic effect was observed against H37Rv. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of T and highlight how differences in the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis strains could lead to different conclusions about a drugs potential contribution to novel drug regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Komm, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of telacebec to novel drug regimens in a murine tuberculosis model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confinement, jamming, and adhesion in cancer cells dissociating from a collectively invading strand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When cells in a primary tumor work together to invade into nearby tissue, this can lead to cell dissociations--cancer cells breaking off from the invading front--leading to metastasis. What controls the dissociation of cells, and whether they break off singly or in small groups? Can this be determined by cell-cell adhesion or chemotactic cues given to cells? We develop a physical model for this question, based on experiments that mimic aspects of cancer cell invasion using microfluidic devices with microchannels of different widths. Experimentally, most dissociation events ("ruptures") involve single cells breaking off, but we observe some ruptures of large groups ([~] 20 cells) in wider channels. The rupture probability is nearly independent of channel width. We recapitulate the experimental results with a phase field cell motility model by introducing three different cell states (follower, guided, and high-motility metabolically active leader cells) based on their spatial position. These leader cells may explain why single-cell rupture is the universal most probable outcome. Our simulation results show that cell-channel adhesion is necessary for cells in narrow channels to invade, and strong cell-cell adhesion leads to fewer but larger ruptures. Chemotaxis also influences the rupture behavior: Strong chemotaxis strength leads to larger and faster ruptures. Finally, we study the relationship between biological jamming transitions and cell dissociations. Our results suggest unjamming is necessary but not sufficient to create ruptures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Ipina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confinement, jamming, and adhesion in cancer cells dissociating from a collectively invading strand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant N-glycosylation is a therapeutic target in carriers of a common and highly pleiotropic mutation in the manganese transporter ZIP8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The treatment of defective glycosylation in clinical practice has been limited to patients with rare and severe phenotypes associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Carried by approximately 5% of the human population, the discovery of the highly pleiotropic, missense mutation in a manganese transporter ZIP8 has exposed under-appreciated roles for Mn homeostasis and aberrant Mn-dependent glycosyltransferases activity leading to defective N-glycosylation in complex human diseases. Here, we test the hypothesis that aberrant N-glycosylation contributes to disease pathogenesis of ZIP8 A391T-associated Crohns disease. Analysis of N-glycan branching in intestinal biopsies demonstrates perturbation in active Crohns disease and a genotype-dependent effect characterized by increased truncated N-glycans. A mouse model of ZIP8 391-Thr recapitulates the intestinal glycophenotype of patients carrying mutations in ZIP8. Borrowing from therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of patients with CDGs, oral monosaccharide therapy with N-acetylglucosamine ameliorates the epithelial N-glycan defect, bile acid dyshomeostasis, intestinal permeability, and susceptibility to chemical-induced colitis in a mouse model of ZIP8 391-Thr. Together, these data support ZIP8 391-Thr alters N-glycosylation to contribute to disease pathogenesis, challenging the clinical paradigm that CDGs are limited to patients with rare diseases. Critically, the defect in glycosylation can be targeted with monosaccharide supplementation, providing an opportunity for genotype-driven, personalized medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brant, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant N-glycosylation is a therapeutic target in carriers of a common and highly pleiotropic mutation in the manganese transporter ZIP8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.599554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.599554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyzing multi-sample spatial transcriptomics data requires accounting for biological variation. We present multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization (mNSF), an alignment-free framework extending single-sample spatial factorization (NSF) to multi-sample datasets. mNSF incorporates sample-specific spatial correlation modeling and extracts low-dimensional data representations. Through simulations and real data analysis, we demonstrate mNSFs efficacy in identifying true factors, shared anatomical regions, and region-specific biological functions. mNSFs performance is comparable to alignment-based methods when alignment is feasible, while enabling analysis in scenarios where spatial alignment is unfeasible. mNSF shows promise as a robust method for analyzing spatially resolved transcriptomics data across multiple samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyshner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriworarat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.599554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opto-Myomatrix: μLED integrated microelectrode arrays for optogenetic activation and electrical recording in muscle tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOptogenetics is a valuable and widely-used technique that allows precise perturbations of selected groups of cells with high temporal and spatial resolution by using optical systems and genetic engineering technologies. This study aims to develop Opto-Myomatrix, a novel optogenetic tool for precise muscle fiber control and high-resolution electrophysiological recording.

MethodBased on a flexible and biocompatible polymer substrate, the device incorporates an integrated {micro}LED that delivers light at 465 nm for optogenetic stimulation and 32 PEDOT:PSS-coated electrodes for electromyography (EMG) recording. We also added a reflector to improve optical power output.

ResultsThe fabricated Opto-Myomatrix device achieves an optical output intensity as high as 129.46 mW/mm2 in the direction of interest, which is enhanced by nearly 100%. The PEDOT:PSS-coated electrodes exhibit 85% lower impedance than uncoated contacts, enabling high signal-to-noise EMG acquisition. We investigated heat dissipation characteristics of the {micro}LED through measurements and finite element simulations, confirming that temperature changes remain within safe limits. The Opto-Myomatrix device was implanted in transgenetic mice and successfully stimulated targeted jaw muscles, inducing movement while simultaneously capturing EMG signals.

ConclusionThe Opto-Myomatrix effectively combines precise optical stimulation and high-quality EMG recording in a flexible and biocompatible device, focusing on optogenetic applications in muscle.

SignificanceWhile optogenetic tools are well-established for brain and central nervous system (CNS) research, the development of Opto-Myomatrix addresses a critical gap by enabling precise muscle fiber control and high-resolution recording for advancing neuromuscular studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opto-Myomatrix: μLED integrated microelectrode arrays for optogenetic activation and electrical recording in muscle tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytosolic N6AMT1-dependent translation supports mitochondrial RNA processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial biogenesis relies on both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and imbalance in their expression can lead to inborn error of metabolism, inflammation, and aging. Here, we investigate N6AMT1, a nucleo-cytosolic methyltransferase that exhibits genetic co-dependency with mitochondria. We determine transcriptional and translational profiles of N6AMT1 and report that it is required for the cytosolic translation of TRMT10C (MRPP1) and PRORP (MRPP3), two subunits of the mitochondrial RNAse P enzyme. In the absence of N6AMT1, or when its catalytic activity is abolished, RNA processing within mitochondria is impaired, leading to the accumulation of unprocessed and double-stranded RNA, thus preventing mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Our work sheds light on the function of N6AMT1 in protein synthesis and highlights a cytosolic program required for proper mitochondrial biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foged, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recazens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chollet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutguetait, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdain, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytosolic N6AMT1-dependent translation supports mitochondrial RNA processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical implementation of acceleration sensing and PIDA control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Designing dependable, self-regulated biochemical systems has long posed a challenge in the field of Synthetic Biology. Here, we propose a realization of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative-Acceleration (PIDA) control scheme as a Chemical Reaction Network (CRN) governed by mass action kinetics. A constituent element of this architecture is a speed and acceleration biosensing mechanism we introduce and, subsequently, place within a feedback configuration. Our control scheme provides enhanced dynamic performance and robust steady-state tracking. In addition to our theoretical analysis, this is practically highlighted in both the deterministic and stochastic settings by regulating a specific biochemical process in-silico and drawing comparisons with a simpler PID controller.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinel-Rios, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical implementation of acceleration sensing and PIDA control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memantine Inhibits Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memantine is an US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug that selectively inhibits NMDA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) for treatment of dementia and Alzheimers. NMDARs enable calcium influx into neurons and are critical for normal brain function. However, increasing evidence shows that calcium influx in neurological diseases is augmented by calcium-permeable AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Here, we demonstrate that these calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are inhibited by memantine. Electrophysiology unveils that memantine inhibition of CP-AMPARs is dependent on their calcium permeability and the presence of their neuronal auxiliary subunit transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). Through cryo-electron microscopy we elucidate that memantine blocks CP-AMPAR ion channels in a unique mechanism of action from NMDARs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that memantine reverses a gain of function AMPAR mutation found in a patient with a neurodevelopmental disorder and inhibits CP-AMPARs in nerve injury. Our findings alter the paradigm for the memantine mechanism of action and provide a blueprint for therapeutic approaches targeting CP-AMPARs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montano Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcu, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memantine Inhibits Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scene with an invisible wall - navigational experience shapes visual scene representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human navigation heavily relies on visual information. Although many previous studies have investigated how navigational information is inferred from visual features of scenes, little is understood about the impact of navigational experience on visual scene representation. In this study, we examined how navigational experience influences both the behavioral and neural responses to a visual scene. During training, participants navigated in the virtual reality (VR) environments which we manipulated navigational experience while holding the visual properties of scenes constant. Half of the environments allowed free navigation (navigable), while the other half featured an  invisible wall preventing the participants to continue forward even though the scene was visually navigable (non-navigable). During testing, participants viewed scene images from the VR environment while completing either a behavioral perceptual identification task (Experiment1) or an fMRI scan (Experiment2). Behaviorally, we found that participants judged a scene pair to be significantly more visually different if their prior navigational experience varied, even after accounting for visual similarities between the scene pairs. Neurally, multi-voxel pattern of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) distinguished visual scenes based on prior navigational experience alone. These results suggest that the human visual scene cortex represents information about navigability obtained through prior experience, beyond those computable from the visual properties of the scene. Taken together, these results suggest that scene representation is modulated by prior navigational experience to help us construct a functionally meaningful visual environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S. P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scene with an invisible wall - navigational experience shapes visual scene representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.601368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EM-Compressor: Electron Microscopy Image Compression in Connectomics with Variational Autoencoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.601368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing pursuit to map detailed brain structures at high resolution using electron microscopy (EM) has led to advancements in imaging that enable the generation of connectomic volumes that have reached the petabyte scale and are soon expected to reach the exascale for whole mouse brain collections. To tackle the high costs of managing these large-scale datasets, we have developed a data compression approach employing Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) to significantly reduce data storage requirements. Due to their ability to capture the complex patterns of EM images, our VAE models notably decrease data size while carefully preserving important image features pertinent to connectomics-based image analysis. Through a comprehensive study using human EM volumes (H01 dataset), we demonstrate how our approach can reduce data to as little as 1/128th of the original size without significantly compromising the ability to subsequently segment the data, outperforming standard data size reduction methods. This performance suggests that this method can greatly alleviate requirements for data management for connectomics applications, and enable more efficient data access and sharing. Additionally, we developed a cloud-based application named EM-Compressor on top of this work to enable on-thefly interactive visualization: https://em-compressor-demonstration.s3.amazonaws.com/EM-Compressor+App.mp4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A. D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meirovitch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.07.601368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EM-Compressor: Electron Microscopy Image Compression in Connectomics with Variational Autoencoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic profiling of intraductal papillary neoplasms of the pancreas reveals distinct expression patterns and potential markers of progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to advance our understanding of precancers in the pancreas, 69 pancreatic intraductal papillary neoplasms (IPNs), including 64 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and 5 intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (IOPNs), 32 pancreatic cyst fluid samples, 104 invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs), 43 normal adjacent tissues (NATs), and 76 macro-dissected normal pancreatic ducts (NDs) were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A total of 10,246 proteins and 22,284 glycopeptides were identified in all tissue samples, and 756 proteins with more than 1.5-fold increase in abundance in IPMNs relative to NDs were identified, 45% of which were also identified in cyst fluids. The over-expression of selected proteins was validated by immunolabeling. Proteins and glycoproteins overexpressed in IPMNs included those involved in glycan biosynthesis and the immune system. In addition, multiomics clustering identified two subtypes of IPMNs. This study provides a foundation for understanding tumor progression and targets for earlier detection and therapies.

SignificanceThis multilevel characterization of intraductal papillary neoplasms of the pancreas provides a foundation for understanding the changes in protein and glycoprotein expression during the progression from normal duct to intraductal papillary neoplasm, and to invasive pancreatic carcinoma, providing a foundation for informed approaches to earlier detection and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T.-S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohtsuka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hozaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mino-Kenudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsay, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maker, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfluger, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthaei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furukawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.07.602385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic profiling of intraductal papillary neoplasms of the pancreas reveals distinct expression patterns and potential markers of progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.601617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal-prefrontal communication subspaces align with behavioral and network patterns in a spatial memory task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.601617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythmic network states have been theorized to facilitate communication between brain regions, but how these oscillations influence communication subspaces, i.e, the low-dimensional neural activity patterns that mediate inter-regional communication, and in turn how subspaces impact behavior remains unclear. Using a spatial memory task in rats, we simultaneously recorded ensembles from hippocampal CA1 and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to address this question. We found that task behaviors best aligned with low-dimensional, shared subspaces between these regions, rather than local activity in either region. Critically, both network oscillations and speed modulated the structure and performance of this communication subspace. Contrary to expectations, theta coherence did not better predict CA1-PFC shared activity, while theta power played a more significant role. To understand the communication space, we visualized shared CA1-PFC communication geometry using manifold techniques and found ring-like structures. We hypothesize that these shared activity manifolds are utilized to mediate the task behavior. These findings suggest that memory-guided behaviors are driven by shared CA1-PFC interactions that are dynamically modulated by oscillatory states, offering a novel perspective on the interplay between rhythms and behaviorally relevant neural communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.601617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal-prefrontal communication subspaces align with behavioral and network patterns in a spatial memory task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell single-molecule dynamics of eukaryotic RNA polymerase machineries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic gene expression in the nucleus is orchestrated by three RNA polymerases (RNAP-I, -II, and -III) and associated factors1,2. Despite extensive biochemical, genomic, structural, and imaging studies, the real-time dynamics of these transcription complexes remain obscure. Here, we employ single-molecule tracking in living yeast to assess the physiological kinetics of over 50 representative proteins encompassing all three RNAP machineries. Components of RNAPI and RNAPIII pre-initiation complexes (PICs) engage in long-lived interactions on chromatin, reflecting their roles for constitutive rRNA and tRNA synthesis, in contrast to the transient RNAPII PIC. We further report the dynamics of key components across the RNAPII transcription cycle2-5--factors for upstream regulation, elongation, histone modification, RNAPII C-terminal domain (CTD) modification, RNA processing, and termination--revealing unprecedented insights into the temporal landscape of RNAPII transcription. Strikingly, many elongation factors, previously thought to travel processively with RNAPII, display transient residence times, suggesting highly dynamic interactions rather than constant association. Systematic screening of RNAPII-associated factors shows that truncation of RNAPII-CTD substantially reduces U1 snRNP residence time and decreases intron retention in ribosomal protein genes, providing insights into how CTD length influences co-transcriptional splicing. Our findings establish a framework for dynamic chromatin interactions of RNA polymerase machineries in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell single-molecule dynamics of eukaryotic RNA polymerase machineries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent predictors of effective reinforcement motor learning across childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across development, children must learn motor skills such as eating with a spoon and drawing with a crayon. Reinforcement learning, driven by success and failure, is fundamental to such sensori-motor learning. It typically requires a child to explore movement options along a continuum (grip location on a crayon) and learn from probabilistic rewards (whether the crayon draws or breaks). Here, we studied the development of reinforcement motor learning using online motor tasks to engage children aged 3 to 17 years and adults (cross-sectional sample, N=385). Participants moved a cartoon penguin across a scene and were rewarded (animated cartoon clip) based on their final movement position. Learning followed a clear developmental trajectory when participants could choose to move anywhere along a continuum and the reward probability depended on the final movement position. Learning was incomplete or absent in 3 to 8-year-olds and gradually improved to adult-like levels by adolescence. A reinforcement learning model fit to each participant identified two age-dependent factors underlying improvement across development: an increasing amount of exploration after a failed movement and a decreasing level of motor noise. We predicted, and confirmed, that switching to discrete targets and deterministic reward would improve 3 to 8-year-olds learning to adult-like levels by increasing exploration after failed movements. Overall, we show a robust developmental trajectory of reinforcement motor learning abilities under ecologically relevant conditions i.e., continuous movement options mapped to probabilistic reward. This learning may be limited by immature spatial processing and probabilistic reasoning abilities in young children and can be rescued by reducing task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Bastian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.09.602665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent predictors of effective reinforcement motor learning across childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FUSION: A web-based application for in-depth exploration of multi-omics data with brightfield histology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial -OMICS technologies facilitate the interrogation of molecular profiles in the context of the underlying histopathology and tissue microenvironment. Paired analysis of histopathology and molecular data can provide pathologists with otherwise unobtainable insights into biological mechanisms. To connect the disparate molecular and histopathologic features into a single workspace, we developed FUSION (Functional Unit State IdentificatiON in WSIs [Whole Slide Images]), a web-based tool that provides users with a broad array of visualization and analytical tools including deep learning-based algorithms for in-depth interrogation of spatial -OMICS datasets and their associated high-resolution histology images. FUSION enables end-to-end analysis of functional tissue units (FTUs), automatically aggregating underlying molecular data to provide a histopathology-based medium for analyzing healthy and altered cell states and driving new discoveries using "pathomic" features. We demonstrate FUSION using 10x Visium spatial transcriptomics (ST) data from both formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) and frozen prepared datasets consisting of healthy and diseased tissue. Through several use-cases, we demonstrate how users can identify spatial linkages between quantitative pathomics, qualitative image characteristics, and spatial --omics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Border, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucarelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strekalova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaszewski, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HuBMAP consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.09.602778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FUSION: A web-based application for in-depth exploration of multi-omics data with brightfield histology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing membrane-associated protein docking with improved sampling and scoring in Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oligomerization of protein macromolecules on cell membranes plays a fundamental role in regulating cellular function. From modulating signal transduction to directing immune response, membrane proteins (MPs) play a crucial role in biological processes and are often the target of many pharmaceutical drugs. Despite their biological relevance, the challenges in experimental determination have hampered the structural availability of membrane proteins and their complexes. Computational docking provides a promising alternative to model membrane protein complex structures. Here, we present Rosetta-MPDock, a flexible transmembrane (TM) protein docking protocol that captures binding-induced conformational changes. Rosetta-MPDock samples large conformational ensembles of flexible monomers and docks them within an implicit membrane environment. We benchmarked this method on 29 TM-protein complexes of variable backbone flexibility. These complexes are classified based on the root-mean-square deviation between the unbound and bound states (RMSDUB) as: rigid (RMSDUB <1.2 [A]), moderately-flexible (RMSDUB [isin] [1.2, 2.2) [A]), and flexible targets (RMSDUB > 2.2 [A]). In a local docking scenario, i.e. with membrane protein partners starting {approx}10 [A] apart embedded in the membrane in their unbound conformations, Rosetta-MPDock successfully predicts the correct interface (success defined as achieving 3 near-native structures in the 5 top-ranked models) for 67% moderately flexible targets and 60% of the highly flexible targets, a substantial improvement from the existing membrane protein docking methods. Further, by integrating AlphaFold2-multimer for structure determination and using Rosetta-MPDock for docking and refinement, we demonstrate improved success rates over the benchmark targets from 64% to 73%. Rosetta-MPDock advances the capabilities for membrane protein complex structure prediction and modeling to tackle key biological questions and elucidate functional mechanisms in the membrane environment. The benchmark set and the code is available for public use at github.com/Graylab/MPDock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samnata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prathima, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.09.602802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing membrane-associated protein docking with improved sampling and scoring in Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring illness causes recruits the animacy semantic network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the causes of illness is a culturally universal example of causal thinking. We tested the hypothesis that implicit causal inferences about biological processes (e.g., illness) depend on the animacy semantic network. Participants (n=20) undergoing fMRI read two-sentence vignettes that elicited causal inferences across sentences, either about the emergence of illness or about the mechanical breakdown of inanimate objects, in addition to noncausal control vignettes. All vignettes were about people and were linguistically matched. The same participants performed localizer tasks: language, logical reasoning, and mentalizing. Inferring illness causes, relative to all control conditions, selectively engaged a portion of the precuneus (PC) previously implicated in the semantic representation of animates (e.g., people, animals). Neural responses to causal inferences about illness were adjacent to but distinct from responses to mental state inferences, suggesting a neural mind/body distinction. We failed to find evidence for domain-general responses to causal inference. Implicit causal inferences are supported by content-specific semantic networks that encode causal knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauptman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring illness causes recruits the animacy semantic network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell State are Pro-Metastatic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There remains a large need for a greater understanding of the metastatic process within the prostate cancer field. Our research aims to understand the adaptive - ergo potentially metastatic - responses of cancer to changing microenvironments. Emerging evidence has implicated a role of the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state in metastasis, positing the PACC state as capable of conferring metastatic competency. Mounting in vitro evidence supports increased metastatic potential of cells in the PACC state. Additionally, our recent retrospective study of prostate cancer patients revealed that PACC presence in the prostate at the time of radical prostatectomy was predictive of future metastatic progression. To test for a causative relationship between PACC state biology and metastasis, we leveraged a novel method designed for flow-cytometric detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in subcutaneous, caudal artery, and intracardiac mouse models of metastasis. This approach provides both quantitative and qualitative information about the number and PACC-status of recovered CTCs and DTCs. Collating data from all models, we found that 74% of recovered CTCs and DTCs were in the PACC state. In vivo colonization assays proved PACC populations can regain proliferative capacity at metastatic sites following dormancy. Additional direct and indirect mechanistic in vitro analyses revealed a PACC-specific partial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition phenotype and a pro-metastatic secretory profile, together providing preliminary evidence that PACCs are mechanistically linked to metastasis.

Statement of SignificanceWe provide the first evidence that cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell state contribute to increased metastatic competency in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, L. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priyadarsini Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurita, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell State are Pro-Metastatic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local keratinocyte-nociceptor interactions enhance obesity-mediated small fiber neuropathy via NGF-TrkA-PI3K signaling axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathology of diabetic small fiber neuropathy, characterized by neuropathic pain and axon degeneration, develops locally within the skin during the stages of obesity and pre-diabetes. However, the initiation and progression of morphological and functional abnormalities in skin sensory nerves remains elusive. To address this, we utilized ear skin from mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO), the mouse models for obesity and pre-type 2 diabetes. We evaluated pain-associated wiping behavior and conducted ex vivo live Ca2+ imaging of the DIO ear skin to detect sensory hypersensitivity. Our findings reveal sensory hypersensitivity in skin nociceptive axons followed by axon degeneration. Further mechanistic analysis identified keratinocytes as a major source of nerve growth factor (NGF) in DIO skin, which locally sensitizes nociceptors through NGF-mediated signaling. Indeed, the local inactivation of NGF and its receptor TrkA-mediated downstream signaling, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway, suppresses sensory hypersensitivity in DIO skin. Thus, targeting these local interactions between keratinocytes and nociceptors offers a therapeutic strategy for managing neuropathic pain, avoiding the adverse effects associated with systemic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukouyama, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local keratinocyte-nociceptor interactions enhance obesity-mediated small fiber neuropathy via NGF-TrkA-PI3K signaling axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.13.603322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-ET reveals the in situ architecture of the polar tube invasion apparatus from microsporidian parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.13.603322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsporidia are divergent fungal pathogens that employ a harpoon-like apparatus called the polar tube (PT) to invade host cells. The PT architecture and its association with neighboring organelles remain poorly understood. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to investigate the structural cell biology of the PT in dormant spores from the human-infecting microsporidian species, Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Segmentation and subtomogram averaging of the PT reveal at least four layers: two protein-based layers surrounded by a membrane, and filled with a dense core. Regularly spaced protein filaments form the structural skeleton of the PT. Combining cryo-electron tomography with cellular modeling, we propose a model for the 3-dimensional organization of the polaroplast, an organelle that is continuous with the membrane layer that envelops the PT. Our results reveal the ultrastructure of the microsporidian invasion apparatus in situ, laying the foundation for understanding infection mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Usmani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coudray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramchandani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopylov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.13.603322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-ET reveals the in situ architecture of the polar tube invasion apparatus from microsporidian parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance to age-related hearing loss in the echolocating big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing mediates many behaviors critical for survival in echolocating bats, including foraging and navigation. Most mammals are susceptible to progressive age-related hearing loss; however, the evolution of biosonar, which requires the ability to hear low-intensity echoes from outgoing sonar signals, may have selected against the development of hearing deficits in echolocating bats. Although many echolocating bats exhibit exceptional longevity and rely on acoustic behaviors for survival to old age, relatively little is known about the aging bat auditory system. In this study, we used DNA methylation to estimate the ages of wild-caught big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and measured hearing sensitivity in young and aging bats using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). We found no evidence for hearing deficits in aging bats, demonstrated by comparable thresholds and similar ABR wave and DPOAE amplitudes across age groups. We additionally found no significant histological evidence for cochlear aging, with similar hair cell counts, afferent, and efferent innervation patterns in young and aging bats. Here we demonstrate that big brown bats show minimal evidence for age-related loss of peripheral hearing sensitivity and therefore represent informative models for investigating mechanisms that may preserve hearing function over a long lifetime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capshaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diebold, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance to age-related hearing loss in the echolocating big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neurobiology of Cognitive Fatigue and Its Influence on Effort-Based Choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feelings of cognitive fatigue emerge through repeated mental exertion and are ubiquitous in our daily lives. However, there is a limited understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the influence of cognitive fatigue on decisions to exert. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while participants make choices to exert effort for reward, before and after bouts of fatiguing cognitive exertion. We found that when participants became cognitively fatigued, they were more likely to choose to forgo higher levels of reward that required more effort. We describe a mechanism by which signals related to cognitive exertion in dlPFC influence effort value computations, instantiated by the insula, thereby influencing an individuals decisions to exert while fatigued. Our results suggest that cognitive fatigue plays a critical role in decisions to exert effort and provides a mechanistic link through which information about cognitive state shapes effort-based choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steward, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neurobiology of Cognitive Fatigue and Its Influence on Effort-Based Choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-motility pro-tumorigenic monocytes drive macrophage enrichment in the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enrichment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM{Phi}s) in the tumor microenvironment correlates with worse clinical outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, prompting the development of therapies to inhibit TAM{Phi} infiltration. However, the lackluster efficacy of CCL2-based chemotaxis blockade in clinical trials suggests that a new understanding of monocyte/macrophage infiltration may be necessary. Here we demonstrate that random migration, and not only chemotaxis, drives macrophage tumor infiltration. We identified tumor- associated monocytes (TAMos) that display a dramatically enhanced migration capability, induced rapidly by the tumor microenvironment, that drives effective tumor infiltration, in contrast to low-motility differentiated macrophages. TAMo, not TAM{Phi}, promotes cancer cell proliferation through activation of the MAPK pathway. IL-6 secreted both by cancer cells and TAMo themselves enhances TAMo migration by increasing dendritic protrusion dynamics and myosin- based contractility via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Independent from CCL2 mediated chemotaxis, IL-6 driven enhanced migration and pro-proliferative effect of TAMo were validated in a syngeneic TNBC mouse model. Depletion of IL-6 in cancer cells significantly attenuated monocyte infiltration and reversed TAMo-induced cancer cell proliferation. This work reveals the critical role random migration plays in monocyte driven TAM{Phi} enrichment in a tumor and pinpoints IL-6 as a potential therapeutic target in combination with CCL2 to ameliorate current strategies against TAM{Phi} infiltration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Foyle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-motility pro-tumorigenic monocytes drive macrophage enrichment in the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Analysis of Human Colorectal Cancer scRNA-seq Revealed Limited Pro-tumoral IL-17 Production Potential in Gamma Delta T Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma delta ({gamma}{delta}) T cells play a crucial role in anti-tumor immunity due to their cytotoxic properties. However, the role and extent of {gamma}{delta} T cells in production of pro-tumorigenic interleukin-17 (IL-17) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. In this study, we re-analyzed nine published human CRC whole-tissue single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets, identifying 18,483 {gamma}{delta} T cells out of 951,785 total cells, in the neoplastic or adjacent normal tissue of 165 human CRC patients. Our results confirm that tumor-infiltrating {gamma}{delta} T cells exhibit high cytotoxicity-related transcription in both tumor and adjacent normal tissues, but critically, none of the {gamma}{delta} T cell clusters showed IL-17 production potential. We also identified various {gamma}{delta} T cell subsets, including Teff, TRM, Tpex, and Tex, and noted an increased expression of cytotoxic molecules in tumor-infiltrating {gamma}{delta} T cells compared to their normal area counterparts. Our work demonstrates that {gamma}{delta} T cells in CRC primarily function as cytotoxic effector cells rather than IL-17 producers, mitigating the concerns about their potential pro-tumorigenic roles in CRC, highlighting the importance of accurately characterizing these cells for cancer immunotherapy research and the unneglectable cross-species discrepancy between the mouse and human immune system in the study of cancer immunology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapecar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brubaker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Analysis of Human Colorectal Cancer scRNA-seq Revealed Limited Pro-tumoral IL-17 Production Potential in Gamma Delta T Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle expression heterogeneity predicts degree of differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods that predict fate potential or degree of differentiation from transcriptomic data have identified rare progenitor populations and uncovered developmental regulatory mechanisms. However, some state-of-the-art methods are too computationally burdensome for emerging large-scale data and all methods make inaccurate predictions in certain biological systems. We developed a method in R (stemFinder) that predicts single cell differentiation time based on heterogeneity in cell cycle gene expression. Our method is computationally tractable and is as good as or superior to competitors. As part of our benchmarking, we implemented four different performance metrics to assist potential users in selecting the tool that is most apt for their application. Finally, we explore the relationship between differentiation time and cell fate potential by analyzing a lineage tracing dataset with clonally labelled hematopoietic cells, revealing that metrics of differentiation time are correlated with the number of downstream lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle expression heterogeneity predicts degree of differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-utero rescue of neurological dysfunction in a mouse model of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WDSTS) is a rare genetic cause of intellectual disability primarily caused by heterozygous loss of function variants in the gene encoding the histone methyltransferase KMT2A. Prior studies have shown successful postnatal amelioration of disease phenotypes for Rett, Rubinstein-Taybi and Kabuki syndromes, related Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery. To explore whether the neurological phenotype in WDSTS is treatable in-utero, we created a novel mouse model carrying a loss of function variant in between two loxP sites. Kmt2a+/LSL mice demonstrate core features of WDSTS including growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, and hypertrichosis as well as hippocampal memory defects. The neurological phenotypes show rescue upon restoration of KMT2A in-utero following breeding to a nestin-Cre. Together, our data provide a novel mouse model to explore the therapeutic window in WDSTS. Our work suggests that WDSTS has a window of opportunity extending at least until the mid-point of in-utero development, making WDSTS an ideal candidate for future therapeutic strategies.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=133 SRC="FIGDIR/small/604339v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynisdottir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snorradottir, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuberi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-utero rescue of neurological dysfunction in a mouse model of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IGLoo: Profiling the Immunoglobulin Heavy chain locus in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines with PacBio High-Fidelity Sequencing reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New high-quality human genome assemblies derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) provide reference genomes and pangenomes for genomics studies. However, the characteristics of LCLs pose technical challenges to profiling immunoglobulin (IG) genes. IG loci in LCLs contain a mixture of germline and somatically recombined haplotypes, making them difficult to genotype or assemble accurately. To address these challenges, we introduce IGLoo, a software tool that implements novel methods for analyzing sequence data and genome assemblies derived from LCLs. IGLoo characterizes somatic V(D)J recombination events in the sequence data and identifies the breakpoints and missing IG genes in the LCL-based assemblies. Furthermore, IGLoo implements a novel reassembly framework to improve germline assembly quality by integrating information about somatic events and population structural variantions in the IG loci. We applied IGLoo to study the assemblies from the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, providing new insights into the mechanisms, gene usage, and patterns of V(D)J recombination, causes of assembly fragmentation in the IG heavy chain (IGH) locus, and improved representation of the IGH assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.604421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IGLoo: Profiling the Immunoglobulin Heavy chain locus in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines with PacBio High-Fidelity Sequencing reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-derived CEACAM-laden vesicles engage enterotoxigenic E. coli for elimination and toxin neutralization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause hundreds of millions of diarrheal illnesses annually ranging from mildly symptomatic cases to severe, life-threatening cholera-like diarrhea. Although ETEC are associated with long-term sequelae including malnutrition, the acute diarrheal illness is largely self-limited. Recent studies indicate that in addition to causing diarrhea, the ETEC heat-labile toxin (LT) modulates the expression of many genes in intestinal epithelia, including carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) which ETEC exploit as receptors, enabling toxin delivery. Here however, we demonstrate that LT also enhances the expression of CEACAMs on extracellular vesicles (EV) shed by intestinal epithelia and that CEACAM-laden EV increase in abundance during human infections, mitigate pathogen-host interactions, scavenge free ETEC toxins, and accelerate ETEC clearance from the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively, these findings indicate that CEACAMs play a multifaceted role in ETEC pathogen-host interactions, transiently favoring the pathogen, but ultimately contributing to innate responses that extinguish these common infections.

Significance statementEnterotoxigenic E. coli, characterized by the production of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins, are a very common cause of diarrhea in low-income regions responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year, and the major cause of diarrhea in travelers to endemic areas. Although these infections may be severe and cholera-like, they are typically self-limited. These studies demonstrate that extracellular vesicles produced by host intestinal cells can capture the bacteria and its secreted toxins at a distance from the cell surface, potentially acting as molecular decoys to neutralize the enterotoxins and extinguish the infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulke-Abel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhtar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatoon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleckenstein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-derived CEACAM-laden vesicles engage enterotoxigenic E. coli for elimination and toxin neutralization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.604757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of tongue movements by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.604757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We use our tongue much like our hands: to interact with objects and transport them. For example, we use our hands to sense properties of objects and transport them in the nearby space, and we use our tongue to sense properties of food morsels and transport them through the oral cavity. But what does the cerebellum contribute to control of tongue movements? Here, we trained head-fixed marmosets to make skillful tongue movements to harvest food from small tubes that were placed at sharp angles to their mouth. We identified the lingual regions of the cerebellar vermis and then measured the contribution of each Purkinje cell (P-cell) to control of the tongue by relying on the brief but complete suppression that they experienced following an input from the inferior olive. When a P-cell was suppressed during protraction, the tongues trajectory became hypermetric, and when the suppression took place during retraction, the tongues return to the mouth was slowed. Both effects were amplified when two P-cells were simultaneously suppressed. Therefore, suppression of P-cells in the lingual vermis disrupted the forces that would normally decelerate the tongue as it approached the target. Notably, the population simple spike activity peaked near deceleration onset when the movement required precision (aiming for a tube), but not when the movement was for the purpose of grooming. Thus, the P-cells appeared to signal when to stop protrusion as the tongue approached its target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoup, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arginteanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.604757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of tongue movements by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.604841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein surface chemistry encodes an adaptive resistance to desiccation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.604841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular desiccation - the loss of nearly all water from the cell - is a recurring stress in an increasing number of ecosystems that can drive protein unfolding and aggregation. For cells to survive, at least some of the proteome must resume function upon rehydration. Which proteins tolerate desiccation, and the molecular determinants that underlie this tolerance, are largely unknown. Here, we apply quantitative and structural proteomic mass spectrometry to show that certain proteins possess an innate capacity to tolerate rehydration following extreme water loss. Structural analysis points to protein surface chemistry as a key determinant for desiccation tolerance, which we test by showing that rational surface mutants can convert a desiccation sensitive protein into a tolerant one. Desiccation tolerance also has strong overlap with cellular function, with highly tolerant proteins responsible for production of small molecule building blocks, and intolerant proteins involved in energy-consuming processes such as ribosome biogenesis. As a result, the rehydrated proteome is preferentially enriched with metabolite and small molecule producers and depleted of some of the cells heaviest consumers. We propose this functional bias enables cells to kickstart their metabolism and promote cell survival following desiccation and rehydration.

TeaserProteins can resist extreme dryness by tuning the amino acids on their surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero-Perez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manriquez-Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotthammer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emenecker, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukenik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.604841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein surface chemistry encodes an adaptive resistance to desiccation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPMK Deficiency Reduces Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Metabolism and Exercise Capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol phosphates are critical signaling messengers involved in a wide range of biological pathways in which inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) functions as a rate-limiting enzyme for inositol polyphosphate metabolism. IPMK has been implicated in cellular metabolism, but its function at the systemic level is still poorly understood. Since skeletal muscle is a major contributor to energy homeostasis, we have developed a mouse model in which skeletal muscle IPMK is specifically deleted and examined how a loss of IPMK affects whole-body metabolism. Here, we report that mice in which IPMK knockout is deleted, specifically in the skeletal muscle, displayed an increased body weight, disrupted glucose tolerance, and reduced exercise tolerance under the normal diet. Moreover, these changes were associated with an increased accumulation of triglyceride in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we have confirmed that a loss of IPMK led to reduced beta-oxidation, increased triglyceride accumulation, and impaired insulin response in IPMK-deficient muscle cells. Thus, our results suggest that IPMK mediates the whole-body metabolism via regulating muscle metabolism and may be potentially targeted for the treatment of metabolic syndromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu-Sekine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPMK Deficiency Reduces Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Metabolism and Exercise Capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arc controls organ architecture through modulation of Crb and MyoII 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise orchestration of morphogenetic processes is required to generate organs that are optimally situated within the organism, and that are of the right size and shape to fit and maximize functionality. Here, we describe the role of Arc, a large apical membrane-associated PDZ domain-containing protein, that works through the apical determinant Crumb (Crb) to limit MyoII activity during tissue invagination in the forming Drosophila salivary gland (SG). We show that loss of Arc, attenuation of Crb function, as well as increased activation of non-muscle Myosin II (MyoII) leads to the simultaneous internalization of more precursor cells than normal. Consequently, mature SGs are significantly shorter with more cells surrounding the lumen at all positions along the tube. Correspondingly, overexpression of Arc or SG-specific knockdown of MyoII leads to the formation of longer SGs with fewer cells surrounding the lumen. We show that both Arc PDZ domains are required for Arc function and that they have distinct activities. Finally, we show that Arc facilitates Crb plasma membrane (PM) localization and suggests a model wherein PM-associated Crb stabilizes cellular junctions countering the destabilizing effects of apical medial and junctional pools of activated MyoII, thus limiting the number of primordial cells internalizing at any given time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertrees, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arc controls organ architecture through modulation of Crb and MyoII]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of H2A.Z-associated human chromatin remodelers SRCAP and TIP60 reveal divergent mechanisms of chromatin engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H2A.Z is a conserved histone variant that is localized to specific genomic regions where it plays important roles in transcription, DNA repair, and replication. Central to the biochemistry of human H2A.Z are the SRCAP and TIP60 chromatin remodelers, homologs of yeast SWR1 which catalyzes ATP-dependent H2A.Z exchange. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to resolve six structural states of the native SRCAP complex, uncovering conformational intermediates interpreted as a stepwise path to full nucleosome engagement. We also resolve the structure of the native TIP60 complex which consists of a structured core from which flexibly tethered chromatin binding domains emerge. Despite the shared subunit composition, the core of TIP60 displays divergent architectures from SRCAP that structurally disfavor nucleosome engagement, suggesting a distinct biochemical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of H2A.Z-associated human chromatin remodelers SRCAP and TIP60 reveal divergent mechanisms of chromatin engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closing the genome of Teredinibacter turnerae T7902 by long-read nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the complete closed circular genome sequence derived from Oxford Nanopore sequencing of the shipworm endosymbiont Teredinibacter turnerae T7902 (DSM 15152, ATCC 39867), originally isolated from the shipworm Lyrodus pedicellatus (1). This sequence will aid in the comparative genomics of shipworm endosymbionts and the understanding of host-symbiont evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gasser, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filone, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closing the genome of Teredinibacter turnerae T7902 by long-read nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete sequencing of ape genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present haplotype-resolved reference genomes and comparative analyses of six ape species, namely: chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and siamang. We achieve chromosome-level contiguity with unparalleled sequence accuracy (<1 error in 500,000 base pairs), completely sequencing 215 gapless chromosomes telomere-to-telomere. We resolve challenging regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci, providing more in-depth evolutionary insights. Comparative analyses, including human, allow us to investigate the evolution and diversity of regions previously uncharacterized or incompletely studied without bias from mapping to the human reference. This includes newly minted gene families within lineage-specific segmental duplications, centromeric DNA, acrocentric chromosomes, and subterminal heterochromatin. This resource should serve as a definitive baseline for all future evolutionary studies of humans and our closest living ape relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montinaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malukiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelbrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feschotte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete sequencing of ape genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug Metabolism and Transport Capacity of Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and Astrocytes: Implications for CNS Drug Disposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutically targeting the brain requires interactions with endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes at the blood brain barrier (BBB). We evaluated regional and cell-type specific drug metabolism and transport mechanisms using rhesus macaques and in vitro treatment of primary human cells. Here, we report heterogenous distribution of representative drugs, tenofovir (TFV), emtricitabine (FTC), and their active metabolites, which cerebrospinal fluid measures could not reflect. We found that all BBB cell types possessed functional drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters that promoted TFV and FTC uptake and pharmacologic activation. Pericytes and astrocytes emerged as pharmacologically dynamic cells that rivaled hepatocytes and were uniquely susceptible to modulation by disease and treatment. Together, our findings demonstrate the importance of considering the BBB as a unique pharmacologic entity, rather than viewing it as an extension of the liver, as each cell type possesses distinct drug metabolism and transport capacities that contribute to differential brain drug disposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knerler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshanna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.01.606165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug Metabolism and Transport Capacity of Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and Astrocytes: Implications for CNS Drug Disposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.02.606418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The estrous cycle modulates hippocampal spine dynamics, dendritic processing, and spatial coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.02.606418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractHistological evidence suggests that the estrous cycle exerts a powerful effect on CA1 neurons in mammalian hippocampus. Decades have passed since this landmark observation, yet how the estrous cycle shapes dendritic spine dynamics and hippocampal spatial coding in vivo remains a mystery. Here, we used a custom hippocampal microperiscope and two-photon calcium imaging to track CA1 pyramidal neurons in female mice over multiple cycles. Estrous cycle stage had a potent effect on spine dynamics, with heightened density during periods of greater estradiol (proestrus). These morphological changes were accompanied by greater somatodendritic coupling and increased infiltration of back-propagating action potentials into the apical dendrite. Finally, tracking CA1 response properties during navigation revealed enhanced place field stability during proestrus, evident at the single-cell and population level. These results establish the estrous cycle as a driver of large-scale structural and functional plasticity in hippocampal circuits essential for learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolcott, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redman, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goard, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.606418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The estrous cycle modulates hippocampal spine dynamics, dendritic processing, and spatial coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.03.606493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D histology reveals that immune response to pancreatic precancers is heterogeneous and depends on global pancreas structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.03.606493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer for which few effective therapies exist. Immunotherapies specifically are ineffective in pancreatic cancer, in part due to its unique stromal and immune microenvironment. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or PanIN, is the main precursor lesion to PDAC. Recently it was discovered that PanINs are remarkably abundant in the grossly normal pancreas, suggesting that the vast majority will never progress to cancer. Here, through construction of 48 samples of cm3-sized human pancreas tissue, we profiled the immune microenvironment of 1,476 PanINs in 3D and at single-cell resolution to better understand the early evolution of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and to determine how inflammation may play a role in cancer progression.

We found that bulk pancreatic inflammation strongly correlates to PanIN cell fraction. We found that the immune response around PanINs is highly heterogeneous, with distinct immune hotspots and cold spots that appear and disappear in a span of tens of microns. Immune hotspots generally mark locations of higher grade of dysplasia or locations near acinar atrophy. The immune composition at these hotspots is dominated by naive, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and tumor associated macrophages, with little similarity to the immune composition around less-inflamed PanINs. By mapping FOXP3+ cells in 3D, we found that regulatory T cells are present at higher density in larger PanIN lesions compared to smaller PanINs, suggesting that the early initiation of PanINs may not exhibit an immunosuppressive response.

This analysis demonstrates that while PanINs are common in the pancreases of most individuals, inflammation may play a pivotal role, both at the bulk and the microscopic scale, in demarcating regions of significance in cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almagro Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos Romero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dequiedt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parksong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahesh Babu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.03.606493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D histology reveals that immune response to pancreatic precancers is heterogeneous and depends on global pancreas structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial real-time in vivo recording of electrophysiological neural activity in the rodent brain with near-infrared photoacoustic voltage-sensitive dye imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimally-invasive monitoring of electrophysiological neural activities in real-time--that enables quantification of neural functions without a need for invasive craniotomy and the longer time constants of fMRI and PET--presents a very challenging yet significant task for neuroimaging. In this paper, we present in vivo functional PA (fPA) imaging of chemoconvulsant rat seizure model with intact scalp using a fluorescence quenching-based cyanine voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) characterized by a lipid vesicle model mimicking different levels of membrane potential variation. The framework also involves use of a near-infrared VSD delivered through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), opened by pharmacological modulation of adenosine receptor signaling. Our normalized time-frequency analysis presented in vivo VSD response in the seizure group significantly distinguishable from those of the control groups at sub-mm spatial resolution. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording confirmed the changes of severity and frequency of brain activities, induced by chemoconvulsant seizures of the rat brain. The findings demonstrate that the near-infrared fPA VSD imaging is a promising tool for in vivo recording of brain activities through intact scalp, which would pave a way to its future translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjedde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial real-time in vivo recording of electrophysiological neural activity in the rodent brain with near-infrared photoacoustic voltage-sensitive dye imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addressing confounding artifacts in reconstruction of gene co-expression networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGene co-expression networks capture diverse biological relationships between genes, and are important tools in predicting gene function and understanding disease mechanisms. Functional interactions between genes have not been fully characterized for most organisms, and therefore reconstruction of gene co-expression networks has been of common interest in a variety of settings. However, methods routinely used for reconstruction of gene co-expression networks do not account for confounding artifacts known to affect high dimensional gene expression measurements.nnResultsIn this study, we show that artifacts such as batch effects in gene expression data confound commonly used network reconstruction algorithms. Both theoretically and empirically, we demonstrate that removing the effects of top principal components from gene expression measurements prior to network inference can reduce false discoveries, especially when well annotated technical covariates are not available. Using expression data from the GTEx project in multiple tissues and hundreds of individuals, we show that this latent factor residualization approach often reduces false discoveries in the reconstructed networks.nnConclusionNetwork reconstruction is susceptible to confounders that affect measurements of gene expression. Even controlling for major individual known technical covariates fails to fully eliminate confounding variation from the data. In studies where a wide range of annotated technical factors are measured and available, correcting gene expression data with multiple covariates can also improve network reconstruction, but such extensive annotations are not always available. Our study shows that principal component correction, which does not depend on study design or annotation of all relevant confounders, removes patterns of artifactual variation and improves network reconstruction in both simulated data, and gene expression data from GTEx project. We have implemented our PC correction approach in the Bioconductor package sva which can be used prior to network reconstruction with a range of methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruberman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addressing confounding artifacts in reconstruction of gene co-expression networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive detection of upper tract urothelial carcinomas through the analysis of driver gene mutations and aneuploidy in urine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) of the renal pelvis or ureter can be difficult to detect and challenging to diagnose. Here, we report the development and application of a non-invasive test for UTUC based on molecular analyses of DNA recovered from cells shed into the urine. The test, called UroSEEK, incorporates assays for mutations in eleven genes frequently mutated in urologic malignancies and for allelic imbalances on 39 chromosome arms. At least one genetic abnormality was detected in 75% of urinary cell samples from 56 UTUC patients but in only 0.5% of 188 samples from healthy individuals. The assay was considerably more sensitive than urine cytology, the current standard-of-care. UroSEEK therefore has the potential to be used for screening or to aid in diagnosis in patients at increased risk for UTUC, such as those exposed to herbal remedies containing the carcinogen aristolochic acid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Springer, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silliman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shun, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netto, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turesky, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenquist, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grollman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickman, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive detection of upper tract urothelial carcinomas through the analysis of driver gene mutations and aneuploidy in urine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive detection of bladder cancer through the analysis of driver gene mutations and aneuploidy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current non-invasive approaches for bladder cancer (BC) detection are suboptimal. We report the development of non-invasive molecular test for BC using DNA recovered from cells shed into urine. This "UroSEEK" test incorporates assays for mutations in 11 genes and copy number changes on 39 chromosome arms. We first evaluated 570 urine samples from patients at risk for BC (microscopic hematuria or dysuria). UroSEEK was positive in 83% of patients that developed BC, but in only 7% of patients who did not develop BC. Combined with cytology, 95% of patients that developed BC were positive. We then evaluated 322 urine samples from patients soon after their BCs had been surgically resected. UroSEEK detected abnormalities in 66% of the urine samples from these patients, sometimes up to 4 years prior to clinical evidence of residual neoplasia, while cytology was positive in only 25% of such urine samples. The advantages of UroSEEK over cytology were particularly evident in low-grade tumors, wherein cytology detected none while UroSEEK detected 67% of 49 cases. These results establish the foundation for a new, non-invasive approach to the detection of BC in patients at risk for initial or recurrent disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Springer, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Pena, M. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silliman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tregnago, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezerra, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandenBussche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickman, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grollman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netto, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive detection of bladder cancer through the analysis of driver gene mutations and aneuploidy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QuASAR: Quality Assessment of Spatial Arrangement Reproducibility in Hi-C Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C has revolutionized global interrogation of chromosome conformation, however there are few tools to assess the reliability of individual experiments. Here we present a new approach, QuASAR, for measuring quality within and between Hi-C samples. We show that QuASAR can detect even tiny fractions of noise and estimate both return on additional sequencing and quality upper bounds. We also demonstrate QuASAR's utility in measuring replicate agreement across feature resolutions. Finally, QuASAR can estimate resolution limits based on both internal and replicate quality scores. QuASAR provides an objective means of Hi-C sample comparison while providing context and limits to these measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QuASAR: Quality Assessment of Spatial Arrangement Reproducibility in Hi-C Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organizing principles of pulvino-cortical connectivity in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pulvinar regulates information transmission to cortex and communication between cortical areas. The way the pulvinar interacts with cortex is governed by its intrinsic organization. Here, we show using fMRI that the human pulvinar is functionally heterogeneous, broadly separated into dorsal and ventral subdivisions based on characterization of response properties and functional connectivity with cortex. These differences mirrored the organization of the dorsal and ventral streams of visual cortex. The ventral subdivision of the pulvinar was functionally coupled with occipital and temporal cortex. The dorsal subdivision of the pulvinar was functionally coupled with frontal and parietal cortex. The dorsal subdivision was also coupled with the human-specific tool network and to the default mode network. The spatial organization of pulvino-cortical coupling reflected both the functional similarities and anatomical distances between cortical areas. Together, the human pulvinar appears to represent the entire visual system and the principles that govern its organization, though in a spatially compressed form.nnAuthor ContributionsMA, MP, and JC collected data; MA and JC analyzed the data; MA, MP, JC, and SK wrote the paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organizing principles of pulvino-cortical connectivity in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling read aligners to hundreds of threads on general-purpose processors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General-purpose processors can now contain many dozens of processor cores and support hundreds of simultaneous threads of execution. To make best use of these threads, genomics software must contend with new and subtle computer architecture issues. We discuss some of these and propose methods for improving thread scaling in tools that analyze each read independently, such as read aligners. We implement these methods in new versions of Bowtie, Bowtie 2 and HISAT. We greatly improve thread scaling in many scenarios, including on the recent Intel Xeon Phi architecture. We also highlight how bottlenecks are exacerbated by variable-record-length file formats like FASTQ and suggest changes that enable superior scaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling read aligners to hundreds of threads on general-purpose processors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time observation of DNA target interrogation and product release by the RNA-guided endonuclease CRISPR Cpf1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9, which imparts adaptive immunity against foreign genomic invaders in certain prokaryotes, has been repurposed for genome-engineering applications. More recently, another RNA-guided CRISPR endonuclease called Cpf1 (also known as Cas12a) was identified and is also being repurposed. Little is known about the kinetics and mechanism of Cpf1 DNA interaction and how sequence mismatches between the DNA target and guide-RNA influence this interaction. We have used single-molecule fluorescence analysis and biochemical assays to characterize DNA interrogation, cleavage, and product release by three Cpf1 orthologues. Our Cpf1 data are consistent with the DNA interrogation mechanism proposed for Cas9, they both bind any DNA in search of PAM (protospacer-adjacent motif) sequences, verifies the target sequence directionally from the PAM-proximal end and rapidly rejects any targets that lack a PAM or that are poorly matched with the guide-RNA. Unlike Cas9, which requires 9 bp for stable binding and ~16 bp for cleavage, Cpf1 requires ~ 17 bp sequence match for both stable binding and cleavage. Unlike Cas9, which does not release the DNA cleavage products, Cpf1 rapidly releases the PAM-distal cleavage product, but not the PAM-proximal product. Solution pH, reducing conditions and 5 guanine in guide-RNA differentially affected different Cpf1 orthologues. Our findings have important implications on Cpf1-based genome engineering and manipulation applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time observation of DNA target interrogation and product release by the RNA-guided endonuclease CRISPR Cpf1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stoichiometric balance of protein copy numbers is measurable and functionally significant in a protein-protein interaction network for yeast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stoichiometric balance, or dosage balance, implies that proteins that are subunits of obligate complexes (e.g. the ribosome) should have copy numbers expressed to match their stoichiometry in that complex. Establishing balance (or imbalance) is an important tool for inferring subunit function and assembly bottlenecks. We show here that these correlations in protein copy numbers can extend beyond complex subunits to larger protein-protein interactions networks (PPIN) involving a range of reversible binding interactions. We develop a simple method for quantifying balance in any interface-resolved PPINs based on network structure and experimentally observed protein copy numbers. By analyzing such a network for the clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) system in yeast, we found that the real protein copy numbers were significantly more balanced in relation to their binding partners compared to randomly sampled sets of yeast copy numbers. The observed balance is not perfect, highlighting both under and overexpressed proteins. We evaluate the potential cost and benefits of imbalance using two criteria. First, a potential cost to imbalance is that leftover proteins without remaining functional partners are free to misinteract. We systematically quantify how this misinteraction cost is most dangerous for strong-binding protein interactions and for network topologies observed in biological PPINs. Second, a more direct consequence of imbalance is that the formation of specific functional complexes depends on relative copy numbers. We therefore construct simple kinetic models of two sub-networks in the CME network to assess multi-protein assembly of the ARP2/3 complex and a minimal, nine-protein clathrin-coated vesicle forming module. We find that the observed, imperfectly balanced copy numbers are less effective than balanced copy numbers in producing fast and complete multi-protein assemblies. However, we speculate that strategic imbalance in the vesicle forming module allows cells to tune where endocytosis occurs, providing sensitive control over cargo uptake via clathrin-coated vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stoichiometric balance of protein copy numbers is measurable and functionally significant in a protein-protein interaction network for yeast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An olfactogenetic approach identifies olfactory neurons and brain centers directing negative oviposition decisions in Drosophila. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of smell influences behaviors in animals, yet how odors are represented in the brain remains unclear. The nose contains different types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), each expressing a particular odorant receptor, and OSNs expressing the same receptors converge their axons on a brain region called a glomerulus. In Drosophila, second order neurons (projection neurons) typically innervate a single glomerulus and send stereotyped axonal projections to the lateral horn. One of the greatest challenges to studying olfaction is the lack of methods allowing activation of specific types of olfactory neurons in an ethologically relevant setting. Most odorants activate many olfactory neurons, and many olfactory neurons are activated by a variety of odorants. As such, it is difficult to identify if individual types of olfactory neurons directly influence a behavior. To address this, we developed a genetic method in Drosophila called olfactogenetics in which a narrowly tuned odorant receptor, Or56a, is ectopically expressed in different olfactory neuron types. Stimulation with geosmin (the only known Or56a ligand), in an Or56a mutant background leads to specific activation of only the target olfactory neuron type. We used this approach to identify which types of olfactory neurons can directly guide oviposition decisions. We identified 5 OSN-types (Or71a, Or47b, Or49a, Or67b, and Or7a) that, when activated alone, suppress oviposition. Projection neurons partnering with these OSNs share a region of innervation in the lateral horn, suggesting that oviposition site-selection might be encoded in this brain region.nnSignificance StatementThe sense of smell begins by activation of olfactory neurons in the nose. These neurons express an olfactory receptor that binds odorants (volatile chemicals). How the sense of smell is encoded in the brain remains unclear. A key challenge is due to the nature of olfactory receptors themselves - most respond to a wide range of odorants - so it is often impossible to activate just a single olfactory neuron type. We describe here a novel approach in Drosophila called  olfactogenetics which allows the specific experimental activation of any desired olfactory neuron. We use olfactogenetics to identify olfactory neurons and brain regions that guide egg-laying site selection. Olfactogenetics could be a valuable method to link olfactory neuron activities with circuits and behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huoviala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An olfactogenetic approach identifies olfactory neurons and brain centers directing negative oviposition decisions in Drosophila.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OGT (O-GlcNAc Transferase) selectively modifies multiple residues unique to lamin A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LMNA gene encodes lamins A and C with key roles in nuclear structure, signaling, chromatin organization, and genome integrity. Mutations in LMNA cause >12 diseases, termed laminopathies. Lamins A and C are identical for their first 566 residues. However, they form distinct filaments in vivo with apparently distinct roles. We report that lamin A is O-GlcNAc modified in human hepatoma (Huh7) cells and in mouse liver. In vitro assays with purified OGT enzyme showed robust O-GlcNAcylation of recombinant mature lamin A tails (residues 385-646), with no detectable modification of lamin B1, lamin C, or  progerin ({Delta}50) tails. Using mass spectrometry, we identified 11 O-GlcNAc sites in a  sweet spot unique to lamin A, with up to seven sugars per peptide. Most sites were unpredicted by current algorithms. Double-mutant (S612A/T643A) lamin A tails were still robustly O-GlcNAc-modified at seven sites. By contrast, O-GlcNAcylation was undetectable on tails bearing deletion {Delta}50, which causes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, and greatly reduced by deletion {Delta}35, suggesting this region is required for substrate recognition or modification by OGT in vitro. These results suggest OGT, an essential protein and master regulator, regulates partners or function(s) unique to lamin A that are lost in progeria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simon, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wriston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabanowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florwick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmaraj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenbaum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronning-Wang, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OGT (O-GlcNAc Transferase) selectively modifies multiple residues unique to lamin A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating relations between fMRI, ECoG and EEG through a common natural stimulus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain mapping relies heavily on fMRI, ECoG and EEG, which capture different physiological signals. Relationships between these signals have been established in the context of specific tasks or during resting state, often using spatially confined concurrent recordings in animals. But it is not certain whether these correlations generalize to other contexts relevant for human cognitive neuroscience. Here, we address the case of complex naturalistic stimuli and ask two basic questions. First, how reliable are the responses evoked by a naturalistic audio-visual stimulus in each of these imaging methods, and second, how similar are stimulus-related responses across methods? To this end, we investigated a wide range of brain regions and frequency bands. We presented the same movie clip twice to three different cohorts of subjects (NEEG = 45, NfMRI = 11, NECoG = 5) and assessed stimulus-driven correlations across viewings and between imaging methods, thereby ruling out task-irrelevant confounds. All three imaging methods had similar repeat-reliability across viewings when fMRI and EEG data were averaged across subjects, highlighting the potential to achieve large signal-to-noise ratio by leveraging large sample sizes. The fMRI signal correlated positively with high-frequency ECoG power across multiple task-related cortical structures but positively with low-frequency EEG and ECoG power. In contrast to previous studies, these correlations were as strong for low-frequency as for high frequency ECoG. We also observed links between fMRI and infra-slow EEG voltage fluctuations. These results extend previous findings to the case of natural stimulus processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haufe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGuzman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating relations between fMRI, ECoG and EEG through a common natural stimulus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational discovery of tissue morphology biomarkers in very long-term survivors with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, with an average 5-year survival rate of only 8%. Within PDAC patients, however, there is a small subset of patients who survive >10 years. Deciphering underlying reasons behind prolonged survival could potentially provide new opportunities to treat PDAC; however, no genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, or clinical signatures have been found to robustly separate this subset of patients. Digital pathology, in combination with machine learning, provides an opportunity to computationally search for tissue morphology patterns associated with disease outcomes. Here, we developed a computational framework to analyze whole-slide images (WSI) of PDAC patient tissue and identify tissue-morphology signatures for very long term surviving patients. Our results indicate that less tissue morphology heterogeneity is significantly linked to better patient survival and that the extra-tumoral space encodes prognostic information for survival. Based on information from morphological heterogeneity in the tumor and its adjacent area, we established a machine learning model with an AUC of 0.94. Our analysis workflow highlighted a quantitative visual-based tissue phenotype analysis that also allows direct interaction with pathology. This study demonstrates a pathway to accelerate the discovery of undetermined tissue morphology associated with pathogenesis states and prognosis and diagnosis of patients by utilizing new computational approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarnecki, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational discovery of tissue morphology biomarkers in very long-term survivors with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D cell nuclear morphology: microscopy imaging dataset and voxel-based morphometry classification results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell deformation is regulated by complex underlying biological mechanisms associated with spatial and temporal morphological changes in the nucleus that are related to cell differentiation, development, proliferation, and disease. Thus, quantitative analysis of changes in size and shape of nuclear structures in 3D microscopic images is important not only for investigating nuclear organization, but also for detecting and treating pathological conditions such as cancer. While many efforts have been made to develop cell and nuclear shape characteristics in 2D or pseudo-3D, several studies have suggested that 3D morphometric measures provide better results for nuclear shape description and discrimination. A few methods have been proposed to classify cell and nuclear morphological phenotypes in 3D, however, there is a lack of publicly available 3D data for the evaluation and comparison of such algorithms. This limitation becomes of great importance when the ability to evaluate different approaches on benchmark data is needed for better dissemination of the current state of the art methods for bioimage analysis. To address this problem, we present a dataset containing two different cell collections, including original 3D microscopic images of cell nuclei and nucleoli. In addition, we perform a baseline evaluation of a number of popular classification algorithms using 2D and 3D voxel-based morphometric measures. To account for batch effects, while enabling calculations of AUROC and AUPR performance metrics, we propose a specific cross-validation scheme that we compare with commonly used k-fold cross-validation. Original and derived imaging data are made publicly available on the project web-page: http://www.socr.umich.edu/projects/3d-cell-morphometry/data.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalinin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allyn-Feuer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, G.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meixner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wet, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creekmore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdone, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltri, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinov, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D cell nuclear morphology: microscopy imaging dataset and voxel-based morphometry classification results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline determinants of the somatic mutation landscape in 2,642 cancer genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers develop through somatic mutagenesis, however germline genetic variation can markedly contribute to tumorigenesis via diverse mechanisms. We discovered and phased 88 million germline single nucleotide variants, short insertions/deletions, and large structural variants in whole genomes from 2,642 cancer patients, and employed this genomic resource to study genetic determinants of somatic mutagenesis across 39 cancer types. Our analyses implicate damaging germline variants in a variety of cancer predisposition and DNA damage response genes with specific somatic mutation patterns. Mutations in the MBD4 DNA glycosylase gene showed association with elevated C>T mutagenesis at CpG dinucleotides, a ubiquitous mutational process acting across tissues. Analysis of somatic structural variation exposed complex rearrangement patterns, involving cycles of templated insertions and tandem duplications, in BRCA1-deficient tumours. Genome-wide association analysis implicated common genetic variation at the APOBEC3 gene cluster with reduced basal levels of somatic mutagenesis attributable to APOBEC cytidine deaminases across cancer types. We further inferred over a hundred polymorphic L1/LINE elements with somatic retrotransposition activity in cancer. Our study highlights the major impact of rare and common germline variants on mutational landscapes in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waszak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muyas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabionet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakneen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escaramis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demidov, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkanen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaneau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heredia-Genestar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weischenfeldt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shringarpure, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drechsel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dursi, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erkek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cafferkey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaltonen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Ortega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruzos, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchhalter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBiase,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline determinants of the somatic mutation landscape in 2,642 cancer genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors are secreted in biologically active Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane vesicles produced by Gram-negative bacteria have been studied for half a century but the possibility that Gram-positive bacteria secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) was not pursued due to the assumption that the thick peptidoglycan cell wall would prevent their release to the environment. However, following discovery in fungi, which also have cell walls, EVs have now been described for a variety of Gram-positive bacteria. EVs purified from Gram-positive bacteriaare implicated in virulence, toxin release and transference to host cells, eliciting immune responses, and spread of antibiotic resistance. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that is the etiological agent of listeriosis. Here we report that L. monocytogenes produces EVs with diameter ranging from 20-200 nm, containing the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O(LLO) and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Using simultaneous metabolite, protein, and lipid extraction (MPLEx) multi-omics we characterized protein, lipid and metabolite composition of bacterial cells and secreted EVs and found that EVs carry the majority of listerial virulence proteins. Cell-free EV preparations were toxic to the murine macrophage cell line J774.16, in a LLO-dependent manner, evidencing EV biological activity. The deletion of plcA increased EV toxicity, suggesting PI-PLC can restrain LLO activity. Using immunogold electron microscopy we detect LLO localization at several organelles within infected human epithelial cells and with high-resolution fluorescence imaging we show that dynamic lipid structures are released from L. monocytogenes that colocalize with LLO during infection. Our findings demonstrate that L. monocytogenes utilize EVs for toxin release and implicate these structures in mammalian cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnet, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prados-Rosales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauvau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors are secreted in biologically active Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial theta cells in competitive burst synchronization networks: Reference frames from phase codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial cells of the hippocampal formation are embedded in networks of theta cells. The septal theta rhythm (6-10 Hz) organizes the spatial activity of place and grid cells in time, but it remains unclear how spatial reference points organize the temporal activity of theta cells in space. We study spatial theta cells in simulations and single-unit recordings from exploring rats to ask whether temporal phase codes may anchor spatial representations to the outside world. We theorize that an experience-independent mechanism for temporal coding may combine with burst synchronization to continuously calibrate self-motion to allocentric reference frames. Subcortical recordings revealed spatial theta cells with strong rate-phase correlations related to distinct theta phases. Simulations of bursting neurons and networks explained that relationship and, with competitive learning, demonstrated flexible spatial synchronization patterns when driven by low-dimensional spatial components from the recording data. Thus temporal coding synchrony may reconcile extrinsic and intrinsic neural codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monaco, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial theta cells in competitive burst synchronization networks: Reference frames from phase codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lamins organize the global three-dimensional genome from the nuclear periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lamins are structural components of the nuclear lamina (NL) that regulate genome organization and gene expression, but the mechanism remains unclear. Using Hi-C, we show that lamins maintain proper interactions among the topologically associated chromatin domains (TADs) but not their overall architecture. Combining Hi-C with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and analyses of lamina-associated domains (LADs), we reveal that lamin loss causes expansion or detachment of specific LADs in mouse ES cells. The detached LADs disrupt 3D interactions of both LADs and interior chromatin. 4C and epigenome analyses further demonstrate that lamins maintain the active and repressive chromatin domains among different TADs. By combining these studies with transcriptome analyses, we found a significant correlation between transcription changes and the changes of active and inactive chromatin domain interactions. These findings provide a foundation to further study how the nuclear periphery impacts genome organization and transcription in development and NL-associated diseases.nnHighlightsO_LILamin loss does not affect the overall TAD structure but alters TAD-TAD interactionsnC_LIO_LILamin null ES cells exhibit decondensation or detachment of specific LAD regionsnC_LIO_LIExpansion and detachment of LADs can alter genome-wide 3D chromatin interactionsnC_LIO_LIAltered chromatin domain interactions are correlated with altered transcriptionnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lamins organize the global three-dimensional genome from the nuclear periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An automated statistical technique for counting distinct multiple sclerosis lesions can recover aspects of lesion history and provide relevant disease information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLesion load is a common biomarker in multiple sclerosis, yet it has historically shown modest associations with clinical outcomes. Lesion count, which encapsulates the natural history of lesion formation and is thought to provide complementary information, is difficult to assess in patients with confluent (i.e. spatially overlapping) lesions. We introduce a statistical technique for cross-sectionally counting pathologically distinct lesions.nnMethodsMRI is used to assess the probability of lesion at each location. The texture of this map is quantified using a novel technique, and clusters resembling the center of a lesion are counted.nnResultsValidity was demonstrated by comparing the proposed count to a gold-standard count in 60 subjects observed longitudinally. The counts were highly correlated (r = .97, p < .001) and not significantly different (t59 = -0.83, p > .40). Reliability was determined using 14 scans of a clinically stable subject acquired at 7 sites, and variability of lesion count was equivalent to that of lesion load. Accounting for lesion load and age, lesion count was negatively associated (t58 = -2.73, p < .01) with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Average lesion size had a higher association with EDSS (r =.35, p < .01) than lesion load (r = .10, p > .40) or lesion count (r = -.12, p > .30) alone.nnConclusionThese findings demonstrate that it is possible to recover important aspects of the natural history of lesion formation without longitudinal data, and suggest that lesion size provides complementary information about disease.nnGrant SupportThe project described was supported in part by the NIH grants R01 NS085211, R21 NS093349, and R01 NS094456 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The study was also supported by the Intramural Research Program of NINDS and the Race to Erase MS Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papinutto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicotte, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An automated statistical technique for counting distinct multiple sclerosis lesions can recover aspects of lesion history and provide relevant disease information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCGA-Assembler 2: Software Pipeline for Retrieval and Processing of TCGA/CPTAC Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program has produced huge amounts of cancer genomics data providing unprecedented opportunities for research. In 2014, we developed TCGA-Assembler (Zhu et al, 2014), a software pipeline for retrieval and processing of public TCGA data. In 2016, TCGA data were transferred from the TCGA data portal to the Genomic Data Commons (GDC), which is supported by a different set of data storage and retrieval mechanisms. In addition, new proteomics data of TCGA samples have been generated by the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) program, which were not available for downloading through TCGA-Assembler. It is desirable to acquire and integrate data from both GDC and CPTAC.nnResultsWe develop TCGA-Assembler 2 (TA2) to automatically download and integrate data from GDC and CPTAC. We make substantial improvement on the functionality of TA2 to enhance user experience and software performance. TA2 together with its previous version have helped more than 2,000 researchers from 64 countries to access and utilize TCGA and CPTAC data in their research. Availability of TA2 will continue to allow existing and new users to conduct reproducible research based on TCGA and CPTAC data.nnAvailabilityhttp://www.compgenome.org/TCGA-Assembler/nnContactkoaeraser@gmail.com or zhuyitan@gmail.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCGA-Assembler 2: Software Pipeline for Retrieval and Processing of TCGA/CPTAC Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal elasticity patterns in extracellular matrix during Hydra morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Albeit ample evidence has suggested the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals plays crucial roles in development and diseases, little is understood how ECM mechanics correlates with tissue morphogenesis. In this study, we quantitatively determined how spatio-temporal elasticity patterns in ECM change during the asexual reproduction of freshwater polyp Hydra. We first determined the mesoscopic protein arrangement in Hydra ECM (mesoglea) by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering with nano-beam (nano-GISAXS). Our data unraveled fibrillar type I collagen in Hydra mesoglea (Hcol-I) takes an anisotropic, more strongly distorted hexagonal lattice compared to those in vertebrates that could be attributed to the lower proline content and lack of lysin-crosslinks in Hcol-1 fibers. Then, we "mapped" the spatio-temporal changes in ECM stiffness ex vivo with aid of nano-indentation. We identified three representative elasticity patterns during tissue growth along the oral-aboral body axis of the animals. Our complementary proteome analysis demonstrated that the elasticity patterns of the ECM correlate with a gradient like distribution of proteases. Perturbations of the oral Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling center further indicated that ECM elasticity patterns are governed by Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. The ex vivo biomechanical phenotyping of Hydra mesoglea established in this study will help us gain comprehensive insights into the spatio-temporal coordination of biochemical and biomechanical cues in tissue morphogenesis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veschgini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuillan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetti, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özbek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holstein, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal elasticity patterns in extracellular matrix during Hydra morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A substrate for modular, extensible data-visualization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the scope of scientific questions increase and datasets grow larger, the visualization of relevant information correspondingly becomes more difficult and complex. Sharing visualizations amongst collaborators and with the public can be especially onerous, as it is challenging to reconcile software dependencies, data formats, and specific user needs in an easily accessible package. We present substrate, a data-visualization framework designed to simplify communication and code reuse across diverse research teams. Our platform provides a simple, powerful, browser-based interface for scientists to rapidly build effective three-dimensional scenes and visualizations. We aim to reduce the gap of existing systems, which commonly prescribe a limited set of high-level components, that are rarely optimized for arbitrarily large data visualization or for custom data types. To further engage the broader scientific community and enable seamless integration with existing scientific workflows, we also present pytri, a Python library that bridges the use of substrate with the ubiquitous scientific computing platform, Jupyter. Our intention is to reduce the activation energy required to transition between exploratory data analysis, data visualization, and publication-quality interactive scenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A substrate for modular, extensible data-visualization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Block Object Storage Service (bossDB): A Cloud-Native Approach for Petascale Neuroscience Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large volumetric neuroimaging datasets have grown in size over the past ten years from gigabytes to terabytes, with petascale data becoming available and more common over the next few years. Current approaches to store and analyze these emerging datasets are insufficient in their ability to scale in both cost-effectiveness and performance. Additionally, enabling large-scale processing and annotation is critical as these data grow too large for manual inspection. We provide a new cloud-native managed service for large and multi-modal experiments, with support for data ingest, storage, visualization, and sharing through a RESTful Application Programming Interface (API) and web-based user interface. Our project is open source and can be easily and cost-effectively used for a variety of modalities and applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleissas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manavalan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillaney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Block Object Storage Service (bossDB): A Cloud-Native Approach for Petascale Neuroscience Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability Informed Power Optimization (HIPO) Leads to Enhanced Detection of Genetic Associations Across Multiple Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have shown that pleiotropy is a common phenomenon that can potentially be exploited for enhanced detection of susceptibility loci. We propose heritability informed power optimization (HIPO) for conducting powerful pleiotropic analysis using summary-level association statistics. We find optimal linear combinations of association coefficients across traits that are expected to maximize non-centrality parameter for the underlying test statistics, taking into account estimates of heritability, sample size variations and overlaps across the traits. Simulation studies show that the proposed method has correct type I error, robust to population stratification and leads to desired genome-wide enrichment of association signals. Application of the proposed method to publicly available data for three groups of genetically related traits, lipids (N=188,577), psychiatric diseases (Ncase=33,332, Ncontrol=27,888) and social science traits (N ranging between 161,460 to 298,420 across individual traits) increased the number of genome-wide significant loci by 12%, 200% and 50%, respectively, compared to those found by analysis of individual traits. Evidence of replication is present for many of these loci in subsequent larger studies for individual traits. HIPO can potentially be extended to high-dimensional phenotypes as a way of dimension reduction to maximize power for subsequent genetic association testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability Informed Power Optimization (HIPO) Leads to Enhanced Detection of Genetic Associations Across Multiple Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine scale diversification of endolithic microbial communities in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expansion of desertification across our planet is accelerating as the result of human activity and global climate change. In hyper-arid deserts, endolithic microbial communities colonize the rocks interior as a survival strategy. Yet, the composition of these communities and the drivers promoting their assembly are still poorly understood. Using a sampling strategy that minimized climate regime and biogeography effects, we analyzed the diversity and community composition of endoliths from four different lithic substrates - calcite, gypsum, ignimbrite and granite - collected in the hyper-arid zone of the Atacama Desert, Chile. By combining microscopy, mineralogy, and high throughput sequencing, we found these communities to be highly specific to their lithic substrate, although they were all dominated by the same four main phyla, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria. This finding indicates a fine scale diversification of the microbial reservoir driven by substrate properties. Our data suggest that the overall rock chemistry is not an essential driver of community structure and we propose that the architecture of the rock, i.e. the space available for colonization and its physical structure, linked to water retention capabilities, is ultimately the driver of community diversity and composition at the dry limit of life.nnOriginality-Significance StatementIn this study, we demonstrated that endolithic microbial communities are highly specific to their substrates, suggesting a fine scale diversification of the available microbial reservoir. By using an array of rock substrates from the same climatic region, we established, for the first time, that the architecture of the rock is linked to water retention and is ultimately the driver of community diversity and composition at the dry limit for life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meslier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierzchos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascaso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artieda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine scale diversification of endolithic microbial communities in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BayCount: A Bayesian Decomposition Method for Inferring Tumor Heterogeneity using RNA-Seq Counts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors are heterogeneous - a tumor sample usually consists of a set of subclones with distinct transcriptional profiles and potentially different degrees of aggressiveness and responses to drugs. Understanding tumor heterogeneity is therefore critical for precise cancer prognosis and treatment. In this paper, we introduce BayCount, a Bayesian decomposition method to infer tumor heterogeneity with highly over-dispersed RNA sequencing count data. Using negative binomial factor analysis, BayCount takes into account both the between-sample and gene-specific random effects on raw counts of sequencing reads mapped to each gene. For the posterior inference, we develop an efficient compound Poisson based blocked Gibbs sampler. Simulation studies show that BayCount is able to accurately estimate the subclonal inference, including number of subclones, the proportions of these subclones in each tumor sample, and the gene expression profiles in each subclone. For real-world data examples, we apply BayCount to The Cancer Genome Atlas lung cancer and kidney cancer RNA sequencing count data and obtain biologically interpretable results. Our method represents the first effort in characterizing tumor heterogeneity using RNA sequencing count data that simultaneously removes the need of normalizing the counts, achieves statistical robustness, and obtains biologically/clinically meaningful insights. The R package BayCount implementing our model and algorithm is available for download.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BayCount: A Bayesian Decomposition Method for Inferring Tumor Heterogeneity using RNA-Seq Counts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional landscape and regulatory roles of small non-coding RNAs in the oxidative stress response of the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haloarchaea in their natural environment are exposed to hyper-salinity, intense solar radiation, and desiccation, all of which generate high levels of oxidative stress. Previous work has shown that Haloarchaea are an order of magnitude more resistant to oxidative stress than most mesophilic organisms. Despite this resistance, the pathways Haloarchaea use to respond to oxidative stress damage are similar to that of non-resistant organisms suggesting that regulatory processes might be key to their robustness. Recently, small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) were discovered in Archaea under a variety of environmental conditions. We report here the transcriptional landscape and functional roles of sRNAs in the regulation of the oxidative stress response of the model haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii. Thousands of sRNAs, both intergenic and antisense, were discovered using strand-specific sRNA-seq, comprising around 30% of the transcriptome during non-challenged and oxidative stress conditions. We identified hundreds of differentially expressed sRNAs in response to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in H. volcanii. Targets of antisense sRNAs decreased in expression when sRNAs were up-regulated indicating that sRNAs are likely playing a negative regulatory role on mRNA targets at the transcript level. Target enrichment of these antisense sRNAs included mRNAs involved in transposons mobility, chemotaxis signaling, peptidase activity, and transcription factors.nnIMPORTANCEWhile a substantial body of experimental work has been done to uncover functions of sRNAs in gene regulation in Bacteria and Eukarya, the functional roles of sRNAs in Archaea are still poorly understood. This study is the first to establish the regulatory effects of sRNAs on mRNAs during the oxidative stress response in the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii. Our work demonstrates that common principles for the response to a major cellular stress exist across the 3 domains of life while uncovering pathways that might be specific to the Archaea. This work also underscores the relevance of sRNAs in adaptation to extreme environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional landscape and regulatory roles of small non-coding RNAs in the oxidative stress response of the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expression patterns define epigenetic regulators associated with neurological dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coding variants in genes encoding for epigenetic regulators are an emerging cause of neurological dysfunction and cancer. However, a systematic effort to identify disease candidates within the human epigenetic machinery (EM) has not been performed, and it is unclear whether features exist that distinguish between variation-intolerant and variation-tolerant EM genes, and between EM genes associated with neurological dysfunction versus cancer. Here, we rigorously define a set of 295 human genes with a direct role in epigenetic regulation (writers, erasers, remodelers, readers). Systematic exploration of these genes reveals that while individual enzymatic functions are always mutually exclusive, readers often also exhibit enzymatic activity as well (dual function EM genes). We find that the majority of EM genes are very intolerant to loss-of-function variation, even when compared to the dosage sensitive group of transcription factors. Using this strategy, we identify 103 novel EM disease candidates. We show that the intolerance to loss-of-function variation is driven by the protein domains encoding the epigenetic function, strongly suggesting that disease is caused by a perturbed chromatin state. Unexpectedly, we also describe a large subset of EM genes that are co-expressed within multiple tissues. This subset is almost exclusively populated by extremely variation-intolerant EM genes, and shows enrichment for dual function EM genes. It is also highly enriched for genes associated with neurological dysfunction, even when accounting for dosage sensitivity, but not for cancer-associated EM genes. These findings prioritize novel disease candidate EM genes, and suggest that the co-expression itself may play a functional role in normal neurological homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havrilla, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expression patterns define epigenetic regulators associated with neurological dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What are the most influencing factors in reconstructing a reliable transcriptome assembly? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing the genome and transcriptome for a new or extant species are essential steps in expanding our understanding of the organisms active RNA landscape and gene regulatory dynamics, as well as for developing therapeutic targets to fight disease. The advancement of sequencing technologies has paved the way to generate high-quality draft transcriptomes. With many possible approaches available to accomplish this task, there is a need for a closer investigation of the factors that influence the quality of the results. We carried out an extensive survey of variety of elements that are important in transcriptome assembly. We utilized the human RNA-Seq data from the Sequencing Quality Control Consortium (SEQC) as a well-characterized and comprehensive resource with an available, well-studied human reference genome. Our results indicate that the quality of the library construction significantly impacts the quality of the assembly. Higher coverage of the genome is not as important as the quality of the input RNA-Seq data. Thus, once a certain coverage is attained, the quality of the assembly is mainly dependent on the base-calling accuracy of the input sequencing reads; and it is important to avoid saturating the assembler with extra coverage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blood, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What are the most influencing factors in reconstructing a reliable transcriptome assembly?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of target prioritization and regulatory hierarchy for the bacterial small RNA SgrS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which small RNA (sRNA) regulators select and prioritize target mRNAs remain poorly understood, but serve to promote efficient responses to environmental cues and stresses. We sought to uncover mechanisms that establish regulatory hierarchy for a model sRNA, SgrS, found in enteric bacteria and produced under conditions of metabolic stress when sugar transport and metabolism are unbalanced. SgrS post-transcriptionally controls a nine-gene regulon to restore growth and homeostasis under stress conditions. An in vivo reporter system was used to quantify SgrS-dependent regulation of target genes and established that SgrS exhibits a clear preference for certain targets, and regulates those targets efficiently even at low SgrS levels. Higher SgrS concentrations are required to regulate other targets. The position of targets in the regulatory hierarchy is not well-correlated with the predicted thermodynamic stability of SgrS-mRNA interactions or the SgrS-mRNA binding affinity as measured in vitro. Detailed analyses of SgrS interaction with asd mRNA demonstrate that SgrS binds cooperatively to two sites and remodels asd mRNA secondary structure. SgrS binding at both sites increases the efficiency of asd mRNA regulation compared to mutants that have only a single SgrS binding site. Our results suggest that sRNA selection of target mRNAs and regulatory hierarchy are influenced by several molecular features. The sRNA-mRNA interaction, including the number and position of sRNA binding sites on the mRNA and cofactors like the RNA chaperone Hfq, seem to tune the efficiency of regulation of specific mRNA targets.nnIMPORTANCETo survive, bacteria must respond rapidly to stress and simultaneously maintain metabolic homeostasis. The small RNA (sRNA) SgrS mediates the response to stress arising from imbalanced sugar transport and metabolism. To coordinate the stress response, SgrS regulates genes involved in sugar uptake and metabolism. Intrinsic properties of sRNAs such as SgrS allow them to regulate extensive networks of genes. To date, sRNA regulation of targets has largely been studied in the context of "one sRNA-one target", and little is known about coordination of multi-gene regulons and sRNA regulatory network structure. Here, we explore the molecular basis for regulatory hierarchy in sRNA regulons. Our results reveal a complex interplay of factors that influence the outcome of sRNA regulation. The number and location of sRNA binding sites on mRNA targets and the participation of an RNA chaperone dictate prioritized regulation of targets to promote an efficient response to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bobrovskyy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frandsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henkin, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of target prioritization and regulatory hierarchy for the bacterial small RNA SgrS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Flexible Backbone Protein-Protein Docking for Challenging Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational prediction of protein-protein complex structures facilitates a fundamental understanding of biological mechanisms and enables therapeutics design. Binding-induced conformational changes challenge all current computational docking algorithms by exponentially increasing the conformational space to be explored. To restrict this search to relevant space, some computational docking algorithms exploit the inherent flexibility of the protein monomers to simulate conformational selection from pre-generated ensembles. As the ensemble size expands with increased protein flexibility, these methods struggle with efficiency and high false positive rates. Here, we develop and benchmark a method that efficiently samples large conformational ensembles of flexible proteins and docks them using a novel, six-dimensional, coarse-grained score function. A strong discriminative ability allows an eight-fold higher enrichment of nearnative candidate structures in the coarse-grained phase compared to a previous method. Further, the method adapts to the diversity of backbone conformations in the ensemble by modulating sampling rates. It samples 100 conformations each of the ligand and the receptor backbone while increasing computational time by only 20-80%. In a benchmark set of 88 proteins of varying degrees of flexibility, the expected success rate for blind predictions after resampling is 77% for rigid complexes, 49% for moderately flexible complexes, and 31% for highly flexible complexes. These success rates on flexible complexes are a substantial step forward from all existing methods. Additionally, for highly flexible proteins, we demonstrate that when a suitable conformer generation method exists, RosettaDock 4.0 can dock the complex successfully.nnSignificancePredicting binding-induced conformational plasticity in protein backbones remains a principal challenge in computational protein-protein docking. To date, there are no methods that can reliably dock proteins that undergo more than 1 [A] root-mean-squared-deviation of the backbones of the interface residues upon binding. Here, we present a method that samples backbone motions and scores conformations rapidly, obtaining-for the first time-successful docking of nearly 50% of flexible target complexes with backbone conformational change up to 2.2 [A] RMSD. This method will be applicable to a broader range of protein docking problems, which in turn will help us understand biomolecular assembly and protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marze, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy Burman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Flexible Backbone Protein-Protein Docking for Challenging Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proof of concept continuous event logging in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must detect and respond to molecular events such as the presence or absence of specific small molecules. To accomplish this, cells have evolved methods to measure the presence and concentration of these small molecules in their environment and enact changes in gene expression or behavior. However, cells dont usually change their DNA in response to such outside stimuli. In this work, we have engineered a genetic circuit that can enact specific and controlled genetic changes in response to changing small molecule concentrations. Known DNA sequences can be repeatedly integrated into a genomic array such that their identity and order encodes information about past small molecule concentrations that the cell has experienced. To accomplish this, we use catalytically inactive CRISPR-Cas9 (dCas9) to bind to and block attachment sites for the integrase Bxb1. Therefore, through the co-expression of dCas9 and guide RNA, Bxb1 can be directed to integrate one of two engineered plasmids, which correspond to two orthogonal small molecule inducers that can be recorded with this system. We identified the optimal location of guide RNA binding to the Bxb1 attP integrase attachment site, and characterized the detection limits of the system by measuring the minimal small molecule concentration and shortest induction time necessary to produce measurable differences in array composition as read out by Oxford Nanopore long read sequencing technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proof of concept continuous event logging in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community-driven data analysis training for biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary problem with the explosion of biomedical datasets is not the data itself, not computational resources, and not the required storage space, but the general lack of trained and skilled researchers to manipulate and analyze these data. Eliminating this problem requires development of comprehensive educational resources. Here we present a community-driven framework that enables modern, interactive teaching of data analytics in life sciences and facilitates the development of training materials. The key feature of our system is that it is not a static but a continuously improved collection of tutorials. By coupling tutorials with a web-based analysis framework, biomedical researchers can learn by performing computation themselves through a web-browser without the need to install software or search for example datasets. Our ultimate goal is to expand the breadth of training materials to include fundamental statistical and data science topics and to precipitate a complete re-engineering of undergraduate and graduate curricula in life sciences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnacani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretaudeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueguen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doppelt-Azeroual, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erxleben, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogstrate, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houwaart, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagtap, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Corguille, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mareuil, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigloch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Videm, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wubuli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backofen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community-driven data analysis training for biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnostic utility of telomere length measurement in a hospital setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Very short telomere length (TL) provokes cellular senescence in vitro, but the clinical utility of TL measurement in a hospital-based setting has not been determined. We tested the diagnostic and prognostic value of TL measurement by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (flowFISH) in individuals with mutations in telomerase and telomere maintenance genes, and examined prospectively whether TL altered treatment decisions for patients with bone marrow failure. TL had a definable normal range across populations with discrete lower and upper boundaries. TL above the 50th age-adjusted percentile had a 100% negative predictive value for clinically relevant mutations in telomere maintenance genes, but the lower threshold for diagnosis was age-dependent. The extent of deviation from the age-adjusted median correlated with the age at diagnosis of a telomere syndrome as well as the predominant complication. Mild short telomere defects manifested in adults as pulmonary fibrosis-emphysema, while severely short TL manifested in children as bone marrow failure and immunodeficiency. Among 38 newly diagnosed patients with bone marrow failure, TL shorter than the 1st age-adjusted percentile enriched for patients with germline mutations in inherited bone marrow failure genes, such as RUNX1, in addition to telomere maintenance genes. The TL result modified the hematopoietic stem cell donor choice and/or treatment regimen in one-fourth of the cases (9 of 38,24%). TL testing by flowFISH has diagnostic and predictive value in definable clinical settings. In patients with bone marrow failure, it altered treatment decisions for a significant subset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alder, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanumanthu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeZern, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemoto, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolton, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armanios, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnostic utility of telomere length measurement in a hospital setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practice induces a qualitative change in the memory representation for visuomotor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation of our movements to changes in the environment is known to be supported by multiple learning processes which act in parallel. An implicit process recalibrates motor output to maintain alignment between intended and observed movement outcomes ("implicit recalibration"). In parallel, an explicit learning process drives more strategic adjustments of behavior, often by deliberately aiming movements away from an intended target ("deliberate re-aiming"). It has long been established that people form a memory for prior experience adapting to a perturbation through the fact that they become able to more rapidly adapt to familiar perturbations (a phenomenon known as "savings"). Repeated exposures to the same perturbation can further strengthen savings. It remains unclear, however, which underlying learning process is responsible for this practice-related improvement in savings. We measured the relative contributions of implicit recalibration and deliberate re-aiming to adaptation during multiple exposures to an alternating sequence of perturbations over two days. We found that the implicit recalibration followed an invariant learning curve despite prolonged practice, and thus exhibited no memory of prior experience. Instead, practice led to a qualitative change in re-aiming which, in addition to supporting savings, became able to be expressed rapidly and automatically. This qualitative change appeared to enable participants to form memories for two opposing perturbations, overcoming interference effects that typically prohibit savings when learning multiple, opposing perturbations. Our results are consistent with longstanding theories that frame skill learning as a transition from deliberate to automatic selection of actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huberdeau, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practice induces a qualitative change in the memory representation for visuomotor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open resource for nonhuman primate imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-human primate neuroimaging is a rapidly growing area of research that promises to transform and scale translational and cross-species comparative neuroscience.nnUnfortunately, the technological and methodological advances of the past two decades have outpaced the accrual of data, which is particularly challenging given the relatively few centers that have the necessary facilities and capabilities. The PRIMate Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) addresses this challenge by aggregating independently acquired non-human primate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets and openly sharing them via the International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative (INDI). Here, we present the rationale, design and procedures for the PRIME-DE consortium, as well as the initial release, consisting of 13 independent data collections aggregated across 11 sites (total = 98 macaque monkeys). We also outline the unique pitfalls and challenges that should be considered in the analysis of the non-human primate MRI datasets, including providing automated quality assessment of the contributed datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balezeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croxson, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damatac, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiwald, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mars, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nacef, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajimehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushworth, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarco, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open resource for nonhuman primate imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing Equality of Curves After Covariate Adjustment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWThis paper is concerned with providing simple methodological approaches for global and local tests of difference between the mean of treatment and control groups when the measured outcome is a function. The added complexity is that for every subject we have repeated samples for the same curve and additional covariates of interest. We propose a permutation based approach to test for a global difference between the averages of two functional processes after covariate adjustment. The within group averages are estimated by modeling the relationship of the functional outcome on the covariate using functional regression methods and then averaging with respect to the covariate distribution in each group. The test statistic is the L2 area under the squared difference curve. We also test for the localized differences between the two average curves using a nonparametric bootstrap of subjects to obtain the 95% pointwise and joint confidence intervals for the estimated covariate-adjusted difference curve. Extensive simulation studies illustrate that the proposed tests preserve the type one error and are highly sensitive to detecting departures from the null assumption. We illustrate our method by studying the differences in time varying oxygen consumption between the frail Interleukin 10tm1Cgn (IL10tm) mice and the wildtype mice after adjusting for body composition measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal Choudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing Equality of Curves After Covariate Adjustment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous Pre-encoding Activation of Neural Patterns Predicts Memory &#x200E; 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well-established that whether information will be remembered or not depends on the extent to which the learning context is reinstated during post-encoding rest and/or at retrieval. It has yet to be determined, however, if the fundamental importance of reinstatement to memory extends to periods of spontaneous neurocognitive activity prior to learning. We thus asked whether memory performance can be predicted by the extent to which spontaneous pre-encoding neural patterns resemble patterns elicited during encoding. Individuals studied and retrieved lists of words while undergoing fMRI-scanning. Multivoxel hippocampal patterns during resting periods prior to encoding resembled hippocampal patterns at encoding most strongly for items that were subsequently remembered. Furthermore, across subjects, the magnitude of similarity correlated with a behavioural measure of episodic recall. The results indicate that the neural scaffold of a memory trace is spontaneously laid even before ever perceiving the to-be-encoded information.nnSignificance StatementIt is well-established that memory performance depends on the degree to which the learning-context is reinstated during post-learning rest or during retrieval. However, does memory also depend on the context prior to learning--namely, on processes occurring spontaneously before ever perceiving the to-be-learned information? To answer this question, we scanned participants using fMRI while they were learning and recalling word-lists and, crucially, also during resting periods before each list. Patterns of brain activity in memory-related regions which were elicited spontaneously during these resting periods resembled patterns during learning. Furthermore, the greater this resemblance, the better was memory performance. We demonstrate that memory can be predicted by the degree to which patterns of neural activity prior to learning are reinstated during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadeh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goshen-Gottstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous Pre-encoding Activation of Neural Patterns Predicts Memory &#x200E;]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repertoire analysis of antibody CDR-H3 loops suggests affinity maturation does not typically result in rigidification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies can rapidly evolve in specific response to antigens. Affinity maturation drives this evolution through cycles of mutation and selection leading to enhanced antibody specificity and affinity. Elucidating the biophysical mechanisms that underlie affinity maturation is fundamental to understanding B-cell immunity. An emergent hypothesis is that affinity maturation reduces the conformational flexibility of the antibodys antigen-binding paratope to minimize entropic losses incurred upon binding. In recent years, computational and experimental approaches have tested this hypothesis on a small number of antibodies, often observing a decrease in the flexibility of the Complementarity Determining Region (CDR) loops that typically comprise the paratope and in particular the CDR-H3 loop, which contributes a plurality of antigen contacts. However, there were a few exceptions, and previous studies were limited to a small handful of cases. Here, we determined the structural flexibility of the CDR-H3 loop for thousands of recently-determined homology models of the human peripheral blood cell antibody repertoire using rigidity theory. We found no clear delineation in the flexibility of naive and antigen-experienced antibodies. To account for possible sources of error, we additionally analyzed hundreds of human and mouse antibodies in the Protein Data Bank through both rigidity theory and B-factor analysis. By both metrics, we observed only a slight decrease in the CDR-H3 loop flexibility when comparing affinity-matured antibodies to naive antibodies, and the decrease was not as drastic as previously reported. Further analysis, incorporating molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, revealed a spectrum of changes in flexibility. Our results suggest that rigidification may be just one of many biophysical mechanisms for increasing affinity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sljoka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchimura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsumoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repertoire analysis of antibody CDR-H3 loops suggests affinity maturation does not typically result in rigidification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examination of the Shared Genetic Basis of Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often comorbid and likely to share genetic risk factors. Hence, we examine their shared genetic background using a crossdisorder GWAS meta-analysis of 3,495 AN cases, 2,688 OCD cases and 18,013 controls. We confirmed a high genetic correlation between AN and OCD (rg = 0.49 {+/-} 0.13, p = 9.07x10-7) and a sizable SNP heritability (SNP h2 = 0.21 {+/-} 0.02) for the cross-disorder phenotype. Although no individual loci reached genome-wide significance, the cross-disorder phenotype showed strong positive genetic correlations with other psychiatric phenotypes (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, neuroticism) and negative correlations with metabolic phenotypes (e.g., BMI, triglycerides). Follow-up analyses revealed that although AN and OCD overlap heavily in their shared risk with other psychiatric phenotypes, the relationship with metabolic and anthropometric traits is markedly stronger for AN than for OCD. We further tested whether shared genetic risk for AN/OCD was associated with particular tissue or cell-type gene expression patterns and found that the basal ganglia and medium spiny neurons were most enriched for AN/OCD risk, consistent with neurobiological findings for both disorders. Our results confirm and extend genetic epidemiological findings of shared risk between AN and OCD and suggest that larger GWASs are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halvorsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eating Disorders Working Group of the PGC,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourette Syndrome/OCD Working Group of the PGC,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerwas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moessner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examination of the Shared Genetic Basis of Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phasic Activation of Ventral Tegmental, but not Substantia Nigra, Dopamine Neurons Promotes Model-Based Pavlovian Reward Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) encode reward prediction errors (RPEs) and are proposed to mediate error-driven learning. However the learning strategy engaged by DA-RPEs remains controversial. Model-free associations imbue cue/actions with pure value, independently of representations of their associated outcome. In contrast, model-based associations support detailed representation of anticipated outcomes. Here we show that although both VTA and SNc DA neuron activation reinforces instrumental responding, only VTA DA neuron activation during consumption of expected sucrose reward restores error-driven learning and promotes formation of a new cue[-&gt;]sucrose association. Critically, expression of VTA DA-dependent Pavlovian associations is abolished following sucrose devaluation, a signature of model-based learning. These findings reveal that activation of VTA-or SNc-DA neurons engages largely dissociable learning processes with VTA-DA neurons capable of participating in model-based predictive learning, while the role of SNc-DA neurons appears limited to reinforcement of instrumental responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keiflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribut, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phasic Activation of Ventral Tegmental, but not Substantia Nigra, Dopamine Neurons Promotes Model-Based Pavlovian Reward Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reanalysis of global proteomic and phosphoproteomic data identified a large number of glycopeptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein glycosylation plays fundamental roles in many cellular processes, and previous reports have shown dysregulation to be associated with several human diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the vital role of glycosylation for proper protein function, the analysis of glycoproteins has been lagged behind to other protein modifications. In this study, we describe the re-analysis of global proteomic data from breast cancer xenograft tissues using recently developed software package GPQuest 2.0, revealing a large number of previously unidentified N-linked glycopeptides. More importantly, we found that using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) technology for the enrichment of phosphopeptides had co-enriched a substantial number of sialoglycopeptides, allowing for a large-scale analysis of sialoglycopeptides in conjunction with the analysis of phosphopeptides. Collectively, combined MS/MS analyses of global proteomic and phosphoproteomic datasets resulted in the identification of 6,724 N-linked glycopeptides from 617 glycoproteins derived from two breast cancer xenograft tissues. Next, we utilized GPQuest for the re-analysis of global and phosphoproteomic data generated from 108 human breast cancer tissues that were previously analyzed by Clinical Proteomic Analysis Consortium (CPTAC). Reanalysis of the CPTAC dataset resulted in the identification of 2,683 glycopeptides from the global proteomic data set and 4,554 glycopeptides from phosphoproteomic data set, respectively. Together, 11,292 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 1,731 N-linked glycosites from 883 human glycoproteins were identified from the two data sets. This analysis revealed an extensive number of glycopeptides hidden in the global and enriched in IMAC-based phosphopeptide-enriched proteomic data, information which would have remained unknown from the original study otherwise. The reanalysis described herein can be readily applied to identify glycopeptides from already existing data sets, providing insight into many important facets of protein glycosylation in different biological, physiological, and pathological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reanalysis of global proteomic and phosphoproteomic data identified a large number of glycopeptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural network control of focal position during time-lapse microscopy of cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live-cell microscopy is quickly becoming an indispensable technique for studying the dynamics of cellular processes. Maintaining the specimen in focus during image acquisition is crucial for high-throughput applications, especially for long experiments or when a large sample is being continuously scanned. Automated focus control methods are often expensive, imperfect, or ill-adapted to a specific application and are a bottleneck for widespread adoption of high-throughput, live-cell imaging. Here, we demonstrate a neural network approach for automatically maintaining focus during bright-field microscopy. Z-stacks of yeast cells growing in a microfluidic device were collected and used to train a convolutional neural network to classify images according to their z-position. We studied the effect on prediction accuracy of the various hyperparameters of the neural network, including downsampling, batch size, and z-bin resolution. The network was able to predict the z-position of an image with {+/-}1 m accuracy, outperforming human annotators. Finally, we used our neural network to control microscope focus in real-time during a 24 hour growth experiment. The method robustly maintained the correct focal position compensating for 40 m of focal drift and was insensitive to changes in the field of view. Only ~100 annotated z-stacks were required to train the network making our method quite practical for custom autofocus applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural network control of focal position during time-lapse microscopy of cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Genetic Architecture of Sudden Cardiac Arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSudden cardiac arrest (SCA) accounts for 10% of adult mortality in Western populations. While several risk factors are observationally associated with SCA, the genetic architecture of SCA in the general population remains unknown. Furthermore, understanding which risk factors are causal may help target prevention strategies.nnMethodsWe carried out a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) for SCA (n=3,939 cases, 25,989 non-cases) to examine common variation genome-wide and in candidate arrhythmia genes. We also exploited Mendelian randomization methods using cross-trait multi-variant genetic risk score associations (GRSA) to assess causal relationships of 18 risk factors with SCA.nnResultsNo variants were associated with SCA at genome-wide significance, nor were common variants in candidate arrhythmia genes associated with SCA at nominal significance. Using cross-trait GRSA, we established genetic correlation between SCA and (1) coronary artery disease (CAD) and traditional CAD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, and diabetes), (2) height and BMI, and (3) electrical instability traits (QT and atrial fibrillation), suggesting etiologic roles for these traits in SCA risk.nnConclusionsOur findings show that a comprehensive approach to the genetic architecture of SCA can shed light on the determinants of a complex life-threatening condition with multiple influencing factors in the general population. The results of this genetic analysis, both positive and negative findings, have implications for evaluating the genetic architecture of patients with a family history of SCA, and for efforts to prevent SCA in highrisk populations and the general community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashar, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton-Cheh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Nurasyid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meitinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huikuri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junttila, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulit, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanck, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauvlinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tragante, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escher, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prineas, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardif, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortelainen, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDenburgh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofman,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Genetic Architecture of Sudden Cardiac Arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anomalous Diffusion as a Descriptive Model of Cell Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Appropriately chosen descriptive models of cell migration in biomaterials will allow researchers to characterize and ultimately predict the movement of cells in engineered systems for a variety of applications in tissue engineering. The persistent random walk (PRW) model accurately describes cell migration on two-dimensional (2D) substrates. However, this model inherently cannot describe subdiffusive cell movement, i.e. migration paths in which the root mean square displacement increases more slowly than the square root of the time interval. Subdiffusivity is a common characteristic of cells moving in confined environments, such as three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds, hydrogel networks, and in vivo tissues. We demonstrate that a generalized anomalous diffusion (AD) model, which uses a simple power law to relate the mean square displacement (MSD) to time, more accurately captures individual cell migration paths across a range of engineered 2D and 3D environments than does the more commonly used PRW model. We used the AD model parameters to distinguish cell movement profiles on substrates with different chemokinetic factors, geometries (2D vs 3D), substrate adhesivities, and compliances. Although the two models performed with equal precision for superdiffusive cells, we suggest a simple AD model, in lieu of PRW, to describe cell trajectories in populations with a significant subdiffusive fraction, such as cells in confined, 3D environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luzhanskey, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMunn, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barney, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anomalous Diffusion as a Descriptive Model of Cell Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foxd1 is required for terminal differentiation of anterior hypothalamic neuronal subtypes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the hypothalamus functions as a master homeostat for many behaviors, little is known about the transcriptional networks that control its development. To investigate this question, we analyzed mice deficient for the Forkhead domain transcription factor Foxd1. Foxd1 is selectively expressed in neuroepithelial cells of the prethalamus and hypothalamus prior to the onset of neurogenesis, and is later restricted to neural progenitors of the prethalamus and anterior hypothalamus. During early stages of neurogenesis, we observed that Foxd1-deficient mice showed reduced expression of Six3 and Vax1 in anterior hypothalamus, but overall patterning of the prethalamus and hypothalamus is unaffected. After neurogenesis is complete, however, a progressive reduction and eventual loss of expression of molecular markers of the suprachiasmatic, paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic is observed. These findings demonstrate that Foxd1 acts in hypothalamic progenitors to allow sustained expression of a subset of genes selectively expressed in mature neurons of the anterior hypothalamus.nnHighlightsO_LIFoxd1 is broadly expressed in neuroepithelial cells of the hypothalamus and prethalamus.nC_LIO_LIFoxd1 mutants show severe defects in anterior hypothalamic development, although prethalamic development is only modestly affected.nC_LIO_LILoss of Foxd1 results does not affect initial patterning of the hypothalamus, but leads to a progressive loss of expression of markers specific to neurons of the suprachiasmatic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei.nC_LIO_LIFoxd1 regulates expression of multiple transcription factors expressed in developing anterior hypothalamus.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foxd1 is required for terminal differentiation of anterior hypothalamic neuronal subtypes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active site alanine substitutions can convert deubiquitinating enzymes into avid ubiquitin-binding domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common strategy for studying the biological role of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in different pathways is to study the effects of replacing the wild type DUB with a catalytically inactive mutant in cells. We report here that a commonly studied DUB mutation, in which the catalytic cysteine is replaced with alanine, can dramatically increase the affinity of some DUBs for ubiquitin. Overexpression of these tight-binding mutants thus has the potential to sequester cellular pools of monoubiquitin and ubiquitin chains. As a result, cells expressing these mutants may display unpredictable dominant negative physiological effects that are not related to loss of DUB activity. The structure of the SAGA DUB module bound to free ubiquitin reveals the structural basis for the 30-fold higher affinity of Ubp8C146A for ubiquitin. We show that an alternative option, substituting the active site cysteine with arginine, can inactivate DUBs while also decreasing the affinity for ubiquitin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clerici, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Growkova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komander, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active site alanine substitutions can convert deubiquitinating enzymes into avid ubiquitin-binding domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lhx2 regulates temporal changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding in retinal progenitor cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) pass through multiple stages of developmental competence, where they successively acquire and lose the ability to generate individual cell subtypes. To identify the transcriptional regulatory networks that control these transitions, we conducted epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling of early and late-stage RPCs and observed a developmentally dynamic landscape of chromatin accessibility. Open chromatin regions that showed stage-specificity, as well as those shared by early and late-stage RPCs, were selectively targeted by the homeodomain factor Lhx2, which is expressed throughout retinal neurogenesis but also regulates many stage-specific processes in RPCs. Stage-specific Lhx2 binding sites were frequently associated with target sites for transcription factors that are preferentially expressed in either early or late-stage RPCs, and which were predicted to possess pioneer activity. Lhx2 loss of function in RPCs led to a loss of chromatin accessibility at both direct Lhx2 target sites and more broadly across the genome, as well as a loss of binding by transcription factors associated with stage-specific Lhx2 target sites. These findings demonstrate a central role for Lhx2 in control of chromatin accessibility in RPCs, and identify transcription factors that may guide stage-specific target site selection by Lhx2.nnSummaryLhx2 is a central regulator of chromatin accessibility in retinal progenitor cells, and interacts with stage-specific transcription factors to regulate genes that are dynamically expressed during retinal neurogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lhx2 regulates temporal changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding in retinal progenitor cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catching up to a fast-moving target: Evaluation of a health system strengthening intervention in rural Rwanda 2005-2010 using data from repeated cross-sectional surveys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionAlthough Rwandas health system underwent major reforms and improvements after the 1994 Genocide, the health system and population health in the southeast lagged behind other areas. In 2005 Partners In Health and the Rwandan Ministry of Health began a health system strengthening intervention in this region.nnMethodsCombining results from the 2005 and 2010 Demographic and Health Surveys with those from a supplemental 2010 survey, we compared changes in health system output indicators and population health outcomes between 2005 and 2010 as reported by 21,338 women living in the intervention area and similar rural areas, controlling for potential confounding by economic and demographic variables.nnResultsOverall health system coverage improved similarly in both regions between 2005 and 2010, with an indicator of composite coverage of child health interventions increasing from 57.9% to 75.0% in the intervention area and from 58.7% to 73.8% in other rural areas. Despite experiencing poorer health outcomes in 2005, the intervention area caught up to or exceeded other rural areas on 23 of 25 indicators. Most notably, under-five mortality declined by an annual rate of 12.8% in the intervention area, from 229.8 to 83.2 deaths per 1000 live births, and by 8.9% in other rural areas, from 157.7 to 75.8 deaths per 1000 live births. Improvements were most dramatic among the poorest households.nnConclusionWe observed dramatic improvements in population health outcomes including under-five mortality between 2005 and 2010 in rural Rwanda generally, and in the intervention area specifically.nnSUMMARY BOXO_ST_ABSWhat is already known about this topic?C_ST_ABSO_LIMuch of the evidence that health system strengthening in rural Africa has improved health outcomes comes from studies of targeted regional interventions such as performance based financing or community health worker programs, rather than integrated interventions that encompass multiple components including infrastructure and supply chain investments, health management information system, workforce training and incentives at all levels, community health workers, and free services for poor patients.nC_LIO_LIIn addition to these experimental or quasi-experimental studies, a series of case studies have documented individual nations, pathways to achieving millennium development goal 4 target, the reduction of under-five mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015.nC_LIO_LIThese reports suggest that improvements in coverage of reproductive, maternal and child health indicators explain some, but not all, of the decline in child mortality and that these successes occurred in the context of national gains in health, nutrition and food security, sanitation, poverty reduction, and access to clean water.nC_LInnWhat are the new findings?O_LICoverage of most maternal and child health care interventions improved at a similar pace in our rural intervention area and other rural areas.nC_LIO_LIDespite experiencing poorer health outcomes in 2005, our rural intervention area caught up to or exceeded other rural areas on 23 of 25 population health indicators by 2010.nC_LIO_LIInfant and under-5 mortality declined in our rural intervention area even more precipitously than in other rural areas of Rwanda between 2005 and 2010.nC_LInnHow might this influence practice?O_LIThe process of strengthening national health systems often involves trade-offs between a focus on first testing individual programs that distributed widely, as is often practiced by pilot programs with multilateral institutions, or implementing multiple simultaneous programs locally. Our results show that integrated health system strengthening interventions can be locally adapted to enable the rapid expansion of health care coverage as well as dramatic improvements in population health outcomes.nC_LIO_LIIntegrated multi-level interventions can also help narrow the health care coverage and outcome gap between richer and poorer members of a society.nC_LIO_LINational governments can leverage nongovernmental partners to achieve the health related sustainable development goals through joint implementation of national health policy.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoroso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonds, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rwabukwisi, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnegan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habinshuti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschhorn, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyigena, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stulac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binagwaho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catching up to a fast-moving target: Evaluation of a health system strengthening intervention in rural Rwanda 2005-2010 using data from repeated cross-sectional surveys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association meta-analysis of PR interval identifies 47 novel loci associated with atrial and atrioventricular electrical activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrocardiographic PR interval measures atrial and atrioventricular depolarization and conduction, and abnormal PR interval is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and heart block. We performed a genome-wide association study in over 92,000 individuals of European descent and identified 44 loci associated with PR interval (34 novel). Examination of the 44 loci revealed known and novel biological processes involved in cardiac atrial electrical activity, and genes in these loci were highly over-represented in several cardiac disease processes. Nearly half of the 61 independent index variants in the 44 loci were associated with atrial or blood transcript expression levels, or were in high linkage disequilibrium with one or more missense variants. Cardiac regulatory regions of the genome as measured by cardiac DNA hypersensitivity sites were enriched for variants associated with PR interval, compared to non-cardiac regulatory regions. Joint analyses combining PR interval with heart rate, QRS interval, and atrial fibrillation identified additional new pleiotropic loci. The majority of associations discovered in European-descent populations were also present in African-American populations. Meta-analysis examining over 105,000 individuals of African and European descent identified additional novel PR loci. These additional analyses identified another 13 novel loci. Together, these findings underscore the power of GWAS to extend knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of clinical processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Setten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamshidi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Greco, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudbjartsson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krijthe, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Nurasyid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulivi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnar, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asselbergs, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Hoed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominiczak, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association meta-analysis of PR interval identifies 47 novel loci associated with atrial and atrioventricular electrical activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric histone incorporation during DNA replication in Drosophila male germline stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryDNA replication establishes asymmetric epigenomes

SummaryOne of the most fundamental questions in developmental biology concerns how cells with identical genomes differentiate into distinct cell types. One important context for understanding cell fate specification is asymmetric cell division, where the two daughter cells establish different cell fates following a single division. Many stem cells undergo asymmetric division to produce both a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell1-5. Here we show that histone H4 is inherited asymmetrically in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila male germline stem cells, similar to H36. In contrast, both H2A and H2B are inherited symmetrically. By combining superresolution microscopy with the chromatin fiber method, we are able to study histone inheritance patterns on newly replicated chromatin fibers. Using this technique, we find asymmetric inheritance patterns for old and new H3, but symmetric inheritance patterns for old and new H2A on replicating sister chromatids. Furthermore, co-localization studies on isolated chromatin fibers and proximity ligation assays on intact nuclei reveal that old H3 are preferentially incorporated by the leading strand while newly synthesized H3 are enriched on the lagging strand. Finally, using a sequential nucleoside analog incorporation assay, we detect a high incidence of unidirectional DNA replication on germline-derived chromatin fibers and DNA fibers. The unidirectional fork movement coupled with the strand preference of histone incorporation could explain how old and new H3 are asymmetrically incorporated by replicating sister chromatids. In summary, our work demonstrates that the intrinsic asymmetries in DNA replication may help construct sister chromatids enriched with distinct populations of histones. Therefore, these results suggest unappreciated roles for DNA replication in asymmetrically dividing cells in multicellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizami, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric histone incorporation during DNA replication in Drosophila male germline stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Amyloid Clearance Defect in ApoE4 Astrocytes is Corrected by Epigenetic Restoration of NHE6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of amyloid protein A{beta} in senile plaques is a key driver and hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD), a major cause of death and dementia in the elderly. The strongest genetic risk factor in sporadic AD is the {varepsilon}4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), which potentiates pre-symptomatic endosomal dysfunction and defective clearance of A{beta}, although how these two pathways are linked has been unclear. Here, we show that aberrant accumulation of endosomal protons in ApoE4 astrocytes traps the LRP1 receptor in non-productive intracellular compartments, leading to loss of surface expression and A{beta} clearance. Hyperacidification of endosomal pH is caused by selective down regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE6, which functions as a critical proton leak pathway, in ApoE4 brain and astrocytes. In vivo, the NHE6KO mouse model shows elevated A{beta} in the brain. Epigenetic restoration of NHE6 expression with histone deacetylase inhibitors normalized ApoE4-specific defects in endosomal pH, LRP1 trafficking and amyloid clearance. Thus, NHE6 is a prominent effector of ApoE4 and emerges as a promising therapeutic target in Alzheimer disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Amyloid Clearance Defect in ApoE4 Astrocytes is Corrected by Epigenetic Restoration of NHE6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial neural inhibition for stimulus selection across space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to select the most salient stimulus among competing ones is essential for animal behavior and operates regardless of the spatial locations that stimuli occupy. Here, we reveal that the brain employs a combinatorially optimized strategy to solve such location-invariant stimulus selection. With experiments in a key inhibitory nucleus in the vertebrate midbrain selection network, called isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) in owls, we discovered that the central element is a  multilobe neuron, which encodes visual locations with multiple firing fields. This multilobed coding of space is necessitated by scarcity of Imc neurons. Although distributed seemingly randomly in space, the locations of these lobes are optimized across the high firing Imc neurons, allowing them to cooperatively suppress stimuli throughout 2D visual space while minimizing metabolic and circuit wiring costs. Our work suggests that combinatorial coding of space by sparse inhibitory neurons may be a general functional module for spatial selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial neural inhibition for stimulus selection across space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotype Imputation Performance of Three Reference Panels Using African Ancestry Individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype imputation is used to estimate unobserved genotypes from genome-wide maker data, to increase genome coverage and power for genome-wide association studies. Imputation has been most successful for European ancestry populations in which very large reference panels are available. Smaller subsets of African descent populations are available in 1000 Genomes (1000G), the Consortium on Asthma among African-Ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA) and the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC). We aimed to compare the performance of these reference panels when imputing variation in 3,747 African Americans (AA) from 2 cohorts (HCV and COPDGene) genotyped using the Illumina Omni family of microarrays. The haplotypes of 2,504 individuals (from 1000G), 883 (from CAAPA) and 32,611 (from HRC) were used as reference. We compared the performance of these panels based on number of variants, imputation quality, imputation accuracy and coverage. In both cohorts, 1000G imputed 1.5-1.6x more variants compared to CAAPA and 1.2x more variants than HRC. Similar findings were observed for variants with higher imputation quality (R2>0.5) and for rare, low frequency, and common variants. When merging the results of the three panels the total number of imputed variants was 62M-63M with 20M overlapping variants imputed by all three panels, and a range of 5 to 15M unique variants imputed exclusively with one of the three panels. For overlapping variants, imputation quality was highest for HRC, followed by 1000G, then CAAPA, and improved as the minor allele frequency increased. The 1000G, HRC and CAAPA participants of African ancestry provided high performance and accuracy for imputation of African American admixed individuals, increasing the total number of variants with high quality available for subsequent analyses. These three panels are complementary and would benefit from the development of an integrated African reference panel, including data from multiple sources and populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Duarte, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotype Imputation Performance of Three Reference Panels Using African Ancestry Individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PET Brain imaging of α7-nAChR with ASEM Reproducibility, occupancy, receptor density, and changes in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) increasingly has been implicated in normal brain physiology, as well as in neuropsychiatric disorders. The a7-nAChR primarily is located in cerebral cortex and sub-cortical regions, compared to the 4{beta}2 nAChR subtype that has a more subcortical distribution. The highly cortical distribution suggests a role of a7-nAChR in cognition. We expanded the first-in-human PET imaging of 7-nAChR with [18F]ASEM from five to 21 healthy non-smoking volunteers and added preliminary evidence of binding in six male patients with schizophrenia. Study aims included 1) confirmation of test-retest reproducibility of [18F]ASEM binding in normal volunteers, 2) demonstration of specificity of [18F]ASEM binding by competition with DMXB-A, an 7-nAChR partial agonist previously tested in clinical trials of patients with schizophrenia, 3) estimation of [18F]ASEM binding potentials and 7-nAChR density in vivo in humans, and 4) 7-nAChR binding in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy volunteers.nnTest-retest PET confirmed reproducibility (>90%) (variability [&le;] 7%) of [18F]ASEM volume of distribution (VO_SCPLOWTC_SCPLOW) estimates in healthy volunteers. Repeated sessions of PET in five healthy subjects included baseline and effect of inhibition after oral administration of 150 mg DMXB-A. From reduction of binding potentials, we estimated the dose-dependent occupancy of 7-nAChR by DMXB-A at 17-49% for plasma concentrations at 60-200 nM DMXB-A. In agreement with evidence post-mortem, 7-nAChR density (Bmax) averaged 0.67-0.82 nM and inhibitor affinity constant (KO_SCPLOWIC_SCPLOW) averaged 170-385 nM. Median VO_SCPLOWTC_SCPLOW in a feasibility study of six patients with schizophrenia was lower than in healthy volunteers in cingulate cortex, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. Mann-Whitney test identified cingulate cortex and hippocampus as regions with significantly lower median VO_SCPLOWTC_SCPLOW in patients than in healthy volunteers when a single outlier patient was excluded from analysis (P = 0.02, corrected for multiple comparisons).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwabara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horti, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasic, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapasin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wand, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kem, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjedde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PET Brain imaging of α7-nAChR with ASEM Reproducibility, occupancy, receptor density, and changes in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronavirus S protein-induced fusion is blocked prior to hemifusion by Abl kinase inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enveloped viruses gain entry into host cells by fusing with cellular membranes, a step required for virus replication. Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), fuse at the plasma membrane or use receptor-mediated endocytosis and fuse with endosomes depending on the cell or tissue type. The virus Spike (S) protein mediates fusion with the host cell membrane. We have shown previously that an Abl kinase inhibitor, imatinib, significantly reduces SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viral titers and prevents endosomal entry by HIV SARS S and MERS S pseudotyped virions. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are classified as BSL-3 viruses, which can make experimentation into the cellular mechanisms involved in infection more challenging. Here, we use IBV, a BSL-2 virus, as a model for studying the role of Abl kinase activity during coronavirus infection. We found that imatinib and two specific Abl kinase inhibitors, GNF2 and GNF5, reduce IBV titers by blocking the first round of virus infection. Additionally, all three drugs prevented IBV S-induced syncytia formation prior to the hemifusion step. Our results indicate that membrane fusion (both virus-cell and cell-cell) is blocked in the presence of Abl kinase inhibitors. Studying the effects of Abl kinase inhibitors on IBV will be useful in identifying host cell pathways required for coronavirus infection. This will provide insight into possible therapeutic targets to treat infections by current as well as newly emerging coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sisk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machamer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/246991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronavirus S protein-induced fusion is blocked prior to hemifusion by Abl kinase inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-seq transcript quantification from reduced-representation data in recount2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than 70,000 short-read RNA-sequencing samples are publicly available through the recount2 project, a curated database of summary coverage data. However, no current methods can be directly applied to the reduced-representation information stored in this database to estimate transcript-level abundances. Here we present a linear model taking as input summary coverage of junctions and subdivided exons to output estimated abundances and associated uncertainty. We evaluate the performance of our model on simulated and real data, and provide a procedure to construct confidence intervals for estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-seq transcript quantification from reduced-representation data in recount2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Network Analysis to Localize the Epileptogenic Zone from Invasive EEG Recordings in Intractable Focal Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of medically intractable focal epilepsy (MIFE) by surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) is often effective provided the EZ can be reliably identified. Even with the use of invasive recordings, the clinical differentiation between the EZ and normal brain areas can be quite challenging, mainly in patients without MRI detectable lesions. Consequently, despite relatively large brain regions being removed, surgical success rates barely reach 60-65%. Such variable and unfavorable outcomes associated with high morbidity rates are often caused by imprecise and/or inaccurate EZ localization. We developed a localization algorithm that uses network-based data analytics to process invasive EEG recordings. This network algorithm analyzes the centrality signatures of every contact electrode within the recording network and characterizes contacts into susceptible EZ based on the centrality trends over time. The algorithm was tested in a retrospective study that included 42 patients from four epilepsy centers. Our algorithm had higher agreement with EZ regions identified by clinicians for patients with successful surgical outcomes and less agreement for patients with failed outcomes. These findings suggest that network analytics and a network systems perspective of epilepsy may be useful in assisting clinicians in more accurately localizing the EZ.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYEpilepsy is a disease that results in abnormal firing patterns in parts of the brain that comprise the epileptogenic network, known as the epileptogenic zone (EZ). Current methods to localize the EZ for surgical treatment often requires observations of hundreds of thousands of EEG data points measured from many electrodes implanted in a patients brain. In this paper, we used network science to show that EZ regions may exhibit specific network signatures before, during and after seizure events. Our algorithm computes the likelihood of each electrode being in the EZ and tends to agree more with clinicians during successful resections and less during failed surgeries. These results suggest that a networked analysis approach to EZ localization may be valuable in a clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennuri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inati, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haagensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atallah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulacio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Network Analysis to Localize the Epileptogenic Zone from Invasive EEG Recordings in Intractable Focal Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Human Behavioral Papers at Journal of Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent policy change at Journal of Neuroscience (JN) has significantly increased editorial "desk rejections", reducing the number of papers that are considered for publication. Survey results from 130 scientists suggested that the new policy may have had a particularly large impact on studies that focused on human behavioral techniques. To quantify the effects of the new policy, we gathered data on all papers ever published in JN (~35,000), as well as all papers that had cited the JN papers (~2.7 million papers). We found that the recent change in editorial policy had disproportionately affected rejection rates of human behavioral papers: since 2015, the number of human behavioral papers as a proportion of all papers published in JN has seen a 30% decline. While there has been a long-term declining trend in the journals impact factor, we found that this declining impact factor was shared by both human behavioral papers as well as other papers in the journal. This suggested that whatever may have been the source of the declining impact factor at JN, this source was affecting the various areas of research equally. That is, it was unlikely that papers in any one field were responsible for the declining impact factor number at JN. Indeed, when impact was measured over the long-term, we found that the average human behavioral paper at JN consistently outperformed other papers, generating a significantly higher number of citations per year at 5 and 10 years post publication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herzfeld, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Human Behavioral Papers at Journal of Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap) cause resistance to pyrazinamide and other drugs in M. tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is mainly caused by mutations in drug activating enzymes or drug targets, there is increasing interest in possible role of efflux in causing drug resistance. Previously, efflux genes are shown upregulated upon drug exposure or implicated in drug resistance in overexpression studies, but the role of mutations in efflux pumps identified in clinical isolates in causing drug resistance is unknown. Here we investigated the role of mutations in efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap) from clinical isolates in causing drug resistance in M. tuberculosis by constructing point mutations V219A, S292L in Rv1258c in the chromosome of M. tuberculosis and assessed drug susceptibility of the constructed mutants. Interestingly, V219A, S292L point mutations caused clinically relevant drug resistance to pyrazinamide (PZA), isoniazid (INH), and streptomycin (SM), but not to other drugs in M. tuberculosis. While V219A point mutation conferred a low level resistance, the S292L mutation caused a higher level of resistance. Efflux inhibitor piperine inhibited INH and PZA resistance in the S292L mutant but not in the V219A mutant. S292L mutant had higher efflux activity for pyrazinoic acid (the active form of PZA) than the parent strain. We conclude that point mutations in the efflux pump Rv1258c in clinical isolates can confer clinically relevant drug resistance including PZA and could explain some previously unaccounted drug resistance in clinical strains. Future studies need to take efflux mutations into consideration for improved detection of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis and address their role in affecting treatment outcome in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap) cause resistance to pyrazinamide and other drugs in M. tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel mutations in LprG (rv1411c), rv0521, rv3630, rv0010c, ppsC, cyp128 associated with pyrazinoic acid/pyrazinamide resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is currently considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms of action of pyrazinamide (PZA), a critical frontline tuberculosis (TB) drug that plays a unique role in shortening TB therapy due to its unique activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisters that are not killed by other TB drugs.1,2 Despite the importance of PZA in the treatment of both drug susceptible and drug-resistant TB and its simple structure, its mechanisms of action are complex and are not well understood.1,2 PZA is a prodrug that is converted to the active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) by nicotinamidase/pyrazinamidase (PZase) encoded by the pncA gene,3 whose mutation is the most common mechanism of PZA resistance in M. tuberculosis.3-5 However, some low level PZA-resistant strains (MIC=200-300 g/ml, pH6.0) do not have mutations in the pncA gene.5,6 Recent studies have identified rpsA, which encodes the ribosomal protein S1 involved in both translation and trans-translation process, as a target of PZA,7 where its mutations are associated with PZA resistance from clinical isolates. In addition, mutations in panD encoding aspartate decarboxylase were identified as a new mechanism of PZA resistance from in vitro mutants resistant to PZA and the PanD protein was found to be another target of PZA.8,9 panD mutations were initially found in mutants resistant to PZA 8 and then in mutants resistant to POA. 9,10 It is worth noting that previously POA-resistant mutants could not be isolated at acid pH which is required for higher activity of PZA against M. tuberculosis. However, we were able to successfully isolate POA-resistant mutants with high POA concentrations at close to neutral pH (pH 6.8),9 which led to discovery of new genes involved in POA and PZA resistance. For example, clpC1, which was also isolated from mutants resistant to PZA,11 was identified in mutants resistant to POA.12
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel mutations in LprG (rv1411c), rv0521, rv3630, rv0010c, ppsC, cyp128 associated with pyrazinoic acid/pyrazinamide resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging neural activity in the ventral nerve cord of behaving adult Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand neural circuits that control limbs, one must measure their activity during behavior. Until now this goal has been challenging, because the portion of the nervous system that contains limb premotor and motor circuits is largely inaccessible to large-scale recording techniques in intact, moving animals - a constraint that is true for both vertebrate and invertebrate models. Here, we introduce a method for 2-photon functional imaging from the ventral nerve cord of behaving adult Drosophila melanogaster. We use this method to reveal patterns of activity across nerve cord populations during grooming and walking and to uncover the functional encoding of moonwalker ascending neurons (MANs), moonwalker descending neurons (MDNs), and a novel class of locomotion-associated descending neurons. This new approach enables the direct investigation of circuits associated with complex limb movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammarato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging neural activity in the ventral nerve cord of behaving adult Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BDNF-TrkB signaling in oxytocin neurons contributes to maternal behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) transcription is controlled by several promoters, which drive expression of multiple transcripts encoding an identical protein. We previously reported that BDNF derived from promoters I and II is highly expressed in hypothalamus and is critical for regulating aggression in male mice. Here we report that BDNF loss from these promoters causes reduced sexual receptivity and impaired maternal care in female mice, which is concomitant with decreased oxytocin (Oxt) expression during development. We identify a novel link between BDNF signaling, oxytocin, and maternal behavior by demonstrating that ablation of TrkB selectively in OXT neurons partially recapitulates maternal care impairments observed in BDNF-deficient females. Using translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA-sequencing we define a molecular profile for OXT neurons and delineate how BDNF signaling impacts gene pathways critical for structural and functional plasticity. Our findings highlight BDNF as a modulator of sexually-dimorphic hypothalamic circuits that govern female-typical behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BDNF-TrkB signaling in oxytocin neurons contributes to maternal behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRge 2.0: An updated tool to comprehensively analyze microRNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
miRNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. The rapidly developing field of microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq; small RNA-seq) needs comprehensive bioinformatics tools to analyze these large datasets. We present the second iteration of miRge, miRge 2.0, with multiple enhancements. miRge 2.0 adds new functionality including novel miRNA detection, A-to-I editing analysis, better output files, and improved alignment to miRNAs. Our novel miRNA detection method is the first to use both miRNA hairpin sequence structure and composition of isomiRs resulting in a more specific capture of potential miRNAs. Using known miRNA data, our support vector machine (SVM) model predicted miRNAs with an average Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.939 over 32 human cell datasets and outperformed miRDeep2 and miRAnalyzer regarding phylogenetic conservation. The A-to-I editing analysis implementation strongly correlated with a reference datasets prior analysis with adjusted R2 = 0.96. miRge 2.0 comes with alignment libraries to both miRBase v21 and MirGeneDB for 6 species: human, mouse, rat, fruit fly, nematode and zebrafish; and has a tool to create custom libraries. With the redevelopment of the tool in Python, it is now incorporated into bcbio-nextgen and implementable through Bioconda. miRge 2.0 is freely available at: https://github.com/mhalushka/miRge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRge 2.0: An updated tool to comprehensively analyze microRNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressive microRNAs in the human prostate and prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MiR-1 and miR-143 are frequently reduced in human prostate cancer (PCa), while miR-141 and miR-21 are frequently elevated. Consequently, these miRNAs have been studied as cell-autonomous tumor suppressors and oncogenes. However, the cell-type specificity of these miRNAs is not well defined in prostate tissue. Through two different microdissection techniques, and droplet digital RT-PCR, we quantified these miRNAs in the stroma and epithelium of radical prostatectomy specimens. In contrast to their purported roles as cell-autonomous tumor suppressors, we found miR-1 and miR-143 expression to be predominantly stromal. Conversely, miR-141 was predominantly epithelial. MiR-21 was detected in both stroma and epithelium. Strikingly, the levels of miR-1 and miR-143 were significantly reduced in tumor-associated stroma, but not tumor epithelium. Gene expression analyses in human cell lines, tissues, and prostate-derived stromal cultures support the cell-type selective expression of miR-1, miR-141, and miR-143. Analyses of the PCa Genome Atlas (TCGA-PRAD) showed a strong positive correlation between stromal markers and miR-1 and miR-143, and a strong negative correlation between stromal markers and miR-141. In these tumors, loss of miR-1 and gain of miR-21 was highly associated with biochemical recurrence. These data shed new light on stromal and epithelial miRNA expression in the PCa tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox-Talbot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennen, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupold, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/251090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressive microRNAs in the human prostate and prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved mechanism for regulation of endo-lysosomal pH by histone deacetylases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pH of the endo-lysosomal system is tightly regulated by a balance of proton pump and leak mechanisms that are critical for storage, recycling, turnover and signaling functions in the cell. Dysregulation of endo-lysosomal pH has been linked to aging, amyloidogenesis, synaptic dysfunction, and various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimers disease. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate luminal pH may be key to identifying new targets for treatment of these disorders. Meta-analysis of yeast microarray databases revealed that nutrient limiting conditions upregulated transcription of the endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger Nhx1 by inhibition of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) Rpd3, resulting in vacuolar alkalinization. Consistent with these findings, Rpd3 inhibition by the HDAC inhibitor and antifungal drug trichostatin A induced Nhx1 expression and vacuolar alkalinization. Bioinformatics analysis of Drosophila and mouse databases revealed that caloric control of Nhx1 orthologs DmNHE3 and NHE6 respectively, was also mediated by histone deacetylases. We show that NHE6 is a target of cAMP-response element-binding (CREB) protein, providing a molecular mechanism for nutrient and HDAC dependent regulation of endosomal pH. Control of NHE6 expression by pharmacological targeting of the CREB pathway can be used to regulate endosomal pH and restore defective amyloid A{beta} clearance in an ApoE4 astrocyte model of Alzheimers disease. These observations from yeast, fly, mouse and cell culture models reveal an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for regulation of endosomal NHE expression by histone deacetylases and offer new therapeutic strategies for modulation of endo-lysosomal pH in fungal infection and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved mechanism for regulation of endo-lysosomal pH by histone deacetylases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of de novo copy number deletions from targeted sequencing of trios 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo copy number deletions have been implicated in many diseases, but there is no formal method to date however that identifies de novo deletions in parent-offspring trios from capture-based sequencing platforms. We developed Minimum Distance for Targeted Sequencing (MDTS) to fill this void. MDTS has similar sensitivity (recall), but a much lower false positive rate compared to less specific CNV callers, resulting in a much higher positive predictive value (precision). MDTS also exhibited much better scalability, and is available as open source software at github.com/JMF47/MDTS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of de novo copy number deletions from targeted sequencing of trios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic error control during forward flux sampling of rare events in master equation models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhanced sampling methods, such as forward flux sampling (FFS), have great capacity for accelerating stochastic simulations of nonequilibrium biochemical systems involving rare events. However, the description of the tradeoffs between simulation efficiency and error in FFS remains incomplete. We present a novel and mathematically rigorous analysis of the errors in FFS that, for the first time, covers the contribution of every phase of the simulation. We derive a closed form expression for the optimally efficient count of samples to take in each FFS phase in terms of a fixed constraint on sampling error. We introduce a new method, forward flux pilot sampling (FFPilot), that is designed to take full advantage of our optimizing equation without prior information or assumptions about the phase weights and costs along the transition path. In simulations of both single- and multi-dimensional gene regulatory networks, FFPilot is able to completely control sampling error. Higher dimensional systems have additional sources of error and we show that this extra error can be traced to correlations between phases due to roughness on the probability landscape. Finally, we show that in sets of simulations with matched error, FFPilot is on the order of tens-to-hundreds of times faster than direct sampling, in a fashion that scales with the rarity of the events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic error control during forward flux sampling of rare events in master equation models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type-I interferons inhibit interleukin-10 signaling and favor type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Destruction of insulin-producing {beta}-cells by autoreactive T lymphocytes leads to the development of type 1 diabetes. Type I interferons (TI-IFN) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) have been connected with the pathophysiology of this disease; however, their interplay in the modulation of diabetogenic T cells remains unknown. We have discovered that TI-IFN cause a selective inhibition of IL-10 signaling in effector and regulatory T cells, altering their responses. This correlates with diabetes development in NOD mice, where the inhibition is also spatially localized to T cells of pancreatic and mesenteric lymph nodes. IL-10 signaling inhibition is reversible and can be restored via blockade of TI-IFN/IFN-R interaction, paralleling with the resulting delay in diabetes onset and reduced severity. Overall, we propose a novel molecular link between TI-IFN and IL-10 signaling that helps better understand the complex dynamics of autoimmune diabetes development and reveals new strategies of intervention.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chicco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandacher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type-I interferons inhibit interleukin-10 signaling and favor type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ChIP-BIT2: a software tool to detect weak binding events using a Bayesian integration approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor binding events play important functional roles in gene regulation. It is, however, a challenging task to detect weak binding events since the ambiguity in differentiation of weak binding signals from background signals. We present a software package, ChIP-BIT2, to identify weak binding events using a Bayesian integration approach. By integrating signals from sample and input ChIP-seq data, ChIP-BIT2 can detect both strong and weak binding events at gene promoter, enhancer or the whole genome effectively. The ChIP-BIT2 package has been extensively tested on ChIP-seq data, demonstrating its wide applicability in ChIP-seq data analysis.nnAvailability and ImplementationThe ChIP-BIT2 package is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/chipbitc/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilakivi-Clarke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ChIP-BIT2: a software tool to detect weak binding events using a Bayesian integration approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removing Contaminants from Metagenomic Databases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing of patient samples is a very promising method for the diagnosis of human infections. Sequencing has the ability to capture all the DNA or RNA from pathogenic organisms in a human sample. However, complete and accurate characterization of the sequence, including identification of any pathogens, depends on the availability and quality of genomes for comparison. Thousands of genomes are now available, and as these numbers grow, the power of metagenomic sequencing for diagnosis should increase. However, recent studies have exposed the presence of contamination in published genomes, which when used for diagnosis increases the risk of falsely identifying the wrong pathogen.nnTo address this problem, we have developed a bioinformatics system for eliminating contamination as well as low-complexity genomic sequences in the draft genomes of eukaryotic pathogens. We applied this software to identify and remove human, bacterial, archaeal, and viral sequences present in a comprehensive database of all sequenced eukaryotic pathogen genomes. We also removed low-complexity genomic sequences, another source of false positives. Using this pipeline, we have produced a database of "clean" eukaryotic pathogen genomes for use with bioinformatics classification and analysis tools. We demonstrate that when attempting to find eukaryotic pathogens in metagenomic samples, the new database provides better sensitivity than one using the original genomes while offering a dramatic reduction in false positives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removing Contaminants from Metagenomic Databases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The upstrap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bootstrap [2] is a landmark method for quantifying variability. It uses sampling with replacement with a sample size equal to that of the original data. We propose the upstrap, which samples with replacement either more or fewer samples than the original sample size. We illustrate the upstrap by solving a hard, but common, sample size calculation problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The upstrap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Speed Imaging of Paw Withdrawal Reflex to Objectively Assess Pain State in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodents are often used for studying chronic pain mechanisms and developing new pain therapeutics, but objectively determining the animals pain state is a major challenge. To improve the precision of using reflexive withdrawal behaviors for interpreting the mouse pain state, we adopted high-speed videography to capture sub-second movement features of mice upon hind paw stimulation. We identified several parameters that are significantly different between behaviors evoked by innocuous and noxious stimuli, and combined them to map the mouse pain state through statistical modeling and machine learning. To test the utility of this approach, we determined the pain state triggered by von Frey hairs (VFHs) and optogenetic activation of two nociceptor populations. Our method reliably assesses the "pain-like" probability for each mouse paw withdrawal reflex under all scenarios, highlighting the improved precision of using this high resolution behavior-centered composite methodology to determine the mouse pain state from reflexive withdrawal assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Speed Imaging of Paw Withdrawal Reflex to Objectively Assess Pain State in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time fine aerosol exposures in taconite mining operations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory health effects such as mesothelioma, silicosis, and lung cancer have been shown to be associated with working in the taconite mining industry. Taconite workers may also have elevated risks from cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the relationship of CVD to dust exposures at these mines has not been well-studied. Motivated by evidence from environmental epidemiological studies and occupational cohorts that have implicated the effects of fine particulates with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, we conducted an air monitoring campaign to characterize fine aerosol concentrations at 91 locations across six taconite mines using an array of direct-reading instruments to obtain measurements of mass concentrations (PM2.5 or particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 m, and respirable particulate matter or RPM), alveolar-deposited surface area concentrations (ADSA), particle number concentrations (PN), and particle size distributions. To analyze these data, we fit a Bayesian hierarchical model with an AR(1) correlation structure to estimate exposure while accounting for temporal correlation. The highest estimated geometric means (GMs) were observed in the pelletizing and concentrating departments (pelletizing maintenance, balling drum operator, and concentrator operator) for PM2.5 and RPM. ADSA and PN generally had highest GMs in the pelletizing department, which processed large amounts of powder-like particles into iron pellets. The within-location variability (GSD_WL) generally ranged from 1 to 3 for all exposure metrics, except for a few locations which indicated changes of activities that caused the exposures to change. Between-location variability (GSD_BL) estimates were generally higher than GSD_WL, indicating larger differences in exposure levels at different locations between mines than at individual locations over the course of several hours. Ranking between PM2.5 and RPM generally agree with each other, whereas ADSA and PN were more consistent with each other, with some overlap with PM2.5 and RPM. Differences in ranking these groups may have potential implication for occupational epidemiological studies that rely on exposure information to detect an exposure-response relationship for various job groups. Future epidemiological studies investigating fine aerosol exposures and health risks in occupational settings are encouraged to use multiple metrics to see how they influence health outcomes risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huynh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynor, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time fine aerosol exposures in taconite mining operations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRNA profiling of primate cervicovaginal lavage and extracellular vesicles reveals miR-186-5p as a potential retroviral restriction factor in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of this study was to characterize extracellular vesicles (EVs) and miRNAs of primate cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) during the menstrual cycle and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, and to determine if differentially regulated CVL miRNAs might influence retrovirus replication. CVL and peripheral blood were collected from SIV-infected and uninfected macaques. EVs were enriched by stepped ultracentrifugation and characterized thoroughly. miRNA profiles were assessed with a medium-throughput stem-loop/hydrolysis probe qPCR platform and validated by single qPCR assays. Hormone cycling was abnormal in infected subjects, but EV concentration correlated with progesterone concentration in uninfected subjects. miRNAs were present predominantly in the EV-depleted CVL supernatant. Only a small number of CVL miRNAs were found to vary during the menstrual cycle or SIV infection. Among them was miR-186-5p, which was depleted in retroviral infection. In experiments with infected macrophages in vitro, this miRNA inhibited HIV replication. These results provide further evidence for the potential of EVs and small RNAs as biomarkers or effectors of disease processes in the reproductive tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muth, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRNA profiling of primate cervicovaginal lavage and extracellular vesicles reveals miR-186-5p as a potential retroviral restriction factor in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial library of biodegradable polyesters enables delivery of plasmid DNA to polarized human RPE monolayers for retinal gene therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractEfficient gene delivery into hard-to-transfect cells is still a challenge despite significant progress in the development of various gene delivery tools. Non-viral and synthetic polymeric nanoparticles offer an array of advantages for gene delivery over the viral vectors and high in demand as they are safe to use, easy to synthesize and highly cell-type specific. Here we demonstrate the use of a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform to screen for biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that can transfect human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with high efficiency and low toxicity. These NPs can deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) to RPE monolayers more efficiently compared to the commercially available transfection reagents without interfering the global gene expression profile of RPE cells. In this work, we have established an HTS platform and identified synthetic polymers that can be used for high efficacy non-viral gene delivery to human RPE monolayers, enabling gene loss- and gain-of-function studies of cell signaling and developmental pathways. This platform can be used to identify the optimum polymer, weight-to-weight ratio of polymer to DNA, and the dose of NP for various retinal cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suprenant, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlin, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial library of biodegradable polyesters enables delivery of plasmid DNA to polarized human RPE monolayers for retinal gene therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread decrease of chromatin accessibility in age-related macular degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The extent to which epigenetic changes regulate AMD progression is unclear. Here we globally profiled chromatin accessibility in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) from AMD patients and controls. Global decreases in chromatin accessibility occurr in RPE in early AMD, and in the retina with advanced disease, suggesting that dysfunction in RPE cells drives disease progression. Footprints of photoreceptor and RPE-specific transcription factors are enriched in differentially accessible regions (DARs). Genes associated with DARs show altered expression in AMD. Cigarette smoke treatment of RPE cells recapitulates epigenomic changes seen in AMD, providing an epigenetic link between the known risk factors for AMD and AMD pathology. Finally, overexpression of HDAC11 is partially responsible for the reduction in chromatin accessibility, identifying potential new targets for treatment of AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbs, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread decrease of chromatin accessibility in age-related macular degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axon Guidance Signaling Modulates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The critical role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in embryonic development, malignant transformation, and tumor progression has been well studied in normal and cancerous tissues and cells. Interestingly, EMT has also been reported to play a key role in the early progression of several retinal degenerative diseases, including scarring associated proliferative vitro-retinopathy (PVR), choroidal neo-vascularization induced "wet" age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite these studies, many questions remain unexplored regarding EMT-associated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration and dysfunction. We hypothesize that RPE cells undergo EMT prior to cell death during the progression of atrophic "dry" AMD. Utilizing human stem cell-derived RPE (hRPE) as a model to study RPE EMT, we optimized two independent but complementary RPE EMT induction systems: 1) enzymatic dissociation of hRPE monolayer cultures and 2) co-treatment of hRPE monolayer cultures with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-{beta}) and the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-). To further understand the molecular mechanisms of RPE EMT regulation, we performed an RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) time course examination across 48 hours beginning with EMT induction. Our transcriptome profiling provides a comprehensive quantification of dynamic signaling events and associated biological pathways underlying RPE EMT and reveals an intriguing significance for widespread dysregulation of multiple axon guidance molecules in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sripathi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruotti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axon Guidance Signaling Modulates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HISAT-genotype: Next Generation Genomic Analysis Platform on a Personal Computer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have dramatically changed our ability to perform genome-scale analyses of human genomes. The human reference genome used for most genomic analyses represents only a small number of individuals, limiting its usefulness for genotyping. We designed a novel method, HISAT-genotype, for representing and searching an expanded model of the human reference genome, in which a comprehensive catalogue of known genomic variants and haplotypes is incorporated into the data structure used for searching and alignment. This strategy for representing a population of genomes, along with a very fast and memory-efficient search algorithm, enables more detailed and accurate variant analyses than previous methods. We demonstrate HISAT-genotypes accuracy for HLA typing, a critical task in human organ transplantation, and for the DNA fingerprinting tests widely used in forensics. In both applications, HISAT-genotype not only improves upon earlier computational methods, but matches or exceeds the accuracy of laboratory-based assays.nnOne Sentence SummaryHISAT-genotype is a software platform that has the ability to genotype all the genes in an individuals genome within a few hours on a desktop computer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paggi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HISAT-genotype: Next Generation Genomic Analysis Platform on a Personal Computer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constriction rate modulation can drive cell size control and homeostasis in C. crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rod-shaped bacteria typically grow first via sporadic and dispersed elongation along their lateral walls, then via a combination of zonal elongation and constriction at the division site to form the poles of daughter cells. Although constriction comprises up to half of the cell cycle, its impact on cell size control and homeostasis has rarely been considered. To reveal the roles of cell elongation and constriction in bacterial size regulation during cell division, we captured the shape dynamics of Caulobacter crescentus with time-lapse structured illumination microscopy and used molecular markers as cell-cycle landmarks. We perturbed constriction rate using a hyperconstriction mutant or fosfomycin inhibition. We report that constriction rate contributes to both size control and homeostasis, by determining elongation during constriction, and by compensating for variation in pre-constriction elongation on a single-cell basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhecke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaber, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constriction rate modulation can drive cell size control and homeostasis in C. crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatidylethanolamine produced in the inner mitochondrial membrane is essential for yeast cytochrome bc1 complex function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Of the four separate PE biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotes, one occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) and is executed by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd1p). Deletion of Psd1, which is lethal in mice, compromises mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that this reflects inefficient import of non-mitochondrial PE into the IM. To test this, we re-wired PE metabolism in yeast by re-directing Psd1p to the outer mitochondrial membrane or the endomembrane system. Our biochemical and functional analyses identified the IMS as the greatest barrier for PE import and demonstrated that PE synthesis in the IM is critical for cytochrome bc1 complex (III) function. Importantly, mutations predicted to disrupt a conserved PE-binding site in the complex III subunit, Qcr7p, impaired complex III activity similar to PSD1 deletion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PE made in the IM by Psd1p is critical to support the intrinsic functionality of complex III and establish one likely mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calzada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatidylethanolamine produced in the inner mitochondrial membrane is essential for yeast cytochrome bc1 complex function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survey of human chromosome 21 gene expression effects on early development in Danio rerio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTTrisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) results in Down syndrome (DS), one of the most genetically complex conditions compatible with human survival. Assessment of the physiological consequences of dosage-driven overexpression of individual Hsa21 genes during early embryogenesis and the resulting contributions to DS pathology in mammals are not tractable in a systematic way. A recent study looked loss-of-function of C. elegans orthologues of Hsa21 genes and identified ten candidates with behavioral phenotypes, but the equivalent over-expression experiment has not been done. We turned to zebrafish as a developmental model and, using a number of surrogate phenotypes, we screened Hsa21 genes for dosage sensitive effects on early embyrogenesis. We prepared a library of 164 cDNAs of conserved protein coding genes, injected mRNA into early embryos and evaluated up to 5 days post-fertilization (dpf). Twenty-four genes produced a gross morphological phenotype, 11 of which could be reproduced reliably. Seven of these gave a phenotype consistent with down regulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway; two showed defects indicative of defective neural crest migration; one resulted consistently in pericardial edema; and one was embryonic lethal. Combinatorial injections of multiple Hsa21 genes revealed both additive and compensatory effects, supporting the notion that complex genetic relationships underlie end phenotypes of trisomy that produce DS. Together, our data suggest that this system is useful in the genetic dissection of dosage-sensitive gene effects on early development and can inform the contribution of both individual loci and their combinatorial effects to phenotypes relevant to the etiopathology of DS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitch, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinedinst, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thole, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survey of human chromosome 21 gene expression effects on early development in Danio rerio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Household Transmission Study of Cryptosporidiosis in Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCryptosporidium, an apicomplexan protozoa, is a leading contributor to diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children under five years old worldwide. As there is no vaccine and no approved drug for Cryptosporidium spp. in young children, preventing parasite transmission is crucial. We undertook a pilot case-control study to define the extent of person-to-person transmission of cryptosporidiosis within families in an urban and rural community in Bangladesh.nnMethodsWe enrolled 48 case families with a Cryptosporidium-infected child aged 6-18 months. Controls were age-sex matched Cryptosporidium-negative children (n=12). Once children were identified, we enrolled all household members. We then followed these individuals for 8 weeks, with weekly surveillance stools and testing with qPCR for Cryptosporidium spp.nnFindingsIn the 48 case families, the rate of secondary infections with Cryptosporidium was 18.6% (22/118) compared to 0 new infections (0/35) in the 12 control families. In the 22 urban Mirpur households, the secondary attack rate was 30% (18/60) in cases compared to 0% (0/14) in controls (chi-square p = 0.018). In contrast, in the 21 rural Mirzapur households, the secondary attack rate was 6.9% (4/58) in case households compared to 0% (0/21) in controls (chi-square p = 0.22). Genotyping by gp60 demonstrated infection with the same subspecies in five of six families. Serologic response to Cryptosporidium infection was associated with younger age, longer duration of infection, and C hominis gp60_IbA9G3R2 infection.nnInterpretationThe high rate of secondary infection in Mirpur suggests that person-to-person transmission is likely a major source of Cryptosporidium infection for young children living in this region. GP 60 genotyping demonstrated direction of infection in 2 households, and concurrent infection in five households. Further work is needed to understand the differences in parasite transmissibility and immunity to different genotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korpe, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arju, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruque, A. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Household Transmission Study of Cryptosporidiosis in Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fungal ligand chitin directly binds and signals inflammation dependent on oligomer size and TLR2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chitin is a highly abundant polysaccharide and linked to fungal infection and asthma. Unfortunately, its polymeric structure has hampered the identification of immune receptors directly binding chitin and signaling immune activation and inflammation, because purity, molecular structure and molarity are not well definable for a polymer typically extracted from biomass. Therefore, by using defined chitin (N-acetyl-glucosamine) oligomers, we identified six subunit long chitin chains as the smallest immunologically active motif and the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 as the primary fungal chitin receptor on human and murine immune cells. Chitin oligomers directly bound TLR2 with nanomolar affinity and showed both overlapping and distinct signaling outcomes compared to known mycobacterial TLR2 ligands. Conversely, chitin oligomers shorter than 6 subunits were inactive or showed antagonistic effects on chitin/TLR2-mediated signaling, hinting to a size-dependent sensing/activation system unexpectedly conserved in plants and humans. Since blocking the chitin-TLR2 interaction effectively prevented chitin-mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo, our study highlights the chitin TLR2 interaction as a potential target for developing novel therapies in chitin-related pathologies and fungal disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona Gloria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolz, O.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herster, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Täumer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickhöfer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haischer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlöffel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koymans, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanmuganantham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frauhammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nürnberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeibundGut-Landmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gust, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouttefangeas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela-Cruz, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fungal ligand chitin directly binds and signals inflammation dependent on oligomer size and TLR2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of midgut cell proliferation impacts Aedes aegypti susceptibility to dengue virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aedes aegypti is the vector of some of the most important vector-borne diseases like Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow fever, affecting millions of people worldwide. The cellular processes that follow a blood meal in the mosquito midgut are directly associated with pathogen transmission. We studied the homeostatic response of the midgut against oxidative stress, as well as bacterial and dengue virus (DENV) infections, focusing on the proliferative ability of the intestinal stem cells (ISC). Inhibition of the peritrophic matrix (PM) formation led to an increase in ROS production by the epithelial cells in response to contact with the resident microbiota, suggesting that maintenance of low levels of ROS in the intestinal lumen is key to keep ISCs division in balance. We show that dengue virus infection induces midgut cell division in both DENV susceptible (Rockefeller) and refractory (Orlando) mosquito strains. However, the susceptible strain delays the activation of the regeneration process compared with the refractory strain. Impairment of the Delta/Notch signaling, by silencing the Notch ligand Delta using RNAi, significantly increased the susceptibility of the refractory strains to DENV infection of the midgut. We propose that this cell replenishment is essential to control viral infection in the mosquito. Our study demonstrates that the intestinal epithelium of the blood fed mosquito is able to respond and defend against different challenges, including virus infection. In addition, we provide unprecedented evidence that the activation of a cellular regenerative program in the midgut is important for the determination of the mosquito vectorial competence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taracena, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino-Rojas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talyuli, O. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter-Nuno, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, J. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiva-Silva, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of midgut cell proliferation impacts Aedes aegypti susceptibility to dengue virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On variational solutions for whole brain serial-section histology using the computational anatomy random orbit model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper presents a variational framework for dense diffeomorphic atlas-mapping onto high-throughput histology stacks at the 20 m meso-scale. The observed sections are modelled as Gaussian random fields conditioned on a sequence of unknown section by section rigid motions and unknown diffeomorphic transformation of a three-dimensional atlas. To regularize over the high-dimensionality of our parameter space (which is a product space of the rigid motion dimensions and the diffeomorphism dimensions), the histology stacks are modelled as arising from a first order Sobolev space smoothness prior. We show that the joint maximum a-posteriori, penalized-likelihood estimator of our high dimensional parameter space emerges as a joint optimization interleaving rigid motion estimation for histology restacking and large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping to atlas coordinates. We show that joint optimization in this parameter space solves the classical curvature non-identifiability of the histology stacking problem. The algorithms are demonstrated on a collection of whole-brain histological image stacks from the Mouse Brain Architecture Project.nnAuthor SummaryNew developments in neural tracing techniques have motivated the widespread use of histology as a modality for exploring the circuitry of the brain. Automated mapping of pre-labeled atlases onto modern large datasets of histological imagery is a critical step for elucidating the brains neural circuitry and shape. This task is challenging as histological sections are imaged independently and the reconstruction of the unsectioned volume is nontrivial. Typically, neuroanatomists use reference volumes of the same subject (e.g. MRI) to guide reconstruction. However, obtaining reference imagery is often non-standard, as in high-throughput animal models like mouse histology. Others have proposed using anatomical atlases as guides, but have not accounted for the intrinsic nonlinear shape difference from atlas to subject. Our method addresses these limitations by jointly optimizing reconstruction informed by an atlas simultaneously with the nonlinear change of coordinates that encapsulates anatomical variation. This accounts for intrinsic shape differences and enables rigorous, direct comparisons of atlas and subject coordinates. Using simulations, we demonstrate that our method recovers the reconstruction parameters more accurately than atlas-free models and innately produces accurate segmentations from simultaneous atlas mapping. We also demonstrate our method on the Mouse Brain Architecture dataset, successfully mapping and reconstructing over 500 brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On variational solutions for whole brain serial-section histology using the computational anatomy random orbit model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activated BAX/BAK enable mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilisation and mtDNA release during cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During apoptosis, pro-apoptotic BAX and BAK are activated, causing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP), caspase activation and cell death. However, even in the absence of caspase activity, cells usually die following MOMP. Such caspase-independent cell death is accompanied by inflammation that requires mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activation of cGAS-STING signaling. Because the mitochondrial inner membrane is thought to remain intact during apoptosis, we sought to address how matrix mtDNA could activate the cytosolic cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Strikingly, using super-resolution imaging, we show that mtDNA is efficiently released from mitochondria following MOMP. In a temporal manner, we find that following MOMP, BAX/BAK-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane pores gradually widen over time. This allows extrusion of the mitochondrial inner membrane into the cytosol whereupon it permeablises allowing mtDNA release. Our data demonstrate that mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilisation can occur during cell death in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner. Importantly, by enabling the cytosolic release of mtDNA, inner membrane permeabilisation underpins the immunogenic effects of caspase-independent cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Prey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tait, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activated BAX/BAK enable mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilisation and mtDNA release during cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering patterns of pleiotropy in genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenome-wide association studies have had great success in identifying human genetic variants associated with disease, disease risk factors, and other biomedical phenotypes. Many variants are associated with multiple traits, even after correction for trait-trait correlation. Discovering subsets of variants associated with a shared subset of phenotypes could help reveal disease mechanisms, suggest new therapeutic options, and increase the power to detect additional variants with similar pattern of associations. Here we introduce two methods based on a Bayesian framework, SNP And Pleiotropic PHenotype Organization (SAPPHO), one modeling independent phenotypes (SAPPHO-I) and the other incorporating a full phenotype covariance structure (SAPPHO-C). These two methods learn patterns of pleiotropy from genotype and phenotype data, using identified associations to discover additional associations with shared patterns.nnResultsThe SAPPHO methods, along with other recent approaches for pleiotropic association tests, were assessed using data from the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities (ARIC) study of 8,000 individuals, whose gold-standard associations were provided by meta-analysis of 40,000 to 100,000 individuals from the CHARGE consortium. Using power to detect gold-standard associations at genome-wide significance (0.05 family-wise error rate) as a metric, SAPPHO performed best. The SAPPHO methods were also uniquely able to select the most significant variants in a parsimonious model, excluding other less likely variants within a linkage disequilibrium block. For meta-analysis, the SAPPHO methods implement summary modes that use sufficient statistics rather than full phenotype and genotype data. Meta-analysis applied to CHARGE detected 16 additional associations to the gold-standard loci, as well as 124 novel loci, at 0.05 false discovery rate. Reasons for the superior performance were explored by performing simulations over a range of scenarios describing different genetic architectures. With SAPPHO we were able to learn genetic structures that were hidden using the traditional univariate tests.nnAvailabilityhttps://bitbucket.org/baderlab/fast/wiki/Home. SAPPHO software is available under the GNU General Public License, v2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering patterns of pleiotropy in genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of Two Dyneins to an mRNA-Dependent Bicaudal D Transport Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated the role of binding partners of full-length Drosophila Bicaudal D (BicD) in the activation of dynein-dynactin motility for mRNA transport on microtubules. In single-molecule assays, full-length BicD robustly activated dynein-dynactin only when both the mRNA binding protein Egalitarian (Egl), and K10 mRNA cargo were present. Electron microscopy showed that both Egl and mRNA were needed to disrupt an auto-inhibited, looped BicD conformation that sterically prevents dynein-dynactin binding. In vitro reconstituted messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes with two Egl molecules showed faster speeds and longer run lengths than mRNPs with one Egl, suggesting that cargo binding enhances dynein recruitment. Labeled dynein showed that BicD can recruit two dimeric dyneins to the mRNP, resulting in faster speeds and longer run lengths than with one dynein. The fully reconstituted mRNP provides a model for understanding how adaptor proteins and cargo cooperate to confer optimal transport properties to a dynein-driven transport complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sladewski, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billington, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bookwalter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krementsova, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroer, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trybus, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of Two Dyneins to an mRNA-Dependent Bicaudal D Transport Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRNAs in platelet-poor blood plasma and purified RNA are highly stable: a confirmatory study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative stability of microRNAs (miRNAs) as compared with other RNA molecules has been confirmed in many contexts. When bound to Argonaute (AGO) proteins, miRNAs are protected from degradation, even when released into the extracellular space in ribonucleoprotein complexes, and with or without the protection of membranes in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Purified miRNAs also appear to present less of a target for degradation than other RNAs. Although miRNAs are by no means immune to degradation, biological samples subjected to prolonged incubation at room temperature, multiple freeze/thaws, or collection in the presence of inhibitors like heparin, can typically be remediated or used directly for miRNA measurements. Here, we provide additional confirmation of early, well validated findings on miRNA stability and detectability. Our data also suggest that inadequate depletion of platelets from plasma may explain the occasional report that freeze-thaw cycles can adversely affect plasma miRNA levels. Overall, the repeated observation of miRNA stability is again confirmed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muth, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRNAs in platelet-poor blood plasma and purified RNA are highly stable: a confirmatory study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transition from actin-driven to water-driven cell migration depends on external hydraulic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo, cells can reside in diverse physical and biochemical environments. For example, epithelial cells typically live in a two-dimensional (2D) environment while metastatic cancer cells can move through dense three-dimensional (3D) matrices. These distinct environments impose different kinds of mechanical forces on cells, and thus potentially can influence the mechanism of cell migration. For example, cell movement on 2D flat surfaces is mostly driven by forces from focal adhesion and actin polymerization, while in confined geometries, it can be driven by water permeation. In this work, we utilize a two-phase model of the cellular cytoplasm, where the mechanics of the cytosol and the F-actin network are treated on an equal footing. Using conservation laws and simple force balance considerations, we are able to describe the contribution of water flux, actin polymerization and flow, and focal adhesions to cell migration in both 2D surfaces and in confined spaces. The theory shows how cell migration can seamlessly transition from a focal adhesion- and actin-based mechanism on 2D surfaces to a water-based mechanism in confined geometries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transition from actin-driven to water-driven cell migration depends on external hydraulic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electromechanics and Volume Dynamics in Non-excitable Tissue Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell volume regulation is fundamentally important in phenomena such as cell growth, proliferation, tissue homeostasis and embryogenesis. How the cell size is set, maintained, and changed over a cells lifetime is not well understood. In this work we focus on how the volume of non-excitable tissue cells is coupled to the cell membrane electrical potential and the concentration of membrane-permeable ions in the cell environment. Specifically, we demonstrate that a sudden cell depolarization using the whole cell patch clamp results in a 30 percent increase in cell volume, while hyperpolarization results in a slight volume decrease. We find that cell volume can be partially controlled by changing the chloride or the sodium/potassium concentrations in the extracellular environment while maintaining a constant external osmotic pressure. Depletion of external chloride leads to a volume decrease in suspended HN31 cells. Introducing cells to a high potassium solution causes volume increase by up to 50%. Cell volume is also influenced by cortical tension: actin depolymerization leads to cell volume increase. We present an electrophysiology model of water dynamics driven by changes in membrane potential and in the concentration of permeable ions in the cell surrounding. The model quantitatively predicts that the cell volume is determined by the total amount of intracellular ion and protein content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yellin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, V. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electromechanics and Volume Dynamics in Non-excitable Tissue Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
crsra: A package for Cleaning and Analyzing Coursera Research Export Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to the fundamental differences between traditional education and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and the ever-increasing popularity of MOOCs more research is needed to under- stand current and future trends in education. Although research in the field has rapidly grown in recent years, one of the main challenges facing researchers remains to be the complexity and messiness of the data. Therefore, it is imperative to provide tools that pave the way for more research on the new subject of MOOCs. This paper introduces a package called crsra based on the statistical software R to help clean and analyze massive loads of data provided by Coursera. The advantages of the package are as follows: a) faster loading and organizing data for analysis, b) an efficient method for combining data from multiple courses and even across institutions, and c) provision of a set of functions for analyzing student behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadavand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[crsra: A package for Cleaning and Analyzing Coursera Research Export Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-21-5p and miR-30a-5p are identical in human and bovine, have similar isomiR distribution, and cannot be used to identify xenomiR uptake from cow milk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
microRNAs (miRNAs) are often highly conserved across species, but species-specific sequences are known. In addition, miRNA "isomiRs" arise from the same precursor molecule but differ in post-processing length and modification, usually at the 3 end. A recently published feeding study reported the intriguing result that two bovine milk-specific miRNAs were taken up into human circulation after ingestion of bovine milk. Unfortunately, this interpretation is based on annotation errors in a public microRNA database. Reanalysis using databses including the MirGeneDB database reveals that the miRNAs in question, miR-21-5p and miR-30a-5p, arise from 100% identical 5 precursor sequences in human and bovine, and the putative bovine-specific isomiRs appear to be depleted, not enriched, in bovine milk. Thus, enrichment of these isomiRs in human blood is inconsistent with uptake of xenomiRs and likely betrays endogenous miRNA regulation in response to diet or technical artifact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-21-5p and miR-30a-5p are identical in human and bovine, have similar isomiR distribution, and cannot be used to identify xenomiR uptake from cow milk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel mutations associated with clofazimine resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a major non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen responsible for about 80% of all pulmonary infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clofazimine is an effective drug active against Mab and shows synergistic activity when given with amikacin, but the mechanism of resistance to clofazimine in Mab is unknown.nnObjectiveTo investigate the molecular basis of clofazimine resistance in Mab.nnMethodsWe isolated 29 Mab mutants resistant to clofazimine, and subjected them to whole genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing to identify possible mutations associated with clofazimine resistance.nnResultsMutations in MAB_2299c gene which encodes possible transcriptional regulatory protein were identified in 23 of the 29 clofazimine-resistant mutants. In addition, 6 mutations in MAB_1483 were found in 21 of the 29 mutants, and one mutation in MAB_0540 was found in 16 of the 29 mutants. Mutations in MAB_0416c, MAB_4099c, MAB_2613, MAB_0409, MAB_1426 were also associated with clofazimine resistance in less frequency. Two identical mutations which are likely to be polymorphisms unrelated to clofazimine resistance were found in MAB_4605c and MAB_4323 in 13 mutants.nnConclusionMutations in MAB_2299c, MAB_1483, and MAB_0540 are the major mechanisms of clofazimine resistance in Mab. Future studies are needed to address the role of the identified mutations in clofazimine resistance in Mab, and our findings have implications for developing a rapid molecular test for detecting clofazimine resistance in this organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel mutations associated with clofazimine resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerometry data in health research: challenges and opportunities. Review and examples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wearable accelerometers provide detailed, objective, and continu-ous measurements of physical activity (PA). Recent advances in technology and the decreasing cost of wearable devices led to an explosion in the popula-rity of wearable technology in health research. An ever increasing number of studies collect high-throughput, sub-second level raw acceleration data. In this paper we discuss problems related to the collection and analysis of raw acce-lerometry data and provide insights into potential solutions. In particular, we describe the size and complexity of the data, the within- and between-subject variability and the effects of sensor location on the body. We also provide a short tutorial for dealing with sampling frequency, device calibration, data labeling and multiple PA monitors synchronization. We illustrate these po-ints using the Developmental Epidemiological Cohort Study (DECOS), which collected raw accelerometry data on individuals both in a controlled and the free-living environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straczkiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harezlak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glynn, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipunnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerometry data in health research: challenges and opportunities. Review and examples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal optogenetic suppression in macaque area MT biases direction discrimination and choice confidence, but only transiently 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insights from causal manipulations of brain activity depend on targeting the spatial and temporal scale most relevant for behavior. Using a sensitive perceptual decision task in monkeys, we examined the effects of randomly-interleaved, rapid, reversible inactivation on a spatial scale previously achieved only with electrical microstimulation. Inactivating neurons in area MT with consistent direction tuning produced systematic effects on choice and confidence. Behavioral effects were attenuated over the course of each session, suggesting compensatory adjustments in the downstream readout of MT over tens of minutes. Compensation also occurred on a sub-second time scale: behavior was largely unaffected on trials with visual stimuli (and concurrent suppression) longer than [~]350ms. These trends were similar for choice and confidence, consistent with the idea of a common mechanism underlying both measures. The findings demonstrate the utility of hyperpolarizing opsins for linking neural population activity at fine spatial and temporal scales to cognitive functions in primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fetsch, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odean, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Shamayleh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal optogenetic suppression in macaque area MT biases direction discrimination and choice confidence, but only transiently]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arsenite exposure inhibits histone acetyltransferase p300 for attenuating H3K27ac at enhancers in low-dose exposed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological investigations have validated the positive relationships between arsenic in drinking water and several cancers, including skin, liver and lung cancers. Besides genotoxicity, arsenic exposure-related pathogenesis of disease is widely considered through epigenetic mechanisms; however, the underlying mechanistic insight remains elusive. Herein we explore the initial epigenetic changes via acute low-dose arsenite exposures of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and Dot1L knockout MEF (Dot1L-/- for abbreviation) cells. Our RNA-seq and Western blot data demonstrated that, in both cell lines, acute low-dose arsenite exposure abolished histone acetyltransferase p300 at the RNA level and subsequent protein level. Consequently, p300-specific main target histone H3K27ac, a marker separating active from poised enhancers, decreased dramatically as validated by both Western blot and ChIP-seq analyses. Concomitantly, H3K4me1 as another well-known marker for enhancers also showed significant decreases, suggesting an underappreciated crosstalk between H3K4me1 and H3K27ac involved in arsenite exposure. Significantly, arsenite exposure-reduced H3K27ac and H3K4me1 inhibit the expression of genes including EP300 itself and Kruppel Like Factor 4(Klf4), a tumor suppressor gene. Collectively, our investigations identify p300 as an internal bridging factor within cells to sense external environmental arsenite exposure to alter chromatin, thereby changing gene transcription for disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arsenite exposure inhibits histone acetyltransferase p300 for attenuating H3K27ac at enhancers in low-dose exposed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species- and C-terminal linker-dependent variations in the dynamic behavior of FtsZ on membranes in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cell division requires the assembly of FtsZ protofilaments into a dynamic structure called the  Z-ring. The Z-ring recruits the division machinery and directs local cell wall remodeling for constriction. The organization and dynamics of protofilaments within the Z-ring coordinate local cell wall synthesis during cell constriction, but their regulation is largely unknown. The disordered C-terminal linker (CTL) region of Caulobacter crescentus FtsZ (CcFtsZ) regulates polymer structure and turnover in solution in vitro, and regulates Z-ring structure and activity of cell wall enzymes in vivo. To investigate the contributions of the CTL to the polymerization properties of FtsZ on its physiological platform, the cell membrane, we reconstituted CcFtsZ polymerization on supported lipid bilayers (SLB) and visualized polymer dynamics and structure using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Unlike E. coli FtsZ protofilaments that organized into large, bundled patterns, CcFtsZ protofilaments assembled into small, dynamic clusters on SLBs. Moreover, CcFtsZ lacking its CTL formed large networks of straight filament bundles that underwent slower turnover than the dynamic clusters of wildtype FtsZ. Our in vitro characterization provides novel insights into species- and CTL-dependent differences between FtsZ assembly properties that are relevant to Z-ring assembly and function on membranes in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchiarelli, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species- and C-terminal linker-dependent variations in the dynamic behavior of FtsZ on membranes in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel role of Lin28 signaling in regulation of mammalian PNS and CNS axon regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several signaling molecules involved in cellular reprogramming have been shown to regulate mammalian axon regeneration. We hypothesized that reprogramming factors are key regulators of axon regeneration. Here we investigated the role of Lin28, an important reprogramming factor, in the regulation of axon regeneration. We found that Lin28a and Lin28b and their regulatory partners, let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs), were both necessary and sufficient in regulating mature sensory axon regeneration in vivo. More importantly, overexpression of either Lin28a or Lin28b in mature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promoted robust and sustained optic nerve regeneration. Additionally, combined overexpression of Lin28a and downregulation of PTEN in RGCs acted additively to promote optic nerve regeneration by reducing the backward turning of regenerating RGC axons. Our findings not only identified a novel molecule promoting optic nerve regeneration but also suggested that reprogramming factors may play vital roles in regulating axon regeneration in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katchis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel role of Lin28 signaling in regulation of mammalian PNS and CNS axon regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal manipulation of ciliary glutamylation reveals its roles in intraciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells and are suggested to be involved in a wide range of cellular activities. However, the complexity and dynamic distribution of tubulin PTMs within cells have hindered the understanding of their physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments. Here we develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamlyation inside the primary cilia, a microtubule-based sensory organelle protruding on the cell surface, by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the cilia in minutes. This rapid deglutamylation quickly leads to altered ciliary functions such as kinesin-2-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport and Hedgehog signaling, along with no apparent crosstalk to other PTMs such as acetylation and detyrosination. Our study offers a feasible approach to spatiotemporally manipulate tubulin PTMs in living cells. Future expansion of the repertoire of actuators that regulate PTMs may facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how diverse tubulin PTMs encode ciliary as well as cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusapati, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaner, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/282103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal manipulation of ciliary glutamylation reveals its roles in intraciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium-activated chloride channels clamp odor-evoked spike activity in olfactory receptor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin-2 (Ano2) is thought to amplify transduction currents in ORNs, a hypothesis supported by previous studies in dissociated neurons from Ano2-/- mice. Paradoxically, despite a reduction in transduction currents in Ano2-/- ORNs, their spike output for odor stimuli may be higher. We examined the role of Ano2 in ORNs in their native environment in freely breathing mice by imaging activity in ORN axons as they arrive in the olfactory bulb glomeruli. Odor-evoked responses in ORN axons of Ano2-/- mice were consistently larger for a variety of odorants and concentrations. In an open arena, Ano2-/- mice took longer to approach a localized odor source than wild-type mice, revealing clear olfactory behavioral deficits. Our studies provide the first in vivo evidence toward an alternative role for Ano2 in the olfactory transduction cascade, where it may serve as a feedback mechanism to clamp ORN spike output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/282731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium-activated chloride channels clamp odor-evoked spike activity in olfactory receptor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting of NF-κB to Dendritic Spines is Required for Synaptic Signaling and Spine Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term forms of brain plasticity share a requirement for changes in gene expression induced by neuronal activity. Mechanisms that determine how the distinct and overlapping functions of multiple activity-responsive transcription factors, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-{kappa}B), give rise to stimulus-appropriate neuronal responses remain unclear. We report that the p65/RelA subunit of NF-{kappa}B confers subcellular enrichment at neuronal dendritic spines and engineer a p65 mutant that lacks spine-enrichment ({Delta}SEp65) but retains inherent transcriptional activity equivalent to wild-type p65. Wild-type p65 or {Delta}SEp65 both rescue NF-{kappa}B-dependent gene expression in p65-deficient murine hippocampal neurons responding to diffuse (PMA/ionomycin) stimulation. In contrast, neurons lacking spine-enriched NF-{kappa}B are selectively impaired in NF-{kappa}B-dependent gene expression induced by elevated excitatory synaptic stimulation (bicuculline or glycine). We used the setting of excitatory synaptic activity during development that produces NF-{kappa}B-dependent growth of dendritic spines to test physiological function of spine-enriched NF-{kappa}B in an activity-dependent response. Expression of wild-type p65, but not {Delta}SEp65, is capable of rescuing spine density to normal levels in p65-deficient pyramidal neurons. Collectively, these data reveal that spatial localization in dendritic spines contributes unique capacities to the NF-{kappa}B transcription factor in synaptic activity-dependent responses.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTExtensive research has established a model in which the regulation of neuronal gene expression enables enduring forms of plasticity and learning. However, mechanisms imparting stimulus-specificity to gene regulation, insuring biologically appropriate responses, remain incompletely understood. NF-{kappa}B is a potent transcription factor with evolutionarily-conserved functions in learning and the growth of excitatory synaptic contacts. Neuronal NF-{kappa}B is localized in both synapse and somatic compartments, but whether the synaptic pool of NF-{kappa}B has discrete functions is unknown. This study reveals that NF-{kappa}B enriched in dendritic spines (the postsynaptic sites of excitatory contacts) is selectively required for NF-{kappa}B activation by synaptic stimulation and normal dendritic spine development. These results support spatial localization at synapses as a key variable mediating selective stimulus-response coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dresselhaus, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boersma, M. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffert, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting of NF-κB to Dendritic Spines is Required for Synaptic Signaling and Spine Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical modelling of molecular heterogeneity identifies novel markers and subpopulations in complex tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumor heterogeneity, as both a major confounding factor and an underexploited information source, is widely implicated as a key driver of drug resistance. While a handful of reports have demonstrated the potential of supervised methods to deconvolute intratumor heterogeneity, these approaches require a priori information on the marker genes or composition of known subpopulations. To address the critical problem of the absence of validated marker genes for many (including novel) subpopulations, we developed convex analysis of mixtures (CAM), a fully unsupervised deconvolution method, for identifying marker genes and subpopulations directly from original mixed molecular expressions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical modelling of molecular heterogeneity identifies novel markers and subpopulations in complex tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamatergic facilitation of neural responses in MT enhances motion perception in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is large individual variability in human neural responses and perceptual abilities. The factors that give rise to these individual differences, however, remain largely unknown. To examine these factors, we separately measured fMRI responses to moving gratings in the motion-selective region MT, and perceptual duration thresholds for motion direction discrimination within the same group of male and female subjects. Further, we acquired MR spectroscopy data that allowed us to quantify an index of neurotransmitter levels in the region surrounding MT. We show that individual differences in the Glx (glutamate + glutamine) signal in the MT region are associated with both higher fMRI responses and improved psychophysical task performance. Our results suggest that individual differences in baseline levels of glutamate within MT contribute to motion perception by increasing neural responses in this region.nnSignificanceWhat factors govern the relationship between neural activity and behavior? Our results suggest that one such factor is the level of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, within a particular region of cortex. By measuring an index of glutamate in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that human subjects with more glutamate in the visual motion area known as MT also have larger fMRI responses (an index of neural activity) in this region. Further, people with more glutamate in MT can accurately perceive moving images presented more briefly within a behavioral task. Our findings point to an important role for glutamate levels in determining the relationship between neural responses and behavior during visual motion perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schallmo, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamatergic facilitation of neural responses in MT enhances motion perception in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Analysis of Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) Data Using a Z-score Algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) is a massively multiplexed, phage-display based methodology for analyzing antibody binding specificities, with several advantages over existing techniques, including the uniformity and completeness of proteomic libraries, as well as high sample throughput and low cost. Data generated by the PhIP-Seq assay are unique in many ways. The only published analytical approach for these data suffers from important limitations. Here, we propose a new statistical framework with several improvements. Using a set of replicate mock immunoprecipitations (negative controls lacking antibody input) to generate background binding distributions, we establish a statistical model to quantify antibody-dependent changes in phage clone abundance. Our approach incorporates robust regression of experimental samples against the mock IPs as a means to calculate the expected phage clone abundance, and provides a generalized model for calculating each clones expected abundance-associated standard deviation. In terms of bias removal and detection sensitivity, we demonstrate that this z-score algorithm outperforms the previous approach. Further, in a large cohort of autoantibody-defined Sjogrens Syndrome (SS) patient sera, PhIP-Seq robustly identified Ro52, Ro60, and SSB/La as known autoantigens associated with SS. In an effort to identify novel SS-specific binding specificities, SS z-scores were compared with z-scores obtained by screening Ropositive sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This analysis did not yield any commonly targeted SS-specific autoantigens, suggesting that if they exist at all, their epitopes are likely to be discontinuous or post-translationally modified. In summary, we have developed an improved algorithm for PhIP-Seq data analysis, which was validated using a large set of sera with clinically characterized autoantibodies. This z-score approach will substantially improve the ability of PhIP-Seq to detect and interpret antibody binding specificities. The associated Python code is freely available for download here: https://github.com/LarmanLab/PhIP-Seq-Analyzer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laserson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Analysis of Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) Data Using a Z-score Algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis is a common, complex neurological disease, where almost 20% of risk heritability can be attributed to common genetic variants, including >230 identified by genome-wide association studies (Patsopoulos et al., 2017). Multiple strands of evidence suggest that the majority of the remaining heritability is also due to the additive effects of individual variants, rather than epistatic interactions between these variants, or mutations exclusive to individual families. Here, we show in 68,379 cases and controls that as much as 5% of this heritability is explained by low-frequency variation in gene coding sequence. We identify four novel genes driving MS risk independently of common variant signals, which highlight a key role for regulatory T cell homeostasis and regulation, IFN{gamma} biology and NF{kappa}B signaling in MS pathogenesis. As low-frequency variants do not show substantial linkage disequilibrium with other variants, and as coding variants are more interpretable and experimentally tractable than non-coding variation, our discoveries constitute a rich resource for dissecting the pathobiology of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhooghe, M.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourraud, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongratz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heesen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumpfel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stangel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Then Bergh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiend</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/286617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete guide RNA design for CRISPR-mediated regulation of human long noncoding RNA transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription inhibition and activation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology provides potential advantages in high-throughput functional genomics studies over RNA interference or overexpression platforms. In this work, we identify over 90,000 lncRNA transcription start sites (TSSs) based on the MiTranscriptome human genome annotation and design single guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries with strong predicted activities and low off-target effects for CRISPR-mediated inhibition and activation (CRISPRi/a) of their transcription. A large fraction of these TSSs correspond to putative genes that are not annotated in common reference genome annotations and have never been functionally studied. Our CRISPRi/a libraries, or their context-dependent subsets, are potentially useful in genome-scale functional studies of human lncRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saberi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete guide RNA design for CRISPR-mediated regulation of human long noncoding RNA transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propagation of information along the cortical hierarchy as a function of attention while reading and listening to stories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does attention route information from sensory to high-order areas as a function of task, within the relatively fixed topology of the brain? In this study, participants were simultaneously presented with two unrelated stories - one spoken and one written - and asked to attend one while ignoring the other. We used fMRI and a novel inter-subject correlation analysis to track the spread of information along the processing hierarchy as a function of task. Processing the unattended spoken (written) information was confined to auditory (visual) cortices. In contrast, attending to the spoken (written) story enhanced the stimulus-selective responses in early sensory regions and allowed it to spread into higher-order areas. Surprisingly, we found that the story-specific spoken (written) responses for the attended story also reached the opposite secondary visual (auditory) regions. These results demonstrate how attention enhances the processing of attended input and allows it to propagate across brain areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propagation of information along the cortical hierarchy as a function of attention while reading and listening to stories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential human mobility and local variation in human infection attack rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infectious disease transmission in animals is an inherently spatial process in which a hosts home location and their social mixing patterns are important, with the mixing of infectious individuals often different to that of susceptible individuals. Although incidence data for humans have traditionally been aggregated into low-resolution data sets, modern representative surveillance systems such as electronic hospital records generate high volume case data with precise home locations. Here, we use a high resolution gridded spatial transmission model of arbitrary resolution to investigate the theoretical relationship between population density, differential population movement and local variability in incidence. We show analytically that uniform local attack rate is only possible for individual pixels in the grid if susceptible and infectious individuals move in the same way. Using a population in Guangdong, China, for which a robust quantitative description of movement is available (a movement kernel), and a natural history consistent with pandemic influenza; we show that for the estimated kernel, local cumulative incidence is positively correlated with population density when susceptible individuals are more connected in space than infectious individuals. Conversely, when infectious individuals are more connected, local cumulative incidence is negatively correlated with population density. The amplitude of correlation is substantial for the estimated kernel. However, the strength and direction of correlation changes sign for other kernel parameter values. These results describe a precise relationship between the spatio-social mixing of infectious and susceptible individuals and local variability in attack rates, and suggest a plausible mechanism for the counter-intuitive scenario in which local incidence is lower on average in less dense populations. Also, these results suggest that if spatial transmission models are implemented at high resolution to investigate local disease dynamics, including micro-tuning of interventions, the underlying detailed assumptions about the mechanisms of transmission become more important than when similar studies are conducted at larger spatial scales.nnAuthor SummaryWe know that some places have higher rates of infectious disease than others. However, at the moment, we usually only measure these differences for large towns and cities. With modern data, such as those we can get from mobile phones, we can measure rates of infection at much smaller scales. In this paper, we used a computer simulation of an epidemic to propose ways that rates of incidence in small local areas might be related to population density. We found that if infectious people are better connected than non-infectious people, perhaps because they receive visitors, then, on average, higher density areas would have lower rates of infection. If infectious people were less connected than non-infectious people then higher density areas would have higher rates of infection. As data get more accurate, this type of analysis will allow us to propose and test ways to optimize interventions such as the delivery of vaccines and antivirals during a pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haw, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential human mobility and local variation in human infection attack rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movement imitation depends on an abstract trajectory representation in dorsal premotor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are particularly good at copying novel and meaningless gestures. The mechanistic and anatomical basis for this specialized imitation ability remains largely unknown. One idea is that imitation occurs by matching body configurations. Here we propose an alternative route to imitation that depends on a body-independent representation of the trajectory path of the end-effector. We studied a group of patients with strokes in the left frontoparietal cortices. We found that they were equally impaired at imitating movement trajectories using the ipsilesional limb (i.e., the non-paretic side) that were cued either by an actor using their whole arm or just by a cursor, suggesting that body configuration is not always critical for imitation and that a representation of abstract trajectory shape may suffice. In addition, imitation ability was uncorrelated to the ability to identify the trajectory shape, suggesting a dissociation between producing trajectory shapes and perceiving their paths. Finally, a lesion-symptom mapping analysis found that imitation deficits were associated with lesions in left dorsal premotor but not parietal cortex. Together, these findings suggest a novel body-independent route to imitation that relies on the ability to plan abstract movement trajectories within dorsal premotor cortex.nnSignificance StatementThe ability to imitate is critical for rapidly learning to produce new gestures and actions, but how the brain translates observed movements into motor commands is poorly understood. Examining the ability of patients with strokes affecting the left hemisphere revealed that meaningless gestures can be imitated by succinctly representing only the motion of the hand in space, rather than the posture of the entire arm. Moreover, performance deficits correlated with lesions in dorsal premotor cortex, an area not previously associated with impaired imitation of arm postures. These findings thus describe a novel route to imitation that may also be impaired in some patients with apraxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jax, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movement imitation depends on an abstract trajectory representation in dorsal premotor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect Size and Power in fMRI Group Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis is often concerned with determining whether there exists a significant population-wide  activation in a comparison between two or more conditions. Typically this is assessed by testing the average value of a contrast of parameter estimates (COPE) against zero in a general linear model (GLM) analysis. In this work we investigate several aspects of this type of analysis. First, we study the effects of sample size on the sensitivity and reliability of the group analysis, allowing us to evaluate the ability of small sampled studies to effectively capture population-level effects of interest. Second, we assess the difference in sensitivity and reliability when using volumetric or surface based data. Third, we investigate potential biases in estimating effect sizes as a function of sample size. To perform this analysis we utilize the task-based fMRI data from the 500-subject release from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We treat the complete collection of subjects (N = 491) as our population of interest, and perform a single-subject analysis on each subject in the population. We investigate the ability to recover population level effects using a subset of the population and standard analytical techniques. Our study shows that sample sizes of 40 are generally able to detect regions with high effect sizes (Cohens d > 0.8), while sample sizes closer to 80 are required to reliably recover regions with medium effect sizes (0.5 < d < 0.8). We find little difference in results when using volumetric or surface based data with respect to standard mass-univariate group analysis. Finally, we conclude that special care is needed when estimating effect sizes, particularly for small sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect Size and Power in fMRI Group Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First in-human PET study of 3 novel tau radiopharmaceuticals: RO6958948 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background[11C]RO-963, [11C]RO-643 and [18F]RO-948 (previously referred as [11C]RO6924963, [11C]RO6931643, and [18F]RO6958948, respectively) have been reported as promising PET tracers for tau imaging based on in vitro and preclinical PET data (1,2). Here we describe the first human evaluation of these novel radiotracers.nnMethodsAmyloid PET positive Alzheimers disease (AD) patients and young healthy subjects (YC) each received two different tau tracers. Dynamic 90 min scans were obtained after bolus injection of [11C]RO-963, [11C]RO-643 or [18F]RO-948. Arterial blood sampling was performed in 11 healthy controls (HC) and 11 AD. Regions were defined on MRI, and PET data were quantified by plasma reference graphical analysis (for VT) and target cerebellum ratio (SUVR60-90). SUVR images were also analyzed voxelwise. Five older healthy subjects (OC) each received two scans with [18F]RO-948 for evaluation of test-retest variability. Four AD subjects received a repeat [18F]RO-948 scan over about 1 year. Six additional HC (3M: 3F; 41-67y) each received one whole body dosimetry scan with [18F]RO-948.nnResultsIn YC, peak SUV values were observed in the temporal lobe with values of approximately 3.0 for [11C]RO-963, 1.5 for [11C]RO-643 and 3.5 for [18F]RO-948. Over all brain regions and subjects, the trend was that [18F]RO-948 had the highest peak SUV value, followed by [11C]RO-963, and then [11C]RO-643. Regional analysis of SUVR and VT for [11C]RO-643 and [18F]RO-948 clearly discriminated AD and HC groups. Compartmental modeling confirmed that [11C]RO-643 had lower brain entry than both [18F]RO-963 and [18F]RO-948, and [18F]RO-948 showed a better contrast between (predicted) areas of high vs low tau accumulation. Thus, our subsequent analysis focused on [18F]RO-948. Both voxelwise and region-based analysis of [18F]RO-948 binding in HC vs AD revealed multiple areas where AD and HC significantly differed. Of 22 high-binding regions, 13 showed significant group difference (following ANOVA, F=45, p<10-5). Voxelwise analysis also revealed a set of symmetrical clusters where AD>HC (threshold of p<0.001, cluster size k>50).nnConclusions[18F]RO-948 demonstrates superior characteristics to [11C]RO-643 and [18F]RO-963 for characterization of tau pathology in AD. Regional binding data and kinetic properties of RO-948 compare favorably with existing other tau PET tracers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comley, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwabara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrowitzki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boess, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyketsos, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapasin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevigny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannals, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borroni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/296764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First in-human PET study of 3 novel tau radiopharmaceuticals: RO6958948]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple brain networks mediating stimulus-pain relationships in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain transforms nociceptive input into a complex pain experience comprised of sensory, affective, motivational, and cognitive components. However, it is still unclear how pain arises from nociceptive input, and which brain networks coordinate to generate pain experiences. We introduce a new high-dimensional mediation analysis technique to estimate distributed, network-level patterns mediating the relationship between stimulus intensity and pain. In a large-scale analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data (N=284), we identify both traditional mediators in somatosensory brain regions and additional mediators located in prefrontal, midbrain, striatal, and default-mode regions unrelated to nociception in standard analyses. The whole brain mediators are specific for pain vs. aversive sounds and are organized in five functional networks. Brain mediators explain 32% more within-subject variance of single-trial pain ratings than previous brain-based models. Our results provide a new, broader view of the networks underlying pain experience, as well as distinct targets for interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losin, E. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlas, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple brain networks mediating stimulus-pain relationships in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication (albeit within a permissive environment). A 33.5-kb nidovirus has been considered close to the upper size limit for such entities; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is ~200 kb. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the transition from primordial RNP to contemporary DNA-RNP-based life. Whether or not RNA viruses represent transitional steps on the road to DNA-based life, studies of larger RNA viruses advance our understanding of size constraints on RNP entities. For example, emergence of the largest previously known RNA genomes (20-34 kb in positive-stranded nidoviruses, including coronaviruses) is associated with a proofreading exoribonuclease encoded in the nidoviral open reading frame 1b (ORF1b). However, apparent constraints on the size of ORF1b, which encodes this and other key replicative enzymes, have been hypothesized to limit further expansion of viral RNA genomes. Here, we characterize a novel nidovirus (planarian secretory cell nidovirus; PSCNV) whose disproportionately large ORF1b-like region, and overall 41.1 kb genome, substantially extend the presumed limits on RNA genome size. This genome encodes a predicted 13,556-aa polyprotein in an unconventional single ORF, yet retains canonical nidoviral genome organization and expression, and key replicative domains. Our evolutionary analysis suggests that PSCNV diverged early from multi-ORF nidoviruses, and subsequently acquired additional genes, including those typical of large DNA viruses or hosts. PSCNVs greatly expanded genome, proteomic complexity, and unique features - impressive in themselves - attest to the likelihood of still-larger RNA genomes awaiting discovery.nnSignificance StatementRNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication. The upper genome size for such entities was assumed to be <35 kb; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is ~200 kb. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the proposed evolution of contemporary DNA-RNP-based life from primordial RNP entities. Here, we describe a nidovirus from planarians, whose 41.1 kb genome is 23% larger than the largest known of RNA virus. The planarian secretory cell nidovirus has broken apparent constraints on the size of the genomic subregion that encodes core replication machinery, and has acquired genes not previously observed in RNA viruses. This virus challenges and advances our understanding of the limits to RNA genome size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saberi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulyaeva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brubacher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newmark, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbalenya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC6A4 binding site and acute prosocial effects of (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are evolutionarily conserved in Octopus bimaculoides. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTHuman and octopus lineages are separated by over 500 million years of evolution, and show divergent anatomical patterns of brain organization. Moreover, while humans exhibit highly complex social behaviors, octopuses are thought to be largely asocial and solitary. Despite these differences, growing evidence suggests that ancient neurotransmitter systems are shared across vertebrate and invertebrate species, and in many cases enable overlapping functions. Here we provide evidence that, as in humans, the atypical amphetamine derivative (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) enhances acute prosocial behaviors in Octopus bimaculoides. This finding is paralleled by the evolutionary conservation of the serotonin transporter (SERT, encoded by the Slc6A4 gene) binding site of MDMA in the O. bimaculoides genome. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the neural mechanisms subserving social behaviors exist in O. bimaculoides, and indicate that the role of serotonergic neurotransmission in regulating social behaviors is evolutionarily conserved.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYHere we provide evidence that the atypical amphetamine derivative (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) increases acute social approach behaviors in Octopus bimaculoides, a finding that is paralleled by the evolutionary conservation of the SLC6A4 binding site of MDMA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edsinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC6A4 binding site and acute prosocial effects of (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are evolutionarily conserved in Octopus bimaculoides.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic changes induced by  Bacteroides fragilis toxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) is a gram negative, obligate anaerobe member of the gut microbial community in up to 40% of healthy individuals. This bacterium is found more frequently in people with colorectal cancer (CRC) and causes tumor formation in the distal colon of mice heterozygous for the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (Apc+/-); tumor formation is dependent on ETBF-secreted Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT). Though some of the immediate downstream effects of BFT on colon epithelial cells (CECs) are known, we still do not understand how this potent exotoxin causes changes in CECs that lead to tumor formation and growth. Because of the extensive data connecting alterations in the epigenome with tumor formation, initial experiments attempting to connect BFT-induced tumor formation with methylation in CECs have been performed, but the effect of BFT on other epigenetic processes, such as chromatin structure, remains unexplored. Here, the changes in chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) and gene expression (RNA-seq) induced by treatment of HT29/C1 cells with BFT for 24 and 48 hours is examined. Our data show that several genes are differentially expressed after BFT treatment and these changes correlate with changes in chromatin accessibility. Also, sites of increased chromatin accessibility are associated with a lower frequency of common single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in CRC and with a higher frequency of common differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in CRC. These data provide insight into the mechanisms by which BFT induces tumor formation. Further understanding of how BFT impacts nuclear structure and function in vivo is needed.nnImportanceColorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health concern; there were approximately 135,430 new cases in 2017, and CRC is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths for both men and women in the US (1). Many factors have been linked to CRC development, the most recent of which is the gut microbiome. Pre-clinical models support that enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), among other bacteria, induce colon carcinogenesis. However, it remains unclear if the virulence determinants of any pro-carcinogenic colon bacterium induce DNA mutations or changes that initiate clonal CEC expansion. Using a reductionist model, we demonstrate that BFT rapidly alters chromatin structure and function consistent with capacity to contribute to CRC pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic changes induced by  Bacteroides fragilis toxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of DNA methylation suggests down-regulation of oncogenic pathways and reduced de-novo mutation in survival outliers of glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of survival outliers of glioblastoma (GBM) can have important implications on gliomagenesis as well as in the identification of ways to alter clinical course on this almost uniformly lethal cancer type. However, current studied epigenetic and genetic signatures of the GBM outliers have failed to identify unifying criteria to characterize this unique group of patients. In this study, we profiled the global DNA methylation pattern of mainly IDH1 wild type survival outliers of glioblastoma and performed comprehensive enrichment analyses with genomic and epigenomic signatures. We found that the genome of long-term survivors in glioblastoma is differentially methylated relative to short-term survivor patients depending on CpG density: hypermethylation near CpG islands (CGIs) and hypomethylation far from CGIs. Interestingly, these two patterns are associated with distinct oncogenic aspects in gliomagenesis. The hypomethylation pattern at the region distant from CGI is associated with lower rates of de novo mutations while the hypermethylation at CGIs correlates with transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in cancer progression pathways. These results extend our understanding of DNA methylation of survival outliers in glioblastoma in a genome-wide level, and provide insight on the potential impact of DNA hypomethylation in cancer genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathios, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daris, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dho, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolyn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of DNA methylation suggests down-regulation of oncogenic pathways and reduced de-novo mutation in survival outliers of glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNV Neurons Are Rare in Aged Human Neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Megabase-scale somatic copy number variants (CNVs) alter allelic diversity in a subset of human neocortical neurons. Reported frequencies of CNV neurons range from [~]5% of neurons in some individuals to greater than 30% in other individuals. Genome-wide and familial studies implicitly assume a constant brain genome when assessing the genetic risk architecture of neurological disease, thus it is critical to determine whether divergent reports of CNV neuron frequency reflect normal individual variation or technical differences between approaches. We generated a new dataset of over 800 human neurons from 5 neurotypical individuals and developed a computational approach that measures single cell library quality based on Bayesian Information Criterion and identifies integer-like variant segments from population-level statistics. A brain CNV atlas was assembled using our new dataset and published data from 10 additional neurotypical individuals. This atlas reveals that the frequency of neocortical CNV neurons varies widely among individuals, but that this variability is not readily accounted for by tissue quality or CNV detection approach. Rather, the age of the individual is anti-correlated with CNV neuron frequency. Fewer CNV neurons are observed in aged individuals than young individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chronister, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbulis, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakenson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekiranov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNV Neurons Are Rare in Aged Human Neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A member of the ferlin calcium sensor family is essential for Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasion of host cells by apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii is critical for their infectivity and pathogenesis. In Toxoplasma, secretion of essential egress, motility and invasion-related proteins from microneme organelles is regulated by oscillations of intracellular Ca2+. Later stages of invasion are considered Ca2+-independent, including the secretion of proteins required for host cell entry and remodeling from the parasites rhoptries. We identified a family of three Toxoplasma proteins with homology to the ferlin family of double C2 domain-containing Ca2+ sensors. In humans and model organisms such Ca2+ sensors orchestrate Ca2+-dependent exocytic membrane fusion with the plasma membrane. One ferlin that is conserved across the Apicomplexa, TgFER2, localizes to the parasites cortical membrane skeleton, apical end, and rhoptries. Unexpectedly, conditionally TgFER2-depleted parasites secreted their micronemes normally and were completely motile. However, these parasites were unable to invade host cells and were therefore not viable. Specifically, knockdown of TgFER2 prevented rhoptry secretion and these parasites failed to form the moving junction on the parasite-host interface necessary for host cell invasion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the putative Ca2+ sensor TgFER2 is required for the secretion of rhoptries. These findings provide the first regulatory and mechanistic insights into this critical yet poorly understood aspect of apicomplexan host cell invasion.nnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/304048_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (58K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@505202org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@138400aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f468beorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1089d34_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodoen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubbels, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/304048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A member of the ferlin calcium sensor family is essential for Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensorimotor cortical-subthalamic network dynamics during force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is proposed to participate in pausing, or alternately, in dynamic scaling of behavioral responses, roles that have conflicting implications for understanding STN function in the context of deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy. To examine the nature of event-related STN activity and subthalamic-cortical dynamics, we performed primary motor and somatosensory electrocorticography while subjects (n=10) performed a grip force task during DBS implantation surgery. The results provide the first evidence from humans that STN gamma activity can predict activity in the cortex both prior to and during movement, consistent with the idea that the STN participates in both motor planning and execution. We observed that STN activity appeared to facilitate movement: while both movement onset and termination both coincided with STN-cortical phase-locking, narrow-band gamma power was positively correlated with grip force, and event-related causality measures demonstrated that STN gamma activity predicted cortical gamma activity during movement. STN participation in somatosensory integration also was demonstrated by casual analysis. Information flow from the STN to somatosensory cortex was observed for both beta and gamma range frequencies, specific to particular movement periods and kinematics. Interactions in beta activity between the STN and somatosensory cortex, rather than motor cortex, predicted PD symptom severity. Thus, the STN contributes to multiple aspects of sensorimotor behavior dynamically across time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alhourani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korzeniewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozny, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondylis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crammond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensorimotor cortical-subthalamic network dynamics during force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial photoacoustic imaging of NMDA-evoked focal circuit dynamics in rat forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial functional photoacoustic (fPA) voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging promises to overcome current temporal and spatial limitations of current neuroimaging modalities. The technique previously distinguished global seizure activity from control neural activity in groups of rats. To validate the focal specificity of transcranial fPA neuroimaging in vivo, we now present proofs-of-concept that the results differentiate between low- and high-dose N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) evoked neural activity in rat hippocampus. Concurrent quantitative EEG (qEEG) and microdialysis recorded real-time circuit dynamics and glutamate concentration change, respectively. We hypothesized that location-specific fPA VSD contrast would identify the neural dynamics in hippocampus with the correlation to NMDA evoked focal glutamate release and time-specific EEG signals. To test the hypothesis, we infused 0.3 to 3.0 mM NMDA at 2 l/min over 60 min via an implanted microdialysis probe. The dialysate samples collected every 20 min during the infusion were analyzed for focal changes in extracellular glutamate release. Transcranial fPA VSD imaging provided NMDA-evoked VSD responses with positive correlation to extracellular glutamate concentration change at the contralateral side of the microdialysis probe. The graded response represents the all-or-none gating system of the dentate gyrus (DG) in hippocampus. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) successfully confirmed induction of focal seizure activity during NMDA infusion. We conclude that transcranial fPA VSD imaging distinguished graded DG gatekeeping functions, based on the VSD redistribution mechanism sensitive to electrophysiologic membrane potential. The results suggest the potential future use of this emerging technology in clinics and science as an innovative and significant functional neuroimaging modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjedde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial photoacoustic imaging of NMDA-evoked focal circuit dynamics in rat forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clairvoyante: a multi-task convolutional deep neural network for variant calling in Single Molecule Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accurate identification of DNA sequence variants is an important, but challenging task in genomics. It is particularly difficult for single molecule sequencing, which has a per-nucleotide error rate of ~5%-15%. Meeting this demand, we developed Clairvoyante, a multi-task five-layer convolutional neural network model for predicting variant type (SNP or indel), zygosity, alternative allele and indel length from aligned reads. For the well-characterized NA12878 human sample, Clairvoyante achieved 99.73%, 97.68% and 95.36% precision on known variants, and 98.65%, 92.57%, 87.26% F1-score for whole-genome analysis, using Illumina, PacBio, and Oxford Nanopore data, respectively. Training on a second human sample shows Clairvoyante is sample agnostic and finds variants in less than two hours on a standard server. Furthermore, we identified 3,135 variants that are missed using Illumina but supported independently by both PacBio and Oxford Nanopore reads. Clairvoyante is available open-source (https://github.com/aquaskyline/Clairvoyante), with modules to train, utilize and visualize the model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clairvoyante: a multi-task convolutional deep neural network for variant calling in Single Molecule Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of small regulatory RNAs involved in persister formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small regulatory RNA (srRNA) is widely distributed in three kingdoms of life and fulfills functions in many aspects of cellular life, but their role in bacterial persistence remains unknown. In this study, we comprehensively interrogated the expression levels of the known srRNAs on three critical time points, stage 1 (S1) where no persisters are formed, stage 2 (S2) where persisters are beginning to appear, and stage 3 (S3) where persister numbers increase significantly. Three upregulated srRNAs (OmrB, an outer member associated srRNA; RdlB, a swarming motility and curli expression regulator; McaS, a flagellar motility and biofilm formation regulator) overlapping in S2/S1 and S3/S1, together with the other four upregulated srRNAs (MicF, a ribosome binding inhibitor; MicL, an outer membrane associated srRNA; RybB, a cell envelope stress regulator; RydB, regulator of a global regulator RpoS) in S2/S1 are of special interest. By constructing deletion mutants and overexpression strains in uropathogenic E. coli strain UTI89, we tested their persister-formation capabilities in log phase and stationary phase cultures exposed to antibiotics (gentamicin, cefotaxime and levofloxacin) and stresses (heat, hyperosmosis, H2O2, and acid). The results of the deletion mutant studies showed that all the seven identified sRNAs have varying effects on persister formation with different antibiotics or stresses. Moreover, we found all the deletion mutants of these srRNAs have reduced biofilm formation. Additionally, except the McaS and the RydB overexpression strains, all of the srRNAs overexpression strains demonstrated increased persister-formation in antibiotic and stress persister assays, confirming the role of these srRNAs in persistence. Together, we identified seven srRNAs (OmrB, RdlB, McaS, MicF, MicL, RybB, and RydB) that are involved in type II persister formation for the first time. These findings provide convincing evidence for a new level of rapid persistence regulation via srRNA and furnish novel therapeutic targets for intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of small regulatory RNAs involved in persister formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel genes including rpmF and yjjQ critical for Type II persister formation in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persister cells, which are characterized by inactive metabolism and tolerance to antibiotics or stresses, pose a significant challenge to the treatment of many persistent infections. Although multiple genes have been reported to be involved in persister formation through transposon mutant library screens, how persisters are formed during the natural process of persister formation as the culture transitions from log phase to stationary phase is unclear. Here, using E. coli as a model, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of gene expression profiles of successive cultures of an E. coli culture at different critical time points, starting from persister-free S1-nonexistence phase (3h) to persister appearing S2-emergence phase (4h), and persister abundant stage S3-abundance phase (5h). The differentially expressed genes ([&ge;]2-fold) in persister appearing stage (S1 to S2 transition) and persister abundant stage (S1 to S3) were compared, and 51 and 29 genes were identified to be up-regulated, respectively. Importantly, 13 genes (gnsA, gnsB, ybfA, yjjQ, ymdF, yhdU, csgD, yncN, rpmF, ydcX, yohJ, ssrA, rbsD) overlap in both persister S2-emergence phase and S3-abundance phase, including a member of the trans-translation pathway (ssrA) as well as an orphan toxin (ydcX), which are two well-known persister genes while the remaining 11 novel genes (gnsA, gnsB, ybfA, yjjQ, ymdF, yhdU, csgD, yncN, rpmF, yohJ, rbsD) have not been reported previously. Persister levels of 7 constructed knockout mutants ({Delta}gnsA, {Delta}ybfA, {Delta}yjjQ, {Delta}yhdU, {Delta}csgD, {Delta}yohJ and{Delta} rpmF) and 10 overexpression strains (gnsA, gnsB, ybfA, yjjQ, ymdF, yhdU, csgD, rpmF, yohJ, rbsD) in E. coli uropathogenic strain UTI89 were determined upon treatment with different cidal antibiotics (ampicillin, levofloxacin and gentamicin). Additionally, ranking of these overlapping genes according to their impact on persister levels were also performed. Two genes (rpmF encoding 50S ribosomal subunit protein L32, and yjjQ encoding a putative LuxR-type transcription factor) showed the most obvious phenotype on persister levels in both knockout and overexpression studies, which suggests they are broad and key factors for persister formation. While previous studies cannot distinguish if a given persister gene is involved in persister formation or persister survival, our findings clearly identify novel persister forming genes and pathways involving a ribosome protein and a LuxR type transcription factor during the bona fide persister formation process and may have implications for developing improved treatment of persistent infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel genes including rpmF and yjjQ critical for Type II persister formation in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase) in Escherichia coli Involved in Persister Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the identification of many genes and pathways involved in the persistence phenomenon of bacteria, the mechanisms of persistence are not well understood. Here, using Escherichia coli as a model, we identified polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) as a key regulator in persister formation. We successfully constructed pnp knockout mutant strain and its complemented strain, and exposed the pnp knockout mutant and complemented strain to antibiotics and stress conditions. The results showed that, compared with the wild-type W3110, the pnp knockout strain had defect in persistence to antibiotics and stress conditions, and the persistence to antibiotics and stresses was restored upon complementation. RNA-Seq was performed to identify the transcriptome profile in the pnp knockout strain compared with wild-type strain W3110, and the data revealed that 242 (166 up-regulated, and 76 down-regulated) genes were differentially expressed in the pnp knockout mutant strain. KEGG pathway analysis of the up-regulated genes showed that they were mostly mapped to metabolism and virulence pathways, most of which are positively regulated by the global regulator cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP). Similarly, the transcription level of the crp gene in the pnp-deletion strain increased 3.22-fold in the early stationary phase. We further explored the indicators of cellular metabolism of the pnp-deletion strain, the persistence phenotype of the pnp and crp double-deletion mutant, and the transcriptional activity of crp gene. Our results indicate that PNPase controls cellular metabolism by negatively regulating the crp operon at the post-transcriptional level by targeting the 5- Untranslated Region (UTR) of the crp transcript. This study offers new insight about the persister mechanisms and provides new targets for development of new drugs against persisters for more effective treatment of persistent bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase) in Escherichia coli Involved in Persister Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FORGe: prioritizing variants for graph genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing interest in using genetic variants to augment the reference genome into a "graph genome" to improve read alignment accuracy and reduce allelic bias. While adding a variant has the positive effect of removing an undesirable alignment-score penalty, it also increases both the ambiguity of the reference genome and the cost of storing and querying the genome index. We introduce methods and a software tool called FORGe for modeling these effects and prioritizing variants accordingly. We show that FORGe enables a range of advantageous and measurable trade-offs between accuracy and computational overhead.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pritt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FORGe: prioritizing variants for graph genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skyhawk: An Artificial Neural Network-based discriminator for reviewing clinically significant genomic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMany rare diseases and cancers are fundamentally diseases of the genome. In the past several years, genome sequencing has become one of the most important tools in clinical practice for rare disease diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy. However, variant interpretation remains the bottleneck as is not yet automated and may take a specialist several hours of work per patient. On average, one-fifth of this time is spent on visually confirming the authenticity of the candidate variants.

ResultsWe developed Skyhawk, an artificial neural network-based discriminator that mimics the process of expert review on clinically significant genomics variants. Skyhawk runs in less than one minute to review ten thousand variants, and about 30 minutes to review all variants in a typical whole-genome sequencing sample. Among the false positive singletons identified by GATK HaplotypeCaller, UnifiedGenotyper and 16GT in the HG005 GIAB sample, 79.7% were rejected by Skyhawk. Worked on the Variants with Unknown Significance (VUS), Skyhawk marked most of the false positive variants for manual review and most of the true positive variants no need for review.

AvailabilitySkyhawk is easy to use and freely available at https://github.com/aquaskyline/Skyhawk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skyhawk: An Artificial Neural Network-based discriminator for reviewing clinically significant genomic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced context reveals the scope of somatic missense mutations driving human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale cancer sequencing studies of patient cohorts have statistically implicated many genes driving cancer growth and progression, and their identification has yielded substantial translational impact. However, a remaining challenge is to increase the resolution of driver prediction from the gene level to the mutation level, because mutation-level predictions are more closely aligned with the goal of precision cancer medicine. Here we present CHASMplus, a computational method, that is uniquely capable of identifying driver missense mutations, including those specific to a cancer type, as evidenced by significantly superior performance on diverse benchmarks. Applied to 8,657 tumor samples across 32 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas, CHASMplus identifies over 4,000 unique driver missense mutations in 240 genes, supporting a prominent role for rare driver mutations. We show which TCGA cancer types are likely to yield discovery of new driver missense mutations by additional sequencing, which has important implications for public policy.

SignificanceMissense mutations are the most frequent mutation type in cancers and the most difficult to interpret. While many computational methods have been developed to predict whether genes are cancer drivers or whether missense mutations are generally deleterious or pathogenic, there has not previously been a method to score the oncogenic impact of a missense mutation specifically by cancer type, limiting adoption of computational missense mutation predictors in the clinic. Cancer patients are routinely sequenced with targeted panels of cancer driver genes, but such genes contain a mixture of driver and passenger missense mutations which differ by cancer type. A patients therapeutic response to drugs and optimal assignment to a clinical trial depends on both the specific mutation in the gene of interest and cancer type. We present a new machine learning method honed for each TCGA cancer type, and a resource for fast lookup of the cancer-specific driver propensity of every possible missense mutation in the human exome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced context reveals the scope of somatic missense mutations driving human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Shape Modeling for Cell Nuclear Morphological Analysis and Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in a cell nucleus is important for the understanding of nuclear architecture and its relationship with pathological conditions such as cancer. However, dimensionality of imaging data, together with a great variability of nuclear shapes, presents challenges for 3D morphological analysis. Thus, there is a compelling need for robust 3D nuclear morphometric techniques to carry out population-wide analysis. We propose a new approach that combines modeling, analysis, and interpretation of morphometric characteristics of cell nuclei and nucleoli in 3D. We used robust surface reconstruction that allows accurate approximation of 3D object boundary. Then, we computed geometric morphological measures characterizing the form of cell nuclei and nucleoli. Using these features, we compared over 450 nuclei with about 1,000 nucleoli of epithelial and mesenchymal prostate cancer cells, as well as 1,000 nuclei with over 2,000 nucleoli from serum-starved and proliferating fibroblast cells. Classification of sets of 9 and 15 cells achieved accuracy of 95.4% and 98%, respectively, for prostate cancer cells, and 95% and 98% for fibroblast cells. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to combine these methods for 3D nuclear shape modeling and morphometry into a highly parallel pipeline workflow for morphometric analysis of thousands of nuclei and nucleoli in 3D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalinin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allyn-Feuer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, G.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meixner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wet, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creekmore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdone, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltri, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinov, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Shape Modeling for Cell Nuclear Morphological Analysis and Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SQuIRE: Software for Quantifying Interspersed Repeat Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements are interspersed repeat sequences that make up much of the human genome. Conventional approaches to RNA-seq analysis often exclude these sequences, fail to optimally adjudicate read alignments, or align reads to interspersed repeat consensus sequences without considering these transcripts in their genomic contexts. As a result, repetitive sequence contributions to transcriptomes are not well understood. Here, we present Software for Quantifying Interspersed Repeat Expression (SQuIRE), an RNA-seq analysis pipeline that integrates repeat and genome annotation (RepeatMasker), read alignment (STAR), gene expression (StringTie) and differential expression (DESeq2). SQuIRE uniquely provides a locus-specific picture of interspersed repeat-encoded RNA expression. SQuIRE can be downloaded at (github.com/wyang17/SQuIRE).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardeljan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacyna, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SQuIRE: Software for Quantifying Interspersed Repeat Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders offer insight into synaptic mechanisms. To unbiasedly uncover these mechanisms, we studied the 22q11.2 syndrome, a recurrent copy number variant, which is the highest schizophrenia genetic risk factor. We quantified the proteomes of 22q11.2 mutant human fibroblasts and mouse brains carrying a 22q11.2-like defect, Df(16)A+/-. Molecular ontologies defined mitochondrial compartments and pathways as some of top ranked categories. In particular, we identified perturbations in the SLC25A1-SLC25A4 mitochondrial transporter interactome as associated with the 22q11.2 genetic defect. Expression of SLC25A1-SLC25A4 interactome components was affected in neuronal cells from schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, hemideficiency of the Drosophila SLC25A4 orthologue, dSLC25A4-sesB, affected synapse function and impaired sleep patterns in a neuronal-specific manner. These results identify a novel synaptic role of mitochondrial inner membrane solute transporters. We propose that mitochondria are among key organelles affected by genetic defects that increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlamudi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abudulai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repetto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuity between koniocellular layers of dorsal lateral geniculate and inferior pulvinar nuclei in common marmosets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In primates, the koniocellular (K) layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the calbindin-rich subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar (IPul) nucleus are considered part of a thalamic matrix system which projects diffusely to superficial cortical layers. Activity in the matrix system is proposed to coordinate oscillatory activity in thalamocortical loops. Further, since both K cells and IPul are involved in visual processing pathways, especially in alternative pathways to visual cortex after V1 lesion in early life ("blindsight"), their functional similarities have been strongly implicated. Here we tested the hypothesis that calbindin-positive K cells and IPul cells constitute a continuous group of cells. By combining immunohistochemistry and a high-throughput neuronal tracing method, we found that both K cells and IPul form reciprocal connections with striate and extrastriate cortices; whereas principal laminae of LGN do not receive inputs from extrastriate cortex and only project sparsely to these areas. Retrograde labelled cells in lateral division of IPul merged seamlessly into the retrograde labelled cells in K layers. These results supported the continuity between LGN K layers and IPul, providing the anatomical basis for functional congruity of this part of dorsal thalamic matrix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huo, B.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeater, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunert, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuity between koniocellular layers of dorsal lateral geniculate and inferior pulvinar nuclei in common marmosets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High-throughput Neurohistological Pipeline for Brain-Wide Mesoscale Connectivity Mapping of the Common Marmoset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the connectivity architecture of entire vertebrate brains is a fundamental but difficult task. MRI based methods offer whole brain coverage, but remain indirect in the approach to connectivity mapping. Recent progress has been made in directly mapping whole-brain connectivity architecture in the mouse at the mesoscopic scale. The basic approach uses tracer injections systematically placed on a grid of locations spanning the brain and computational analysis of the resulting whole brain data sets. Scaling this approach to bigger primate brains poses nontrivial technical challenges. Here we present an integrated neurohistological pipeline as well as a grid-based tracer injection strategy for systematic mesoscale connectivity mapping in the common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Individual brains are sectioned into [~]1700 20{micro}m sections using the tape transfer technique, permitting high quality 3D reconstruction of a series of histochemical stains (Nissl, myelin) interleaved with tracer labelled sections. Combining the resulting 3D volumes, containing informative cytoarchitectonic markers, with in-vivo and ex-vivo MRI, and using an integrated computational pipeline, we are able to overcome the significant individual variation exhibited by Marmosets to obtain routine and high quality maps to a common atlas framework. This will facilitate the systematic assembly of a mesoscale connectivity matrix together with unprecedented 3D reconstructions of brain-wide projection patterns in a primate brain. While component instruments or protocols may be available from previous work, we believe that this is the first detailed systems-level presentation of the methodology required for high-throughput neuroanatomy in a model primate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, B.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolpygo, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, M. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iriki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High-throughput Neurohistological Pipeline for Brain-Wide Mesoscale Connectivity Mapping of the Common Marmoset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRAF6 directs Foxp3 localization and facilitates Treg function through K63-type ubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial mediators of immune control. The characteristic gene expression and suppressive function of Treg depend considerably on the stable expression and activity of the transcription factor Foxp3. While transcriptional regulation of the Foxp3 gene has been studied in depth, both the expression and function of Foxp3 are also modulated at the protein level. However, the molecular players involved in posttranslational Foxp3 regulation are just beginning to be elucidated. Here we found TRAF6-deficient Tregs were dysfunctional in vivo; mice with Treg-restricted deletion of TRAF6 were resistant to B16 melanomas and displayed enhanced anti-tumor immunity. We further determined that Foxp3 undergoes lysine-63 chain (K63) ubiquitination at lysine 262 mediated by the E3 ligase TRAF6. When deprived of TRAF6 activity or rendered insensitive to K63 ubiquitination, Foxp3 displayed aberrant, perinuclear accumulation, disrupted function. Thus, Foxp3 ubiquitination by TRAF6 ensures proper localization of Foxp3 and facilitates Foxp3s gene-regulating activity in Tregs. These results implicate TRAF6 as a key posttranslational, Treg-stabilizing force that may be targeted in novel tolerance-breaking therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazar, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRAF6 directs Foxp3 localization and facilitates Treg function through K63-type ubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage-sensitive dye delivery through the blood brain barrier using adenosine receptor agonist Regadenoson 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical imaging of brain activity has mostly employed genetically manipulated mice, which cannot be translated to clinical human usage. Observation of brain activity directly is challenging due to difficulty in delivering dyes and other agents through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Using fluorescence imaging, we have demonstrated the feasibility of delivering the near-infrared voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) IR-780 perchlorate to the brain tissue through pharmacological techniques, via an adenosine agonist (Regadenoson). Comparison of VSD fluorescence of mouse brains without and with Regadenoson showed significantly increased residence time of the fluorescence signal in the latter case, indicative of VSD diffusion into the brain tissue. Dose and timing of Regadenoson were varied to optimize BBB permeability for VSD delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage-sensitive dye delivery through the blood brain barrier using adenosine receptor agonist Regadenoson]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Glycoproteomic Analysis of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is a major expression system for the production of therapeutic proteins, the majority of which are glycoproteins, such as antibodies and erythropoietin (EPO). The characterization of the glycosylation profiles is critical to understand the important role of glycosylation on therapeutic glycoproteins from CHO cells. In this study, a large scale glycoproteomic workflow was established and applied to CHO-K1 cells expressing EPO. The workflow includes enrichment of intact glycopeptides from CHO-K1 cell lysate and medium using hydrophilic enrichment, fractionation of the obtained intact glycopeptides (IGPs) by basic reversed phase liquid chromatography (bRPLC), analyzing the glycopeptides using LC-MS/MS, and annotating the results by GPQuest 2.0. A total of 10,338 N-linked glycosite-containing IGPs were identified, representing 1,162 unique glycosites in 530 glycoproteins, including 71 unique atypical N-linked IGPs on 18 atypical N-glycosylation sequons with an overrepresentation of the N-X-C motifs. Moreover, we compared the glycoproteins from CHO cell lysate with those from medium using the in-depth N-linked glycoproteome data. The obtained large scale glycoproteomic data from intact N-linked glycopeptides in this study is complementary to the genomic, proteomic, and N-linked glycomic data previously reported for CHO cells. Our method has the potential to accelerate the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Glycoproteomic Analysis of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-MHC: an allele-integrated deep learning framework for improving Class I & Class II HLA-binding predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe immune system has potential to present a wide variety of peptides to itself as a means of surveillance for pathogenic invaders. This means of surveillances allows the immune system to detect peptides derives from bacterial, viral, and even oncologic sources. However, given the breadth of the epitope repertoire, in order to study immune responses to these epitopes, investigators have relied on in-silico prediction algorithms to help narrow down the list of candidate epitopes, and current methods still have much in the way of improvement.nnResultsWe present Allele-Integrated MHC (AI-MHC), a deep learning architecture with improved performance over the current state-of-the-art algorithms in human Class I and Class II MHC binding prediction. Our architecture utilizes a convolutional neural network that improves prediction accuracy by 1) allowing one neural network to be trained on all peptides for all alleles of a given class of MHC molecules by making the allele an input to the net and 2) introducing a global max pooling operation with an optimized kernel size that allows the architecture to achieve translational invariance in MHC-peptide binding analysis, making it suitable for sequence analytics where a frame of interest needs to be learned in a longer, variable length sequence. We assess AI-MHC against internal independent test sets and compare against all algorithms in the IEDB automated server benchmarks, demonstrating our algorithm achieves state-of-the-art for both Class I and Class II prediction.nnAvailability and ImplementationAI-MHC can be used via web interface at baras.pathology.jhu.edu/AI-MHCnnContactjsidhom1@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhom, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-MHC: an allele-integrated deep learning framework for improving Class I & Class II HLA-binding predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recalibration of path integration in hippocampal place cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal place cells are spatially tuned neurons that serve as elements of a "cognitive map" in the mammalian brain1. To detect the animals location, place cells are thought to rely upon two interacting mechanisms: sensing the animals position relative to familiar landmarks2,3 and measuring the distance and direction that the animal has travelled from previously occupied locations4-7. The latter mechanism, known as path integration, requires a finely tuned gain factor that relates the animals self-movement to the updating of position on the internal cognitive map, with external landmarks necessary to correct positional error that eventually accumulates8,9. Path-integration-based models of hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid cells treat the path integration gain as a constant9-14, but behavioral evidence in humans suggests that the gain is modifiable15. Here we show physiological evidence from hippocampal place cells that the path integration gain is indeed a highly plastic variable that can be altered by persistent conflict between self-motion cues and feedback from external landmarks. In a novel, augmented reality system, visual landmarks were moved in proportion to the animals movement on a circular track, creating continuous conflict with path integration. Sustained exposure to this cue conflict resulted in predictable and prolonged recalibration of the path integration gain, as estimated from the place cells after the landmarks were extinguished. We propose that this rapid plasticity keeps the positional update in register with the animals movement in the external world over behavioral timescales (mean 50 laps over 35 minutes). These results also demonstrate that visual landmarks not only provide a signal to correct cumulative error in the path integration system, as has been previously shown4,8,16-19, but also rapidly fine-tune the integration computation itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recalibration of path integration in hippocampal place cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A double dissociation in sensitivity to verb and noun semantics across cortical networks. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What is the neural organization of the mental lexicon? Previous research suggests that partially distinct cortical networks are active during verb and noun processing. Are these networks preferentially involved in representing the meanings of verbs as opposed to nouns? We used multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate whether brain regions that are more active during verb than noun processing are also more sensitive to distinctions among their preferred lexical class. Participants heard four types of verbs (light emission, sound emission, hand-related actions, mouth-related actions) and four types of nouns (birds, mammals, manmade places, natural places). As previously shown, the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LMTG) and inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) responded more to verbs, whereas areas in the inferior parietal lobule (LIP), precuneus (LPC), and inferior temporal (LIT) cortex responded more to nouns. MVPA revealed a double-dissociation in semantic sensitivity: classification was more accurate among verbs than nouns in the LMTG, and among nouns than verbs in the LIP, LPC, and LIT. However, classification was similar for verbs and nouns in the LIFG, and above chance for the non-preferred category in all regions. These results suggest that the meanings of verbs and nouns are represented in partially non-overlapping networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elli, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A double dissociation in sensitivity to verb and noun semantics across cortical networks.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational heterogeneity allows access to DNA in longer Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) arrays. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) bind DNA through an array of tandem 34-residue repeats. Here, we examine the kinetics of DNA binding for a set of TALE arrays with varying numbers of identical repeats using single molecule microscopy. Using a new deterministic modeling approach, we find evidence for conformational heterogeneity in both the free- and DNA-bound TALE arrays. Combined with previous work demonstrating populations of partly folded TALE states, our findings reveal a functional instability in TALE-DNA binding. For TALEs forming less than one superhelical turn around DNA, partly folded open states inhibit DNA binding. In contrast, for TALEs forming more than one turn, the partly folded open states facilitate DNA binding. Overall, we find that increasing repeat number results in significantly slower interconversion between the various DNA-free and DNA-bound states. These findings highlight the role of conformational heterogeneity and dynamics in facilitating macromolecular complex assembly.nnImpact StatementSingle molecule DNA-binding trajectories and deterministic modeling analyses demonstrate a functional role for high energy partly folded states in Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) that could improve future TALEN design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger-Schuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational heterogeneity allows access to DNA in longer Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) arrays.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the metabolic perturbation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a 1H NMR-based metabolomics study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a chronic and potentially lethal parasitic disease. It is caused by growth of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae in liver. To date, early-stage diagnosis for the disease is not mature due to its long asymptomatic incubation period. In this study, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) -based metabolomics approach was applied in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the altered metabolic profiles in blood serum and urine samples from HAE patients and to identify characteristic metabolic markers associated with HAE. The current results identified 21 distinctive metabolic difference between the HAE patients and healthy individuals, which can be associated with perturbations in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter imbalance. In addition, the Fischer ratio, which is the molar ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids was found significantly lower (p<0.001) in blood serum from HAE patients. The ratio, together with changes in other metabolic pathways may provide new insight into mechanistic understanding of HAE pathogenesis, and may be useful for early-stage HAE diagnosis.nnAuthor SummaryHepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a life-threatening disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection. The disease has a long asymptomatic early stage (5~15 years), which complicates effective diagnosis of early-stage HAE even with advanced imaging techniques. Metabolomics is an emerging analytical platform that comprises of analysis of all small molecule metabolites that are present within an organism. The applications of metabolomics method on HAE may help to reveal the molecular biology mechanisms of HAE. In the current study, we had used 1H NMR-based metabolomics technique to investigate blood serum and urine samples from HAE patients. Altered metabolic responses and characteristic differential metabolites for HAE were identified. The metabolic profiling of human biofluids provided valuable information for early-stage HAE diagnosis and for therapeutic interventions, without having to extract HAE vesicles from patients. By featuring global and comprehensive metabolic status, the metabolomics approach holds considerable promise as a noninvasive, dynamic, and effective tool for probing the underlying mechanism of HAE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the metabolic perturbation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a 1H NMR-based metabolomics study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase organizes into distinct spatial clusters independent of ribosomal RNA transcription in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that RNA polymerase (RNAP) is spatially organized into distinct clusters in E. coli and B. subtilis cells. Spatially organized molecular components in prokaryotic systems imply compartmentalization without the use of membranes, which may offer new insights into pertinent functions and regulations. However, the function of RNAP clusters and whether its formation is driven by active ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription remain elusive. In this work, we investigated the spatial organization of RNAP in E. coli cells using quantitative superresolution imaging. We observed that RNAP formed large, distinct clusters under a rich medium growth condition and preferentially located in the center of the nucleoid. Two-color superresolution colocalization imaging showed that under the rich medium growth condition, nearly all RNAP clusters were active in synthesizing rRNA, suggesting that rRNA synthesis may be spatially separated from mRNA synthesis that most likely occurs at the nucleoid periphery. Surprisingly, a large fraction of RNAP clusters persisted under conditions in which rRNA synthesis was reduced or abolished, or when only one out of the seven rRNA operons (rrn) remained. Furthermore, when gyrase activity was inhibited, we observed a similar rRNA synthesis level, but multiple dispersed, smaller rRNA and RNAP clusters occupying not only the center but also the periphery of the nucleoid, comparable to an expanded nucleoid. These results suggested that RNAP was organized into active transcription centers for rRNA synthesis under the rich medium growth condition; their presence and spatial organization, however, were independent of rRNA synthesis activity under the conditions used but were instead influenced by the structure and characteristics of the underlying nucleoid. Our work opens the door for further investigations of the function and molecular nature of RNAP clusters and points to a potentially new mechanism of transcription regulation by the spatial organization of individual molecular components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagda, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagliero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase organizes into distinct spatial clusters independent of ribosomal RNA transcription in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MS-PyCloud: An open-source, cloud computing-based pipeline for LC-MS/MS data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid development and wide adoption of mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies have empowered scientists to study proteins and their modifications in complex samples on a large scale. This progress has also created unprecedented challenges for individual labs to store, manage and analyze proteomics data, both in the cost for proprietary software and high-performance computing, and the long processing time that discourages on-the-fly changes of data processing settings required in explorative and discovery analysis. We developed an open-source, cloud computing-based pipeline, MS-PyCloud, with graphical user interface (GUI) support, for LC-MS/MS data analysis. The major components of this pipeline include data file integrity validation, MS/MS database search for spectral assignment, false discovery rate estimation, protein inference, determination of protein post-translation modifications, and quantitation of specific (modified) peptides and proteins. To ensure the transparency and reproducibility of data analysis, MS-PyCloud includes open source software tools with comprehensive testing and versioning for spectrum assignments. Leveraging public cloud computing infrastructure via Amazon Web Services (AWS), MS-PyCloud scales seamlessly based on analysis demand to achieve fast and efficient performance. Application of the pipeline to the analysis of large-scale iTRAQ/TMT LC-MS/MS data sets demonstrated the effectiveness and high performance of MS-PyCloud. The software can be downloaded at: https://bitbucket.org/mschnau/ms-pycloud/downloads/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaubelt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiyetan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MS-PyCloud: An open-source, cloud computing-based pipeline for LC-MS/MS data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of novel fusion antiviral proteins Ricin A Chain-Pokeweed Antiviral Proteins (RTA-PAPs) in Escherichia coli and their inhibition of protein synthesis and of hepatitis B virus in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ricin A chain (RTA) and Pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAPs) are plant-derived N-glycosidase ribosomal-inactivating proteins (RIPs) isolated from Ricinus communis and Phytolacca Americana respectively. This study was to investigate the potential antiviral value of novel fusion proteins between RTA and PAPs (RTA-PAPs). In brief, RTA-Pokeweed antiviral protein isoform 1 from seeds (RTA-PAPS1) was produced in E. coli in vivo expression system, purified from inclusion bodies using gel filtration chromatography and protein synthesis inhibitory activity assayed by comparison to the production of a control protein Luciferase. The antiviral activity of the RTA-PAPS1 against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HepAD38 cells was then determined using a dose response assay by quantifying supernatant HBV DNA compared to control virus infected HepAD38 cells. The cytotoxicity in HepAD38 cells was determined by measuring cell viability using a tetrazolium dye uptake assay. Results showed that RTA-PAPS1 could effectively be recovered and purified from inclusion bodies. The refolded protein was bioactive with 50% protein synthesis inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.06nM (3.63ng/ml). The results also showed that RTA-PAPS1 had a synergetic activity against HBV with a half-maximal response concentration value (EC50) of 0.03nM (1.82ng/ml) and a therapeutic index of >21818. The fusion protein was further optimized using in silico tools, produced in E. coli in vivo expression system, purified by three-step process from soluble lysate and protein synthesis inhibition activity assayed. Results showed that the optimized protein RTA mutant-Pokeweed antiviral protein isoform 1 from leaves (RTAM-PAP1) could be recovered and purified from soluble lysates with gain of function activity on protein synthesis inhibition with an IC50 of 0.03nM (1.82ng/ml). Collectively, our results demonstrate that RTA-PAPs are amenable to effective production and purification in native form, possess significant antiviral activity against HBV in vitro with a high therapeutic index and, thus, meriting further development as potential antiviral agents against chronic HBV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of novel fusion antiviral proteins Ricin A Chain-Pokeweed Antiviral Proteins (RTA-PAPs) in Escherichia coli and their inhibition of protein synthesis and of hepatitis B virus in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptsim: Modeling the evolutionary dynamics of the progression of Barrett’s esophagus to esophageal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To alleviate the over-diagnosis and overtreatment of premalignant conditions we need to predict their progression to cancer, and therefore, the dynamics of an evolutionary process. However, monitoring evolutionary processes in vivo is extremely challenging. Computer simulations constitute an attractive alternative, allowing us to study these dynamics based on a set of evolutionary parameters.nnWe introduce CryptSim, a simulator of crypt evolution inspired by Barretts esophagus. We detail the most relevant computational strategies it implements, and perform a simulation study showing that the interaction between neighboring crypts may play a crucial role in carcinogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostadinov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhner, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maley, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptsim: Modeling the evolutionary dynamics of the progression of Barrett’s esophagus to esophageal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T Cell Repertoire Evolution After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation: An Organizational Perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput sequencing (HTS) of human T cell receptors has revealed a high level of complexity in the T cell repertoire. In an attempt to correlate T cell reconstitution with clinical outcomes several measures of T cell repertoire complexity have emerged. However, the associations identified are of a broadly statistical nature, not allowing precise modeling of outcomes based on T cell repertoire development in clinical contexts such as following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Previous work demonstrated that there is an inherent, mathematically definable order observed in the T cell population that is conserved in a diverse group of donors, and which is perturbed in recipients following BMT. Herein, we use a public database of human leukocyte antigen matched related-donor and recipient T cell receptor (TCR) {beta} sequences to further develop this methodology. TCR {beta} sequencing from unsorted T cells and sorted T cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood samples from BMT donors and recipients show remarkable conservation and symmetry of VJ segment usage in the clonal frequencies, linked to the organization of the gene segments along the TCR locus. This TCR {beta} VJ segment translational symmetry is preserved post-transplant, and even in cases of acute GVHD (aGVHD), suggesting that GVHD occurrence represents a polyclonal donor T cell response to recipient antiges. We also observe that the complexity of the repertoire is significantly diminished after BMT and is not restored even years out post-transplant. The results here provide a new method of quantifying and characterizing post-transplant T cell repertoire reconstitution by further analyzing the mathematical rules governing TCR usage in the context of BMT. This approach may allow for a new means to correlate clinical outcomes with the evolving T cell repertoire post-transplant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanakry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luznik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T Cell Repertoire Evolution After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation: An Organizational Perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular phenotyping using networks, diffusion, and topology: soft tissue sarcoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biological datasets are high-dimensional yet manifest an underlying order. In this paper, we describe an unsupervised data analysis methodology that operates in the setting of a multivariate dataset and a network which expresses influence between the variables of the given set. The technique involves network geometry employing the Wasserstein distance, global spectral analysis in the form of diffusion maps, and topological data analysis using the Mapper algorithm. The prototypical application is to gene expression profiles obtained from RNA-Seq experiments on a collection of tissue samples, considering only genes whose protein products participate in a known pathway or network of interest. Employing the technique, we discern several coherent states or signatures displayed by the gene expression profiles of the sarcomas in the Cancer Genome Atlas along the p53 signaling network. The signatures substantially recover the leiomyosarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS), and synovial sarcoma histological subtype diagnoses, but they also include a new signature defined by simultaneous activation and inactivation of about a dozen genes, including activation of fibrinolysis inhibitor SERPINE1/PAI and inactivation of p53-family tumor suppressor gene P73 along with cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A CDKN2A/P14ARF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouryahya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moosmueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular phenotyping using networks, diffusion, and topology: soft tissue sarcoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining mathematical and statistical modeling to simulate time course bulk and single cell gene expression data in cancer with CancerInSilico 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioinformatics techniques to analyze time course bulk and single cell omics data are advancing. The absence of a known ground truth of the dynamics of molecular changes challenges benchmarking their performance on real data. Realistic simulated time-course datasets are essential to assess the performance of time course bioinformatics algorithms. We develop an R/Bioconductor package, CancerInSilico, to simulate bulk and single cell transcriptional data from a known ground truth obtained from mathematical models of cellular systems. This package contains a general R infrastructure for running cell-based models and simulating gene expression data based on the model states. We show how to use this package to simulate a gene expression data set and consequently benchmark analysis methods on this data set with a known ground truth. The package is freely available via Bioconductor: http://bioconductor.org/packages/CancerInSilico/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krigsfeld, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining mathematical and statistical modeling to simulate time course bulk and single cell gene expression data in cancer with CancerInSilico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing intra-lab precision and inter-lab repeatability of outgrowth assays of HIV-1 latent reservoir size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOA) use limiting dilutions of CD4+ T cells to measure the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoir, a major obstacle to curing HIV-1. Efforts to reduce the reservoir require assays that can reliably quantify its size in blood and tissues. Although QVOA is regarded as a "gold standard" for reservoir measurement, little is known about its accuracy and precision or about how cell storage conditions or laboratory-specific practices affect results. Owing to this lack of knowledge, confidence intervals around reservoir size estimates - as well as judgments of the ability of therapeutic interventions to alter the size of the replication-competent but transcriptionally inactive latent reservoir - rely on theoretical statistical assumptions about dilution assays. To address this gap, we have carried out a Bayesian statistical analysis of QVOA reliability on 75 split samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 5 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed participants, measured using four different QVOAs at separate labs, estimating assay precision and the effect of frozen cell storage on estimated reservoir size. We found that typical assay results are expected to differ from the true value by a factor of 1.6 to 1.9 up or down. Systematic assay differences comprised a 24-fold range between the assays with highest and lowest scales, likely reflecting differences in viral outgrowth readout and input cell stimulation protocols. We also found that controlled-rate freezing and storage of samples did not cause substantial differences in QVOA compared to use of fresh cells (95% probability of < 2-fold change), supporting continued use of frozen storage to allow transport and batched analysis of samples. Finally, we simulated an early-phase clinical trial to demonstrate that batched analysis of pre- and post-therapy samples may increase power to detect a three-fold reservoir reduction by 15 to 24 percentage points.nnAuthor summaryThe latent reservoir of resting CD4+ T cells is a major, if not the primary, obstacle to curing HIV. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) are used to measure the latent reservoir in ART-suppressed HIV-infected people. Using QVOA is difficult, however, as the fraction of cells constituting the latent reservoir is typically about one in one million, far lower than other infectious disease biomarkers. To study reliability of these assays, we distributed 75 PBMC samples from five ART-suppressed HIV-infected participants among four labs, each conducting QVOA and following prespecified sample batching procedures. Using a Bayesian statistical method, we analyzed detailed assay output to understand how results varied within batches, between batches, and between labs. We found that, if batch variation can be controlled (i.e., a lab assays all samples in one batch), typical assay results are expected to differ from the true value by a factor of 1.6 to 1.9 up or down. We also found that freezing, storing, and thawing samples for later analysis caused no more than a 2-fold change in results. These outcomes, and the statistical methods developed to obtain them, should lead towards more precise and powerful assessments of HIV cure strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbloom, D. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richman, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellors, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimapasoc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massanella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolewski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulpa, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reservoir Assay Validation and Evaluation Network (RAVEN) Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing intra-lab precision and inter-lab repeatability of outgrowth assays of HIV-1 latent reservoir size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
REVA: a rank-based multi-dimensional measure of correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neighbors principle implicit in any machine learning algorithm says that samples with similar labels should be close to one another in feature space as well. For example, while tumors are heterogeneous, tumors that have similar genomics profiles can also be expected to have similar responses to a specific therapy. Simple correlation coefficients provide an effective way to determine whether this principle holds when features and labels are both scalar, but not when either is multivariate. A new class of generalized correlation coefficients based on inter-point distances addresses this need and is called "distance correlation". There is only one rank-based distance correlation test available to date, and it is asymmetric in the samples, requiring that one sample be distinguished as a fixed point of reference. Therefore, we introduce a novel, nonparametric statistic, REVA, inspired by the Kendall rank correlation coefficient. We use U-statistic theory to derive the asymptotic distribution of the new correlation coefficient, developing additional large and finite sample properties along the way. To establish the admissibility of the REVA statistic, and explore the utility and limitations of our model, we compared it to the most widely used distance based correlation coefficient in a range of simulated conditions, demonstrating that REVA does not depend on an assumption of linearity, and is robust to high levels of noise, high dimensions, and the presence of outliers. We also present an application to real data, applying REVA to determine whether cancer cells with similar genetic profiles also respond similarly to a targeted therapeutic.nnAuthor summarySometimes a simple question arises: how does the distance between two samples in multivariate space compare to another scalar value associated with each sample. Here, we propose theory for a nonparametric test to statistically test this association. This test is independent of the scale of the scalar data, and thus generalizable to any comparison of samples with both high-dimensional data and a scalar. We apply the resulting statistic, REVA, to problems in cancer biology motivated by the model that cancer cells with more similar gene expression profiles to one another can be expected to have a more similar response to therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[REVA: a rank-based multi-dimensional measure of correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thousands of large-scale RNA sequencing experiments yield a comprehensive new human gene list and reveal extensive transcriptional noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We assembled the sequences from 9,795 RNA sequencing experiments, collected from 31 human tissues and hundreds of subjects as part of the GTEx project, to create a new, comprehensive catalog of human genes and transcripts. The new human gene database contains 43,162 genes, of which 21,306 are protein-coding and 21,856 are noncoding, and a total of 323,824 transcripts, for an average of 7.5 transcripts per gene. Our expanded gene list includes 4,998 novel genes (1,178 coding and 3,819 noncoding) and 97,511 novel splice variants of protein-coding genes as compared to the most recent human gene catalogs. We detected over 30 million additional transcripts at more than 650,000 sites, nearly all of which are likely to be nonfunctional, revealing a heretofore unappreciated amount of transcriptional noise in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugundu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thousands of large-scale RNA sequencing experiments yield a comprehensive new human gene list and reveal extensive transcriptional noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvoluting Virome-Wide Antiviral Antibody Profiling Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to comprehensively characterize exposures and immune responses to viral infections will be critical to better understanding human health and disease. We previously described the VirScan system, a phage-display based technology for profiling antibody binding to a comprehensive library of peptides designed to represent the human virome. The previous VirScan analytical approach did not fully account for disproportionate representation of viruses in the library or for antibody cross-reactivity among sequences shared by related viruses. Here we present the  AntiViral Antibody Response Deconvolution Algorithm ( AVARDA), a multi-module software package for analyzing VirScan datasets. AVARDA provides a probabilistic assessment of infection at species-level resolution by considering alignment of all library peptides to each other and to all human viruses. We employed AVARDA to analyze VirScan data from a cohort of encephalitis patients with either known viral infections or undiagnosed etiologies. By comparing acute and convalescent sera, AVARDA successfully confirmed or detected antibody responses to human herpesviruses 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, thereby improving the rate of diagnosing viral encephalitis in this cohort by 62.5%. We further assessed AVARDAs utility in the setting of an epidemiological study, demonstrating its ability to determine infections acquired in a child followed prospectively from infancy. We consider ways in which AVARDAs conceptual framework may be further developed in the future and describe how its analyses may be extended beyond investigations of viral infection. AVARDA, in combination with VirScan and other pan-pathogen serological techniques, is likely to find broad utility in the epidemiology and diagnosis of infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitwieser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caturegli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rewers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvoluting Virome-Wide Antiviral Antibody Profiling Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
xMD-miRNA-seq to generate near in vivo miRNA expression estimates in colon epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate, RNA-seq based, microRNA (miRNA) expression estimates from primary cells have recently been described. However, this in vitro data is mainly obtained from cell culture, which is known to alter cell maturity/differentiation status, significantly changing miRNA levels. What is needed is a robust method to obtain in vivo miRNA expression values directly from cells. We introduce expression microdissection miRNA small RNA sequencing (xMD-miRNA-seq), a method to isolate cells directly from formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. xMD-miRNA-seq is a low-cost, high-throughput, immunohistochemistry-based method to capture any cell type of interest. As a proof-of-concept, we isolated colon epithelial cells from two specimens and performed low-input small RNA-seq. We generated up to 600,000 miRNA reads from the samples. Isolated epithelial cells, had abundant epithelial-enriched miRNA expression (miR-192; miR-194; miR-200b; miR-200c; miR-215; miR-375) and overall similar miRNA expression patterns to other epithelial cell populations (colonic enteroids and flow-isolated colon epithelium). xMD-derived epithelial cells were generally not contaminated by other adjacent cells of the colon as noted by t-SNE analysis. xMD-miRNA-seq allows for simple, economical, and efficient identification of cell-specific miRNA expression estimates. Further development will enhance rapid identification of cell-specific miRNA expression estimates in health and disease for nearly any cell type using archival FFPE material.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox-Talbot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[xMD-miRNA-seq to generate near in vivo miRNA expression estimates in colon epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient ancestry informative markers for identifying fine-scale ancient population structure in Eurasians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid accumulation of ancient human genomes from various areas and time periods potentially allows the expansion of studies of biodiversity, biogeography, forensics, population history, and epidemiology into past populations. However, most ancient DNA (aDNA) data were generated through microarrays designed for modern-day populations known to misrepresent the population structure. Past studies addressed these problems using ancestry informative markers (AIMs). However, it is unclear whether AIMs derived from contemporary human genomes can capture ancient population structure and whether AIM finding methods are applicable to ancient DNA (aDNA) provided that the high missingness rates in ancient, oftentimes haploid, DNA can also distort the population structure. Here, we define ancient AIMs (aAIMs) and develop a framework to evaluate established and novel AIM-finding methods in identifying the most informative markers. We show that aAIMs identified by a novel principal component analysis (PCA)-based method outperforms all competing methods in classifying ancient individuals into populations and identifying admixed individuals. In some cases, predictions made using the aAIMs were more accurate than those made with a complete marker set. We discuss the features of the ancient Eurasian population structure and strategies to identify aAIMs. This work informs the design of population microarrays and the interpretation of aDNA results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esposito, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirooznia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhaik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient ancestry informative markers for identifying fine-scale ancient population structure in Eurasians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolving Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks at Various Magnifications to Extract Diagnostic Features for Digital Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning is an area of artificial intelligence that has received much attention in the past few years due to both an increase in computational power with the increased use of graphics processing units (GPUs) for computational analyses and the performance of these class of algorithms on visual recognition tasks. They have found utility in applications ranging from image search to facial recognition for security and social media purposes. Their continued success has propelled their use across many new domains including the medical field, in areas of radiology and pathology in particular, as these fields are thought to be driven by visual recognition tasks. In this paper, we present an application of deep learning, termed  transfer learning, using ResNet50, a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) to act as a  feature-detector at various magnifications to identify low and high level features in digital pathology images of various breast lesions for the purpose of classifying them correctly into the labels of normal, benign, in-situ, or invasive carcinoma as provided in the ICIAR 2018 Breast Cancer Histology Challenge (BACH).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhom, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolving Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks at Various Magnifications to Extract Diagnostic Features for Digital Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomics reveals ablation of placental growth factor inhibits the insulin resistance pathways in diabetic mouse retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The underlying molecular mechanisms that placental growth factor (PlGF) mediates the early complications at non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain largely elusive. The objective of this study is to characterize expression profile due to PlGF ablation in the retina of diabetic mice. The quantitative label-free proteomics was carried out on retinal tissues collected from mouse strains (Akita; PlGF-/- and Akita.PlGF-/-). We have identified 3176 total proteins, and 107 were significantly different between the experimental groups, followed by gene ontology, functional pathways, and protein-protein network interaction analysis. Gnb1, Gnb2, Gnb4, Gnai2, Gnao1, Snap25, Stxbp1, Vamp2 and Gngt1 proteins are involved in insulin resistance pathways, which are down-regulated in PlGF ablation in Akita diabetics (Akita.PlGF-/- vs. Akita), up-regulation in Akita vs. C57, PlGF-/- vs. C57. Prdx6, Prdx5 (up-regulation) are known of antioxidant activity; Map2 is involved in neural protection pathways which are up-regulated in Akita.PlGF-/- vs. Akita. Our results suggest that inhibition of insulin resistance pathway and the enhancement of antioxidant defence and neural function may represent the potential mechanisms of anti-PlGF compounds in the treatment of DR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lennikov, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomics reveals ablation of placental growth factor inhibits the insulin resistance pathways in diabetic mouse retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range chromatin interactions on the inactive X and at Hox clusters are regulated by the non-canonical SMC protein Smchd1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulation of higher order chromatin structure is complex and dynamic; however we do not yet understand the full suite of mechanisms governing architecture. Here we reveal the non-canonical SMC protein Smchd1 as a novel regulator of long-range chromatin interactions, and add it to the canon of epigenetic proteins required for Hox gene regulation. The effect of losing Smchd1-dependent chromatin interactions has varying outcomes dependent on chromatin context. At autosomal targets transcriptionally sensitive to Smchd1 deletion, we find increased short-range interactions and ectopic enhancer activation. By contrast, the inactive X chromosome is transcriptionally refractive to Smchd1 ablation, despite chromosome-wide increases in short-range interactions. There we observe spreading of H3K27me3 domains into regions not normally decorated by this mark. Together these data suggest Smchd1 has the capacity to insulate the chromatin, thereby limiting access to other chromatin modifying proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keniry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trussart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bildsoe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonks, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mould, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breslin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iminitoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlinn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blewitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range chromatin interactions on the inactive X and at Hox clusters are regulated by the non-canonical SMC protein Smchd1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SVCollector: Optimized sample selection for validating and long-read resequencing of structural variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryStructural Variations (SVs) are increasingly recognized for their importance in genomics. Short-read sequencing is the most widely-used approach for genotyping large numbers of samples for SVs but suffers from relatively poor accuracy. Here we present SVCollector, an open-source method that optimally selects samples to maximize variant discovery and validation using long read resequencing or PCR-based validation. SVCollector has two modes: selecting those samples that are individually the most diverse or those that collectively capture the largest number of variations.nnAvailabilityhttps://github.com/fritzsedlazeck/SVCollectornnContactfritz.sedlazeck@bcm.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SVCollector: Optimized sample selection for validating and long-read resequencing of structural variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New genetic signals for lung function highlight pathways and pleiotropy, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associations across multiple ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced lung function predicts mortality and is key to the diagnosis of COPD. In a genome-wide association study in 400,102 individuals of European ancestry, we define 279 lung function signals, one-half of which are new. In combination these variants strongly predict COPD in deeply-phenotyped patient populations. Furthermore, the combined effect of these variants showed generalisability across smokers and never-smokers, and across ancestral groups. We highlight biological pathways, known and potential drug targets for COPD and, in phenome-wide association studies, autoimmune-related and other pleiotropic effects of lung function associated variants. This new genetic evidence has potential to improve future preventive and therapeutic strategies for COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyatt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erzurumluoglu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbourne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawcett, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakornsakolpat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeve, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wielscher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Understanding Society Scientific Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentistou, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karrasch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imboden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enroth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surakka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitart, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimäki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakke, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandsma, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crapo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New genetic signals for lung function highlight pathways and pleiotropy, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associations across multiple ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving Corticostriatal Parcellation Through Multilevel Bagging with PyBASC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing the reproducibility of neuroimaging measurement addresses a central impediment to the advancement of human neuroscience and its clinical applications. Recent efforts demonstrating variance in functional brain organization within and between individuals shows a need for improving reproducibility of functional parcellations without long scan times. We apply bootstrap aggregation, or bagging, to the problem of improving reproducibility in functional parcellation. We use two large datasets to demonstrate that compared to a standard clustering framework, bagging improves the reproducibility and test-retest reliability of both cortical and subcortical functional parcellations across a range of sites, scanners, samples, scan lengths, clustering algorithms, and clustering parameters (e.g., number of clusters, spatial constraints). With as little as six minutes of scan time, bagging creates more reproducible group and individual level parcellations than standard approaches with twice as much data. This suggests that regardless of the specific parcellation strategy employed, bagging may be a key method for improving functional parcellation and bringing functional neuroimaging-based measurement closer to clinical impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving Corticostriatal Parcellation Through Multilevel Bagging with PyBASC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-cadherin represses anoikis resistance in sarcomas through both signaling and mechanical mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
E-cadherin, an epithelial-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule, plays multiple roles in maintaining adherens junctions, regulating migration and invasion, and mediating intracellular signaling. Downregulation of E-cadherin is a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and correlates with poor prognosis in multiple carcinomas. Conversely, upregulation of E-cadherin is prognostic for improved survival in sarcomas. Yet, despite the prognostic benefit of E-cadherin expression in sarcoma, the mechanistic significance of E-cadherin in sarcomas remains poorly understood. Here, by combining mathematical models with wet-bench experiments, we identify the core regulatory networks mediated by E-cadherin in sarcomas, and decipher their functional consequences. Unlike in carcinomas, E-cadherin overexpression in sarcomas does not induce a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). However, E-cadherin acts to reduce both anchorage-independent growth and spheroid formation of sarcoma cells. Ectopic E-cadherin expression acts to downregulate phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) and the transcription factor, TBX2, to inhibit anoikis resistance. RNAi-mediated knockdown of TBX2 phenocopies the effect of E-cadherin on p-CREB levels and restores anoikis sensitivity to sarcoma cells. Beyond its signaling role, E-cadherin expression in sarcoma cells can also strengthen cell-cell adhesion and restricts spheroid growth through mechanical action. Together, our results demonstrate that E-cadherin inhibits sarcoma aggressiveness by inducing anoikis and restricting colony growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hish, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholf DeWitt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreulen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boss, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarides, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewhirst, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eward, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somarelli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-cadherin represses anoikis resistance in sarcomas through both signaling and mechanical mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear speckle fusion via long-range directional motion regulates the number and size of speckles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the formation of RNA-protein bodies has been studied intensively, their mobility and how their number and size are regulated are still poorly understood. Here, we show significant increased mobility of nuclear speckles after transcriptional inhibition, including long-range directed motion of one speckle towards another speckle, terminated by speckle fusion, over distances up to 4 um and with velocities between 0.2-1.5 m/min. Frequently, 3 or even 4 speckles follow very similar paths, with new speckles appearing along the path followed by a preceding speckle. Speckle movements and fusion events contribute to fewer but larger speckles after transcriptional inhibition. These speckle movements are not actin-dependent, but occur within chromatin-depleted channels enriched with small granules containing the speckle-marker protein SON. Our observations suggest a mechanism for long-range, directed nuclear speckle movements, contributing to overall regulation of nuclear speckle number and size as well as overall nuclear organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear speckle fusion via long-range directional motion regulates the number and size of speckles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale reconstructions of the mammalian secretory pathway predict metabolic costs and limitations of protein secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, >25% of synthesized proteins are exported through the secretory pathway. The pathway complexity, however, obfuscates its impact on the secretion of different proteins. Unraveling its impact on diverse proteins is particularly important for biopharmaceutical production. Here we delineate the core secretory pathway functions and integrate them with genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of human, mouse, and Chinese hamster cells. The resulting reconstructions enable the computation of energetic costs and machinery demands of each secreted protein. By integrating additional omics data, we find that highly secretory cells have adapted to reduce expression and secretion of other expensive host cell proteins. Furthermore, we predict metabolic costs and maximum productivities of biotherapeutic proteins and identify protein features that most significantly impact protein secretion. Finally, the model successfully predicts the increase in secretion of a monoclonal antibody after silencing a highly expressed selection marker. This work represents a knowledgebase of the mammalian secretory pathway that serves as a novel tool for systems biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallehauge, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grav, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hizal, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voldborg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kildegaard, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale reconstructions of the mammalian secretory pathway predict metabolic costs and limitations of protein secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrocorticographic responses to time-compressed speech vary across the cortical auditory hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human listeners understand spoken language across a variety of rates, but when speech is presented three times or more faster than its usual rate, it becomes unintelligible. How the brain achieves such tolerance and why speech becomes unintelligible above certain rates is still unclear. We addressed these questions using electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings in 7 epileptic patients (two female). Patients rated the intelligibility of sentences presented at the original rate (100%), speeded rates (33% or 66% of the original sentence duration) and a slowed rate (150%). We then examined which parameters of the neural response covary with the transition from intelligible to unintelligible speech. Specifically, we asked whether neural responses: 1) track the acoustic envelope of the incoming speech; 2) "scale" with speech rate, i.e. whether neural responses elicited by slowed and speeded sentences can be linearly scaled to match the responses to the original sentence. Behaviorally, intelligibility was at ceiling for speech rates of 66% and above, but dropped significantly for the 33% rate. At the neural level, Superior Temporal Gyrus regions (STG) in close proximity to A1 ( low-level) tracked the acoustic envelope and linearly scaled with the input across all speech rates, irrespective of intelligibility. In contrast, secondary auditory areas in the STG as well as the inferior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus ( high-level) tracked the acoustic envelope and linearly scaled with input only for intelligible speech. These results help reconcile seemingly contradictory previous findings and provide better understanding of how information processing unfolds along the cortical auditory hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidesco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghitza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeppel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrocorticographic responses to time-compressed speech vary across the cortical auditory hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanded genetic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reveals heterogeneous cell type and phenotype associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of respiratory mortality worldwide. Genetic risk loci provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis. To broaden COPD genetic risk loci discovery and identify cell type and phenotype associations we performed a genome-wide association study in 35,735 cases and 222,076 controls from the UK Biobank and additional studies from the International COPD Genetics Consortium. We identified 82 loci with P value < 5x10-8; 47 were previously described in association with either COPD or population-based lung function. Of the remaining 35 novel loci, 13 were associated with lung function in 79,055 individuals from the SpiroMeta consortium. Using gene expression and regulation data, we identified enrichment for loci in lung tissue, smooth muscle and alveolar type II cells. We found 9 shared genomic regions between COPD and asthma and 5 between COPD and pulmonary fibrosis. COPD genetic risk loci clustered into groups of quantitative imaging features and comorbidity associations. Our analyses provide further support to the genetic susceptibility and heterogeneity of COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakornsakolpat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokopenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamontagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeve, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyatt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinsky, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusselle, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crapo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, K. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerlin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokanson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomas, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennard, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliwinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strachan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Singer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesfaig</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanded genetic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reveals heterogeneous cell type and phenotype associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical Wnt signaling regulates patterning, differentiation and nucleogenesis in mouse hypothalamus and prethalamus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus is a small, but anatomically and functionally complex, region of the brain whose development is poorly understood. In this study, we have explored its development by studying the canonical Wntsignalling pathway, generating gain and loss of function mutations of betacaten in(Ctnnb1) in both hypothalamic and prethalamic neuroepithelium. Deletion of Ctnnb1 resulted in an anteriorized and hypoplastic hypothalamus. Posterior structures were lost or reduced, and anterior structures were expanded. In contrast, over expression of a constitutively active mutant form of Ctnnb1 resulted in severe hyperplasia of prethalamus and hypothalamus, and expanded expression of a subset of posterior and premamillary hypothalamic markers. Moderate defects in differentiation of Arx-positive GABAergic neural precursors were observed in both prethalamus and hypothalamus of Ctnnb1 loss of function mutants, while in gain of function mutants, their differentiation was completely suppressed, although markers of prethalamic progenitors were preserved. Multiple other region-specific markers, including several specific posterior hypothalamic structures, were also suppressed in Ctnnb1 gain of function mutations. Severe, region-specific defects in hypothalamic nucleogenesis were also observed in both gain and loss of function mutations of Ctnnb1. Finally, both gain and loss of function of Ctnnb1 also produced severe, cell nonautonomous disruptions of pituitary development. These findings demonstrate acentral and multifaceted role for canonical Wnt signalling in regulating growth, patterning, differentiation and nucleogenesis in multiple diencephalic regions.nnHighlightsO_LICanonical Wnt signalling regulates anteroposterior patterning in the hypothalamus.nC_LIO_LICanonical Wnt signalling regulates differentiation of GABAergic neurons in both prethalamus and hypothalamus.nC_LIO_LICanonical Wnt signalling regulates differentiation and nucleogenesis of multiple hypothalamic neuronal subtypes.nC_LIO_LICanonical Wnt signalling in hypothalamic neuroepithelium regulates pituitary morphogenesis and differentiation.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taketo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical Wnt signaling regulates patterning, differentiation and nucleogenesis in mouse hypothalamus and prethalamus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP synthase K+- and H+-flux drive ATP synthesis and enable mitochondrial K+-uniporter function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATP synthase (F1Fo) synthesizes daily our bodys weight in ATP, whose production-rate can be transiently increased several-fold. Using purified mammalian F1Fo-reconstituted proteoliposomes and isolated mitochondria, we show that F1Fo utilizes both H+- and K+-transport (because of >106-fold K+ excess vs H+) to drive ATP synthesis with the H+:K+ permeability of ~106:1. F1Fo can be upregulated by endogenous survival-related proteins (Bcl-xL, Mcl-1) and synthetic molecules (diazoxide, pinacidil) to increase its chemo-mechanical efficiency via IF1. Increasing K+- and H+-driven ATP synthesis enables F1Fo to operate as a primary mitochondrial K+-uniporter regulating energy supply-demand matching, and as the recruitable mitochondrial KATP-channel that can limit ischemia-reperfusion injury. Isolated mitochondria in the presence of K+ can sustain ~3.5-fold higher ATP-synthesis-flux (vs K+ absence) driven by a 2.7:1 K+:H+ stoichiometry with unaltered OxPhos coupling. Excellent agreement between F1Fo single-molecule and intact-mitochondria experiments is consistent with K+-transport through ATP synthase driving a major fraction of ATP synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juhaszova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobrinsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorov, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishbein, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoliu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortassa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollott, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP synthase K+- and H+-flux drive ATP synthesis and enable mitochondrial K+-uniporter function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EnsembleCNV: An ensemble machine learning algorithm to identify and genotype copy number variation using SNP array data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The associations between diseases/traits and copy number variants (CNVs) have not been systematically investigated in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), primarily due to a lack of robust and accurate tools for CNV genotyping. Herein, we propose a novel ensemble learning framework, ensembleCNV, to detect and genotype CNVs using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data. EnsembleCNV a) identifies and eliminates batch effects at raw data level; b) assembles individual CNV calls into CNV regions (CNVRs) from multiple existing callers with complementary strengths by a heuristic algorithm; c) re-genotypes each CNVR with local likelihood model adjusted by global information across multiple CNVRs; d) refines CNVR boundaries by local correlation structure in copy number intensities; e) provides direct CNV genotyping accompanied with confidence score, directly accessible for downstream quality control and association analysis. Benchmarked on two large datasets, ensembleCNV outperformed competing methods and achieved a high call rate (93.3%) and reproducibility (98.6%), while concurrently achieving high sensitivity by capturing 85% of common CNVs documented in the 1000 Genomes Project. Given this CNV call rate and accuracy, which are comparable to SNP genotyping, we suggest ensembleCNV holds significant promise for performing genome-wide CNV association studies and investigating how CNVs predispose to human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Narzo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruusalepp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacic, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkegren, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EnsembleCNV: An ensemble machine learning algorithm to identify and genotype copy number variation using SNP array data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OTUB1 non-catalytically regulates the stability of the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2E1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OTUB1 is a deubiquitinating enzyme that cleaves K48-linked polyubiquitin chains and also regulates ubiquitin signaling through a unique, non-catalytic mechanism. OTUB1 binds to a subset of E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and inhibits their activity by trapping the E2~ubiquitin thioester and preventing ubiquitin transfer. The same set of E2s stimulate the deubiquitinating activity of OTUB1 when the E2 is not charged with ubiquitin. Previous studies have shown that, in cells, OTUB1 binds to members of the UBE2D (UBCH5) and UBE2E families, as well as to UBC13 (UBE2N). Cellular roles have been identified for the interaction of OTUB1 with UBC13 and members of the UBE2D family, but not for UBE2E E2 enzymes. We report here a novel role for OTUB1-E2 interactions in modulating E2 protein ubiquitination. We find that depletion of OTUB1 dramatically destabilizes the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2E1 (UBE2E1) in cells and that this effect is independent of the catalytic activity of OTUB1 but depends on the ability of OTUB1 to bind to UBE2E1. We show that OTUB1 suppresses UBE2E1 autoubiquitination in vitro and in cells, thereby preventing UBE2E1 from being targeted to the proteasome for degradation. Taken together, we have found a new role for OTUB1 in rescuing specific E2s from degradation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasupala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malynn, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OTUB1 non-catalytically regulates the stability of the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2E1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCR/ITK signaling via mTOR tunes CD8+ T cell homeostatic proliferation, metabolism, and anti-tumor effector function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell homeostatic proliferation (HP) is regulated by T cell receptor (TCR) signals and homeostatic cytokines, and suggested to be proportional to TCR signal strength. However, we show here that ITK, a positive regulator of TCR signaling, negatively tunes CD8+ T cell HP, metabolism, and effector function. Under lymphopenic environments, Itk-/- CD8+ T cells exhibit significant increase in T cell-intrinsic HP, which requires mTOR activity and can be driven by T cell-T cell interaction. TCR signals through ITK tune IL-7-mediated CD8+ T cell metabolism and HP in a mTOR-dependent manner. The lack of ITK also resulted in enhanced effector cell fate programming, antigen sensitivity and anti-tumor immunity by HP cells. Thus, TCR signaling via ITK, is a negative tuner of CD8+ T cell homeostasis, metabolism and effector function, and may be a target for clinical benefit in cancer therapy.nnOne Sentence SummaryTCR signal strength had been long-thought to be proportional to T cell proliferation and effector function, here we demonstrate a counterintuitive role of the TCR signaling through ITK in negatively tuning proliferation under lymphopenic conditions via regulating mTOR activity, T cell metabolism, proliferation, and effector function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCR/ITK signaling via mTOR tunes CD8+ T cell homeostatic proliferation, metabolism, and anti-tumor effector function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone subtypes in human retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying the specification of diverse neuronal subtypes within the human nervous system are largely unknown. The blue (shortwavelength/S), green (medium-wavelength/M) and red (long-wavelength/L) cone photoreceptors of the human retina enable high-acuity daytime vision and trichromatic color perception. Cone subtypes are specified in a poorly understood two-step process, with a first decision between S and L/M fates, followed by a decision between L and M fates. To determine the mechanism controlling S vs. L/M fates, we studied the differentiation of human retinal organoids. We found that human organoids and retinas have similar distributions, gene expression profiles, and morphologies of cone subtypes. We found that S cones are specified first, followed by L/M cones, and that thyroid hormone signaling is necessary and sufficient for this temporal switch. Temporally dynamic expression of thyroid hormone degrading and activating proteins supports a model in which the retina itself controls thyroid hormone levels, ensuring low signaling early to specify S cones and high signaling late to produce L/M cones. This work establishes organoids as a model for determining the mechanisms of cell fate specification during human development.nnOne sentence summaryCone specification in human organoids
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadyniak, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluch, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsbie, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone subtypes in human retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNMT3A-NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukaemia shows sensitivity to a PARP1 inhibitor combined with daunorubicin in an in vitro model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute myeloid leukaemia is a neoplasia in need of new treatment approaches. PARP inhibitors are a class of targeted therapeutics for cancer that disrupts dysfunctional DNA damage response in various neoplasia. MLL-AF9 mutated leukaemias are sensitive to combinations of PARP inhibitors and cytotoxic drugs. Moreover, DNMT3A and NPM1 mutations are linked to dysfunctions in DNA damage response. Therefore, we investigated if DNMT3A-NPM1 mutated AML cell line is sensible to PARP inhibitors combined with anthracyclines. Our results show that DNMT3A-NPM1 mutated AML is as sensible to combinations of PARP inhibitors and anthracyclines as MLL-AF9 mutated leukaemias, in an in vitro setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gafencu, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pileczki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magdo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selicean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berindan-Neagoe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomuleasa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/362103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNMT3A-NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukaemia shows sensitivity to a PARP1 inhibitor combined with daunorubicin in an in vitro model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The immune cell landscape in kidneys of lupus nephritis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lupus nephritis is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease, whose current treatment is ineffective and often toxic. To gain insights into disease mechanisms, we analyzed kidney samples from lupus nephritis patients and healthy controls using single-cell RNA-seq. Our analysis revealed 21 subsets of leukocytes active in disease, including multiple populations of myeloid, T, NK and B cells, demonstrating both pro-inflammatory and resolving responses. We found evidence of local activation of B cells correlated with an age-associated B cell signature, and of progressive stages of monocyte differentiation within the kidney. A clear interferon response was observed in most cells. Two chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CX3CR1, were broadly expressed, pointing to potential therapeutic targets. Gene expression of immune cells in urine and kidney was highly correlated, suggesting urine may be a surrogate for kidney biopsies. Our results provide a first comprehensive view of the complex network of leukocytes active in lupus nephritis kidneys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chicoine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steelman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smilek, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massarotti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Era, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payan-Schober, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putterman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodle, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildeman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wofsy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anolik, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership in RA/SLE network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The immune cell landscape in kidneys of lupus nephritis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of substrates for the conserved prolyl hydroxylase Ofd1 using quantitative proteomics in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolyl hydroxylation functions in diverse cellular pathways, such as collagen biogenesis, oxygen sensing, and translation termination. Prolyl hydroxylation is catalyzed by 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) oxygenases. The fission yeast 2-OG oxygenase Ofd1 dihydroxylates the 40S ribosomal protein Rps23 and regulates the hypoxic response by controlling activity and stability of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein Sre1. Multiple substrates have been found for 2-OG oxygenases, yet the only known substrate of Ofd1 and its homologs is Rps23. Here, we report the first fission yeast prolyl hydroxylome and demonstrate that hydroxylation is more prevalent than previously known. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identify Rpb10, a shared subunit in RNA polymerase I, II, and III, as a novel Ofd1 substrate. In addition, we discovered six Ofd1 binding partners and 16 additional Ofd1 candidate substrates. Although Ofd1 promotes Sre1 degradation, proteomic analysis revealed that Ofd1 does not broadly regulate protein degradation. Instead, the effect of Ofd1 on the proteome is through negative regulation of Sre1N. Finally, we show that the interaction between Ofd1 and the Sre1 bHLH region is conserved across Sre1 homologs suggesting that Ofd1-dependent regulation of SREBPs may be conserved in other fungi. Collectively, these studies provide a new dataset of post-translational modifications and expand the biological functions for a conserved prolyl hydroxylase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenshade, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of substrates for the conserved prolyl hydroxylase Ofd1 using quantitative proteomics in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson-associated SNCA enhancer variants revealed by open chromatin in mouse dopamine neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progressive loss of midbrain (MB) dopaminergic (DA) neurons defines the motor features of Parkinson disease (PD) and modulation of risk by common variation in PD has been well established through GWAS. Anticipating that a fraction of PD-associated genetic variation mediates their effects within this neuronal population, we acquired open chromatin signatures of purified embryonic mouse MB DA neurons. Correlation with >2,300 putative enhancers assayed in mice reveals enrichment for MB cis-regulatory elements (CRE), data reinforced by transgenic analyses of six additional sequences in zebrafish and mice. One CRE, within intron 4 of the familial PD gene SNCA, directs reporter expression in catecholaminergic neurons of transgenic mice and zebrafish. Sequencing of this CRE in 986 PD patients and 992 controls reveals two common variants associated with elevated PD risk. To assess potential mechanisms of action, we screened >20,000 DNA interacting proteins and identify a subset whose binding is impacted by these enhancer variants. Additional genotyping across the SNCA locus identifies a single PD-associated haplotype, containing the minor alleles of both of the aforementioned PD-risk variants. Our work posits a model for how common variation at SNCA may modulate PD risk and highlights the value of cell context-dependent guided searches for functional non-coding variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerans, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thole, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wszolek, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson-associated SNCA enhancer variants revealed by open chromatin in mouse dopamine neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive strategies of the candidate probiotic E. coli Nissle in the mammalian gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Probiotics are living microorganisms that are increasingly used as gastrointestinal therapeutics by virtue of their innate or engineered genetic function. Unlike abiotic therapeutics, probiotics can replicate in their intended site, subjecting their genomes and therapeutic properties to natural selection. By exposing the candidate probiotic E. coli Nissle (EcN) to the mouse gastrointestinal tract over several weeks, we uncovered the consequences of gut transit, inter-species competition, antibiotic pressure, and engineered genetic function on the processes under selective pressure during both within-genome and horizontal evolutionary modes. We then show the utility of EcN as a chassis for engineered function by achieving the highest reported reduction in serum phenylalanine levels in a mouse model of phenylketonuria using an engineered probiotic. Collectively, we demonstrate a generalizable pipeline which can be applied to other probiotic strains to better understand their safety and engineering potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crook, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparrini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesesky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condiotte, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrowolski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive strategies of the candidate probiotic E. coli Nissle in the mammalian gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NHA2 promotes cyst development in an in vitro model of polycystic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. The molecular pathways linking polycystins to cyst development in ADPKD are still unclear. Intracystic fluid secretion via ion transporters and channels plays a crucial role in cyst expansion in ADPKD. Unexpectedly, we observed significant and selective up-regulation of NHA2, a member of the SLC9B family of Na+/H+ exchangers that correlated with cyst size and disease severity in ADPKD patients. Using three-dimensional cultures of MDCK cells to model cystogenesis in vitro, we show that ectopic expression of NHA2 is causal to increased cyst size. Induction of PC1 in MDCK cells inhibited NHA2 expression with concordant inhibition of Ca2+ influx through store-dependent and independent pathways, whereas reciprocal activation of Ca2+ influx by a dominant negative, membrane-anchored C-terminal tail fragment of PC1 elevated NHA2. We show that NHA2 is a target of Ca2+/NFAT signaling and is transcriptionally induced by methylxanthine drugs such as caffeine and theophylline, which are contraindicated in ADPKD patients. Finally, we observe robust induction of NHA2 by vasopressin, which is physiologically consistent with increased levels of circulating vasopressin and up-regulation of vasopressin V2 receptors in ADPKD. Our findings have mechanistic implications on the emerging use of vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists such as tolvaptan as safe and effective therapy for PKD and reveal a potential new regulator of transepithelial salt and water transport in the kidney.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondapalli, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cebotaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NHA2 promotes cyst development in an in vitro model of polycystic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCG overexpressing an endogenous STING agonist provides enhanced protection against pulmonary tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has emerged as a key signaling receptor that induces proinflammatory cytokines, and small molecule STING agonists are being developed as anticancer and antiviral agents. Here we report a strategy of delivering a STING agonist from within live BCG. We generated a recombinant BCG (BCG-disA-OE) that overexpresses the endogenous mycobacterial diadenylate cyclase gene and releases high levels of the STING agonist c-di-AMP. In macrophages BCG-disA-OE elicited statistically significantly stronger TNF-, IL-6, IL-1{beta}, IRF3, and IFN-{beta} levels than BCG-WT. In a 24-week guinea pig vaccination-Mtb challenge model, BCG-disA-OE reduced lung weights, pathology scores, and Mtb CFU counts in lungs by 28% (p<0.05), 34%, and 2.0 log10 CFU units (p < 0.5) compared with BCG-WT, respectively. Overproduction of the STING agonist c-di-AMP significantly enhanced the protective efficacy of BCG against pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Our findings support the development of BCG-vectored STING agonists as a TB vaccine strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/365411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCG overexpressing an endogenous STING agonist provides enhanced protection against pulmonary tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-Loop Control of Active Sensing Movements Regulates Sensory Slip. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active sensing involves the production of motor signals for the purpose of acquiring sensory information [1-3]. The most common form of active sensing, found across animal taxa and behaviors, involves the generation of movements--e.g. whisking [4-6], touching [7,8], sniffing [9,10], and eye movements [11]. Active-sensing movements profoundly affect the information carried by sensory feedback pathways [12-15] and are modulated by both top-down goals (e.g. measuring weight vs. texture [1,16]) and bottom-up stimuli (e.g. lights on/off [12]) but it remains unclear if and how these movements are controlled in relation to the ongoing feedback they generate. To investigate the control of movements for active sensing, we created an experimental apparatus for freely swimming weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia virescens, that modulates the gain of reafferent feedback by adjusting the position of a refuge based on real time videographic measurements of fish position. We discovered that fish robustly regulate sensory slip via closed-loop control of active-sensing movements. Specifically, as fish performed the task of maintaining position inside the refuge [17-22], they dramatically up- or down-regulated fore-aft active-sensing movements in relation to a 4-fold change of experimentally modulated reafferent gain. These changes in swimming movements served to maintain a constant magnitude of sensory slip. The magnitude of sensory slip depended on the presence or absence of visual cues. These results indicate that fish use two controllers: one that controls the acquisition of information by regulating feedback from active sensing movements, and another that maintains position in the refuge, a control structure that may be ubiquitous in animals [23,24].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arend, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagvölgyi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-Loop Control of Active Sensing Movements Regulates Sensory Slip.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The creation of sexual dimorphism in Drosophila gonad stem cell niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-specific development of the gonads is a key aspect of sexual dimorphism that is regulated by Doublesex/Mab3 Related Transcription Factors (DMRTs) in diverse animals species. We find that in mutants for Drosophila dsx, important components of the male and female gonad stem cell niches (hubs and terminal filaments/cap cells, respectively) still form. Initially, gonads in all dsx mutants (both XX and XY) initiate the male program of development, but later half of these gonads switch to form female stem cell niche structures. One individual can have both male-type and female-type gonad niches, however male and female niches are usually not observed in the same gonad, indicating that cells make a "group decision" about which program to follow. We conclude that dsx does not act in an instructive manner to regulate male vs. female niche formation, as these structures form in the absence of dsx function. Instead, dsx acts to "tip the balance" between the male or female programs, which are then executed independent of dsx. We show that bric a brac acts downstream of dsx to control the male vs. female niche decision. These results indicate that, in both flies and mammals, the sexual fate of the somatic gonad is remarkably plastic and is controlled by a combination of autonomous and non-autonomous cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/367268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The creation of sexual dimorphism in Drosophila gonad stem cell niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic data and cognitively-defined late-onset Alzheimer’s disease subgroups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorizing people with late-onset Alzheimers disease into biologically coherent subgroups is important for personalized medicine. We evaluated data from five studies (total n=4 050, of whom 2 431 had genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data). We assigned people to cognitively-defined subgroups on the basis of relative performance in memory, executive functioning, visuospatial functioning, and language at the time of Alzheimers disease diagnosis. We compared genotype frequencies for each subgroup to those from cognitively normal elderly controls. We focused on APOE and on SNPs with p<10-5 and odds ratios more extreme than those previously reported for Alzheimers disease (<0.77 or >1.30). There was substantial variation across studies in the proportions of people in each subgroup. In each study, higher proportions of people with isolated substantial relative memory impairment had [&ge;]1 APOE e4 allele than any other subgroup (overall p= 1.5 x 10-27). Across subgroups, there were 33 novel suggestive loci across the genome with p<10-5 and an extreme OR compared to controls, of which none had statistical evidence of heterogeneity and 30 had ORs in the same direction across all datasets. These data support the biological coherence of cognitively-defined subgroups and nominate novel genetic loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trittschuh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fardo, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louden, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurry, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitz, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamboh, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/367615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic data and cognitively-defined late-onset Alzheimer’s disease subgroups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using Mixture Models (MRMix) for Genetic Effect-Size-Distribution Leads to Robust Estimation of Causal Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose a novel method for robust estimation of causal effects in two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using potentially large number of genetic instruments. We consider a "working model" for bi-variate effect-size distribution across pairs of traits in the form of normal-mixtures which assumes existence of a fraction of the genetic markers that are valid instruments, i.e. they have only direct effect on one trait, while other markers can have potentially correlated, direct and indirect effects, or have no effects at all. We show that model motivates a simple method for estimating causal effect ({theta}) through a procedure for maximizing the probability concentration of the residuals, [Formula], at the "null" component of a two-component normal-mixture model. Simulation studies showed that MRMix provides nearly unbiased or/and substantially more robust estimates of causal effects compared to alternative methods under various scenarios. Further, the studies showed that MRMix is sensitive to direction and can achieve much higher efficiency (up to 3-4 fold) relative to other comparably robust estimators. We applied the proposed methods for conducting MR analysis using largest publicly available datasets across a number of risk-factors and health outcomes. Notable findings included identification of causal effects of genetically determined BMI and ageat-menarche, which have relationship among themselves, on the risk of breast cancer; detrimental effect of HDL on the risk of breast cancer; no causal effect of HDL and triglycerides on the risk of coronary artery disease; a strong detrimental effect of BMI, but no causal effect of years of education, on the risk of major depressive disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/367821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using Mixture Models (MRMix) for Genetic Effect-Size-Distribution Leads to Robust Estimation of Causal Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping In Vivo O-Glycoproteome Using Site-specific Extraction of O-linked glycopeptides (EXoO) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein glycosylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications. However, detailed analysis of in vivo O-linked glycosylation, a major type of protein glycosylation, has been severely impeded by the scarcity of suitable methodologies. Here, we present a chemoenzymatic method for the site-specific extraction of O-linked glycopeptides (EXoO), which enabled the unambiguous mapping of over 3,000 O-linked glycosylation sites and definition of their glycans on over 1,000 proteins in human kidney tissues, T cells and serum. This large-scale localization of O-linked glycosylation sites nearly doubles the number of previously identified sites, demonstrating that EXoO is the most effective method to-date for defining the site-specific O-linked glycoproteome in different types of sample. Detailed structural analysis of the sites identified revealed conserved motifs and topological orientations facing extracellular space, the cell surface, the lumen of the ER and the Golgi. EXoO was also able to reveal significant differences in the in vivo O-linked glycoproteome of tumor and normal kidney tissues pointing to its broader use in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping In Vivo O-Glycoproteome Using Site-specific Extraction of O-linked glycopeptides (EXoO)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short hairpin RNAs artifactually impair cell growth and suppress clustered microRNA expression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional gene disruption is a central tenet of cancer research, where novel drug targets are often identified and validated through cell-growth based knockdown studies or screens. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated mRNA knockdown is widely used in both academic and pharmaceutical settings. However, off-target effects of shRNAs as well as interference with endogenous small RNA processing have been reported. We show here that lentiviral delivery of both gene-specific and non-targeting control shRNAs impair in vitro cell growth in a sequence independent manner. In addition, exogenous shRNAs induce a depressed cell-cycle-gene expression signature that is also shRNA-sequence independent and present across several studies. Further, we observe an shRNA mediated general repression of microRNAs belonging to polycistronic genetic clusters, including microRNAs from established oncogenic microRNA clusters. The collective impact of these observations is particularly relevant for cancer research, given the widespread historical use of shRNAs and the common goal of interrogating genes that regulate proliferation. We therefore recommend that when employing shRNA for target validation, care be taken to titrate shRNA dose, use hairpin-expressing controls, perform gene-of-interest rescue experiments and/or corroborate shRNA-derived results by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic knockout. Minimizing these deleterious sequence independent effects will improve research fidelity and help address reported challenges in experimental reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Soysa, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short hairpin RNAs artifactually impair cell growth and suppress clustered microRNA expression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly efficient scarless knock-in of reporter genes into human and mouse pluripotent stem cells via transient antibiotic selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) edited with genetic reporters are useful tools for differentiation analysis and for isolation of specific cell populations for study. Reporter integration into the genome is now commonly achieved by targeted DNA nuclease-enhanced homology directed repair (HDR). However, human PSCs are known to have a low frequency of gene knock-in (KI) by HDR, making reporter line generation an arduous process. Here, we report a methodology for scarless KI of large fluorescent reporter genes into PSCs by transient selection with puromycin or zeocin. With this method, we can perform targeted KI of a single reporter gene with up to 65% efficiency, as well as simultaneous KI of two reporter genes into different loci with up to 11% efficiency. Additionally, we demonstrate that this method also works in mouse PSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sluch, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly efficient scarless knock-in of reporter genes into human and mouse pluripotent stem cells via transient antibiotic selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New de novo assembly of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) improves genome completeness and provides haplotype phasing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High quality genomes are essential to resolve challenges in breeding, comparative biology, medicine and conservation planning. New library preparation techniques along with better assembly algorithms result in continued improvements in assemblies for non-model organisms, moving them toward reference quality genomes. We report on the latest genome assembly of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin leveraging Illumina sequencing data coupled with a combination of several library preparation techniques. These include Linked-Reads (Chromium, 10x Genomics), mate pairs, long insert paired ends and standard paired ends. Data were assembled with the commercial DeNovoMAGICTM assembly software resulting in two assemblies, a traditional "haploid" assembly (Tur_tru_Illumina_hap_v1) that is a mosaic of the two parental haplotypes and a phased assembly (Tur_tru_Illumina_phased_v1) where each scaffold has sequence from a single homologous chromosome. We show that Tur_tru_Illumina_hap_v1 is more complete and accurate compared to the current best reference based on the amount and composition of sequence, the consistency of the mate pair alignments to the assembled scaffolds, and on the analysis of conserved single-copy mammalian orthologs. The phased de novo assembly Tur_tru_Illumina_phased_v1 is the first publicly available for this species and provides the community with novel and accurate ways to explore the heterozygous nature of the dolphin genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Viaud, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawley, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biniashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baruch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Leger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillergan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New de novo assembly of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) improves genome completeness and provides haplotype phasing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural underpinnnings of auditory salience in natural soundscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salience is the mechanism whereby attention is automatically directed towards critical stimuli. Measuring the salience of a stimulus using behavioral methods risks confounds with top-down attention, particularly in the case of natural soundscapes. A distraction paradigm is employed here to measure physiological effects of salient auditory stimuli using electroencephalography. Several such effects are presented. In particular, a stimulus entrainment response is reduced by the presentation of distractor salient sounds. A reduction in oscillatory neural responses in the gamma frequency band is also observed following salient stimuli. These measures are used to identify salient portions of the natural scene. Finally, envelope decoding methods also indicate that salient stimuli attract attention away from other, task-related sounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural underpinnnings of auditory salience in natural soundscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Application of a High-Content Virion Display Human GPCR Array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest membrane protein family in humans and can respond to a wide variety of ligands and stimuli. Like other multi-pass membrane proteins, the biochemical properties of GPCRs are notoriously difficult to study because they must be embedded in lipid bilayers to maintain their native conformation and function. To enable an unbiased, high-throughput platform to profile biochemical activities of GPCRs in native conformation, we individually displayed 315 human non-odorant GPCRs (>85% coverage) in the envelope of human herpes simplex virus-1 and immobilized on glass to form a high-content Virion Display (VirD) array. Using this array, we found that 50% of the tested commercial anti-GPCR antibodies (mAbs) is ultra-specific, and that the vast majority of those VirD-GPCRs, which failed to be recognized by the commercial mAbs, could bind to their canonical ligands, indicating that they were folded correctly. Next, we used the VirD-GPCR arrays to examine binding specificity of two known peptide ligands and recovered expected interactions, as well as new off-target interactions, three of which were confirmed with real-time kinetics measurements. Finally, we explored the possibility of discovering novel pathogen targets by probing VirD-GPCR arrays with live group B Streptococcus (GBS), a common Gram-positive bacterium causing neonatal meningitis. Using cell invasion assays and a mouse model of hematogenous meningitis, we showed that inhibition of one of the five newly identified GPCRs, CysLTR1, greatly reduced GBS penetration in brain-derived endothelial cells and in mouse brains. Therefore, our work demonstrated that the VirD-GPCR array holds great potential for high-throughput, unbiased screening for small molecule drugs, affinity reagents, and deorphanization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syu, G.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Application of a High-Content Virion Display Human GPCR Array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of retinal development at single cell resolution identifies NFI factors as essential for mitotic exit and specification of late-born cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise temporal control of gene expression in neuronal progenitors is necessary for correct regulation of neurogenesis and cell fate specification. However, the extensive cellular heterogeneity of the developing CNS has posed a major obstacle to identifying the gene regulatory networks that control these processes. To address this, we used single cell RNA-sequencing to profile ten developmental stages encompassing the full course of retinal neurogenesis. This allowed us to comprehensively characterize changes in gene expression that occur during initiation of neurogenesis, changes in developmental competence, and specification and differentiation of each of the major retinal cell types. These data identify transitions in gene expression between early and late-stage retinal progenitors, as well as a classification of neurogenic progenitors. We identify here the NFI family of transcription factors (Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix) as genes with enriched expression within late RPCs, and show they are regulators of bipolar interneuron and Muller glia specification and the control of proliferative quiescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James-Esposito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronostajski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of retinal development at single cell resolution identifies NFI factors as essential for mitotic exit and specification of late-born cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic recovery from depression enables rate encoding in inhibitory synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast-spiking parvalbumin positive interneurons (PV-INs) are essential for controlling network firing and the gain of the cortical response to sensory stimulation. Crucial for these functions, PV-INs can sustain high frequency firing with no accommodation. However, PV-INs also exhibit short-term depression (STD) during sustained activation, which is largely due to the depletion of synaptic resources (vesicles). In most synapses the rate of replenishment of depleted vesicles is constant, determining an inverse relationship between the STD level and the activation rate, which theoretically, severely limits rate coding capabilities. We examined STD of the PV-IN to pyramidal cell synapse in the mouse visual cortex, and found that in these synapses the recovery of depleted resources is not constant but increases linearly with the frequency of use. By combining modeling, dynamic clamp and optogenetics, we demonstrated that this dynamic regulation of recovery enables PV-INs to reduce pyramidal cell firing in a linear manner, which, theoretically, is crucial for controlling the gain of cortical visual responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic recovery from depression enables rate encoding in inhibitory synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Moonlighting Role for SPCA2 in E-cadherin Biogenesis and Suppression of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progression of benign tumors to invasive, metastatic cancer requires loss of the cell-adhesion protein E-cadherin. Although intensive efforts have focused on gene repression and silencing mutations, much less is known about posttranslational control of E-cadherin expression in cancer. SPCA2 is a secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase that is down-regulated in metastatic breast cancer. We show that SPCA2 is tightly co-expressed with epithelial signature genes and required for E-cadherin biogenesis and cell surface expression. Unexpectedly, this function is uncoupled from Ca2+ pumping and mediated by binding to E-cadherin. Loss of SPCA2 is sufficient to disrupt cell-cell adhesion in tumorspheres and elicit mesenchymal gene expression through Hippo-YAP signaling. These findings point to a causal link between low SPCA2 levels and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition required for breast cancer metastasis.nnHighlightsO_LISPCA2 is an epithelial marker transcriptionally linked to E-cadherin expressionnC_LIO_LILoss of SPCA2 impairs E-cadherin biogenesis independent of Ca2+ pump activitynC_LIO_LISPCA2 is required for tumorsphere formation and Hippo-YAP signaling to antagonize epithelial-mesenchymal transitionnC_LIO_LIDown-regulation of SPCA2 in metastatic cancers may contribute to malignancynC_LInnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/379586_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (28K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6b1e14org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@83edbborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16cbc5corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c2752a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llongueras, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunmola, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Moonlighting Role for SPCA2 in E-cadherin Biogenesis and Suppression of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activin signaling informs the graded pattern of terminal mitosis and hair cell differentiation in the mammalian cochlea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian auditory sensory epithelium has one of the most stereotyped cellular patterns known in vertebrates. Mechano-sensory hair cells are arranged in precise rows, with one row of inner and three rows of outer hair cells spanning the length of the spiral-shaped sensory epithelium. Aiding such precise cellular patterning, differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium is precisely timed and follows a steep longitudinal gradient. The molecular signals that promote auditory sensory differentiation and instruct its graded pattern are largely unknown. Here, we identify Activin A as an activator of hair cell differentiation and show, using mouse genetic approaches, that a local gradient of Activin A signaling within the auditory sensory epithelium times the longitudinal gradient of hair cell differentiation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Activin-type signaling regulates a radial gradient of terminal mitosis within the auditory sensory epithelium, which constitutes a novel mechanism for limiting the number of inner hair cells being produced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prajapati-DiNubila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benito-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activin signaling informs the graded pattern of terminal mitosis and hair cell differentiation in the mammalian cochlea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Episodic Memory Can Replace Active Storage in Visual Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have remarkable visual long-term memory abilities, capable of storing thousands of objects with significant detail. However, it remains unknown how such memory is utilized during the short-term maintenance of information. Specifically, if people have a previously encoded memory for an item, how does this affect subsequent working memory for that same item? Here, we demonstrate people can quickly and accurately make use of visual long-term memories and therefore maintain less perceptual information actively in working memory. We assessed how much perceptual information is actively maintained in working memory by measuring neural activity during the delay period of a working memory task using electroencephalography. We find that despite maintaining less perceptual information in working memory when long-term memory representations are available, there is no decrement in memory performance. This suggests under certain circumstances people can dynamically disengage working memory maintenance and instead use long-term memories when available. However, this does not mean participants always utilize long-term memory. In a follow-up experiment, we introduced additional perceptual interference into working memory and found participants actively maintained items in working memory even when they had existing long-term memories available. These results clarify the kinds of conditions under which long-term and working memory operate. Specifically, working memory is engaged when new information is encountered or perceptual interference is high. Visual long-term memory may otherwise be rapidly accessed and utilized in lieu of active perceptual maintenance. These data demonstrate the interactions between working memory and long-term memory are more dynamic and fluid than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schurgin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egeth, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Episodic Memory Can Replace Active Storage in Visual Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilayer network analysis of miRNA and protein expression profiles in breast cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MiRNAs and proteins play important roles in different stages of tumor development and serve as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancer. A new algorithm that combines machine learning algorithms and multilayer complex network analysis is hereby proposed to explore the potential diagnostic values of miRNAs and proteins. XGBoost and random forest algorithms were employed to exclude unrelated miRNAs and proteins, and the most significant candidates were retained for the further analysis. Given these candidates possible functional relationships to one other, a multilayer complex network was constructed to identify miRNAs and proteins that could serve as biomarkers for breast cancer. Proteins and miRNAs that are nodes in the network were subsequently categorized into two network layers considering their distinct functions. Maximal information coefficient (MIC) was applied to assess intralayer and interlayer connection. The betweenness centrality was used as the first measurement of the importance of the nodes within each single layer. To further characterize the interlayer interaction between miRNAs and proteins, the degree of the nodes was chosen as the second measurement to map their signalling pathways. By combining these two measurements into one score and comparing the difference of the same candidate between normal tissue and cancer tissue, this novel multilayer network analysis could be applied to successfully identify molecules associated with breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilayer network analysis of miRNA and protein expression profiles in breast cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can patients with cerebellar disease switch learning mechanisms to reduce their adaptation deficits? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic perturbations in motor adaptation tasks are primarily countered by learning from sensory-prediction errors, with secondary contributions from other learning processes. Despite the availability of these additional processes, particularly the use of explicit re-aiming to counteract observed target errors, patients with cerebellar degeneration are surprisingly unable to compensate for their sensory-prediction-error deficits by spontaneously switching to another learning mechanism. We hypothesized that if the nature of the task was changed - by allowing vision of the hand, which eliminates sensory-prediction errors - patients could be induced to preferentially adopt aiming strategies to solve visuomotor rotations. To test this, we first developed a novel visuomotor rotation paradigm that provides participants with vision of their hand in addition to the cursor, effectively setting the sensory-prediction-error signal to zero. We demonstrated in younger healthy controls that this promotes a switch to strategic re-aiming based on target errors. We then showed that with vision of the hand, patients with spinocerebellar ataxia could also switch to an aiming strategy in response to visuomotor rotations, performing similarly to age-matched participants (older controls). Moreover, patients could retrieve their learned aiming solution after vision of the hand was removed, and retain it for at least one year. Both patients and older controls, however, exhibited impaired overall adaptation performance compared to younger healthy controls (age, 18-33), likely due to age-related reductions in spatial and working memory. Moreover, patients failed to generalize, i.e., they were unable to adopt analogous aiming strategies in response to novel rotations, nor could they further improve their performance without vision of the hand. Hence, there appears to be an inescapable obligatory dependence on sensory-prediction-error-based learning - even when this system is impaired in patients with cerebellar degeneration. The persistence of sensory-prediction-error-based learning effectively suppresses a switch to target-error-based learning, which perhaps explains the unexpectedly poor performance by patients with spinocerebellar ataxia in visuomotor adaptation tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can patients with cerebellar disease switch learning mechanisms to reduce their adaptation deficits?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor Cortex Excitability Reflects the Subjective Value of Reward and Mediates its Effects on Incentive Motivated Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Performance-based incentives tend to increase an individuals motivation, resulting in enhancements in behavioral output. While much work has focused on understanding how the brains reward circuitry influences incentive motivated performance, fewer studies have investigated how such reward representations act on the motor system. Here we measured motor cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while female and male human participants performed a motoric incentive motivation task for prospective monetary gains and losses. We found that individuals performance increased for increasing prospective gains and losses. While motor cortical excitability appeared insensitive to prospective loss, temporal features of motor cortical excitability for prospective gains were modulated by an independent measure of an individuals subjective preferences for incentive (i.e., loss aversion). Those individuals that were more loss averse had a greater motor cortical sensitivity to prospective gain, closer to movement onset. Critically, behavioral sensitivity to incentive and motor cortical sensitivity to prospective gains were both predicted by loss aversion. Furthermore, causal modeling indicated that motor cortical sensitivity to incentive mediated the relationship between subjective preferences for incentive and behavioral sensitivity to incentive. Together our findings suggest that motor cortical activity integrates information about the subjective value of reward to invigorate incentive motivated performance.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIncreasing incentives tend to increase motivation and effort. Using a motoric incentive motivation task and transcranial magnetic stimulation, we studied the motor cortical mechanisms responsible for incentive motivated motor performance. We provide experimental evidence that motor cortical sensitivity to incentive mediates the relationship between subjective preferences for incentive and incentive motivated performance. These results indicate that, rather than simply being a reflection of motor output, motor cortical physiology integrates information about reward value to motivate performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galaro, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor Cortex Excitability Reflects the Subjective Value of Reward and Mediates its Effects on Incentive Motivated Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent activity in primate auditory cortex evoked by sensory stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent activity, the elevated firing of a neuron after the termination of a stimulus, is hypothesized to play a critical role in working memory. This form of activity is therefore typically studied within the context of a behavioural task that includes a working memory component. Here we investigated whether persistent activity is observed in sensory cortex and thalamus in the absence of any explicit behavioural task. We recorded spiking activity from single units in the auditory cortex (fields A1, R and RT) and thalamus of awake, passively-listening marmosets. We observed persistent activity that lasted for hundreds of milliseconds following the termination of the acoustic stimulus, in the absence of a task. Persistent activity was observed following both adapting and sustained responses during the stimulus and showed similar stimulus tuning to these evoked responses. Persistent activity was also observed following suppression in firing during the stimulus. These response types were observed across all cortical fields tested, but were largely absent from thalamus. As well as being of shorter duration, thalamic persistent activity emerged following a longer latency than in cortex, indicating that persistent activity may be generated within auditory cortex during passive listening. Given that these responses were observed in the absence of a explicit behavioural task, persistent activity in sensory cortex may have functional importance beyond storing task-relevant information in working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent activity in primate auditory cortex evoked by sensory stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of EMT Drives the Progression to Clinically Aggressive Sarcomatoid Bladder Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sarcomatoid variant of urothelial bladder cancer (SARC) displays a high propensity for distant metastasis and is associated with short survival. We report a comprehensive genomic analysis of 28 cases of SARCs and 84 cases of conventional urothelial carcinomas (UCs), with the TCGA cohort of 408 muscle-invasive bladder cancers serving as the reference. SARCs showed a distinct mutational landscape with enrichment of TP53, RB1, and PIK3CA mutations. They were related to the basal molecular subtype of conventional UCs and could be divided into epithelial/basal and more clinically aggressive mesenchymal subsets based on TP63 and its target genes expression levels. Other analyses revealed that SARCs are driven by downregulation of homotypic adherence genes and dysregulation of cell cycle and EMT networks, and nearly half exhibited a heavily infiltrated immune phenotype. Our observations have important implications for prognostication and the development of more effective therapies for this highly lethal variant of bladder cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodaruk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogdell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplisea, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadhania, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggerly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of EMT Drives the Progression to Clinically Aggressive Sarcomatoid Bladder Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tudor-domain containing protein 5-prime promotes male sexual identity in the Drosophila germline and is repressed in females by Sex lethal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For sexually reproducing organisms, production of male or female gametes depends on specifying the correct sexual identity in the germline. In D. melanogaster, Sex lethal (Sxl) is the key gene that controls sex determination in both the soma and the germline, but how it does so in the germline is unknown, other than that it is different than in the soma. We conducted an RNA expression profiling experiment to identify direct and indirect germline targets of Sxl specifically in the undifferentiated germline. We find that, in these cells, Sxl loss does not lead to a global masculinization observed at the whole-genome level. In contrast, Sxl appears to affect a discrete set of genes required in the male germline, such as Phf7. We also identify tudor domain containing protein 5-prime (tdrd5p) as a target for Sxl regulation that is important for male germline identity. tdrd5p is repressed by Sxl in female germ cells, but is highly expressed in male germ cells where it promotes proper male fertility and germline differentiation. Additionally, Tdrd5p localizes to cytoplasmic granules with some characteristics of RNA Processing (P-) Bodies, suggesting that it promotes male identity in the germline by regulating post-transcriptional gene expression.nnAuthor summaryLike humans, all sexually reproducing organisms require gametes to reproduce. Gametes are made by specialized cells called germ cells, which must have the correct sexual identity information to properly make sperm or eggs. In fruit flies, germ cell sexual identity is controlled by the RNA-binding protein Sxl, which is expressed only in females. To better understand how Sxl promotes female identity, we conducted an RNA expression profiling experiment to identify genes whose expression changes in response to the loss of Sxl from germ cells. Here, we identify tudor domain containing protein 5-prime (tdrd5p), which is expressed 17-fold higher in ovaries lacking Sxl compared to control ovaries. Additionally, tdrd5p plays an important role in males as male flies that are mutant for this gene cannot make sperm properly and thus are less fertile. Moreover, we find that tdrd5p promotes male identity in the germline, as several experiments show that it can shift the germ cell developmental program from female to male. This study tells us that Sxl promotes female identity in germ cells by repressing genes, like tdrd5p, that promote male identity. Future studies into the function of tdrd5p will provide mechanistic insight into how this gene promotes male identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Primus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozmanter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tudor-domain containing protein 5-prime promotes male sexual identity in the Drosophila germline and is repressed in females by Sex lethal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Are these cardiomyocytes? Protocol development reveals impact of sample preparation on the accuracy of identifying cardiomyocytes by flow cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern differentiation protocols enable efficient, yet imperfect, differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CM). As the number of laboratories and studies implementing this technology expands, the accurate assessment of cell identity in differentiation cultures is paramount to well-defined studies that can be replicated among laboratories. While flow cytometry is apt for routine assessment, a standardized protocol for assessing cardiomyocyte identity in hPSC-CM cultures has not yet been established. To address this gap, the current study leveraged targeted mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of troponin proteins in hPSC-CM and systematically evaluated multiple anti-troponin antibodies and sample preparation protocols for their suitability in assessing cardiomyocyte identity. Results demonstrate challenges of interpreting data generated by published methods and informed the development of a robust protocol for routine assessment of hPSC-CM. Overall, the new data, workflow for evaluating fit-for-purpose use of antibodies, and standardized protocol described here should benefit investigators new to this field as well as those with expertise in hPSC-CM differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerasekera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropp, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Tejeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boheler, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burridge, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Are these cardiomyocytes? Protocol development reveals impact of sample preparation on the accuracy of identifying cardiomyocytes by flow cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDH1R132H acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma via epigenetic upregulation of the DNA damage response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One sentence summaryMutant IDH1 acts as a tumor suppressor when co-expressed together with TP53 and ATRX inactivating mutations in glioma, inducing genomic stability, DNA repair and resistance to genotoxic therapies.nnAbstractGlioma patients whose tumors carry a mutation in the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1R132H) gene are younger at the time of diagnosis and survive longer. The molecular glioma subtype which we modelled, harbors IDH1R132H, tumor protein 53 (TP53) and alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) loss. The impact of IDH1R132H on genomic stability, DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair in this molecular glioma subtype is unknown. We discovered that IDH1R132H expression in the genetic context of ATRX and TP53 inactivation: (i) increases median survival (MS), (ii) enhances DDR activity via epigenetic upregulation of Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling, and (iii) elicits tumor radioresistance. Pharmacological inhibition of ATM or checkpoint kinase 1 and 2 (CHK1/2), two essential kinases in the DDR pathways, restored tumors radiosensitivity. Translation of these findings for mlDH1 glioma patients could significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy, and thus have a major impact on patient survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadilaya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghamri, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelieff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koschmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calinescu, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Fabiani, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venneti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbunova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hambardzumyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervey-Jumper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowenstein, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDH1R132H acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma via epigenetic upregulation of the DNA damage response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactivation of medial frontal cortex changes risk preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other animals need to make decisions under varying degrees of uncertainty. These decisions are strongly influenced by an individuals risk preference, however the neuronal circuitry by which risk preference shapes choice is still unclear [1]. Supplementary eye field (SEF), an oculomotor area within primate medial frontal cortex, is thought to be an essential part of the neuronal circuit underlying oculomotor decision-making, including decisions under risk [2-5]. Consistent with this view, risk-related action value and monitoring signals have been observed in SEF [6-8]. However, such activity has also been observed in other frontal areas, including orbitofrontal [9-11], cingulate [12-14], and dorsal lateral frontal cortex [15]. It is thus unknown whether the activity in SEF causally contributes to risky decisions, or if it is merely a reflection of neural processes in other cortical regions. Here, we tested a causal role of SEF in risky oculomotor choices. We found that SEF inactivation strongly reduced the frequency of risky choices. This reduction was largely due to a reduced attraction to reward uncertainty and high reward gain, but not due to changes in the subjective estimation of reward probability or average expected reward. Moreover, SEF inactivation also led to increased sensitivity to differences between expected and actual reward during free choice. Nevertheless, it did not affect adjustments of decisions based on reward history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactivation of medial frontal cortex changes risk preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans modulates phagosomal pH through its acid-base properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagosomal acidification is a critical cellular mechanism for the inhibition and killing of ingested microbes by phagocytic cells. The acidic environment activates microbicidal proteins and creates an unfavorable environment for the growth of many microbes. Consequently, numerous pathogenic microbes have developed strategies for countering phagosomal acidification through various mechanisms that include interference with phagosome maturation. The human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans resides in acidic phagosome after macrophage ingestion that actually provides a favorable environment for replication since the fungus replicates faster at acidic pH. We hypothesized that the glucuronic acid residues in the capsular polysaccharide had the capacity to affect phagosome acidity through their acid-base properties. A ratiometric fluorescence comparison of imaged phagosomes containing C. neoformans to those containing beads showed that the latter were significantly more acidic. Similarly, phagosomes containing non-encapsulated C. neoformans cells were more acidic than those containing encapsulated cells. Acid-base titrations of isolated C. neoformans polysaccharide revealed that it behaves as a weak acid with maximal buffering capacity around pH 4-5. We interpret these results as indicating that the glucuronic acid residues in the C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide can buffer phagosomal acidification. Interference with phagosomal acidification represents a new function for the cryptococcal capsule in virulence and suggests the importance of considering the acid-base properties of microbial capsules in the host-microbe interaction for other microbes with charged residues in their capsules.nnImportanceCryptococcus neoformans is the causative agent of cryptococcosis, a devastating fungal disease that affects thousands of individuals worldwide. This fungus has the capacity to survive inside phagocytic cells, which contributes to persistence of infection and dissemination. One of the major mechanisms of host phagocytes is to acidify the phagosomal compartment after ingestion of microbes. This study shows that the capsule of C. neoformans can interfere with full phagosomal acidification by serving as a buffer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLeon-Rodriguez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbali, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans modulates phagosomal pH through its acid-base properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
\"Visual\" Cortices of Congenitally Blind Adults Respond to Executive Demands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How functionally flexible is human cortex? In congenitally blind individuals, "visual" cortices are active during auditory and tactile tasks. The cognitive role of these responses and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. A dominant view is that, in blindness, "visual" cortices process information from low-level auditory and somatosensory systems. An alternative hypothesis is that higher-cognitive fronto-parietal systems take over "visual" cortices. We report that, in congenitally blind individuals, right-lateralized "visual" cortex responds to executiveload in a go/no-go task. These right-lateralized occipital cortices of blind, but not sighted, individuals mirrored the executive-function pattern observed in fronto-parietal systems. In blindness, the same "visual" cortex area, at rest, also increases its synchronization with prefrontal executive control regions and decreases its synchronization with auditory and sensorimotor cortices. These results support the hypothesis of top-down fronto-parietal takeover of "visual" cortices, and suggest that human cortex is highly flexible at birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loiotile, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[\"Visual\" Cortices of Congenitally Blind Adults Respond to Executive Demands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quality of eyeglass prescriptions from a low-cost wavefront autorefractor evaluated in rural India: results of a 708-participant field study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTACTO_ST_ABSAimC_ST_ABSTo assess the quality of eyeglass prescriptions provided by an affordable wavefront autorefractor operated by a minimally-trained technician in a low-resource setting.nnMethods708 participants were recruited from consecutive patients registered for routine eye examinations at Aravind Eye Hospital in Madurai, India, or an affiliated rural satellite vision centre. Visual acuity (VA) and patient preference were compared for eyeglasses prescribed from a novel wavefront autorefractor versus eyeglasses prescribed from subjective refraction by an experienced refractionist.nnResultsMean {+/-} standard deviation VA was 0.30 {+/-} 0.37, -0.02 {+/-} 0.14, and -0.04 {+/-} 0.11 LogMAR units before correction, with autorefractor correction, and with subjective refraction correction, respectively (all differences P < 0.01). Overall, 25% of participants had no preference, 33% preferred eyeglasses from autorefractor prescriptions, and 42% preferred eyeglasses from subjective refraction prescriptions (P < 0.01). Of the 438 patients 40 years old and younger, 96 had no preference and the remainder had no statistically-significant difference in preference for subjective refraction prescriptions (51%) versus autorefractor prescriptions (49%) (P = 0.52).nnConclusionsAverage VAs from autorefractor-prescribed eyeglasses were one letter worse than those from subjective refraction. More than half of all participants either had no preference or preferred eyeglasses prescribed by the autorefractor. This marginal difference in quality may warrant autorefractor-based prescriptions, given the portable form-factor, short measurement time, low-cost, and minimal training required to use the autorefractor evaluated here.nnSYNOPSISEyeglass prescriptions can be accurately measured by a minimally-trained technician using a low-cost wavefront autorefractor in rural India. Objective refraction may be a feasible approach to increasing eyeglass accessibility in low-resource settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durr, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravilla, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quality of eyeglass prescriptions from a low-cost wavefront autorefractor evaluated in rural India: results of a 708-participant field study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Anti-Hyperalgesic Efficacy of The Mglu5 Antagonist Fenobam. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) has been shown to modulate nociception in animals, but no mGlu5 antagonists have been developed commercially as analgesics. The mGlu5 antagonist fenobam [N-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4-oxo-1H-imidazole-2-yl)urea] was originally evaluated for development as a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic. Fenobam is analgesic in numerous mouse pain models, acting exclusively via mGlu5 blockade. Furthermore, fenobam showed no signs of analgesic tolerance with up to two weeks of daily dosing in mice. Analgesic effects of fenobam in humans have not been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate fenobam pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects in humans. We first evaluated single-dose oral fenobam disposition in a parallel-group dose-escalation study in healthy volunteers. A second investigation tested the analgesic effects of fenobam in an established experimental human pain model of cutaneous sensitization utilizing capsaicin cream and heat, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The primary outcome measure was the area of hyperalgesia and allodynia around the area applied with heat/capsaicin. Secondary outcome measures included nociception, measured as pain rating on a visual analog scale, heat-pain detection threshold, and effects on cognition and mood. Fenobam plasma exposures showed considerable inter-individual variability, and were not linear with dose. Fenobam reduced sensitization vs placebo at a single time-point (peak plasma concentration); we found no other difference between fenobam and placebo. Our results suggest highly variable fenobam disposition, and minimal analgesic effects at the dose tested. We suggest that future studies testing analgesic effects of mGlu5 blockade are warranted, but such studies should employ molecules with improved pharmacokinetic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavallone, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montana, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallogjeri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wages, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodebaugh, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharasch, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gereau, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Anti-Hyperalgesic Efficacy of The Mglu5 Antagonist Fenobam.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decomposing cell identity for transfer learning across cellular measurements, platforms, tissues, and species. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New approaches are urgently needed to glean biological insights from the vast amounts of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data now being generated. To this end, we propose that cell identity should map to a reduced set of factors which will describe both exclusive and shared biology of individual cells, and that the dimensions which contain these factors reflect biologically meaningful relationships across different platforms, tissues and species. To find a robust set of dependent factors in large-scale scRNA- Seq data, we developed a Bayesian non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm, scCoGAPS. Application of scCoGAPS to scRNA-Seq data obtained over the course of mouse retinal development identified gene expression signatures for factors associated with specific cell types and continuous biological processes. To test whether these signatures are shared across diverse cellular contexts, we developed projectR to map biologically disparate datasets into the factors learned by scCoGAPS. Because projecting these dimensions preserve relative distances between samples, biologically meaningful relationships/factors will stratify new data consistent with their underlying processes, allowing labels or information from one dataset to be used for annotation of the other--a machine learning concept called transfer learning. Using projectR, data from multiple datasets was used to annotate latent spaces and reveal novel parallels between developmental programs in other tissues, species and cellular assays. Using this approach we are able to transfer cell type and state designations across datasets to rapidly annotate cellular features in a new dataset without a priori knowledge of their type, identify a species-specific signature of microglial cells, and identify a previously undescribed subpopulation of neurosecretory cells within the lung. Together, these algorithms define biologically meaningful dimensions of cellular identity, state, and trajectories that persist across technologies, molecular features, and species.nnGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=174 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/395004_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (81K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd1c07org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5b1109org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bb6714org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16c66f0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decomposing cell identity for transfer learning across cellular measurements, platforms, tissues, and species.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient variant set mixed model association tests for continuous and binary traits in large-scale whole genome sequencing studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With advances in Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) technology, more advanced statistical methods for testing genetic association with rare variants are being developed. Methods in which variants are grouped for analysis are also known as variant-set, gene-based, and aggregate unit tests. The burden test and Sequence Kernel Association Test (SKAT) are two widely used variant-set tests, which were originally developed for samples of unrelated individuals and later have been extended to family data with known pedigree structures. However, computationally-efficient and powerful variant-set tests are needed to make analyses tractable in large-scale WGS studies with complex study samples. In this paper, we propose the variant-Set Mixed Model Association Tests (SMMAT) for continuous and binary traits using the generalized linear mixed model framework. These tests can be applied to large-scale WGS studies involving samples with population structure and relatedness, such as in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. SMMAT tests share the same null model for different variant sets, and a virtue of this null model, which includes covariates only, is that it needs to be only fit once for all tests in each genome-wide analysis. Simulation studies show that all the proposed SMMAT tests correctly control type I error rates for both continuous and binary traits in the presence of population structure and relatedness. We also illustrate our tests in a real data example of analysis of plasma fibrinogen levels in the TOPMed program (n = 23,763), using the Analysis Commons, a cloud-based computing platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Hematology and Hemos</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient variant set mixed model association tests for continuous and binary traits in large-scale whole genome sequencing studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dose rifamycins enable shorter oral treatment in a murine model of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a neglected tropical skin and soft tissue infection that is associated with disability and social stigma. The mainstay of BU treatment is an eight-week course of 10 mg/kg rifampin (RIF) and 150 mg/kg streptomycin (STR). Recently, the injectable STR has been shown to be replaceable with oral clarithromycin (CLR) for smaller lesions for the last four weeks of treatment. A shorter, all-oral, highly efficient regimen for BU is needed, as the long treatment duration and indirect costs currently burden patients and health systems. Increasing the dose of RIF or replacing it with the more potent rifamycin drug rifapentine (RPT) could provide such a regimen. Here, we performed a dose-ranging experiment of RIF and RPT in combination with CLR over four weeks of treatment in a mouse model of M. ulcerans disease. A clear dose-dependent effect of RIF on both clinical and microbiological outcomes was found, with no ceiling effect observed with tested doses up to 40 mg/kg. RPT-containing regimens were more effective on M. ulcerans. All RPT-containing regimens achieved culture negativity after only four weeks while only the regimen with the highest RIF dose (40 mg/kg) did so. We conclude that there is dose-dependent efficacy of both RIF and RPT and that a ceiling effect is not reached with the current standard regimen used in the clinic. A regimen based on higher rifamycin doses that are currently being evaluated against tuberculosis in clinical trials could shorten and improve therapy of Buruli ulcer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omansen, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stienstra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosset, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dose rifamycins enable shorter oral treatment in a murine model of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Number of Driver Nodes for Controlling a Boolean Network to Attractors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is known that many driver nodes are required to control complex biological networks. Previous studies imply that O(N) driver nodes are required in both linear complex network and Boolean network models with N nodes if an arbitrary state is specified as the target. In this paper, we mathematically prove under a reasonable assumption that the expected number of driver nodes is only O(log2 N + log2 M) for controlling Boolean networks if the targets are restricted to attractors, where M is the number of attractors. Since it is expected that M is not very large in many practical networks, this is a significant improvement. This result is based on discovery of novel relationships between control problems on Boolean networks and the coupon collectors problem, a well-known concept in combinatorics. We also provide lower bounds of the number of driver nodes as well as simulation results using artificial and realistic network data, which support our theoretical findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akutsu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Number of Driver Nodes for Controlling a Boolean Network to Attractors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GBAT: a gene-based association method for robust trans-gene regulation detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of trans-eQTLs has been limited by a heavy multiple testing burden, read-mapping biases, and hidden confounders. To address these issues, we developed GBAT, a powerful gene-based method that allows robust detection of trans gene regulation. Using simulated and real data, we show that GBAT drastically increases detection of trans-gene regulation over standard trans-eQTL analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mefford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GBAT: a gene-based association method for robust trans-gene regulation detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cAMP stimulates SLC26A3 activity in human colon by a CFTR-dependent mechanism that does not require CFTR activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsDRA (SLC26A3) is an electroneutral Cl-/HCO3- exchanger that is present in the apical domain of multiple intestinal segments. An area that has continued to be poorly understood is related to DRA regulation in acute cAMP-related diarrheas, in which DRA appears to be both inhibited as part of NaCl absorption and stimulated to contribute to increased HCO3- secretion. Different cell models expressing DRA have shown that cAMP inhibits, stimulates or does not affect its activity.nnMethodsThis study reevaluated cAMP regulation of DRA using new "tools" including a successful knockout cell model, a specific DRA inhibitor (DRAinh-A250), specific antibodies, and a transport assay that did not rely on non-specific inhibitors. The studies compared DRA regulation in colonoids made from normal human colon with regulation in the colon cancer cell line, Caco-2.nnResultsDRA is an apical protein in human proximal colon, differentiated colonoid monolayers and Caco-2 cells. It is glycosylated and appears as two bands. cAMp(forskolin) acutely stimulated DRA activity in human colonoids and Caco-2 cells. In these cells, DRA is the predominant apical Cl-/HCO3- exchanger and is inhibited by DRAinh-A250 with IC50 of 0.5 mol/L and 0.2 {micro}mol/L, respectively. However, there was no effect of cAMP in HEK293/DRA cells that lacked CFTR. When CFTR was expressed in HEK293/DRA cells, cAMP also stimulated DRA activity. In all cases, cAMP stimulation of DRA was not inhibited by CFTRinh-172.nnConclusionsDRA is acutely stimulated by cAMP by a process that is CFTR-dependent but appears to be one of multiple regulatory effects of CFTR that does not require CFTR activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cAMP stimulates SLC26A3 activity in human colon by a CFTR-dependent mechanism that does not require CFTR activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FACT and Ubp10 collaborate to modulate H2B deubiquitination and nucleosome dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoubiquitination of histone H2B (H2B-Ub) plays a role in transcription and DNA replication, and is required for normal localization of the histone chaperone, FACT. In yeast, H2B-Ub is deubiquitinated by Ubp8, a subunit of SAGA, and Ubp10. Although they target the same substrate, loss of Ubp8 and Ubp10 causes different phenotypes and alters the transcription of different genes. We show that Ubp10 has poor activity on yeast nucleosomes, but that addition of FACT stimulates Ubp10 activity on nucleosomes and not on other substrates. Consistent with a role for FACT in deubiquitinating H2B in vivo, a FACT mutant strain shows elevated levels of H2B-Ub. Combination of FACT mutants with deletion of Ubp10, but not Ubp8, confers increased sensitivity to hydroxyurea and activates a cryptic transcription reporter, suggesting that FACT and Ubp10 may coordinate nucleosome assembly during DNA replication and transcription. Our findings reveal unexpected interplay between H2B deubiquitination and nucleosome dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nune, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formosa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FACT and Ubp10 collaborate to modulate H2B deubiquitination and nucleosome dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life Inside A Dinosaur Bone: A Thriving Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fossils were long thought to lack original organic material, but the discovery of organic molecules in fossils and sub-fossils, thousands to millions of years old, has demonstrated the potential of fossil organics to provide radical new insights into the fossil record. How long different organics can persist remains unclear, however. Non-avian dinosaur bone has been hypothesised to preserve endogenous organics including collagen, osteocytes, and blood vessels, but proteins and labile lipids are unstable during diagenesis or over long periods of time. Furthermore, bone is porous and an open system, allowing microbial and organic flux. Some of these organics within fossil bone have therefore been identified as either contamination or microbial biofilm, rather than original organics. Here, we use biological and chemical analyses of Late Cretaceous dinosaur bones and sediment matrix to show that dinosaur bone hosts a diverse microbiome. Fossils and matrix were freshly-excavated, aseptically-acquired, and then analysed using microscopy, spectroscopy, chromatography, spectrometry, DNA extraction, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The fossil organics differ from modern bone collagen chemically and structurally. A key finding is that 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveals that the subterranean fossil bones host a unique, living microbiome distinct from that of the surrounding sediment. Even in the subsurface, dinosaur bone is biologically active and behaves as an open system, attracting microbes that might alter original organics or complicate the identification of original organics. These results suggest caution regarding claims of dinosaur bone  soft tissue preservation and illustrate a potential role for microbial communities in post-burial taphonomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saitta, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longrich, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinther, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooker, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penkman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onstott, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life Inside A Dinosaur Bone: A Thriving Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing 16S marker gene survey data analysis methods using mixtures of human stool sample DNA extracts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnalysis of 16S rRNA marker-gene surveys, used to characterize prokaryotic microbial communities, may be performed by numerous bioinformatic pipelines and downstream analysis methods. However, there is limited guidance on how to decide between methods, appropriate data sets and statistics for assessing these methods are needed. We developed a mixture dataset with real data complexity and an expected value for assessing 16S rRNA bioinformatic pipelines and downstream analysis methods. We generate an assessment dataset using a two-sample titration mixture design. The sequencing data were processed using multiple bioinformatic pipelines, i) DADA2 a sequence inference method, ii) Mothur a de novo clustering method, and iii) QIIME with open-reference clustering. The mixture dataset was used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess count tables generated using the pipelines.nnResultsThe qualitative assessment was used to evalute features only present in unmixed samples and titrations. The abundance of Mothur and QIIME features specific to unmixed samples and titrations were explained by sampling alone. However, for DADA2 over a third of the unmixed sample and titration specific feature abundance could not be explained by sampling alone. The quantitative assessment evaluated pipeline performance by comparing observed to expected relative and differential abundance values. Overall the observed relative abundance and differential abundance values were consistent with the expected values. Though outlier features were observed across all pipelines.nnConclusionsUsing a novel mixture dataset and assessment methods we quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated count tables generated using three bioinformatic pipelines. The dataset and methods developed for this study will serve as a valuable community resource for assessing 16S rRNA marker-gene survey bioinformatic methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada Bravo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing 16S marker gene survey data analysis methods using mixtures of human stool sample DNA extracts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Signaling Pathways Project: an integrated ‘omics knowledgebase for mammalian cellular signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrated mining of public transcriptomic and ChIP-Seq datasets has the potential to illuminate facets of mammalian cellular signaling pathways not yet explored in the research literature. Here, we designed a web knowledgebase, the Signaling Pathways Project (SPP), which incorporates stable community classifications of the four major categories of signaling pathway node (receptors, enzymes, transcription factors and co-nodes) and their cognate bioactive small molecules (BSMs). We then mapped over 10,000 public transcriptomic or cistromic experiments to their relevant signaling pathway node, BSM or biosample of study. To provide for prediction of pathway node-target transcriptional regulatory relationships, we generated consensus  omics signatures, or consensomes, based on measures of significant differential expression of genomic targets across all underlying transcriptomic experiments. To expose the SPP knowledgebase to researchers, a web browser interface accommodates a variety of routine data mining strategies. Consensomes were validated using alignment with literature-based knowledge, gene target-level integration of transcriptomic and ChIP-Seq data points, and in bench experiments that confirmed previously uncharacterized node-gene target regulatory relationships. SPP is freely accessible at https://beta.signalingpathways.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McOwiti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilsenbeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becnel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stossi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Signaling Pathways Project: an integrated ‘omics knowledgebase for mammalian cellular signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing non-invasive sampling of an infectious bat virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notable outbreaks of infectious viruses resulting from spillover events from bats have brought much attention to the ecological origins of bat-borne zoonoses, resulting in an increase in ecological and epidemiological studies on bat populations in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The aim of many of these studies is to identify new viral agents with field sampling methods that collect pooled urine samples from large plastic sheets placed under a bat roost. The efficiency of under-roost sampling also makes it an attractive method for gathering roost-level prevalence data. However, the method allows multiple individuals to contribute to a pooled sample, potentially introducing positive bias. To assess the ability of under-roost sampling to accurately estimate viral prevalence, we constructed a probabilistic model to explore the relationship between four sampling designs (quadrant, uniform, stratified, and random) and estimation bias. We modeled bat density and movement with a Poisson cluster process and spatial kernels, and simulated the four underroost sheet sampling designs by manipulating a spatial grid of hexagonal tiles. We performed global sensitivity analyses to identify major sources of estimation bias and provide recommendations for field studies that wish to estimate roost-level prevalence. We found that the quadrant-based design had a positive bias 5-7 times higher than other designs due to spatial auto-correlation among sampling sheets and clustering of bats in the roost. The sampling technique is therefore highly sensitive to viral presence; but lacks specificity, providing poor information regarding dynamics in viral prevalence. Given population sizes of 5000-14000, our simulation results indicate that using a stratified random design to collect 30-40 urine samples from 80-100 sheets, each with an area of 0.75-1m2, would provide sufficient estimation of true prevalence with minimum sampling bias and false negatives. However, acknowledging the general problem of data aggregation, we emphasize that robust inference of true prevalence from field data require information of underpinning roost sizes. Our findings refine our understanding of the underroost sampling technique with the aim of increasing its specificity, and suggest that the method be further developed as an efficient non-invasive sampling technique that provides roost-level estimates of viral prevalence within a bat population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowright, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restif, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing non-invasive sampling of an infectious bat virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/402321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitive period for cognitive repurposing of human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/402321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of sensory loss are a model for understanding the functional flexibility of human cortex. In congenital blindness, subsets of visual cortex are recruited during higher-cognitive tasks, such as language and math tasks. Is such dramatic functional repurposing possible throughout the lifespan or restricted to sensitive periods in development? We compared visual cortex function in individuals who lost their vision as adults (after age 17) to congenitally blind and sighted blindfolded adults. Participants took part in resting-state and task-based fMRI scans during which they solved math equations of varying difficulty and judged the meanings of sentences. Blindness at any age caused "visual" cortices to synchronize with specific fronto-parietal networks at rest. However, in task-based data, visual cortices showed regional specialization for math and language and load-dependent activity only in congenital blindness. Thus, despite the presence of long-range functional connectivity, cognitive repurposing of human cortex is limited by sensitive periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/402321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitive period for cognitive repurposing of human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/402883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What can facial mechanoreceptors tell the mouse brain about whisking? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/402883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haptic perception synthesizes touch with proprioception, or sense of body position. Humans and mice alike experience rich active touch of the face. Because most facial muscles lack proprioceptor endings, the sensory basis of facial proprioception remains unsolved. Facial proprioception may instead rely on mechanoreceptors that encode both touch and self-motion. In rodents, whisker mechanoreceptors provide a signal that informs the brain about whisker position. Whisking involves coordinated orofacial movements, so mechanoreceptors innervating facial regions other than whiskers could also provide information about whisking. To define all sources of sensory information about whisking available to the brain, we recorded spikes from mechanoreceptors innervating diverse parts of the face. Whisker motion was encoded best by whisker mechanoreceptors, but also by those innervating whisker pad hairy skin and supraorbital vibrissae. Redundant self-motion responses may provide the brain with a stable proprioceptive signal despite mechanical perturbations such as whisker growth and active touch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/402883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What can facial mechanoreceptors tell the mouse brain about whisking?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping but asymmetrical relationships between schizophrenia and autism revealed by brain connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
(Abstract included 248 words)Although the relationship between schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been debated, it has not yet been fully elucidated. To address this issue, we took advantage of dual (ASD and SSD) classifiers that discriminate patients from their controls based on resting state brain functional connectivity. An SSD classifier using sophisticated machine-learning algorithms that automatically selected SSD- specific functional connections was applied to Japanese datasets including adult patients with SSD in a chronic stage. We demonstrated good performance of the SSD classification for independent validation cohorts. The generalizability was tested by USA and European cohorts in a chronic stage, and one USA cohort including first episode schizophrenia. The specificity was tested by two adult Japanese cohorts of ASD and major depressive disorder, and one European cohort of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The weighted linear summation of the classifiers functional connections constituted the biological dimensions representing neural liability to the disorders. Our previously developed robust ASD classifier constituted the ASD dimension. Distributions of individuals with SSD, ASD and healthy controls were examined on the SSD and ASD biological dimensions. The SSD and ASD populations exhibited overlapping but asymmetrical patterns on the two biological dimensions. That is, the SSD population showed increased liability on the ASD dimension, but not vice versa. Furthermore, the two dimensions were correlated within the ASD population but not the SSD population. Using the two biological dimensions based on resting-state functional connectivity enabled us to quantify and visualize the relationships between SSD and ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshihara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugihara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urayama, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichikawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Haren, N. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamizu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping but asymmetrical relationships between schizophrenia and autism revealed by brain connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatigue induces long lasting detrimental changes in motor skill learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatigue due to physical exertion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in everyday life and especially common in a range of neurological diseases. While the effect of fatigue on limiting skill execution are well known, its influence on learning new skills is unclear. This is of particular interest as it is common practice to train athletes, musicians or perform rehabilitation exercises up to and beyond a point of fatigue. In a series of experiments, we describe how fatigue impairs motor skill learning beyond its effects on task execution. The negative effects on learning are evidenced by impaired task acquisition on subsequent practice days even in the absence of fatigue. Further, we found that this effect is in part mediated centrally and can be alleviated by altering motor cortex function. Thus, the common practice of training while, or beyond, fatigue levels should be carefully reconsidered, since this affects overall long-term skill learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassavetis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatigue induces long lasting detrimental changes in motor skill learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for gene-environment correlation in child feeding: Links between common genetic variation for BMI in children and parental feeding practices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The parental feeding practices (PFPs) of excessive restriction of food intake ( restriction) and pressure to increase food consumption ( pressure) have been argued to causally influence child weight in opposite directions (high restriction causing overweight; high pressure causing underweight). However child weight could also  elicit PFPs. A novel approach is to investigate gene-environment correlation between child genetic influences on BMI and PFPs. Genome-wide polygenic scores (GPS) combining BMI-associated variants were created for 10,346 children (including 3,320 DZ twin pairs) from the Twins Early Development Study using results from an independent genome-wide association study meta-analysis. Parental  restriction and  pressure were assessed using the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Child BMI standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) were calculated from childrens height and weight at age 10. Linear regression and fixed family effect models were used to test between-(n=4,445 individuals) and within-family (n=2,164 DZ pairs) associations between the GPS and PFPs. In addition, we performed multivariate twin analyses (n=4,375 twin pairs) to estimate the heritabilities of PFPs and the genetic correlations between BMI-SDS and PFPs. The GPS was correlated with BMI-SDS ({beta}=0.20, p=2.41x10-38). Consistent with the gene-environment correlation hypothesis, child BMI GPS was positively associated with  restriction ({beta}=0.05, p=4.19x10-4), and negatively associated with  pressure ({beta}=-0.08, p=2.70x10-7). These results remained consistent after controlling for parental BMI, and after controlling for overall family contributions (within-family analyses). Heritabilities for  restriction (43% [40-47%]) and  pressure (54% [50-59%]) were moderate-to-high. Twin-based genetic correlations were moderate and positive between BMI-SDS and  restriction (rA=0.28 [0.23-0.32]), and substantial and negative between BMI-SDS and  pressure (rA=-0.48 [-0.52 --0.44]. Results suggest that the degree to which parents limit or encourage childrens food intake is partly influenced by childrens genetic predispositions to higher or lower BMI. These findings point to an evocative gene-environment correlation in which heritable characteristics in the child elicit parental feeding behaviour.nnAuthor SummaryIt is widely believed that parents influence their childs BMI via certain feeding practices. For example, rigid restriction has been argued to cause overweight, and pressuring to eat to cause underweight. However, recent longitudinal research has not supported this model. An alternative hypothesis is that child BMI, which has a strong genetic basis, evokes parental feeding practices ( gene-environment correlation). To test this, we applied two genetic methods in a large sample of 10-year-old children from the Twins Early Development Study: a polygenic score analysis (DNA-based score of common genetic variants robustly associated with BMI in genome-wide meta-analyses), and a twin analysis (comparing resemblance between identical and non-identical twin pairs). Polygenic scores correlated positively with parental restriction of food intake ( restriction; {beta}=0.05, p=4.19x10-4), and negatively with parental pressure to increase food intake ( pressure; {beta}=-0.08, p=2.70x10-7). Associations were unchanged after controlling for all genetic and environmental effects shared within families. Results from twin analyses were consistent.  Restriction (43%) and  pressure (54%) were substantially heritable, and a positive genetic correlation between child BMI and  restriction (rA=0.28), and negative genetic correlation between child BMI and  pressure (rA=-0.48) emerged. These findings challenge the prevailing view that parental behaviours are the sole cause of child BMI by supporting an alternate hypothesis that child BMI also causes parental feeding behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selzam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdams, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plomin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llewellyn, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for gene-environment correlation in child feeding: Links between common genetic variation for BMI in children and parental feeding practices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular preprocessing pipelines can reintroduce artifacts into fMRI data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The preprocessing pipelines typically used in both task and restingstate fMRI (rs-fMRI) analysis are modular in nature: They are composed of a number of separate filtering/regression steps, including removal of head motion covariates and band-pass filtering, performed sequentially and in a flexible order. In this paper we illustrate the shortcomings of this approach, as we show how later preprocessing steps can reintroduce artifacts previously removed from the data in prior preprocessing steps. We show that each regression step is a geometric projection of data onto a subspace, and that performing a sequence of projections can move the data into subspaces no longer orthogonal to those previously removed, reintroducing signal related to nuisance covariates. Thus, linear filtering operations are not commutative, and the order in which the preprocessing steps are performed is critical. These issues can arise in practice when any combination of standard preprocessing steps--including motion regression, scrubbing, component-based correction, global signal regression, and temporal filtering--are performed sequentially. In this work we focus primarily on rs-fMRI. We illustrate the problem both theoretically and empirically through application to a test-retest rs-fMRI data set, and suggest remedies. These include (a) combining all steps into a single linear filter, or (b) sequential orthogonalization of covariates/linear filters performed in series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular preprocessing pipelines can reintroduce artifacts into fMRI data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of rare-disease genes in diverse undiagnosed cases using whole blood transcriptome sequencing and large control cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a complementary approach for Mendelian disease diagnosis for patients in whom exome-sequencing is not informative. For both rare neuromuscular and mitochondrial disorders, its application has improved diagnostic rates. However, the generalizability of this approach to diverse Mendelian diseases has yet to be evaluated. We sequenced whole blood RNA from 56 cases with undiagnosed rare diseases spanning 11 diverse disease categories to evaluate the general application of RNA-seq to Mendelian disease diagnosis. We developed a robust approach to compare rare disease cases to existing large sets of RNA-seq controls (N=1,594 external and N=31 family-based controls) and demonstrated the substantial impacts of gene and variant filtering strategies on disease gene identification when combined with RNA-seq. Across our cohort, we observed that RNA-seq yields a 8.5% diagnostic rate. These diagnoses included diseases where blood would not intuitively reflect evidence of disease. We identified RARS2 as an under-expression outlier containing compound heterozygous pathogenic variants for an individual exhibiting profound global developmental delay, seizures, microcephaly, hypotonia, and progressive scoliosis. We also identified a new splicing junction in KCTD7 for an individual with global developmental delay, loss of milestones, tremors and seizures. Our study provides a broad evaluation of blood RNA-seq for the diagnosis of rare disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teran, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernohan, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappala, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balliu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prybol, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholer, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zastrow, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utiramerur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Care4Rare Canada Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Diseases Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejerano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boycott, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of rare-disease genes in diverse undiagnosed cases using whole blood transcriptome sequencing and large control cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible backbone assembly and refinement of symmetrical homomeric complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symmetrical homomeric proteins are ubiquitous in every domain of life, and information about their structure is essential to decipher function. The size of these complexes often makes them intractable to high-resolution structure determination experiments. Computational docking algorithms offer a promising alternative for modeling large complexes with arbitrary symmetry. Accuracy of existing algorithms, however, is limited by backbone inaccuracies when using homology-modeled monomers. Here, we present Rosetta SymDock2 with a broad search of symmetrical conformational space using a six-dimensional coarse-grained score function followed by an all-atom flexible-backbone refinement, which we demonstrate to be essential for physically-realistic modeling of tightly packed complexes. In global docking of a benchmark set of complexes of different point symmetries -- staring from homology-modeled monomers -- we successfully dock (defined as predicting three near-native structures in the five top-scoring models) 19 out of 31 cyclic complexes and 5 out of 12 dihedral complexes.nnHighlightsO_LISymDock2 is an algorithm to assemble symmetric protein structures from monomersnC_LIO_LICoarse-grained score function discriminates near-native conformationsnC_LIO_LIFlexible backbone refinement is necessary to create realistic all-atom modelsnC_LIO_LIResults improve six-fold and outperform other symmetric docking algorithmsnC_LInnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/409730_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (64K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4834borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@167bd2eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b52510org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1945a02_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy Burman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible backbone assembly and refinement of symmetrical homomeric complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity, cortical GABA and neuroactive steroids in peripartum and peripartum depressed women: a functional magnetic imaging and resonance study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postpartum depression (PPD) is associated with abnormalities in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) but the underlying neurochemistry is unclear. We hypothesized that peripartum GABAergic neuroactive steroids (NAS) are related to cortical GABA concentrations and RSFC in PPD as compared to healthy comparison women (HCW). To test this, we measured RSFC with fMRI and GABA+/Creatine (Cr) concentrations with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in the pregenual anterior cingulate (pgACC) and occipital cortices (OCC) and quantified peripartum plasma NAS. We examined between-group differences in RSFC and the relationship between cortical GABA+/Cr concentrations with RSFC. We investigated the relationship between NAS, RSFC and cortical GABA+/Cr concentrations. Within the default mode network (DMN) an area of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) had greater connectivity with the rest of the DMN in PPD (peak voxel: MNI coordinates (2, 58, 32), p=0.002) and was correlated to depression scores (peak HAM-D17 voxel: MNI coordinates (0, 60, 34), p=0.008). pgACC GABA+/Cr correlated positively with DMPFC RSFC in a region spanning the right anterior/posterior insula and right temporal pole (r=+0.661, p=0.000). OCC GABA+/Cr correlated positively with regions spanning both amygdalae (right amygdala: r=+0.522, p=0.000; left amygdala: r=+0.651, p=0.000) as well as superior parietal areas. Plasma allopregnanolone was higher in PPD (p=0.03) and positively correlated with intra DMPFC connectivity (r=+0.548, p=0.000) but not GABA+/Cr. These results provide initial evidence that PPD is associated with altered DMN connectivity; cortical GABA+/Cr concentrations are associated with postpartum RSFC and allopregnanolone is associated with postpartum intra-DMPFC connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deligiannidis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fales, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll-Desrosiers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villamarin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikoglu, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/411405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state functional connectivity, cortical GABA and neuroactive steroids in peripartum and peripartum depressed women: a functional magnetic imaging and resonance study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No cell is an island: circulating T cell:monocyte complexes are markers of immune perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our results highlight for the first time that a significant proportion of cell doublets in flow cytometry, previously believed to be the result of technical artefacts and thus ignored in data acquisition and analysis, are the result of true biological interaction between immune cells. In particular, we show that cell:cell doublets pairing a T cell and a monocyte can be directly isolated from human blood, and high resolution microscopy shows polarized distribution of LFA1/ICAM1 in many doublets, suggesting in vivo formation. Intriguingly, T cell:monocyte complex frequency and phenotype fluctuate with the onset of immune perturbations such as infection or immunization, reflecting expected polarization of immune responses. Overall these data suggest that cell doublets reflecting T cell-monocyte in vivo immune interactions can be detected in human blood and that the common approach in flow cytometry to avoid studying cell:cell complexes should be revisited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burel, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomaznoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Antunes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulten, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seumois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premawansa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premawansa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijewickrama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippalagama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deSilva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/411553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No cell is an island: circulating T cell:monocyte complexes are markers of immune perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal features for auditory categorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and vocal animals use vocalizations (human speech or animal  calls) to communicate with members of their species. A necessary function of auditory perception is to generalize across the high variability inherent in the production of these sounds and classify them into perceptually distinct categories ( words or  call types). Here, we demonstrate using an information-theoretic approach that production-invariant classification of calls can be achieved by detecting mid-level acoustic features. Starting from randomly chosen marmoset call features, we used a greedy search algorithm to determine the most informative and least redundant set of features necessary for call classification. Call classification at >95% accuracy could be accomplished using only 10 - 20 features per call type. Most importantly, predictions of the tuning properties of putative neurons selective for such features accurately matched some previously observed responses of superficial layer neurons in primary auditory cortex. Such a feature-based approach succeeded in categorizing calls of other species such as guinea pigs and macaque monkeys, and could also solve other complex classification tasks such as caller identification. Our results suggest that high-level neural representations of sounds are based on task-dependent features optimized for specific computational goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/411611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal features for auditory categorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Agrobacterium tumefaciens divisome proteins regulate the transition from polar growth to cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms that restrict peptidoglycan biosynthesis to the pole during elongation and re-direct peptidoglycan biosynthesis to mid-cell during cell division in polar-growing Alphaproteobacteria are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that although two of the three FtsZ homologs localize to mid-cell, exhibit GTPase activity and form co-polymers, only one, FtsZAT, is required for cell division. We find that FtsZAT is required not only for constriction and cell separation, but also for the termination of polar growth and regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis at mid-cell. Depletion of FtsZ in A. tumefaciens causes a striking phenotype: cells are extensively branched and accumulate growth active poles through tip splitting events. When cell division is blocked at a later stage, polar growth is terminated and ectopic growth poles emerge from mid-cell. Overall, this work suggests that A. tumefaciens FtsZ makes distinct contributions to the regulation of polar growth and cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howell, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliashkevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Agrobacterium tumefaciens divisome proteins regulate the transition from polar growth to cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/413070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PISD is a mitochondrial disease gene causing skeletal dysplasia, cataracts and white matter changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/413070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exome sequencing of two sisters with congenital cataracts, short stature and white matter changes identified compound heterozygous variants in the PISD gene, encoding the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase enzyme that converts phosphatidylserine (PS) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Decreased conversion of PS to PE, and depletion of total cellular PE levels in patient fibroblasts are consistent with impaired PISD enzyme activity. Meanwhile, as evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, patient fibroblasts exhibited more fragmented mitochondrial networks, enlarged lysosomes, decreased maximal oxygen consumption rates and increased sensitivity to 2-deoxyglucose. Moreover, treatment with lyso-PE, which can replenish the mitochondrial pool of PE, restored mitochondrial and lysosome morphology in patient fibroblasts. Functional characterization of the PISD mutations demonstrates that the maternal variant causes an alternative splice product. Meanwhile, the paternal variant impairs autocatalytic self-processing of the PISD protein required for its activity. Finally, evidence for impaired activity of mitochondrial IMM proteases explains why the phenotypes of these PISD patients resemble recently described "mitochondrial chaperonopathies". Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PISD is a novel mitochondrial disease gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shutt, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedhart, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingrell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamont, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinasac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parboosingh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/413070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PISD is a mitochondrial disease gene causing skeletal dysplasia, cataracts and white matter changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First Whole-Body Three-Dimensional Tomographic Imaging of Alpha Particle Emitting Radium-223 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: Dose optimization and pharmacokinetic evaluation of alpha emitting Radium-223 dichloride (223RaCl2) by planar gamma camera or single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging are hampered by the low photon abundance and injection activities. Here, we demonstrate SPECT of 223Ra using phantoms and small animal in vivo models. Methods: Line phantoms and mice bearing 223Ra were imaged using a next generation dedicated small animal SPECT by detecting the low energy photon emissions from 223Ra. Localization of the therapeutic agent was verified by whole body and whole limb autoradiography and its effect determined by immunofluorescence. Results: A state-of-the-art commercial small animal SPECT system equipped with a highly sensitive collimator enables collection of sufficient counts for three-dimensional reconstruction. Line sources of 223Ra in both air and in a water scattering phantom gave linear response functions with provide full-width-at-half-maximum of 1.45 mm. Early and late phase imaging of the pharmacokinetics of the radiopharmaceutical were captured. Uptake at sites of active bone remodeling were correlated with DNA damage from the alpha particle emissions. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the capability to noninvasively define the distribution of 223Ra, a recently approved alpha emitting radionuclide. This approach allows quantitative assessment of 223Ra distribution and may provide radiation dose optimization strategies to improve therapeutic response and ultimately to enable personalized treatment planning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abou, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rittenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulmert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First Whole-Body Three-Dimensional Tomographic Imaging of Alpha Particle Emitting Radium-223]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell mitotic drive ensures asymmetric epigenetic inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through the process of symmetric cell division, one mother cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells. Many stem cells utilize asymmetric cell division (ACD) to produce a self-renewed stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. Since both daughter cells inherit the identical genetic information during ACD, a crucial question concerns how non-genic factors could be inherited differentially to establish distinct cell fates. It has been hypothesized that epigenetic differences at sister centromeres could contribute to biased sister chromatid attachment and segregation. However, direct in vivo evidence has never been shown. Here, we report that a stem cell-specific  mitotic drive ensures biased sister chromatid attachment and segregation. We have found during stem cell ACD, sister centromeres become asymmetrically enriched with proteins involved in centromere specification and kinetochore function. Furthermore, we show that that temporally asymmetric microtubule activities direct polarized nuclear envelope breakdown, allowing for the preferential recognition and attachment of microtubules to asymmetric sister kinetochores and sister centromeres. This communication occurs in a spatiotemporally regulated manner. Abolishment of either the establishment of asymmetric sister centromeres or the asymmetric microtubule emanation results in randomized sister chromatid segregation, which leads to stem cell loss. Our results demonstrate that the cis-asymmetry at sister centromeres tightly coordinates with the trans-asymmetry from the mitotic machinery to allow for differential attachment and segregation of genetically identical yet epigenetically distinct sister chromatids. Together, these results provide the first direct in vivo mechanisms for partitioning epigenetically distinct sister chromatids in asymmetrically dividing stem cells, which opens a new direction to study how this mechanism could be used in other developmental contexts to achieve distinct cell fates through mitosis.

One Sentence SummaryDuring Drosophila male germline stem cell asymmetric division, sister centromeres communicate with spindle microtubules for differential attachment and segregation of sister chromatids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/416446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell mitotic drive ensures asymmetric epigenetic inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/417618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-high throughput multiplexing and sequencing of >500 bp amplicon regions on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/417618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amplification, sequencing and analysis of the 16S rRNA gene affords characterization of microbial community composition. As this tool has become more popular and amplicon-sequencing applications have grown in the total number of samples, growth in sample multiplexing is becoming necessary while maintaining high sequence quality and sequencing depth. Here, modifications to the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform are described which produce greater multiplexing capabilities and 300 bp paired-end reads of higher quality than produced by the current Illumina MiSeq platform. To improve the feasibility and flexibility of this method, a 2-Step PCR amplification protocol is also described that allows for targeting of different amplicon regions, thus improving amplification success from low bacterial bioburden samples.nnImportanceAmplicon sequencing has become a popular and widespread tool for surveying microbial communities. Lower overall costs associated with high throughput sequencing have made it a widely-adopted approach, especially for projects which necessitate sample multiplexing to eliminate batch effect and reduced time to acquire data. The method for amplicon sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform described here provides improved multiplexing capabilities while simultaneously producing greater quality sequence data and lower per sample cost relative to the Illumina MiSeq platform, without sacrificing amplicon length. To make this method more flexible to various amplicon targeted regions as well as improve amplification from low biomass samples, we also present and validate a 2-Step PCR library preparation method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrys, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Settles, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McComb, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanem, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/417618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-high throughput multiplexing and sequencing of >500 bp amplicon regions on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection in C3HeB/FeJ mice associated with corticosteroid administration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a rapidly-growing nontuberculous mycobacterium that is a growing health concern among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patient populations. It most commonly causes skin and soft tissue or pulmonary infection. As an emerging health issue there is much that still needs to be understood about the infection and its progression to disease. In the context of pulmonary infection, an in vivo system of Mab infection that permits investigation of host-microbe interactions that result in Mab infection and the transition to pathogenesis, and also the evaluation of treatments, is an essential tool that is currently lacking. Here, we describe a system of pulmonary Mab infection in the C3HeB/FeJ mouse strain under corticosteroid immunosuppressive therapy that progresses to pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maggioncalda, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Story-Roller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection in C3HeB/FeJ mice associated with corticosteroid administration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/419358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformation of Speech Sequences in Human Sensorimotor Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/419358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After we listen to a series of words, we can silently replay them in our mind. Does this mental replay involve a re-activation of our original perceptual representations? We recorded electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity across the lateral cerebral cortex as people heard and then mentally rehearsed spoken sentences. For each region, we tested whether silent rehearsal of sentences involved reactivation of sentence-specific representations established during perception or transformation to a distinct representation. In sensorimotor and premotor cortex, we observed reliable and temporally precise responses to speech; these patterns transformed to distinct sentence-specific representations during mental rehearsal. In contrast, we observed slower and less reliable responses in prefrontal and temporoparietal cortex; these higher-order representations, which were sensitive to sentence semantics, were shared across perception and rehearsal. The mental rehearsal of natural speech involves the transformation of time-resolved speech representations in sensorimotor and premotor cortex, combined with diffuse reactivation of higher-order semantic representations.nnConflict of interestThe authors declare no competing financial interests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Müsch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himberger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/419358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformation of Speech Sequences in Human Sensorimotor Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local epigenomic state cannot discriminate interacting and non-interacting enhancer-promoter pairs with high accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report an overfitting issue in recent machine learning formulations of the enhancer-promoter interaction problem arising from the fact that many enhancer-promoter pairs share features. Cross- fold validation schemes which do not correctly separate these feature sharing enhancer-promoter pairs into one test set report high accuracy, which is actually due to overfitting. Cross-fold validation schemes which properly segregate pairs with shared features show markedly reduced ability to predict enhancer-promoter interactions from epigenomic state. Parameter scans with multiple models indicate that local epigenomic features of individual pairs of enhancers and promoters cannot distinguish those pairs that interact from those which do with high accuracy, suggesting that additional information is required to predict enhancer-promoter interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local epigenomic state cannot discriminate interacting and non-interacting enhancer-promoter pairs with high accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morning and Evening Circadian Pacemakers Independently Drive Premotor Centers via a Specific Dopamine Relay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals exhibit morning and evening peaks of locomotor behavior. In Drosophila, previous studies identified two corresponding circadian neural oscillators: M (morning) cells which exhixbit a morning neural activity peak, and E (evening) cells which exhibit a corresponding evening peak of activity. Yet we know little of how these distinct circadian oscillators produce specific outputs that regulate pre-motor circuits to precisely control behavioral episodes. Here we show that the Ring Neurons of the Ellipsoid Body (EB-RNs), a defined pre-motor center, display a spontaneous in vivo neural activity rhythm, with peaks in the morning and in the evening. The two EB-RN activity peaks coincide with the major bouts of locomotor activity and result from independent activation by M and E cells, respectively. Further, M and E cells regulate EB-RNs via two identified dopaminergic neurons PPM3-EB, which project to the EB and which are normally co-active with EB-RNs. Blocking the dopaminergic modulation onto EB-RNs prevents the daily two-peak pattern of neural activity in the EB-RN and greatly impairs circadian locomotor activity. These in vivo findings establish the fundamental elements of a circadian neuronal output pathway: distinct circadian oscillators independently drive a common pre-motor center through the agency of specific dopaminergic interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghert, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morning and Evening Circadian Pacemakers Independently Drive Premotor Centers via a Specific Dopamine Relay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covariate Assisted Principal Regression for Covariance Matrix Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling variances in data has been an important topic in many fields, including in financial and neuroimaging analysis. We consider the problem of regressing covariance matrices on a vector covariates, collected from each observational unit. The main aim is to uncover the variation in the covariance matrices across units that are explained by the covariates. This paper introduces Covariate Assisted Principal (CAP) regression, an optimization-based method for identifying the components predicted by (generalized) linear models of the covariates. We develop computationally efficient algorithms to jointly search the projection directions and regression coefficients, and we establish the asymptotic properties. Using extensive simulation studies, our method shows higher accuracy and robustness in coefficient estimation than competing methods. Applied to a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study, our approach identifies the human brain network changes associated with age and sex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covariate Assisted Principal Regression for Covariance Matrix Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability enrichment in open chromatin reveals cortical layer contributions to schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have implicated thousands of non-coding variants across human phenotypes. However, they cannot directly inform the cellular context in which disease-associated variants act. Here, we use open chromatin profiles from discrete mouse cell populations to address this challenge. We applied stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression and evaluated heritability enrichment in 64 genome-wide association studies, emphasizing schizophrenia. We provide evidence that mouse-derived human open chromatin profiles can serve as powerful proxies for difficult to obtain human cell populations, facilitating the illumination of common disease heritability enrichment across an array of human phenotypes. We demonstrate signatures from discrete subpopulations of cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons are significantly enriched for schizophrenia heritability with maximal enrichment in discrete cortical layer V excitatory neurons. We also show differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are concentrated in excitatory neurons in layers II-III, IV, V as well as the dentate gyrus. Finally, we use these data to fine-map variants in 177 schizophrenia loci, nominating variants in 104/177 loci, and place them in the cellular context where they may modulate risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability enrichment in open chromatin reveals cortical layer contributions to schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining Nephrotic Syndrome in Molecular Terms: Outcome-associated molecular clusters and patient stratification with noninvasive surrogate biomarkers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A tissue transcriptome driven classification of nephrotic syndrome patients identified a high risk group of patients with TNF activation and established a non-invasive marker panel for pathway activity assessment paving the way towards precision medicine trials in NS.nnAbstractNephrotic syndrome from primary glomerular diseases can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Conventional diagnoses using a combination of clinical presentation and descriptive biopsy information do not accurately predict risk for progression in patients with nephrotic syndrome, which complicates disease management. To address this challenge, a transcriptome-driven approach was used to classify patients with minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE). Transcriptome-based classification revealed a group of patients at risk for disease progression. High risk patients had a transcriptome profile consistent with TNF activation. Non-invasive urine biomarkers TIMP1 and CCL2 (MCP1), which are causally downstream of TNF, accurately predicted TNF activation in the NEPTUNE cohort setting the stage for patient stratification approaches and precision medicine in kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariani, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athavale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattran, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derebail, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fervenza, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadegbeku, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gipson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingorani, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlandunewich, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaskel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafayette, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemley, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieske, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nast, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambandam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethna, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining Nephrotic Syndrome in Molecular Terms: Outcome-associated molecular clusters and patient stratification with noninvasive surrogate biomarkers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autoamplification and competition drive symmetry breaking: Initiation of centriole duplication by the PLK4-STIL network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symmetry breaking, a central principle of physics, has been hailed as the driver of self-organization in biological systems in general and biogenesis of cellular organelles in particular, but the molecular mechanisms of symmetry breaking only begin to become understood. Centrioles, the structural cores of centrosomes and cilia, must duplicate every cell cycle to ensure their faithful inheritance through cellular divisions. Work in model organisms identified conserved proteins required for centriole duplication and found that altering their abundance affects centriole number. However, the biophysical principles that ensure that, under physiological conditions, only a single procentriole is produced on each mother centriole remain enigmatic. Here we propose a mechanistic biophysical model for the initiation of procentriole formation in mammalian cells. We posit that interactions between the master regulatory kinase PLK4 and its activator-substrate STIL form the basis of the procentriole initiation network. The model faithfully recapitulates the experimentally observed transition from PLK4 uniformly distributed around the mother centriole, the "ring", to a unique PLK4 focus, the "spot", that triggers the assembly of a new procentriole. This symmetry breaking requires a dual positive feedback based on autocatalytic activation of PLK4 and enhanced centriolar anchoring of PLK4-STIL complexes by phosphorylated STIL. We find that, contrary to previous proposals, in situ degradation of active PLK4 is insufficient to break symmetry. Instead, the model predicts that competition between transient PLK4 activity maxima for PLK4-STIL complexes explains both the instability of the PLK4 ring and formation of the unique PLK4 spot. In the model, strong competition at physiologically normal parameters robustly produces a single procentriole, while increasing overexpression of PLK4 and STIL weakens the competition and causes progressive addition of procentrioles in agreement with experimental observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goryachev, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autoamplification and competition drive symmetry breaking: Initiation of centriole duplication by the PLK4-STIL network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling of the crosstalk between macrophage polarization and tumor cell plasticity in the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor microenvironments contain multiple cell types interacting among one another via different signaling pathways. Furthermore, both cancer cells and different immune cells can display phenotypic plasticity in response to these communicating signals, thereby leading to complex spatiotemporal patterns that can impact therapeutic response. Here, we investigate the crosstalk between cancer cells and macrophages in a tumor microenvironment through in silico (computational) co-culture models. In particular, we investigate how macrophages of different polarization (M1 vs. M2) can interact with epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity of cancer cells, and conversely, how cancer cells exhibiting different phenotypes (epithelial vs. mesenchymal) can influence the polarization of macrophages. Based on interactions documented in the literature, an interaction network of cancer cells and macrophages is constructed. The steady states of the network are then analyzed. Various interactions were removed or added into the constructed-network to test the functions of those interactions. Also, parameters in the mathematical models were varied to explore their effects on the steady states of the network. In general, the interactions between cancer cells and macrophages can give rise to multiple stable steady-states for a given set of parameters and each steady state is stable against perturbations. Importantly, we show that the system can often reach one type of stable steady states where cancer cells go extinct. Our results may help inform efficient therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling of the crosstalk between macrophage polarization and tumor cell plasticity in the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hexameric helicase G40P unwinds DNA in single base pair steps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most replicative helicases are hexameric, ring-shaped motor proteins that translocate on and unwind DNA. Despite extensive biochemical and structural investigations, how their translocation activity is utilized chemo-mechanically in DNA unwinding is poorly understood. We examined DNA unwinding by G40P, a DnaB-family helicase, using a single-molecule fluorescence assay with a single base pair resolution. The high-resolution assay revealed that G40P by itself is a very weak helicase that stalls at barriers as small as a single GC base pair and unwinds DNA with the step size of a single base pair. Single ATP{gamma}S binding could stall unwinding, demonstrating highly coordinated ATP hydrolysis between the six identical subunits. We observed frequent slippage of the helicase, which is fully suppressed by the primase DnaG. We anticipate that these findings allow a better understanding on the fine balance of thermal fluctuation activation and energy derived from hydrolysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schlierf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/431882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hexameric helicase G40P unwinds DNA in single base pair steps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific methylome-wide association studies implicate neurodegenerative processes and neuroimmune communication in major depressive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied the methylome in three collections of human postmortem brain (N=206) and blood samples (N=1,132) of subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls. Using an epigenomic deconvolution approach we performed cell-type-specific methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) within sub-populations of neurons/glia and granulocytes/T-cells/B-cells/monocytes for bulk brain and blood data, respectively. Multiple MWAS findings in neurons/glia replicated across brain collections (ORs=509-538, P-values<1x10-5) and were reproducible in an array-based MWAS of sorted neurons/glia from a fourth brain collection (N=58). Pathway analyses implicated p75NTR/VEGF signaling, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier perturbation. Cell-type-specific analysis in blood identified associations in CD14+ monocytes -- a cell type strongly linked to neuroimmune processes and stress. Top results in neurons/glia/bulk and monocytes were enriched for genes supported by GWAS for MDD (ORs=2.02-2.87, P-values=0.003 to <1x10-5), neurodegeneration and other psychiatric disorders. In summary, we identified novel MDD-methylation associations by using epigenomic deconvolution that provided important mechanistic insights for the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabalin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guintivano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Grootheest, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminsky, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninx, B. W. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aberg, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Oord, E. J. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific methylome-wide association studies implicate neurodegenerative processes and neuroimmune communication in major depressive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic signatures of human cytomegalovirus variants acquired by seronegative glycoprotein B vaccinees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide, and a frequent cause of hearing loss or debilitating neurologic disease in newborn infants. Thus, a vaccine to prevent HCMV-associated congenital disease is a public health priority. One potential strategy is vaccination of women of child-bearing age to prevent maternal HCMV acquisition during pregnancy. The glycoprotein B (gB) + MF59 adjuvant subunit vaccine is the most efficacious tested clinically to date, demonstrating approximately 50% protection against HCMV infection of seronegative women in multiple phase 2 trials. Yet, the impact of gB/MF59-elicited immune responses on the population of viruses acquired by trial participants has not been assessed. In this analysis, we employed quantitative PCR as well as multiple sequencing methodologies to interrogate the magnitude and genetic composition of HCMV populations infecting gB/MF59 vaccinees and placebo recipients. We identified several differences between the viral dynamics of acutely-infected vaccinees and placebo recipients. First, there was reduced magnitude viral shedding in the saliva of gB vaccinees. Additionally, employing a panel of tests for genetic compartmentalization, we noted tissue-specific gB haplotypes in the majority of vaccinees though only in a single placebo recipient. Finally, we observed reduced acquisition of genetically-related gB1, gB2, and gB4 genotype "supergroup" HCMV variants among vaccine recipients, suggesting that the gB1 genotype vaccine construct may have elicited partial protection against HCMV viruses with antigenically-similar gB sequences. These findings indicate that gB immunization may have had a measurable impact on viral intrahost population dynamics and support future analysis of a larger cohort.nnAuthor SummaryThough not a household name like Zika virus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes permanent neurologic disability in one newborn child every hour in the United States - more than Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and neural tube defects combined. There are currently no established effective preventative measures to inhibit congenital HCMV transmission following acute or chronic HCMV infection of a pregnant mother. However, the glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine is the most effective HCMV vaccine tried clinically to date. Here, we utilized high-throughput, next-generation sequencing of viral DNA isolated from patients enrolled in a gB vaccine trial, and identified several impacts that this vaccine had on the size, distribution, and composition of the in vivo viral population. These results have increased our understanding of why the gB/MF59 vaccine was partially efficacious and will inform future rational design of a vaccine to prevent congenital HCMV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandergrift, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pass, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diener-West, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arav-Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic signatures of human cytomegalovirus variants acquired by seronegative glycoprotein B vaccinees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial WNT2B and Desert Hedgehog are necessary for human colonoid regeneration after bacterial cytotoxin injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal regeneration and crypt hyperplasia after radiation or pathogen injury relies on Wnt signaling to stimulate stem cell proliferation. Mesenchymal Wnts are essential for homeostasis and regeneration in mice, but the role of epithelial Wnts remains largely uncharacterized. Using the enterohemorrhagic E. coli secreted cytotoxin, EspP to induce injury to human colonoids, we evaluated a simplified, epithelial regeneration model that lacks mesenchymal Wnts. Here, we demonstrate that epithelial-produced WNT2B is upregulated following injury and essential for regeneration. Hedgehog signaling, specifically activation via the ligand Desert Hedgehog (DHH), but not Indian or Sonic Hedgehog, is another driver of regeneration and modulates WNT2B expression. These findings highlight the importance of epithelial WNT2B and DHH in regulating human colonic regeneration after injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>In, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/434639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial WNT2B and Desert Hedgehog are necessary for human colonoid regeneration after bacterial cytotoxin injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging evolutionary relationships to improve Anopheles genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While new sequencing technologies have lowered financial barriers to whole genome sequencing, resulting assemblies are often fragmented and far from  finished. Subsequent improvements towards chromosomal-level status can be achieved by both experimental and computational approaches. Requiring only annotated assemblies and gene orthology data, comparative genomics approaches that aim to capture evolutionary signals to predict scaffold neighbours (adjacencies) offer potentially substantive improvements without the costs associated with experimental scaffolding or re-sequencing. We leverage the combined detection power of three such gene synteny-based methods applied to 21 Anopheles mosquito assemblies with variable contiguity levels to produce consensus sets of scaffold adjacency predictions. Three complementary validations were performed on subsets of assemblies with additional supporting data: six with physical mapping data; 13 with paired-end RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data; and three with new assemblies based on re-scaffolding or incorporating Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) sequencing data. Improved assemblies were built by integrating the consensus adjacency predictions with supporting experimental data, resulting in 20 new reference assemblies with improved contiguities. Combined with physical mapping data for six anophelines, chromosomal positioning of scaffolds improved assembly anchoring by 47% for A. funestus and 38% A. stephensi. Reconciling an A. funestus PacBio assembly with synteny-based and RNAseq-based adjacencies and physical mapping data resulted in a new 81.5% chromosomally mapped reference assembly and cytogenetic photomap. While complementary experimental data are clearly key to achieving high-quality chromosomal-level assemblies, our assessments and validations of gene synteny-based computational methods highlight the utility of applying comparative genomics approaches to improve community genomic resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmetti, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzzante, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reijnders, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseyev, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besansky, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauve, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emrich, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhov, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/434670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging evolutionary relationships to improve Anopheles genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised deconvolution of molecular heterogeneity uncovers novel signatures and glia-neuron ratio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Results Discussion Methods AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Competing interests Appendix References While the two major types of cells in the brain are known to be glia and neuron, the true ratio of glia to neurons in the brain remains a mystery. One of recent studies using efficient cell counting method provides compelling evidence for 1:1 ratio on four whole human brains 1. The same study also reveals that the ratio of glia to neurons in the brain varies from one region to another, sometimes dramatically, e.g., 3.76:1 in the cerebral cortex versus 1:4.3 in the cerebellum 1,2. However, other scientists have argued that more rigorous studies are needed in which just about every known ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrington, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/435677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised deconvolution of molecular heterogeneity uncovers novel signatures and glia-neuron ratio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIN2 functions with TPP1/POT1 to stimulate telomerase processivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length maintenance is crucial for cells that divide many times. TIN2 is an important regulator of telomere length, and mutations in TINF2, the gene encoding TIN2, cause short telomere syndromes. While the genetics underscore the importance of TIN2, the mechanism through which TIN2 regulates telomere length remains unclear. Here, we characterize the effects of TIN2 on telomerase activity. We identified a new isoform in human cells, TIN2M, that is expressed at similar levels to previously studied TIN2 isoforms. Additionally, we found that all three TIN2 isoforms stimulated telomerase processivity beyond the previously characterized stimulation by TPP1/POT1. Mutations in the TPP1 TEL-patch abrogated this stimulation, implicating TIN2 as a component of the TPP1/POT1 processivity complex. All three TIN2 isoforms localized to telomeres in vivo but had distinct effects on telomere length, suggesting they are functionally distinct. These data contrast previous descriptions of TIN2 a simple scaffolding protein, showing that TIN2 isoforms directly regulate telomerase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pike, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/435958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIN2 functions with TPP1/POT1 to stimulate telomerase processivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reporter Ion Data Analysis Reduction (R.I.D.A.R) for isobaric proteomics quantification studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isobaric labeling-based relative quantification techniques such as iTRAQ and TMT were introduced 15 years ago and are now nearly ubiquitous in shotgun proteomics labs around the world. The methods for data processing in these experiments has changed little since inception, with peptide database searching of all MS/MS spectra occurring concurrent or asynchronous to the quantification of the reporter fragment regions. In this study we present an alternative method for data processing whereby the reporter ion region of all MS/MS spectra are first examined and spectra that are not quantitatively interesting to the end user are discarded. The remaining MS/MS spectra that are retained can then be more rapidly searched for computationally expensive database alterations such as post-translational modifications and single amino acid variations in more practical time. We have termed this method Reporter Ion Data Analysis Reduction (RIDAR). To demonstrate the application of RIDAR, we reprocess a recent CPTAC 2 study containing approximately 7.8 million MS/MS spectra. Post RIDAR processing we can search this public dataset versus a human canonical FASTA database and a compiled proteogenomic database of over 875,000 known cancer mutations in a single day on a standard desktop computer, a time reduction of 85% compared to the conventional workflow. With the rapidly increasing size and density of shotgun proteomics data files, RIDAR facilitates rapid analysis of large proteomics datasets for researchers without access to high performance computational resources.nnAbstract GraphicnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=115 SRC="FIGDIR/small/437210_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (14K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bcf00eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@134510eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b594b4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@35e268_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andresson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reporter Ion Data Analysis Reduction (R.I.D.A.R) for isobaric proteomics quantification studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative validation of breast cancer risk prediction models and projections for future risk stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWell-validated risk models are critical for risk stratified breast cancer prevention. We used the Individualized Coherent Absolute Risk Estimation (iCARE) tool for comparative model validation of five-year risk of invasive breast cancer in a prospective cohort, and to make projections for population risk stratification.nnMethodsPerformance of two recently developed models, iCARE-BPC3 and iCARE-Lit, were compared with two established models (BCRAT, IBIS) based on classical risk factors in a UK-based cohort of 64,874 women (863 cases) aged 35-74 years. Risk projections in US White non-Hispanic women aged 50-70 years were made to assess potential improvements in risk stratification by adding mammographic breast density (MD) and polygenic risk score (PRS).nnResultsThe best calibrated models were iCARE-Lit (expected to observed number of cases (E/O)=0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.87 to 1.11)) for women younger than 50 years; and iCARE-BPC3 (E/O=1.00 (0.93 to 1.09)) for women 50 years or older. Risk projections using iCARE-BPC3 indicated classical risk factors can identify ~500,000 women at moderate to high risk (>3% five-year risk). Additional information on MD and a PRS based on 172 variants is expected to increase this to ~3.6 million, and among them, ~155,000 invasive breast cancer cases are expected within five years.nnConclusionsiCARE models based on classical risk factors perform similarly or better than BCRAT or IBIS. Addition of MD and PRS can lead to substantial improvements in risk stratification. Independent prospective validation of integrated models is needed prior to clinical evaluation risk stratified breast cancer screening and prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal Choudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoemaker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gail, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative validation of breast cancer risk prediction models and projections for future risk stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biofilm Structures of Borrelia burgdorferi Not Only Display More Tolerance to Lyme Antibiotics But Also Cause More Severe Pathology In a Mouse Arthritis Model: Implications for Understanding Persistence, PTLDS and Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne illness in US and Europe. While most patients can be cured with a 2-4 week antibiotic therapy, about 10%-20% patients continue to suffer persistent symptoms of fatigue, pain or joint and muscle aches, and neurocognitive despite the treatment, a condition called post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The cause for PTLDS is unclear but one possibility is persistent infection with B. burgdorferi. B. burgdorferi is known to develop morphological variant forms such as round bodies and aggregated biofilm-like microcolonies as a log phase culture consisting of spirochete form grows into stationary phase. Here we isolated biofilm-like microcolony and planktonic form (spirochetal forms and round body) from stationary phase culture and found that the stationary phase planktonic form (SP) and microcolony form (MC) were much more tolerant to the current antibiotics for Lyme disease, doxycycline, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime than log phase spirochete form (LOG). In addition, we also compared the ability of the variant forms to cause disease in a mouse arthritis model. Surprisingly, the MC in particular and the SP caused a more severe arthritis with an earlier onset of inflammation and joint swelling than LOG. MC-infected mice showed significant joint swelling as early as 9 days post-infection, while the LOG and SP did not cause significant swelling. At 21 days, the joint swelling of the MC group dramatically increased and peaked, while the SP showed significant swelling at this time but less severe than the MC group. The LOG infected mice were just beginning to develop joint swelling at 21-day post-infection, with only slight swelling. At 30-day post infection, the SP group mice also developed similar severity of joint swelling as the MC group, but the LOG group still did not show significant swelling. However, at 35-day post infection, all three infected groups showed similar degree of significant joint swelling. Thereafter, the joint swelling of the three infected groups waxed and waned during the 90-day observation. Thus, we established a new biofilm-inocula mediated visual arthritis model that could facilitate more efficient evaluation of treatment regimens for persistent B. burgdorferi infections. Our findings provide new insight about disease pathogenesis and may have implications for understanding PTLDS and PTLDS treatment failure, due to possible biofilm inoculation during tick-bite. This biofilm/persister seeding model may be valid for different microbial infections and facilitate developing more effective treatments of persistent infections in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biofilm Structures of Borrelia burgdorferi Not Only Display More Tolerance to Lyme Antibiotics But Also Cause More Severe Pathology In a Mouse Arthritis Model: Implications for Understanding Persistence, PTLDS and Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Infectious Bronchitis Virus Coronavirus Envelope Protein Alters Golgi pH to Protect Spike Protein and Promote Release of Infectious Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human pathogens with significant zoonotic potential. Progress has been made toward identifying potential vaccine candidates for highly pathogenic human CoVs, including use of attenuated viruses that lack the CoV envelope (E) protein or express E mutants. However, no approved vaccines or anti-viral therapeutics exist. CoVs assemble by budding into the lumen of the early Golgi prior to exocytosis. The small CoV E protein plays roles in assembly, virion release, and pathogenesis. CoV E has a single hydrophobic domain (HD), is targeted to Golgi membranes, and has cation channel activity in vitro. The E protein from the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has dramatic effects on the secretory system, which requires residues in the HD. Mutation of the HD of IBV E during infection results in impaired growth kinetics, impaired release of infectious virions, accumulation of IBV S protein on the plasma membrane when compared IBV WT infected cells, and aberrant cleavage of IBV S on the surface of virions. We previously reported the formation of two distinct oligomeric pools of IBV E in transfected and infected cells. Disruption of the secretory pathway by IBV E correlates with a form that is likely monomeric, suggesting that the effects on the secretory pathway are independent of E ion channel activity. Here, we present evidence suggesting that the monomeric form of IBV E correlates with a rise in the pH of the Golgi lumen. We demonstrate that infection with IBV induces neutralization of Golgi luminal pH, promoting a model in which IBV E alters the secretory pathway through interaction with host cells factors, protecting IBV spike protein (S) from premature cleavage and leading to the efficient release of infectious virus from the cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerbeck, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machamer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Infectious Bronchitis Virus Coronavirus Envelope Protein Alters Golgi pH to Protect Spike Protein and Promote Release of Infectious Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal phenotyping yields GWAS hits of low specificity for major depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimal phenotyping refers to the reliance on the use of a small number of self-report items for disease case identification. This strategy has been applied to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we report that the genotype derived heritability (h2SNP) of depression defined by minimal phenotyping (14%, SE = 0.8%) is lower than strictly defined MDD (26%, SE = 2.2%). This cannot be explained by differences in prevalence between definitions or including cases of lower liability to MDD in minimal phenotyping definitions of depression, but can be explained by misdiagnosis of those without depression or with related conditions as cases of depression. Depression defined by minimal phenotyping is as genetically correlated with strictly defined MDD (rG = 0.81, SE = 0.03) as it is with the personality trait neuroticism (rG = 0.84, SE = 0.05), a trait not defined by the cardinal symptoms of depression. While they both show similar shared genetic liability with neuroticism, a greater proportion of the genome contributes to the minimal phenotyping definitions of depression (80.2%, SE = 0.6%) than to strictly defined MDD (65.8%, SE = 0.6%). We find that GWAS loci identified in minimal phenotyping definitions of depression are not specific to MDD: they also predispose to other psychiatric conditions. Finally, while highly predictive polygenic risk scores can be generated from minimal phenotyping definitions of MDD, the predictive power can be explained entirely by the sample size used to generate the polygenic risk score, rather than specificity for MDD. Our results reveal that genetic analysis of minimal phenotyping definitions of depression identifies non-specific genetic factors shared between MDD and other psychiatric conditions. Reliance on results from minimal phenotyping for MDD may thus bias views of the genetic architecture of MDD and may impede our ability to identify pathways specific to MDD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal phenotyping yields GWAS hits of low specificity for major depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galectin-1 promotes the invasion of bladder cancer urothelia through their matrix milieu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progression of carcinoma of the urinary bladder involves migration of cancer epithelia through their surrounding tissue matrix microenvironment. This was experimentally confirmed when a gender- and grade-diverse set of bladder cancer cell lines were cultured in pathomimetic three-dimensional laminin-rich environments. The high-grade cells, particularly female, formed multicellular invasive morphologies in 3D. In comparison, low- and intermediate-grade counterparts showed growth-restricted phenotypes. A proteomic approach combining mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis identified the estrogen-driven lactose-binding lectin Galectin-1 (GAL-1) as a putative candidate that could drive this invasion. Expression of LGALS1, the gene encoding GAL-1 showed an association with tumor grade progression in bladder cell lines. Immunohisto- and cyto-chemical experiments suggested greater extracellular levels of GAL-1 in 3D cultures of high-grade bladder cells and cancer tissues. High levels of GAL-1 associated with increased proliferation- and adhesion- of bladder cancer cells when grown on laminin-rich matrices. Pharmacological inhibition and Gal-1 knockdown in high-grade female cells decreased their adhesion to, and viability on, laminin-rich substrata. Higher GAL-1 also correlated with reduced E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin levels in consonance with a mesenchymal-like phenotype that we observed in 3D culture. The inhibition of GAL-1 reversed the stellate invasive phenotype to a more growth-restricted one in high-grade cells embedded within both basement-membrane-like and stromal collagenous matrix scaffolds. Finally, inhibition of GAL-1 specifically altered cell surface sialic acids, suggesting the mechanism by which the levels of GAL-1 may underlie the aggression and poor prognosis of invasive bladder cancer, especially in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pally, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondkar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naito, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidransky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galectin-1 promotes the invasion of bladder cancer urothelia through their matrix milieu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Response of extremophile microbiome to a rare rainfall reveals a two-step adaptation mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms underlying microbial resistance and resilience to perturbations is essential to predict the impact of climate change on Earths ecosystems. However, the resilience and adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities to natural perturbations remain relatively unexplored, particularly in extreme environments. The response of an extremophile community inhabiting halite (salt rocks) in the Atacama Desert to a catastrophic rainfall provided the opportunity to characterize and de-convolute the temporal response of a highly specialized community to a major disturbance. With shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we investigated the halite microbiome taxonomic composition and functional potential over a 4-year longitudinal study, uncovering the dynamics of the initial response and of the recovery of the community after a rainfall event. The observed changes can be recapitulated by two general modes of community shifts - a rapid Type 1 shift and a more gradual Type 2 adjustment. In the initial response, the community entered an unstable intermediate state after stochastic niche re-colonization, resulting in broad predicted protein adaptations to increased water availability. In contrast, during recovery, the community returned to its former functional potential by a gradual shift in abundances of the newly acquired taxa. The general characterization and proposed quantitation of these two modes of community response could potentially be applied to other ecosystems, providing a theoretical framework for prediction of taxonomic and functional flux following environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uritskiy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getsin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Silva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Response of extremophile microbiome to a rare rainfall reveals a two-step adaptation mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On statistical tests of functional connectome fingerprinting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fingerprinting of functional connectomes is an increasingly standard measure of reproducibility in functional magnetic resonance imaging connectomics. In such studies, one attempts to match a subjects first session image with their second, in a blinded fashion, in a group of subjects measured twice. The number or percentage of correct matches is usually reported as a statistic. In this manuscript, we investigate the statistical tests of matching based on exchangeability assumption in the fingerprinting analysis. We show that a nearly universal Poisson(1) approximation applies for different matching schemes. We theoretically investigate the permutation tests and explore the issue that the test is overly sensitive to uninteresting directions in the alternative hypothesis, such as clustering due to familial status or demographics. We perform a numerical study on two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state datasets, the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). These datasets are instructive, as the HCP includes techinical replications of long scans and includes monozygotic and dyzogotic twins as well as non-twin siblings. In contrast, the BLSA study incorporates more typical length resting state scans in a longitudinal study. Finally, a study of single regional connections is performed on the HCP data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sair, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On statistical tests of functional connectome fingerprinting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TADs pair homologous chromosomes to promote interchromosomal gene regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous chromosomes colocalize to regulate gene expression in processes including genomic imprinting and X-inactivation, but the mechanisms driving these interactions are poorly understood. In Drosophila, homologous chromosomes pair throughout development, promoting an interchromosomal gene regulatory mechanism called transvection. Despite over a century of study, the molecular features that facilitate chromosome-wide pairing are unknown. The "button" model of pairing proposes that specific regions along chromosomes pair with a higher affinity than their surrounding regions, but only a handful of DNA elements that drive homologous pairing between chromosomes have been described. Here, we identify button loci interspersed across the fly genome that have the ability to pair with their homologous sequences. Buttons are characterized by topologically associated domains (TADs), which drive pairing with their endogenous loci from multiple locations in the genome. Fragments of TADs do not pair, suggesting a model in which combinations of elements interspersed along the full length of a TAD are required for pairing. Though DNA-binding insulator proteins are not associated with pairing, buttons are enriched for insulator cofactors, suggesting that these proteins may mediate higher order interactions between homologous TADs. Using a TAD spanning the spinelessd gene as a paradigm, we find that pairing is necessary but not sufficient for transvection. spineless pairing and transvection are cell-type-specific, suggesting that local buttoning and unbuttoning regulates transvection efficiency between cell types. Together, our data support a model in which specialized TADs button homologous chromosomes together to facilitate cell-type-specific interchromosomal gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viets, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dove, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voortman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TADs pair homologous chromosomes to promote interchromosomal gene regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High residual prevalence of vaccine serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage 4 to 6 years after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Malawi: a prospective serial cross-sectional study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThere are concerns that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in sub-Saharan Africa sub-optimally interrupt vaccine-serotype (VT) carriage and transmission, thus limiting vaccine-induced direct and indirect protection. We assessed carriage in vaccinated children and unvaccinated populations targeted for indirect protection, between 4 and 7 years after Malawis November 2011 introduction of PCV13 using a 3+0 schedule.nnMethodsWe conducted sequential prospective nasopharyngeal carriage surveys between 2015 and 2018 among healthy PCV-vaccinated and PCV-unvaccinated children, and HIV-infected adults. VT and NVT carriage risk by age was analysed by non-linear regression.nnResultsAmong PCV-vaccinated children, there was a 24% relative reduction in carriage, from a mean 21.1% to 16.1%; 45% reduction among older PCV-unvaccinated children, from 27.5% to 15.2%; 41.4% reduction among adults, from 15.2% to 8.9%. Using carriage data from children 3.6 to 10 years of age, VT carriage probability declined with age, with a similar prevalence half-life among PCV-vaccinated (3.34 years) and PCV-unvaccinated (3.26 years) children.nnConclusionCompared to high-income settings, the 3+0 schedule in Malawi has led to a sub-optimal reduction in pneumococcal carriage prevalence. This is likely due to recolonisation of vaccinated children with waning vaccine-induced immunity, resulting in insufficient indirect protection of unvaccinated populations. Rigorous evaluation of strategies to augment vaccine-induced control of carriage, including alternative schedules and catch-up campaigns is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fronterre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obolski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zeev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamngona, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwalukomo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mataya, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwansambo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyderman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High residual prevalence of vaccine serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage 4 to 6 years after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Malawi: a prospective serial cross-sectional study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mixed-model approach for powerful testing of genetic associations with cancer risk incorporating tumor characteristics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCancers are routinely classified into subtypes according to various features, including histopathological characteristics and molecular markers. Previous genome-wide association studies have reported heterogeneous associations between loci and cancer subtypes. However, it is not evident what is the optimal modeling strategy for handling correlated tumor features, missing data, and increased degrees-of-freedom in the underlying tests of associations. We propose to test for genetic associations using a mixed-effect two-stage polytomous model score test (MTOP). In the first stage, a standard polytomous model is used to specify all possible sub-types defined by the cross-classification of the tumor characteristics. In the second stage, the subtype-specific case-control odds ratios are specified using a more parsimonious model based on the case-control odds ratio for a baseline subtype, and the case-case parameters associated with tumor markers. Further, to reduce the degrees-of-freedom, we specify case-case parameters for additional exploratory markers using a random-effect model. We use the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to account for missing data on tumor markers. Through simulations across a range of realistic scenarios and data from the Polish Breast Cancer Study (PBCS), we show MTOP outperforms alternative methods for identifying heterogeneous associations between risk loci and tumor subtypes. The proposed methods have been implemented in a user-friendly and high-speed R statistical package called TOP (https://github.com/andrewhaoyu/TOP).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mixed-model approach for powerful testing of genetic associations with cancer risk incorporating tumor characteristics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the polygenic architecture of complex traits using blood eQTL meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWhile many disease-associated variants have been identified through genome-wide association studies, their downstream molecular consequences remain unclear.nnTo identify these effects, we performed cis- and trans-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in blood from 31,684 individuals through the eQTLGen Consortium.nnWe observed that cis-eQTLs can be detected for 88% of the studied genes, but that they have a different genetic architecture compared to disease-associated variants, limiting our ability to use cis-eQTLs to pinpoint causal genes within susceptibility loci.nnIn contrast, trans-eQTLs (detected for 37% of 10,317 studied trait-associated variants) were more informative. Multiple unlinked variants, associated to the same complex trait, often converged on trans-genes that are known to play central roles in disease etiology.nnWe observed the same when ascertaining the effect of polygenic scores calculated for 1,263 genome-wide association study (GWAS) traits. Expression levels of 13% of the studied genes correlated with polygenic scores, and many resulting genes are known to drive these traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vosa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claringbould, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westra, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzhuber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pervjakova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fave, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbessi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppälä, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verlouw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaghootkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sönmez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukushkina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalnapenkis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rüeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronberg-Guzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettunen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arindrarto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BIOS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i2QTL Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrieva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elansary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairfax, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the polygenic architecture of complex traits using blood eQTL meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing the Regulatory Consequences of 1,049 Schizophrenia Associated Variants With a Massively Parallel Reporter Assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified numerous schizophrenia (SZ) and Alzheimers disease (AD) associated loci, most outside protein-coding regions and hypothesized to affect gene transcription. We used a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) to screen, 1,049 SZ and 30 AD variants in 64 and 9 loci respectively for allele differences in driving reporter gene expression. A library of synthetic oligonucleotides assaying each allele 5 times was transfected into K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia lymphoblasts and SK-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. 148 variants showed allelic differences in K562 and 53 in SK-SY5Y cells, on average 2.6 variants per locus. Nine showed significant differences in both lines, a modest overlap reflecting different regulatory landscapes of these lines that also differ significantly in chromatin marks. Eight of nine were in the same direction. We observe no preference for risk alleles to increase or decrease expression. We find a positive correlation between the number of SNPs in Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) and the proportion of functional SNPs supporting combinatorial effects that may lead to haplotype selection. Our results prioritize future functional follow up of disease associated SNPs to determine the driver GWAS variant(s), at each locus and enhance our understanding of gene regulation dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing the Regulatory Consequences of 1,049 Schizophrenia Associated Variants With a Massively Parallel Reporter Assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the causal effect of fibrinogen on incident coronary heart disease via Mendelian randomization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFibrinogen is an essential hemostatic factor and cardiovascular disease risk factor. Early attempts at evaluating the causal effect of fibrinogen on coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infraction (MI) using Mendelian randomization (MR) used single variant approaches, and did not take advantage of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or multi-variant, pleiotropy robust MR methodologies.nnMethods and FindingsWe evaluated evidence for a causal effect of fibrinogen on both CHD and MI using MR. We used both an allele score approach and pleiotropy robust MR models. The allele score was composed of 38 fibrinogen-associated variants from recent GWAS. Initial analyses using the allele score incorporated data from 11 European-ancestry prospective cohorts to examine incidence CHD and MI. We also applied 2 sample MR methods with data from a prevalent CHD and MI GWAS. Results are given in terms of the hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR), depending on the study design, and associated 95% confidence interval (CI).nnIn single variant analyses no causal effect of fibrinogen on CHD or MI was observed. In multi-variant analyses using incidence CHD cases and the allele score approach, the estimated causal effect (HR) of a 1 g/L higher fibrinogen concentration was 1.62 (CI = 1.12, 2.36) when using incident cases and the allele score approach. In 2 sample MR analyses that accounted for pleiotropy, the causal estimate (OR) was reduced to 1.18 (CI = 0.98, 1.42) and 1.09 (CI = 0.89, 1.33) in the 2 most precise (smallest CI) models, out of 4 models evaluated. In the 2 sample MR analyses for MI, there was only very weak evidence of a causal effect in only 1 out of 4 models.nnConclusionsA small causal effect of fibrinogen on CHD is observed using multi-variant MR approaches which account for pleiotropy, but not single variant MR approaches. Taken together, results indicate that even with large sample sizes and multi-variant approaches MR analyses still cannot exclude the null when estimating the causal effect of fibrinogen on CHD, but that any potential causal effect is likely to be much smaller than observed in epidemiological studies.nnAuthor SummaryInitial Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses of the causal effect of fibrinogen on coronary heart disease (CHD) utilized single variants and did not take advantage of modern, multivariant approaches. This manuscript provides an important update to these initial analyses by incorporating larger sample sizes and employing multiple, modern multi-variant MR approaches to account for pleiotropy. We used incident cases to perform a MR study of the causal effect of fibrinogen on incident CHD and the nested outcome of myocardial infarction (MI) using an allele score approach. Then using data from a case-control genome-wide association study for CHD and MI we performed two sample MR analyses with multiple, pleiotropy robust approaches. Overall, the results indicated that associations between fibrinogen and CHD in observational studies are likely upwardly biased from any underlying causal effect. Single variant MR approaches show little evidence of a causal effect of fibrinogen on CHD or MI. Multi-variant MR analyses of fibrinogen on CHD indicate there may be a small positive effect, however this result needs to be interpreted carefully as the 95% confidence intervals were still consistent with a null effect. Multi-variant MR approaches did not suggest evidence of even a small causal effect of fibrinogen on MI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward-Caviness, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacprowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwig, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Nuraysid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meitinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Maat, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielinski, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the causal effect of fibrinogen on incident coronary heart disease via Mendelian randomization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association and functional studies identify 46 novel loci for alcohol consumption and suggest common genetic mechanisms with neuropsychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. Alcohol consumption is a heritable complex trait. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of alcohol use in ~480,000 people of European descent to decipher the genetic architecture of alcohol intake. We identified 46 novel, common loci, and investigated their potential functional significance using magnetic resonance imaging data, gene expression and behavioral studies in Drosophila. Our results identify new genetic pathways associated with alcohol consumption and suggest common genetic mechanisms with several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntritsos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskeridis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiorkas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aeschbacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braund, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faul, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homuth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentistou, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perala, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polasek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteous, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratliff, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stancakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuominen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangipurapu, J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/453332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association and functional studies identify 46 novel loci for alcohol consumption and suggest common genetic mechanisms with neuropsychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of SEDS-PBP cell wall synthases by an essential regulator of bacterial division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial growth and division require insertion of new peptidoglycan (PG) into the existing cell wall by PG synthase enzymes. Emerging evidence suggests that many PG synthases require activation to function, however it is unclear how activation of division-specific PG synthases occurs. The FtsZ cytoskeleton has been implicated as a regulator of PG synthesis during division, but the mechanisms through which it acts are unknown. Here we show that FzlA, an essential regulator of constriction in Caulobacter crescentus, links FtsZ to PG synthesis to promote division. We find that hyperactive mutants of the PG synthases FtsW and FtsI specifically render fzlA, but not other division genes, non-essential. However, FzlA is still required to maintain proper constriction rate and efficiency in a hyperactive PG synthase background. Intriguingly, loss of fzlA in the presence of hyperactivated FtsWI causes cells to rotate about the division plane during constriction and sensitizes cells to cell wall-specific antibiotics. We demonstrate that FzlA-dependent signaling to division-specific PG synthesis is conserved in another -proteobacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These data establish that FzlA links FtsZ to cell wall remodeling, serving both to activate and spatially orient PG synthesis during division. Overall, our findings support the paradigm that activation of SEDS-PBP PG synthases is a broadly conserved requirement for bacterial morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahone, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Collazo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeinert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/453415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of SEDS-PBP cell wall synthases by an essential regulator of bacterial division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and myocardial infarction in people living with HIV in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common among people living with HIV (PLWH). The potential for extrahepatic manifestations of HCV, including myocardial infarction (MI), is a topic of active research. MI is classified into types, predominantly atheroembolic Type 1 MI (T1MI) and supply-demand mismatch Type 2 MI (T2MI). We examined the association between HCV and MI in the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS), a multi-center clinical cohort of PLWH. MIs were centrally adjudicated and categorized by type using the Universal MI definition. We estimated the association between chronic HCV (RNA+) and time to MI adjusting for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical characteristics and substance use. Among 24,755 PLWH aged [&ge;]18, there were 336 T1MI and 330 T2MI during a median of 4.2 years of follow-up. HCV was associated with a 68% greater risk of T2MI (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.68, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.30) but not T1MI (aHR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.45). In a cause-specific analysis of T2MI, HCV was associated with a 2-fold greater risk of T2MI attributed to sepsis (aHR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.34, 3.81). Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV in this high-risk population are an important area for continued research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams-Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindström, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachay, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurt, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugavero, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitahata, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, J. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/453860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and myocardial infarction in people living with HIV in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NanoMEA: a versatile platform for high-throughput analysis of structure-function relationships in human stem cell-derived excitable cells and tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic cells derived from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources hold significant potential as a means to improve current in vitro screening assays. However, their inconsistent ability to recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native cells has raised questions regarding their ability to accurately predict the functional behavior of human tissues when exposed to chemical or pathological insults. In addition, the lack of cytoskeletal organization within conventional culture platforms prevents analysis of how structural changes in human tissues affect functional performance. Using cation-permeable hydrogels, we describe the production of multiwell nanotopographically-patterned microelectrode arrays (nanoMEAs) for studying the effect of structural organization on hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte and neuronal function in vitro. We demonstrate that nanoscale topographic substrate cues promote the development of more ordered cardiac and neuronal monolayers while simultaneously enhancing cytoskeletal organization, protein expression patterns, and electrophysiological function in these cells. We then show that these phenotypic improvements act to alter the sensitivity of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to treatment with arrhythmogenic and conduction-blocking compounds that target structural features of the cardiomyocyte. Similarly, we demonstrate that neuron sensitivity to synaptic blockers is increased when cells are maintained on nanotopographically-patterned Nafion surfaces. The improved structural and functional capacity of hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte and neuronal populations maintained on nanoMEAs may have important implications for improving the predictive capabilities of cell-based electrophysiological assays used in preclinical screening applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macadangdang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laflamme, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/453886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NanoMEA: a versatile platform for high-throughput analysis of structure-function relationships in human stem cell-derived excitable cells and tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability and genetic variance of dementia with Lewy bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent large-scale genetic studies have allowed for the first glimpse of the effects of common genetic variability in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), identifying risk variants with appreciable effect sizes. However, it is currently well established that a substantial portion of the genetic heritable component of complex traits is not captured by genome-wide significant SNPs. To overcome this issue, we have estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic variability (SNP heritability) in DLB using a method that is unbiased by allele frequency or linkage disequilibrium properties of the underlying variants. This shows that the heritability of DLB is nearly twice as high as previous estimates based on common variants only (31% vs 59.9%). We also determine the amount of phenotypic variance in DLB that can be explained by recent polygenic risk scores from either Parkinsons disease (PD) or Alzheimers disease (AD), and show that, despite being highly significant, they explain a low amount of variance. Additionally, to identify pleiotropic events that might improve our understanding of the disease, we performed genetic correlation analyses of DLB with over 200 diseases and biomedically relevant traits. Our data shows that DLB has a positive correlation with education phenotypes, which is opposite to what occurs in AD. Overall, our data suggests that novel genetic risk factors for DLB should be identified by larger GWAS and these are likely to be independent from known AD and PD risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerreiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escott-Price, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kun-Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarimon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lleo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morenas-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaeva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sarraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability and genetic variance of dementia with Lewy bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of a low-cost, carbon dioxide-based cryoablation system for percutaneous tumor ablation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer rates are rising in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet there is a lack of accessible and cost-effective treatment. As a result, the cancer burden and death rates are highest in LMICs. In an effort to meet this need, our work presents the design and feasibility of a low-cost cryoablation system using widely-available carbon dioxide as the only consumable. This system uses an 8-gauge outer-diameter needle and Joule-Thomson expansion to percutaneously necrose tissue with cryoablation. Bench top experiments characterized temperature dynamics in ultrasound gel demonstrated that isotherms greater than 2 cm were formed. Further, this system was applied to mammary tumors in an in vivo rat model and necrosis was verified by histopathology. Finally, freezing capacity under a large heat load was assessed with an in vivo porcine study, where volumes of necrosis greater than 1.5 cm in diameter confirmed by histopathology were induced in a highly perfused liver after two 7-minute freeze cycles. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a carbon-dioxide based cryoablation system for improving solid tumor treatment options in resource-constrained environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Surtees, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McChesney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acree, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraitchman, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of a low-cost, carbon dioxide-based cryoablation system for percutaneous tumor ablation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
fruitless functions downstream of doublesex to promote sexual dimorphism of the gonad stem cell niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Backgrounddoublesex (dsx) and fruitless (fru) are the two downstream transcription factors that actuate Drosophila sex determination. While dsx assists fru to regulate sex-specific behavior, whether fru collaborates with dsx in regulating other aspects of sexual dimorphism remains unknown. One important aspect of sexual dimorphism is found in the gonad stem cell (GSC) niches, where male and female GSCs are regulated to create large numbers of sperm and eggs.nnResultsHere we report that Fru is expressed male-specifically in the GSC niche and plays important roles in the development and maintenance of these cells. Unlike previously studied regulation of sex-specific Fru expression, which is regulated by alternative splicing by Transformer (Tra), we show that male-specific expression of fru is regulated downstream of dsx, and is independent of Tra. Regulation of fru by dsx also occurs in the nervous system. fru genetically interacts with dsx to support maintenance of the hub throughout development. Ectopic expression of fru inhibited female niche formation and partially masculinized the ovary. fru is also required autonomously for cyst stem cell maintenance and cyst cell survival. Finally, we identified a conserved Dsx binding site upstream of fru promoter P4 that regulates fru expression in the hub, indicating that fru is likely a direct target for transcriptional regulation by Dsx.nnConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that fru acts outside the nervous system to influence sexual dimorphism and reveal a new mechanism for regulating sex-specific expression of fru that is regulated at the transcriptional level by Dsx, rather than by alternative splicing by Tra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozmanter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[fruitless functions downstream of doublesex to promote sexual dimorphism of the gonad stem cell niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JHU-2545 Selectively Shields Salivary Glands and Kidneys during PSMA-Targeted Radiotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEProstate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radiotherapy is a promising treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with several beta or alpha particle-emitting radionuclide-conjugated small molecules showing efficacy in late stage patients. However, PSMA is also expressed in kidneys and salivary glands where specific uptake causes dose-limiting xerostomia and potential for nephrotoxicity. The PSMA inhibitor 2- (phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) can prevent kidney uptake in mice, but also blocks tumor uptake, precluding its clinical utility. Selective delivery of 2-PMPA to non-malignant tissues could improve the therapeutic window of PSMA radiotherapy.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNA tri-alkoxycarbonyloxy alkyl (TrisPOC) prodrug of 2-PMPA, JHU-2545, was synthesized to enhance 2-PMPA delivery to non-malignant tissues. Preclinical pharmacokinetic and imaging experiments were conducted prior to assessment in 3 mCRPC patients receiving PSMA PET and radiotherapy.

RESULTSJHU-2545 resulted in 3- and 53-fold greater exposure of 2-PMPA in rodent salivary glands (18.0 {+/-} 0.97 h*nmol/g) and kidneys (359 {+/-} 4.16 h*nmol/g) versus prostate tumor xenograft (6.79 {+/-} 0.19 h*nmol/g). JHU-2545 also blocked rodent kidneys and salivary glands uptake of the PSMA PET tracers 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-DCFPyL by up to 85% without effect on tumor. In a mCRPC patient, JHU-2545 treatment prior to 68Ga-PSMA-617 administration reduced kidney SUVmax by 76% without effect on metastatic lesions. When administered prior to injection of the beta emitter 177Lu-PSMA-617, JHU-2545 shielded both the salivary glands (72% Gy reduction) and kidneys (45% Gy reduction) without effect on metastases dose.

CONCLUSIONSJHU-2545 pre-treatment raises the cumulative dose limit and improves the safety and efficacy profile of PSMA radiotherapy.

STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEProstate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) molecular radiotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but endogenous expression of PSMA in kidneys and salivary glands causes uptake into these organs resulting in dose-limiting toxicities. We describe the discovery of JHU-2545, a PSMA inhibitor prodrug that selectively blocks kidney and salivary gland uptake of PSMA theranostics without altering tumor uptake in both preclinical models and in mCRPC patients. Pretreatment of JHU-2545 thereby improves the safety and efficacy profile of the multiple PSMA radiotherapies in development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nedelcovych, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penet, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amor-Coarasa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratochwil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JHU-2545 Selectively Shields Salivary Glands and Kidneys during PSMA-Targeted Radiotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNP2SIM: A modular workflow for standardizing molecular simulation and functional analysis of protein variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular simulations are used to provide insight into protein structure and function, and have the potential to provide important context when predicting the impact of sequence variation on protein function. In addition to understanding molecular mechanisms and interactions on the atomic scale, translational applications of those approaches include drug screening, development of novel molecular therapies, and treatment planning when selecting targeted therapies. Supporting the continued development of these applications, we have developed the SNP2SIM workflow generates reproducible molecular dynamics and molecular docking simulations for downstream functional variant analysis. Three modules execute molecular dynamics simulations of solvated protein variant structures, analyze the resulting trajectories for unique structural conformations, and bind small molecule ligands to representative variant scaffolds. In addition to availability as a command line workflow, SNP2SIM modules are also available as individual apps on the Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafri, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNP2SIM: A modular workflow for standardizing molecular simulation and functional analysis of protein variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in Rv2983 as a novel determinant of resistance to nitroimidazole drugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delamanid represents one of two novel antimicrobial classes approved to treat tuberculosis in over 40 years. Pretomanid is another promising nitroimidazole pro-drug in clinical development. Characterization of the full spectrum of mutations conferring resistance to nitroimidazoles and their related phenotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis will inform development of suitable genotypic and phenotypic drug susceptibility tests. Here, we used a range of pretomanid doses to select pretomanid-resistant mutants in two pathologically distinct murine TB models. The frequency of spontaneous pretomanid resistance mutations was approximately 10-5 CFU. Pretomanid demonstrated dose-dependent bactericidal activity and selective amplification of resistant mutants. Whole genome sequencing of 161 resistant isolates from 47 mice revealed 99 unique mutations, 90% of which were found in 1 of 5 genes previously associated with nitroimidazole activation and resistance. The remaining 10% harbored isolated mutations in Rv2983. Complementing an Rv2983 mutant with a wild-type copy of Rv2983 restored wild-type susceptibility to pretomanid and delamanid, confirming that loss of Rv2983 function causes nitroimidazole resistance. By quantifying F420 and its precursor Fo in Mycobacterium smegmatis overexpressing Rv2983 and an M. tuberculosis Rv2983 mutant, we provide evidence that Rv2983 is necessary for F420 biosynthesis and nitroimidazole activation, perhaps as the guanylyltransferase CofC. F420H2-deficient mutants displayed hypersusceptibility to malachite green (MG), a selective decontaminant present in solid media used to isolate and propagate mycobacteria from clinical samples. The wide diversity of mutations causing high-level pretomanid resistance and MG hypersusceptibility of most mutants poses significant challenges to clinical detection of nitroimidazole resistance using either genotypic or phenotypic methods.nnSignificanceNitroimidazole pro-drugs represent a promising new class of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Reliable methods to assure nitroimidazole susceptibility are critical to assure their optimal use. Yet, the spectrum of nitroimidazole resistance mutations remains incompletely characterized. Using 161 pretomanid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates selected in pretomanid-treated mice, we discovered a novel resistance determinant, Rv2983, required for cofactor F420 biosynthesis and characterized the remarkable diversity of mutations in this and 5 other genes involved in nitroimidazole activation. We show that F420H2-deficient nitroimidazole-resistant mutants are hypersusceptible to the selective decontaminant malachite green used in solid media to isolate mycobacteria and may evade detection on such media. These results have important implications for development and clinical use of genotypic and phenotypic methods for nitroimidazole susceptibility testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rifat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanoix, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashiri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacchettini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in Rv2983 as a novel determinant of resistance to nitroimidazole drugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore native RNA sequencing of a human poly(A) transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput cDNA sequencing technologies have dramatically advanced our understanding of transcriptome complexity and regulation. However, these methods lose information contained in biological RNA because the copied reads are often short and because modifications are not carried forward in cDNA. We address these limitations using a native poly(A) RNA sequencing strategy developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Our study focused on poly(A) RNA from the human cell line GM12878, generating 9.9 million aligned sequence reads. These native RNA reads had an aligned N50 length of 1294 bases, and a maximum aligned length of over 21,000 bases. A total of 78,199 high-confidence isoforms were identified by combining long nanopore reads with short higher accuracy Illumina reads. We describe strategies for assessing 3' poly(A) tail length, base modifications and transcript haplotypes from nanopore RNA data. Together, these nanopore-based techniques are poised to deliver new insights into RNA biology.nnDISCLOSURESMA holds shares in Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). MA is a paid consultant to ONT. REW, WT, TG, JRT, JQ, NJL, JTS, NS, AB, MA, HEO, MJ, and ML received reimbursement for travel, accommodation and conference fees to speak at events organised by ONT. NL has received an honorarium to speak at an ONT company meeting. WT has two patents (8,748,091 and 8,394,584) licensed to Oxford Nanopore. JTS, ML and MA received research funding from ONT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuzarte, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goes de Jesus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snutch, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loose, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akeson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/459529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore native RNA sequencing of a human poly(A) transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early signals of vaccine driven perturbation seen in pneumococcal carriage population genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have reduced pneumococcal diseases globally. Despite this, much remains to be learned about their effect on pathogen population structure. Here we undertook whole genome sequencing of 660 pneumococcal strains from asymptomatic carriers to investigate population restructuring in pneumococcal strains sampled before and after PCV13 introduction in a previously vaccine-naive setting. We show substantial decreasing frequency of vaccine-type (VT) strains and their strain diversity post-vaccination in the vaccinated but not unvaccinated age groups indicative of direct but limited or delayed indirect effect of vaccination. Clearance of identical VT serotypes associated with multiple lineages occurred regardless of their genetic background. Interestingly, despite the increasing frequency of non-vaccine type (NVT) strains through serotype replacement, the serotype diversity was not fully restored to the levels observed prior to vaccination implying limited serotype replacement. The frequency of antibiotic resistant strains was low and remained largely unchanged post-vaccination but intermediate-penicillin-resistant lineages were reduced in the post vaccine population. Significant perturbations marked by changing frequency of accessory genes associated with diverse functions especially mobile genetic elements and bacteriocin activity were detected. This phylogenomic analysis demonstrates early vaccine-induced pneumococcal population restructuring not only at serotype but also accessory genome level.nnAuthor summaryDifferent formulations of PCVs have been effective in reducing the invasive pneumococcal disease burden globally. Clinical trials have started to indicate high impact and effectiveness of PCV13 in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) but there is limited understanding of how the introduction of PCVs alters the population structure of pneumococcal strains at serotype and genomic level. Here we investigated this using pneumococcal strains sampled pre- and post-PCV13 introduction from a previously vaccine naive setting in Northern Malawi. Our findings reveal decrease in frequency of VT serotypes and their associated lineages in the largely vaccinated under-five population but not older individuals indicating a direct but limited or delayed indirect protection. The diversity of serotypes also decreased post-vaccination in VT strains in the under-fives but there was no change in NVT strains suggesting incomplete serotype replacement. At the genomic level, logistic regression revealed changing frequency of accessory genes largely associated with mobile genetic elements but such changes did not include any antibiotic resistance genes. These findings show significant perturbations at serotype and accessory genome level in carried pneumococcal population after two years from PCV13 introduction but the pneumococcal population was still perturbed and had not returned to a new equilibrium state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaguza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HEINSBROEK, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GLADSTONE, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TAFATATHA, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALAERTS, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PENO, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CORNICK, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MUSICHA, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BAR-ZEEV, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KAMNGONA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KADIOGLU, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MCGEE, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HANAGE, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BREIMAN, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HEYDERMAN, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FRENCH, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EVERETT, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENTLEY, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/459693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early signals of vaccine driven perturbation seen in pneumococcal carriage population genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human claustrum is functionally connected to cognitive networks and involved in cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The claustrum is among the most highly connected structures in the mammalian brain. However, the function of the claustrum is unknown, which is due to its peculiar anatomical arrangement. Here, we use resting state and task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to elucidate claustrum function in human subjects. We first describe a method to reveal claustrum signal with no linear relationship with adjacent regions. We applied this approach to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis of the claustrum at high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) using a 7T dataset (n=20) and a separate 3T dataset for replication (n=35). We then assessed claustrum activation during performance of a cognitive task, the multi-source interference task, at 3T (n=33). Extensive functional connectivity was observed between claustrum and cortical regions associated with cognitive control, including anterior cingulate, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive task performance was associated with widespread activation and deactivation that overlapped with the cortical areas showing functional connectivity to the claustrum. Furthermore, the claustrum was significantly activated at the onset of the difficult condition of the task, but not during the remainder of the difficult condition. These data suggest that the claustrum can be functionally isolated with fMRI, and that it is involved in cognitive control in humans independent of sensorimotor processing.nnHighlightsO_LIRemoving signal from neighboring structures isolates claustrum BOLD signal at 7T and 3T field strengthnC_LIO_LIClaustrum is extensively functionally connected with cortex, including cognitive networksnC_LIO_LIClaustrum is activated at the onset of a cognitive conflict tasknC_LIO_LIClaustrum may be involved in cognition independent of sensorimotor processingnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krimmel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panicker, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human claustrum is functionally connected to cognitive networks and involved in cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the relative role of human mobility, land-use and climate factors on dengue outbreak emergence in Sri Lanka 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMore than 80,000 dengue cases including 215 deaths were reported nationally in less than seven months between 2016-2017, a fourfold increase in the number of reported cases compared to the average number over 2010-2016. The region of Negombo, located in the Western province, experienced the greatest number of dengue cases in the country and is the focus area of our study, where we aim to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of dengue transmission.nnMethodsWe present a statistical modeling framework to evaluate the spatial-temporal dynamics of the 2016-2017 dengue outbreak in the Negombo region of Sri Lanka as a function of human mobility, land-use, and climate patterns. The analysis was conducted at a 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution and a weekly temporal resolution.nnResultsOur results indicate human mobility to be a stronger indicator for local outbreak clusters than land-use or climate variables. The minimum daily temperature was identified as the most influential climate variable on dengue cases in the region; while among the set of land-use patterns considered, urban areas were found to be most prone to dengue outbreak, followed by areas with stagnant water and then coastal areas. The results are shown to be robust across spatial resolutions.nnConclusionsOur study highlights the potential value of using travel data to target vector control within a region. In addition to illustrating the relative relationship between various potential risk factors for dengue outbreaks, the results of our study can be used to inform where and when new cases of dengue are likely to occur within a region, and thus help more effectively and innovatively, plan for disease surveillance and vector control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the relative role of human mobility, land-use and climate factors on dengue outbreak emergence in Sri Lanka]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepTCR: a deep learning framework for revealing structural concepts within TCR Repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning algorithms have been utilized to achieve enhanced performance in pattern-recognition tasks, such as in image and vocal recognition 1,2. The ability to learn complex patterns in data has tremendous implications in the genomics and immunology worlds, where sequence motifs become learned  features that can be used to predict functionality, guiding our understanding of disease and basic biology 3-6. T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing assesses the diversity of the adaptive immune system, where complex structural patterns in the TCR can be used to model its antigenic interaction. We present DeepTCR, a broad collection of unsupervised and supervised deep learning methods able to uncover structure in highly complex and large TCR sequencing data by learning a joint representation of a given TCR by its CDR3 sequences, V/D/J gene usage, and HLA background in which the T-cells reside. We demonstrate the utility of deep learning to provide an improved  featurization of the TCR across multiple human and murine datasets, including improved classification of antigen-specific TCRs in both unsupervised and supervised learning tasks, understanding immunotherapy-related shaping of repertoire in the murine setting, and predicting response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy from pre-treatment tumor biopsies in a clinical trial of melanoma. Our results show the flexibility and capacity for deep neural networks to handle the complexity of high-dimensional TCR genomic data for both descriptive and predictive purposes across basic science and clinical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhom, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepTCR: a deep learning framework for revealing structural concepts within TCR Repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance Limitations in Sensorimotor Control: Tradeoffs between Neural Computing and Accuracy in Tracking Fast Movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to move fast and accurately track moving objects is fundamentally constrained by the biophysics of neurons and dynamics of the muscles involved. Yet, the corresponding tradeoffs between these factors and tracking motor commands have not been rigorously quantified. We use feedback control principles to quantify performance limitations of the sensorimotor control system (SCS) to track fast periodic movements. We show that (i) linear models of the SCS fail to predict known undesirable phenomena, including skipped cycles, overshoot and undershoot, produced when tracking signals in the "fast regime", while non-linear pulsatile control models can predict such undesirable phenomena, and (ii) tools from nonlinear control theory allow us to characterize fundamental limitations in this fast regime. Using a validated and tractable nonlinear model of the SCS, we derive an analytical upper bound on frequencies that the SCS model can reliably track before producing such undesirable phenomena as a function of the neurons biophysical constraints and muscle dynamics. The performance limitations derived here have important implications in sensorimotor control. For example, if primary motor cortex is compromised due to disease or damage, the theory suggests ways to manipulate muscle dynamics by adding the necessary compensatory forces using an assistive neuroprosthetic device to restore motor performance, and more importantly fast and agile movements. Just how one should compensate can be informed by our SCS model and the theory developed here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance Limitations in Sensorimotor Control: Tradeoffs between Neural Computing and Accuracy in Tracking Fast Movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus sequence design as a general strategy to create hyperstable, biologically active proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consensus sequence design offers a promising strategy for designing proteins of high stability while retaining biological activity since it draws upon an evolutionary history in which residues important for both stability and function are likely to be conserved. Although there have been several reports of successful consensus design of individual targets, it is unclear from these anecdotal studies how often this approach succeeds, and how often it fails. Here, we attempt to assess generality by designing consensus sequences for a set of six protein families with a range of chain-lengths, structures, and activities. We characterize the resulting consensus proteins for stability, structure, and biological activities in an unbiased way. We find that all six consensus proteins adopt cooperatively folded structures in solution. Strikingly, four out of six of these consensus proteins show increased thermodynamic stability over naturally-occurring homologues. Each consensus protein tested for function maintained at least partial biological activity. Though peptide binding affinity by a consensus-designed SH3 is rather low, Km values for consensus enzymes are similar to values from extant homologues. Though consensus enzymes are slower than extant homologues at low temperature, they are faster than some thermophilic enzymes at high temperature. An analysis of sequence properties shows consensus proteins to be enriched in charged residues, and rarified in uncharged polar residues. Sequence differences between consensus and extant homologues are predominantly located at weakly conserved surface residues, highlighting the importance of these residues in the success of the consensus strategy.nnSignificance StatementA major goal of protein design is to create proteins that have high stability and biological activity. Drawing on evolutionary information encoded within extant protein sequences, consensus sequence design has produced several successes in achieving this goal. Here we explore the generality with which consensus design can be used to enhance protein stability and maintain biological activity. By designing and characterizing consensus sequences for six unrelated protein families, we find that consensus design shows high success rates in creating well-folded, hyperstable proteins that retain biological activities. Remarkably, many of these consensus proteins show higher stabilities than naturally-occurring sequences of their respective protein families. Our study highlights the utility of consensus sequence design and informs the mechanisms by which it works.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sternke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus sequence design as a general strategy to create hyperstable, biologically active proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tamoxifen improves glucose tolerance in a delivery, sex, and strain-dependent manner in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is widely used in mouse models to temporally control gene expression but is also known to affect body composition. Here, we report that tamoxifen has significant and sustained effects on glucose tolerance, independent of effects on insulin sensitivity, in mice. Intraperitoneal, but not oral, tamoxifen delivery improved glucose tolerance in three inbred mouse strains. The extent and persistence of tamoxifen-induced effects were sex- and strain-dependent. These findings highlight the need to revise commonly used tamoxifen-based protocols for gene manipulation in mice by including longer chase periods following injection, oral delivery, and the use of tamoxifen-treated littermate controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceasrine, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumelsky, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Otero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tamoxifen improves glucose tolerance in a delivery, sex, and strain-dependent manner in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteogenomic annotation of the Chinese hamster reveals extensive novel translation events and endogenous retroviral elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A high quality genome annotation greatly facilitates successful cell line engineering. Standard draft genome annotation pipelines are based largely on de novo gene prediction, homology, and RNA-Seq data. However, draft annotations can suffer from incorrectly predictions of translated sequence, incorrect splice isoforms and missing genes. Here we generated a draft annotation for the newly assembled Chinese hamster genome and used RNA-Seq, proteomics, and Ribo-Seq to experimentally annotate the genome. We identified 4,333 new proteins compared to the hamster RefSeq protein annotation and 2,503 novel translational events (e.g., alternative splices, mutations, novel splices). Finally, we used this pipeline to identify the source of translated retroviruses contaminating recombinant products from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, including 131 type-C retroviruses, thus enabling future efforts to eliminate retroviruses by reducing the costs incurred with retroviral particle clearance. In summary, the improved annotation provides a more accurate platform for guiding CHO cell line engineering, including facilitating the interpretation of omics data, defining of cellular pathways, and engineering of complex phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hizal, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaerkady, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meleady, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharfstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteogenomic annotation of the Chinese hamster reveals extensive novel translation events and endogenous retroviral elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ischemic Preconditioning and Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Novel Mechanism & Model for Pulseless Electrical Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulseless electrical activity (PEA) is a very common rhythm in cardiac arrest and survival is {approx} 5%. Population data suggest coronary ischemia significantly contributes to PEA, but the mechanism is unknown.nnObjectivesWe hypothesize ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the setting of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction can convert ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) into ischemia-induced PEA.nnMethodsUsing percutaneous coronary interventions in anesthetized swine, we studied the effect of IPC prior to ischemia on arrhythmic burden in normal animals and in animals with LV dysfunction. IPC protocol: four cycles of three minutes of coronary occlusion followed by seven minutes of reperfusion. Chronic LV dysfunction protocol: two serial infarcts in two coronary territories, separated by one week of recovery.nnResultsIn normal animals, IPC prior to ischemia significantly reduced VF incidence (2/8 IPC vs. 7/8 control). In IPC animals with VF, the time to VF was significantly delayed (37.2 {+/-} 7.3 min vs. 20.7 {+/-} 4.9 min, p<0.005). In chronic LV dysfunction animals (EF 15% {+/-} 5%), ischemia caused PEA in all animals (18/18). In non-preconditioned animals, VF followed PEA in all cases (12/12). In preconditioned animals, PEA sustained without VF in 2/6 animals. In 4/6 animals, PEA was prolonged and time to VF was significantly delayed compared to non-preconditioned animals (33.7 {+/-} 7.8 min vs. 12.2 {+/-} 5.0 min, p<0.0001).nnConclusionIPC delays/prevents VF. IPC with LV dysfunction prior to ischemia produces prolonged PEA. IPC with LV dysfunction prior to ischemia is likely an important mechanism for human PEA arrest. This is the first animal model of ischemic pulseless electrical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunin, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ischemic Preconditioning and Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Novel Mechanism & Model for Pulseless Electrical Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Primase-Induced Conformational Switch Controls the Stability of the Bacterial Replisome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies of bacterial DNA replication have led to a picture of the replisome as an entity that freely exchanges DNA polymerases and displays intermittent coupling between the helicase and polymerase(s). Challenging the textbook model of the polymerase holoenzyme acting as a stable complex coordinating the replisome, these observations suggest a role of the helicase as the central organizing hub. We show here that the molecular origin of this newly-found plasticity lies in the >400-fold increase in strength of the interaction between the polymerase holoenzyme and the replicative helicase upon association of the primase with the replisome. By combining in vitro ensemble-averaged and single-molecule assays, we demonstrate that this conformational switch operates during replication and promotes recruitment of multiple holoenzymes at the fork. Our observations provide a molecular mechanism for polymerase exchange and offer a revised model for the replication reaction that emphasizes its stochasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monachino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jergic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, A. T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Shea, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oijen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Primase-Induced Conformational Switch Controls the Stability of the Bacterial Replisome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chance is an important element in phagolysosomal acidification that favors the macrophage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial ingestion by a macrophage results in the formation of an acidic phagolysosome but the host cell has no information on the pH susceptibility of the ingested organism. This poses a problem for the macrophage and raises the fundamental question of how the phagocytic cell optimizes the acidification process to prevail. We analyzed the dynamical distribution of phagolysosomal pH in murine and human macrophages that had ingested live or dead Cryptococcus neoformans cells, or inert beads. Phagolysosomal acidification produced a range of pH values that approximated normal distributions, but these differed from normality depending on ingested particle type. Analysis of the increments of pH reduction revealed no forbidden ordinal patterns, implying that phagosomal acidification process was a stochastic dynamical system. Using simulation modeling, we determined that by stochastically acidifying a phagolysosome to a pH within the observed distribution, macrophages sacrificed a small amount of overall fitness to gain the benefit of reduced variation in fitness. Hence, chance in the final phagosomal pH introduces unpredictability to the outcome of the macrophage-microbe, which implies a bet-hedging strategy that benefits the macrophage. While bet hedging is common in biological systems at the organism level, our results show its use at the organelle and cellular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon-Rodriguez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freij, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chance is an important element in phagolysosomal acidification that favors the macrophage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputed gene associations identify replicable trans-acting genes enriched in transcription pathways and complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of gene expression is an important mechanism through which genetic variation can affect complex traits. A substantial portion of gene expression variation can be explained by both local (cis) and distal (trans) genetic variation. Much progress has been made in uncovering cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL), but trans-eQTL have been more difficult to identify and replicate. Here we take advantage of our ability to predict the cis component of gene expression coupled with gene mapping methods such as PrediXcan to identify high confidence candidate trans-acting genes and their targets. That is, we correlate the cis component of gene expression with observed expression of genes in different chromosomes. Leveraging the shared cis-acting regulation across tissues, we combine the evidence of association across all available GTEx tissues and find 2356 trans-acting/target gene pairs with high mappability scores. Reassuringly, trans-acting genes are enriched in transcription and nucleic acid binding pathways and target genes are enriched in known transcription factor binding sites. Interestingly, trans-acting genes are more significantly associated with selected complex traits and diseases than target or background genes, consistent with percolating trans effects. Our scripts and summary statistics are publicly available for future studies of trans-acting gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siahpirani, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputed gene associations identify replicable trans-acting genes enriched in transcription pathways and complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefix-Free Parsing for Building Big BWTs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to explosive growth of genomic databases; one of which will soon reach hundreds of terabytes. For many applications we want to build and store indexes of these databases but constructing such indexes is a challenge. Fortunately, many of these genomic databases are highly-repetitive--a characteristic that can be exploited to ease the computation of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), which underlies many popular indexes. In this paper, we introduce a preprocessing algorithm, referred to as prefix-free parsing, that takes a text T as input, and in one-pass generates a dictionary D and a parse P of T with the property that the BWT of T can be constructed from D and P using workspace proportional to their total size and O(|T|)-time. Our experiments show that D and P are significantly smaller than T in practice, and thus, can fit in a reasonable internal memory even when T is very large. In particular, we show that with prefix-free parsing we can build an 131-megabyte run-length compressed FM-index (restricted to support only counting and not locating) for 1000 copies of human chromosome 19 in 2 hours using 21 gigabytes of memory suggesting that we can build a 6.73 gigabyte index for 1000 complete human-genome haplotypes in approximately 102 hours using about 1 terabyte of memory
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/472399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefix-Free Parsing for Building Big BWTs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Construction of a Complete Index for Pan-Genomics Read Alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While short read aligners, which predominantly use the FM-index, are able to easily index one or a few human genomes, they do not scale well to indexing databases containing thousands of genomes. To understand why, it helps to examine the main components of the FM-index in more detail, which is a rank data structure over the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) of the string that will allow us to find the interval in the strings suffix array (SA) containing pointers to starting positions of occurrences of a given pattern; second, a sample of the SA that -- when used with the rank data structure -- allows us access the SA. The rank data structure can be kept small even for large genomic databases, by run-length compressing the BWT, but until recently there was no means known to keep the SA sample small without greatly slowing down access to the SA. Now that Gagie et al. (SODA 2018) have defined an SA sample that takes about the same space as the run-length compressed BWT -- we have the design for efficient FM-indexes of genomic databases but are faced with the problem of building them. In 2018 we showed how to build the BWT of large genomic databases efficiently (WABI 2018) but the problem of building Gagie et al.s SA sample efficiently was left open. We compare our approach to state-of-the-art methods for constructing the SA sample, and demonstrate that it is the fastest and most space-efficient method on highly repetitive genomic databases. Lastly, we apply our method for indexing partial and whole human genomes, and show that it improves over Bowtie with respect to both memory and time.nnAvailabilityWe note that the implementation of our methods can be found here: https://github.com/alshai/r-index.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhnle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/472423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Construction of a Complete Index for Pan-Genomics Read Alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A kinesin Klp10A mediates cell cycle-dependent shuttling of Piwi between nucleus and nuage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The piRNA pathway protects germline genomes through transcript cleavage of selfish genetic elements, such as transposons, in the cytoplasm and their transcriptional silencing in the nucleus. Here, we describe a mechanism by which the nuclear and cytoplasmic arms of the silencing mechanism are linked. During mitosis of Drosophila spermatogonia, nuclear Piwi interacts with nuage, the compartment that mediates the cytoplasmic arm of piRNA-mediated silencing. At the end of mitosis, Piwi leaves nuage to return to the nucleus. We found that dissociation of Piwi from nuage occurs at the depolymerizing microtubules of the central spindle, mediated by a microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin Klp10A. Depletion of klp10A delays Piwis return to the nucleus and affects piRNA production, suggesting the importance of nuclear-cytoplasmic communication in piRNA biogenesis. We propose that cell cycle-dependent communication between the nuclear and cytoplasmic arms of the piRNA pathway plays important roles in coordinated piRNA production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkei, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A kinesin Klp10A mediates cell cycle-dependent shuttling of Piwi between nucleus and nuage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infection with Persister Forms of Staphylococcus aureus Causes a Chronic Persistent Skin Infection with More Severe Lesion that Takes Longer to Heal and is not Eradicated by the Current Recommended Treatment in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause persistent infections clinically. Treatment for chronic S. aureus infections ranges from at least one week to several months and such infections are prone to relapse likely due to the presence of persistent forms of bacteria such as persister cells. Persister cells, which are bacterial cells that become dormant under stress conditions, can be isolated in vitro but their clinical significance in in vivo infections are largely unclear. Here, we evaluated S. aureus persistent forms using stationary phase cultures and biofilm bacteria (enriched in persisters) in comparison with log phase cultures in terms of their ability to cause disease in a mouse skin infection model. Surprisingly, we found that infection of mice with stationary phase cultures and biofilm bacteria produced a more severe chronic skin infection with more pronounced lesions which took longer to heal than log phase (actively growing) cultures. After two week infection, the bacterial load and skin tissue pathology, as determined by hyperplasia, immune cell infiltration, and crust/lesion formation, of mice infected with the more persistent forms (e.g. stationary phase bacteria and biofilm bacteria) were greater than mice infected with log phase bacteria. Using our persistent infection mouse model, we showed that the clinically recommended treatment for recurrent S. aureus skin infection, doxycycline + rifampin, was not effective in eradicating the bacteria in the treatment study, despite reducing lesion sizes and pathology in infected mice. Analogous findings were also observed in a Caenorhabditis elegans model, where S.aureus stationary phase cultures caused a greater mortality than log phase culture as early as two days post-infection. Thus, we established a new model for chronic persistent infections using persister bacteria that could serve as a relevant model to evaluate therapeutic options for persistent infections in general. Our findings connect persisters with persistent infections, have implications for understanding disease pathogenesis, and are likely to be broadly valid for other pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infection with Persister Forms of Staphylococcus aureus Causes a Chronic Persistent Skin Infection with More Severe Lesion that Takes Longer to Heal and is not Eradicated by the Current Recommended Treatment in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate action potential inference from a calcium sensor protein through biophysical modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton imaging of genetically encoded calcium indicators is routinely used to report activity from populations of spatially resolved neurons in vivo. However, since the relationship between fluorescence and action potentials (APs) is nonlinear and varies over neurons, quantitatively inferring AP discharge is problematic. To address this we developed a biophysical model of calcium binding kinetics for the indicator GCaMP6s that accurately describes AP-evoked fluorescence changes in vivo. The models physical interpretation allowed the same parameters to describe GCaMP6s binding kinetics for both in vitro binding assays and in vivo imaging. Using this model, we developed an algorithm to infer APs from fluorescence and measured its accuracy with cell-attached electrical recordings. This approach consistently inferred more accurate AP counts and times than alternative methods for firing rates from 0 to >20 Hz, while requiring less training data. These results demonstrate the utility of quantitative, biophysically grounded models for complex biological data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuertenberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czubayko, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsees, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groemping, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/479055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate action potential inference from a calcium sensor protein through biophysical modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The repressive genome compartment is established early in the cell cycle before forming the lamina associated domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) genome organization is thought to be important for regulation of gene expression. Chromosome conformation capture-based studies have uncovered ensemble organizational principles such as active (A) and inactive (B) compartmentalization. In addition, large inactive regions of the genome associate with the nuclear lamina, the Lamina Associated Domains (LADs). Here we investigate the dynamic relationship between A/B-compartment organization and the 3D organization of LADs. Using refined algorithms to identify active (A) and inactive (B) compartments from Hi-C data and to define LADs from DamID, we confirm that the LADs correspond to the B-compartment. Using specialized chromosome conformation paints, we show that LAD and A/B-compartment organization are dependent upon chromatin state and A-type lamins. By integrating single-cell Hi-C data with live cell imaging and chromosome conformation paints, we demonstrate that self-organization of the B-compartment within a chromosome is an early event post-mitosis and occurs prior to organization of these domains to the nuclear lamina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xianrong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekrun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ach, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The repressive genome compartment is established early in the cell cycle before forming the lamina associated domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin D status and risk of incident tuberculosis disease: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFew studies have evaluated the association between pre-existing vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and incident TB. We assessed the impact of baseline vitamin D on TB risk.

MethodsWe assessed the association between baseline vitamin D and incident TB in a prospective cohort of 6751 household contacts of TB patients in Peru. We also conducted a one-stage individual participant data meta-analysis searching PubMed and Embase for studies of vitamin D and TB until December 31, 2017. We included studies that assessed vitamin D before TB diagnosis. We defined VDD as 25-(OH)D <50 nmol/L, insufficiency as 50-75 nmol/L and sufficiency as >75nmol/L. We estimated the association between vitamin D and incident TB using conditional logistic regression in the Peru cohort and generalized linear mixed models in the meta-analysis.

FindingsIn Peru, baseline VDD was associated with a statistically insignificant increase in incident TB (aOR 1{middle dot}70, 95% CI 0{middle dot}84-3{middle dot}46; p=0{middle dot}14). We identified seven studies for the meta-analysis and analyzed 3544 participants. Individuals with VDD and very low vitamin D (<25nmol/L) had increased TB risk (aOR 1{middle dot}48, 95% CI 1{middle dot}04-210;p=0{middle dot} 03 and aOR 2 08, 95% CI 0{middle dot}88-4{middle dot}92; p trend=002 respectively). Among HIV-positive patients, VDD and very low vitamin D conferred a 2-fold (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1{middle dot} 22-3{middle dot}90; p=0{middle dot} 01) and 4-fold (aOR 4{middle dot}28, 95% CI 0{middle dot}85-21{middle dot}44; p trend=0{middle dot}01) increased risk of TB respectively.

InterpretationOur findings suggest vitamin D predicts TB risk in a dose-dependent manner and vitamin D supplementation may play a role in TB prevention.

FundingNational Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group (IMPAACT), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Foundation, Ujala Foundation, Wyncote Foundation, NIH - Fogarty International Center Program of International Training Grants in Epidemiology Related to AIDS, NIAID Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College HIV Clinical Trials Unit, NIAIDs Baltimore-Washington-India Clinical Trials Unit, National Commission on Biotechnology, the Higher Education Commission, International Research Support Initiative Program of the Higher Education Commission Government of Pakistan, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the NIH Fogarty International Center.

Research in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSNumerous studies have found lower serum vitamin D levels among patients with active TB disease compared to healthy controls. However, research has not clarified whether low vitamin D increases TB risk or whether TB disease leads to decreased vitamin D levels. We conducted PubMed and Medline searches for all studies available through December 31, 2017 on the association between vitamin D status and TB disease. We included the following keywords: "vitamin D," "vitamin D deficiency," "hypovitaminosis D," "25-hydroxyvitamin D," "1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D," "vitamin D2," "vitamin D3," "ergocalciferol," "cholecalciferol," and "tuberculosis." We found only seven studies had prospectively evaluated the impact of baseline vitamin D levels on risk of progression to TB disease.

We report here the results of a case control study nested within a large prospective longitudinal cohort study of household contacts of TB cases and the results of an individual participant data (IPD) metaanalysis of available evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and incident TB disease.

Added value of this studyWe demonstrated that low vitamin D levels predicts risk of future progression to TB disease in a dose-dependent manner.

Implications of all the available evidenceThese findings suggest the possibility that vitamin D supplementation among individuals at high risk for developing TB disease might play a role in TB prevention efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aibana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnedo-Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becerra, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellido-Blasco, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhosale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ferrer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Fortuno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomila-Sard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iborra-Millet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan-Cerdan, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinikar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mave, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meseguer-Ferrer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montepiedra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugusi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owolabi, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsonnet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach-Poblete, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeu-Garcia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudfeld, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenforde, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Togun, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yataco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin D status and risk of incident tuberculosis disease: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Visual Experience Shapes Binocularity in the Mouse Thalamocortical Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocular deprivation (MD) during the juvenile critical period leads to long-lasting impairments in binocular function and visual acuity. The site of these changes has been widely considered to be cortical. However, recent evidence indicates that binocular integration may first occur in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN), raising the question of whether MD during the critical period may produce long-lasting deficits in dLGN binocular integration. Using in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging of dLGN afferents and excitatory neurons in superficial layers of primary visual cortex (V1), we demonstrate that critical-period MD leads to a persistent and selective loss of binocular dLGN inputs, while leaving spatial acuity in the thalamocortical pathway intact. Despite being few in number, binocular dLGN boutons display remarkably robust visual responses, on average twice stronger than monocular boutons, and their responses are exquisitely well-matched between the eyes. To our surprise, we found that MD leads to a profound binocular mismatch of response amplitude, spatial frequency and orientation tuning detected at the level of single thalamocortical synapses. In comparison, V1 neurons display deficits in both binocular integration and spatial acuity following MD. Our data provide the most compelling evidence to date demonstrating that following critical-period MD, binocular deficits observed at the level of V1 may at least in part originate from dLGN binocular dysfunction, while spatial acuity deficits arise from cortical circuits. These findings highlight a hitherto unknown role of the thalamus as a site for developmental refinement of binocular vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huh, C. Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitoun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa Velez, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowlkes, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Visual Experience Shapes Binocularity in the Mouse Thalamocortical Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans models of Marfan and Marfan-like Syndromes reveal trafficking defects of the type II TGFβ receptor as a potential novel disease mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF{beta}) family plays an important role in many developmental processes and when mutated often contributes to various diseases. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disease with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 5,000. The disease is caused by mutations in fibrillin, which lead to an increase in TGF{beta} ligand activity, resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues which can be life-threatening. Mutations in other components of TGF{beta} signaling (receptors, Smads, Schnurri) lead to similar diseases with attenuated phenotypes relative to Marfan syndrome. In particular, mutations in TGF{beta} receptors, most of which are clustered at the C-terminal end, result in Marfan-like (MFS-like) syndromes. Even though it was assumed that many of these receptor mutations would reduce or eliminate signaling, in many cases signaling is active. From our trafficking work in C. elegans, we noticed that many of these receptor mutations that lead to Marfan-like syndromes overlap with mutations that cause mis-trafficking of the receptor, suggesting a link between Marfan-like syndromes and TGF{beta} receptor trafficking. To test this hypothesis, we introduced some of these key MFS and MFS-like mutations into the C. elegans TGF{beta} receptor and asked if receptor trafficking is altered. We find that some of the mutated receptors localize to the apical surface rather than basolateral surface of the polarized intestinal cells. Further, we find that these mutations result in longer animals, a phenotype due to over-stimulation of the pathway and, importantly, indicating that function of the receptor is not abrogated in these mutants. Our nematode models of Marfan syndrome suggest that MFS and MFS-like mutations in the type II receptor lead to mis-trafficking of the receptor and possibly provides an explanation for the disease, a phenomenon which might also occur in some cancers that possess the same mutations within the type II receptor (e.g. colon cancer).

Author SummaryThe transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF{beta}) family plays an important role in many basic biological processes and when mutated often contributes to various diseases. Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disease with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 5,000. The disease is caused by mutations in fibrillin, which lead to an increase in TGF{beta} ligand activity, resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues which can be life-threatening. However, some patients with normal fibrillin genes also show symptoms and pathologies associated with Marfan syndrome, known collectively as Marfan-like Syndromes (MFS-like). When these patients were assessed for mutations in other components of the TGF{beta} pathway, several mutations clustered in a small region of the receptors, primarily in the type II TGF{beta} receptor were found.

We find that mimicking these mutations in the nematode type II TGF{beta} receptor causes the mutant receptor to move to regions of the cell where it is not normally found. Importantly, these mutations do not abrogate the function of the receptor, suggesting that mis-localization of the receptor might be previously unknown cause of disease etiology. We hypothesize that receptor mutations present at the LTA lead to disruptions in interactions with trafficking regulators leading to symptoms of MFS/MFS-like syndromes - a novel disease mechanism of MFS/MFS-like syndromes that might also extend to other cancers bearing similar mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padgett, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans models of Marfan and Marfan-like Syndromes reveal trafficking defects of the type II TGFβ receptor as a potential novel disease mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A meta-analysis of two high-risk prospective cohort studies reveals autism-specific transcriptional changes to chromatin, autoimmune, and environmental response genes in umbilical cord blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects more than 1% of children in the United States. ASD risk is thought to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, with the perinatal period as a critical window. Understanding early transcriptional changes in ASD would assist in clarifying disease pathogenesis and identifying biomarkers and treatments. However, little is known about umbilical cord blood gene expression profiles in babies later diagnosed with ASD compared to non-typically developing (Non-TD) or neurotypical children.nnMethodsGenome-wide transcript levels were measured by Affymetrix Human Gene 2.0 array in RNA from umbilical cord blood samples from both the Markers of Autism Risk in Babies--Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) and the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI) high-risk pregnancy cohorts that enroll younger siblings of a child previously diagnosed with ASD. An algorithm-based diagnosis from 36 month assessments categorized the younger sibling as either ASD, typically developing (TD), or not ASD but non-typically developing (Non-TD). 59 ASD, 92 Non-TD, and 120 TD subjects were included and differences were identified in ASD versus TD subjects, with Non-TD versus TD as a specificity control. Meta-analysis was used to combine the results from both studies. Functional enrichments of differentially-expressed genes were examined across diagnostic groups.nnResultsWhile cord blood gene expression differences comparing either ASD or Non-TD to TD did not reach genome-wide significance when adjusting for multiple comparisons, 172 genes were nominally differentially-expressed between ASD and TD cord blood (log2(fold change) > 0.1, p < 0.01). These genes were significantly enriched for toxic substance response and xenobiotic metabolism functions, and gene sets involved in chromatin regulation and systemic lupus erythematosus were significantly upregulated (FDR q < 0.05). In contrast, 66 genes were differentially-expressed between Non-TD and TD cord blood, including only 8 genes that were also differentially-expressed in ASD.nnConclusionsThis is the first study to identify perinatal gene expression differences in umbilical cord blood specific to ASD. The results of this meta-analysis across two prospective ASD cohorts support involvement of environmental, immune, and epigenetic mechanisms in ASD etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mordaunt, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozonoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A meta-analysis of two high-risk prospective cohort studies reveals autism-specific transcriptional changes to chromatin, autoimmune, and environmental response genes in umbilical cord blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting complex genetic phenotypes using error propagation in weighted networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network-biology view of biological systems is a ubiquitous abstraction that emerged in the last two decades to allow a high-level understanding of principles governing them. However, the principles according to which biological systems are organized are still unclear. Here, we investigate if biological networks could be approximated as overlapping, feed-forward networks where the nodes have non-linear activation functions. Such networks have been shown to be universal approximators and their stability has been explored in the context of artificial neural networks. Mathematical formalization of this model followed by numerical simulations based on genomic data allowed us to accurately predict the statistics of gene essentiality in yeast and hence indicate that biological networks might be better understood as a distributed system, comprising potentially unreliable components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Mhamdi, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucharavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerraoui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting complex genetic phenotypes using error propagation in weighted networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) is a molecularly diverse disease with heterogeneous clinical outcomes. Several molecular classifications have been proposed, yielding diverse sets of subtypes, which hampers the clinical implications of such knowledge. Here, we report the results of a large international effort to reach a consensus on MIBC molecular subtypes. Using 1750 MIBC transcriptomes and a network-based analysis of six independent MIBC classification systems, we identified a consensus set of six molecular classes: Luminal Papillary (24%), Luminal Non-Specified (8%), Luminal Unstable (15%), Stroma-rich (15%), Basal/Squamous (35%), and Neuroendocrine-like (3%). These consensus classes differ regarding underlying oncogenic mechanisms, infiltration by immune and stromal cells, and histological and clinical characteristics. This consensus system offers a robust framework that will enable testing and validating predictive biomarkers in future clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Reynies, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allory, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjodahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoadley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ahmadie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groeneveld, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontugne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlotta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellmunt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powles, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malats, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyrskjot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Real, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radvanyi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Bladder Cancer Molecular Taxonomy Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galaxy-Kubernetes integration: scaling bioinformatics workflows in the cloud 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making reproducible, auditable and scalable data-processing analysis workflows is an important challenge in the field of bioinformatics. Recently, software containers and cloud computing introduced a novel solution to address these challenges. They simplify software installation, management and reproducibility by packaging tools and their dependencies. In this work we implemented a cloud provider agnostic and scalable container orchestration setup for the popular Galaxy workflow environment. This solution enables Galaxy to run on and offload jobs to most cloud providers (e.g. Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud or OpenStack, among others) through the Kubernetes container orchestrator.

AvailabilityAll code has been contributed to the Galaxy Project and is available (since Galaxy 17.05) at https://github.com/galaxyproject/ in the galaxy and galaxy-kubernetes repositories. https://public.phenomenal-h2020.eu/ is an example deployment.

Suppl. InformationSupplementary Files are available online.

Contactpmoreno@ebi.ac.uk, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK, Tel: +44-1223-494267, Fax: +44-1223-484696.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pireddu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goonasekera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruttkies, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schober, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruening, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Riverol, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatheodorou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spjuth, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galaxy-Kubernetes integration: scaling bioinformatics workflows in the cloud]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating task acquisition from expression during learning reveals latent knowledge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Performance on cognitive tasks during learning is used to measure intelligence, yet it remains controversial since such testing is susceptible to contextual factors. To what extent does performance during learning depend on the testing context, rather than underlying knowledge? We trained mice, rats and ferrets on a range of tasks to examine how testing context impacts the acquisition of knowledge versus its expression. We interleaved reinforced trials with "probe" trials in which we omitted reinforcement. Across tasks, each animal species performed remarkably better in probe trials during learning and inter-animal variability was strikingly reduced. Reinforcement feedback is thus critical for learning-related plasticity but, paradoxically, masks the expression of underlying knowledge. We capture these results with a network model in which learning occurs during reinforced trials while context modulates only the read-out parameters. Probing learning by omitting reinforcement thus uncovers latent knowledge and identifies context--not "smartness"--as the major source of individual variability.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIKnowledge acquisition and expression can be segregated by the introduction of non-reinforced probe trials across a variety of animal species and behavioral tasks.nC_LIO_LIAnimals learn much faster and in a more stereotyped way in non-reinforced probe trials than their performance in the presence of reinforcement suggests.nC_LIO_LIUnderperformance and variability in performance arise from sensitivity to the behavioral testing context, not acquisition of sensorimotor associations.nC_LIO_LIA circuit model accounts for context-dependent performance by modulating the integration of sensorimotor associations.nC_LInneTOCKuchibhotla et al. show the acquisition and expression of knowledge can be behaviorally dissociated in mice, rats, and ferrets across a variety of sensorimotor tasks. Across animals, variability in performance arises from the testing context, not underlying aptitude.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindmarsh Sten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadoyannis, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnozahy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogelson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubenec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostojic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/489450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating task acquisition from expression during learning reveals latent knowledge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Petrosal morphology and cochlear function in Mesozoic stem therians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe the bony anatomy of the inner ear and surrounding structures seen in three of the most plesiomorphic crown mammalian petrosal specimens in the fossil record. Our study sample includes the stem therian taxa Priacodon fruitaensis from the Upper Jurassic of North America, and two isolated petrosal specimens colloquially known as the Höövör petrosals, recovered from Aptian-Albian sediments in Mongolia. The second Höövör petrosal is here described at length for the first time. All three of these stem therian petrosals and a comparative sample of extant mammalian taxa have been imaged using micro-CT, allowing for detailed anatomical descriptions of osteological correlates of functionally significant neurovascular features, especially along the abneural wall of the cochlear canal.The high resolution imaging provided here clarifies several hypotheses regarding the mosaic evolution of features of the cochlear endocast in early mammals. In particular, these images demonstrate that the membranous cochlear duct adhered to the bony cochlear canal abneurally to a secondary bony lamina before the appearance of an opposing primary bony lamina or tractus foraminosus. Additionally, while corroborating the general trend of reduction of venous sinuses and plexuses within the pars cochlearis seen in crownward mammaliaformes generally, the Höövör petrosals show the localized enlargement of a portion of the intrapetrosal venous plexus. This new excavation is for the vein of cochlear aqueduct, a structure that is solely or predominantly responsible for the venous drainage of the cochlear apparatus in extant therians. However, given that these stem therian inner ears appear to have very limited high-frequency capabilities, the development of these modern vascular features the cochlear endocast suggest that neither the initiation or enlargement of the stria vascularis (a unique mammalian organ) is originally associated with the capacity for high-frequency hearing or precise sound-source localization.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/490367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Petrosal morphology and cochlear function in Mesozoic stem therians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo epigenetic editing of sema6a promoter reverses impaired transcallosal connectivity caused by C11orf46/ARL14EP neurodevelopmental risk gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neuropsychiatric risk genes contribute to epigenetic regulation of gene expression but very little is known about specific chromatin-associated mechanisms governing the formation and maintenance of neuronal connectivity. Here we show that transcallosal connectivity is critically dependent on C11orf46 (also known as ARL14EP), a small nuclear protein encoded in the chromosome 11p13 Wilms Tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary Abnormalities, intellectual disability (formerly referred to as Mental Retardation) (WAGR) risk locus. C11orf46 haploinsufficiency in WAGR microdeletion cases was associated with severe hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. In utero short hairpin RNA-mediated C11orf46 knockdown disrupted transcallosal projections of cortical pyramidal neurons, a phenotype that was rescued by wild type C11orf46 but not the C11orf46R236H mutant associated with autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Multiple genes encoding key regulators of axonal growth and differentiation, including Sema6A, were hyperexpressed in C11orf46-knockdown neurons. Importantly, RNA-guided epigenetic editing of neuronal Sema6a gene promoters via a dCas9 protein-conjugated SunTag scaffold with multimeric (10x) C11orf46 binding during early developmental periods, resulted in normalization of expression and rescue of transcallosal dysconnectivity via repressive chromatin remodeling, including up-regulated histone H3K9 methylation by the KAP1-SETDB1 repressor complex. Our study demonstrates that interhemispheric communication is highly sensitive to locus-specific remodeling of neuronal chromatin, revealing the therapeutic potential for shaping the brains connectome via gene-targeted designer activators and repressor proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alway, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espesio-gil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayyad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dincer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalonde, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo epigenetic editing of sema6a promoter reverses impaired transcallosal connectivity caused by C11orf46/ARL14EP neurodevelopmental risk gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectional hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex links areas of emotion and cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated afferent inputs from all areas in the frontal cortex (FC) to different subregions in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Using retrograde tracing in macaque monkeys, we quantified projection strength by counting retrogradely labeled cells in each FC area. The projection from different FC regions varied across injection sites in strength, following different spatial patterns. Importantly, a site at the rostral end of the cingulate sulcus stood out as having strong inputs from many areas in diverse FC regions. Moreover, it was at the integrative conjunction of three projection trends across sites. This site marks a connectional hub inside the rACC that integrates FC inputs across functional modalities. Tractography with monkey diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) located a similar hub region comparable to the tracing result. Applying the same tractography method to human dMRI data, we demonstrated that a similar hub can be located in the human rACC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbabdi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottaar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grisot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectional hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex links areas of emotion and cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of tissue composition on gene co-expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variable cellular composition of tissue samples represents a significant challenge for the interpretation of genomic profiling studies. Substantial effort has been devoted to modeling and adjusting for compositional differences when estimating differential expression between sample types. However, relatively little attention has been given to the effect of tissue composition on co-expression estimates. In this study, we illustrate the effect of variable cell type composition on correlation-based network estimation and provide a mathematical decomposition of the tissue-level correlation. We show that a class of deconvolution methods developed to separate tumor and stromal signatures can be applied to two component cell type mixtures. In simulated and real data, we identify conditions in which a deconvolution approach would be beneficial. Our results suggest that uncorrelated cell type specific markers are ideally suited to deconvolute both the expression and co-expression patterns of an individual cell type. Finally, we provide a Shiny application for users to interactively explore the effect of cell type composition on correlation-based co-expression estimation for any cell types of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuerdo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of tissue composition on gene co-expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffeomorphic registration with intensity transformation and missing data: Application to 3D digital pathology of Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper examines the problem of diffeomorphic image mapping in the presence of differing image intensity profiles and missing data. Our motivation comes from the problem of aligning 3D brain MRI with 100 micron isotropic resolution, to histology sections with 1 micron in plane resolution. Multiple stains, as well as damaged, folded, or missing tissue are common in this situation. We overcome these challenges by introducing two new concepts. Cross modality image matching is achieved by jointly estimating polynomial transformations of the atlas intensity, together with pose and deformation parameters. Missing data is accommodated via a multiple atlas selection procedure where several atlases may be of homogeneous intensity and correspond to "background" or "artifact". The two concepts are combined within an Expectation Maximization algorithm, where atlas selection posteriors and deformation parameters are updated iteratively, and polynomial coefficients are computed in closed form. We show results for 3D reconstruction of digital pathology and MRI in standard atlas coordinates. In conjunction with convolutional neural networks, we quantify the 3D density distribution of tauopathy throughout the medial temporal lobe of an Alzheimers disease postmortem specimen.nnAuthor summaryOur work in Alzheimers disease (AD) is attempting to connect histopathology at autopsy and longitudinal clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), combining the strengths of each modality in a common coordinate system. We are bridging this gap by using post mortem high resolution MRI to reconstruct digital pathology in 3D. This image registration problem is challenging because it combines images from different modalities in the presence of missing tissue and artifacts. We overcome this challenge by developing a new registration technique that simultaneously classifies each pixel as "good data" / "missing tissue" / "artifact", learns a contrast transformation between modalities, and computes deformation parameters. We name this technique "(D)eformable (R)egistration and (I)ntensity (T)ransformation with (M)issing (D)ata", pronounced as "Dr. It, M.D.". In conjunction with convolutional neural networks, we use this technique to map the three dimensional distribution of tau tangles in the medial temporal lobe of an AD postmortem specimen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kageyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffeomorphic registration with intensity transformation and missing data: Application to 3D digital pathology of Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-Efficient Short Read Sequencing of Immune Receptor Repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractT cell receptor (TCR) repertoire sequencing is increasingly employed to characterize adaptive immune responses. However, current TCR sequencing methodologies are complex and expensive, limiting the scale of feasible studies. Here we present Framework Region 3 AmplifiKation sequencing (FR3AK-seq), a simplified multiplex PCR-based approach for the ultra-efficient analysis of TCR complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) repertoires. By using minimal primer sets targeting a conserved region adjacent to CDR3, undistorted amplicons are analyzed via short read, single-end sequencing. We find that FR3AK-seq is sensitive and quantitative, performing comparably to two industry standards. FR3AK-seq was utilized to quickly and inexpensively characterize the T cell infiltrates of muscle biopsies obtained from 145 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and controls. A cluster of related TCRs was identified in samples from patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis, suggesting the presence of a shared antigen-driven response. The ease and minimal cost of FR3AK-seq removes critical barriers to routine, large-scale TCR CDR3 repertoire analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinal-Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milisenda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher-Stine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-Efficient Short Read Sequencing of Immune Receptor Repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct ipRGC subpopulations mediate light’s acute and circadian effects on body temperature and sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The light environment greatly impacts human alertness, mood, and cognition by acute regulation of physiology and indirect alignment of circadian rhythms. Both processes require the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), but the relevant downstream brain areas remain elusive. ipRGCs project widely in the brain, including to the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Here we show that body temperature and sleep responses to light are absent after genetic ablation of all ipRGCs except a subpopulation that projects to the SCN. Furthermore, by chemogenetic activation of the ipRGCs that avoid the SCN, we show that these cells are sufficient for acute changes in body temperature. Our results challenge the idea that the SCN is a major relay for the acute effects of light on non-image forming behaviors and identify the sensory cells that initiate lights profound effects on body temperature and sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rupp, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altimus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/496323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct ipRGC subpopulations mediate light’s acute and circadian effects on body temperature and sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cortico-striatal circuit regulates sensorimotor gating via Disc1/Huntingtin-mediated Bdnf transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor information processing that underlies normal cognitive and behavioral traits is dysregulated across a subset of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The cross-disease deficit in sensorimotor gating poses a unique opportunity to integrate hierarchical findings at molecular, cellular, through circuitry levels to obtain an in-depth mechanistic understanding of this process that contributes to brain physiology and pathophysiology beyond categorical segmentation of brain disorders. Based on circuitry recording with wild-type mice, we demonstrated that the cortico-striatal projection mediates sensorimotor gating responses during prepulse inhibition (PPI) task. We also found that these circuitry responses were disrupted in Disc1 locus-impairment (LI) mice, a model representing neuropsychiatric conditions. Thus, we hypothesized that Disc1-mediated molecular and cellular machinery along the cortico-striatal circuit may regulate sensorimotor gating. Anatomical and biochemical analyses of Disc1-LI mice revealed attenuated Bdnf transport along the cortico-striatal circuit. Pharmacologically augmenting Bdnf transport by chronic lithium administration, in part via Ser-421 phosphorylation of Huntingtin (Htt) and its integration into the motor machinery, restored the striatal Bdnf levels and PPI deficits in Disc1-LI mice, suggesting that the Bdnf transport attenuation mechanistically underlies the circuitry and behavioral deficits. These results also shed light on a novel mechanism and utility of lithium that is currently used as a major mood stabilizer in clinical settings. Collectively, the present study illustrates integrative biological mechanisms for sensorimotor gating, underscoring the cross-disease nature of this behavioral dimension and translational utility of the findings under the era of precision medicine in brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaaro-Peled, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoubovsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirota-Tsuyada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumitomo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruyere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Economides, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hikida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetsel, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houslay, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomoda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cortico-striatal circuit regulates sensorimotor gating via Disc1/Huntingtin-mediated Bdnf transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro activity of the new β-lactamase inhibitors relebactam and vaborbactam in combination with β-lactams against Mycobacterium abscessus complex clinical isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary disease due to infection with Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is notoriously difficult to treat, in large part due to MABCs intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics, including {beta}-lactams. MABC organisms express a broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase that is resistant to traditional {beta}-lactam-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitors but inhibited by a newer non-{beta}-lactam-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitor, avibactam. Consequently, the susceptibility of MABC to some {beta}-lactams is increased in the presence of avibactam. Therefore, we hypothesized that two new non-{beta}-lactam-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitors, relebactam and vaborbactam, would also increase susceptibility of MABC to {beta}-lactams. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of various marketed {beta}-lactams alone and in combination with either relebactam or vaborbactam against multidrug-resistant MABC clinical isolates. Our data demonstrate that both {beta}-lactamase inhibitors significantly improved the anti-MABC activity of many carbapenems (including imipenem and meropenem) and cephalosporins (including cefepime, ceftaroline, and cefuroxime). As a meropenem/vaborbactam combination is now marketed and an imipenem/relebactam combination is currently in phase III trials, these fixed combinations may become the {beta}-lactams of choice for the treatment of MABC infections. Furthermore, given the evolving interest in dual {beta}-lactam regimens, our results identify select cephalosporins, such as cefuroxime, with superior activity in the presence of a {beta}-lactamase inhibitor, deserving of further evaluation in combination with these carbapenem/{beta}-lactamase inhibitor products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro activity of the new β-lactamase inhibitors relebactam and vaborbactam in combination with β-lactams against Mycobacterium abscessus complex clinical isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-mediated immobilization of virions in mucus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies have been shown to hinder the movement of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) virions in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM), as well as other viruses in other mucus secretions. However, it has not been possible to directly observe the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, so the nature of virion-antibody-mucin interactions remain poorly understood. In this work, we analyzed thousands of virion traces from single particle tracking experiments to explicate how antibodies must cooperate to immobilize virions for relatively long time periods. First, using a clustering analysis, we observed a clear separation between two classes of virion behavior: Freely Diffusing and Immobilized. While the proportion of Freely Diffusing virions decreased with antibody concentration, the magnitude of their diffusivity did not, implying an all-or-nothing dichotomy in the pathwise effect of the antibodies. Proceeding under the assumption that all binding events are reversible, we used a novel switch-point detection method to conclude that there are very few, if any, state-switches on the experimental time scale of twenty seconds. To understand this slow state-switching, we analyzed a recently proposed continuous-time Markov chain model for binding kinetics and virion movement. Model analysis implied that virion immobilization requires cooperation by multiple antibodies that are simultaneously bound to the virion and mucin matrix, and that there is an entanglement phenomenon that accelerates antibody-mucin binding when a virion is immobilized. In addition to developing a widely-applicable framework for analyzing multi-state particle behavior, this work substantially enhances our mechanistic understanding of how antibodies can reinforce a mucus barrier against passive invasive species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-mediated immobilization of virions in mucus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Analyses of Morphological Variants of Borrelia burgdorferi Shed New Light on Persistence Mechanisms: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, which is the most common vector borne disease in the United States and Europe. Although 2-4 week antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease is effective in the majority of cases, about 10-20% patients suffer from prolonged post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the mechanisms of PTLDS are unclear, persisting organisms not killed by current Lyme antibiotics has been suggested as a possible explanation. B. burgdorferi can spontaneously develop different morphological variant forms under stress or in stationary phase with increased persistence to antibiotics. To shed light on the possible mechanisms by which these variant forms develop persistence, here, we isolated three B. burgdorferi forms, log phase spirochetal form, stationary phase planktonic form, and stationary phase aggregated biofilm-like microcolony form. We showed that the two separated stationary phase forms especially microcolony form have more persistence to antibiotics than the log phase spirochetal form. Then, we performed mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis to determine the proteomic profiles of the three different forms to reveal the mechanisms of persistence in B. burgdorferi. We identified 1023 proteins in the three B. burgdorferi forms, with 642 proteins (63%) differentially expressed. Compared with the log phase spirochetal form of B. burgdorferi, a total of 143 proteins were upregulated in both stationary phase planktonic form and microcolony form. Among these common upregulated proteins, 90 proteins had predicted functions and were mapped to different pathways involved in infection and virulence, DNA repair, heat shock, transport, sporulation, cell envelope and metabolism, many of which are consistent with persister mechanisms in other bacteria. A particularly interesting observation is that infection and virulence related proteins are highly up-regulated in stationary phase planktonic form and microcolony form compared with log phase spirochetal form. These findings shed new light on the mechanisms of B. burgdorferi persistence and offer novel targets for developing more effective diagnostics, vaccines and treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Analyses of Morphological Variants of Borrelia burgdorferi Shed New Light on Persistence Mechanisms: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of cross-talk between histone H2B ubiquitination and H3 methylation by Dot1L 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation of histone H3, lysine 79 (H3K79), by Dot1L is a hallmark of actively transcribed genes that depends on monoubiquitination of H2B at lysine 120 (H2B-Ub), and is a well-characterized example of histone modification cross-talk that is conserved from yeast to humans. The mechanism by which H2B-Ub stimulates Dot1L to methylate the relatively inaccessible histone core H3K79 residue is unknown. The 3.0 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of Dot1L bound to ubiquitinated nucleosome reveals that Dot1L contains binding sites for both ubiquitin and the histone H4 tail, which establish two regions of contact that stabilize a catalytically competent state and positions the Dot1L active site over H3K79. We unexpectedly find that contacts mediated by both Dot1L and the H4 tail induce a conformational change in the globular core of histone H3 that reorients K79 from an inaccessible position, thus enabling this side chain to project deep into the active site in a position primed for catalysis. Our study provides a comprehensive mechanism of cross-talk between histone ubiquitination and methylation and reveals an unexpected structural plasticity in histones that makes it possible for histone-modifying enzymes to access residues within the nucleosome core.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of cross-talk between histone H2B ubiquitination and H3 methylation by Dot1L]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dashing: Fast and Accurate Genomic Distances with HyperLogLog 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dashing is a fast and accurate software tool for estimating similarities of genomes or sequencing datasets. It uses the HyperLogLog sketch together with cardinality estimation methods that are specialized for set unions and intersections. Dashing summarizes genomes more rapidly than previous MinHash-based methods while providing greater accuracy across a wide range of input sizes and sketch sizes. It can sketch and calculate pairwise distances for over 87K genomes in 6 minutes. Dashing is open source and available at https://github.com/dnbaker/dashing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dashing: Fast and Accurate Genomic Distances with HyperLogLog]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASCOT identifies key regulators of neuronal subtype-specific splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Public archives of next-generation sequencing data are growing exponentially, but the difficulty of marshaling this data has led to its underutilization by scientists. Here we present ASCOT, a resource that allows researchers to summarize, visualize, and query alternative splicing patterns in public RNA-Seq data. ASCOT enables rapid identification of splice-variants across tens of thousands of bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq datasets in human and mouse. To demonstrate the utility of ASCOT, we first focused on the nervous system and identified many alternative exons used only by a single neuronal subtype. We then leveraged datasets from the ENCODE and GTEx consortiums to study the unique splicing patterns of rod photoreceptors and found that PTBP1 knockdown combined with overexpression of MSI1 and PCBP2 activates rod-specific exons in HepG2 liver cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed that MSI1 targets intronic UAG motifs proximal to the 5 splice site and interacts synergistically with PTBP1 downregulation. Finally, we show that knockdown of MSI1 in the retina abolishes rod-specific splicing. This work demonstrates how large-scale analysis of public RNA-Seq datasets can yield key insights into cell type-specific control of RNA splicing and underscores the importance of considering both annotated and unannotated splicing events. ASCOT splicing and gene expression data tables, software, and interactive browser are available at http://ascot.cs.jhu.edu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASCOT identifies key regulators of neuronal subtype-specific splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The elasticity of individual protocadherin 15 molecules implicates cadherins as the gating springs for hearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear, respond to mechanical forces originating from sounds and accelerations1,2. An essential feature of each hair cell is an array of filamentous tip links, consisting of the proteins protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23)3, whose tension is thought to directly gate the cells transduction channels4,5,6. These links are considered far too stiff to represent the gating springs that convert hair-bundle displacement into forces capable of opening the channels7,8, and no mechanism has been suggested through which tip-link stiffness could be varied to accommodate hair cells of distinct frequency sensitivity in different receptor organs and animals. As a consequence, the gating springs identity and mechanism of operation remain central questions in sensory neuroscience. Using a high-precision optical trap, we show that an individual monomer of PCDH15 acts as an entropic spring that is much softer than its enthalpic stiffness alone would suggest7,8. This low stiffness implies that the protein is a significant part of the gating spring that controls a hair cells transduction channels. The tip links entropic nature then allows for stiffness control through modulation of its tension. We find that a PCDH15 molecule is unstable under tension and exhibits a rich variety of reversible unfolding events that are augmented when the Ca2+ concentration is reduced to physiological levels. Tip-link tension and Ca2+ concentration are therefore likely parameters through which nature tunes a gating springs mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengel, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipendo, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangat, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Shatanofy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/503029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The elasticity of individual protocadherin 15 molecules implicates cadherins as the gating springs for hearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous profiling of chromatin accessibility and methylation on human cell lines with nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the genome and the epigenome work together to control gene transcription has applications in our understanding of diseases such as human cancer. In this study, we combine the ability of NOMe-seq to simultaneously evaluate CpG methylation and chromatin accessibility, with long-read nanopore sequencing technology, a method we call nanoNOMe. We generated >60Gb whole-genome nanopore sequencing data for each of four human cell lines (GM12878, MCF-10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) including repetitive regions inaccessible by short read sequencing. Using the long reads, we find that we can observe phased methylation and chromatin accessibility, large scale pattern changes, and genetic changes such as structural variations from a single assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous profiling of chromatin accessibility and methylation on human cell lines with nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unification of miRNA and isomiR research: the mirGFF3 format and the mirtop API 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules ([~]22 nucleotide long) involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies led to the discovery of isomiRs, which are miRNA sequence variants. While many miRNA-seq analysis tools exist, a lack of consensus on miRNA/isomiR analyses exists, and the resulting diversity of output formats hinders accurate comparisons between tools and precludes data sharing and the development of common downstream analysis methods.nnFindingsTo overcome this situation, we present here a community-based project, miRTOP (miRNA Transcriptomic Open Project) working towards the optimization of miRNA analyses. The aim of miRTOP is to promote the development of downstream analysis tools that are compatible with any existing detection and quantification tool. Based on the existing GFF3 format, we first created a new standard format, mirGFF3, for the output of miRNA/isomiR detection and quantification results from small RNA-seq data. Additionally, we developed a command line Python tool,  mirtop, to manage the mirGFF3 format. Currently, mirtop can convert into mirGFF3 the outputs of commonly used pipelines, such as seqbuster, miRge2.0, isomiR-SEA, sRNAbench, and Prost!, as well as BAM files. Its open architecture enables any tool or pipeline to output results in mirGFF3.nnConclusionsCollectively a comprehensive isomiR categorization system, along with the accompanying mirGFF3 and mirtop API provide a complete solution for the standardization of miRNA and isomiR analysis, enabling data sharing, reporting, comparative analyses, and benchmarking, while promoting the development of common miRNA methods focusing on downstream steps to miRNA detection, annotation, and quantification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desvignes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilbeck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urgese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio-Puerta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telonis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficarra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postlethwait, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigoutsos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unification of miRNA and isomiR research: the mirGFF3 format and the mirtop API]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introducing RpsA Point Mutation Δ438A or D123A into the Chromosome of M. tuberculosis Confirms its Role in Causing Resistance to Pyrazinamide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a unique frontiline drug for shortening tuberculosis treatment, but its mechanisms of action are elusive. We previously identified RpsA as a target of PZA and found an alanine deletion at position 438 ({Delta}438A) in RpsA associated with PZA resistance, but its role in PZA resistance is controversial. Here, we introduced RpsA mutation {Delta}438A or D123A into M. tuberculosis chromosome and demonstrated that the introduced RspA mutations are indeed responsible for PZA resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonjum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introducing RpsA Point Mutation Δ438A or D123A into the Chromosome of M. tuberculosis Confirms its Role in Causing Resistance to Pyrazinamide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of NIX-mediated mitophagy and replication by an interferon regulatory factor homologue of human herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral control of mitochondrial quality and content has emerged as an important mechanism for counteracting the host response to virus infection. Despite the knowledge of this crucial function of some viruses, little is known about how herpesviruses regulate mitochondrial homeostasis during infection. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is an oncogenic virus causally related to AIDS-associated malignancies. Here, we found that HHV-8-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 (vIRF-1) promotes mitochondrial clearance by activating mitophagy to support virus replication. Genetic interference with vIRF-1 expression or targeting to the mitochondria inhibits HHV-8 replication-induced mitophagy and leads to an accumulation of mitochondria. Moreover, vIRF-1 binds directly to a mitophagy receptor, NIX, on the mitochondria and activates NIX-mediated mitophagy to promote mitochondrial clearance. Genetic and pharmacological interruption of vIRF-1/NIX-activated mitophagy inhibits HHV-8 productive replication. In short, our findings uncover an essential role of vIRF-1 in mitophagy activation for successful lytic replication of HHV-8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of NIX-mediated mitophagy and replication by an interferon regulatory factor homologue of human herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cloud Bursting Galaxy: Federated Identity and Access Management 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLarge biomedical datasets, such as those from genomics and imaging, are increasingly being stored on commercial and institutional cloud computing platforms. This is because cloud-scale computing resources, from robust backup to highspeed data transfer to scalable compute and storage, are needed to make these large datasets usable. However, one challenge for large-scale biomedical data on the cloud is providing secure access, especially when datasets are distributed across platforms. While there are open Web protocols for secure authentication and authorization, these protocols are not in wide use in bioinformatics and are difficult to use for even technologically sophisticated users.nnResultsWe have developed a generic and extensible approach for securely accessing biomedical datasets distributed across cloud computing platforms. Our approach combines OpenID Connect and OAuth2, best-practice Web protocols for authentication and authorization, together with Galaxy (https://galaxyproject.org), a web-based computational workbench used by thousands of scientists across the world. With our enhanced version of Galaxy, users can access and analyze data distributed across multiple cloud computing providers without any special knowledge of access/authorization protocols. Our approach does not require users to share permanent credentials (e.g., username, password, API key), instead relying on automatically-generated temporary tokens that refresh as needed. Our approach is generalizable to most identity providers and cloud computing platforms. To the best of our knowledge, Galaxy is the only computational workbench where users can access biomedical datasets across multiple cloud computing platforms using best-practice Web security approaches and thereby minimize risks of unauthorized data access and credential use.nnAvailability and ImplementationFreely available for academic and commercial use under the open-source Academic Free License (https://opensource.org/licenses/AFL-3.0) from the following Github repositories: https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy and https://github.com/galaxyproject/cloudauthznnContactjalili@ohsu.edu, goecksj@ohsu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cloud Bursting Galaxy: Federated Identity and Access Management]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Regulatory Loop between the Retinoid-Related Orphan Nuclear Receptor NHR-23 and let-7 family microRNAs Modulates the C. elegans Molting Cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal development requires coordination among cyclic processes, sequential cell fate specifications, and once-a-lifetime morphogenic events, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. C. elegans undergo four molts at regular 8-10 h intervals. The pace of the cycle is governed by PERIOD/lin-42 and other as-yet unknown factors. Cessation of the cycle in young adults is controlled by the let-7 family of microRNAs and downstream transcription factors in the heterochronic pathway. Here, we characterize a negative feedback loop between NHR-23, the worm homolog of mammalian retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs), and the let-7 family of microRNAs that regulates both the frequency and finite number of molts. The molting cycle is decelerated in nhr-23 knockdowns, accelerated in let-7(-) mutants, and similar to wild type animals in let-7(-) nhr-23(-) double mutants. NHR-23 binds response elements (ROREs) in the let-7 promoter and activates transcription. In turn, let-7 dampens nhr-23 expression across development via a complementary let-7 binding site (LCS) in the nhr-23 3' UTR. The molecular interactions between NHR-23 and let-7 hold true for other let-7 family microRNAs. Either derepression of nhr-23 transcripts by LCS deletion or high gene dosage of nhr-23 leads to protracted behavioral quiescence and extra molts in adults. NHR-23 and let-7 also co-regulate scores of genes required for execution of the molts, including lin-42. In addition, ROREs and LCSs isolated from mammalian ROR and let-7 genes function in C. elegans, suggesting conservation of this feedback mechanism. We propose that this feedback loop unites the molting timer and the heterochronic gene regulatory network possibly by functioning as a cycle counter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frand, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Regulatory Loop between the Retinoid-Related Orphan Nuclear Receptor NHR-23 and let-7 family microRNAs Modulates the C. elegans Molting Cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional dissection of Alzheimer’s disease brain gene expression signatures in humans and mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain transcriptomes can highlight biological pathways associated with Alzheimers disease (AD); however, challenges remain to link expression changes with causal triggers. We have examined 30 AD-associated, gene coexpression modules from human brains for overlap with 251 differentially-expressed gene sets from mouse brain RNA-sequencing experiments, including from models of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Human-mouse overlaps highlight responses to amyloid versus neurofibrillary tangle pathology and further reveal age- and sex-dependent expression signatures for AD progression. Human coexpression modules enriched for neuronal and/or microglial genes overlap broadly with signatures from mouse models of AD, Huntingtons disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and also aging. Several human AD coexpression modules, including those implicated in the unfolded protein response and oxidative phosphorylation, were not activated in AD models, but instead were detected following other, unexpected mouse genetic manipulations. Our results comprise a powerful, cross-species resource and pinpoint experimental models for diverse features of AD pathophysiology from human brain transcriptomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ouran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangleburg, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini-Stoica, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haure-Mirande, J.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levites, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership-Alzheimer Disease Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional dissection of Alzheimer’s disease brain gene expression signatures in humans and mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SingleCellNet: a computational tool to classify single cell RNA-Seq data across platforms and across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-Seq has emerged as a powerful tool in diverse applications, ranging from determining the cell-type composition of tissues to uncovering the regulators of developmental programs. A near-universal step in the analysis of single cell RNA-Seq data is to hypothesize the identity of each cell. Often, this is achieved by finding cells that express combinations of marker genes that had previously been implicated as being cell-type specific, an approach that is not quantitative and does not explicitly take advantage of other single cell RNA-Seq studies. Here, we describe our tool, SingleCellNet, which addresses these issues and enables the classification of query single cell RNA-Seq data in comparison to reference single cell RNA-Seq data. SingleCellNet compares favorably to other methods, and it is notably able to make sensitive and accurate classifications across platforms and species. We demonstrate how SingleCellNet can be used to classify previously undetermined cells, and how it can be used to assess the outcome of cell fate engineering experiments.nnHighlightO_LISingleCellNet (SCN) enables the classification of scRNA-Seq data across platforms and speciesnC_LIO_LISCN is open source and extendiblenC_LIO_LIWe illustrate the utility of SCN with three example applicationsnC_LInnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=161 SRC="FIGDIR/small/508085_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (47K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1750006org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@548dbdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1257cb1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d8072_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/508085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SingleCellNet: a computational tool to classify single cell RNA-Seq data across platforms and across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Changepoints in Biomarkers During the Preclinical Phase of AD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSeveral models have been proposed for the evolution of Alzheimers disease (AD) biomarkers. The aim of this study was to identify changepoints in a range of biomarkers during the preclinical phase of AD.nnMethodsWe examined nine measures based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive testing, obtained from 306 cognitively normal individuals, a subset of whom subsequently progressed to the symptomatic phase of AD. A changepoint model was used to determine which of the measures had a significant change in slope in relation to clinical symptom onset.nnResultsAll nine measures had significant changepoints, all of which preceded symptom onset, however the timing of these changepoints varied considerably. A single measure, CSF-tau, had an early changepoint (40 years prior to symptom onset). A group of measures, including the remaining CSF measures (CSF-Abeta and phosphorylated tau) and all cognitive tests had changepoints 10-15 years prior to symptom onset. A second group is formed by medial temporal lobe shape composite measures, with a five-year time difference between the right and left side (respectively nine and three years prior to symptom onset).nnConclusionsThese findings highlight the long period of time prior to symptom onset during which AD pathology is accumulating in the brain. There are several significant findings, including the early changes in cognition and the laterality of the MRI findings. Additional work is needed to clarify their significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettigrew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/508820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Changepoints in Biomarkers During the Preclinical Phase of AD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment and disruption of value encoding during alcohol seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical area of inquiry in the neurobiology of alcohol abuse is the neural mechanisms by which cues gain the ability to elicit alcohol use. We previously showed that cue-evoked activity in rat ventral pallidum (VP) robustly encodes the value of cues trained under both Pavlovian and instrumental contingencies, despite a stronger relationship between cue-evoked responses and behavioral latency after instrumental training. Here, we assessed VP neural representations of cue value in rats trained with a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS+) that predicted alcohol delivery, and in rats trained with an instrumental discriminative stimulus (DS) that predicted alcohol availability if the rat entered the reward port during the cue. We also examined the impact of alcohol exposure itself on the integrity of this type of signaling in rats trained with sucrose. Decoding of cue value based on VP firing was blunted for an alcohol CS+ versus an alcohol DS, as well as in comparison to a sucrose DS or CS+. Further, homecage alcohol exposure had opposing effects on VP encoding of cue value for a sucrose DS versus a sucrose CS+, enhancing decoding accuracy for the DS and reducing decoding accuracy for the CS+. These findings suggest that problem alcohol seeking may result from biased engagement of specific reward-related processes via changes in VP signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimbaugh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment and disruption of value encoding during alcohol seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptions and Prospects in Life Sciences in a Heterogenous Latin American Population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Particular challenges exist for science education in the developing world, where limited resources beget curricula designed to balance state-of-the-art knowledge with practical and political considerations in region-specific contexts. Project-based biology teaching is particularly difficult to execute due to high infrastructural costs and limited teacher training. Here, we report our results implementing short, challenging, and low-cost biology courses to high school and college students in Bolivia, designed and taught in collaboration between scientists from developed nations and local science instructors. We find our approach to be effective at transmitting advanced topics in disease modeling, microscopy, genome engineering, neuroscience, microbiology, and regenerative biology. Importantly, this approach was unaffected by the students backgrounds, education level, socioeconomic status, or initial interest in the course, and increased participants interest in pursuing scientific careers. These results demonstrate efficacy of participatory learning in a developing nation, and suggest that such techniques could drive scientific engagement in other developing economies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, L. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carosso, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Videla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaca Diez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Betancourt, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montellano Duran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alatriste-Gonzalez, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vacaflores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohorquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Auza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Savino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandarilla Cuellar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostajo Radji, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptions and Prospects in Life Sciences in a Heterogenous Latin American Population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of pretomanid to novel regimens containing bedaquiline with either linezolid or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide in murine models of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel regimens combining bedaquiline and pretomanid with either linezolid (BPaL regimen) or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide (BPaMZ regimen) shorten the treatment duration needed to cure TB in BALB/c mice compared to the first-line regimen and have yielded promising results in initial clinical trials. However, the independent contribution of the investigational new drug pretomanid to the efficacy of BPaMZ has not been examined and its contribution to BPaL has been examined only over the first 2 months of treatment. In the present study, the addition of pretomanid to BL increased bactericidal activity, prevented emergence of bedaquiline resistance, and shortened the duration needed to prevent relapse with drug-susceptible isolates by at least 2 months in BALB/c mice. Addition of pretomanid to BMZ resulted in a 1 log10 greater CFU reduction after 1 month of treatment and/or reduced the number of mice relapsing in each of 2 experiments in BALB/c mice and in immunocompromised nude mice. Bedaquiline-resistant isolates were found at relapse in only one BMZ-treated nude mouse. Treatment of infection with a pyrazinamide-resistant mutant in BALB/c mice with BPaMZ prevented selection of bedaquiline-resistant mutants and reduced the proportion of mice relapsing compared to BMZ alone. Among severely ill C3HeB/FeJ mice with caseous pneumonia and cavitation, BPaMZ increased median survival ([&ge;]60 vs. 21 days) and reduced median lung CFU by 2.4 log10 at 1 month compared to BMZ. In conclusion, in 3 different mouse models, pretomanid contributed significantly to the efficacy of the BPaMZ and BPaL regimens, including restricting the selection of bedaquiline-resistant mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes-Boyle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of pretomanid to novel regimens containing bedaquiline with either linezolid or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide in murine models of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of a long-acting injectable bedaquiline formulation in a paucibacillary mouse model of latent tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The potent anti-tuberculosis activity and long half-life of bedaquiline make it an attractive candidate for long-acting/extended release formulations for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Our objective was to evaluate a long-acting injectable (LAI) bedaquiline formulation in a validated paucibacillary mouse model of LTBI. Following immunization with Mycobacterium bovis rBCG30, BALB/c mice were challenged by aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Treatment began 13 weeks after challenge infection with one of the following regimens: untreated negative control; positive controls of daily rifampin (10 mg/kg), once-weekly rifapentine (15 mg/kg) and isoniazid (50 mg/kg), or daily bedaquiline (25 mg/kg); test regimens of one, two, or three monthly doses of LAI bedaquiline at 160 mg/dose (BLAI-160); and test regimens of daily bedaquiline at 2.67 (B2.67), 5.33 (B5.33), or 8 (B8) mg/kg to deliver the same total bedaquiline as one, two, or three doses of BLAI-160, respectively. All drugs were administered orally, except for BLAI-160 (intramuscular injection). The primary outcome was the decline in M. tuberculosis lung CFU counts during 12 weeks of treatment. The negative and positive control regimens performed as expected. One, two, and three doses of BLA-160 resulted in decreases of 2.9, 3.2, and 3.5 log10 CFU/lung, respectively by week 12. Daily oral dosing with B2.67, B5.33, and B8 decreased lung CFU counts by 1.6, 2.8, and 4.1 log10, respectively. One dose of BLAI-160 exhibited activity for at least 12 weeks. The sustained activity of BLAI-160 indicates promise as a short-course LTBI treatment requiring few patient encounters to ensure treatment completion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TYAGI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vervoort, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachau-Durand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andries, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/515692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of a long-acting injectable bedaquiline formulation in a paucibacillary mouse model of latent tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly-accurate long-read sequencing improves variant detection and assembly of a human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major DNA sequencing technologies in use today produce either highly-accurate short reads or noisy long reads. We developed a protocol based on single-molecule, circular consensus sequencing (CCS) to generate highly-accurate (99.8%) long reads averaging 13.5 kb and applied it to sequence the well-characterized human HG002/NA24385. We optimized existing tools to comprehensively detect variants, achieving precision and recall above 99.91% for SNVs, 95.98% for indels, and 95.99% for structural variants. We estimate that 2,434 discordances are correctable mistakes in the high-quality Genome in a Bottle benchmark. Nearly all (99.64%) variants are phased into haplotypes, which further improves variant detection. De novo assembly produces a highly contiguous and accurate genome with contig N50 above 15 Mb and concordance of 99.998%. CCS reads match short reads for small variant detection, while enabling structural variant detection and de novo assembly at similar contiguity and markedly higher concordance than noisy long reads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peluso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concepcion, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toepfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePristo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rank, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly-accurate long-read sequencing improves variant detection and assembly of a human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic Integration of Clinical Laboratory Tests from Electronic Health Records for Deep Phenotyping and Biomarker Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems typically define laboratory test results using the Laboratory Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) and can transmit them using Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) standards. LOINC has not yet been semantically integrated with computational resources for phenotype analysis. Here, we provide a method for mapping LOINC-encoded laboratory test results transmitted in FHIR standards to the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms. We annotated the medical implications of 2421 commonly used laboratory tests with HPO terms. Using these annotations, a software assesses laboratory test results and converts each into an HPO term. We validated our approach with EHR data from 15,681 patients with respiratory complaints and identified known biomarkers for asthma. Finally, we provide a freely available SMART on FHIR application that can be used within EHR systems. Our approach allows reusing readily available laboratory tests in EHR for deep phenotyping and using the hierarchical structure of HPO for association studies with medical outcomes and genomics.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe present an approach to semantically integrating LOINC-encoded laboratory data with the Human Phenotype Ontology and show that the integrated LOINC data can be used to identify biomarkers for asthma from electronic health record data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilevsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourdine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravanmehr, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robasky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fecho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsdill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vreeman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peden, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chute, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic Integration of Clinical Laboratory Tests from Electronic Health Records for Deep Phenotyping and Biomarker Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accurate reference-guided scaffolding of draft genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAs the number of new genome assemblies continues to grow, there is increasing demand for methods to coalesce contigs from draft assemblies into pseudomolecules. Most current methods use genetic maps, optical maps, chromatin conformation (Hi-C), or other long-range linking data, however these data are expensive and analysis methods often fail to accurately order and orient a high percentage of assembly contigs. Other approaches utilize alignments to a reference genome for ordering and orienting, however these tools rely on slow aligners and are not robust to repetitive contigs.nnResultsWe present RaGOO, an open-source reference-guided contig ordering and orienting tool that leverages the speed and sensitivity of Minimap2 to accurately achieve chromosome-scale assemblies in just minutes. With the pseudomolecules constructed, RaGOO identifies structural variants, including those spanning sequencing gaps that are not reported by alternative methods. We show that RaGOO accurately orders and orients contigs into nearly complete chromosomes based on de novo assemblies of Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing from three wild and domesticated tomato genotypes, including the widely used M82 reference cultivar. We then demonstrate the scalability and utility of RaGOO with a pan-genome analysis of 103 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions by examining the structural variants detected in the newly assembled pseudomolecules. RaGOO is available open-source with an MIT license at https://github.com/malonge/RaGOO.nnConclusionsWe demonstrate that with a highly contiguous assembly and a structurally accurate reference genome, reference-guided scaffolding with RaGOO outperforms error-prone reference-free methods and enable rapid pan-genome analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accurate reference-guided scaffolding of draft genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved state change estimation in dynamic functionalconnectivity using hidden semi-Markov models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of functional brain networks has grown rapidly over the past decade. While most functional connectivity (FC) analyses estimate one static network structure for the entire length of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series, recently there has been increased interest in studying time-varying changes in FC. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have proven to be a useful modeling approach for discovering repeating graphs of interacting brain regions (brain states). However, a limitation lies in HMMs assuming that the sojourn time, the number of consecutive time points in a state, is geometrically distributed. This may encourage inaccurate estimation of the time spent in a state before switching to another state. We propose a hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) approach for inferring time-varying brain networks from fMRI data, which explicitly models the sojourn distribution. Specifically, we propose using HSMMs to find each subjects most probable series of network states and the graphs associated with each state, while properly estimating and modeling the sojourn distribution for each state. We perform a simulation study, as well as an analysis on both task-based fMRI data from an anxiety-inducing experiment and resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project. Our results demonstrate the importance of model choice when estimating sojourn times and reveal their potential for understanding healthy and diseased brain mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shappell, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved state change estimation in dynamic functionalconnectivity using hidden semi-Markov models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropic Meta-Analysis of Cognition, Education, and Schizophrenia Differentiates Roles of Early Neurodevelopmental and Adult Synaptic Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liability to schizophrenia is inversely correlated with general cognitive ability at both the phenotypic and genetic level. Paradoxically, a modest but consistent positive genetic correlation has been reported between schizophrenia and educational attainment, despite the strong positive genetic correlation between cognitive ability and educational attainment. Here we leverage published GWAS in cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia to parse biological mechanisms underlying these results. Association analysis based on subsets (ASSET), a pleiotropic meta-analytic technique, allowed jointly associated loci to be identified and characterized. Specifically, we identified subsets of variants associated in the expected ("Concordant") direction across all three phenotypes (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia, lower cognitive ability, and lower educational attainment); these were contrasted with variants demonstrating the counterintuitive ("Discordant") relationship between education and schizophrenia (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia and higher educational attainment). ASSET analysis revealed 235 independent loci associated with cognitive ability, education and/or schizophrenia at p<5x10-8. Pleiotropic analysis successfully identified more than 100 loci that were not significant in the input GWASs, and many of these have been validated by larger, more recent single-phenotype GWAS. Leveraging the joint genetic correlations of cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia, we were able to dissociate two distinct biological mechanisms: early neurodevelopmental pathways that characterize concordant allelic variation, and adulthood synaptic pruning pathways that were linked to the paradoxical positive genetic association between education and schizophrenia. Further, genetic correlation analyses revealed that these mechanisms contribute not only to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia, but also to the broader biological dimensions that are implicated in both general health outcomes and psychiatric illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinvang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundervold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attix, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Need, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropic Meta-Analysis of Cognition, Education, and Schizophrenia Differentiates Roles of Early Neurodevelopmental and Adult Synaptic Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Select β-lactam combinations exhibit synergy against Mycobacterium abscessus in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes invasive pulmonary infections in patients with structural lung disease. Mab is intrinsically resistant to several classes of antibiotics and an increasing number of strains isolated from patients exhibit resistance to most antibiotics considered for treatment of Mab infections. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new regimens with improved efficacy to treat this disease. Synthesis of the essential cell wall peptidoglycan in Mab is achieved via two enzyme classes, L,D- and D-D-transpeptidases, with each class preferentially inhibited by different subclasses of {beta}-lactam antibiotics. We hypothesized that a combination of two {beta}-lactams that comprehensively inhibit the two enzyme classes will exhibit synergy in killing Mab. Paired combinations of antibiotics tested for in vitro synergy against Mab included dual {beta}-lactams, a {beta}-lactam and a {beta}-lactamase inhibitor, and a {beta}-lactam and a rifamycin. Of the initial 206 combinations screened, 24 pairs exhibited synergy. 13/24 pairs were combinations of two {beta}-lactams. 12/24 pairs brought the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both drugs to within the therapeutic range. Additionally, synergistic drug pairs significantly reduced the frequency of selection of spontaneous resistant mutants. These novel combinations of currently-available antibiotics may offer viable immediate treatment options against highly-resistant Mab infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Story-Roller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggioncalda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Select β-lactam combinations exhibit synergy against Mycobacterium abscessus in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Era in Assembly and Homeostasis of the Ribosomal Small Subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To reveal the role of the essential protein Era in the assembly of the 30S ribosomal subunit, we analyzed assembly intermediates that accumulated in Era-depleted Escherichia coli cells using quantitative mass spectrometry, cryo-electron microscopy and in-cell footprinting. Our combined approach allowed for visualization of the small subunit as it assembled and revealed that with the exception of key helices in the platform domain, all other 16S rRNA domains were able to fold even in the absence of Era. Notably, the maturing particles did not stall while waiting for the platform domain to mature and instead re-routed their folding pathway to enable concerted maturation of other structural motifs spanning multiple rRNA domains. We also found that binding of Era to the mature 30S subunit destabilized helix 44 and the decoding center preventing binding of YjeQ, another assembly factor. This work establishes Eras role in ribosome assembly and suggests new roles in maintaining ribosome homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahagirdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Blanco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Era in Assembly and Homeostasis of the Ribosomal Small Subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platelet-neutrophil aggregates promote skin pathology in psoriasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psoriasis is a frequent systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skin lesions with massive infiltration of leukocytes but frequently also presents with cardiovascular comorbidities. Especially polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) abundantly infiltrate psoriatic skin but the cues that prompt PMNs to home to the skin are not well defined. To identify PMN surface receptors that may explain PMN skin homing in psoriasis patients, we screened 332 surface antigens on primary human blood PMNs from healthy donors and psoriasis patients. We identified platelet surface antigens as a defining feature of psoriasis PMNs, due to a significantly increased aggregation of neutrophils and platelets in the blood of psoriasis patients. Similarly, in the imiquimod-induced experimental in vivo model of psoriasis, disease induction promoted PMN-platelet aggregate formation. In psoriasis patients, disease directly correlated with blood platelet counts and platelets were detected in direct contact with PMNs in psoriatic but not healthy skin. Importantly, depletion of circulating platelets in vivo ameliorated disease severity significantly, indicating that the intimate relationship of PMNs and platelets may be relevant for psoriasis pathology and disease severity, and potentially for psoriasis-associated cardiovascular comorbidities.

Key pointsO_LIHuman neutrophils in psoriasis patient blood show a distinct  platelet signature of surface antigens
C_LIO_LIPlatelets congregate with neutrophils in psoriatic skin lesions
C_LIO_LICirculating platelets contribute to psoriasis skin pathology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herster, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codrea, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Businger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaekel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabbe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoreschi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A. N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platelet-neutrophil aggregates promote skin pathology in psoriasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YAP/TAZ as a Novel Regulator of cell volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How mammalian cells regulate their physical size is currently poorly understood, in part due to the difficulty of accurately quantifying cell volume in a high throughput manner. Here, using the fluorescence exclusion method, we demonstrate that the mechanosensitive transcriptional regulators YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) are novel regulators of single cell volume. We report that the role of YAP/TAZ in cell volume regulation must go beyond its influence on total cell cycle duration or the cell shape to explain the observed changes in volume. Moreover, for our experimental conditions, volume regulation by YAP/TAZ is independent of mTOR. Instead, we find YAP/TAZ directly impacts the cell division volume. Based on the idea that YAP/TAZ is a mechanosensor, we find that inhibiting the assembly of myosin and cell tension slows cell cycle progression from G1 to S. These results suggest that YAP/TAZ and the Hippo pathway may be modulating cell volume in combination with cytoskeletal tension during cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez Gonzalez, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochman, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran Le, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sablich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crentsil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaesu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrus, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YAP/TAZ as a Novel Regulator of cell volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tanycyte-independent control of hypothalamic leptin signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin is secreted by adipocytes to regulate appetite and body weight. Recent studies have reported that tanycytes actively transport circulating leptin across the brain barrier into the hypothalamus, and are required for normal levels of hypothalamic leptin signaling. However, direct evidence for leptin receptor (LepR) expression is lacking, and the effect of tanycyte-specific deletion of LepR has not been investigated. In this study, we analyze the expression and function of the tanycytic LepR in mice. Using single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smfISH), RT-qPCR, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq), and selective deletion of the LepR in tanycytes, we are unable to detect expression of LepR in the tanycytes. Tanycyte-specific deletion of LepR likewise did not affect leptin-induced pSTAT3 expression in hypothalamic neurons, regardless of whether leptin was delivered by intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular injection. Finally, we use activity-regulated scRNA-Seq (act-Seq) to comprehensively profile leptin-induced changes in gene expression in all cell types in mediobasal hypothalamus. Clear evidence for leptin signaling is only seen in endothelial cells and subsets of neurons, although virtually all cell types show leptin-induced changes in gene expression. We thus conclude that LepR expression in tanycytes is either absent or undetectably low, that tanycytes do not directly regulate hypothalamic leptin signaling through a LepR-dependent mechanism, and that leptin regulates gene expression in diverse hypothalamic cell types through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tanycyte-independent control of hypothalamic leptin signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of coregistration of gradient recalled echo images on quantitative susceptibility and R2* mapping at 7T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionWhile image coregistration is inevitable and quantitative parametric maps, such as R2* and QSM, are increasingly used in multi-parametric studies of the brain, there is a lack of investigations on the reliability of quantitative metrics after coregistration. The purposes of this study were 1) to evaluate the reliability of R2* and QSM at 7T and 2) to assess the statistical agreement in the quantitative metrics obtained by two different coregistration approaches.

MethodsWe compared the reliability of R2* and quantitative susceptibility maps obtained from brains of eight healthy participants by two coregistration approaches: 1) transformation of pre-processed quantitative maps and 2) processing quantitative maps after transformation using pixel- and ROI-based analyses. Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, Paired T, Intraclass-correlation tests were performed appropriately.

ResultsR2* remained invariant regardless of the cogeneration timing. However, magnetic susceptibility was significantly altered when processed in transformed space, whereas it remained invariant in all KS-tests and pixel values were only different in 2 out of 64 U-tests for direct QSM coregistration. Paired t-test revealed that ROI-based group-mean R2* was invariant to both approaches, while group-mean susceptibility was invariant to direct coregistration but differed in one structure processed in transformed space. For all pairs of measurements of R2*, ICCs were excellent. ICCs for magnetic susceptibility were excellent when processed in its native space while the ICCs were lower than 0.9 or poor when processed in transformed space. Further analysis revealed that the choice of interpolation approach affected the resultant QSM.

ConclusionsOur study shows that R2* could be safely processed in a transformed space, whereas QSM was less reliable when processed in the transformed space. Hence, caution is advised when using QSM in a multi-parametric study, and it is strongly recommended to process QSM in its native space prior to any coregistration or spatial transformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of coregistration of gradient recalled echo images on quantitative susceptibility and R2* mapping at 7T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commonly used insect repellents hide human odors from Anopheles mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mode of action for most mosquito repellents is unknown. This is primarily due to the difficulty in monitoring how the mosquito olfactory system responds to repellent odors. Here, we used the Q-system of binary expression to enable activity-dependent Ca2+ imaging in olfactory neurons of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. This system allows neuronal responses to common insect repellents to be directly visualized in living mosquitoes from all olfactory organs including the antenna. The synthetic repellents DEET and IR3535 did not activate Odorant Receptor Co-Receptor (Orco) expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) at any concentration, while picaridin weakly activated ORNs only at high concentrations. In contrast, natural repellents (i.e. lemongrass oil and eugenol) strongly activated small numbers of ORNs in the mosquito antennae at low concentrations. We determined that DEET, IR3535, and picaridin decrease the response of Orco expressing ORNs when these repellents are physically mixed with activating human-derived odorants. We present evidence that synthetic repellents may primarily exert their olfactory mode of action by decreasing the amount of activating ligand reaching ORNs. These results suggest that synthetic repellents disruptively change the chemical profile of host scent signatures on the skin surface rendering humans invisible to mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afify, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riabinina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commonly used insect repellents hide human odors from Anopheles mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type Classification and Unsupervised MorphologicalPhenotype Identification from Low-Res Images with DeepLearning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have been used for both classification and semantic segmentation of cellular images. Here we establish a method for cell type classification utilizing images taken on a benchtop microscope directly from cell culture flasks eliminating the need for a dedicated imaging platform. Significant flask-to-flask heterogeneity was discovered and overcome to support network generalization to novel data. Cell density was found to be a prominent source of heterogeneity even within the single-cell regime indicating the presence of morphological effects due to diffusion-mediated cell-cell interaction. Expert classification was poor for single-cell images and excellent for multi-cell images suggesting experts rely on the identification of characteristic phenotypes within subsets of each population and not ubiquitous identifiers. Finally we introduce Self-Label Clustering, an unsupervised clustering method relying on ConvNet feature extraction able to identify distinct morphological phenotypes within a cell type, some of which are observed to be cell density dependent.

Author summaryK.Y., N.D.R., and S.X.S. designed experiments and computational analysis. K.Y. performed experiments and ConvNets design/training, K.Y., N.D.R and S.X.S wrote the paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type Classification and Unsupervised MorphologicalPhenotype Identification from Low-Res Images with DeepLearning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The enigmatic role of fungal annexins: the case of Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Annexins are multifunctional proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Annexins play a myriad of critical and well-characterized roles in mammals, ranging from membrane repair to vesicular secretion. The role of annexins in the kingdoms of bacteria, protozoa and fungi have been largely overlooked. The fact that there is no known homologue of annexins in the model organism may contribute to this gap in knowledge. However, annexins are found in most medically important fungal pathogens, with the notable exception of Candida albicans. In this study we evaluated the function of the one annexin gene in Cryptococcus neoformans, a causative agent of cryptococcosis. This gene CNAG_02415, is annotated in the C. neoformans genome as a target of calcineurin through its transcription factor Crz1, and we propose to update its name to cryptococcal annexin, AnnexinC1. C. neoformans strains deleted for AnnexinC1 revealed no difference in survival after exposure to various chemical stressor relative the wild type, as well as no major alteration in virulence or mating. The only alteration observed in strains deleted for AnnexinC1 was a small increase in the titan cells formation in vitro. The preservation of annexins in many different fungal species suggests an important function, and therefore the lack of a strong phenotype for annexin-deficient C. neoformans is suggestive of either redundant genes that can compensate for the absence of AnnexinC1 function or novel functions not revealed by standard assays of cell function and pathogenicity.

ImportanceCryptococcus neoformans is the deadliest human fungal pathogen, causing almost 200,000 deaths each year. Treatment of this lethal infection is lengthy, and in some patients therapy is not curative and patients require lifelong therapy. Fundamental research in this yeast is needed so that we can understand mechanisms of infection and disease and ultimately devise better therapies. In this work we investigated a fungal representative of the annexin family of proteins, specifically in the context of virulence and mating. We find that the cryptococcal annexin does not seem to be involved in virulence or mating but affects generation of titan cells, enlarged yeast cells that are detected in the lungs of mammalian hosts. Our data provides new knowledge in an unexplored area of fungal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maryam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faneuff, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The enigmatic role of fungal annexins: the case of Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving Proteinuria Screening with Mailed Smartphone Urinalysis Testing in Previously Unscreened Patients with Hypertension: a Randomized Controlled Trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProteinuria screening is recommended for patients with hypertension to screen for kidney disease and identify those at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. However, screening rates among hypertensive patients are low. Home testing strategies may be useful in improving proteinuria screening adherence.

MethodsWe conducted an individual-level, randomized trial at 55 primary care clinic sites in the Geisinger Health System to evaluate the effectiveness of a strategy using home smartphone urinalysis test (Dip.io) to complete proteinuria screening in previously unscreened non-diabetic patient portal users with hypertension. All patients received an educational letter and a standing urinalysis lab order, and then were randomized to control (usual care) or intervention. Intervention arm participants were invited to complete proteinuria screening with a mailed home smartphone urinalysis test. Co-primary outcomes were completion of proteinuria screening and number of albuminuria cases (albumin/creatinine ratio [ACR] [&ge;] 30 mg/g or protein/creatinine ratio [&ge;] 150 mg/g) at the end of 3 months. We also evaluated patient satisfaction with the home test, and compliance with recommendations for patients with newly detected albuminuria.

ResultsA total of 999 patients were randomized to intervention or control. Out of 499 patients assigned to the intervention arm, 253 were reached by phone, and 69/97 (71.1%) consented patients completed the home test. Overall, the intervention increased proteinuria screening completion (28.9% vs. 18.0%; p<0.001) with no effect on the number of albuminuria cases (4 vs. 4) although only 6/57 (10.5%) patients with trace or 1+ urine dipstick protein had a follow-up quantitative test. Among the 55 patients who completed a survey after the home test, 89% preferred testing at home rather than the physicians office.

ConclusionsA strategy using a home urinalysis smartphone test increased proteinuria screening rates in previously unscreened patients with hypertension and may be useful in increasing rates of proteinuria screening compliance. Future studies are needed to determine whether improving early detection of kidney disease can improve future kidney health.

Trial RegistrationClinical Trial Registry: NCT03470701

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03470701
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yule, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molecavage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving Proteinuria Screening with Mailed Smartphone Urinalysis Testing in Previously Unscreened Patients with Hypertension: a Randomized Controlled Trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional intra-operative guidance of the cavernous nerve network using near-infrared cyanine voltage-sensitive dye imaging: relevance for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite current progress achieved in the surgical technique of radical prostatectomy, post-operative complications such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence persist at high incidence rates. In this paper, we present a methodology for functional intra-operative localization of the cavernous nerve (CN) network for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy using near-infrared cyanine voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging, which visualizes membrane potential variations in the CN and its branches (CNB) in real time. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate a functioning complex nerve network in response to electrical stimulation of the CN, which was clearly differentiated from surrounding tissues in an in vivo rat prostate model. Stimulation of an erection was confirmed by correlative intracavernosal pressure (ICP) monitoring. Within 10 minutes, we performed trans-fascial staining of the CN by direct VSD administration. Our findings suggest the applicability of VSD imaging for real-time, functional imaging guidance during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harraz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional intra-operative guidance of the cavernous nerve network using near-infrared cyanine voltage-sensitive dye imaging: relevance for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manganese-induced Parkinsonism in mice is reduced using a novel contaminated water sediment exposure model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of heavy metals on human health have become an important area of study. For instance, acute manganese toxicity is known to induce Parkinsonism. Heavy metals including manganese enter the aquatic environment from both anthropogenic and natural processes. These metals accumulate within water sediments and their behavior is then dependent upon the sediment composition and phase. These metal-sediment interactions remain to be explored within in-vivo animal studies. To study the effect of these interactions, herein we successfully developed an exposure model in mice that encapsulates the aquatic microenvironment of heavy metals before exposure. Male and female C57/BL6 mice were exposed to manganese contaminated sediment via their drinking water (Sed_Mn) or to manganese placed directly into their drinking water with no prior sediment interaction (Mn) for six weeks. Sediment interaction did not alter total manganese in drinking water (mg/L) or weekly manganese consumption (mg) in males (54.9{+/-}1.5 mg) or females (44.6{+/-}1.0 mg) over the six-week exposure period. We analyzed motor impairment, a common feature in Parkinsons disease, using the beam traversal, cylinder, and accelerating rotarod behavioral tests. We observed Parkinsons like deficits in motor control in both treatment groups as early as four weeks of exposure in males but not in females. Intriguingly, mice given water incubated with manganese spiked sediment (Sed_Mn) performed better overall compared to mice given manganese directly in water (Mn) despite having similar exposure in males and females. Male Sed_Mn mice compared to Mn mice had a 146% reduction in time to cross the beam traversal test (p<0.05), a 10% increase in rearing activity in the cylinder test (p<0.05), and a 14% increase in time remaining on the rotarod (not significant). Female Sed_Mn mice compared to Mn mice had no change in the time to cross the beam traversal test, a 36% increase in rearing activity in the cylinder test (p<0.05), and a 35% increase in time on the rotarod (p<0.05). Our study indicates that metal-sediment interactions may alter metal toxicity in mammals and introduces a new exposure model to test the toxicity of metal contaminants of drinking water.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freeman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manganese-induced Parkinsonism in mice is reduced using a novel contaminated water sediment exposure model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared pathway of exosome biogenesis operates at plasma and endosome membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells secrete exosomes, which are small (~30-200 nm dia.), single membrane-bound organelles that transmit signals and molecules to other cells. Exosome-mediated signaling contributes to diverse physiological and disease processes, rendering their biogenesis of high biomedical importance. The prevailing hypothesis is that exosomes bud exclusively at endosome membranes and are released only upon endosome fusion with the plasma membrane. Here we tested this hypothesis by examining the intracellular sorting and exosomal secretion of the exosome cargo proteins CD63, CD9, and CD81. We report here that CD9 and CD81 are both localized to the plasma membrane and bud >5-fold more efficiently than endosome-localized CD63. Furthermore, we show that redirecting CD63 from endosomes to the plasma membrane by mutating its endocytosis signal (CD63/Y235A) increased its exosomal secretion ~6-fold, whereas redirecting CD9 to endosomes by adding an endosome targeting signal (CD9/YEVM) reduced its exosomal secretion ~5-fold. These data demonstrate that the plasma membrane is a major site of exosome biogenesis, and more importantly, that cells possess a common pathway for exosome protein budding that operates at both plasma and endosome membranes. Using a combination of single-particle interferometry reflectance (SPIR) imaging and immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy, we also show that variations in exosome composition are controlled by differential intracellular protein trafficking rather than by separate mechanisms of exosome biogenesis. This new view of exosome biogenesis offers a simple explanation for the pronounced compositional heterogeneity of exosomes and a validated roadmap for exosome engineering.

SummaryThis study of exosome cargo protein budding reveals that cells use a common pathway for budding exosomes from plasma and endosome membranes, providing a new mechanistic explanation for exosome heterogeneity and a rational roadmap for exosome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordjour, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daaboul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/545228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared pathway of exosome biogenesis operates at plasma and endosome membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and p53 Regulate Mammalian PNS and CNS Axon Regeneration downstream of c-Myc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although several genes have been identified to promote axon regeneration in the central nervous system, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated is still limited and fragmented. Here by using sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration as model systems, we revealed an unexpected role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulation of axon regeneration. We also provided strong evidence that TERT and p53 acted downstream of c-Myc to control sensory axon regeneration. More importantly, overexpression of p53 in sensory neurons and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was sufficient to promote sensory axon and optic never regeneration, respectively. The study revealed a novel c-Myc-TERT-p53 signaling pathway, expanding horizons for novel approaches promoting CNS axon regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijilafu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and p53 Regulate Mammalian PNS and CNS Axon Regeneration downstream of c-Myc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Basis of Transcriptional and Spatial Heterogeneity of Squamous Features in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies indicate that pancreatic cancer expression profiles are variable and largely reflect a classical or basal-type phenotype. We performed genetic sequencing, RNA-seq, and histologic review of multiregion sampled pancreatic cancers and found that squamous and squamoid features, indicators of poor prognosis, correlate with a "basal-like" expressional type. Cancers with squamous features were more likely to have truncal mutations in chromatin modifier genes and intercellular heterogeneity for MYC amplification that was associated with entosis. In most patients the basal phenotype coexisted with a glandular component, and phylogenetic studies indicated that it arose from a subclonal population in the tumor. These data provide a unifying paradigm for understanding the interrelationship of basal-type features, squamous histology, and somatic mutations in chromatin modifier genes in the context of the clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makohon-Moore, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attiyeh, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohutek, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boumiza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappagantula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadalavada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanjangud, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basturk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimstra, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overholtzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Basis of Transcriptional and Spatial Heterogeneity of Squamous Features in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exosome-mediated MIR211 modulates tumor microenvironment via the DUSP6-ERK5 axis and contributes to BRAFV600E inhibitor resistance in melanoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microRNA MIR211 is an important regulator of melanoma tumor cell behavior. Previous studies suggested that in certain tumors, MIR211 acted as a tumor suppressor while in others it behaved as an oncogenic regulator. When MIR211 is expressed in BRAFV600E-mutant A375 melanoma cells in mouse xenografts, it promotes aggressive tumor growth accompanied by increased cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. We demonstrate that MIR211 is transferred to adjacent cells in the tumor micro-environment via exosomes. Cross-species genome-wide transcriptomic analysis showed that human tumor-derived MIR211 interacts with the mouse transcriptome in the tumor microenvironment, and activates ERK5 signaling in human tumor cells via the modulation of a feedback loop. Human miR211 directly inhibits human DUSP6 protein phosphatase at the post-transcriptional level. We provide support for the hypothesis that DUSP6 inhibition conferred resistance of the human tumor cells to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and to the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib, with associated increases in ERK5 phosphorylation. These findings are consistent with a model in which MIR211 regulates melanoma tumor proliferation and BRAF inhibitor resistance by inducing ERK5 signaling within the complex tumor microenvironment. We propose that the MIR211-ERK5 axis represents an important and sensitive regulatory arm in melanoma with potential theranostic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layng, F. I. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exosome-mediated MIR211 modulates tumor microenvironment via the DUSP6-ERK5 axis and contributes to BRAFV600E inhibitor resistance in melanoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preferential Binding of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies to an Unexpected Epitope of a Chimeric Proteinase 3 Mutant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveProteinase 3 (PR3) is the major antigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) in the systemic autoimmune vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). PR3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (PR3-ANCAs) recognize different epitopes on PR3. We aimed to study the effect of mutations on PR3 antigenicity.

MethodsThe recombinant PR3 variants, iPR3 which is clinically used to detect PR3-ANCAs and iHm5 which contains three point mutations in Epitope 1 and 5 generated for epitope mapping studies, immunoassays and serum samples from patients enrolled in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) clinical trials were used to screen the differential PR3-ANCA binding. Selective binding was determined by inhibition experiments.

ResultsRather than a reduced binding of PR3-ANCAs to iHm5, we found substantially increased binding of the majority of PR3-ANCAs to iHm5 compared with iPR3. A monoclonal ANCA (moANCA518) from a patient with GPA was found to selectively bind to iHm5 within the mutation-free Epitope 3 and distant from the point mutations of iHm5 contained in Epitope 1 and 5. Binding of iPR3 to monoclonal antibody MCPR3-2 also induced recognition by moANCA518.

ConclusionThe preferential binding of PR3-ANCAs from patients like the selective binding of moANCA518 to iHm5 is conferred by increased antigenicity of Epitope 3 on iHm5. This can also be induced on iPR3 when it is captured by monoclonal antibody MCPR-2. This previously unrecognized characteristic of PR3-ANCA interactions with its target antigen has implications for studying antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, understanding of variable performance characteristics of immunoassays and design of potential novel treatment approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casal Moura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fussner, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenne, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmuth, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fervenza, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallenberg, C. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langford, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkel, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monach, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiera, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Clair, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ytterberg, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specks, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preferential Binding of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies to an Unexpected Epitope of a Chimeric Proteinase 3 Mutant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of genetically driven alternative splicing identifies FBXO38 as a novel COPD susceptibility gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While many disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci, eQTLs), a large proportion of complex disease genome-wide association study (GWAS) variants are of unknown function. Some of these SNPs may contribute to disease by regulating gene splicing. Here, we investigate whether SNPs that are associated with alternative splicing (splice QTL or sQTL) can identify novel functions for existing GWAS variants or suggest new associated variants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

RNA sequencing was performed on whole blood from 376 subjects from the COPDGene Study. Using linear models, we identified 561,060 unique sQTL SNPs associated with 30,333 splice sites corresponding to 6,419 unique genes. Similarly, 708,928 unique eQTL SNPs involving 15,913 genes were detected at 10% FDR. While there is overlap between sQTLs and eQTLs, 60% of sQTLs are not eQTLs. Co-localization analysis revealed that 7 out of 21 loci associated with COPD (p<1x10-6) in a published GWAS have at least one shared causal variant between the GWAS and sQTL studies. Among the genes identified to have splice sites associated with top GWAS SNPs was FBXO38, in which a novel exon was discovered to be protective against COPD. Importantly, the sQTL in this locus was validated by qPCR in both blood and lung tissue, demonstrating that splice variants relevant to lung tissue can be identified in blood. Other identified genes included CDK11A and SULT1A2.

Overall, these data indicate that analysis of alternative splicing can provide novel insights into disease mechanisms. In particular, we demonstrated that SNPs in a known COPD GWAS locus on chromosome 5q32 influence alternative splicing in the gene FBXO38.

Author SummaryWhile it is known that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused in part by genetic factors, few studies have identified specific causative genes. Genetic variants that alter the expression levels of genes have explained part of the genetic component of COPD, however, there are additional genetic variants with unknown function. In some genes the protein coding sequence can be altered by a mechanism known as RNA splicing. We hypothesized that some genetic variants that are associated with risk of COPD contribute to the disease by altering RNA splicing. In this study, we identified genetic variants that are associated both with COPD risk and RNA splicing. In particular, we found that a COPD associated variant of previously unknown function may contribute to the inclusion of a new exon in the FBXO38 gene. These finding are significant because they indicate that analysis of RNA splicing can help identify genes that contribute to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saferali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakornsakolpat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boezen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersh, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COPDGene Investigators, and the International COPD Genetics Consortium Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of genetically driven alternative splicing identifies FBXO38 as a novel COPD susceptibility gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous and exogenous control of visuospatial selective attention in freely behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective spatial attention, the ability to dynamically prioritize the most important spatial location, is essential for adaptive behavior. It has been studied primarily in head-fixed animals, and almost exclusively in primates. Here, we report the development of two human-inspired, discrimination-based behavioral paradigms for studying selective visuospatial attention in the freely behaving mouse: the spatial probability task, and the flanker task. In the spatial probability task, we found enhanced response accuracy, perceptual discriminability, and rates of sensory evidence accumulation at the location with higher probability of target occurrence, and opposite effects at the lower probability location. In the absence of systematic differences in sensory input, motor biases, and trial structure, these results demonstrated endogenous expectation-driven shifts of spatial attention. In the flanker task, we found that a second,  flanker stimulus presented with the target, but with incongruent information, caused switch-like decrements in response accuracy and perceptual discriminability as a function of flanker contrast, as well as a reduced rate of evidence accumulation. These results demonstrated exogenous capture of spatial attention. The innovation of behavioral tasks for selective visuospatial attention in unrestrained mice opens up a rich avenue for future research dissecting the neural circuit mechanisms underlying this critical executive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>You, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous and exogenous control of visuospatial selective attention in freely behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomously replicating linear plasmids facilitate the analysis of replication origin function in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to generate autonomously replicating plasmids has been elusive in Candida albicans, a prevalent human fungal commensal and pathogen. Instead, plasmids generally integrate into the genome. Here, we assessed plasmid and transformant properties, including plasmid geometry, transformant colony size, four selectable markers, and potential origins of replication for their ability to drive autonomous plasmid maintenance. Importantly, linear plasmids with terminal telomere repeats yielded many more autonomous transformants than circular plasmids with the identical sequences.

Furthermore, we could distinguish by colony size, transient, autonomously replicating and chromosomally integrated transformants (tiny, medium and large, respectively). Candida albicans URA3 and a heterologous marker, ARG4, yielded many transient transformants indicative of weak origin activity; replication of plasmid carrying heterologous LEU2 marker was highly dependent upon the addition of a bona fide origin sequence. Several bona fide chromosomal origins, with an origin fragment of ~100 bp as well as a heterologous origin, panARS, from Kluyveromyces lactis drove autonomous replication, yielding moderate transformation efficiency and plasmid stability. Thus, C. albicans maintains linear plasmids that yield high transformation efficiency and are maintained autonomously in an origin-dependent manner.

ImportanceCircular plasmids are important tools for molecular manipulation in model fungi such as bakers yeast, yet, in Candida albicans, an important yeast pathogen of humans, prior studies were not able to generate circular plasmids that were autonomous (duplicated without inserting themselves into the chromosome). Here, we found that linearizing circular plasmids with sequences from telomeres, the chromosome ends, allows the plasmids to duplicate and segregate in C. albicans. We used this system to identify chromosomal sequences that facilitate the initiation of plasmid replication (origins) and to show that a ~100 bp fragment of a C. albicans origin, as well as an origin sequence from a distantly related yeast, can both function as origins in C. albicans. Thus, the requirements for plasmid geometry, but not necessarily for origin sequences, differ between C. albicans and bakers yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bijlani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thevandavakkam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomously replicating linear plasmids facilitate the analysis of replication origin function in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermal sensors improve wrist-worn position tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wearable devices provide a means of tracking hand position in relation to the head, but have mostly relied on wrist-worn inertial measurement unit sensors and proximity sensors, which are inadequate for identifying specific locations. This limits their utility for accurate and precise monitoring of behaviors or providing feedback to guide behaviors. A potential clinical application is monitoring body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs), recurrent, injurious behaviors directed toward the body, such as nail biting and hair pulling, that are often misdiagnosed and undertreated. Here, we demonstrate that including thermal sensors achieves higher accuracy in position tracking when compared against inertial measurement unit and proximity sensor data alone. Our Tingle device distinguished between behaviors from six locations on the head across 39 adult participants, with high AUROC values (best was back of the head: median (1.0), median absolute deviation (0.0); worst was on the cheek: median (0.93), median absolute deviation (0.09)). This study presents preliminary evidence of the advantage of including thermal sensors for position tracking and the Tingle wearable devices potential use in a wide variety of settings, including BFRB diagnosis and management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermal sensors improve wrist-worn position tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delivering on the Vision of Bench to Bedside: A Rare Disease Funding Community Collaboration to Develop Effective Therapies for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The time from target identification to new drug approval is often measured in decades. This can be even more challenging for rare diseases. Indeed, 95% of rare diseases do not have a specific therapy approved. Coordinated efforts to support research along the drug development pipeline can provide long term and comprehensive support to enable scientific breakthroughs for rare diseases. However, this requires coordination across multiple stakeholders. The present article analyzes the funding efforts of four major federal and philanthropic organizations to accelerate the advancement of MEK inhibitors to human clinical trials for NF1-associated tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>La Rosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browder, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delivering on the Vision of Bench to Bedside: A Rare Disease Funding Community Collaboration to Develop Effective Therapies for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo mutations across 1,465 diverse genomes reveal novel mutational insights and reductions in the Amish founder population. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
de novo Mutations (DNMs), or mutations that appear in an individual despite not being seen in their parents, are an important source of genetic variation whose impact is relevant to studies of human evolution, genetics, and disease. Utilizing high-coverage whole genome sequencing data as part of the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, we directly estimate and analyze DNM counts, rates, and spectra from 1,465 trios across an array of diverse human populations. Using the resulting call set of 86,865 single nucleotide DNMs, we find a significant positive correlation between local recombination rate and local DNM rate, which together can explain up to 35.5% of the genome-wide variation in population level rare genetic variation from 41K unrelated TOPMed samples. While genome-wide heterozygosity does correlate weakly with DNM count, we do not find significant differences in DNM rate between individuals of European, African, and Latino ancestry, nor across ancestrally distinct segments within admixed individuals. However, interestingly, we do find significantly fewer DNMs in Amish individuals compared with other Europeans, even after accounting for parental age and sequencing center. Specifically, we find significant reductions in the number of T[-&gt;]C mutations in the Amish, which seems to underpin their overall reduction in DNMs. Finally, we calculate near-zero estimates of narrow sense heritability (h2), which suggest that variation in DNM rate is significantly shaped by non-additive genetic effects and/or the environment, and that a less mutagenic environment may be responsible for the reduced DNM rate in the Amish.

SignificanceHere we provide one of the largest and most diverse human de novo mutation (DNM) call sets to date, and use it to quantify the genome-wide relationship between local mutation rate and population-level rare genetic variation. While we demonstrate that the human single nucleotide mutation rate is similar across numerous human ancestries and populations, we also discover a reduced mutation rate in the Amish founder population, which shows that mutation rates can shift rapidly. Finally, we find that variation in mutation rates is not heritable, which suggests that the environment may influence mutation rates more significantly than previously realized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesch, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziniti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Quiros, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Zoellner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo mutations across 1,465 diverse genomes reveal novel mutational insights and reductions in the Amish founder population.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans secretes small molecules that inhibit IL-1β inflammasome-dependent secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes disease mainly in immunosuppressed hosts. It is considered a facultative intracellular pathogen because of its capacity to survive and replicate inside phagocytes, especially macrophages. This capacity is heavily dependent on various virulence factors, particularly the glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) component of the polysaccharide capsule, that render the non- or poorly-activated macrophage ineffective against phagocytosed yeast. Strategies utilized by macrophages to prevent this scenario include pyroptosis (a rapid highly inflammatory cell death) and vomocytosis (the expulsion of the pathogen from the intracellular environment without lysis). Inflammasome activation in phagocytes is usually protective against fungal infections, including cryptococcosis. Nevertheless, recognition of C. neoformans by inflammasome receptors requires specific changes in morphology or the opsonization of the yeast, impairing a proper inflammasome function. In this context, we analyzed the impact of molecules secreted by C. neoformans B3501 strain and its acapsular mutant{Delta} cap67 in an inflammasome activation in vitro model. Our results showed that conditioned media derived from B3501 was capable of inhibiting inflammasome dependent events (i. e. IL-1{beta} secretion and LDH release via pyroptosis) more strongly than conditioned media from{Delta} cap67, regardless of GXM presence. We also demonstrated that macrophages treated with conditioned media were less responsive against infection with the virulent strain H99, exhibiting lower rates of phagocytosis, increased fungal burdens and enhanced vomocytosis. Moreover, we showed that the aromatic metabolite DL-Indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) was present in B3501s conditioned media and that this fungal metabolite is involved in the regulation of inflammasome activation by C. neoformans. Overall, the results presented show that conditioned media from a wild-type strain can inhibit an important recognition pathway and subsequent fungicidal functions of macrophages, contributing to fungal survival in vitro and suggesting that this serves as an important role for secreted molecules during cryptococcal infections.

Authors SummaryCryptococcus neoformans is the agent of cryptococcal meningitis, a disease that can be life-threatening in immunocompromised hosts such as those infected with HIV. The infection thrives in hosts that poorly activate their immune system, mainly because of the yeasts ability to survive inside macrophages and migrate towards the central nervous system. Emerging data indicate that cryptococci modulate the host immune response, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely uncharacterized. Here we show that secreted molecules from a wild-type strain of C. neoformans impair inflammatory responses driven by inflammasome activation, which in turn impact the macrophage antifungal activity. We further show that this inhibition does not involve GXM, the main constituent of the fungal capsule, but rather is partially dependent on DL-Indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), a metabolite not previously implicated in fungal virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bürgel, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, P. H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holanda, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, R. d. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans secretes small molecules that inhibit IL-1β inflammasome-dependent secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Invasive EEG Implantations in Medically Refractory Epilepsy with Functional Scalp EEG Recordings and Structural Imaging Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seizures in patients with medically refractory epilepsy (MRE) epilepsy cannot be controlled with drugs. For focal MRE, seizures originate in the epileptogenic zone (EZ), which is the minimum amount of cortex that must be treated to be seizure free. Localizing the EZ is often a laborious process wherein clinicians first inspect scalp EEG recordings during several seizure events, and then formulate an implantation plan for subsequent invasive monitoring. The goal of implantation is to place electrodes into the brain region covering the EZ. Then, during invasive monitoring, clinicians visually inspect intracranial EEG recordings to more precisely localize the EZ. The EZ is then surgically removed. Unfortunately surgical success rates average at 50%. Such grim outcomes call for analytical assistance in creating more accurate implantation plans from scalp EEG. In this paper, we introduce a method that combines imaging data (CT and MRI scans) with scalp EEG to derive an implantation distribution. Specifically, scalp EEG data recorded over a seizure event is converted into a time-gamma frequency map, which is then processed to derive a spectrally annotated implantation distribution (SAID). The SAID represents a distribution of gamma power in each of the eight cortical lobe/hemisphere partitions. We applied this method to 4 MRE patients who underwent treatment, and found that the SAID distribution overlapped more with clinical implantations in success cases than in failed cases. These preliminary findings suggest that the SAID may help in improving EZ localization accuracy and surgical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palepu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costacurta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulacio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Invasive EEG Implantations in Medically Refractory Epilepsy with Functional Scalp EEG Recordings and Structural Imaging Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although it is suspected that there are millions of distinct viral species, fewer than 9,000 are catalogued in GenBanks RefSeq database. We selectively enriched for and amplified the genomes of circular DNA viruses in over 70 animal samples, ranging from cultured soil nematodes to human tissue specimens. A bioinformatics pipeline, Cenote-Taker, was developed to automatically annotate over 2,500 circular genomes in a GenBank-compliant format. The new genomes belong to dozens of established and emerging viral families. Some appear to be the result of previously undescribed recombination events between ssDNA viruses and ssRNA viruses. In addition, hundreds of circular DNA elements that do not encode any discernable similarities to previously characterized sequences were identified. To characterize these "dark matter" sequences, we used an artificial neural network to identify candidate viral capsid proteins, several of which formed virus-like particles when expressed in culture. These data further the understanding of viral sequence diversity and allow for high throughput documentation of the virosphere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tisza, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastrana, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starrett, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesavento, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whited, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenchley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosshart, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doorbar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta'ala, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segall, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome stability profiling identifies novel and functional MIRNA targets in melanoma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA half-life is closely related to its cellular physiological function, so stability determinants may have regulatory functions. Micro(mi)RNAs have primarily been studied with respect to post-transcriptional mRNA regulation and target degradation. Here we study the impact of the tumor suppressive melanoma miRNA miR-211 on transcriptome stability and phenotype in the non-pigmented melanoma cell line, A375. Using 5-bromouridine IP chase (BRIC)-seq, transcriptome-wide RNA stability profiles revealed highly regulated genes and pathways important in this melanoma cell line. By combining BRIC-seq, RNA-seq and in silico predictions, we identified both existing and novel direct miR-211 targets. We validated DUSP3 as one such novel miR-211 target, which itself sustains colony formation and invasion in A375 cells via MAPK/PI3K signaling. miRNAs have the capacity to control RNA turnover as a gene expression mechanism, and RNA stability profiling is an excellent tool for interrogating functionally relevant gene regulatory pathways and miRNA targets when combined with other high-throughput and in silico approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome stability profiling identifies novel and functional MIRNA targets in melanoma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment-shortening effect of a novel regimen combining high-dose rifapentine and clofazimine in pathologically distinct mouse models of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-dose rifapentine and clofazimine have each separately been associated with treatment-shortening activity when incorporated into tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens. We hypothesized that both modifications, i.e., the addition of clofazimine and the replacement of rifampin with high-dose rifapentine, in the first-line regimen for drug-susceptible TB would significantly shorten the duration of treatment necessary for cure. We tested this hypothesis in a well-established BALB/c mouse model of TB chemotherapy and also in a C3HeB/FeJ mouse model in which mice can develop caseous necrotic lesions, an environment where rifapentine and clofazimine may individually be less effective. In both mouse models, replacing rifampin with high-dose rifapentine and adding clofazimine in the first-line regimen resulted in greater bactericidal and sterilizing activity than either modification alone, suggesting that a rifapentine- and clofazimine-containing regimen may have the potential to significantly shorten the treatment duration for drug-susceptible TB. These data provide preclinical evidence supporting the evaluation of regimens combining high-dose rifapentine and clofazimine in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermburger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosset, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment-shortening effect of a novel regimen combining high-dose rifapentine and clofazimine in pathologically distinct mouse models of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved transcriptional regulator CdnL is required for metabolic homeostasis and morphogenesis in Caulobacter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial growth and division require regulated synthesis of the macromolecules used to expand and replicate components of the cell. Transcription of housekeeping genes required for metabolic homeostasis and cell proliferation is guided by the sigma factor {sigma}70. The conserved CarD-like transcriptional regulator, CdnL, associates with promoter regions where {sigma}70 localizes and stabilizes the open promoter complex. However, the contributions of CdnL to metabolic homeostasis and bacterial physiology are not well understood. Here, we show that Caulobacter crescentus cells lacking CdnL have severe morphological and growth defects. Specifically,{Delta} cdnL cells grow slowly in both rich and defined media, and are wider, more curved, and have shorter stalks than WT cells. These defects arise from transcriptional downregulation of most major classes of biosynthetic genes. Notably, we find that{Delta} cdnL cells are severely limited in glutamate synthesis, rendering them auxotrophic for that amino acid. Moreover,{Delta} cdnL cells produce low amounts of the cell wall precursor lipid II, and{Delta} cdnL is synthetic lethal with other genetic perturbations that limit lipid II production.{Delta} cdnL cells also have aberrant localization of MreB and CtpS, cytoskeletal proteins required for maintaining proper cell width and curvature. Interestingly, the localization of CtpS is dependent on availability of CTP, which is predicted to be low in{Delta} cdnL cells. Our findings implicate CdnL as a global regulator of genes required for metabolic homeostasis that impacts morphogenesis through availability of lipid II and through metabolite-mediated changes in localization of cytoskeletal regulators of cell shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woldemeskel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeinert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved transcriptional regulator CdnL is required for metabolic homeostasis and morphogenesis in Caulobacter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry analysis of gene-sleep interactions in 126,926 individuals identifies multiple novel blood lipid loci that contribute to our understanding of sleep-associated adverse blood lipid profile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both short and long sleep are associated with an adverse lipid profile, likely through different biological pathways. To provide new insights in the biology of sleep-associated adverse lipid profile, we conducted multi-ancestry genome-wide sleep-SNP interaction analyses on three lipid traits (HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides). In the total study sample (discovery + replication) of 126,926 individuals from 5 different ancestry groups, when considering either long or short total sleep time interactions in joint analyses, we identified 49 novel lipid loci, and 10 additional novel lipid loci in a restricted sample of European-ancestry cohorts. In addition, we identified new gene-sleep interactions for known lipid loci such as LPL and PCSK9. The novel gene-sleep interactions had a modest explained variance in lipid levels: most notable, gene-short-sleep interactions explained 4.25% of the variance in triglyceride concentration. Collectively, these findings contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in sleep-associated adverse lipid profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpeläinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabe, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mook-Kanamori, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajuddin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Spek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikäinen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Vidal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>No</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry analysis of gene-sleep interactions in 126,926 individuals identifies multiple novel blood lipid loci that contribute to our understanding of sleep-associated adverse blood lipid profile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Samovar: Single-sample mosaic SNV calling with linked reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present Samovar, a mosaic single-nucleotide variant (SNV) caller for linked-read whole-genome shotgun sequencing data. Samovar scores candidate sites using a random forest model trained using the input dataset that considers read quality, phasing, and linked-read characteristics. We show Samovar calls mosaic SNVs within a single sample with accuracy comparable to what previously required trios or matched tumor/normal pairs and outperform single-sample mosaic variant callers at MAF 5%-50% with at least 30x coverage. Furthermore, we use Samovar to find somatic variants in whole genome sequencing of both tumor and normal from 13 pediatric cancer cases that can be corroborated with high recall with whole exome sequencing. Samovar is available open-source at https://github.com/cdarby/samovar under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitch, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gastier-Foster, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardis, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Samovar: Single-sample mosaic SNV calling with linked reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of clone- and haplotype-specific cancer genome karyotypes from bulk tumor samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cancer genomes are extensively rearranged with highly aberrant chromosomal karyotypes. These genome rearrangements, or structural variants, can be detected in tumor DNA sequencing data by abnormal mapping of se-quence reads to the reference genome. However, nearly all cancer sequencing to date is of bulk tumor samples which consist of a heterogeneous mixture of normal cells and subpopulations of cancers cells, or clones, that harbor distinct somatic structural variants. We introduce a novel algorithm, Reconstructing Cancer Karyotypes (RCK), to reconstruct haplotype-specific karyotypes of one or more rearranged cancer genomes, or clones, that best explain the read alignments from a bulk tumor sample. RCK leverages specific evolutionary constraints on the somatic mutation process in cancer to reduce ambiguity in the deconvolution of admixed DNA sequence data into multiple haplotype-specific cancer karyotypes. In particular, RCK relies on generalizations of the infinite sites assumption that a genome re-arrangement is highly unlikely to occur at the same nucleotide position more than once during somatic evolution. RCKs comprehensive model allows us to incorporate information both from short and long-read sequencing technologies and is applicable to bulk tumor samples containing a mixture of an arbitrary number of derived genomes. We compared RCK to the state-of-the-art method ReMixT on a dataset of 17 primary and metastatic prostate cancer samples. We demonstrate that ReMixTs limited support for heterogeneity and lack of evolutionary constrains leads to reconstruction of implausible karyotypes. In contrast, RCKs infers cancer karyotypes that better explain read alignments from bulk tumor samples and are consistent with a reasonable evolutionary model. RCKs reconstructions of clone- and haplotype-specific karyotypes will aid further studies of the role of intra-tumor heterogeneity in cancer development and response to treatment. RCK is available at https://github.com/raphael-group/RCK.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of clone- and haplotype-specific cancer genome karyotypes from bulk tumor samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recollection and prior knowledge recruit the left angular gyrus during recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human angular gyrus (AG) is implicated in recollection, or our ability to retrieve detailed memory content from a specific study episode. Parallel work also highlights a key role of the AG in the representation of general knowledge and semantics. How these two lines of research converge remains unclear. The present fMRI experiment used a remember-know paradigm with famous and non-famous faces to test whether activity in the AG could be modulated by both task-specific recollection and general prior knowledge in the same participants. Increased BOLD activity in the left AG was observed during both recollection in the absence of prior knowledge (i.e., recollected > non-recollected or correctly rejected non-famous faces) and when prior knowledge was accessed in the absence of recollection (i.e., famous > non-famous correct rejections). This pattern was unique to the left AG, and was not present in any other regions of the lateral inferior parietal lobe. Furthermore, the response profile of the left AG was consistent with accounts of recollection strength. Recollection-related activity was greater for faces with longer exposures at encoding than those with shorter exposures and was greater for stimuli with prior knowledge than those without, despite prior knowledge being incidental to the recognition decision. Therefore, the left AG is recruited during the access of both task-specific recollection and general prior knowledge, with greater activity as the amount of retrieved information increases, irrespective of its episodic or semantic nature.

Significance StatementThe human angular gyrus (AG) is often implicated in our ability to remember past events. A separate line of research examining our ability to represent general knowledge has also highlighted the AG as a core region of interest. To reconcile these separate views of AG function, we used fMRI to test whether the human left AG was sensitive to remembering details from a specific study episode (i.e., recollection) or more general prior knowledge, within the same participants. Overall, activity in the left AG was sensitive to both recollection and prior knowledge, suggesting any complete functional account of the left AG during retrieval must consider its sensitivity to both kinds of mnemonic representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladyka-Wojcik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recollection and prior knowledge recruit the left angular gyrus during recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prototheca zopfii Genotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prototheca zopfii is an alga increasingly isolated from bovine mastitis. Of the two genotypes of P. zopfii (genotype I and II (GT-I and II)), P. zopfii GT-II is the genotype associated with acute mastitis and decreased milk production by unknown mechanisms. The objective was to determine inflammatory and apoptotic roles of P. zopfii GT-II in cultured mammary epithelial cells (from cattle and mice) and murine macrophages and using a murine model of mastitis. Prototheca zopfii GT-II (but not GT-I) invaded bovine and murine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and induced apoptosis, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. This P. zopfii GT-II driven apoptosis corresponded to mitochondrial pathways; mitochondrial transmembrane resistance ({Delta}{Psi}m) was altered and modulation of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis regulating genes changed (increased transcriptional Bax, cytochrome-c and Apaf-1 and downregulated Bcl-2), whereas caspase-9 and -3 expression increased. Apoptotic effects by P. zopfii GT-II were more pronounced in macrophages compared to MECs. In a murine mammary infection model, P. zopfii GT-II replicated in the mammary gland and caused severe inflammation with infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-, IL-1{beta} and Cxcl-1) and also apoptosis of epithelial cells. Thus, we concluded P. zopfii GT-II is a mastitis-causing pathogen that triggers severe inflammation and also mitochondrial apoptosis.

Author summaryBovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) reduces milk production and quality, causing huge economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. Although the alga Prototheca zopfii is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cows, mechanisms by which it damages mammary tissues are not well known. Here, we used cell cultures and a mouse model of mastitis to determine how Prototheca caused inflammation and cell death in mammary tissues. Prototheca invaded mammary gland cells, from cattle and mice, as well as macrophages (white cells that take up and kill pathogens) and caused cell death by interfering with mitochondria. Furthermore, Prototheca causes severe inflammation and tissue damage when injected into the mammary glands of mice. Although there are two genotypes of P. zopfii, only genotype II causes tissue damage, whereas gentotype I, common in farm environments, does not damage mammary tissues. Since P. zopfii is an alga and not a bacterium, antibiotic treatments, frequently used to treat mastitis in cattle, are not effective against this organism. Understanding how P. zopfii damages mammary tissue and causes mastitis is important new knowledge to promote future development of evidence-based approaches to prevent and treat mammary gland infections with this organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalcante, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkema, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastelic, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/562983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prototheca zopfii Genotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program seeks to elucidate the genetic architecture and disease biology of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, with the ultimate goal of improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The initial phases of the program focus on whole genome sequencing of individuals with rich phenotypic data and diverse backgrounds. Here, we describe TOPMed goals and design as well as resources and early insights from the sequence data. The resources include a variant browser, a genotype imputation panel, and sharing of genomic and phenotypic data via dbGaP. In 53,581 TOPMed samples, >400 million single-nucleotide and insertion/deletion variants were detected by alignment with the reference genome. Additional novel variants are detectable through assembly of unmapped reads and customized analysis in highly variable loci. Among the >400 million variants detected, 97% have frequency <1% and 46% are singletons. These rare variants provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history. The nearly complete catalog of genetic variation in TOPMed studies provides unique opportunities for exploring the contributions of rare and non-coding sequence variants to phenotypic variation. Furthermore, combining TOPMed haplotypes with modern imputation methods improves the power and extends the reach of nearly all genome-wide association studies to include variants down to ~0.01% in frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taliun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpiech, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagliano Taliun, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitsillides, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emde, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesch, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalazan, B. L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/563866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial retinoid acid receptor β regulates serum amyloid A expression and vitamin A-dependent intestinal immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin A is a dietary component that is essential for the development of intestinal immunity. Vitamin A is absorbed and converted to its bioactive derivatives retinol and retinoic acid by the intestinal epithelium, yet little is known about how epithelial cells regulate vitamin A-dependent intestinal immunity. Here we show that epithelial cell expression of the transcription factor retinoic acid receptor {beta} (RAR{beta}) is essential for vitamin A-dependent intestinal immunity. Epithelial RAR{beta} activated vitamin A-dependent expression of serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins by binding directly to Saa promoters. In accordance with the known role of SAAs in regulating Th17 cell effector function, epithelial RAR{beta} promoted IL-17 production by intestinal Th17 cells. More broadly, epithelial RAR{beta} was required for the development of key vitamin A-dependent adaptive immune responses, including CD4+ T cell homing to the intestine and the development of immunoglobulin A-producing intestinal B cells. Our findings provide insight into how the intestinal epithelium senses dietary vitamin A status to regulate adaptive immunity and highlight the role of epithelial cells in regulating intestinal immunity in response to diet.

Significance StatementVitamin A is a nutrient that is essential for the development of intestinal immunity. It is absorbed by gut epithelial cells which convert it to retinol and retinoic acid. Here we show that the transcription factor retinoic acid receptor {beta} (RAR{beta}) allows epithelial cells to sense vitamin A in the diet and regulate vitamin A-dependent immunity in the intestine. We find that epithelial RAR{beta} regulates several intestinal immune responses, including production of the immunomodulatory protein serum amyloid A, T cell homing to the intestine, and B cell production of immunoglobulin A. Our findings provide new insight into how epithelial cells sense vitamin A to regulate intestinal immunity and highlight why vitamin A is so important for immunity to infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gattu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dende, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chara, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhn, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sockanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/563908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial retinoid acid receptor β regulates serum amyloid A expression and vitamin A-dependent intestinal immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dengue after Zika: characterizing impacts of Zika emergence on endemic dengue transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2015 and 2016, Zika virus (ZIKV) swept through many Latin American countries where dengue virus (DENV) is endemic. Dengue and Zika viruses are of the same family, share a vector and may interact competitively or synergistically through human immune responses. We examine dengue incidence data from Brazil and Colombia from before, during, and after the Zika epidemic. We find evidence that dengue incidence was atypically low in 2017 in both Brazil and Colombia. We investigate whether Zika incidence at the state or department level is associated with changes in dengue incidence and find mixed results. We use simulations to investigate expected impact of cross-protection or enhancement between dengue and Zika. Our simulations show that regardless of the mechanism, low periods of dengue incidence are followed by a resurgence in dengue cases. It is therefore likely that countries currently experiencing low levels of dengue incidence will experience large dengue seasons in the near future. By considering multiple combinations of DENV and ZIKV reproduction numbers, we demonstrate that the mixed results of our statistical models are not entirely unexpected. Correlations in DENV and ZIKV reproduction number could contribute to complicating or masking an association between their case counts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borchering, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mier-y-Teran-Romero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, D. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barraquer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzelnick, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinkovich, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dengue after Zika: characterizing impacts of Zika emergence on endemic dengue transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GSTM1 copy number is not associated with risk of kidney failure in a large cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deletion of glutathione S-transferase {micro}1 (GSTM1) is common in populations and has been asserted to associate with chronic kidney disease progression in some research studies. The association needs to be validated. We estimated GSTM1 copy number using whole exome sequencing data in the DiscovEHR cohort. Kidney failure was defined as requiring dialysis or receiving kidney transplant using data from the electronic health record and linkage to the United States Renal Data System, or the most recent eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m2. In a cohort of 46,983 unrelated participants, 28.8% of blacks and 52.1% of whites had 0 copies of GSTM1. Over a mean of 9.2 years follow-up, 645 kidney failure events were observed in 46,187 white participants, and 28 in 796 black participants. No significant association was observed between GSTM1 copy number and kidney failure in Cox regression adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, genetic principal components, or co-morbid conditions (hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and stroke), whether using a genotypic, dominant, or recessive model. In sensitivity analyses, GSTM1 copy number was not associated with kidney failure in participants that were 45 years or older at baseline, had baseline eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, or with baseline year between 1996-2002. In conclusion, we found no association between GSTM1 copy number and kidney failure in a large cohort study.nnTranslational StatementDeletion of GSTM1 has been shown to be associated with higher risk of kidney failure. However, inconsistent results have been reported. We used electronic health record and whole exome sequencing data of a large cohort from a single healthcare system to evaluate the association between GSTM1 copy number and risk of kidney failure. We found no significant association between GSTM1 copy number and risk of kidney failure overall, or in multiple sensitivity and subgroup analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzel, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regeneron Genetics Center,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GSTM1 copy number is not associated with risk of kidney failure in a large cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrated Chemical Proteomics Approach for Quantitative Profiling of Intracellular ADP-Ribosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation is integral to a diverse range of cellular processes such as DNA repair, chromatin regulation and RNA processing. However, proteome-wide investigation of its cellular functions has been limited due to numerous technical challenges including the complexity of the poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains, low abundance of the modification and lack of sensitive enrichment methods. To facilitate live-cell profiling of ADP-ribosylated proteins, we show that 2-alkyne-adenosine (2YnAd) is metabolically incorporated in mammalian cells and enables fluorescent detection and robust affinity enrichment of the modified proteins. We then present an integrated chemical biology approach that involves simultaneous metabolic incorporation of 2YnAd and the previously reported 6-alkyne-adenosine (6YnAd) in live cells followed by click chemistry with a capture reagent to facilitate highly sensitive and comprehensive enrichment of the modified proteins. By combining this dual metabolic labelling strategy with the tandem mass tag (TMT) isobaric mass spectrometry, we have quantified the responses of thousands of endogenous proteins to clinical PARP inhibitors Olaparib and Rucaparib. Our study provides insight into the wider scope of PARP targets and will help to advance further characterisation of their functional roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukauskas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haskard, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaggio, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/568527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrated Chemical Proteomics Approach for Quantitative Profiling of Intracellular ADP-Ribosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural basis of approximate number system develops independent of visual experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thinking about numerical quantities is an integral part of daily human life that is supported by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The IPS is recruited during mathematical calculation and neuronal populations within the IPS code for the quantity of items in a set. Is the developmental basis of IPS number representations rooted in visual experience? We asked if the IPS possesses population codes for auditory quantities in sighted individuals and, critically, whether it does in the absence of any visual experience in congenitally blind individuals. We found that sequences of 4, 8, 16 and 32 tones each elicited unique patterns of fMRI activity in the IPS of both sighted and congenitally blind individuals, such that the quantity a participant heard on a given trial could be reliably predicted based on the pattern of observed IPS activity. This finding suggests that the IPS number system is resilient to dramatic changes in sensory experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigenson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural basis of approximate number system develops independent of visual experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postmortem Cortex Samples Identify Distinct Molecular Subtypes of ALS: Retrotransposon Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Activated Glia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. While several inherited pathogenic mutations have been identified as causative, the vast majority of cases are sporadic with no family history of disease. Thus, for the majority of ALS cases, a specific causal abnormality is not known and the disease may be a product of multiple inter-related pathways contributing to varying degrees in different ALS patients. Using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, we stratified the transcriptomes of 148 ALS decedent cortex tissue samples into three distinct and robust molecular subtypes. The largest cluster, identified in 61% of patient samples, displayed hallmarks of oxidative and proteotoxic stress. Another 20% of the ALS patient samples exhibited high levels of retrotransposon expression and other signatures of TDP-43 dysfunction. Finally, a third group showed predominant signatures of glial activation (19%). Together these results demonstrate that at least three distinct molecular signatures contribute to ALS disease. While multiple dysregulated components and pathways comprising these clusters have previously been implicated in ALS pathogenesis, unbiased analysis of this large survey demonstrated that sporadic ALS patient tissues can be segregated into distinct molecular subsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozhkov, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennessey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagegaltier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubnau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale Hammell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/574509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postmortem Cortex Samples Identify Distinct Molecular Subtypes of ALS: Retrotransposon Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Activated Glia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature Selection and Dimension Reduction for Single Cell RNA-Seq based on a Multinomial Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) profiles gene expression of individual cells. Recent scRNA-Seq datasets have incorporated unique molecular identifiers (UMIs). Using negative controls, we show UMI counts follow multinomial sampling with no zero-inflation. Current normalization pro-cedures such as log of counts per million and feature selection by highly variable genes produce false variability in dimension reduction. We pro-pose simple multinomial methods, including generalized principal component analysis (GLM-PCA) for non-normal distributions, and feature selection using deviance. These methods outperform current practice in a downstream clustering assessment using ground-truth datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townes, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irizarry, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/574574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature Selection and Dimension Reduction for Single Cell RNA-Seq based on a Multinomial Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of two HDAC inhibitors with distinct concomitant DNA hypermethylation or hypomethylation in breast cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation and histone acetylation are the two important epigenetic phenomena that control the status of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), a process of dosage compensation in mammals resulting in active X chromosome (Xa) and inactive X chromosome (Xi) in females. While DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are known to maintain the DNA hypermethylation of Xi, it remains to be determined how one or a few of 18 known histone deacetylases (HDACs) contribute(s) to Xi maintenance. Herein we found that HDAC1/2/4/6 were overexpressed in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, with Xa/Xa status compared to normal breast epithelial cells, MCF10A, with Xa/Xi status. Inhibition of these overexpressed HDACs with two different drugs, sodium butyrate (SB) and Trichostatin A (TSA), caused surprisingly distinct effects on global DNA methylation: hypermethylation and hypomethylation, respectively, as well as distinct effects on a repressing histone mark H3K27me3 for heterochromatin and an active mark H3K56ac for DNA damage. Surveying three DNMTs through immunoblot analyses for insights revealed the up- or down-regulation of DNMT3A upon drug treatments in a concentration-dependent manner. These results correlated with the decreased XIST and increased TSIX expression in MDA-MB 231 as a possible mechanism of Xi loss and were reversed with SB treatment. Further RNA-seq analysis indicated differential gene expression correlating with the promoter methylation status of a few genes. Collectively, our results demonstrate a crosstalk between HDACs and DNMTs and the novel involvement of HDACs in skewed Xi in breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of two HDAC inhibitors with distinct concomitant DNA hypermethylation or hypomethylation in breast cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open resource of structural variation for medical and population genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) rearrange large segments of the genome and can have profound consequences for evolution and human diseases. As national biobanks, disease association studies, and clinical genetic testing grow increasingly reliant on genome sequencing, population references such as the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) have become integral for interpreting genetic variation. To date, no large-scale reference maps of SVs exist from high-coverage sequencing comparable to those available for point mutations in protein-coding genes. Here, we constructed a reference atlas of SVs across 14,891 genomes from diverse global populations (54% non-European) as a component of gnomAD. We discovered a rich landscape of 433,371 distinct SVs, including 5,295 multi-breakpoint complex SVs across 11 mutational subclasses, and examples of localized chromosome shattering, as in chromothripsis. The average individual harbored 7,439 SVs, which accounted for 25-29% of all rare protein-truncating events per genome. We found strong correlations between constraint against damaging point mutations and rare SVs that both disrupt and duplicate protein-coding sequence, suggesting intolerance to reciprocal dosage alterations for a subset of tightly regulated genes. We also uncovered modest selection against noncoding SVs in cis-regulatory elements, although selection against protein-truncating SVs was stronger than any effect on noncoding SVs. Finally, we benchmarked carrier rates for medically relevant SVs, finding very large ([&ge;]1Mb) rare SVs in 3.8% of genomes (~1:26 individuals) and clinically reportable incidental SVs in 0.18% of genomes (~1:556 individuals). These data have been integrated directly into the gnomAD browser (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org) and will have broad utility for population genetics, disease association, and diagnostic screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karczewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alflödi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khera, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francioli, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomonson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowther, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookings, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkanas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laricchia, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) Productio,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The gnomAD Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open resource of structural variation for medical and population genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The speed of human social interaction perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to detect and understand other peoples social interactions is a fundamental part of the human visual experience that develops early in infancy and is shared with other primates. However, the neural computations underlying this ability remain largely unknown. Is the detection of social interactions a rapid perceptual process, or a slower post-perceptual inference? Here we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) decoding and computational modeling to ask whether social interactions can be detected via fast, feedforward processing. Subjects in the MEG viewed snapshots of visually matched real-world scenes containing a pair of people who were either engaged in a social interaction or acting independently. The presence versus absence of a social interaction could be read out from subjects MEG data spontaneously, even while subjects performed an orthogonal task. This readout generalized across different scenes, revealing abstract representations of social interactions in the human brain. These representations, however, did not come online until quite late, at 300 ms after image onset, well after the time period of feedforward visual processes. In a second experiment, we found that social interaction readout occurred at this same latency even when subjects performed an explicit task detecting social interactions. Consistent with these latency results, a standard feedforward deep neural network did not contain an abstract representation of social interactions at any model layer. We further showed that MEG responses distinguished between different types of social interactions (mutual gaze vs joint attention) even later, around 500 ms after image onset. Taken together, these results suggest that the human brain spontaneously extracts the presence and type of others social interactions, but does so slowly, likely relying on iterative top-down computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mynick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwisher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The speed of human social interaction perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/582908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal histone methyltransferase EZH2 regulates neuronal morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive behavior of mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/582908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies showed that in the nervous system histone methyltransferase EZH2-mediated trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) acts to regulate neural stem cell proliferation and fate specificity through silencing different gene sets. Here we explored the function of EZH2 in early post-mitotic excitatory neurons by generating a neuronal specific Ezh2 conditional knockout mouse line. The results showed that lack of neuronal EZH2 led to delayed neuronal migration, more complex dendritic arborization, and significantly increased dendritic spine density. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments comparing control and Ezh2 knockout neurons revealed that neuronal EZH2 regulated genes related to neuronal morphogenesis. In particular, Pak3 was identified as a target gene suppressed by EZH2 and H3K27me3, and expression of dominant negative PAK3 reversed Ezh2 knockout-induced higher dendritic spine density. Lastly, lack of neuronal EZH2 resulted in impaired memory behaviors in adult mice. Our results demonstrated that neuronal EZH2 played important roles in controlling multiple steps of neuronal morphogenesis during development, which had long-lasting effects on cognitive function in adult mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/582908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal histone methyltransferase EZH2 regulates neuronal morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive behavior of mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin 17 and senescence regulate the foreign body response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic biomaterials and medical devices suffer to varying levels from fibrosis via the foreign body response (FBR). To explore mechanistic connections between the immune response and fibrosis from the FBR, we first analyzed fibrotic capsule surrounding human breast implants and found increased numbers of interleukin (IL)17-producing {gamma}{delta}+ T cells and CD4+ TH17 cells as well as senescent cells. Further analysis in a murine model demonstrated an early innate IL17 response to synthetic implants, mediated by innate lymphoid cells and {gamma}{delta}+ T cells, was followed by a chronic adaptive antigen dependent CD4+ TH17 cell response. Mice deficient in IL17 signaling established that IL17 was required for the fibrotic response to materials and the development of p16INK4a senescent cells. Treatment with a senolytic agent reduced IL17 expression and fibrosis. Discovery of a feed-forward loop between the TH17 and senescence response to synthetic materials introduces new targets for therapeutic intervention in the foreign body response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mageau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderzee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorko, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadlter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cihakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdan Le Saux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin 17 and senescence regulate the foreign body response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanisms of dynamin-actin interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion is an indispensable process in the conception, development and physiology of multicellular organisms. Here we demonstrate a direct and noncanonical role for dynamin, best known as a fission GTPase in endocytosis, in cell-cell fusion. Our genetic and cell biological analyses show that dynamin colocalizes within the F-actin-enriched podosome-like structures at the fusogenic synapse, which is required for generating invasive membrane protrusions and myoblast fusion in vivo, in an endocytosis-independent manner. Biochemical, negative stain EM and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) analyses revealed that dynamin forms helices that directly bundles actin filaments by capturing multiple actin filaments at their outer rim via interactions with dynamins proline-rich domain. GTP hydrolysis by dynamin triggers disassembly of the dynamin helix, exposes the sides of the actin filaments, promotes dynamic Arp2/3-mediated branched actin polymerization, and generates a mechanically stiff actin network. Thus, dynamin functions as a unique actin-bundling protein that enhances mechanical force generation by the F-actin network in a GTPase-dependent manner. Our findings have universal implications for understanding dynamin-actin interactions in various cellular processes beyond cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerassimov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimah, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luvsanjav, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditlev, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alto, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinshaw, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanisms of dynamin-actin interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning-Assisted Digital PCR and Melt Enables Broad Bacteria Identification and Pheno-Molecular Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toward combating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, there remains an unmet need for diagnostic tools that can broadly identify the causative bacteria and determine their antimicrobial susceptibilities from complex and even polymicrobial samples in a timely manner. To address this need, a microfluidic- and machine learning-based platform that performs broad bacteria identification (ID) and rapid yet reliable antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is developed. Specifically, this new platform builds on "pheno-molecular AST", a strategy that transforms nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) into phenotypic AST through quantitative detection of bacterial genomic replication, and utilizes digital PCR and digital high-resolution melt (HRM) to quantify and identify bacterial DNA molecules. Bacterial species are identified using integrated experiment-machine learning algorithm via HRM profiles. Digital DNA quantification allows for rapid growth measurement that reflects susceptibility profiles of each bacterial species within only 30 min of antibiotic exposure. As a demonstration, multiple bacterial species and their susceptibility profiles in polymicrobial urine specimen were correctly identified with a total turnaround time of ~4 hours. With further development and clinical validation, this new platform holds the potential for improving clinical diagnostics and enabling targeted antibiotic treatments.nnTable of Contents GraphicnnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/587543_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (35K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@184e367org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16db02forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@49e48corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13bb1d6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athamanolap, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning-Assisted Digital PCR and Melt Enables Broad Bacteria Identification and Pheno-Molecular Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic factors, can be estimated from pedigree data 1, but such estimates are uninformative with respect to the underlying genetic architecture. Analyses of data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on unrelated individuals have shown that for human traits and disease, approximately one-third to two-thirds of heritability is captured by common SNPs 2-5. It is not known whether the remaining heritability is due to the imperfect tagging of causal variants by common SNPs, in particular if the causal variants are rare, or other reasons such as overestimation of heritability from pedigree data. Here we show that pedigree heritability for height and body mass index (BMI) appears to be largely recovered from whole-genome sequence (WGS) data on 25,465 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We assigned 33.7 million genetic variants to groups based upon their minor allele frequencies (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) with variants nearby, and estimated and partitioned genetic variance accordingly. The estimated heritability was 0.68 (SE 0.10) for height and 0.30 (SE 0.10) for BMI, with a range of ~0.60 - 0.71 for height and ~0.25 - 0.35 for BMI, depending on quality control and analysis strategies. Low-MAF variants in low LD with neighbouring variants were enriched for heritability, to a greater extent for protein-altering variants, consistent with negative selection thereon. Cumulatively variants with 0.0001 < MAF < 0.1 explained 0.47 (SE 0.07) and 0.30 (SE 0.10) of heritability for height and BMI, respectively. Our results imply that rare variants, in particular those in regions of low LD, is a major source of the still missing heritability of complex traits and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wainschtein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Anthropometry Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.-L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/588020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sensitive period in the neural phenotype of language in blind individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In congenital blindness, "visual" cortices respond to linguistic information, and fronto-temporal language networks are less left-lateralized. Does this plasticity follow a sensitive period? We tested this by comparing the neural basis of sentence processing in two experiments with adult-onset blind (AB, n=16), congenitally blind (CB, n=22) and blindfolded sighted controls (n=18). In Experiment 1, participants made semantic judgments for spoken sentences and solved math equations in a control condition. In Experiment 2, participants answered "who did what to whom" questions for grammatically complex (with syntactic movement) and grammatically simpler sentences. In a control condition, participants performed a memory task with lists of non-words. In both experiments, visual cortices of CB and AB but not sighted participants responded more to sentences than control conditions, but the effect was much larger in the CB group. Crucially, only the "visual" cortex of CB participants responded to grammatical complexity. Unlike the CB group, the AB group showed no reduction in left-lateralization of fronto-temporal language network relative to the sighted. These results suggest that blindness during development modifies the neural basis of language, and this effect follows a sensitive period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sensitive period in the neural phenotype of language in blind individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and molecular basis of azithromycin resistance in typhoidal Salmonella in Dhaka, Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With rising fluoroquinolone and ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi, azithromycin, a macrolide, has become the last oral drug available against typhoid. Between 2009-2016, we isolated 1,082 Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A strains in Bangladesh, 13 (12 Typhi and 1 Paratyphi A) of which were azithromycin-resistant. When compared to 462 previously sequenced Typhi strains, the genomes of the 12 azithromycin-resistant Typhi strains (4.3.1 sub-clade, H58) harbored an exclusive non-synonymous single-point mutation R717Q in AcrB, an RND-efflux pump. Expression of AcrB-R717Q in E. coli and Typhi strains increased its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for azithromycin by 11- and 3-fold respectively. The azithromycin-resistant Paratyphi A strain also contained a mutation at R717 (R717L), whose introduction in E. coli and Paratyphi A strains increased MIC by 7- and 3-fold respectively, confirming the role of R717 mutations in conferring azithromycin resistance. With increasing azithromycin use, strains with R717 mutations may spread leading to treatment failures, making antibiotic stewardship and vaccine introduction imperative.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hooda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajib, M. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santosham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and molecular basis of azithromycin resistance in typhoidal Salmonella in Dhaka, Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential expression of glutamate transporters and monoaminergic genes in major depression and suicide. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence indicates that the glutamate and monoamine systems contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide. We have tested the expression of genes encoding glutamate transporters and monoaminergic proteins in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of MDD subjects who died by suicide (MDD-S, n=51), MDD non-suicide subjects (MDD-NS, n=28), and non-psychiatric controls (CTRL, n=32). We analyzed glutamate transporters (EAAT1, EAAT2, VGLUT1, and VGLUT2) and monoaminergic genes (SERT, NET, DAT, PMAT, VMAT, TPH1 and TPH2). Females but not males with MDD showed higher expression of all glutamate transporters relative to CTRLs (P<0.05). MDD-S groups of both sexes had higher VGLUT2 expression (P<0.05). MDD-S females who were antidepressant positive (+) had lower EAAT1 expression (P=0.004), perhaps indicating poor treatment response. Analyses of monoaminergic genes revealed lower VMAT1 expression (P=0.002) in MDD males, and conversely higher VMAT2 in MDD females (P=0.004). MDD females also had higher VMAT2, TPH2 and NET expression (p<0.05), and in contrast, MDD males had lower VMAT1 and PMAT expression. Therefore, we report sex differences in the expression of glutamate transporters and some monoaminergic genes in the DLPFC in MDD. Most of these findings are novel, but lower EAAT1 expression in MDD-S replicates previous studies. Lower EAAT1 expression coupled with higher VGLUT2 expression in MDD-S may lead to increased synaptic glutamate, neuronal loss and glial loss in the DLPFC in MDD and suicide reported previously. These deficits may contribute to lower DLPFC activity, poor problem solving and impaired executive function exhibited in severe depression and suicide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajilore, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/596403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential expression of glutamate transporters and monoaminergic genes in major depression and suicide.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestry-specific polygenic scores and SNP heritability of 25(OH)D in African- and European-ancestry populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ContextVitamin D inadequacy, assessed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], affects around 50% of adults in the United States and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Blood 25(OH)D concentrations are influenced by genetic factors that may determine how much vitamin D intake is required to reach optimal 25(OH)D. Despite large genome-wide association studies (GWASs), only a small portion of the genetic factors contributing to differences in 25(OH)D levels has been discovered.nnObjectiveTherefore, knowledge of a fuller set of genetic factors could be useful for risk prediction of 25(OH)D inadequacy, personalized vitamin D supplementation, and prevention of morbidity and mortality from deficient 25(OH)D.nnDesignUsing PRSice and weights from published African- and European-ancestry GWAS summary statistics, ancestry-specific polygenic scores (PGSs) were created to capture a more complete set of genetic factors.nnPatients or Other ParticipantsParticipants (European ancestry n=9,569, African ancestry n=2,761) came from three cohort studies.nnMain Outcome Measure(s)Blood concentrations of 25(OH)D.nnResultsThe PGS for African ancestry was derived using all input SNPs (a p-value cut-off of 1.0) and had an R2 of 0.3%; for European ancestry, the optimal PGS used a p-value cut-off of 3.5x10-4 in the target/tuning dataset and had an R2 of 1.0% in the validation cohort. Those with highest genetic risk had 25(OH)D that was 2.8-3.0 ng/ml lower than those with lowest genetic risk (p=0.0463 to 3.2x10-13), requiring an additional 467 to 500 IU of vitamin D intake to maintain equivalent 25(OH)D.nnConclusionsPGSs are a powerful predictive tool that could be leveraged for personalized vitamin D supplementation to prevent the negative downstream effects of 25(OH)D inadequacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatchell, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbring, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michos, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/596619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestry-specific polygenic scores and SNP heritability of 25(OH)D in African- and European-ancestry populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New β-Lactamase Inhibitors Nacubactam and Zidebactam Improve the In Vitro Activity of β-Lactam Antibiotics Against Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Clinical Isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The new diazabicyclooctane-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitors avibactam and relebactam improve the in vitro activity of {beta}-lactam antibiotics against Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC). Here, we evaluated the in vitro activity of two newer diazabicyclooctane-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitors in clinical development, nacubactam and zidebactam, with {beta}-lactams against clinical isolates of MABC. Both inhibitors lowered the MICs of their partner {beta}-lactams, meropenem (eight-fold) and cefepime (two-fold), and those of other {beta}-lactams, similar to prior results with avibactam and relebactam.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New β-Lactamase Inhibitors Nacubactam and Zidebactam Improve the In Vitro Activity of β-Lactam Antibiotics Against Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Clinical Isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of new tools to identify expanded repeats: an intronic pentamer expansion in RFC1 causes CANVAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic technologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) are revolutionizing molecular diagnostics and clinical medicine. However, these approaches have proven inefficient at identifying pathogenic repeat expansions. Here, we apply a collection of bioinformatics tools that can be utilized to identify either known or novel expanded repeat sequences in NGS data. We performed genetic studies of a cohort of 35 individuals from 22 families with a clinical diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). Analysis of whole genome sequence (WGS) data with five independent algorithms identified a recessively inherited intronic repeat expansion [(AAGGG)exp] in the gene encoding Replication Factor C1 (RFC1). This motif, not reported in the reference sequence, localized to an Alu element and replaced the reference (AAAAG)11 short tandem repeat. Genetic analyses confirmed the pathogenic expansion in 18 of 22 CANVAS families and identified a core ancestral haplotype, estimated to have arisen in Europe over twenty-five thousand years ago. WGS of the four RFC1 negative CANVAS families identified plausible variants in three, with genomic re-diagnosis of SCA3, spastic ataxia of the Charlevoix-Saguenay type and SCA45. This study identified the genetic basis of CANVAS and demonstrated that these improved bioinformatics tools increase the diagnostic utility of WGS to determine the genetic basis of a heterogeneous group of clinically overlapping neurogenetic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafehi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szmulewicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diakumis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcina, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chancellor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delatycki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halmagyi, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapetanovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrikios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosemargy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of new tools to identify expanded repeats: an intronic pentamer expansion in RFC1 causes CANVAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensemble modeling of auditory streaming reveals potential sources of bistability across the perceptual hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual bistability--the spontaneous fluctuation of perception between two interpretations of a stimulus--occurs when observing a large variety of ambiguous stimulus configurations. This phenomenon has the potential to serve as a tool for, among other things, understanding how function varies across individuals due to the large individual differences that manifest during perceptual bistability. Yet it remains difficult to interpret the functional processes at work, without knowing where bistability arises during perception. In this study we explore the hypothesis that bistability originates from multiple sources distributed across the perceptual hierarchy. We develop a hierarchical model of auditory processing comprised of three distinct levels: a Peripheral, tonotopic analysis, a Central analysis computing features found more centrally in the auditory system, and an Object analysis, where sounds are segmented into different streams. We model bistable perception within this system by injecting adaptation, inhibition and noise into one or all of the three levels of the hierarchy. We evaluate a large ensemble of variations of this hierarchical model, where each model has a different configuration of adaptation, inhibition and noise. This approach avoids the assumption that a single configuration must be invoked to explain the data. Each model is evaluated based on its ability to replicate two hallmarks of bistability during auditory streaming: the selectivity of bistability to specific stimulus configurations, and the characteristic log-normal pattern of perceptual switches. Consistent with a distributed origin, a broad range of model parameters across this hierarchy lead to a plausible form of perceptual bistability. The ensemble also appears to predict that greater individual variation in adaptation and inhibition occurs in later stages of perceptual processing.nnAuthor summaryOur ability to experience the everyday world through our senses requires that we resolve numerous ambiguities present in the physical evidence available. This is accomplished, in part, through a series of hierarchical computations, in which stimulus interpretations grow increasingly abstract. Our ability to resolve ambiguity does not always succeed, such as during optical illusions. In this study, we examine a form of perceptual ambiguity called bistability--cases in which a single individuals perception spontaneously switches back and forth between two interpretations of a single stimulus. A challenge in understanding bistability is that we dont know where along the perceptual hierarchy it is generated. Here we test the idea that there are multiple origins by building a simulation of the auditory system. Consistent with a multi-source account of bistability, this simulation accurately predicts perception of a simple auditory stimulus when bistability originates from a number of different sources within the model. The data also indicate that individual differences during ambiguous perception may primarily originate from higher levels of the perceptual hierarchy. This result provides a clue for future work aiming to determine how auditory function differs across individual brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Little, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensemble modeling of auditory streaming reveals potential sources of bistability across the perceptual hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The full-length transcriptome of C. elegans using direct RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current transcriptome annotations have largely relied on short read lengths intrinsic to most widely used high-throughput cDNA sequencing technologies. For example, in the annotation of the Caenorhabditis elegans transcriptome, more than half of the transcript isoforms lack full-length support and instead rely on inference from short reads that do not span the full length of the isoform. We applied nanopore-based direct RNA sequencing to characterize the developmental polyadenylated transcriptome of C. elegans. Taking advantage of long reads spanning the full length of mRNA transcripts, we provide support for 20,902 splice isoforms across 14,115 genes, without the need for computational reconstruction of gene models. Of the isoforms identified, 2,188 are novel splice isoforms not present in the Wormbase WS265 annotation. Furthermore, we identified 16,325 3 untranslated region (3UTR) isoforms, 2,304 of which are novel and do not fall within 10 bp of existing 3UTR datasets and annotations. Combining 3UTRs and splice isoforms we identified 25,944 full-length isoforms. We also determined that poly(A) tail lengths of transcripts vary across development, as do the strengths of previously reported correlations between poly(A) tail length and expression level, and poly(A) tail length and 3UTR length. Finally, we have formatted this data as a publically accessible track hub, enabling researchers to explore this dataset easily in a genome browser.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roach, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The full-length transcriptome of C. elegans using direct RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the prediction of protein abundance from RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProfiling of mRNA expression is an important method to identify biomarkers but complicated by limited correlations between mRNA expression and protein abundance. We hypothesised that these correlations could be improved by mathematical models based on measuring splice variants and time delay in protein translation.

MethodsWe characterised time-series of primary human naive CD4+ T cells during early T-helper type 1 differentiation with RNA-sequencing and mass-spectrometry proteomics. We then performed computational time-series analysis in this system and in two other key human and murine immune cell types. Linear mathematical mixed time-delayed splice variant models were used to predict protein abundances, and the models were validated using out-of-sample predictions. Lastly, we re-analysed RNA-Seq datasets to evaluate biomarker discovery in five T-cell associated diseases, validating the findings for multiple sclerosis (MS) and asthma.

ResultsThe new models demonstrated median correlations of mRNA-to-protein abundance of 0.79-0.94, significantly out-performing models not including the usage of multiple splice variants and time-delays, as shown in cross-validation tests. Our mathematical models provided more differentially expressed proteins between patients and controls in all five diseases. Moreover, analysis of these proteins in asthma and MS supported their relevance. One marker, sCD27, was clinically validated in MS using two independent cohorts, for treatment response and prognosis.

ConclusionOur splice variant and time-delay models substantially improved the prediction of protein abundance from mRNA data in three immune cell-types. The models provided valuable biomarker candidates, which were validated in clinical studies of MS and asthma. We propose that our strategy is generally applicable for biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magnusson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rundquist, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>benson, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cabrero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kockum, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagodic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellergard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altafini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernerudh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenmalm, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestor, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the prediction of protein abundance from RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated RNA and metabolite profiling of urine liquid biopsies for prostate cancer biomarker discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensitive and specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer (PCa) are urgently needed. Urine samples are a non-invasive means to obtain abundant and readily accessible "liquid biopsies". Herein we used urine liquid biopsies to identify and characterize a novel group of urine-enriched RNAs and metabolites in PCa patients and normal individuals with or without benign prostatic disease. Differentially expressed RNAs were identified in urine samples by deep sequencing and metabolites in urine were measured by mass spectrometry. The mRNA and metabolite profiles were distinct in patients with benign and malignant disease. Integrated analysis of urinary gene expression and metabolite signatures unveiled an aberrant glutamate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle node in prostate cancer-derived cells. Functional validation supports a role for glutamate metabolism and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1)-dependent redox balance in prostate cancer, which can be exploited for novel biomarkers and therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovich, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroth, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated RNA and metabolite profiling of urine liquid biopsies for prostate cancer biomarker discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholera in Internally Displaced Persons Camps in Borno State--Nigeria, 2017: A qualitative study of the multi-sectorial emergency response to stop the spread of the outbreak 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction/BackgroundIn August 2017, a cholera outbreak started in Muna Garage IDPs camp, Borno State-Nigeria, and >5000 cases occurred in six local government areas. This qualitative study evaluated perspectives about the emergency response to this outbreak.nnMethods/FindingsWe conducted 39 key informant interviews and focused group discussions, and reviewed 21 documents with participants involved with surveillance, water-sanitation-hygiene, case management, oral cholera vaccine, communications, logistics, and coordination. Qualitative data analysis used thematic techniques comprising key-words-in-context, word-repetition, and key-sector-terms.nnAuthorities were alerted quickly, but outbreak declaration took 12 days due to a 10 day delay waiting for culture confirmation. Outbreak investigation revealed several potential transmission channels, but a leaking latrine around the index cases house was not repaired for >7 days.nnUse of chlorine disinfectant was initially not accepted by the community due to rumors that it would sterilize women. This could have been avoided with improved community consultation. Initially, key messages were communicated in Hausa, although  Kanuri was the primary language; later this was corrected. Planning would have benefited using exercise drills to identify weaknesses, and inventory sharing to avoid stock outs.nnThe response by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency was perceived to be slow and an increased risk from Eid El Jabir festival with increased movement and food sharing was not recognized. Case management was provided at treatment centers, but some partners were concerned that their work was recognized asking, "who gets the glory and the data?"nnOCV was provided to nearly one million people and it distribution benefited from a robust polio vaccine structure; however, logistical problems related to payment of staff needed resolution.nnInitial coordination was thought to be slow, but improved by activating an Emergency Operations Centre. The Borno Ministry of Health used an Incident Management System to coordinate multi-sectoral response activities.nnThese were informed by daily reviews of epi curves and geo-coordinate maps. The synergy between partners and government improved when each recognized the governments leadership role.nnConclusions/SignificanceDespite a timely alert of the outbreak, the delayed declaration led to a slowed initial response, but this improved during the course of the outbreak. OCV distribution was efficient and benefited from the OPV infrastructure. Improvements in laboratory capacity are urgently needed.nnAuthor SummaryIn August 2017, a cholera outbreak started in the Muna Garage Internally Displaced Persons (IPDs) camp in Borno State, Nigeria. By October, it appeared in six local government areas with a total of 5,340 cases reported including 61 deaths. We evaluated the perspectives of the emergency response by the government of Nigeria and implementing partners to stop the outbreak. We conducted 39 interviews and group discussions and also studied 21 documents related to the outbreak response. We found that epidemiologic surveillance timely alerted the health authorities about the outbreak, but the outbreak was declared 12 days later, awaiting for culture confirmation. This led to delays in the initial response. We also observed that conditions in the IDPs camps like overflowing latrines, overcrowding, and open defecation were highly favorable to cholera transmission. Improved IDP camp conditions are needed to prevent cholera and other water born infections and strengthened laboratory capacity is needed to enable a more rapid response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngwa, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wondimagegnehu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okudo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owili, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugochukwu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaux, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihekweazu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholera in Internally Displaced Persons Camps in Borno State--Nigeria, 2017: A qualitative study of the multi-sectorial emergency response to stop the spread of the outbreak]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dialysis Procedure Triggers Autonomic Imbalance and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Continuous 14-day ECG Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn end-stage kidney disease the dialytic cycle relates to the rate of sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that circadian, dialytic cycles, paroxysmal arrhythmias, and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with periodic changes in heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in incident dialysis patients.nnMethodsWe conducted a prospective ancillary study of the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End Stage Renal Disease cohort (n=28; age 54{+/-}13 y; 57% men; 96% black; 33% with a history of structural heart disease; left ventricular ejection fraction 70{+/-}9%). Continuous ECG monitoring was performed using an ECG patch (Zio Patch, iRhythm) and short-term HRV was measured for three minutes every hour. HRV was measured by root mean square of the successive normal-to-normal intervals (rMSSD), high and low frequency power, Poincare plot, and sample and Renyi entropy.nnResultsArrhythmias were detected in 46% (n=13). Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) was more frequent during dialysis or within 6 hours post-dialysis, as compared to pre-or between-dialysis (63% vs. 37%, P=0.015), whereas supraventricular tachycardia was more frequent pre-/ between-dialysis, as compared to during-/ post-dialysis (84% vs. 16%, P=0.015). In adjusted for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity panel (ARCH) model, VT events were associated with increased heart rate by 11.2 (95%CI 10.1-12.3) bpm (P<0.0001). During regular dialytic cycle, rMSSD demonstrated significant circadian pattern (Mesor 10.6(0.9-11.2) ms; Amplitude 1.5(1.0-3.1) ms; Peak at 02:01(20:22-03:16) am; P<0.0001), which was abolished on a second day interdialytic extension (adjusted ARCH trend for rMSSD -1.41(-1.67 to -1.15) ms per 24h; P<0.0001).nnConclusionCardiac arrhythmias associate with dialytic phase. Regular dialytic schedule preserves physiological circadian rhythm, but the second day without dialysis is characterized by parasympathetic withdrawal and a steady increase in sympathetic predominance.nnSubject TermsArrhythmias, Autonomic Nervous System, Electrocardiology (ECG), Treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogovoy, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Alday, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Pershing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroy-Trujillo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrella, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozio, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaar, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tereshchenko, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/601542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dialysis Procedure Triggers Autonomic Imbalance and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Continuous 14-day ECG Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YAP controls cell migration and invasion through a Rho-GTPase switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating the mechanisms controlling the invasive spread of non-diseased and transformed cells is central to understanding diverse processes including cancer progression. Here, we found that Yes-associated protein (YAP), a central transcriptional regulator implicated in controlling organ and body size, modulated a Rho-GTPase switch that drives cellular migration by transactivating the Rac1-GEF protein TRIO through direct modulation of its intronic enhancer. Additionally, YAP and TRIO may promote invasive behavior through putative crosstalk with STAT3 signaling, a potential downstream target. Although we found this YAP-dependent infiltrative program in many cell types, it was particularly enhanced in a patient-specific manner in the most common malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), where hyperactivation of the YAP, TRIO, and STAT3 signatures also conferred poor clinical outcome. Our analysis suggests that the YAP-TRIO-Rho-GTPase signaling network identified in this study is a ubiquitous regulator of invasive cell spread in both physiological and pathological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippens, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohyeldin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vela, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gutierrez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YAP controls cell migration and invasion through a Rho-GTPase switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basal Contamination of Bulk Sequencing: Lessons from the GTEx dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the challenges of next generation sequencing (NGS) is read contamination. We used the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, a large, diverse, and robustly generated dataset, to understand the factors that contribute to contamination. We obtained GTEx datasets and technical metadata and validating RNA-Seq from other studies. Of 48 analyzed tissues in GTEx, 26 had variant co-expression clusters of four known highly expressed and pancreas-enriched genes (PRSS1, PNLIP, CLPS, and/or CELA3A). Fourteen additional highly expressed genes from other tissues also indicated contamination. Sample contamination by non-native genes was associated with a sample being sequenced on the same day as a tissue that natively expressed those genes. This was highly significant for pancreas and esophagus genes (linear model, p=9.5e-237 and p=5e-260 respectively). Nine SNPs in four genes shown to contaminate non-native tissues demonstrated allelic differences between DNA-based genotypes and contaminated sample RNA-based genotypes, validating the contamination. Low-level contamination affected 4,497 (39.6%) samples (defined as 10 PRSS1 TPM). It also led [&ge;] to eQTL assignments in inappropriate tissues among these 18 genes. We note this type of contamination occurs widely, impacting bulk and single cell data set analysis. In conclusion, highly expressed, tissue-enriched genes basally contaminate GTEx and other datasets impacting analyses. Awareness of this process is necessary to avoid assigning inaccurate importance to low-level gene expression in inappropriate tissues and cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillalamarri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basal Contamination of Bulk Sequencing: Lessons from the GTEx dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolved resistance to GAPDH inhibition results in loss of the Warburg Effect but retains a different state of glycolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect (WE) is characterized by increased glucose uptake and incomplete oxidation to lactate. Although ubiquitous, the biological role of the WE remains controversial and whether glucose metabolism is functionally different during fully oxidative glycolysis or during the WE is unknown. To investigate this question, we evolved resistance to koningic acid (KA), a natural product shown to be a specific inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a rate-controlling glycolytic enzyme during the WE. We find that KA-resistant cells lose the WE but conduct glycolysis and surprisingly remain dependent on glucose and central carbon metabolism. Consequentially this altered state of glycolysis leads to differential metabolic activity and requirements including emergent activities in and dependencies on fatty acid metabolism. Together, these findings reveal that, contrary to some recent reports, aerobic glycolysis is a functionally distinct entity from conventional glucose metabolism and leads to distinct metabolic requirements and biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liberti, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locasale, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolved resistance to GAPDH inhibition results in loss of the Warburg Effect but retains a different state of glycolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Nanopore Sequencing with Cas9 for studies of methylation, structural variants and mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing technology can rapidly and directly interrogate native DNA molecules. Often we are interested only in interrogating specific areas at high depth, but conventional enrichment methods have thus far proved unsuitable for long reads1. Existing strategies are currently limited by high input DNA requirements, low yield, short (<5kb) reads, time-intensive protocols, and/or amplification or cloning (losing base modification information). In this paper, we describe a technique utilizing the ability of Cas9 to introduce cuts at specific locations and ligating nanopore sequencing adaptors directly to those sites, a method we term  nanopore Cas9 Targeted-Sequencing (nCATS).nnWe have demonstrated this using an Oxford Nanopore MinION flow cell (Capacity >10Gb+) to generate a median 165X coverage at 10 genomic loci with a median length of 18kb, representing a several hundred-fold improvement over the 2-3X coverage achieved without enrichment. We performed a pilot run on the smaller Flongle flow cell (Capacity ~1Gb), generating a median coverage of 30X at 11 genomic loci with a median length of 18kb. Using panels of guide RNAs, we show that the high coverage data from this method enables us to (1) profile DNA methylation patterns at cancer driver genes, (2) detect structural variations at known hot spots, and (3) survey for the presence of single nucleotide mutations. Together, this provides a low-cost method that can be applied even in low resource settings to directly examine cellular DNA. This technique has extensive clinical applications for assessing medically relevant genes and has the versatility to be a rapid and comprehensive diagnostic tool. We demonstrate applications of this technique by examining the well-characterized GM12878 cell line as well as three breast cell lines (MCF-10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) with varying tumorigenic potential as a model for cancer.nnContributionsTG and WT constructed the study. TG performed the experiments. TG, IL, and FS analyzed the data. TG, JG, ER, RB and AH and developed the method. TG and WT wrote the paper
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondeau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Nanopore Sequencing with Cas9 for studies of methylation, structural variants and mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EM-LDDMM for 3D to 2D registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We examine the problem of mapping dense 3D atlases onto censored, sparsely sampled 2D target sections at micron and meso scales. We introduce a new class of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LD-DMM) algorithms for generating dense atlas correspondences onto sparse 2D samples by introducing a field of hidden variables which must be estimated representing a large class of target image uncertainties including (i) unknown parameters representing cross stain contrasts, (ii) censoring of tissue due to localized measurements of target subvolumes and (iii) sparse sampling of target tissue sections. For prediction of the hidden fields we introduce the generalized expectation-maximization algorithm (EM) for which the E-step calculates the conditional mean of the hidden variates simultaneously combined with the diffeomorphic correspondences between atlas and target coordinate systems. The algorithm is run to fixed points guaranteeing estimators satisfy the necessary maximizer conditions when interpreted as likelihood estimators. The dense mapping is an injective correspondence to the sparse targets implying all of the 3D variations are performed only on the atlas side with variation in the targets only 2D manipulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EM-LDDMM for 3D to 2D registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Google searches accurately forecast RSV hospitalizations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHospitalization of children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common and costly. Traditional sources of hospitalization data, useful for public health decision-makers and physicians to make decisions, are themselves costly to acquire and are subject to delays from gathering to publication. Here we use Google searches for RSV as a proxy for RSV hospitalizations.nnMethodsSearches for "RSV" and numbers of RSV hospitalizations in WA, MD, FL, and CT were examined from 2004-2018. Running correlation coefficients and phase angles between search and hospitalizations were calculated. Various machine learning models were compared to assess the ability of searches to forecast hospitalizations. Using search data from all 50 US states, we use K-means clustering to identify RSV transmission clusters. We calculate the timing of the optimal timing of RSV prophylaxis initiation as the week beginning the 24-week period covering 95% of all RSV cases.nnResultsHigh correlations (> 0.95) and low phase differences were seen between counts of hospitalizations and search volume in WA, MD, FL, and CT. Searching for RSV began in FL and radiated outward and three distinct transmission clusters were identified: the south and northeast, the northwest and Appalachia, and the center of the country. Calculated initiation dates for prophylaxis closely followed those calculated using traditional data sources (correlation = 0.84).nnConclusionsThis work validates searches as a proxy for RSV hospitalizations. Search query surveillance of RSV is a rapid and no-cost addition to traditional RSV hospitalization surveillance and may be useful for medical and public health decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Althouse, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpino, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, I. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dredze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Google searches accurately forecast RSV hospitalizations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designer DNA architecture offers precise and multivalent spatial pattern-recognition for viral sensing and inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA, when folded into nanostructures of customizable shapes, is capable of spacing and arranging external ligands in a desired geometric pattern with nanometer-precision. This allows DNA to serve as an excellent, biocompatible scaffold for complex spatial pattern-recognizing displays. In this report, we demonstrate that a templated designer DNA nanostructure achieves multi-ligand display with precise spatial pattern-recognition, representing a unique strategy in synthesizing potent viral sensors and inhibitors. Specifically, a star-shaped DNA architecture, carrying five molecular beacon-like motifs, was constructed to display ten dengue virus envelope protein domain-III (ED3)-binding aptamers into a 2D pattern precisely matching the pentagonal arrangement of ED3 clusters on the dengue viral surface. The resulting spatial pattern recognition and multivalent interactions achieve high dengue-binding avidity, conferring direct, highly-sensitive, facile, low-cost, and rapid sensing as well as potent viral inhibition capability. Our molecular-platform design strategy could be adapted to detect and combat other disease-causing pathogens, including bacteria and microbial-toxins, by generating the requisite ligand patterns on customized DNA nanoarchitectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dordick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linhardt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designer DNA architecture offers precise and multivalent spatial pattern-recognition for viral sensing and inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAPAS: A Thresholding Approach for Probability Map Automatic Segmentation in Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Total brain white matter lesion (WML) volume is the most widely established magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcome measure in studies of multiple sclerosis (MS). To estimate WML volume, there are a number of automatic segmentation methods, yet, manual delineation remains the gold standard approach. These approaches often yield a probability map to which a threshold is applied to create lesion segmentation masks. Unfortunately, few approaches systematically determine the threshold employed; many methods use a manually selected threshold, thus introducing human error and bias into the automated procedure. In this study, we propose and validate an automatic thresholding algorithm, Thresholding Approach for Probability Map Automatic Segmentation in Multiple Sclerosis (TAPAS), to obtain subject-specific threshold estimates for probability map automatic segmentation of T2-weighted (T2) hyperintense WMLs. Using multimodal MRI, the proposed method applies an automatic segmentation algorithm to obtain probability maps. We obtain the true subject-specific threshold that maximizes Sorensen-Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Then the subject-specific thresholds are modeled on a naive estimate of volume using a general additive model. Applying this model, we predict a subject-specific threshold in data not used for training. We ran a Monte Carlo-resampled split-sample cross-validation (100 validation sets) using two data sets: the first obtained from the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) on a Philips 3 Tesla (3T) scanner (n = 94) and a second collected at the Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH) using a Siemens 3T scanner (n = 40). By means of the proposed automated technique, in the JHH data, we found an average reduction in subject-level absolute error of 0.1 mL per one mL increase in manual volume. Using Bland-Altman analysis, we found that volumetric bias associated with group-level thresholding is mitigated when applying TAPAS. The BWH data showed similar absolute error estimates using group-level thresholding or TAPAS likely since Bland-Altman analyses indicate no systematic biases associated with group or TAPAS volume estimates. The current study presents the first validated fully automated method for subject-specific threshold prediction to segment brain lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valcarcel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muschelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/609156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAPAS: A Thresholding Approach for Probability Map Automatic Segmentation in Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of mitochondrial DNA copy number estimation techniques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a measure of the number of mitochondrial genomes per cell, is a minimally invasive proxy measure for mitochondrial function and has been associated with several aging-related diseases. Although quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is the current gold standard method for measuring mtDNA-CN, mtDNA-CN can also be measured from genotyping microarray probe intensities and DNA sequencing read counts. To conduct a comprehensive examination on the performance of these methods, we use known mtDNA-CN correlates (age, sex, white blood cell count, Duffy locus genotype, incident cardiovascular disease) to evaluate mtDNA-CN calculated from qPCR, two microarray platforms, as well as whole genome (WGS) and whole exome sequence (WES) data across 1,085 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and 3,489 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). We observe mtDNA-CN derived from WGS data is significantly more associated with known correlates compared to all other methods (p < 0.001). Additionally, mtDNA-CN measured from WGS is on average more significantly associated with traits by 5.6 orders of magnitude and has effect size estimates 5.8 times more extreme than the current gold standard of qPCR. We further investigated the role of DNA extraction method on mtDNA-CN estimate reproducibility and found mtDNA-CN estimated from cell lysate is significantly less variable than traditional phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (p = 5.44x10-4) and silica-based column selection (p = 2.82x10-7). In conclusion, we recommend the field moves towards more accurate methods for mtDNA-CN, as well as re-analyze trait associations as more WGS data becomes available from larger initiatives such as TOPMed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpter, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/610238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of mitochondrial DNA copy number estimation techniques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectal Coding: Discovering the Structures Linking Cognitive Phenotypes to Individual Histories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive phenotypes characterize our memories, beliefs, skills, and preferences, and arise from our ancestral, developmental, and experiential histories. These histories are written into our brain structure through the building and modification of various brain circuits. Connectal coding, by way of analogy with neural coding, is the art, study, and practice of identifying the network structures that link cognitive phenomena to individual histories. We propose a formal statistical framework for connectal coding and demonstrate its utility in several applications spanning experimental modalities and phylogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/610501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectal Coding: Discovering the Structures Linking Cognitive Phenotypes to Individual Histories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal cord astrocytes in the functional maturation of motor neurons in a multielectrode array system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to generate human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural cells displaying region-specific phenotypes is of particular interest for modeling central nervous system (CNS) biology in vitro. We describe a unique method by which spinal cord hiPSC-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) are cultured with spinal cord hiPSC-derived motor neurons (hiPSC-MN) in a multielectrode array (MEA) system to record electrophysiological activity over time. We show that hiPSC-A enhance hiPSC-MN electrophysiological maturation in a time-dependent fashion. The sequence of plating, density, and age in which hiPSC-As are co-cultured with MN, but not their respective hiPSC line origin, are factors that influence neuronal electrophysiology. When compared to co-culture with mouse primary spinal cord astrocytes, we observe an earlier and more robust electrophysiological maturation in the fully human cultures, suggesting that the human origin is relevant to the recapitulation of astrocyte/motor neuron cross-talk. Finally, we test pharmacological compounds on our MEA platform and observe changes in electrophysiological activity which confirm hiPSC-MN maturation. These findings are supported by immunocytochemistry and real time PCR studies in parallel cultures demonstrating human astrocyte mediated changes in the structural maturation and protein expression profiles of the neurons. Interestingly, this relationship is reciprocal and co-culture with neurons influences astrocyte maturation as well. Taken together these data indicate that in a human in vitro spinal cord culture system, astrocytes alter hiPSC-MN maturation in a time-dependent and species specific manner and suggest a closer approximation of in vivo conditions.nnMain PointsO_LIWe developed a method for the co-culture of human iPSC-A/MN for multielectrode array recordings.nC_LIO_LIThe morphological, molecular, pharmacological, and electrophysiological characterization of the co-cultures suggests bidirectional maturation.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauria, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal cord astrocytes in the functional maturation of motor neurons in a multielectrode array system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radiator: a cloud-based framework for deploying reusable bioinformatics tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryAccessibility and usability of compute-intensive bioinformatics tools can be increased with simplified web-based graphic user interfaces. However, deploying such tools as web applications presents additional barriers, including the complexity of developing a usable interface, network latency in transferring large datasets, and cost, which we encountered in developing a web-based version of our command-line tool CellNet. Learning and generalizing from this experience, we have devised a lightweight framework, Radiator, to facilitate deploying bioinformatics tools as web applications. To achieve reproducibility, usability, consistent accessibility, throughput, and cost-efficiency, Radiator is designed to be deployed on the cloud. Here, we describe the internals of Radiator and how to use it.nnAvailability and ImplementationCode for Radiator and the CellNet Web Application are freely available at https://github.com/pcahan1 under the MIT license. The CellNet WebApp, Radiator, and Radiator-derived applications can be launched through public Amazon Machine Images from the cloud provider Amazon Web Services (AWS) (https://aws.amazon.com/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radiator: a cloud-based framework for deploying reusable bioinformatics tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward A Reproducible, Scalable Framework for Processing Large Neuroimaging Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging neuroimaging datasets (collected through modalities such as Electron Microscopy, Calcium Imaging, or X-ray Microtomography) describe the location and properties of neurons and their connections at unprecedented scale, promising new ways of understanding the brain. These modern imaging techniques used to interrogate the brain can quickly accumulate gigabytes to petabytes of structural brain imaging data. Unfortunately, many neuroscience laboratories lack the computational expertise or resources to work with datasets of this size: computer vision tools are often not portable or scalable, and there is considerable difficulty in reproducing results or extending methods. We developed an ecosystem of neuroimaging data analysis pipelines that utilize open source algorithms to create standardized modules and end-to-end optimized approaches. As exemplars we apply our tools to estimate synapse-level connectomes from electron microscopy data and cell distributions from X-ray microtomography data. To facilitate scientific discovery, we propose a generalized processing framework, that connects and extends existing open-source projects to provide large-scale data storage, reproducible algorithms, and workflow execution engines. Our accessible methods and pipelines demonstrate that approaches across multiple neuroimaging experiments can be standardized and applied to diverse datasets. The techniques developed are demonstrated on neuroimaging datasets, but may be applied to similar problems in other domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drenkow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleissas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/615161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward A Reproducible, Scalable Framework for Processing Large Neuroimaging Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/616862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PanoView: An iterative clustering for single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/616862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides new opportunities to gain a mechanistic understanding of many biological processes. Current approaches for single cell clustering are often sensitive to the input parameters and have difficulty dealing with cell types with different densities. Here, we present Panoramic View (PanoView), an iterative method integrated with a novel density-based clustering, Ordering Local Maximum by Convex hull (OLMC), that uses a heuristic approach to estimate the required parameters based on the input data structures. In each iteration, PanoView will identify the most confident cell clusters and repeat the clustering with the remaining cells in a new PCA space. Without adjusting any parameter in PanoView, we demonstrated that PanoView was able to detect major and rare cell types simultaneously and outperformed other existing methods in both simulated datasets and published single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets. Finally, we conducted scRNA-Seq analysis of embryonic mouse hypothalamus, and PanoView was able to reveal known cell types and several rare cell subpopulations.nnAuthor summaryOne of the important tasks in analyzing single-cell transcriptomics data is to classify cell subpopulations. Most computational methods require users to input parameters and sometimes the proper parameters are not intuitive to users. Hence, a robust but easy-to-use method is of great interest. We proposed PanoView algorithm that utilizes an iterative approach to search cell clusters in an evolving three-dimension PCA space. The goal is to identify the cell cluster with the most confidence in each iteration and repeat the clustering algorithm with the remaining cells in a new PCA space. To cluster cells in a given PCA space, we also developed OLMC clustering to deal with clusters with varying densities. We examined the performance of PanoView in comparison to other existing methods using ten published single-cell datasets and simulated datasets as the ground truth. The results showed that PanoView is an easy-to-use and reliable tool and can be applied to diverse types of single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/616862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PanoView: An iterative clustering for single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Classification of Mouse B Cell Types using Surfaceome Proteotype Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
System-wide quantification of the cell surface proteotype and identification of extracellular glycosylation sites is challenging when sample is limiting. We miniaturized and automated the previously described Cell Surface Capture technology increasing sensitivity, reproducibility, and throughput. We used this technology, which we call autoCSC, to create population-specific surfaceome maps of developing mouse B cells and used targeted flow cytometry to uncover developmental cell subpopulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Oostrum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruderer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrioli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapogas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollscheid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Classification of Mouse B Cell Types using Surfaceome Proteotype Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Sequencing Unveils a New Regulatory Landscape of Platelet Reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exaggerated platelet aggregation at the site of vascular injury is the underlying pathophysiology of thrombotic diseases. Here, we conduct the largest whole genome sequencing (WGS) effort to uncover the genetic determinants of platelet aggregation. Leveraging 3,855 NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) individuals deeply phenotyped for platelet aggregation, we identify 18 loci using single-variant approaches. This includes the novel RGS18 locus encoding a myeloerythroid lineage-specific regulator of G-protein signaling that co-localizes with eQTL signatures for RGS18 expression in platelets. A gene-based approach focusing on deleterious coding variants identifies the SVEP1 gene, previously shown to be associated with coronary artery disease, as a novel determinant of platelet aggregation. Finally, in an integrative approach leveraging epigenetic data on megakaryocytes, we find strong association between rare variants mapping to a super enhancer region for PEAR1. This is a novel finding implicating the importance of rare variants with regulatory potential in a previously documented GWAS-identified locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keramati, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI TOPMed Hematology & Hemostasis Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalski, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitsillides, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuldiner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraday, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Sequencing Unveils a New Regulatory Landscape of Platelet Reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new class of disordered elements controls DNA replication through initiator self-assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initiation of DNA replication in metazoans occurs at thousands of chromosomal sites known as origins. At each origin, the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), Cdc6, and Cdt1 co-assemble to load the Mcm2-7 replicative helicase onto chromatin. Current replication models envisage a linear arrangement of isolated origins functioning autonomously; the extent of inter-origin organization and communication is unknown. Here, we report that the replication initiation machinery of D. melanogaster unexpectedly undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) upon binding DNA in vitro. We find that ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that drive LLPS and constitute a new class of phase separating elements. Initiator IDRs are shown to regulate multiple functions, including chromosome recruitment, initiator-specific co-assembly, and Mcm2-7 loading. These data help explain how CDK activity controls replication initiation and suggest that replication programs are subject to higher-order levels of inter-origin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new class of disordered elements controls DNA replication through initiator self-assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A methodology for morphological feature extraction and unsupervised cell classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell morphology is an important indicator of cell state, function, stage of development, and fate in both normal and pathological conditions. Cell shape is among key indicators used by pathologists to identify abnormalities or malignancies. With rapid advancements in the speed and amount of biological data acquisition, including images and movies of cells, computer-assisted identification and analysis of images becomes essential. Here, we report on techniques for recognition of cells in microscopic images and automated cell shape classification. We illustrate how our unsupervised machine-learning-based approach can be used to classify distinct cell shapes from a large number of microscopic images.nnTechnical AbstractWe develop a methodology to segment cells from microscopy images and compute quantitative descriptors that characterize their morphology. Using unsupervised techniques for dimensionality reduction and density-based clustering, we perform label-free cell shape classification. Cells are identified with minimal user input using mathematical morphology and region-growing segmentation methods. Physical quantities describing cell shape and size (including area, perimeter, Feret diameters, etc.) are computed along with other features including shape factors and Hus image moments.nnCorrelated features are combined to obtain a low-dimensional (2-D or 3-D) embedding of data points corresponding to individual segmented cell shapes. Finally, a hierarchical density-based clustering algorithm (HDBSCAN) is used to classify cells. We compare cell classification results obtained from different combinations of features to identify a feature set that delivers optimum classification performance for our test data consisting of phase-contrast microscopy images of a pancreatic-cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskelley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelstein-Keshet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A methodology for morphological feature extraction and unsupervised cell classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of vibrotactile and joint-torque feedback in a myoelectric upper-limb prosthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite the technological advancements in myoelectric prostheses, body-powered prostheses remain a popular choice for amputees, in part due to the natural sensory advantage they provide. Research on haptic feedback in myoelectric prostheses has delivered mixed results. Furthermore, there is limited research comparing various haptic feedback modalities in myoelectric prostheses. In this paper, we present a comparison of the feedback intrinsically present in body-powered prostheses (joint-torque feedback) to a commonly proposed feedback modality for myoelectric prostheses (vibrotactile feedback). In so doing, we seek to understand whether the advantages of kinesthetic feedback present in body-powered prostheses translate to myoelectric prostheses, and whether there are differences between kinesthetic and cutaneous feedback in prosthetic applications.nnMethodsWe developed an experimental testbed that features a cable-driven, voluntary-closing 1-DoF prosthesis, a capstan-driven elbow exoskeleton, and a vibrotactile actuation unit. The system can present grip force to users as either a flexion moment about the elbow or vibration on the wrist. To provide an equal comparison of joint-torque and vibrotactile feedback, a stimulus intensity matching scheme was utilized. Non-amputee participants (n=12) were asked to discriminate objects of varying stiffness with the prosthesis in three conditions: no haptic feedback, vibrotactile feedback, and joint-torque feedback.nnResultsResults indicate that haptic feedback increased discrimination accuracy over no haptic feedback, but the difference between joint-torque feedback and vibrotactile feedback was not significant. In addition, our results highlight nuanced differences in performance depending on the objects stiffness, and suggest that participants likely pay less attention to incidental cues with the addition of haptic feedback.nnConclusionEven when haptic feedback is not modality matched to the task, such as in the case of vibrotactile feedback, performance with a myoelectric prosthesis can improve significantly. This implies it is possible to achieve the same benefits with vibrotactile feedback, which is cheaper and easier to implement than other forms of feedback.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of vibrotactile and joint-torque feedback in a myoelectric upper-limb prosthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deleting a UBE3A substrate rescues impaired hippocampal physiology and learning in Angelman syndrome mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, loss-of-function mutations in the UBE3A gene lead to the neurodevelopmental disorder Angelman syndrome (AS). AS patients have severe impairments in speech, learning and memory, and motor coordination, for which there is currently no treatment. In addition, UBE3A is duplicated in >1-2% of patients with autism spectrum disorders - a further indication of the significant role it plays in brain development. Altered expression of UBE3A, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is hypothesized to lead to impaired levels of its target proteins, but identifying the contribution of individual UBE3A targets to UBE3A-dependent deficits remains of critical importance. Ephexin5 is a putative UBE3A substrate that has restricted expression early in development, regulates synapse formation during hippocampal development, and is abnormally elevated in AS mice, modeled by maternally-derived Ube3a gene deletion. Here, we report that Ephexin5 is a direct substrate of UBE3A ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, removing Ephexin5 from AS mice specifically rescued hippocampus-dependent behaviors, CA1 physiology, and deficits in dendritic spine number. Our findings identify Ephexin5 as a key driver of hippocampal dysfunction and related behavioral deficits in AS mouse models. These results demonstrate the exciting potential of targeting Ephexin5, and possibly other UBE3A substrates, to improve symptoms of AS and other UBE3A-related developmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbinden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OMeally, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/625418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deleting a UBE3A substrate rescues impaired hippocampal physiology and learning in Angelman syndrome mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knocking out non-muscle myosin II in retinal ganglion cells promotes long-distance optic nerve regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to altered gene expression, pathological cytoskeletal dynamics in the axon are another key intrinsic barrier for axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we showed that knocking out myosin IIA/B in retinal ganglion cells alone either before or after optic nerve crush induced marked and sustained optic nerve regeneration. Combined Lin28 overexpression and myosin IIA/B knockout led to synergistic promoting effect and long-distance axon regeneration. Immunostaining, RNA-seq and western blot analyses revealed that myosin II deletion did not affect known axon regeneration signaling pathways or the expression of regeneration associated genes. Instead, it abolished the retraction bulb formation and significantly enhanced the axon extension efficiency. The study provided clear evidence that directly targeting neuronal cytoskeleton was sufficient to induce strong CNS axon regeneration, and combining gene expression in the soma and modified cytoskeletal dynamics in the axon was a promising approach for long-distance CNS axon regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anish, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>XXX, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/625707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knocking out non-muscle myosin II in retinal ganglion cells promotes long-distance optic nerve regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening human embryos for polygenic traits has limited utility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have led to the development of polygenic score (PS) predictors that explain increasing proportions of the variance in human complex traits. In parallel, progress in preimplantation genetic testing now allows genome-wide genotyping of embryos generated via in vitro fertilization (IVF). Jointly, these developments suggest the possibility of screening embryos for polygenic traits such as height or cognitive function. There are clear ethical, legal, and societal concerns regarding such a procedure, but these cannot be properly discussed in the absence of data on the expected outcomes of screening. Here, we use theory, simulations, and real data to evaluate the potential gain of PS-based embryo selection, defined as the expected difference in trait value between the top-scoring embryo and an average, unselected embryo. We observe that the gain increases very slowly with the number of embryos, but more rapidly with increased variance explained by the PS. Given currently available polygenic predictors and typical IVF yields, the average gain due to selection would be {approx}2.5cm if selecting for height, and {approx}2.5 IQ (intelligence quotient) points if selecting for cognitive function. These mean values are accompanied by wide confidence intervals; in real data drawn from nuclear families with up to 20 offspring each, we observe that the offspring with the highest PS for height was the tallest only in 25% of the families. We discuss prospects and limitations of PS-based embryo selection for the foreseeable future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karavani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeevi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglyak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening human embryos for polygenic traits has limited utility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bile acid metabolism is altered in multiple sclerosis and supplementation ameliorates neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the CNS. Bile acids are cholesterol metabolites that can signal through receptors on cells throughout the body, including the CNS and immune system. Whether bile acid metabolism is abnormal in MS is unknown. Using global and targeted metabolomic profiling, we identified lower levels of circulating bile acid metabolites in multiple cohorts of adult and pediatric MS patients compared to controls. In white matter lesions from MS brain tissue, we noted the presence of bile acid receptors on immune and glial cells. To mechanistically examine the implications of lower levels of bile acids in MS, we studied the in vitro effects of an endogenous bile acid - tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) on astrocyte and microglial polarization. TUDCA prevented neurotoxic (A1) polarization of astrocytes and pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia in a dose-dependent manner. TUDCA supplementation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduced severity of disease, based on behavioral and pathological measures. We demonstrate that bile acid metabolism is altered in MS; bile acid supplementation prevents polarization of astrocytes and microglia to neurotoxic phenotypes and ameliorates neuropathology in an animal model of MS. These findings identify dysregulated bile acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target in MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mische, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Cardona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volsko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varanasi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotirchos, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourbakhsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waubant, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bile acid metabolism is altered in multiple sclerosis and supplementation ameliorates neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targetable cellular signaling events drive arterial rupture in knock-in mouse models of vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Main Methods Author contributions Competing Interests Data availability References Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) is an autosomal-dominant connective tissue disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the COL3A1 gene1. Currently, loss of structural integrity of the extracellular matrix is believed to drive the signs and symptoms of this condition, including spontaneous arterial dissection and/or rupture, the major cause of mortality2-4.nnUsing novel mouse models of vEDS that carry heterozygous Col3a1 glycine substitutions, we show that signaling abnormalities in the PLC/IP3/PKC/ERK pathway (Phospholipase C/Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/Protein Kinase C/Extrace ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giadrosic, J. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rykiel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmers, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo MacFarlane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targetable cellular signaling events drive arterial rupture in knock-in mouse models of vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alphavirus nsP3 ADP-ribosylhydrolase Activity Disrupts Stress Granule Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formation of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic condensates of stalled translation initiation complexes, is regulated by post-translational protein modification. Alphaviruses interfere with SG formation in response to inhibition of host protein synthesis through the activities of nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3). nsP3 has a conserved N-terminal macrodomain that binds and can remove ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins and a C-terminal hypervariable domain that binds essential SG component G3BP1. We showed that the hydrolase activity of chikungunya virus nsP3 macrodomain removed ADP-ribosylation of G3BP1 and suppressed SG formation. ADP-ribosylhydrolase-deficient nsP3 mutants allowed stress-induced cytoplasmic condensation of translation initiation factors. nsP3 also disassembled SG-like aggregates enriched with translation initiation factors that are induced by the expression of FUS mutant R495X linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, our data indicate that regulation of ADP-ribosylation controls the localization of translation initiation factors during virus infection and other pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayabalan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alphavirus nsP3 ADP-ribosylhydrolase Activity Disrupts Stress Granule Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein structure prediction and design in a biologically-realistic implicit membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein design is a powerful tool for elucidating mechanisms of function and engineering new therapeutics and nanotechnologies. While soluble protein design has advanced, membrane protein design remains challenging due to difficulties in modeling the lipid bilayer. In this work, we developed an implicit approach that captures the anisotropic structure, shape of water-filled pores, and nanoscale dimensions of membranes with different lipid compositions. The model improves performance in computational bench-marks against experimental targets including prediction of protein orientations in the bilayer, {Delta}{Delta}G calculations, native structure dis-crimination, and native sequence recovery. When applied to de novo protein design, this approach designs sequences with an amino acid distribution near the native amino acid distribution in membrane proteins, overcoming a critical flaw in previous membrane models that were prone to generating leucine-rich designs. Further, the proteins designed in the new membrane model exhibit native-like features including interfacial aromatic side chains, hydrophobic lengths compatible with bilayer thickness, and polar pores. Our method advances high-resolution membrane protein structure prediction and design toward tackling key biological questions and engineering challenges.nnSignificance StatementMembrane proteins participate in many life processes including transport, signaling, and catalysis. They constitute over 30% of all proteins and are targets for over 60% of pharmaceuticals. Computational design tools for membrane proteins will transform the interrogation of basic science questions such as membrane protein thermodynamics and the pipeline for engineering new therapeutics and nanotechnologies. Existing tools are either too expensive to compute or rely on manual design strategies. In this work, we developed a fast and accurate method for membrane protein design. The tool is available to the public and will accelerate the experimental design pipeline for membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein structure prediction and design in a biologically-realistic implicit membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of nitroimidazole antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our inability to predict whether certain mutations will confer antibiotic resistance has made it difficult to rapidly detect the emergence of resistance, identify pre-existing resistant populations and manage our use of antibiotics to effective treat patients and prevent or slow the spread of resistance. Here we investigated the potential for resistance against the new antitubercular nitroimidazole prodrugs pretomanid and delamanid to emerge in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) is the only identified enzyme within M. tuberculosis that activates these prodrugs, via an F420H2-dependent reaction. We show that the native menaquinone-reductase activity of Ddn is important in aerobic respiration and essential for emergence from dormancy, which suggests that for resistance to spread and pose a threat to human health, the native activity of Ddn must be at least partially retained. We tested 75 unique mutations, including all known sequence polymorphisms identified among ~15,000 sequenced M. tuberculosis genomes. Several mutations abolished pretomanid activation in vitro, without causing complete loss of the native activity. We confirmed that a transmissible M. tuberculosis isolate from the hypervirulent Beijing family already possesses one such mutation and is resistant to pretomanid, even though it was never exposed to pretomanid. Notably, delamanid was still effective against this strain, which is consistent with structural analysis that indicates delamanid and pretomanid bind to Ddn differently. We suggest that the mutations identified in this work be monitored for informed use of delamanid and pretomanid treatment and to slow the emergence of resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afriat-Jurnou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aung, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hards, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pidot, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of nitroimidazole antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of FtsZ C-terminal linker-dependent regulation of cell wall metabolism in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cell division requires assembly of a multi-protein machinery or "divisome" that remodels the cell envelope to cause constriction. The cytoskeletal protein FtsZ forms a ring-like scaffold for the divisome at the incipient division site. FtsZ has three major regions - a conserved, polymerizing GTPase domain; a C-terminal conserved (CTC) peptide required for binding membrane-anchoring proteins; and a C-terminal linker (CTL) of poor length and sequence conservation. We previously demonstrated that, in Caulobacter crescentus, the CTL regulates FtsZ polymerization in vitro and cell wall metabolism in vivo. To understand the mechanism of CTL-dependent regulation of cell wall metabolism, here we investigated the impact of the CTL on Z-ring structure in cells and employed genetics to identify molecular determinants of the dominant lethal effects of {Delta}CTL. Deleting the CTL specifically resulted in formation of dense, asymmetric, non-ring FtsZ assemblies in vivo. Moreover, we observed that production of an FtsZ variant with the GTPase domain of Escherichia coli FtsZ fused to the CTC of C. crescentus FtsZ phenocopied the effects of C. crescentus {Delta}CTL, suggesting the CTC mediates signaling to cell wall metabolism. Finally, whereas overproduction of ZapA, FzlC, or FtsEX had slight protective effects against {Delta}CTL, depletion of FtsA partially suppressed the effects of {Delta}CTL. From these results, we propose that the cell wall misregulation downstream of {Delta}CTL results from its aberrant assembly properties and is propagated through the interaction between the CTC of FtsZ and FtsA. Our study provides mechanistic insights into CTL-dependent regulation of cell wall enzymes downstream of FtsZ.nnImportanceBacterial cell division is essential and requires the recruitment and regulation of a complex network of proteins needed to initiate and guide constriction and cytokinesis. FtsZ serves as a master regulator for this process, and its function is highly dependent on both its self-assembly into a canonical "Z-ring" and interaction with protein binding partners, which results in the activation of enzymes that remodel the cell wall to drive constriction. Using mutants of FtsZ and its binding partners, we have established the role of its C-terminal linker domain in regulating Z-ring organization, as well as the requirement for its C-terminal conserved peptide and interaction with the membrane-anchoring protein FtsA for regulating cell wall remodeling for constriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrows, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of FtsZ C-terminal linker-dependent regulation of cell wall metabolism in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paragraph: A graph-based structural variant genotyper for short-read sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate detection and genotyping of structural variations (SVs) from short-read data is a long-standing area of development in genomics research and clinical sequencing pipelines. We introduce Paragraph, an accurate genotyper that models SVs using sequence graphs and SV annotations. We demonstrate the accuracy of Paragraph on whole-genome sequence data from three samples using long read SV calls as the truth set, and then apply Paragraph at scale to a cohort of 100 short-read sequenced samples of diverse ancestry. Our analysis shows that Paragraph has better accuracy than other existing genotypers and can be applied to population-scale studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krusche, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paragraph: A graph-based structural variant genotyper for short-read sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level de novo assembly of the pig-tailed macaque genome using linked-read sequencing and HiC proximity scaffolding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Old world monkey species share over 93% genome homology with humans and develop many disease phenotypes similar to those of humans, making them highly valuable animal models for the study of numerous human diseases. However, the quality of genome assembly and annotation for old world monkeys including macaque species lags behind the human genome effort. To close this gap and enhance functional genomics approaches, we employed a combination of de novo linked-read assembly and scaffolding using proximity ligation assay (HiC) to assemble the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) genome. This combinatorial method yielded large scaffolds at chromosome-level with a scaffold N50 of 127.5 Mb; the 23 largest scaffolds covered 90% of the entire genome. This assembly revealed large-scale rearrangements between pig-tailed macaque chromosomes 7,12, and13 and human chromosomes 2, 14, and 15.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roodgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babveyh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanks, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avula, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaib, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzoglou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level de novo assembly of the pig-tailed macaque genome using linked-read sequencing and HiC proximity scaffolding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species blastocyst chimerism between nonhuman primates using iPSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through the production of chimeric animals, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can generate personalized organs with diverse applications for both basic research and translational medicine. This concept was first validated in rodents by forming a rat pancreas in mice and vice versa. However, the potential use of human iPSCs to generate xenogenic organs in other species is technically and ethically difficult. Recognizing these concerns, we explored the generation of chimeric nonhuman primates (NHP) embryos, by injecting either chimpanzee or pig-tailed macaque iPSCs into rhesus macaque embryos. We first derived iPSCs from chimpanzees and pig-tailed macaques. We found that the chimpanzee iPSCs mixed well with human iPSCs during in vitro co-culture and differentiation. The differentiation of mixed human and chimpanzee iPSCs formed functioning cardiomyocyte layers in vitro, whereas human or chimpanzee iPSC mixed with pig-tailed macaque or mouse cells do not; these results indicate that chimpanzee and human cells are closely related in function. Considering the ethical aspects of injecting human iPSCs into nonhuman primate blastocysts, we tested whether chimpanzee iPSCs injected into 99 macaque 5-day-old embryos formed cross-species chimeras two days after injection. Strikingly, the chimpanzee iPSCs survived, proliferated and integrated near the inner cell mass (ICM) of rhesus macaque embryos. These findings highlight the broad potential of primate iPSCs in forming cross-species chimeras beyond rodents and provides a foundational basis for organ generation using human iPSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roodgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchy, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhadury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilches-Moure, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakauchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeVoort, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species blastocyst chimerism between nonhuman primates using iPSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational design of a synthetic farnesyl-electrostatic switch based on the hypervariable region of K-Ras4b 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular switches that respond to a biochemical stimulus in cells have proven utility as a foundation for developing molecular sensors and actuators that could be used to address important biological questions. Developing a molecular switch unfortunately remains difficult as it requires elaborate coordination of sensing and actuation mechanisms built into a single molecule. Here, we rationally designed a molecular switch that changes its subcellular localization in response to an intended stimulus such as an activator of protein kinase A (PKA). By arranging the sequence for Kemptide in tandem, we designed a farnesylated peptide whose localization can dramatically change upon phosphorylation by PKA. After testing a different valence number of Kemptide as well as modulating the linker sequence connecting them, we identified an efficient peptide switch that exhibited dynamic translocation between plasma membranes and internal endomembranes in a PKA activity dependent manner. Due to the modular design and small size, our PKA switch can have versatile utility in future studies as a platform for visualizing and perturbing signal transduction pathways, as well as for performing synthetic operations in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational design of a synthetic farnesyl-electrostatic switch based on the hypervariable region of K-Ras4b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Cognitive Performance in Aged Rats Correlates with Increased Excitation/Inhibition Ratio in the Dentate Gyrus in Response to Lateral Entorhinal Input 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging often impairs cognitive functions associated with the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Anatomical studies identified the layer II pyramidal cells of the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) as one of the most vulnerable elements within the MTL. These cells provide a major excitatory input to the dentate gyrus hippocampal subfield by synapsing onto granule cells and onto local inhibitory interneurons, and a fraction of these contacts are lost in aged individuals with impaired learning. Using optogenetics we evaluated the functional status of the remaining inputs in an outbred rat model of aging that distinguishes between learning impaired and learning unimpaired individuals. We found that aging affects the pre- and postsynaptic strength of the LEC inputs onto granule cells. However, the magnitude these changes was similar in impaired and un-impaired rats. In contrast, the recruitment of inhibition by LEC activation was selectively reduced in the aged impaired subjects. These findings are consistent with the notion that the preservation of an adequate balance of excitation and inhibition is crucial for maintain proficient memory performance during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Cognitive Performance in Aged Rats Correlates with Increased Excitation/Inhibition Ratio in the Dentate Gyrus in Response to Lateral Entorhinal Input]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pontine Nuclei are an Integrative Cortico-Cerebellar Link Critical for Dexterity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skillful control of movement requires coordination between brain areas that are reciprocally connected through polysynaptic pathways, forming closed loops. A prominent loop in mammals runs between cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which individually contribute to skilled arm control. But how and why do these regions interact? Here, we studied the mouse cortico-cerebellar loop by optogenetically perturbing the pontine nuclei (PN), which receive direct cortical inputs and project only to cerebellum. PN stimulation during rest propagated into cerebellar cortex, but the effect of stimulation was transformed downstream into a wide range of patterns in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and reduced to transient excitation in motor cortex. PN stimulation in a cued reaching task altered arm kinematics and impaired performance. Cerebellar and cortical dynamics during movement were not dominated by PN stimulation, but altered in line with behavioral changes. These results suggest that the cortico-cerebellar loop fine-tunes motor commands during skilled reaching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauerbrei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischiati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pontine Nuclei are an Integrative Cortico-Cerebellar Link Critical for Dexterity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ablation of tanycytes of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence increases visceral adiposity and decreases insulin sensitivity in male mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tanycytes are radial glial cells located in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Recent studies have proposed that tanycytes play an important role in hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis, although this has not been directly tested. Here, we report the phenotype of mice in which tanycytes of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence were conditionally ablated. Although the CSF-hypothalamic barrier was rendered more permeable, the blood-hypothalamic barrier was not altered. The metabolic effects of tanycyte ablation were likewise moderate. However, we consistently observed a significant increase in visceral fat distribution accompanying insulin insensitivity, but only in male mice, and without an effect on either body weight or food intake. A high-fat diet accelerated overall body weight gain in tanycyte-ablated mice, but the development of visceral adiposity and insulin insensitivity was attenuated. These results clarify the extent to which tanycytes regulate energy metabolism, and indicate a role for tanycytes in controlling body adiposity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebesin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ablation of tanycytes of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence increases visceral adiposity and decreases insulin sensitivity in male mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed Switch in The Mitochondrial Degradation Pathways During Human Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation from Stem Cells is Critical for RGC Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the root cause for vision loss in glaucoma as well as in other forms of optic neuropathies. Genetic analysis indicated abnormal mitochondrial quality control (MQC) as a major risk factor for optic neuropathies. However, nothing is known on how MQC regulates human retinal ganglion cell (hRGC) health and survival. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide opportunity to differentiate hRGCs and understand the abnormal MQC associated hRGC degeneration in great detail. Degradation of damaged mitochondria is a very critical step of MQC, here we have used stem cell derived hRGCs to understand the damaged mitochondrial degradation pathways for hRGC survival. Using pharmacological methods, we have investigated the role of the proteasomal and endo-lysosomal pathways in degrading damaged mitochondria in hRGCs and their precursor stem cells. We find that upon mitochondrial damage with the proton uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), hRGCs more efficiently degraded mitochondria than their precursor stem cells. We further identified that for degrading damaged mitochondria, stem cells predominantly use the ubiquitine-proteasome system (UPS) while hRGCs use the endo-lysosomal pathway. UPS inhibition causes apoptosis in stem cells, while hRGC viability is dependent on the endo-lysosomal pathway but not on the UPS pathway. This suggests manipulation of the endo-lysosomal pathway could be therapeutically relevant for RGC protection in treating glaucoma. Endo-lysosome dependent cell survival is also conserved for other human neurons as differentiated human cerebral cortical neurons also degenerated upon endo-lysosomal inhibition but not for the proteasome inhibition.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUsing human stem cells we have shown a switch in the mitochondrial degradation pathway during hRGC differentiation where endo-lysosomal pathway becomes the predominant pathway for cellular homeostasis and hRGC survival which is also true for human cortical neurons. These findings suggest manipulation of the endo-lysosomal pathway could be therapeutically relevant for RGC protection in treating glaucoma as well as for other neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh-Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed Switch in The Mitochondrial Degradation Pathways During Human Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation from Stem Cells is Critical for RGC Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA promotes phase separation of glycolysis enzymes into yeast G bodies in hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In hypoxic stress conditions, glycolysis enzymes assemble into singular cytoplasmic granules called glycolytic (G) bodies. Formation of G bodies in yeast is correlated with increased glucose consumption and cell survival. However, the physical properties and organizing principles that define G body formation are unclear. We demonstrate that glycolysis enzymes are non-canonical RNA binding proteins, sharing many common mRNA substrates that are also integral constituents of G bodies. Tethering a G body component, the beta subunit of the yeast phosphofructokinase, Pfk2, to nonspecific endoribonucleases reveals that RNA nucleates G body formation and subsequent maintenance of G body structural integrity. Consistent with a phase separation mechanism of G body formation, recruitment of glycolysis enzymes to G bodies relies on multivalent homotypic and heterotypic interactions. Furthermore, G bodies can fuse in live cells and are largely insensitive to 1,6-hexanediol treatment, consistent with a hydrogel-like state in its composition. Taken together, our results elucidate the biophysical nature of G bodies and demonstrate that RNA nucleates phase separation of the glycolysis machinery in response to hypoxic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuller, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeberg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA promotes phase separation of glycolysis enzymes into yeast G bodies in hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An All-to-All Approach to the Identification of Sequence-Specific Readers for Epigenetic DNA Modifications on Cytosine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn their manuscript whilst they perform additional experiments to test some of their conclusions further. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An All-to-All Approach to the Identification of Sequence-Specific Readers for Epigenetic DNA Modifications on Cytosine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic treatment shapes antigen presentation during chronic TB infection, offering novel targets for therapeutic vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lengthy and complicated current regimen required to treat drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) reflects the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in host tissues. The stringent response pathway, governed by the dual (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase, RelMtb, is a major mechanism underlying Mtb persistence and antibiotic tolerance. In the current study, we addressed the hypothesis that RelMtb is a "persistence antigen" presented during TB chemotherapy and that enhanced T-cell immunity to RelMtb can enhance the tuberculocidal activity of the first-line anti-TB drug, isoniazid, which has reduced efficacy against Mtb persisters, C57BL/6 mice and Hartley guinea pigs were aerosol-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and, 4 weeks later, received either human-equivalent daily doses of isoniazid alone, or isoniazid in combination with a DNA vaccine targeting relMtb. After isoniazid treatment, the total number of Mtb antigen-specific CD4+ T cells remained stable in mouse lungs and spleens, as did the number of RelMtb-specific T cells, although there was a significant reduction in dominant antigen ESAT6-specific CD4+ or TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs and spleens of mice, Therapeutic vaccination enhanced the activity of isoniazid in Mtb-infected C57BL/6 mice and guinea pigs. When treatment with isoniazid was discontinued, mice immunized with the relMtb DNA vaccine showed a lower mean lung bacterial burden at relapse compared to the control group. Our work shows that antitubercular treatment shapes antigen presentation and antigen-specific T-cell responses, and that therapeutic vaccination targeting the Mtb stringent response may represent a novel approach to enhance immunity against Mtb persisters, with the ultimate goal of shortening curative TB treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic treatment shapes antigen presentation during chronic TB infection, offering novel targets for therapeutic vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized protocol for iDISCO+ rat brain clearing, imaging, and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of whole brain clearing and imaging methods extends the breadth and depth at which brain-wide neural populations and structures can be studied. However, these methods have yet to be applied to larger brains, such as the brains of the common laboratory rat, despite the importance of these models in behavioral neuroscience research. Here we introduce AdipoClear+, an optimized immunolabeling and clearing methodology for application to adult rat brain hemispheres, and validate its application through the testing of common antibodies and electrode tract visualization. In order to extend the accessibility of this methodology for general use, we have developed an open source platform for the registration of rat brain volumes to standard brain atlases for high throughput analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized protocol for iDISCO+ rat brain clearing, imaging, and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leader cells in collective chemotaxis: optimality and tradeoffs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clusters of cells can work together in order to follow a signal gradient, chemotaxing even when single cells do not. Cells in different regions of collectively migrating neural crest streams show different gene expression profiles, suggesting that cells may specialize to leader and follower roles. We use a minimal mathematical model to understand when this specialization is advantageous. In our model, leader cells sense the gradient with an accuracy that depends on the kinetics of ligand-receptor binding while follower cells follow the clusters direction with a finite error. Intuitively, specialization into leaders and followers should be optimal when a few cells have more information than the rest of the cluster, such as in the presence of a sharp transition in chemoattractant concentration. We do find this - but also find that high levels of specialization can be optimal in the opposite limit of very shallow gradients. We also predict that the best location for leaders may not be at the front of the cluster. In following leaders, clusters may have to choose between speed and flexibility. Clusters with only a few leaders can take orders of magnitude more time to reorient than all-leader clusters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leader cells in collective chemotaxis: optimality and tradeoffs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule analysis of effects of non-canonical guide RNAs and specificity-enhancing mutations on Cas9-induced DNA unwinding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 has made a wide range of genome engineering applications possible. However, its specificity continues to be a challenge. Non-canonical gRNAs and new engineered variants of Cas9 have been developed to improve specificity but at the cost of the on-target activity. DNA unwinding is the primary checkpoint before cleavage by Cas9 and was shown to be made more sensitive to sequence mismatches by specificity-enhancing mutations in Cas9. Here we performed single-molecule FRET-based DNA unwinding experiments using various combinations of non-canonical gRNAs and different Cas9s. All engineered Cas9s were less promiscuous than wild type when canonical gRNA was used but HypaCas9 had much-reduced on-target unwinding. Cas9-HF1 and eCas9 showed the best balance between low promiscuity and high on-target activity with canonical gRNA. When extended gRNAs with one or two guanines added were used, Sniper1-Cas9 showed the lowest promiscuity while maintaining high on-target activity. Truncated gRNA generally reduced unwinding and adding a non-matching guanine to the 5 end of gRNA influenced unwinding in a sequence-context dependent manner. Our results are consistent with cell-based cleavage data and provide a mechanistic understanding of how various Cas9/gRNA combinations perform in genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okafor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule analysis of effects of non-canonical guide RNAs and specificity-enhancing mutations on Cas9-induced DNA unwinding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-seq in regenerative and fibrotic biomaterial environments defines new macrophage subsets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages play diverse roles in the immune response to infection, cancer, and wound healing where they respond to local environmental signals, yet identification and phenotypic characterization of functional subsets in vivo remains limited. We performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis on differentiated macrophages sorted from a biologic matrix-induced regenerative environment versus a synthetic biomaterial foreign body response (FBR), characterized by TH2/interleukin (IL)-4 and TH17/IL-17, respectively. In the regenerative environment, unbiased clustering and pseudotime analysis revealed distinct macrophage subsets responsible for antigen presentation, chemoattraction, and phagocytosis, as well as a small population with expression profiles of both dendritic cells and skeletal muscle. In the FBR environment, we identified a CD9hi+IL-36{gamma}+ macrophage subset that expressed TH17-associated molecules characteristic of certain auto-immune responses that were virtually absent in mice lacking the IL-17 receptor. Surface marker combinations including CD9 and CD301b defined macrophage fibrotic and regenerative subsets enabling functional assessment and identification in human tissue. Application of the terminal macrophage subsets to train the SingleCellNet algorithm and comparison to human and mouse macrophages in tumor, lung, and liver suggest broad relevance of macrophage classification. These distinct macrophage subsets demonstrate previously unrecognized myeloid phenotypes involved in different tissue responses and provide new targets for potential therapeutic modulation of certain pathologic states and tissue repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommerfeld, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNA-seq in regenerative and fibrotic biomaterial environments defines new macrophage subsets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of rare and common genetic variants on diabetes diagnosis by hemoglobin A1c in multi-ancestry cohorts: The Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Program. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is widely used to diagnose diabetes and assess glycemic control in patients with diabetes. However, nonglycemic determinants, including genetic variation, may influence how accurately HbA1c reflects underlying glycemia. Analyzing the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) sequence data in 10,338 individuals from five studies and four ancestries (6,158 Europeans, 3,123 African-Americans, 650 Hispanics and 407 East Asians), we confirmed five regions associated with HbA1c (GCK in Europeans and African-Americans, HK1 in Europeans and Hispanics, FN3K/FN3KRP in Europeans and G6PD in African-Americans and Hispanics) and discovered a new African-ancestry specific low-frequency variant (rs1039215 in HBG2/HBE1, minor allele frequency (MAF)=0.03). The most associated G6PD variant (p.Val98Met, rs1050828-T, MAF=12% in African-Americans, MAF=2% in Hispanics) lowered HbA1c (-0.88% in hemizygous males, -0.34% in heterozygous females) and explained 23% of HbA1c variance in African-Americans and 4% in Hispanics. Additionally, we identified a rare distinct G6PD coding variant (rs76723693 - p.Leu353Pro, MAF=0.5%; -0.98% in hemizygous males, -0.46% in heterozygous females) and detected significant association with HbA1c when aggregating rare missense variants in G6PD. We observed similar magnitude and direction of effects for rs1039215 (HBG2) and rs76723693 (G6PD) in the two largest TOPMed African-American cohorts and replicated the rs76723693 association in the UK Biobank African-ancestry participants. These variants in G6PD and HBG2 were monomorphic in the European and Asian samples. African or Hispanic ancestry individuals carrying G6PD variants may be underdiagnosed for diabetes when screened with HbA1c. Thus, assessment of these variants should be considered for incorporation into precision medicine approaches for diabetes diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarnowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCorpo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porneala, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meigs, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the TOPMed Diabetes working group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>t</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of rare and common genetic variants on diabetes diagnosis by hemoglobin A1c in multi-ancestry cohorts: The Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Program.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural unit of melanin in the cell wall of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanins are synthesized macromolecules that are found in all biological kingdoms. These pigments have a myriad of roles that range from microbial virulence to key components of the innate immune response in invertebrates. Melanins also exhibit unique properties with potential applications in physics and material sciences, ranging from electrical batteries to novel therapeutics. In the fungi, melanins such as eumelanins, are components of the cell wall that provide protection against biotic and abiotic elements. Elucidation of the smallest fungal cell wall-asociated melanin unit that serves as a building block is critical to understand the architecture of these polymers, its interaction with surrounding components, and their functional versatility. In this study, we used isopycnic gradient sedimentation, NMR, EPR, high-resolution microscopy, and proteomics to analyze the melanin in the cell wall of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. We observed that melanin is assembled into the cryptococcal cell wall in spherical structures of [~]200 nm in diameter, termed melanin granules, which are in turn composed of nanospheres of [~]30 nm in diameter, the fungal melanosomes. We noted that melanin granules are closely associated with proteins that may play critical roles in the fungal melanogenesis and the supramolecular structure of this polymer. Using this structural information, we propose a model for C. neoformans melanization that is similar to the process used in animal melanization and is consistent with the phylogenetic relatedness of the fungal and animal kingdoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prados-Rosales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meally, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaffery, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural unit of melanin in the cell wall of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weaker neural suppression in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased neural excitation resulting from weakened inhibition is a leading hypothesis for the pathophysiology of autism. However, experimental support in humans remains equivocal. Alternatively, modulatory processes that suppress neural responses but do not specifically rely on inhibition may be impacted in ASD. Leveraging well-characterized suppressive neural circuits in the visual system, we used behavioral and fMRI tasks to demonstrate a significant reduction in neural suppression in young adults with ASD compared to neurotypical controls. We further tested the mechanism of this suppression by measuring levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and found no differences in GABA between groups. We show how a computational model that incorporates divisive normalization, as well as narrower top-down gain (that could result, for example, from a narrower window of attention), can explain our observations and divergent previous findings. Thus, weaker neural suppression in ASD may be attributable to differences in top-down processing, but not to differences in GABA levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schallmo, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flevaris, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/645846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weaker neural suppression in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer/Testis Antigens Differentially Expressed In Indolent And Aggressive Prostate Cancer: Potential New Biomarkers And Targets For Immunotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current clinical tests for prostate cancer (PCa), such as the PSA test, are not fully capable of discerning patients that are highly likely to develop metastatic prostate cancer (MPCa). Hence, more accurate prediction tools are needed to provide treatment strategies that are focused on the different risk groups. Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are expressed during embryonic development and present aberrant expression in cancer making them ideal tumor specific biomarkers. Here, the potential use of a panel of CTAs as a biomarker for PCa detection as well as metastasis prediction is explored. We initially identified eight CTAs (CEP55, NUF2, PAGE4, PBK, RQCD1, SPAG4, SSX2 and TTK) that are differentially expressed in MPCa when compared to local disease and used this panel to compare the gene and protein expression profiles in paired PCa and normal adjacent prostate tissue. We identified differential expression of all eight CTAs at the protein level when comparing 80 paired samples of PCa and the adjacent non-cancer tissue. Using multiple logistic regression we also show that a panel of these CTAs present high accuracy to discriminate normal from tumor samples. In summary, this study provides evidence that a panel of CTAs, differentially expressed in aggressive PCa, is a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis to be used in combination with the current clinically available tools and is also a potential target for immunotherapy development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carleton, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiraishi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessella, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getzenberg, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltri, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/646869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer/Testis Antigens Differentially Expressed In Indolent And Aggressive Prostate Cancer: Potential New Biomarkers And Targets For Immunotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for Toxoplasma gondii chloroquine resistance transporter in bradyzoite viability and digestive vacuole maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause encephalitis, congenital defects, and ocular disease. T. gondii has also been implicated as a risk factor for mental illness in humans. The parasite persists in the brain as slow growing bradyzoites contained within intracellular cysts. No treatments exist to eliminate this form of parasite. Although proteolytic degradation within the parasite lysosomal-like vacuolar compartment (VAC) is critical for bradyzoite viability, whether other aspects of the VAC are important for parasite persistence remains unknown. An ortholog of Plasmodium falciparum CRT has previously been identified in T. gondii (TgCRT). To interrogate the function of TgCRT in chronic stage bradyzoites and its role in persistence, we knocked out TgCRT in a cystogenic strain and assessed VAC size, VAC digestion of host-derived proteins and parasite autophagosomes, and viability of in vitro and in vivo bradyzoites. We found that whereas parasites deficient in TgCRT exhibit normal digestion within the VAC, they display a markedly distended VAC and their viability is compromised both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, impairing VAC proteolysis in TgCRT deficient bradyzoites restored VAC size, consistent with a role for TgCRT as a transporter of products of digestion from the VAC. In conjunction with earlier studies, our current findings suggest a functional link between TgCRT and VAC proteolysis. This work provides further evidence of a crucial role for the VAC in bradyzoite persistence and a new potential VAC target to abate chronic Toxoplasma infection.nnIMPORTANCEIndividuals chronically infected with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii are at risk of experiencing reactivated disease that can result in progressive loss of vision. No effective treatments exist for chronic toxoplasmosis due in part to a poor understanding of the biology underlying chronic infection and a lack of well validated potential targets. Here we show that a T. gondii transporter is functionally linked to protein digestion within the parasite lysosome-like organelle and that this transporter is necessary to sustain chronic infection in culture and in experimentally infected mice. Ablating the transporter results in severe bloating of the lysosome-like organelle. Together with earlier work, this study suggests the parasites lysosome-like organelle is vital for parasite survival, thus rendering it a potential target for diminishing infection and reducing the risk of reactivated disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cristina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for Toxoplasma gondii chloroquine resistance transporter in bradyzoite viability and digestive vacuole maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanomechanics and co-transcriptional folding of Spinach and Mango 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in fluorogen-binding RNA aptamers known as "light-up" aptamers provide an avenue for protein-free detection of RNA in cells. Crystallographic studies have revealed a G-Quadruplex (GQ) structure at the core of light-up aptamers such as Spinach, Mango and Corn. Detailed biophysical characterization of folding of such aptamers is still lacking despite the potential implications on their in vivo folding and function. We used single-molecule fluorescence-force spectroscopy that combines fluorescence resonance energy transfer with optical tweezers to examine mechanical responses of Spinach2, iMangoIII and MangoIV. Spinach2 unfolded in four discrete steps as force is increased to 7 pN and refolded in reciprocal steps upon force relaxation. Binding of DFHBI-1T fluorogen preserved the step-wise unfolding behavior although at slightly higher forces. In contrast, GQ core unfolding in iMangoIII and MangoIV occurred in one discrete step at forces > 10 pN and refolding occurred at lower forces showing hysteresis. Binding of the cognate fluorogen, TO1, did not significantly alter the mechanical stability of Mangos. In addition to K+, which is needed to stabilize the GQ cores, Mg2+ was needed to obtain full mechanical stability of the aptamers. Co-transcriptional folding analysis using superhelicases showed that co-transcriptional folding reduces misfolding and allows a folding pathway different from refolding. As the fundamental cellular processes like replication, transcription etc. exert pico-Newton levels of force, these aptamers may unfold in vivo and subsequently misfold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanomechanics and co-transcriptional folding of Spinach and Mango]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling binary and graded cone cell fate patterning in the mouse retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems are incredibly diverse, with myriad neuronal subtypes defined by gene expression. How binary and graded fate characteristics are patterned across tissues is poorly understood. Expression of opsin photopigments in the cone photoreceptors of the mouse retina provides an excellent model to address this question. Individual cones express S-opsin only, M-opsin, or both S-opsin and M-opsin. These cell populations are patterned along the dorsal-ventral axis, with greater M-opsin expression in the dorsal region and greater S-opsin expression in the ventral region. Thyroid hormone signaling plays a critical role in activating M-opsin and repressing S-opsin. Here, we developed an image analysis approach to identify individual cone cells and evaluate their opsin expression from immunofluorescence imaging tiles spanning roughly 6 mm along the D-V axis of the mouse retina. From analyzing the opsin expression of [~]250,000 cells, we found that cones make a binary decision between S-opsin only and co-expression competent fates. Co-expression competent cells express graded levels of S- and M-opsins, depending nonlinearly on their position in the dorsal-ventral axis. M- and S-opsin expression display differential, inverse patterns. Using these single-cell data we developed a quantitative, stochastic model of cone cell decisions in the retinal tissue based on thyroid hormone signaling activity. The model recovers the probability distribution for cone fate patterning in the mouse retina and describes a minimal set of interactions that are necessary to reproduce the observed cell fates. Our study provides a paradigm describing how differential responses to regulatory inputs generate complex patterns of binary and graded cell fates.nnAuthor SummaryThe development of a cell in a mammalian tissue is governed by a complex regulatory network that responds to many input signals to give the cell a distinct identity, a process referred to as cell-fate specification. Some of these cell fates have binary on-or-off gene expression patterns, while others have graded gene expression that changes across the tissue. Differentiation of the photoreceptor cells that sense light in the mouse retina provides a good example of this process. Here, we explore how complex patterns of cell fates are specified in the mouse retina by building a computational model based on analysis of a large number of photoreceptor cells from microscopy images of whole retinas. We use the data and the model to study what exactly it means for a cell to have a binary or graded cell fate and how these cell fates can be distinguished from each other. Our study shows how tens-of-thousands of individual photoreceptor cells can be patterned across a complex tissue by a regulatory network, creating a different outcome depending upon the received inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling binary and graded cone cell fate patterning in the mouse retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Castration-mediated IL-8 Promotes Myeloid Infiltration and Prostate Cancer Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy is a treatment for many types of cancer, primarily due to deep and durable clinical responses mediated by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)1, 2. Prostate cancer is a notable exception in that it is generally unresponsive to ICB. The standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer is androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), a form of castration (CTX). ADT is initially effective, but over time patients eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Here, we focused on defining tumor-cell intrinsic factors that contribute to prostate cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy. We analyzed cancer cells isolated from castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate tumors, and discovered that castration resulted in significant secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its likely murine homolog Cxcl15. These chemokines drove subsequent intra-tumoral infiltration with polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), promoting tumor progression. PMN-MDSC infiltration was abrogated when IL-8 was deleted from prostate cancer epithelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9, or when PMN-MDSC migration was blocked with antibodies against the IL-8 receptor CXCR2. Blocking PMN-MDSC infiltration in combination with anti-CTLA-4 delayed the onset of castration resistance and increased the density of polyfunctional CD8 T cells in tumors. Taken together, our findings establish castration-mediated IL-8 secretion and subsequent PMN-MDSC infiltration as a key suppressive mechanism in the progression of prostate cancer. Targeting of the IL-8/CXCR2 axis around the time of ADT, in combination with ICB, represents a novel therapeutic approach to delay prostate cancer progression to advanced disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bujanda, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaimowitz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturini, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieberich, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiano, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Castration-mediated IL-8 Promotes Myeloid Infiltration and Prostate Cancer Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streamlining effects of extra telomeric repeat on telomere folding revealed by fluorescence-force spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem repeats of guanine rich sequences are ubiquitous in the eukaryotic genome. For example, in the human cells, telomeres at the chromosomal ends comprise of kilobases repeats of T2AG3. Four such repeats can form G-quadruplexes (GQs). Biophysical studies have shown that GQs formed from four consecutive repeats possess high diversity both in their structure and in their response to tension. In principle, a GQ can form from any four repeats that may not even be consecutive. In order to investigate the dynamics of GQ possessing such positional multiplicity, we studied five and six repeats human telomeric sequence using single molecule FRET as well as its combination with optical tweezers. Our results suggest preferential formation of GQs at the 3 end both in K+ and Na+ solutions although minority populations with a 5 GQ or long-loop GQs were also observed. Using a vectorial folding assay which mimics the directional nature of telomere extension, we found that the 3 preference holds even when folding is allowed to begin from the 5 side. Interestingly, the unassociated T2AG3 segment has a streamlining effect in that one or two mechanically distinct species was observed at a single position instead of six or more observed without an unassociated repeat. Location of GQ on a long G-rich telomeric overhang and reduction in diversity of GQ conformations and mechanical responses through adjacent sequences have important implications in processes such as telomerase inhibition, alternative lengthening of telomeres, T-loop formation, telomere end protection and replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streamlining effects of extra telomeric repeat on telomere folding revealed by fluorescence-force spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Natural and Botanical Medicines for Activity against Growing and Non-growing Forms of B. burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the US. Although the current recommended Lyme antibiotic treatment can cure the majority of Lyme disease patients, about 10-20% patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms. There have been various anecdotal reports on the use of herbal extracts for treating patients with persisting symptoms with varying degree of improvements. However, it is unclear whether the effect of the herb products is due to their direct antimicrobial activity or their effect on host immune system. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of 12 commonly used botanical medicines and 3 other natural antimicrobial agents for potential anti-Borrelia burgdorferi activity in vitro. Primary criteria for selecting compounds for the present study included agents that had shown significant anti-borrelial effects in previous studies, have favorable safety profiles, and can be absorbed systemically. Among them, 9 natural product extracts at 1% were found to have good activity against the stationary phase B. burgdorferi culture compared to the control antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime. These active herbs include Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra (Black walnut), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed), Artemesia annua (Sweet wormwood), Uncaria tomentosa (Cats claw), Cistus incanus, and Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap). In contrast, Stevia rebaudiana, Andrographis paniculata, Grapefruit seed extract, colloidal silver, monolaurin, and antimicrobial peptide LL37 had little or no activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Artemesia annua, Juglans nigra, and Uncaria tomentosa were quite high for growing B. burgdorferi, despite their strong activity against the non-growing stationary phase B. burgdorferi cells. On the other hand, the top two active herbs, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Polygonum cuspidatum, showed strong activity against both growing B. burgdorferi (MIC=0.03%-0.06% and 0.25%-0.5% respectively) and non-growing stationary phase B. burgdorferi. In subculture studies, only 1% Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract caused complete eradication, while current Lyme antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime and other active herbs including Polygonum cuspidatum, Artemesia annua, Juglans nigra and Uncaria tomentosa could not eradicate B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells as many spirochetes were visible after 21-day subculture. Further studies are needed to identify the active ingredients of the effective herbs and evaluate their combinations for more effective eradication of B. burgdorferi in vitro and in vivo. The implications of these findings for more effective treatment of persistent Lyme disease are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Natural and Botanical Medicines for Activity against Growing and Non-growing Forms of B. burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origins, admixture dynamics and homogenization of the African gene pool in the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Transatlantic Slave Trade transported more than 9 million Africans to the Americas between the early 16th and the mid-19th centuries. We performed genome-wide analysis of 6,267 individuals from 22 populations and observed an enrichment in West-African ancestry in northern latitudes of the Americas, whereas South/East African ancestry is more prevalent in southern South-America. This pattern results from distinct geographic and geopolitical factors leading to population differentiation. However, we observed a decrease of 68% in the African gene pool between-population diversity within the Americas when compared to the regions of origin from Africa, underscoring the importance of historical factors favoring admixture between individuals with different African origins in the New World. This is consistent with the excess of West-Central Africa ancestry (the most prevalent in the Americas) in the US and Southeast-Brazil, respect to historical-demography expectations. Also, in most of the Americas, admixture intensification occurred between 1,750 and 1,850, which correlates strongly with the peak of arrivals from Africa. This study contributes with a population genetics perspective to the ongoing social, cultural and political debate regarding ancestry, race, and admixture in the Americas.nnSignificance StatementDifferently from most genetic studies, that have estimated the overall African ancestry in the Americas, we perform a finer geographic analysis and infer how different African groups contributed to North-, South-American and Caribbean populations, in the context of geographic and geopolitical factors. We also perform a formal comparison of information from demographic history records of the Transatlantic Slave Trade with inferences based on genomic diversity of current populations. Our approach reveals the distinct regional African ancestry roots of different populations from North-, South-America and the Caribe and other important aspects of the historical process of mestizaje and its dynamics in the American continent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gouveia, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehdy, F. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liboredo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes, W. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues-Soares, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sant Anna, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santolalla, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scliar, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-Souza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamudio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima-Costa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbulaiteye, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tishkoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazona-Santos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origins, admixture dynamics and homogenization of the African gene pool in the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study of decomposed cardioelectric phenotypes illustrates strategies to identify and characterize evidence of shared genetic effects for complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPublished genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are mainly European-centric, examine a narrow view of phenotypic variation, and infrequently interrogate genetic effects shared across traits. We therefore examined the extent to which a multi-ethnic, combined trait GWAS of phenotypes that map to well-defined biology can enable detection and characterization of complex trait loci.nnMethodsWith 1000 Genomes Phase 3 imputed data in 34,668 participants (15% African American; 3% Chinese American; 51% European American; 30% Hispanic/Latino), we performed covariate-adjusted univariate GWAS of six contiguous electrocardiogram (ECG) traits that decomposed an average heartbeat and two commonly reported composite ECG traits that summed contiguous traits. Combined phenotype testing was performed using the adaptive sum of powered scores test (aSPU).nnResultsWe identified six novel and 87 known ECG trait loci (aSPU p-value < 5E-9). Lead SNP rs3211938 at novel locus CD36 was common in African Americans (minor allele frequency=10%) and near-monomorphic in European Americans, with effect sizes for the composite trait, QT interval, among the largest reported. Only one novel locus was detected for the composite traits, due to opposite directions of effects across contiguous traits that summed to near-zero. Combined phenotype testing did not detect novel loci unapparent by univariate testing. However, this approach aided locus characterization, particularly when loci harbored multiple independent signals that differed by trait.nnConclusionsDespite including one-third as few participants as the largest published GWAS of ECG traits, our study identifies multiple novel ECG genetic loci, emphasizing the importance of ancestral diversity and phenotype measurement in this era of ever-growing GWAS.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYWe leveraged a multiethnic cohort with precise measures of cardioelectric function to identify novel genetic loci affecting this complex, multifaceted phenotype. The success of our approach stresses the importance of phenotypic precision and participant diversity for future locus discovery and characterization efforts, and cautions against compromises made in genome-wide association studies to pursue ever-growing sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baldassari, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindorff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ida Chen, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotters, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyerle, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study of decomposed cardioelectric phenotypes illustrates strategies to identify and characterize evidence of shared genetic effects for complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitonuclear interactions influence Alzheimer’s disease risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We examined the associations between mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (MT-hg) and their interactions with a polygenic risk score based on nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes (nMT-PRS) with risk of dementia and age of onset of dementia (AOO). Logistic regression was used to determine the effect of MT-hgs and nMT-PRS on dementia at baseline (332 controls / 204 cases). Cox proportional hazards models were used to model dementia AOO (n=1047; 433 incident cases). Additionally, we tested for interactions between MT-hg and nMT-PRS in the logistic and Cox models. MT-hg K and a one SD larger nMT-PRS were associated with elevated odds of dementia. Significant antagonistic interactions between the nMT-PRS and MT-hg K and T were observed. Individual MT-hg were not associated with AOO; however, a significant antagonistic interactions was observed between the nMT-PRS and MT-hg T and a synergistic interaction between the nMT-PRS and MT-hg V. These results suggest that MT-hgs influence dementia risk, and that variants in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome interact to influence the age of onset of dementia.nnHighlightsO_LIMitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to influence dementia risknC_LIO_LIMT-hg K and T interacted with a genetic risk score to reduce dementia risknC_LIO_LIMT-hg T and V interacted with a genetic risk score to influence dementia age of onsetnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton-Howard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFall, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitonuclear interactions influence Alzheimer’s disease risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-synthesized estrogens regulate cortical migration in a sexually divergent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogens play an important role in the sexual dimorphisms that occur during brain development, including the neural circuitry that underlies sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors. Aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens, is expressed at high levels during early development in both male and female cortices, suggesting a role for brain-synthesized estrogens during corticogenesis. This study investigated how the local synthesis of estrogens affects neurodevelopment of the cerebral cortex, and how this differs in males and females by knockdown expression of the Cyp19a1 gene, which encodes aromatase, between embryonic day 14.5 and postnatal day 0 (P0). The effects of Cyp19a1 knockdown on neural migration was then assessed. Aromatase was expressed in the developing cortex of both sexes, but at significantly higher levels in male than female mice. Under basal conditions, no obvious differences in cortical migration between male and female mice were observed. However, knockdown of Cyp19a1 increased the number GFP-positive cells in the cortical plate, with a concurrent decrease in the subventricular zone/ventricular zone in P0 male mice. The opposite effect was observed in females, with a significantly reduced number of GFP-positive cells migrating to the cortical plate. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the role of fetal steroids for neuronal migration during cerebral cortex development. Moreover, these data indicate that brain-synthesized estrogens regulate radial migration through distinct mechanisms in males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sellers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-synthesized estrogens regulate cortical migration in a sexually divergent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IF3 licenses newly made 30S subunits for translation during stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial ribosome biogenesis and translation occur in the same cellular compartment. Therefore, a biochemical gate-keeping step is required to prevent immature ribosomes from engaging in protein synthesis. Here, we show that the abundant ribosome assembly factor, RbfA, creates this checkpoint by suppressing protein synthesis by immature E. coli 30S subunits. After 30S maturation, RbfA is released by initiation factor 3 (IF3), which remains bound to 30S subunits to promote translation initiation. Genetic interactions between RbfA and IF3 show that IF3 is important for RbfA release during logarithmic growth. Moreover, IF3 is the main pathway for RbfA release in stationary phase when the activity of a less abundant RbfA-release factor, RsgA GTPase, is inhibited by the alarmone (p)ppGpp. By gating the transition from 30S biogenesis to translation initiation, RbfA and IF3 maintain the integrity of bacterial protein synthesis under a range of growth conditions and especially under stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IF3 licenses newly made 30S subunits for translation during stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Let-7 miRNAs control auditory sensory progenitor behavior in the vertebrate inner ear 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary conserved lethal-7 (let-7) family of microRNAs (miRNAs) is a well-known activator of terminal mitosis and differentiation. Surprisingly, we previously found that overexpression of let-7 miRNAs in the murine auditory organ accelerated the terminal mitosis of auditory sensory progenitors (pro-sensory cells) but failed to stimulate their differentiation into mechano-sensory hair cells (HCs). To further address the role of let-7 miRNAs in auditory sensory differentiation, we conducted gain and loss of function experiments in the developing chicken auditory organ, the basilar papilla (BP). Using a sponge approach, we show that the disruption of let-7 miRNA function in the developing BP delays pro-sensory cell exit and delays differentiation of auditory HCs, revealing that endogenous let-7 miRNAs limit pro-sensory cell self-renewal in the developing BP. However, consistent with the role of let-7 miRNAs in the murine auditory organ, let-7b overexpression in the developing BP delayed HC differentiation, suggesting that too low or too high let-7 miRNA levels disrupt HC differentiation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the repressive role of let-7 miRNAs in HC differentiation may be due to its targeting of the chromatin remodeler CHD7. Mutation in the human CHD7 gene causes CHARGE syndrome, which amongst others is characterized by inner ear and hearing deficits. Using target prediction algorithms, we uncovered a highly predictive and evolutionary conserved let-7 binding site within the Chd7 transcript. Consistent with being a target of let-7 repression, we demonstrate that let-7b overexpression significantly reduced CHD7 protein expression in to the developing BP. Furthermore, utilizing an inducible let-7g transgenic mouse model, we show that let-7 miRNAs negatively regulate CHD7 protein expression in developing murine cochlear, retinal and brain tissue. CHD7 is dosage dependent and the here described regulation by let-7 miRNAs may be critical to fine tune CHD7 protein levels during sensory and neuronal development.nnSIGNIFICANCEThe evolutionary highly conserved let-7 miRNAs are essential for proper timing of cell state transitions during embryogenesis. Even though abundantly expressed in the vertebrate auditory organ, surprisingly little is known about their function in auditory sensory differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous let-7 miRNAs are essential for limiting auditory sensory progenitor (pro-sensory) cell self-renewal. Furthermore, we find that precocious let-7 miRNAs expression interferes with auditory hair cell differentiation and identify chromatin remodeler CHD7 as a potential target gene of let-7 repressive function in HC differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evsen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Let-7 miRNAs control auditory sensory progenitor behavior in the vertebrate inner ear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpCAM Aptamer siRNA chimeras: Therapeutic efficacy in epithelial cancer cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the era of personalized medicine as well as precision medicine, targeted therapy has become an integral part of cancer treatment in conjunction with conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. We designed aptamer-siRNA chimeras that can specifically target cancers expressing EpCAM, a stem cell marker and deliver the specific siRNA required for therapy response. The siRNAs were chosen against PLK1, BCL2 and STAT3 as these oncogenes play prominent role in tumour progression of several cancers. Targeted delivery of EpCAM-siRNA chimeras resulted in cell death in several cancer cell lines such as cancers of the breast, lung, head and neck, liver and retinoblastoma. In vivo analysis of EpCAM-siRNA chimera mediated silencing on RB xenografts tumour model showed increased tumor reduction in all the three EpCAM-siRNA treated conditions. However, regulation of PLK1 exhibited higher efficacy in tumour reduction. Therefore. We studied signaling mechanism using global phosphoproteomics analysis. An increased P53 mediated downstream signalling pathway might have enabled increased apoptosis in the cancer cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the efficacy of EpCAM aptamer chimeras coupled to siRNA gene silencing for targeted anti-cancer therapy.nnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=195 SRC="FIGDIR/small/656199v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (48K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ce89daorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bc5daeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aa4ceforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a1159e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Illustration showing how EpCAM aptamer-mediated silencing of PLK1 could control the cell cycle progression at multiple number of check points and induce apoptosis involving hyper and hypophosphorylation of variety of signalling molecules
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elchuri, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanyam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrinarayanan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaka, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmi, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpCAM Aptamer siRNA chimeras: Therapeutic efficacy in epithelial cancer cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting glutamine metabolism enhances tumor specific immunity by inhibiting the generation of MDSCs and reprogramming tumor associated macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid cells comprise a major component of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) promoting tumor growth and immune evasion. By employing a novel small molecule inhibitor of glutamine metabolism not only were we able to inhibit tumor growth but we markedly inhibited the generation and recruitment of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC). Targeting tumor glutamine metabolism led to a decrease in CSF-3 and hence recruitment of MDSC as well immunogenic cell death leading to an increase in inflammatory Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs). Alternatively, inhibiting glutamine metabolism of the MDSC themselves led to activation induced cell death and conversion of MDSC to inflammatory macrophages. Surprisingly, blocking glutamine metabolism also inhibited IDO expression of both the tumor and myeloid derived cells leading to a marked decrease in kynurenine levels. This in turn inhibited the development of metastasis and further enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Indeed, targeting glutamine metabolism rendered checkpoint blockade-resistant tumors susceptible to immunotherapy. Overall, our studies define an intimate interplay between the unique metabolism of tumors and the metabolism of suppressive immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blosser, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arwood, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan-Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting glutamine metabolism enhances tumor specific immunity by inhibiting the generation of MDSCs and reprogramming tumor associated macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-Seq analysis identifies molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic patterning and differentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus is a central regulator of many innate behaviors essential for survival, but the molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic patterning and cell fate specification are poorly understood. To identify genes that control hypothalamic development, we have used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to profile mouse hypothalamic gene expression across 12 developmental time points between embryonic day 10 and postnatal day 45. This identified genes that delineated clear developmental trajectories for all major hypothalamic cell types, and readily distinguished major regional subdivisions of the developing hypothalamus. By using our developmental dataset, we were able to rapidly annotate previously unidentified clusters from existing scRNA-Seq datasets collected during development, and to identify the developmental origins of major neuronal populations of the ventromedial hypothalamus. We further show that our approach can rapidly and comprehensively characterize mutants that have altered hypothalamic patterning, identifying Nkx2.1 as a negative regulator of prethalamic identity. These data serve as a resource for further studies of hypothalamic development, physiology and dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNA-Seq analysis identifies molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic patterning and differentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward computational design of protein crystals with improved resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substantial advances have been made in the computational design of protein interfaces over the last 20 years. However, the interfaces targeted by design have typically been stable and high affinity. Here, we report the development of a generic computational design method to stabilize the weak interactions at crystallographic interfaces. Initially, we analyzed structures reported in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to determine whether crystals with more stable interfaces result in higher resolution structures. We found that, for twenty-two variants of a single protein crystallized by a single individual, Rosetta score correlates with resolution. We next developed and tested a computational design protocol, seeking to identify point mutations that would improve resolution on a highly stable variant of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase {Delta}+PHS). Only one of eleven initial designs crystallized, forcing us to re-evaluate our strategy and base our designs on an ensemble of protein backbones. Using this strategy, four of the five designed proteins crystallized. Collecting diffraction data for multiple crystals per design and solving crystal structures, we found that designed crystals improved resolution modestly and in unpredictable ways, including altering crystal space group. Post-hoc, in silico analysis showed that crystal space groups could have been predicted for four of six variants (including WT), but that resolution did not correlate with interface stability, as it did in the preliminary results. Our results show that single point mutations can have significant effects on crystal resolution and space group, and that it is possible to computationally identify such mutations, suggesting a potential design strategy to generate high-resolution protein crystals from poorly diffracting ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Moreno E., B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward computational design of protein crystals with improved resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recounting the FANTOM Cage Associated Transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key coordinators of biological and cellular processes. Characterizing lncRNA expression across cells and tissues is key to understanding their role in determining phenotypes including human diseases. We present here FC-R2, a comprehensive expression atlas across a broadly-defined human transcriptome, inclusive of over 109,000 coding and non-coding genes, as described in the FANTOM CAGE-Associated Transcriptome (FANTOM-CAT) study. This atlas greatly extends the gene annotation used in the original recount2 resource. We demonstrate the utility of the FC-R2 atlas by reproducing key findings from published large studies and by generating new results across normal and diseased human samples. In particular, we (a) identify tissue specific transcription profiles for distinct classes of coding and non-coding genes, (b) perform differential expression analyses across thirteen cancer types, providing new insights linking promoter and enhancer lncRNAs expression to tumor pathogenesis, and (c) confirm the prognostic value of several enhancers in cancer. Comprised of over 70,000 samples, the FC-R2 atlas will empower other researchers to investigate functions and biological roles of both known coding genes and novel lncRNAs. Most importantly, access to the FC-R2 atlas is available from https://jhubiostatistics.shinyapps.io/recount/, the recount Bioconductor package, and http://marchionnilab.org/fcr2.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuzawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasukawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Hoon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recounting the FANTOM Cage Associated Transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing aneuploidy with repetitive element sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a sensitive PCR-based assay that can detect aneuploidy in samples containing as little as 3 picograms of DNA. Using a single primer pair, we amplified [~]750,000 amplicons distributed throughout the genome Aneuploidy was detected in 49% of liquid biopsies from a total of 883 non-metastatic cancers of eight different types. Combining aneuploidy with somatic mutation detection and eight standard protein biomarkers yielded a median sensitivity of 80% at 99% specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douville, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silliman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing aneuploidy with repetitive element sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting destabilized DNA G-quadruplexes and aberrant splicing in drug-resistant glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been the first-line standard of care for the aggressive brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM) since 2005. Though initially beneficial, TMZ- resistance is universal and second-line interventions are an unmet clinical need. Here we took advantage the mechanism of action of TMZ to target guanines (G) and investigated G-rich g- quadruplex (G4) and splice site changes that occur upon TMZ-resistance. We report TMZ-resistant GBM has guanine mutations that disrupt the G-rich DNA G4s and splice sites that lead to deregulated alternative splicing. These alterations create vulnerabilities, which are selectively targeted by either the G4 stabilizing drug TMPyP4 or a novel splicing kinase inhibitor of cdc2- like kinase. Finally, we show that the G4 and RNA-binding protein EWSR1 aggregates in the cytoplasm in TMZ-resistant GBM cells and patient samples. Together, our findings provide insight into targetable vulnerabilities of TMZ-resistant GBM and present cytoplasmic EWSR1 as a putative biomarker.

TeaserTargeting temozolomide mutations in drug resistant glioma via g-quadruplex and splicing modulators with a putative biomarker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiek, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamillo-Ferrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogg, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuercher, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggins, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting destabilized DNA G-quadruplexes and aberrant splicing in drug-resistant glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Computational Model of the Underlying Mechanisms of Temporal Coding in the Auditory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In primary auditory cortex, slowly repeated acoustic events are represented temporally by phase-locked activity of single neurons. Single-unit studies in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) have shown that a sub-population of these neurons also monotonically increase or decrease their average discharge rate during stimulus presentation for higher repetition rates. Building on a computational single-neuron model that generates phase-locked responses with stimulus evoked excitation followed by strong inhibition, we find that stimulus-evoked short-term depression is sufficient to produce synchronized monotonic positive and negative responses to slowly repeated stimuli. By exploring model robustness and comparing it to other models for adaptation to such stimuli, we conclude that short-term depression best explains our observations in single-unit recordings in awake marmosets. Using this model, we emulated how single neurons could encode and decode multiple aspects of an acoustic stimuli with the monotonic positive and negative encoding of a given stimulus feature. Together, our results show that a simple biophysical mechanism in single neurons can allow a more complex encoding and decoding of acoustic stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Computational Model of the Underlying Mechanisms of Temporal Coding in the Auditory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust benchmark for germline structural variant detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New technologies and analysis methods are enabling genomic structural variants (SVs) to be detected with ever-increasing accuracy, resolution, and comprehensiveness. Translating these methods to routine research and clinical practice requires robust benchmark sets. We developed the first benchmark set for identification of both false negative and false positive germline SVs, which complements recent efforts emphasizing increasingly comprehensive characterization of SVs. To create this benchmark for a broadly consented son in a Personal Genome Project trio with broadly available cells and DNA, the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium integrated 19 sequence-resolved variant calling methods, both alignment- and de novo assembly-based, from short-, linked-, and long-read sequencing, as well as optical and electronic mapping. The final benchmark set contains 12745 isolated, sequence-resolved insertion and deletion calls [&ge;]50 base pairs (bp) discovered by at least 2 technologies or 5 callsets, genotyped as heterozygous or homozygous variants by long reads. The Tier 1 benchmark regions, for which any extra calls are putative false positives, cover 2.66 Gbp and 9641 SVs supported by at least one diploid assembly. Support for SVs was assessed using svviz with short-, linked-, and long-read sequence data. In general, there was strong support from multiple technologies for the benchmark SVs, with 90 % of the Tier 1 SVs having support in reads from more than one technology. The Mendelian genotype error rate was 0.3 %, and genotype concordance with manual curation was >98.7 %. We demonstrate the utility of the benchmark set by showing it reliably identifies both false negatives and false positives in high-quality SV callsets from short-, linked-, and long-read sequencing and optical mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullikin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajirasouliha, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tearle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soylev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/664623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust benchmark for germline structural variant detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA shape complements sequence-based representations of transcription factor binding sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The position weight matrix (PWM) has long been a useful tool for describing variation in the composition of regions of DNA such as transcription factor (TF) binding sites. It is difficult, however, to relate the sequence-based representation of a DNA motif to the biological features of the interaction of a TF with its binding site. Here we present an alternative strategy for representing DNA motifs - called Structural Motif (StruM) - that can easily represent different sets of structural features. Structural features are inferred from dinucleotide properties listed in the Dinucleotide Property Database. StruMs are able to specifically model TF binding sites, using an encoding strategy that is distinct from sequence-based models. This difference in encoding strategies makes StruMs complementary to sequence-based methods of TF binding site identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeFord, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA shape complements sequence-based representations of transcription factor binding sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theoretical model of neural maturation during the spinal cord neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular differentiation is a tightly regulated process under the control of intricate signaling and transcription factors interaction network working in coordination. These interactions make the systems dynamic, robust and stable but also difficult to dissect. In the spinal cord, recent work has shown that a network of FGF, WNT and Retinoic Acid (RA) signaling factors regulate neural maturation by directing the activity of a transcription factor network that contains CDX at its core. Here we have used partial and ordinary (Hill) differential equation based models to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the FGF/WNT/RA and the CDX/transcription factor networks, alone and in combination. We show that in both networks, the strength of interaction among network partners impacts the dynamics, behavior and output of the system. In the signaling network, interaction strength determine the position and size of discrete regions of cell differentiation and small changes in the strength of the interactions among networking partners can result in a signal overriding, balancing or oscillating with another signal. We also show that the spatiotemporal information generated by the signaling network can be conveyed to the CDX/transcription network to produces a transition zone that separates regions of high cell potency from regions of cell differentiation, in agreement with most in vivo observations. Importantly, both networks have built in robustness to extrinsic disturbances. This analysis provides a model for the interaction conditions underlying spinal cord cell maturation during embryonic axial elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skromne, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theoretical model of neural maturation during the spinal cord neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of perceptual switching while listening to bistable auditory streaming stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the neural underpinning of conscious perception remains one of the primary challenges of cognitive neuroscience. Theories based mostly on studies of the visual system differ according to whether the neural activity giving rise to conscious perception occurs in modality-specific sensory cortex or in associative areas, such as the frontal and parietal cortices. Here, we search for modality-specific conscious processing in the auditory cortex using a bistable stream segregation paradigm that presents a constant stimulus without the confounding influence of physical changes to sound properties. ABA_ triplets (i.e., alternating low, A, and high, B, tones, and _ gap) with a 700 ms silent response period after every third triplet were presented repeatedly, and human participants reported nearly equivalent proportions of 1- and 2-stream percepts. The pattern of behavioral responses was consistent with previous studies of visual and auditory bistable perception. The intermittent response paradigm has the benefit of evoking spontaneous perceptual switches that can be attributed to a well-defined stimulus event, enabling precise identification of the timing of perception-related neural events with event-related potentials (ERPs). Significantly more negative ERPs were observed for 2-streams compared to 1-stream, and for switches compared to non-switches during the sustained potential (500-1000 ms post-stimulus onset). Further analyses revealed that the negativity associated with switching was independent of switch direction, suggesting that spontaneous changes in perception have a unique neural signature separate from the observation that 2-streams has more negative ERPs than 1-stream. Source analysis of the sustained potential showed activity associated with these differences originating in anterior superior temporal gyrus, indicating involvement of the ventral auditory pathway that is important for processing auditory objects.nnSignificance StatementWhen presented with ambiguous stimuli, the auditory system takes the available information and attempts to construct a useful percept. When multiple percepts are possible from the same stimuli, however, perception fluctuates back and forth between alternating percepts in a bistable manner. Here, we examine spontaneous switches in perception using a bistable auditory streaming paradigm with a novel intermittent stimulus paradigm, and measure sustained electrical activity in anterior portions of auditory cortex using event-related potentials. Analyses revealed enhanced sustained cortical activity when perceiving 2-streams compared to 1-stream, and when a switch occurred regardless of switch direction. These results indicate that neural responses in auditory cortex reflect both the content of perception and neural dynamics related to switches in perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgins, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerkes, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla-Mathew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of perceptual switching while listening to bistable auditory streaming stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Non-random Location of Autosomal Genes that Participate in X Inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By transcribing XIST RNA, the human inactive X chromosome has a prime role in X-dosage compensation. Yet, the autosomes also play an important role in the process. In fact, multiple genes on human chromosome 1 interact with XIST RNA to silence the inactive Xs, no matter how many there are. And it is likely that multiple genes on human chromosome 19 prevent the silencing of the single active X, which is a highly dosage sensitive process. Previous studies of the organization of chromosomes in the nucleus and their genomic interactions indicate that most contacts are intra-chromosomal. Coordinate transcription or dosage regulation could explain the clustered organization of these autosomal genes on these two chromosomes that are critical for X dosage compensation in human cells. Unlike those on chromosome 1, the genes within the critical eight MB region of chromosome 19, have remained together in all mammals assayed, except rodents, indicating that their proximity in non-rodent mammals is evolutionarily conserved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Migeon, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Non-random Location of Autosomal Genes that Participate in X Inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
lncRNAKB: A comprehensive knowledgebase of long non-coding RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have assembled a comprehensive long non-coding RNA knowledgebase (lncRNAKB) of 77,199 annotated human lncRNAs (224,286 transcripts) by methodically integrating widely used lncRNAs resources. To facilitate functional characterization of lncRNAs, we employed Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project to provide tissue-specific gene expression profiles of lncRNAs in 31 solid organ tissues. Additional information includes network analysis to identify co-expressed gene modules to potentially delineate lncRNA function. Tissue-specificity, phylogenetic conservation scores and coding potential for lncRNAs are included. Finally, using whole genome sequencing data from GTEx, expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) regulated lncRNAs were calculated in all tissues. lncRNAKB is available at http://www.lncrnakb.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seifuddin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaitankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunc, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goes, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafri, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirooznia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[lncRNAKB: A comprehensive knowledgebase of long non-coding RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The endonuclease Cue2 cleaves mRNAs at stalled ribosomes during No Go Decay. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of problematic sequences in mRNAs leads to ribosome collisions that trigger a sequence of quality control events including ribosome rescue, degradation of the stalled nascent polypeptide via the Ribosome-mediated Quality control Complex (RQC), and targeting of the mRNA for decay (No Go Decay or NGD). Previous studies provide strong evidence for the existence of an endonuclease involved in the process of NGD though the identity of the endonuclease and the extent to which it contributes to mRNA decay remain unknown. Using a reverse genetic screen in yeast, we identify Cue2 as the conserved endonuclease that is recruited to stalled ribosomes to promote NGD. Ribosome profiling and biochemistry provide strong evidence that Cue2 cleaves mRNA within the A site of the colliding ribosome. Finally, we show that NGD primarily proceeds via Xrn1-mediated exonucleolytic decay. Cue2-mediated endonucleolytic decay normally constitutes a secondary decay pathway, but becomes a major contributor in cells depleted of factors required for the resolution of stalled ribosome complexes (the RQT factors including Slh1). Together these results provide insights into how multiple decay processes converge to process problematic mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.nnOne Sentence SummaryCue2 is the endonuclease that cleaves mRNA at ribosome stall sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DOrazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loll-Krippleber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The endonuclease Cue2 cleaves mRNAs at stalled ribosomes during No Go Decay.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functions of ventral visual cortex after bilateral hippocampal loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repeated stimuli elicit attenuated responses in visual cortex relative to novel stimuli. This adaptation phenomenon can be considered a form of rapid learning and a signature of perceptual memory. Adaptation occurs not only when a stimulus is repeated immediately, but also when there is a lag in terms of time and other intervening stimuli before the repetition. But how does the visual system keep track of which stimuli are repeated, especially after long delays and many intervening stimuli? We hypothesized that the hippocampus supports long-lag adaptation, given that it learns from single experiences, maintains information over delays, and sends feedback to visual cortex. We tested this hypothesis with fMRI in an amnesic patient, LSJ, who has encephalitic damage to the medial temporal lobe resulting in complete bilateral hippocampal loss. We measured adaptation at varying time lags between repetitions in functionally localized visual areas that were intact in LSJ. We observed that these areas track information over a few minutes even when the hippocampus is unavailable. Indeed, LSJ and controls were identical when attention was directed away from the repeating stimuli: adaptation occurred for lags up to three minutes, but not six minutes. However, when attention was directed toward stimuli, controls now showed an adaptation effect at six minutes but LSJ did not. These findings suggest that visual cortex can support one-shot perceptual memories lasting for several minutes but that the hippocampus is necessary for adaptation in visual cortex after longer delays when stimuli are task-relevant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functions of ventral visual cortex after bilateral hippocampal loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number (mtDNA-CN) Can Influence Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease via Methylation of Nuclear DNA CpGs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) has been associated with a variety of aging-related diseases, including all-cause mortality. However, the mechanism by which mtDNA-CN influences disease is not currently understood. One such mechanism may be through regulation of nuclear gene expression via the modification of nuclear DNA (nDNA) methylation.

MethodsTo investigate this hypothesis, we assessed the relationship between mtDNA-CN and nDNA methylation in 2,507 African American (AA) and European American (EA) participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. To validate our findings we assayed an additional 2,528 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (N=533) and Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (N=1,995). We further assessed the effect of experimental modification of mtDNA-CN through knockout of TFAM, a regulator of mtDNA replication, via CRISPR-Cas9.

ResultsThirty-four independent CpGs were associated with mtDNA-CN at genome-wide significance (P<5x10-8). Meta-analysis across all cohorts identified six mtDNA-CN associated CpGs at genome-wide significance (P<5x10-8). Additionally, over half of these CpGs were associated with phenotypes known to be associated with mtDNA-CN, including coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Experimental modification of mtDNA-CN demonstrated that modulation of mtDNA-CN directly drives changes in nDNA methylation and gene expression of specific CpGs and nearby transcripts. Strikingly, the  neuroactive ligand receptor interaction KEGG pathway was found to be highly overrepresented in the ARIC cohort (P= 5.24x10-12), as well as the TFAM knockout methylation (P=4.41x10-4) and expression (P=4.30x10-4) studies.

ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that changes in mtDNA-CN influence nDNA methylation at specific loci and result in differential expression of specific genes that may impact human health and disease via altered cell signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpter, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankow, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number (mtDNA-CN) Can Influence Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease via Methylation of Nuclear DNA CpGs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Class of antiretroviral drugs and anemia risk in the current treatment era 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVESAnemia is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) and has been associated with certain, often older, antiretroviral medications. Information on current antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anemia is limited. The objectives were to compare associations between anemia incidence or hemoglobin change with core ART classes in the current ART era.nnDESIGNRetrospective cohort study.nnSETTINGU.S.-based prospective clinical cohort of PLWH aged 18 and above receiving care at 8 sites between 1/2010-3/2018.nnPARTICIPANTS16,505 PLWH were included in this study.nnMAIN OUTCOME MEASURESAnemia risk and hemoglobin change were measured for person-time on a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), relative to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) reference. We also examined PLWH on multiple core classes. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to measure associations between time-updated ART classes and incident anemia or severe anemia. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine relationships between ART classes and hemoglobin change.nnRESULTSDuring a median of 4.9 years of follow-up, 1,040 developed anemia and 488 developed severe anemia during. Compared to NNRTI use, INSTI-based regimens were associated with an increased risk of anemia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-1.47) and severe anemia (aHR1.55 95%CI 1.11-2.17), and a decrease in hemoglobin level. Time on multiple core classes was also associated with increased anemia risk (aHR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06-1.60) and severe anemia risk (aHR 1.35, 95%CI 0.99-1.85), while no associations were found for PI use.nnCONCLUSIONThese findings suggest INSTI use may increase the risk of anemia. If confirmed, screening for anemia development in users of INSTIs may be beneficial. Further research into underlying mechanisms is warranted.nnStrengths and limitations of this studyO_LIThis study utilized a large and geographically diverse population of PLWH in care across the U.S.nC_LIO_LIThis study leveraged comprehensive clinical data, including information on diagnoses, medication use, laboratory test results, demographic information, and medical history.nC_LIO_LIThis study investigated associations between specific types of ART core regimens and anemia risk.nC_LIO_LIThis observational study is subject to residual confounding.nC_LIO_LIThis study focused on anemia assessed from hemoglobin lab values taken at regular medical care visits without excluding participants with conditions strongly associated with hemoglobin level through non-traditional HIV mechanisms.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harding, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkholder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eron, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volberding, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitahata, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, J. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/674549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Class of antiretroviral drugs and anemia risk in the current treatment era]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte subdomains respond independently in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes contact thousands of synapses throughout the territory covered by its fine bushy processes. Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity with an increase in calcium concentration that is in turn linked to their capacity to modulate neuronal activity. It remains unclear whether astrocytes behave as a single functional unit that integrates all of these inputs, or if multiple functional subdomains reside within an individual astrocyte. We utilized the topographic organization of ferret visual cortex to test whether local neuronal activity can elicit spatially restricted events within an individual astrocyte. We monitored calcium activity throughout the extent of astrocytes in ferret visual cortex while presenting visual stimuli that elicit coordinated neuronal activity spatially restricted to functional columns. We found visually-driven calcium responses throughout the entire astrocyte that was largely independent in individual subdomains, often responding to different visual stimulus orientations. A model of the spatial interaction of astrocytes and neuronal orientation maps recapitulated these measurements, consistent with the hypothesis that astrocyte subdomains integrate local neuronal activity. Together, these results suggest that astrocyte responses to neural circuit activity are dominated by functional subdomains that respond locally and independently to neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schummers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte subdomains respond independently in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syngap Splice Variants Display Heterogeneous Spatio-Temporal Expression And Subcellular Distribution In The Developing Mammalian Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Syngap1 gene is a major regulator of synapse biology and neural circuit function. Genetic variants linked to epilepsy and intellectual disability disrupt synaptic function and neural excitability. The SynGAP protein has been involved in multiple signaling pathways and can regulate small GTPases with very different functions. Yet, the molecular bases behind this pleiotropy are poorly understood. We hypothesize that different SynGAP isoforms will mediate different sets of functions and that deciphering their spatio-temporal expression and subcellular localization will accelerate our understanding of the multiple functions performed by SynGAP. Using antibodies that detect all isoforms of SynGAP, we found that its subcellular localization changed throughout postnatal development. Consistent with previous reports, SynGAP was enriched in the postsynaptic density in the mature forebrain. However, this was age-dependent and SynGAP was predominantly found in non-synaptic locations in a period of postnatal development highly sensitive to SynGAP levels. Furthermore, we identified different expression patterns in the spatial and temporal axes for different SynGAP isoforms. Particularly noticeable was the delayed expression of SynGAP 1 isoforms, which bind to PSD-95 at the postsynaptic density, in cortex and hippocampus during the first two weeks of postnatal development. The subcellular localization of SynGAP was also isoform-dependent. While, 1 isoforms were highly enriched in the postsynaptic density, other C-terminal isoforms were less enriched or even more abundant in non-synaptic locations, particularly during the postnatal period. Thus, the regulation of expression and subcellular distribution of SynGAP isoforms may contribute to isoform-specific regulation of small GTPases, explaining SynGAP pleiotropy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca-Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reig-Viader, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Quintana-Schmidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syngap Splice Variants Display Heterogeneous Spatio-Temporal Expression And Subcellular Distribution In The Developing Mammalian Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence for motor recovery-related cortical reorganization after stroke using resting-state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/681320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical reorganization has been suggested as mechanism for recovery after stroke. It has been proposed that a form of cortical reorganization (changes in functional connectivity between brain areas) can be assessed with resting-state fMRI. Here we report the largest longitudinal data-set in terms of overall sessions in 19 patients with subcortical stroke and 11 controls. Patients were imaged up to 5 times over one year. We found no evidence for post-stroke cortical reorganization despite substantial behavioral recovery. These results could be construed as questioning the value of resting-state imaging. Here we argue instead that they are consistent with other emerging reasons to challenge the idea of motor recovery-related cortical reorganization post-stroke when conceived as changes in connectivity between cortical areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harran, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Castillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence for motor recovery-related cortical reorganization after stroke using resting-state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common genetic variation indicates separate etiologies for periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of two ischemic white matter disease subtypes in the brain, periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities (PVWMH and DWMH). In 26,654 participants, we found 10 independent genome-wide significant loci only associated with PVWMH, four of which have not been described previously for total WMH burden (16q24.2, 17q21.31, 10q23.1, 7q36.1). Additionally, in both PVWMH and DWMH we observed the previous association of the 17q25.1 locus with total WMH. We found that both phenotypes have shared but also distinct genetic architectures, consistent with both different underlying and related pathophysiology. PVWMH had more extensive genetic overlap with small vessel ischemic stroke, and unique associations with several loci implicated in ischemic stroke. DWMH were characterized by associations with loci previously implicated in vascular as well as astrocytic and neuronal function. Our study confirms the utility of these phenotypes and identifies new candidate genes associated only with PVWMH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knol, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompet, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro-Almagro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennema-Notestine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gampawar, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffanti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common genetic variation indicates separate etiologies for periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral training of marmosets and electrophysiological recording from the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The common marmoset (Callithrix Jacchus) is a promising new model for study of neurophysiological basis of behavior in primates. Like other primates, it relies on saccadic eye movements to monitor and explore its environment. Previous reports have demonstrated some success in training marmosets to produce goal-directed actions in the laboratory. However, the number of trials per session has been relatively small, thus limiting the utility of marmosets as a model for behavioral and neurophysiological studies. Here, we report the results of a series of new behavioral training and neurophysiological protocols aimed at increasing the number of trials per session while recording from the cerebellum. To improve the training efficacy, we designed a precisely calibrated food regulation regime that motivated the subjects to perform saccade tasks, resulting in about a thousand reward-driven trials on a daily basis. We then developed a multi-channel recording system that used imaging to target a desired region of the cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells in the vermis. In this report, we describe (1) the design and surgical implantation of a CT guided, subject specific head-post, (2) the design of a CT and MRI guided alignment tool for trajectory guidance of electrodes mounted on an absolute encoder microdrive, (3) development of a protocol for behavioral training of subjects, and (4) simultaneous recordings from pairs of Purkinje cells during a saccade task.nnNew and NoteworthyMarmosets present the opportunity to investigate genetically based neurological disease in primates; in particular, diseases that affect social behaviors, vocal communication, and eye movements. All of these behaviors depend on the integrity of the cerebellum. Here, we present training methods that better motivate the subjects, allowing for improved performance, and also present electrophysiological techniques that precisely target the subjects cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells.nnIn our parks, are there any trees more elegant and luxurious than the Purkinje cell from the cerebellum? Santiago Ramon y Cajal
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzfeld, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbasi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral training of marmosets and electrophysiological recording from the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tel1 activation by the MRX complex is sufficient for telomere length regulation but not for the DNA damage response in S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous models suggested that regulation of telomere length in S. cerevisiae by Tel1(ATM) and Mec1(ATR) parallel the established pathways regulating the DNA damage response. Here we provide evidence that telomere length regulation differs from the DNA damage response in both the Tel1 and Mec1 pathways. We found that Rad53 mediates a Mec1 telomere length regulation pathway but is dispensable for Tel1 telomere length regulation, whereas in the DNA damage response Rad53 is regulated by both Mec1 and Tel1. Using epistasis analysis with a Tel1 hypermorphic allele, Tel1-hy909, we found that the MRX complex is not required downstream of Tel1 for telomere elongation but is required downstream of Tel1 for the DNA damage response. Since models that invoke a required end processing event for telomerase elongation are primarily based on the yeast pathways, our data call for a re-examination of the requirement for telomere end processing in both yeast and mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tel1 activation by the MRX complex is sufficient for telomere length regulation but not for the DNA damage response in S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal transcriptome analysis following maternal separation implicates altered RNA processing in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are common, seen in 1-5% of the population in the United States and Canada. Children diagnosed with FASD are not likely to remain with their biological parents, facing early maternal separation and foster placements throughout childhood. We have modeled FASD in mice via prenatal alcohol exposure and further induce early life stress through maternal separation. We report an association between adult hippocampal gene expression and prenatal ethanol exposure followed by postnatal separation stress that is related to behavioral changes. Clustering of expression profiles through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identifies a set of transcripts, module 19, associated with anxiety-like behavior (r = 0.79, p = 0.002) as well as treatment group (r = 0.68, p = 0.015). Genes in this module are overrepresented by genes involved in transcriptional regulation and other pathways related to neurodevelopment. Interestingly, one member of this module, Polr2a, polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide A, is downregulated by the combination of prenatal ethanol and postnatal stress in an RNA-Seq experiment and qPCR validation (q = 2e-12, p = 0.004, respectively). Together, transcriptional control in the hippocampus is implicated as a potential underlying mechanism leading to anxiety-like behavior via environmental insults. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanism involved and use this insight towards early diagnosis and amelioration strategies involving children born with FASD.nnSUMMARY STATEMENTMouse hippocampal gene expression alterations following prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal separation are associated with behavioral deficits. Transcriptomic analysis implicates systems defect involving RNA processing, specifically including downregulation of Polr2a.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alberry, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal transcriptome analysis following maternal separation implicates altered RNA processing in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Drug Combination Approach Targeting Both Growing Bacteria and Dormant Persisters Eradicate Persistent Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus can cause a variety of infections, many of which involve biofilm infections. Inside biofilms, growing and non-growing bacteria such as persisters co-exist, making it challenging to completely eradicate a persistent and recurrent infection with current treatments. Despite the clinical relevance, most of the current antibiotic treatments mainly kill the growing bacteria and have poor activity against non-growing persister bacteria and thus have limited effect on treating persistent infections including biofilm infections. We previously proposed a Yin-Yang model using a drug combination approach targeting both growing bacteria and persister bacteria for more effective clearance of persistent infections. Here, as a proof of principle, we showed that combining drugs that have high activity against growing forms, such as vancomycin or meropenem, with drugs that have robust anti-persister activity, such as clinafloxacin and oritavancin, could completely eradicate S. aureus biofilm bacteria in vitro. In contrast, single or two drugs including the current treatment for persistent S. aureus infection doxycycline plus rifampin failed to kill all biofilm bacteria in vitro. We then developed a chronic persistent skin infection mouse model with biofilm-seeded bacterial inocula demonstrating that biofilm bacteria caused more severe and persistent skin lesions than log phase S. aureus bacteria. More importantly, we found that the drug combination which eradicated biofilm bacteria in vitro is more efficacious than current treatments and completely eradicated S. aureus biofilm infection in mice. The complete eradication of biofilm bacteria is attributed to the unique high anti-persister activity of clinafloxacin, which could not be replaced by other fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the combination of meropenem, daptomycin, plus clinafloxacin completely cleared the persistent infection, healed the lesions, and had less inflammation, while mice treated with doxycycline plus rifampin, the current clinically recommended treatment for chronic tissue infection, failed to do so. We also compared our persister drug combination with other approaches for treating persistent infections including gentamicin+fructose and ADEP4+rifampin in the S. aureus biofilm infection mouse model. Neither gentamicin+fructose nor ADEP4+rifampin could eradicate or cure the persistent biofilm infection in mice. In contrast, our drug combination regimen with persister drug clinafloxacin plus meropenem and daptomycin completely eradicated and cured the persistent biofilm infection in 7 days. An unexpected observation is that ADEP4 treatment group developed worsened skin lesions and caused more extensive pathology than the untreated control mice. Our study demonstrates an important treatment principle for persistent infections by targeting both growing and non-growing heterogeneous bacterial populations utilizing persister drugs for more effective eradication of persistent and biofilm infections. Our findings may have implications for improved treatment of many other persistent infections in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Drug Combination Approach Targeting Both Growing Bacteria and Dormant Persisters Eradicate Persistent Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ranking of Major Classes of Antibiotics for Activity against Stationary Phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Identification of Clinafloxacin + Cefuroxime + Gentamicin Drug Combination that Eradicates Persistent P. aeruginosa Infection in a Murine Cystic Fibrosis Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause serious persistent infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, sepsis, biofilm-related infections as in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Although CF lung infections can be treated with antibiotics, full clearance is difficult due to P. aeruginosa persistence. While antibiotic activity against growing P. aeruginosa is well documented, their activity against the non-growing persisters enriched in stationary phase cultures has not been well studied. Here, we systematically evaluated and ranked the six major classes of antibiotics, cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, sulfa drugs, and nitrofurantoin, for their activity against both growing and persister forms of P. aeruginosa using colony forming count (CFU) and SYBR Green I/Propidium Iodide (PI) viability assay. Among the six major classes of antibiotics, cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors (Cefuroxime and Colistin), DNA synthesis inhibitors (Clinafloxacin) and sulfa drugs (Sulfamethoxazole) had good activity against stationary phase cells. In contrast, protein synthesis inhibitors (Gentamicin), RNA synthesis inhibitor (Rifampicin) and Nitrofurantoin had relatively poor activity against the stationary phase P. aeruginosa but relatively high activity against log phase P. aeruginosa. Clinafloxacin is the only single drug that could completely kill all (109 CFU) stationary phase cells in a 4 day drug exposure. The Cefuroxime + Gentamicin+ Clinafloxacin combination could kill all biofilm bacteria in 2 days whereas the clinically used drug combination Cefuroxime + Gentamicin + Colistin only partially killed the biofilm bacteria with 103 CFU remaining. In a murine persistent CF lung infection model, only Cefuroxime + Gentamicin+ Clinafloxacin cleared all bacteria in the infected lungs, whereas Clinafloxacin alone, or Cefuroxime + Clinafloxacin, or the current recommended drug combination Cefuroxime + Gentamicin, all failed to completely clear the bacterial load in the lungs. The complete sterilization of the bacterial load is a property of Clinafloxacin combination, as Cefuroxime + Gentamicin+ Levofloxacin combination was unable to clear the bacterial load in the lungs. Our findings demonstrate the importance of persister drug clinafloxacin, offer new therapeutic approaches for more effective treatment of persistent P. aeruginosa infections, and may have implications for treating other persistent infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ranking of Major Classes of Antibiotics for Activity against Stationary Phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Identification of Clinafloxacin + Cefuroxime + Gentamicin Drug Combination that Eradicates Persistent P. aeruginosa Infection in a Murine Cystic Fibrosis Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 facilitates remyelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For reasons that are not completely understood, remyelination is often incomplete, producing thin myelin sheaths with disorganized structure. We investigated the cellular basis for this altered myelin structure, and found that the response of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and mature oligodendrocytes to TNF and IL-1{beta} is modified by the expression of the sphingomyelin hydrolase nSMase2. OPCs do not express nSMase2, and exhibit a protective response to these cytokines manifest by decreased ceramide, increased sphingosine 1-phosphate, and increased cell motility. Mature oligodendrocytes express nSMase2, and respond to TNF and IL-1{beta} with a stress phenotype, evidenced by increased ceramide, decreased sphingosine, and active caspase 3. Pharmacological inhibition or a targeted genetic deletion of nSMase2 in vivo increased myelin thickness, and enhanced myelin compaction. These results suggest that inhibition of nSMase2 improves the quality of new myelin by protecting maturing/myelinating oligodendrocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 following a demyelinating event could stabilize the structure of these newly formed myelin sheaths and protect them from secondary demyelination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moniruzzman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 facilitates remyelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 in Schwann cells is critical for maintenance of sensory nerve myelination during aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schwann cell (SC)-specific monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) knockout mice were generated by mating MCT1f/f mice with myelin protein zero (P0)-Cre mice. P0-Cre+/-, MCT1f/f mice have no detectable early developmental defects, but develop hypomyelination and reduced conduction velocity in sensory, but not motor, peripheral nerves during maturation and aging. Furthermore, enlarged node length and reduced mechanical sensitivity were evident in aged P0-Cre+/-, MCT1f/f mice. MCT1 deletion in SCs impairs both their glycolytic and mitochondrial functions, leading to altered lipid metabolism of triacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, and sphingomyelin, decreased expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and increased expression of c-Jun and p75-neurotrophin receptor, suggesting a regression of SCs to a less mature developmental state. Taken together, our results define the essential role of SC MCT1 in both SC metabolism and peripheral nerve maturation and aging.nnMain PointsO_LISC MCT1 deficiency causes hypomyelination of sensory, but not motor, axons during agingnC_LIO_LIEnlarged node length of sensory axons is evident in mutant mouse with SC-specific MCT1 deletionnC_LIO_LISelective ablation of MCT1 within SCs impairs glycolytic and mitochondrial functionsnC_LIO_LISC-specific MCT1 deficiency impairs proteins that regulate myelin and lipid metabolism in peripheral nervesnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polydefkis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocarboxylate transporter 1 in Schwann cells is critical for maintenance of sensory nerve myelination during aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of reliable data on the burden of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in high endemic countries, we established a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance program in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh to estimate the burden of HEV infection among hospitalized acute jaundice patients aged [&ge;]14 years, identify seasonal and geographic patterns in the prevalence of hepatitis E, and examine factors associated with death.nnWe collected blood specimens from enrolled acute jaundice patients, defined as new onset of either yellow eyes or skin during the past three months of hospital admission, and tested for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against HEV, HBV and HAV. The enrolled patients were followed up three months after hospital discharge to assess their survival status; pregnant women were followed up three months after their delivery to assess pregnancy outcomes.nnFrom December2014 to September2017, 1925 patients with acute jaundice were enrolled; 661 (34%) had acute hepatitis E, 48 (8%) had hepatitis A, and 293 (15%) had acute hepatitis B infection. Case fatality among hepatitis E patients was 5% (28/589). Most of the hepatitis E cases were males (74%; 486/661), but case fatality was higher among females--12% (8/68) among pregnant and 8% (7/91) among non-pregnant women. Half of the patients who died with acute hepatitis E had co-infection with HAV or HBV. Of the 62 HEV infected mothers who were alive until the delivery, 9 (15%) had miscarriage/stillbirth, and of those children who were born alive, 19% (10/53) died, all within one week of birth.nnThis study confirms that hepatitis E is the leading cause of acute jaundice, leads to hospitalizations in all regions in Bangladesh, occurs throughout the year, and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Effective control measures should be taken to reduce the risk of HEV infections including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of HEV vaccine to high-risk groups.nnAuthor summaryIn the absence of reliable surveillance data on the burden of hepatitis E in endemic countries, we conducted a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance study over a two and a half year period in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. The study confirms that HEV infections occur throughout the year, and is a major (34%) cause of acute jaundice in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. Three-quarters of the acute hepatitis E cases were male, and HEV infection was higher among patients residing in urban areas than patients in rural areas (41% vs 32%). The overall case fatality rate of acute HEV infections in hospitals was 5%, but was higher among pregnant women (12%). Hepatitis E patients who died were more likely to have co-infection with HAV or HBV than the HEV infected patients who did not die. Fifteen percent of HEV infected mothers had miscarriage/stillbirth. Of the children who were born alive, 19% died, all within one week of birth. Considering the high burden of hepatitis E among hospitalized acute jaundice patients, Bangladesh could take control measures to reduce this risk including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of hepatitis E vaccine in high-risk areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazneen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banik, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumon, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzzaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Strop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidding, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factors associated with unsuppressed viremia in women living with HIV on lifelong ART in a multi-country cohort study: US-PEPFAR PROMOTE study. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite recent efforts to scale-up lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in sub-Saharan Africa, high rates of unsuppressed viremia persist among cART users, and many countries in the region fall short of the UNAIDS 2020 target to have 90% virally suppressed. We sought to determine the factors associated with unsuppressed viremia (defined for the purpose of this study as >200 copies/ml) among African women on lifelong cART.nnMethodsThis analysis was based on baseline data of the PROMOTE longitudinal cohort study at 8 sites in Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study enrolled 1987 women living with HIV who initiated lifelong cART at least 1 year previously to assesses long-term safety and effectiveness of cART. Socio-demographic, clinical, and cART adherence data were collected. We used multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance to identify factors associated with unsuppressed viremia.nnResultsAt enrolment, 1947/1987 (98%) women reported taking cART. Of these, HIV-1 remained detectable in 293/1934 (15%), while 216/1934 (11.2%) were considered unsuppressed (>200 copies/ml). The following factors were associated with an increased risk of unsuppressed viremia: not having household electricity (adjusted prevalence rate ratio (aPRR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-2.36, p<0.001); self-reported missed cART doses (aPRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.24-2.13, p<0.001); recent hospitalization (aPRR 2.48, 95% CI 1.28-4.80, p=0.007) and experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge in the last three months (aPRR 1.88; 95% CI 1.16-3.04, p=0.010). Longer time on cART (aPRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88, p<0.001) and being older (aPRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.76-0.88, p<0.001) were associated with reduced risk of unsuppressed viremia.nnConclusionSocioeconomic barriers such as poverty, not being married, young age, and self-reported missed doses remain key predictors of unsuppressed viremia. Targeted interventions are needed to improve cART adherence among women living with HIV with this risk factor profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atuhaire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yende-Zuma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranix-Chibanda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makanani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factors associated with unsuppressed viremia in women living with HIV on lifelong ART in a multi-country cohort study: US-PEPFAR PROMOTE study.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic contributions to variation in human stature in prehistoric Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative contributions of genetics and environment to temporal and geographic variation in human height remain largely unknown. Ancient DNA has identified changes in genetic ancestry over time, but it is not clear whether those changes in ancestry are associated with changes in height. Here, we directly test whether changes over the past 38,000 years in European height predicted using DNA from 1071 ancient individuals are consistent with changes observed in 1159 skeletal remains from comparable populations. We show that the observed decrease in height between the Early Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic is qualitatively predicted by genetics. Similarly, both skeletal and genetic height remained constant between the Mesolithic and Neolithic and increased between the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Sitting height changes much less than standing height-consistent with genetic predictions-although genetics predicts a small Bronze Age increase that is not observed in skeletal remains. Geographic variation in stature is also qualitatively consistent with genetic predictions, particularly with respect to latitude. Finally, we hypothesize that an observed decrease in genetic heel bone mineral density in the Neolithic reflects adaptation to the decreased mobility indicated by decreased femoral bending strength. This study provides a model for interpreting phenotypic changes predicted from ancient DNA and demonstrates how they can be combined with phenotypic measurements to understand the relative contribution of genetic and developmentally plastic responses to environmental change.nnSignificanceMeasurements of prehistoric human skeletal remains provide a record of changes in height and other anthropometric traits, over time. Often, these changes are interpreted in terms of plastic developmental response to shifts in diet, climate or other environmental factors. These changes can also be genetic in origin but, until recently, it has been impossible to separate the effects of genetics and environment. Here we use ancient DNA to directly estimate genetic changes in phenotypes and to identify changes driven not by genetics, but by environment. We show that changes over the past 35,000 years are largely predicted by genetics, but also identify specific shifts that are more likely to be environmentally driven.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/690545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic contributions to variation in human stature in prehistoric Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/691865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systems Immunology Approach Identifies Cytokine-Induced STAT Signaling Pathways Critical to Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity and Treatment Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/691865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by circulating autoantibodies, involves many cytokine-mediated signaling pathways in multiple immune cell subsets. Most studies of immune cells in RA have limitations, such as analysis of a small number of cell subsets or pathways, and limited longitudinal data on patient phenotypes. In this study, we used an innovative systems immunology approach to simultaneously quantify up to 882 signaling nodes (Jak/STAT signaling readouts modulated by cytokines and other stimuli) in 21 immune cell subsets. We studied 194 RA patients and 41 controls, including 146 well-characterized RA patients prior to, and 6 months after, initiation of methotrexate or biologic agents from the Treatment Efficacy and Toxicity in RA Database and Repository (TETRAD). There was strikingly attenuated signaling capacity in RA patients in IFN stimulation followed by measurement of phosphorylated STAT1 [IFN[-&gt;]p-STAT1] in six immune cell subsets. Multiple nodes showed negative association with disease activity, including IFN[-&gt;]STAT5 signaling in naive and memory B cells. In contrast, IL-6-induced STAT1 and STAT3 activation in central memory CD4-negative T cells showed a positive association with disease activity. Multiple nodes were associated with treatment response, including IFN[-&gt;]STAT1 in monocytes and IL-6[-&gt;]STAT3 in CD4+ naive T cells. Decision tree analysis identified a model combining these two nodes as a high-performing classifier of treatment response to TNF inhibitors. Our study provides novel information on RA disease mechanisms and serves as a framework for the discovery and validation of biomarkers of treatment response in RA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridges, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptacek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawtin, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evensen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittleman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bingham, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofield, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danila, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levesque, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigrovic, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clair, E. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striebich, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batliwalla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/691865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systems Immunology Approach Identifies Cytokine-Induced STAT Signaling Pathways Critical to Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity and Treatment Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species Functional Alignment Reveals Evolutionary Hierarchy Within the Connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution provides an important window into how cortical organization shapes function and vice versa. The complex mosaic of changes in brain morphology and functional organization that have shaped the mammalian cortex during evolution, complicates attempts to chart cortical differences across species. It limits our ability to fully appreciate how evolution has shaped our brain, especially in systems associated with unique human cognitive capabilities that lack anatomical homologues in other species. Here, we demonstrate a function-based method for cross-species cortical alignment that leverages recent advances in understanding cortical organization and that enables the quantification of homologous regions across species, even when their location is decoupled from anatomical landmarks. Critically, our method establishes that cross-species similarity in cortical organization decreases with geodesic distance from unimodal systems, and culminates in the most pronounced changes in posterior regions of the default network (angular gyrus, posterior cingulate and middle temporal cortices). Our findings suggest that the establishment of the default network, as the apex of a cognitive hierarchy, as is seen in humans, is a relatively recent evolutionary adaptation. They also highlight functional changes in regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex and angular gyrus as key influences on uniquely human features of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species Functional Alignment Reveals Evolutionary Hierarchy Within the Connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome assembly from long-read RNA-seq alignments with StringTie2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing using the latest single-molecule sequencing instruments produces reads that are thousands of nucleotides long. The ability to assemble these long reads can greatly improve the sensitivity of long-read analyses. Here we present StringTie2, a reference-guided transcriptome assembler that works with both short and long reads. StringTie2 includes new computational methods to handle the high error rate of long-read sequencing technology, which previous assemblers could not tolerate. It also offers the ability to work with full-length super-reads assembled from short reads, which further improves the quality of assemblies. On 33 short-read datasets from humans and two plant species, StringTie2 is 47.3% more precise and 3.9% more sensitive than Scallop. On multiple long read datasets, StringTie2 on average correctly assembles 8.3 and 2.6 times as many transcripts as FLAIR and Traphlor, respectively, with substantially higher precision. StringTie2 is also faster and has a smaller memory footprint than all comparable tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome assembly from long-read RNA-seq alignments with StringTie2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoGAPS 3: Bayesian non-negative matrix factorization for single-cell analysis with asynchronous updates and sparse data structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationBayesian factorization methods, including Coordinated Gene Activity in Pattern Sets (CoGAPS), are emerging as powerful analysis tools for single cell data. However, these methods have greater computational costs than their gradient-based counterparts. These costs are often prohibitive for analysis of large single-cell datasets. Many such methods can be run in parallel which enables this limitation to be overcome by running on more powerful hardware. However, the constraints imposed by the prior distributions in CoGAPS limit the applicability of parallelization methods to enhance computational efficiency for single-cell analysis.nnResultsWe upgraded CoGAPS in Version 3 to overcome the computational limitations of Bayesian matrix factorization for single cell data analysis. This software includes a new parallelization framework that is designed around the sequential updating steps of the algorithm to enhance computational efficiency. These algorithmic advances were coupled with new software architecture and sparse data structures to reduce the memory overhead for single-cell data. Altogether, these updates to CoGAPS enhance the efficiency of the algorithm so that it can analyze 1000 times more cells, enabling factorization of large single-cell data sets.nnAvailabilityCoGAPS is available as a Bioconductor package and the source code is provided at github.com/FertigLab/CoGAPS. All efficiency updates to enable single-cell analysis available as of version 3.2.nnContactejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoGAPS 3: Bayesian non-negative matrix factorization for single-cell analysis with asynchronous updates and sparse data structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging skeletal muscle proteomics finds changes in spliceosome, immune factors, proteostasis and mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A progressive decline of skeletal muscle strength with aging is a primary cause of mobility loss and frailty in older persons, but the molecular mechanisms of such decline are not fully understood. Here, using quantitative discovery proteomic data from skeletal muscle specimens collected from 58 healthy persons aged 20 to 87 years show that ribosomal proteins and proteins related to energetic metabolism, including those related to the TCA cycle, mitochondria respiration, and glycolysis were underrepresented in older persons. Proteins with important roles in innate and adaptive immunity, involved in proteostasis and regulation of alternative splicing were all overrepresented in muscle from older persons. Changes with aging of alternative splicing were confirmed by RNA-seq. Overall, older muscle has a profound deficit of energetic metabolism, a pro-inflammatory environment and increased proteostasis. Upregulation of the splicing machinery maybe an attempt to compensate for these changes and this could be tested in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ubaida-Mohien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyashkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Freire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharakan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shardell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruin Moaddel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semba, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorospe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging skeletal muscle proteomics finds changes in spliceosome, immune factors, proteostasis and mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Annotation of Human Long Non-Coding RNAs via Molecular Phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute the majority of transcripts in the mammalian genomes and yet, their functions remain largely unknown. We systematically knockdown 285 lncRNAs expression in human dermal fibroblasts and quantified cellular growth, morphological changes, and transcriptomic responses using Capped Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE). Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the same lncRNA exhibited global concordance, and the molecular phenotype, measured by CAGE, recapitulated the observed cellular phenotypes while providing additional insights on the affected genes and pathways. Here, we disseminate the largest to-date lncRNA knockdown dataset with molecular phenotyping (over 1,000 CAGE deep-sequencing libraries) for further exploration and highlight functional roles for ZNF213-AS1 and lnc-KHDC3L-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramilowski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulakovskiy, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, J. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuzawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abugessaisa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bono, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brombacher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannistraci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dostie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handoko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshbarger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayatsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Annotation of Human Long Non-Coding RNAs via Molecular Phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRCA1 Mediated Homologous Recombination and S Phase DNA Repair Pathways Restrict LINE-1 Retrotransposition in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is the only autonomous retrotransposon active in human cells. L1s DNA makes about 17% of the human genome and retrotransposition of a few active L1 copies has been detected in various tumors, underscoring the potential role of L1 in mediating or increasing genome instability during tumorigenic development. Different host factors have been shown to influence L1 mobility through several mechanisms. However, systematic analyses of host factors affecting L1 retrotransposition are limited. Here, we developed a high-throughput microscopy-based retrotransposition assay and coupled it to a genome-wide siRNA knockdown screen to study the cellular regulators of L1 retrotransposition in human cells. We showed that L1 insertion frequency was stimulated by knockdown of Double-Stranded Break (DSB) repair factors that are active in the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle including Homologous Recombination (HR), Fanconi Anemia (FA) and, to a less extent, microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) factors. In particular, we show that BRCA1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with a key role in several DNA repair pathways, plays multiple roles in regulating L1; BRCA1 knockdown directly affects L1 retrotransposition frequency and structure and also plays a role in controlling L1 ORF2 protein translation through L1 mRNA binding. These results suggest the existence of a "battle" between HR factors and L1 retrotransposons, revealing a potential role for L1 in development of tumors characterized by BRCA1 and HR repair deficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mita, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wudzinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/701458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRCA1 Mediated Homologous Recombination and S Phase DNA Repair Pathways Restrict LINE-1 Retrotransposition in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Node-Specific Heritability in the Mouse Connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated significant links between human brain structure and common DNA variants. Similar studies with rodents have been challenging because of smaller brain volumes. Using high field MRI (9.4T) and compressed sensing, we have achieved microscopic resolution and sufficiently high throughput for rodent population studies. We generated whole brain structural MRI and diffusion connectomes for four diverse isogenic lines of mice (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, CAST/EiJ, and BTBR) at spatial resolution 20,000 times higher than human connectomes. We derived volumes, scalar diffusion metrics, and estimates of residual technical error for 166 regions in each hemisphere and connectivity between the regions. Volumes of discrete brain regions had the highest mean heritability (0.71 {+/-} 0.23 SD, n = 332), followed by fractional anisotropy (0.54 {+/-} 0.26), radial diffusivity (0.34 {+/-} 0.022), and axial diffusivity (0.28 {+/-} 0.19). Connection profiles were statistically different in 280 of 322 nodes across all four strains. Nearly 150 of the connection profiles were statistically different between the C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and CAST/EiJ lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/701755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Node-Specific Heritability in the Mouse Connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods for Mendelian Randomization Using Realistic Simulations of Genome-wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMendelian randomization (MR) has provided major opportunities for understanding the causal relationship among complex traits. Previous studies have often evaluated MR methods based on simulations that do not adequately reflect the data-generating mechanism in GWAS and there are often discrepancies in performance of MR methods in simulations and real datasets.

MethodsWe use a simulation framework that generates data on full GWAS for two traits under realistic model for effect-size distribution coherent with heritability, co-heritability and polygenicity typically observed for complex traits. We further use recent data generated from GWAS of 38 biomarkers in the UK Biobank to investigate their causal effects on risk of type-2 diabetes using externally available GWAS summary-statistics.

ResultsSimulation studies show that weighted mode and MRMix are the only two methods which maintain correct type-I error rate in a diverse set of scenarios. Between the two methods, MRMix tends to be more powerful for larger GWAS while the opposite being true for smaller sample sizes. Among the other methods, random-effect IVW, MR-Robust and MR-RAPS tend to perform best in maintaining low mean squared error when the InSIDE assumption is satisfied, but can produce large bias when InSIDE is violated. In real data analysis, some biomarkers showed major heterogeneity in estimates of their causal effects on risk of type-2 diabetes across the different methods, with patterns similar to those observed in simulation studies.

ConclusionsRelative performance of different MR methods depends heavily on sample sizes of underlying GWAS, proportion of valid instruments and validity of the InSIDE assumption.

Key MessagesO_LIMany previous simulations studies to evaluate Mendelian randomization methods do not adequately reflect the data-generating mechanism of genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
C_LIO_LIWe use a simulation framework that generates data on full GWASs under realistic model informed by recent studies on effect-size distribution. We also used very recent GWAS data available on a large number of biomarkers to evaluate their causal effect on type-2 diabetes using alternative methods.
C_LIO_LIAmong the 10 methods that were compared, relative performance of different methods depends heavily on sample sizes of underlying GWAS, proportion of valid instruments and validity of the InSIDE assumption.
C_LIO_LIWeighted mode and MRMix are the only two methods that maintain correct type I error rate in a diverse set of scenarios.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods for Mendelian Randomization Using Realistic Simulations of Genome-wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An implicit lipid model for efficient reaction-diffusion simulations of protein binding to surfaces of arbitrary topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Localization of proteins to a membrane is an essential step in a broad range of biological processes such as signaling, virion formation, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The strength and specificity of proteins binding to a membrane depend on the lipid composition. Single-particle reaction-diffusion methods offer a powerful tool for capturing lipid-specific binding to membrane surfaces by treating lipids explicitly as individual diffusible binding sites. However, modeling lipid particle populations is expensive. Here we present an algorithm for reversible binding of proteins to continuum surfaces with implicit lipids, providing dramatic speed-ups to many body simulations. Our algorithm can be readily integrated into most reaction-diffusion software packages. We characterize changes to kinetics that emerge from explicit versus implicit lipids as well as surface adsorption models, showing excellent agreement between our method and the full explicit lipid model. Compared to models of surface adsorption, which couple together binding affinity and lipid concentration, our implicit lipid model decouples them to provide more flexibility for controlling surface binding properties and lipid inhomogeneity, and thus reproducing binding kinetics and equilibria. Crucially, we demonstrate our methods application to membranes of arbitrary curvature and topology, modeled via a subdivision limit surface, again showing excellent agreement with explicit lipid simulations. Unlike adsorption models, our method retains the ability to bind lipids after proteins are localized to the surface (through e.g. a protein-protein interaction), which can greatly increase stability of multi-protein complexes on the surface. Our method will enable efficient cell-scale simulations involving proteins localizing to realistic membrane models, which is a critical step for predictive modeling and quantification of in vitro and in vivo dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogurtcu, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorkelsdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodt, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An implicit lipid model for efficient reaction-diffusion simulations of protein binding to surfaces of arbitrary topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase uropathogenic Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli is the most dominant pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), but the current most frequently prescribed antibiotics do not always effectively cure the infection due to quiescent persister bacteria. While it has been reported that some essential oils have antimicrobial activity against growing E. coli, the activity of essential oils against the non-growing stationary phase E. coli which is enriched in persisters has not been investigated. We evaluated the activity of 140 essential oils against stationary phase uropathogenic E. coli UTI89 and identified 39, 8 and 3 essential oils at 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% concentrations to have high activity against stationary phase E. coli. Among the top eight essential oils, Oregano showed higher activity than the known persister drug tosufloxacin. The other top seven hits included Allspice, Bandit "Thieves", Cinnamon bark, Syzygium aromaticum, Health shield, Cinnamon leaf and Clove bud. In Oregano essential oil drug combination studies with common UTI antibiotics, Oregano plus quinolone drugs (tosufloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) completely eradicated all stationary phase E. coli cells, partially enhanced the activity of nitrofurantoin, but had no apparent enhancement for fosfomycin, meropenem and cefdinir. Our findings may facilitate development of more effective treatments for persistent UTIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase uropathogenic Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of selection and inhibition components in a go/nogo task from EEG spectra using a machine learning model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWPrior Go/NoGo studies have localized specific regions and EEG spectra for which traditional approaches have distinguished between Go and NoGo conditions. A more detailed characterization of the spatial distribution and timing of the synchronization of frequency bands would contribute substantially to the clarification of neural mechanisms that underlie performance of the Go/NoGo task. The present study used a machine learning approach to learn the features that distinguish between ERSPs involved in selection and inhibition in a Go/NoGo task. A neural network classifier was used to predict task conditions for each subject to characterize ERSPs associated with Go versus NoGo trials. The final model accurately identified individual task conditions at an overall rate of 92%, estimated by 5-fold cross-validation. The detailed accounting of EEG time-frequency patterns localized to brain sources (i.e., thalamus, preSMA, orbitofrontal cortex, and superior parietal cortex) provides elaboration on previous findings from fMRI and EEG studies and more information about EEG power changes in multiple frequency bands (i.e., primarily theta power increase, alpha decreases, and beta increases and decreases) within these regions underlying the selection and inhibition processes engaged in the Go and NoGo trials. This extends previous findings, providing more information about neural mechanisms underlying selection and inhibition processes engaged in the Go and NoGo trials, respectively, and may offer insight into therapeutic uses of neuromodulation in neural dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLaRosa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanneste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of selection and inhibition components in a go/nogo task from EEG spectra using a machine learning model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P granules protect RNA interference genes from silencing by piRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P granules are perinuclear condensates in C. elegans germ cells proposed to serve as hubs for self/non-self RNA discrimination by Argonautes. We report that a mutant (meg-3 meg-4) that does not assemble P granules in primordial germ cells loses competence for RNA-interference over several generations and accumulates silencing small RNAs against hundreds of endogenous genes, including the RNA-interference genes rde-11 and sid-1. In wild-type, rde-11 and sid-1 transcripts are heavily targeted by piRNAs, accumulate in P granules, but maintain expression. In the primordial germ cells of meg-3 meg-4 mutants, rde-11 and sid-1 transcripts disperse in the cytoplasm with the small RNA biogenesis machinery, become hyper-targeted by secondary sRNAs, and are eventually silenced. Silencing requires the PIWI-class Argonaute PRG-1 and the nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 that maintains trans-generational silencing of piRNA targets. These observations support a "safe harbor" model for P granules in protecting germline transcripts from piRNA-initiated silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seroussi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlesworth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claycomb, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P granules protect RNA interference genes from silencing by piRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying the essential genes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis with Tn-Seq using a rank-based filter procedure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium avium (Mav) is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of morbidity, particularly in elderly patients or those with immune deficiency or underlying structural lung disease. Generally, Mav infection is treated with 2-3 antimicrobial drugs for at least 12 months. Identification of genes essential for Mav growth may yield novel strategies for improving curative therapy. We have generated saturating genome-wide transposon mutant pools in a commonly used laboratory strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAC109) and developed a computational technique for classifying annotated genomic features as essential (ES), growth defect (GD), growth advantage (GA), or no-effect (NE) based on the in vitro effect of disruption by transposon. We identified 270 features as ES with 230 of these overlapping with ES features in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These results may be useful for identifying drug targets or for informing studies requiring genetic manipulation of Mycobacterium avium, which should seek to avoid disrupting ES features to ensure bacterial viability.nnImportanceMycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis is an emerging cause of morbidity in vulnerable populations in many countries. It is known to be particularly difficult to treat, often requiring years of antibiotic therapy. In this study we report the genes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis that are required for the organism to grow in vitro. Our findings may help guide future research into identifying new drugs to improve the treatment of this serious infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matern, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenquin, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying the essential genes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis with Tn-Seq using a rank-based filter procedure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice produces nasal infection with rapid brain dissemination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen, causing life-threatening pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Brain dissemination of C. neoformans is thought to be a consequence of an active infection in the lung which then extravasates to other sites. Brain invasion results from dissemination via the bloodstream, either by free yeast cells in bloodstream or Trojan horse transport within mononuclear phagocytes. We assessed brain dissemination in three mouse models of infection: intravenous, intratracheal, and intranasal. All three modes of infection resulted in dissemination of C. neoformans to the brain in under 3 hours. Further, C. neoformans was detected in the entirety of the upper respiratory tract and the ear canals of mice. In recent years, intranasal infection has become a popular mechanism to induce pulmonary infection because it avoids surgery but our findings show that instillation of C. neoformans produces cryptococcal nasal infection. These findings imply that immunological studies using intranasal infection should assume the initial sites of infection of infection are brain, lung and upper respiratory tract, including the nasal airways.nnImportanceCryptococcus neoformans causes an estimated 181, 000 deaths each year, mostly associated with untreated HIV/AIDS. C. neoformans has a ubiquitous worldwide distribution. Humans become infected from exposure to environmental sources and the fungus lays dormant within the human body. Upon immunosuppression, such as AIDS or therapy-induced as required by organ transplant recipients or autoimmune disease patients, cryptococcal disease reactivates and causes life-threatening meningitis and pneumonia. This study has detected that upon contact with the host, C. neoformans can quickly (a few hours) reach the host brain and will also colonize the nose of infected animals. Therefore, this work paves the way to better knowledge of how C. neoformans travels through the host body. Understanding how C. neoformans infects, disseminates and survives within the host is critically required so that we can prevent infections and the disease caused by this deadly fungus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice produces nasal infection with rapid brain dissemination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Design of a Protein Kinase A Nuclear-cytosol Translocation Reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein Kinase A (PKA) exists as a tetrameric holoenzyme which activates with increase of cAMP and plays an important role in many physiological processes including cardiac physiology, neuronal development, and adipocyte function. Although this kinase has been the subject of numerous biosensor designs, a single-fluorophore reporter that performs comparably to Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has not yet been reported. Here, we have used basic observations of electrostatic interactions in PKA substrate recognition mechanism and nucleus localization sequence motif to design a phosphorylation switch that shuttles between the cytosol and the nucleus, a strategy that should be generalizable to all basophilic kinases. The resulting reporter yielded comparable kinetics and dynamic range to the PKA FRET reporter, AKAR3EV. We also performed basic characterization and demonstrated its potential use in monitoring multiple signaling molecules inside cells using basic fluorescence microscopy. Due to the single-fluorophore nature of this reporter, we envision that this could find broad applications in studies involving single cell analysis of PKA activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Design of a Protein Kinase A Nuclear-cytosol Translocation Reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 210 loci underlying cardiac conduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrocardiographic PR interval reflects atrioventricular conduction, and is associated with conduction abnormalities, pacemaker implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF), and cardiovascular mortality1,2. We performed multi-ancestry (N=293,051) and European only (N=271,570) genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analyses for the PR interval, discovering 210 loci of which 149 are novel. Variants at all loci nearly doubled the percentage of heritability explained, from 33.5% to 62.6%. We observed enrichment for genes involved in cardiac muscle development/contraction and the cytoskeleton highlighting key regulation processes for atrioventricular conduction. Additionally, 19 novel loci harbour genes underlying inherited monogenic heart diseases suggesting the role of these genes in cardiovascular pathology in the general population. We showed that polygenic predisposition to PR interval duration is an endophenotype for cardiovascular disease risk, including distal conduction disease, AF, atrioventricular pre-excitation, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and coronary heart disease. These findings advance our understanding of the polygenic basis of cardiac conduction, and the genetic relationship between PR interval duration and cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ntalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveinbjornsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung Young, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roselli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolcic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polasek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima-Costa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, A. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazona-Santos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Greco M., F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinag</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 210 loci underlying cardiac conduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal integration of narrative information in a hippocampal amnesic patient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Default network regions appear to integrate information over time windows of 30 seconds or more during narrative listening. Does this long-timescale capability require the hippocampus? Amnesic behavior suggests that the hippocampus may not be needed for online processing when input is continuous and semantically rich: amnesics can participate in conversations and tell stories spanning minutes, and when tested immediately on recently heard prose their performance is relatively preserved. We hypothesized that default network regions can integrate the semantically coherent information of a narrative across long time windows, even in the absence of the hippocampus. To test this prediction, we measured BOLD activity in the brain of a hippocampal amnesic patient (D. A.) and healthy control participants while they listened to a seven-minute narrative. The narrative was played either in its intact form, or as a paragraph-scrambled version, which has been previously shown to interfere with the long-range temporal dependencies in default network activity. In the intact story condition, D. A.s moment-by-moment BOLD activity spatial patterns were similar to those of controls in low-level auditory cortex as well as in some high-level default network regions (including lateral and medial posterior parietal cortex). Moreover, as in controls, D. A.s response patterns in medial and lateral posterior parietal cortex were disrupted when paragraphs of the story were presented in a shuffled order, suggesting that activity in these areas did depend on information from 30 seconds or more in the past. Together, these results suggest that some default network cortical areas can integrate information across long timescales, even in the absence of the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barense, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal integration of narrative information in a hippocampal amnesic patient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shaky Scaffolding: Age Differences In Cerebellar Activation Revealed Through Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive neuroscience research has provided foundational insights into aging, but has focused primarily on the cerebral cortex. However, the cerebellum is subject to the effects of aging. Given the importance of this structure in the performance of motor and cognitive tasks, cerebellar differences stand to provide critical insights into age differences in behavior. But, our understanding of cerebellar functional activation in aging is limited. Thus, we completed a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies across task domains. Unlike in the cortex where an increase in bilateral activation is seen during cognitive task performance with advanced age, there is less overlap in cerebellar activation across tasks in older adults relative to young. Conversely, we see an increase in activation overlap in older adults during motor tasks. We propose that this is due to inputs for comparator processing in the context of control theory (cortical and spinal) that may be differentially impacted in aging. These findings advance our understanding of the aging mind and brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausman, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eakin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokshina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goen, J. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shaky Scaffolding: Age Differences In Cerebellar Activation Revealed Through Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative intravital imaging of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites: A novel platform to test malaria intervention strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria infection starts with the injection of motile Plasmodium sporozoites into the hosts skin during a mosquito bite. Previous studies using the rodent malaria model indicate that the dermal inoculation site may be where sporozoites are most vulnerable to antibodies, yet, functional in vivo assays with human malaria parasites are lacking. Here, we present the first characterization of P. falciparum sporozoites in the skin, comparing their motility to two rodent malaria species and investigating whether the environment of its natural host influences P. falciparum sporozoite motility using a human skin xenograft model. The combined data suggest that in contrast to the liver and blood stages, the skin is not a species-specific barrier for Plasmodium. We observe that P. falciparum sporozoites inoculated into mouse skin move with similar speed, displacement and duration, and enter blood vessels in similar numbers as the rodent parasites. Thus, interventions targeting P. falciparum sporozoite migration can be tested in the murine dermis. Importantly, to streamline quantification of sporozoite motility, we developed a toolbox allowing for automated detection and tracking of sporozoites in intravital microscopy videos. This establishes a platform to test vaccine candidates, immunization protocols, monoclonal antibodies and drug candidates for their impact on human malaria sporozoites in vivo. Screening of intervention strategies for in vivo efficacy against Pf sporozoites using this new platform will have the potential to validate targets prior to expensive clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hopp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative intravital imaging of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites: A novel platform to test malaria intervention strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomic and epigenomic analysis identifies key regulators of injury response and neurogenic competence in retinal glia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injury induces retinal Muller glia of cold-blooded, but not mammalian, vertebrates to regenerate neurons. To identify gene regulatory networks that control neuronal reprogramming in retinal glia, we comprehensively profiled injury-dependent changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in Muller glia from zebrafish, chick and mice using bulk RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq, as well as single-cell RNA-Seq. Cross-species integrative analysis of these data, together with functional validation, identified evolutionarily conserved and species-specific gene networks controlling glial quiescence, gliosis and neurogenesis. In zebrafish and chick, transition from the resting state to gliosis is essential for initiation of retinal regeneration, while in mice a dedicated network suppresses neurogenic competence and restores quiescence. Selective disruption of NFI family transcription factors, which maintain and restore quiescence, enables Muller glia to proliferate and generate neurons in adult mice following retinal injury. These findings may aid in the design of cell-based therapies aimed at restoring retinal neurons lost to degenerative disease.

Summary sentenceThis study identifies gene regulatory networks controlling proliferative and neurogenic competence in retinal Muller glia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuthan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squires, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parayil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomic and epigenomic analysis identifies key regulators of injury response and neurogenic competence in retinal glia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perampanel rescues cortical gamma dysregulation associated with parvalbumin interneuron GluA2 upregulation in epileptic Syngap1+/- mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function SYNGAP1 mutations cause a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and epilepsy. SYNGAP1 is a Ras-GTPase-activating protein that underlies the formation and experience-dependent regulation of postsynaptic densities. The mechanisms that contribute to this proposed monogenic cause of intellectual disability and epilepsy remain unresolved. Here, we establish the phenotype of the epileptogenesis in a Syngap1+/- mouse model using 24h video electroencephalogram/electromyogram (vEEG/EMG) recordings at advancing ages. A progressive worsening of clinically-similar seizure phenotypes, interictal spike frequency, sleep dysfunction, and hyperactivity was identified in Syngap1+/- mice. Interictal spikes emerged predominantly during NREM in 24h vEEG of Syngap1+/- mice. Myoclonic seizures occurred at behavioral-state transitions both in Syngap1+/- mice and during an overnight EEG from a child with SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency. In Syngap1+/- mice, EEG spectral power analyses identified a significant loss of cortical gamma homeostasis during behavioral-state transitions from NREM to Wake and NREM to REM. The loss of gamma homeostasis was associated with a region- and location-specific significant increase of GluA2 AMPA receptor subunit expression in the somas of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons. Acute dosing with Perampanel, an FDA approved AMPA antagonist significantly rescued cortical gamma homeostasis, identifying a novel mechanism implicating Ca2+ impermeable AMPARs on PV+ interneurons underlying circuit dysfunction in SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammanuel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/718965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perampanel rescues cortical gamma dysregulation associated with parvalbumin interneuron GluA2 upregulation in epileptic Syngap1+/- mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/719047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delineation of the First Human Mendelian Disorder of the DNA Demethylation Machinery: TET3 Deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/719047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline pathogenic variants in chromatin-modifying enzymes are a common cause of pediatric developmental disorders. These enzymes catalyze reactions that regulate epigenetic inheritance via histone post-translational modifications and DNA methylation. Cytosine methylation of DNA (5mC) is the quintessential epigenetic mark, yet no human Mendelian disorder of DNA demethylation has been delineated. Here, we describe in detail the first Mendelian disorder caused by disruption of DNA demethylation. TET3 is a methylcytosine dioxygenase that initiates DNA demethylation during early zygote formation, embryogenesis, and neuronal differentiation and is intolerant to haploinsufficiency in mice and humans. Here we identify and characterize 11 cases of human TET3 deficiency in 8 families with the common phenotypic features of intellectual disability/global developmental delay, hypotonia, autistic traits, movement disorders, growth abnormalities, and facial dysmorphism. Mono-allelic frameshift and nonsense variants in TET3 occur throughout the coding region. Mono-allelic and bi-allelic missense variants localize to conserved residues with all but one occurring within the catalytic domain and most displaying hypomorphic function in a catalytic activity assay. TET3 deficiency shows substantial phenotypic overlap with other Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery, including intellectual disability and growth abnormalities, underscoring shared disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petracovici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douzgou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sithambaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Cortez, R. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prijoles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bend, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nougues, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ounap, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajusalu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M. A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaby, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWalter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telegrafi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinawi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonasio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/719047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delineation of the First Human Mendelian Disorder of the DNA Demethylation Machinery: TET3 Deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence: An R Package for Divergence Analysis of Omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the ever-increasing amount of high-dimensional and complex omics data becoming available, it is increasingly important to discover simple but effective methods of analysis. Divergence analysis transforms each entry of a high-dimensional omics profile into a digitized (binary or ternary) code based on the deviation of the entry from a given baseline population. This is a novel framework that is significantly different from existing omics data analysis methods: it allows digitization of continuous omics data at the univariate or multivariate level, facilitates sample level analysis, and is applicable on many different omics platforms. The divergence package, available on the R platform through the Bioconductor repository collection, provides easy-to-use functions for carrying out this transformation. Here we demonstrate how to use the package with data from the Cancer Genome Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence: An R Package for Divergence Analysis of Omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organoid-derived Duodenum Intestine-Chip for preclinical drug assessment in a human relevant system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induction of intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes can complicate the development of new drugs, owing to potential to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs) leading to changes in pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy. The development of a human relevant model of the adult intestine that accurately predicts CYP450 induction could help address this challenge as species differences preclude extrapolation from animals. Here, we combined organoids and Organ-Chip technology to create a human Duodenum Intestine-Chip that emulates intestinal tissue architecture and functions, that are relevant for the study of drug transport, metabolism, and DDI. Duodenum Intestine-Chip demonstrates the polarized cell architecture, intestinal barrier function, presence of specialized cell subpopulations, and in vivo-relevant expression, localization, and function of major intestinal drug transporters. Notably, in comparison to Caco-2, it displays improved CYP3A4 expression and induction capability. This model could enable improved in vitro to in vivo extrapolation for better predictions of human pharmacokinetics and risk of DDIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kasendra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luc, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manatakis, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunuwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obrigewitch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karalis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organoid-derived Duodenum Intestine-Chip for preclinical drug assessment in a human relevant system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq highlights heterogeneity in human primary Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem/stromal cells cultured in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with promising application potential in regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. However, MSCs cultured in vitro exhibit functional heterogeneity. The underlying molecular mechanisms that define MSC heterogeneity remain unclear. Here, we investigated gene-expression heterogeneity of human primary Whartons Jelly-derived MSCs (WJMSCs) cultured in vitro via single-cell RNA-seq. At the single-cell level, highly variable genes (HVGs) are associated with functional characteristics of classic MSCs. Differentially expressed genes analysis revealed the existence of several distinct subpopulations exhibit different functional characteristics associated with proliferation, development, and inflammation response. By comparing our WJMSCs data with a public available adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) single cell transcriptomic data, we found that HVGs from these two studies are largely overlapped and have similar functional enrichment. Taken together, these results suggested that these HVGs hold the potential to be used as candidate markers for further potency association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq highlights heterogeneity in human primary Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem/stromal cells cultured in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of Polygenic Architecture and Risk Prediction based on Common Variants Across Fourteen Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analyzed summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of European ancestry across fourteen cancer sites to estimate the number of common susceptibility variants (polygenicity) contributing to risk, as well as the distribution of their associated effect sizes. All cancers evaluated showed polygenicity, involving at a minimum thousands of independent susceptibility variants. For some malignancies, particularly chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) and testicular cancer, there are a larger proportion of variants with larger effect sizes than those for other cancers. In contrast, most variants for lung and breast cancers have very small associated effect sizes. For different cancer sites, we estimate a wide range of GWAS sample sizes, required to explain 80% of GWAS heritability, varying from 60,000 cases for CLL to over 1,000,000 cases for lung cancer. The maximum relative risk achievable for subjects at the 99th risk percentile of underlying polygenic risk scores, compared to average risk, ranges from 12 for testicular to 2.5 for ovarian cancer. We show that polygenic risk scores have substantial potential for risk stratification for relatively common cancers such as breast, prostate and colon, but limited potential for other cancer sites because of modest heritability and lower disease incidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharahkhani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmit, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurdle, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivo, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iles, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demenais, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGregor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiencke, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnholtz-Sloan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnersley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrensch, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of Polygenic Architecture and Risk Prediction based on Common Variants Across Fourteen Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NF-κB signaling regulates the formation of proliferating Muller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal regeneration in the retina is a robust, effective process in some cold-blooded vertebrates, but this process is ineffective in warm-blooded vertebrates. Understanding the mechanisms and cell-signaling pathways that restrict the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating neurogenic progenitors is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of the retina. Inflammation and reactive microglia are known to influence the formation of Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but the mechanisms underlying this response are unknown. Using the chick retina in vivo as a model system, we investigate the role of the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) signaling, a critical regulator of inflammation. We find that components of the NF-{kappa}B pathway are expressed by Muller glia and are dynamically regulated after neuronal damage or treatment with growth factors. Inhibition of NF-{kappa}B enhances, whereas activation suppresses the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Additionally, activation of NF-{kappa}B promotes glial differentiation from MGPCs in damaged retinas. With microglia ablated, the effects of NF-{kappa}B-agonists/antagonists on MGPC formation are reversed, suggesting that the context and timing of signals provided by reactive microglia influence how NF-{kappa}B-signaling impacts the reprogramming of Muller glia. We propose that NF-{kappa}B-signaling is an important signaling "hub" that suppresses the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating MGPCs and this "hub" coordinates signals provided by reactive microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deistler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NF-κB signaling regulates the formation of proliferating Muller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
It takes two vanilloid ligand bindings per channel to transduce painful capsaicin stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in mammals evolved the capability of integrating pain arising from combinations of noxious temperature or chemical irritants. Four-fold repetition of TRPV1 subunits makes an ion channel endowed with excellent sensitivity for pain detection, assisting this ionotropic receptor to differentiate graded injuries. We manipulated the stoichiometry and relative steric coordination of capsaicin binding at the molecular level, explicating rules with which a receptor codes pain within a broad range of intensity. The first ligand binding delivers small but clear initiation of channel activation. Maximal agonist action has already been reached in a receptor-in-tandem containing two or three wild-type receptor units, displaying activity comparable to the full liganded all-wild-type tandem tetramers. When the binding sites outnumbered ligands, independent action dominates in each channel. The non-vanilloid agonist 2-APB differs from capsaicin by adopting a distinct open mechanism since it does not demand a vanilloid group to activate. The sharing of the same pore greatly simplifies synergism to transduce relevant inputs by summation for pain signaling. And questions the need to explore deeper into other aspects of nociception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/725598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[It takes two vanilloid ligand bindings per channel to transduce painful capsaicin stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytochrome P450 26b1-mediated specification of vestibular striola and central zones is required for transient responses in linear acceleration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each vestibular sensory epithelia of the inner ear is divided into two zones, the striola and extrastriola in maculae of otolith organs and the central and peripheral zones in cristae of semicircular canals, that differ in morphology and physiology. We found that formation of striolar/central zones during embryogenesis requires Cytochrome P450 26b1 (Cyp26b1)-mediated degradation of retinoic acid (RA). In Cyp26b1 conditional knockout mice, the identities of the striolar/central zones were compromised, including abnormal innervating neurons and otoconia in otolith organs. Vestibular evoked potentials (VsEP) in response to jerk stimuli were largely absent. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes and standard motor performances such as forced swimming were unaffected, but mutants had head tremors and deficits in balance beam tests that were consistent with abnormal vestibular input. Thus, degradation of RA during embryogenesis is required for patterning highly specialized regions of the vestibular sensory epithelia that may provide acute feedback about head motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayiotis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duester, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santina, C. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/726232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytochrome P450 26b1-mediated specification of vestibular striola and central zones is required for transient responses in linear acceleration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
projectR: An R/Bioconductor package for transfer learning via PCA, NMF, correlation, and clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDimension reduction techniques are widely used to interpret high-dimensional biological data. Features learned from these methods are used to discover both technical artifacts and novel biological phenomena. Such feature discovery is critically import to large single-cell datasets, where lack of a ground truth limits validation and interpretation. Transfer learning (TL) can be used to relate the features learned from one source dataset to a new target dataset to perform biologically-driven validation by evaluating their use in or association with additional sample annotations in that independent target dataset.nnResultsWe developed an R/Bioconductor package, projectR, to perform TL for analyses of genomics data via TL of clustering, correlation, and factorization methods. We then demonstrate the utility TL for integrated data analysis with an example for spatial single-cell analysis.nnAvailabilityprojectR is available on Bioconductor and at https://github.com/genesofeve/projectR.nnContactgsteinobrien@jhmi.edu; ejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/726547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[projectR: An R/Bioconductor package for transfer learning via PCA, NMF, correlation, and clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-epithelial Fluid Pumping Performance of Renal Epithelial Cells and Mechanics of Cystic Expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a novel microfluidic platform to recapitulate fluid absorption activity of kidney cells, we report that renal epithelial cells can actively generate hydraulic pressure gradients across the epithelium. The fluidic flux declines with increasing hydraulic pressure until a stall pressure, at which the fluidic flux vanishes--in a manner similar to mechanical fluidic pumps. The developed pressure gradient translates to a force of 50-100 nanoNewtons per cell. For normal human kidney cells, the fluidic flux is from apical to basal, and the pressure is higher on the basal side. For human polycystic kidney disease (PKD) cells, the fluidic flux is reversed from basal to apical with a significantly higher stall pressure. Molecular studies and proteomic analysis reveal that renal epithelial cells are highly sensitive to hydraulic pressure gradients, developing different expression profiles and spatial arrangements of ion exchangers and the cytoskeleton in different pressure conditions. These results, together with data from osmotic and pharmacological perturbations of fluidic pumping, implicate mechanical force and hydraulic pressure as important variables during morphological changes in epithelial tubules, and provide further insights into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of high luminal pressure within renal cysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistriotis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koroma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-epithelial Fluid Pumping Performance of Renal Epithelial Cells and Mechanics of Cystic Expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of essential oils with activity against stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is the most dominant human pathogen, responsible for a variety of chronic and severe infections. There is mounting evidence that persisters are associated with treatment failure and relapse of persistent infections. While some essential oils were reported to have antimicrobial activity against growing S. aureus, activity of essential oils against the non-growing stationary phase S. aureus enriched in persisters has not been investigated. In this study, we evaluated the activity of 143 essential oils against stationary phase S. aureus and identified 39 essential oils (Cinnamon bark, Oregano, Thyme white, Bandit "Thieves", Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), Sandalwood oil, Health shield, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa, Cinnamon leaf, Clove bud, Citronella, Geranium bourbon, Marjoram, Peppermint, Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Cornmint, Elemi, Ho wood, Head ease, Lemon eucalyptus, Litsea cubeba, Myrrh, Parsley seed, Coriander oil, Dillweed, Hyssop, Neroli, Rosewood oil, Tea tree, Cajeput, Glove bud, Lavender, Sleep tight, Vetiver, Palo santo, Sage oil, Yarrow) at 0.5% concentration, 10 essential oils (Cinnamon bark, Oregano, Thyme white, Bandit "Thieves", Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), Sandalwood oil, Health shield, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa) at 0.25% concentration, and 7 essential oils (Cinnamon bark, Oregano, Thyme white, Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa) at 0.125% concentration to have high activity against stationary phase S. aureus with no visible growth on agar plates after five-day exposure. Among the 10 essential oils which showed high activity at 0.25% concentration, 9 (Cinnamon bark, Oregano, Thyme white, Bandit "Thieves", Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), Health shield, Allspice, Palmarosa, Amyris) showed higher activity than the known persister drug tosufloxacin, while the other one (Sandalwood oil) was found to be active at a higher concentration. In Oregano essential oil drug combination studies with clinical antibiotics, Oregano plus quinolone drugs (tosufloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) and rifampin completely eradicated all stationary phase S. aureus cells, but had no apparent enhancement for linezolid, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin and gentamicin. Our findings may facilitate development of more effective treatment for persistent S. aureus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of essential oils with activity against stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated single cell and bulk multi-omics reveals heterogeneity and early changes in pathways associated with cetuximab resistance in HNSCC sensitive cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying potential mechanisms of resistance while tumor cells still respond to therapy is critical to delay acquired resistance. We generated the first comprehensive multi-omics, bulk and single cell data in sensitive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells to identify immediate responses to cetuximab. Two pathways potentially associated with resistance were focus of the study: regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases through the transcription factor TFAP2A, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Single cell RNA-seq demonstrates heterogeneity, with cell specific TFAP2A and VIM expression profiles in response to treatment. RNA-seq and ATAC-seq reveal global changes within five days of cetuximab therapy, suggesting early onset of mechanisms of resistance; and corroborates cell line heterogeneity, with different TFAP2A targets or EMT markers affected by therapy. Lack of TFAP2A reduces HNSCC growth and is enhanced by cetuximab and JQ1. Regarding the EMT process, short term cetuximab therapy has the strongest effect on inhibiting migration. TFAP2A silencing does not affect cell migration, supporting an independent role for both mechanisms in resistance. Overall, we show that immediate adaptive transcriptional and epigenetic changes induced by cetuximab are heterogeneous and cell type dependent; and independent mechanisms of resistance arise while tumor cells are still sensitive to therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamuner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated single cell and bulk multi-omics reveals heterogeneity and early changes in pathways associated with cetuximab resistance in HNSCC sensitive cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-EMT: Cadherin-11 mediates cancer hijacking fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current prevailing knowledge on EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition) deems epithelial cells acquire the characters of mesenchymal cells to be capable of invading and metastasizing on their own. One of the signature events of EMT is called "cadherin switch", e.g. the epithelial E-cadherin switching to the mesenchymal Cadherin-11. Here, we report the critical events after EMT that cancer cells utilize cadherin-11 to hijack the endogenous cadherin-11 positive fibroblasts. Numerous 3-D cell invasion assays with high-content live cell imaging methods reveal that cadherin-11 positive cancer cells adhere to and migrate back and forth dynamically on the cell bodies of fibroblasts. By adhering to fibroblasts for co-invasion through 3-D matrices, cancer cells acquire higher invasion speed and velocity, as well as significantly elevated invasion persistence, which are exclusive characteristics of fibroblast invasion. Silencing cadherin-11 in cancer cells or in fibroblasts, or in both, significantly decouples such physical co-invasion. Additional bioinformatics studies and PDX (patient derived xenograft) studies link such cadherin-11 mediated cancer hijacking fibroblasts to the clinical cancer progression in human such as triple-negative breast cancer patients. Further animal studies confirm cadherin-11 mediates cancer hijacking fibroblasts in vivo and promotes significant solid tumor progression and distant metastasis. Moreover, overexpression of cadherin-11 strikingly protects 4T1-luc cells from implant rejection against firefly luciferase in immunocompetent mice. Overall, our findings report and characterize the critical post-EMT event of cancer hijacking fibroblasts in cancer progression and suggest cadherin-11 can be a therapeutic target for solid tumors with stroma. Our studies hence provide significant updates on the "EMT" theory that EMT cancer cells can hijack fibroblasts to achieve full mesenchymal behaviors in vivo for efficient homing, growth, metastasis and evasion of immune surveillance. Our studies also reveal that cadherin-11 is the key molecule that helps link cancer cells to stromal fibroblasts in the "Seed & Soil" theory.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonkova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khong, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segall, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-EMT: Cadherin-11 mediates cancer hijacking fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal development ‘parts list’: transcript profiling of embryonic gut development in wildtype and Ret-deficient mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of the gut from endodermal tissue to an organ with multiple distinct structures and functions occurs over a prolonged time during embryonic days E10.5-E14.5 in the mouse. During this process, one major event is innervation of the gut by enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) to establish the enteric nervous system (ENS). To understand the molecular processes underpinning gut and ENS development, we generated RNA-seq profiles from wildtype mouse guts at E10.5, E12.5 and E14.5 from both sexes. We also generated these profiles from homozygous Ret null embryos, a model for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), in whom the ENS is absent. These data reveal four major features: (1) between E10.5 to E14.5 the developmental genetic programs change from expression of major transcription factors (TF) and its modifiers to genes controlling tissue (epithelium, muscle, endothelium) specialization; (2) the major effect of Ret is not only on ENCC differentiation to enteric neurons but also on the enteric mesenchyme and epithelium; (3) a muscle genetic program exerts significant effects on ENS development, and (4) sex differences in gut development profiles are minor. The genetic programs identified, and their changes across development, suggests that both cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors, and interactions between the different developing gut tissues, are important for normal ENS development and its disorders.nnSignificance statementThe mammalian gut is a complex set of tissues formed during development by orchestrating the timing of expression of many genes. Here we uncover the identity of these genes, their pathways and how they change during gut organogenesis. We used RNA-seq profiling in the wildtype mouse gut in both sexes during development (E10.5 - E14.5), as well as in a Ret null mouse, a model of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). These studies have allowed us to expand the universe of genes and developmental processes that contribute to enteric neuronal innervation and to its dysregulation in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gastrointestinal development ‘parts list’: transcript profiling of embryonic gut development in wildtype and Ret-deficient mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic integration of GATA transcription factors and epigenomes via IDEAS paints the regulatory landscape of mouse hematopoietic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the GATA family of transcription factors play key roles in the differentiation of specific cell lineages by regulating the expression of target genes. Three GATA factors play distinct roles in hematopoietic differentiation. In order to better understand how these GATA factors function to regulate genes throughout the genome, we are studying the epigenomic and transcriptional landscapes of hematopoietic cells in a model-driven, integrative fashion. We have formed the collaborative multi-lab VISION project to conduct ValIdated Systematic IntegratiON of epigenomic data in mouse and human hematopoiesis. The epigenomic data included nuclease accessibility in chromatin, CTCF occupancy, and histone H3 modifications for twenty cell types covering hematopoietic stem cells, multilineage progenitor cells, and mature cells across the blood cell lineages of mouse. The analysis used the Integrative and Discriminative Epigenome Annotation System (IDEAS), which learns all common combinations of features (epigenetic states) simultaneously in two dimensions - along chromosomes and across cell types. The result is a segmentation that effectively paints the regulatory landscape in readily interpretable views, revealing constitutively active or silent loci as well as the loci specifically induced or repressed in each stage and lineage. Nuclease accessible DNA segments in active chromatin states were designated candidate cis-regulatory elements in each cell type, providing one of the most comprehensive registries of candidate hematopoietic regulatory elements to date. Applications of VISION resources are illustrated for regulation of genes encoding GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, and Ikaros. VISION resources are freely available from our website http://usevision.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuston, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardine, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic integration of GATA transcription factors and epigenomes via IDEAS paints the regulatory landscape of mouse hematopoietic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation change in neurotrophic genes with aging and delirium evidenced from three independent cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONWe previously reported the association between DNA methylation (DNAm) of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and aging. Neurotrophic factors are also known to be associated with aging and neurocognitive disorders. Thus, we hypothesized that DNAm of neurotrophic genes change with aging, especially in delirium patients.nnMETHODSDNAm were analyzed using HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip Kit in 3 independent cohorts; blood from 383 Grady Trauma Project subjects, brain from 21 neurosurgery patients, and blood from 87 inpatients with and without delirium.nnRESULTSBoth blood and brain samples showed that most of the DNAm of neurotrophic genes were positively correlated with aging. Furthermore, DNAm of neurotrophic genes were positively correlated with aging in delirium cases than in non-delirium controls.nnDISCUSSIONThese findings support our hypothesis that the neurotrophic genes may be epigenetically modulated with aging, and this process may be contributing to the pathophysiology of delirium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jellison, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation change in neurotrophic genes with aging and delirium evidenced from three independent cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary complex motor stereotypies are associated with de novo damaging DNA coding mutations that identify candidate risk genes and biological pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor stereotypies are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, or sensory deprivation, as well as in typically developing children ("primary" stereotypies, CMS). The precise pathophysiological mechanism for motor stereotypies is unknown, although genetic etiologies have been suggested. In this study, we perform whole-exome DNA sequencing in 129 parent-child trios with CMS and 853 control trios (118 cases and 750 controls after quality control). We report an increased rate of de novo predicted-damaging variants in CMS versus controls, identifying KDM5B as a high-confidence risk gene and estimating 184 genes conferring risk. Genes harboring de novo damaging variants in CMS probands show significant overlap with those in Tourette syndrome, ASD candidate genes, and those in ASD probands with high stereotypy scores. Furthermore, exploratory biological pathway and gene ontology analysis highlight histone demethylation, organism development, cell motility, glucocorticoid receptor pathway, and ion channel transport. Continued sequencing of CMS trios will identify more risk genes and allow greater insights into biological mechanisms of stereotypies across diagnostic boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olfson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary complex motor stereotypies are associated with de novo damaging DNA coding mutations that identify candidate risk genes and biological pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrative view of the regulatory and transcriptional landscapes in mouse hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of epigenomic datasets have been generated in the past decade, but it is difficult for researchers to effectively utilize all the data relevant to their projects. Systematic integrative analysis can help meet this need, and the VISION project was established for ValIdated Systematic IntegratiON of epigenomic data in hematopoiesis. Here, we systematically integrated extensive data recording epigenetic features and transcriptomes from many sources, including individual laboratories and consortia, to produce a comprehensive view of the regulatory landscape of differentiating hematopoietic cell types in mouse. By employing IDEAS as our Integrative and Discriminative Epigenome Annotation System, we identified and assigned epigenetic states simultaneously along chromosomes and across cell types, precisely and comprehensively. Combining nuclease accessibility and epigenetic states produced a set of over 200,000 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) that efficiently capture enhancers and promoters. The transitions in epigenetic states of these cCREs across cell types provided insights into mechanisms of regulation, including decreases in numbers of active cCREs during differentiation of most lineages, transitions from poised to active or inactive states, and shifts in nuclease accessibility of CTCF-bound elements. Regression modeling of epigenetic states at cCREs and gene expression produced a versatile resource to improve selection of cCREs potentially regulating target genes. These resources are available from our VISION website (usevision.org) to aid research in genomics and hematopoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuston, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardine, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wixom, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrative view of the regulatory and transcriptional landscapes in mouse hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels is coupled to persistent neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits in late sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sepsis is characterized as a host response to systemic inflammation and infection that may lead to multi-organ dysfunction and eventual death. While acute brain dysfunction is common among all sepsis patients, chronic neurological impairment is prevalent among sepsis survivors. The brain microvasculature has recently emerged as a major determinant of sepsis-associated brain dysfunction, yet the mechanisms that underlie its associated neuroimmune perturbations and behavioral deficits are not well understood. A growing body of data suggests that the loss of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels may be associated with changes in endothelial cell barrier integrity. The objective of this study was to determine the important mechanisms linking alterations in cerebrovascular TNAP enzyme activity to underlying neurological impairment in late sepsis. We hypothesized that the disruption of TNAP enzymatic activity in cerebral microvessels would be coupled to the sustained loss of brain microvascular integrity, elevated neuroinflammatory responses, and behavioral deficits. Male mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a model of experimental sepsis, and assessed up to seven days post-sepsis. All mice were observed daily for sickness behavior and underwent behavioral testing. Our results showed a significant decrease in brain microvascular TNAP enzyme activity in the somatosensory cortex and spinal cord of septic mice but not in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. Analyses of whole brain myeloid and T-lymphoid cell populations also revealed a persistent elevation of infiltrating leukocytes, which included both neutrophil and monocyte myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Regional analyses of the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord revealed significant astrogliosis and microgliosis in the cortex and spinal cord of septic mice that was accompanied by significant microgliosis in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. Assessment of behavioral deficits revealed no changes in learning and memory or evoked locomotion. However, the hot plate test uncovered a novel anti-nociceptive phenotype in our septic mice, and we speculate that this phenotype may be a consequence of sustained GFAP astrogliosis and loss of TNAP activity in the somatosensory cortex of septic mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the loss of TNAP enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels during late sepsis is coupled to sustained neuroimmune dysfunction which may underlie, in part, the chronic neurological impairments observed in sepsis survivors.nnHighlightsO_LIAlkaline phosphatase activity in brain microvessels is diminished in sepsis.nC_LIO_LILoss of alkaline phosphatase activity is coupled to the loss of barrier integrity.nC_LIO_LIBrain infiltration of myeloid and T-lymphoid cells persists in late sepsis.nC_LIO_LISeptic mice exhibit a novel anti-nociceptive phenotype.nC_LIO_LICortical astrogliosis and microgliosis persist in late sepsis.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nwafor, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brichacek, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambill, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakhlallah, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkovic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels is coupled to persistent neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits in late sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLI transcriptional repression regulates tissue-specific enhancer activity in response to Hedgehog signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional repression needs to be rapidly reversible during embryonic development. This extends to the Hedgehog pathway, which primarily serves to counter GLI repression by processing GLI proteins into transcriptional activators. In investigating the mechanisms underlying GLI repression, we find that a subset of these regions, termed HH-responsive enhancers, specifically loses acetylation in the absence of HH signaling. These regions are highly enriched around HH target genes and primarily drive HH-specific limb activity. They also retain H3K27ac enrichment in limb buds devoid of GLI activator and repressor, indicating that their activity is primarily regulated by GLI repression. The Polycomb repression complex is not active at most of these regions, suggesting it is not a major mechanism of GLI repression. We propose a model for tissue-specific enhancer activity in which an HDAC-associated GLI repression complex regulates target gene expression by altering the acetylation status at enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lex, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkenstein, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLI transcriptional repression regulates tissue-specific enhancer activity in response to Hedgehog signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of mRNAs to P granules by gelation with intrinsically-disordered proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals with germ plasm assemble cytoplasmic RNA granules (germ granules) that segregate with the embryonic germ lineage. How germ granules assemble and recruit RNA is not well understood. Here we characterize the assembly and RNA composition of the germ (P) granules of C. elegans. [~]500 maternal mRNAs are recruited into P granules by a sequence independent mechanism that favors mRNAs with low ribosome coverage. Translational activation correlates temporally with P granule exit for two mRNAs that code for germ cell fate regulators. mRNAs are recruited into the granules by MEG-3, an intrinsically disordered protein that condenses with RNA to form nanoscale gels. Our observations reveal parallels between germ granules and stress granules and suggest that cytoplasmic RNA granules are reversible super-assemblies of nanoscale RNA-protein gel condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of mRNAs to P granules by gelation with intrinsically-disordered proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing the utility of in vivo transposon mutagenesis approaches in yeast species to infer gene essentiality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTIn vivo transposon mutagenesis, coupled with deep sequencing, enables large-scale genome-wide mutant screens for genes essential in different growth conditions. We analyzed six large-scale studies performed on haploid strains of three yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccaromyces pombe, and Candida albicans), each mutagenized with two of three different heterologous transposons (AcDs, Hermes, and PiggyBac). Using a machine-learning approach, we evaluated the ability of the data to predict gene essentiality. Important data features included sufficient numbers and distribution of independent insertion events. All transposons showed some bias in insertion site preference because of jackpot events, and preferences for specific insertion sequences and short-distance vs long-distance insertions. For PiggyBac, a stringent target sequence limited the ability to predict essentiality in genes with few or no target sequences. The machine learning approach also robustly predicted gene function in less well-studied species by leveraging cross-species orthologs. Finally, comparisons of isogenic diploid versus haploid S. cerevisiae isolates identified several genes that are haplo-insufficient, while most essential genes, as expected, were recessive. We provide recommendations for the choice of transposons and the inference of gene essentiality in genome-wide studies of eukaryotic haploid microbes such as yeasts, including species that have been less amenable to classical genetic studies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levitan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing the utility of in vivo transposon mutagenesis approaches in yeast species to infer gene essentiality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Secretomes of Painful Versus Nonpainful Human Schwannomatosis Tumor Cells Differentially Influence Sensory Neuron Gene Expression and Sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schwannomatosis is a multiple tumor syndrome in which patients develop benign tumors along peripheral nerves throughout the body. The first symptom with which schwannomatosis patients often present, prior to discovery of tumors, is pain. This pain can be debilitating and is often inadequately alleviated by pharmacological approaches. Schwannomatosis-associated pain can be localized to the area of a tumor, or widespread. Moreover, not all tumors are painful, and the occurrence of pain is often unrelated to tumor size or location. We speculate that some individual tumors, but not others, secrete factors that act on nearby nerves to augment nociception by producing neuronal sensitization or spontaneous neuronal firing. We created cell lines from human SWN tumors with varying degrees of pain. We have found that conditioned medium (CM) collected from painful SWN tumors, but not that from nonpainful SWN tumors, sensitized DRG neurons, causing increased sensitivity to depolarization by KCl, increased response to noxious TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists and also upregulated the expression of pain-associated genes in DRG cultures. Multiple cytokines were also detected at higher levels in CM from painful tumors. Taken together our data demonstrate a differential ability of painful versus non-painful human schwannomatosis tumor cells to secrete factors that augment sensory neuron responsiveness, and thus identify a potential determinant of pain heterogeneity in schwannomatosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Secretomes of Painful Versus Nonpainful Human Schwannomatosis Tumor Cells Differentially Influence Sensory Neuron Gene Expression and Sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After nearly two decades of improvements, the current human reference genome (GRCh38) is the most accurate and complete vertebrate genome ever produced. However, no one chromosome has been finished end to end, and hundreds of unresolved gaps persist 1,2. The remaining gaps include ribosomal rDNA arrays, large near-identical segmental duplications, and satellite DNA arrays. These regions harbor largely unexplored variation of unknown consequence, and their absence from the current reference genome can lead to experimental artifacts and hide true variants when re-sequencing additional human genomes. Here we present a de novo human genome assembly that surpasses the continuity of GRCh38 2, along with the first gapless, telomere-to-telomere assembly of a human chromosome. This was enabled by high-coverage, ultra-long-read nanopore sequencing of the complete hydatidiform mole CHM13 genome, combined with complementary technologies for quality improvement and validation. Focusing our efforts on the human X chromosome 3, we reconstructed the [~]2.8 megabase centromeric satellite DNA array and closed all 29 remaining gaps in the current reference, including new sequence from the human pseudoautosomal regions and cancer-testis ampliconic gene families (CT-X and GAGE). This complete chromosome X, combined with the ultra-long nanopore data, also allowed us to map methylation patterns across complex tandem repeats and satellite arrays for the first time. These results demonstrate that finishing the human genome is now within reach and will enable ongoing efforts to complete the remaining human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrickson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremitzki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maduro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belton, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surti, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risques, R. a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catecholaminergic axons in the neocortex of adult mice regrow following brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonin axons in the adult rodent brain can regrow and recover their function following several forms of injury including controlled cortical impact (CCI), a neocortical stab wound, or systemic amphetamine toxicity. To assess whether this capacity for regrowth is unique to serotonergic fibers, we used CCI and stab injury models to assess whether fibers from other neuromodulatory systems can also regrow following injury. Using tyrosine-hydoxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry we measured the density of catecholaminergic axons before and at various time points after injury. One week after CCI injury we observed a pronounced loss, across cortical layers, of TH+ axons posterior to the site of injury. One month after CCI injury the same was true of TH+ axons both anterior and posterior to the site of injury. This loss was followed by significant recovery of TH+ fiber density across cortical layers, both anterior and posterior to the site of injury, measured three months after injury. TH+ axon loss and recovery over weeks to months was also observed throughout cortical layers using the stab injury model. Double label immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all TH+ axons in neocortical layer 1/2 are also dopamine-beta-hyroxylase+ (DBH+; presumed norepinephrine), while TH+ axons in layer 5 are a mixture of DBH+ and dopamine transporter+ types. This suggests that noradrenergic axons can regrow following CCI or stab injury in the adult mouse neocortex and leaves open the question of whether dopaminergic axons can do the same.nnHighlightsO_LIWe measured catecholaminergic axon density using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry following two forms of brain injury.nC_LIO_LIBoth controlled cortical impact and cortical stab injuries caused extensive damage to catecholaminergic axons in the neocortex of adult mice.nC_LIO_LIFollowing both types of injury, axon density slowly returned to control values over many weeks, including, in the case of stab injury, regrowth across the stab rift.nC_LIO_LITogether with previous results showing serotonin axon regrowth, these findings suggest that monaminergic axons have an unusual capacity for regrowth following injury in the adult mammalian brainnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajstura, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan-Cortes, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catecholaminergic axons in the neocortex of adult mice regrow following brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The paltry power of priors versus populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide tests, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of germ-line genetic variants, driver tests of cancer somatic mutations, and transcriptome-wide association tests of RNA-Seq data, carry a high multiple testing burden. This burden can be overcome by enrolling larger cohorts or alleviated by using prior biological knowledge to favor some hypotheses over others. Here we compare these two methods in terms of their abilities to boost the power of hypothesis testing. We provide a quantitative estimate for progress in cohort sizes, and present a theoretical analysis of the power of oracular hard priors: priors that select a subset of hypotheses for testing, with an oracular guarantee that all true positives are within the tested subset. This theory demonstrates that for GWAS, strong priors that limit testing to 100-1000 genes provide less power than typical annual 20-40% increases in cohort sizes. These theoretical results explain the continued dominance of simple, unbiased univariate hypothesis tests for RNA-Seq studies and GWAS: if a statistical question can be answered by larger cohort sizes, it should be answered by larger cohort sizes rather than by more complicated biased methods involving priors. We suggest that priors are better suited for non-statistical aspects of biology, such as pathway structure and causality, that are not yet easily captured by standard hypothesis tests.

Author summaryBiological experiments often test thousands to millions of hypotheses. Gene-based tests for human RNA-Seq data, for example, involve approximately 20,000 tests; genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involve about 1 million effective tests. A robust approach is to perform individual tests and then apply a Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing. This approach implies a single-test p-value of 2.5 x 10-6 for RNA-Seq experiments, and a p-value of 5 x 10-8 for GWAS, to control the false-positive rate at a conventional value of 0.05. Many methods have been proposed to alleviate the multiple-testing burden by incorporating a prior probability that boosts the significance for a subset of candidate genes or variants. At the extreme limit, only hypotheses within a candidate set are tested, corresponding to a decreased multiple testing burden. Despite decades of methods development, prior-based tests have not been generally used. Here we compare the power increase possible with a prior with the power increase from a much simpler strategy of increasing a study size. We show that increasing the population size is exponentially more valuable than increasing the strength of prior, even when the true prior is known exactly. Furthermore, even modest yearly increases in actual GWAS cohorts can yield power gains beyond the reach of any reasonable prior. These results provide a rigorous explanation for the continued use of simple, robust methods rather than more sophisticated approaches. They suggest that the value of priors is not in multiple hypothesis testing but rather in non-statistical aspects of interpretation including pathway structure and causality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The paltry power of priors versus populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a genetically complex disorder. Multiple genes have been shown to contribute to the risk of PD, and currently 90 independent risk variants have been identified by genome-wide association studies. Thus far, a number of genes (including SNCA, LRRK2, and GBA) have been shown to contain variability across a spectrum of frequency and effect, from rare, highly penetrant variants to common risk alleles with small effect sizes. Variants in GBA, encoding the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are associated with Lewy body diseases such as PD and Lewy body dementia (LBD). These variants, which reduce or abolish enzymatic activity, confer a spectrum of disease risk, from 1.4- to >10-fold. An outstanding question in the field is what other genetic factors that influence GBA-associated risk for disease, and whether these overlap with known PD risk variants.nnUsing multiple, large case-control datasets, totalling 217,165 individuals (22,757 PD cases, 13,431 PD proxy cases, 622 LBD cases and 180,355 controls), we identified 1,772 PD cases, 711 proxy cases and 7,624 controls with a GBA variant (p.E326K, p.T369M or p.N370S). We performed a genome-wide association study and analysed the most recent PD-associated genetic risk score to detect genetic influences on GBA risk and age at onset. We attempted to replicate our findings in two independent datasets, including the personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc. and whole-genome sequencing data. Our analysis showed that the overall PD genetic risk score modifies risk for disease and decreases age at onset in carriers of GBA variants. Notably, this effect was consistent across all tested GBA risk variants. Dissecting this signal demonstrated that variants in close proximity to SNCA and CTSB (encoding cathepsin B) are the most significant contributors. Risk variants in the CTSB locus were identified to decrease mRNA expression of CTSB. Additional analyses suggest a possible genetic interaction between GBA and CTSB and GBA p.N370S neurons were shown to have decreased Cathepsin B expression compared to controls. These data provide a genetic basis for modification of GBA-associated PD risk and age at onset and demonstrate that variability at genes implicated in lysosomal function exerts the largest effect on GBA associated risk for disease. Further, these results have important implications for selection of GBA carriers for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonet Ponce, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenn, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hilten, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majamaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eerola-Rautio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis-Trupe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ple</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged tonic pain in healthy humans disrupts intrinsic brain networks implicated in pain modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms of ongoing nociceptive processing in the human brain remain largely obscured by the dual challenge of accessing neural dynamics and safely applying sustained painful stimuli. Recently, pain-related neural processing has been measured using fMRI resting state functional connectivity (FC) in chronic pain patients. However, ongoing pain-related processing in normally pain-free humans remains incompletely understood. Therefore, differences between chronic pain patients and controls may be due to comorbidities with chronic pain. Decreased FC among regions of the descending pain modulation network (DPMN) are associated with presence and severity of chronic pain disorders. We aimed to determine if the presence of prolonged tonic pain would lead to disruption of the DPMN. High (10%) concentration topical capsaicin was combined with a warm thermode applied to the leg to create a flexible, prolonged tonic pain model to study the FC of brain networks in otherwise healthy, pain-free subjects in two separate cohorts (n=18; n=32). We contrasted seed-based FC during prolonged tonic pain with a pain-free passive task. In seed-based FC analysis prolonged tonic pain led to enhanced FC between the anterior middle cingulate cortex (aMCC) and the somatosensory leg representation. Additionally, FC was enhanced between the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), right mediodorsal thalamus and the posterior parietal cortex bilaterally. Further, in the seed-driven PAG network, positive FC with the left DLPFC became negative FC during prolonged tonic pain. These data suggest that some altered DPMN FC findings in chronic pain could partially be explained by the presence of ongoing pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meeker, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullapalli, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged tonic pain in healthy humans disrupts intrinsic brain networks implicated in pain modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging shared connectivity to aggregate heterogeneous datasets into a common response space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectivity hyperalignment can be used to estimate a single shared response space across disjoint datasets. We develop a connectivity-based shared response model that factorizes aggregated fMRI datasets into a single reduced-dimension shared connectivity space and subject-specific topographic transformations. These transformations resolve idiosyncratic functional topographies and can be used to project response time series into shared space. We evaluate this algorithm on a large collection of heterogeneous, naturalistic fMRI datasets acquired while subjects listened to spoken stories. Projecting subject data into shared space dramatically improves between-subject story time-segment classification and increases the dimensionality of shared information across subjects. This improvement generalizes to subjects and stories excluded when estimating the shared space. We demonstrate that estimating a simple semantic encoding model in shared space improves between-subject forward encoding and inverted encoding model performance. The shared space estimated across all datasets is distinct from the shared space derived from any particular constituent dataset; the algorithm leverages shared connectivity to yield a consensus shared space conjoining diverse story stimuli.nnHighlightsO_LIConnectivity SRM estimates a single shared space across subjects and stimulinC_LIO_LITopographic transformations resolve idiosyncrasies across individualsnC_LIO_LIShared connectivity space enhances spatiotemporal intersubject correlationsnC_LIO_LISemantic model-based encoding and decoding improves across subjectsnC_LIO_LITransformations project into a consensus space conjoining diverse stimulinC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging shared connectivity to aggregate heterogeneous datasets into a common response space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequencing of orofacial cleft trios from the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Consortium identifies a new locus on chromosome 21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are one of the most common birth defects worldwide and create a significant health burden. The majority of OFCs are non-syndromic, and the genetic component has been only partially determined. Here, we analyze whole genome sequence (WGS) data for association with risk of OFCs in European and Colombian families selected from a multicenter family-based OFC study. Part of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program, this is the first large-scale WGS study of OFC in parent-offspring trios. WGS provides deeper and more specific genetic data than currently available using imputation on single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) marker panels. Here, association analysis of genome-wide single nucleotide variants (SNV) and short insertions and deletions (indels) identified a new locus on chromosome 21 in Colombian families, within a region known to be expressed during craniofacial development. This study reinforces the ancestry differences seen in the genetic etiology of OFCs, and the need for larger samples when for studying OFCs and other birth defects in admixed populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketmanski, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Ramirez, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequencing of orofacial cleft trios from the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Consortium identifies a new locus on chromosome 21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LINE-1 ORF2P EXPRESSION IS NEARLY IMPERCEPTIBLE IN HUMAN CANCERS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSLong interspersed element-1 (LINE-1, L1) is the major driver of mobile DNA activity in modern humans. When expressed, LINE-1 loci produce bicistronic transcripts encoding two proteins essential for retrotransposition, ORF1p and ORF2p. Many types of human cancers are characterized by L1 promoter hypomethylation, L1 transcription, L1 ORF1p protein expression, and somatic L1 retrotransposition. ORF2p encodes the endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities required for L1 retrotransposition. Its expression is poorly characterized in human tissues and cell lines.nnResultsWe report mass spectrometry based tumor proteome profiling studies wherein ORF2p eludes detection. To test whether ORF2p could be detected with specific reagents, we developed and validated five rabbit monoclonal antibodies with immunoreactivity for specific epitopes on the protein. These reagents readily detect ectopic ORF2p expressed from bicistronic L1 constructs. However, endogenous ORF2p is not detected in human tumor samples or cell lines by western blot, immunoprecipitation, or immunohistochemistry despite high levels of ORF1p expression. Moreover, we report endogenous ORF1p-associated interactomes, affinity isolated from colorectal cancers, wherein we similarly fail to detect ORF2p. These samples include primary tumors harboring hundreds of somatically-acquired L1 insertions. The new data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013743.nnConclusionsAlthough somatic retrotransposition provides unequivocal genetic evidence for the expression of ORF2p in human cancers, we are unable to directly measure its presence using several standard methods. Experimental systems have previously indicated an unequal stoichiometry between ORF1p and ORF2p, but in vivo, the expression of these two proteins may be more strikingly uncoupled. These findings are consistent with observations that ORF2p is not tolerable for cell growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ardeljan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oghbaie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husband, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steranka, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbounov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altukhov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCava, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LINE-1 ORF2P EXPRESSION IS NEARLY IMPERCEPTIBLE IN HUMAN CANCERS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Hi-C chromatin loop maps in human neurogenesis and brain tissues at high-resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide mapping of chromatin interactions at high resolution remains experimentally and computationally challenging. Here we used a low-input "easy Hi-C" (eHi-C) protocol to map the 3D genome architecture in neurogenesis and brain tissues, and also developed an improved Hi-C bias-correction pipeline (HiCorr) enabling better identification of enhancer loops or aggregates at sub-TAD level. We compared ultra-deep 3D genome maps from 10 human tissue- or cell types, with a focus on stem cells and neural development. We found several large loci in skin-derived human iPSC lines showing recurrent 3D compartmental memory of somatic heterochromatin. Chromatin loop interactions, but not genome compartments, are hallmarks of neural differentiation. Interestingly, we observed many cell type- or differentiation-specific enhancer aggregates spanning large neighborhoods, supporting a phase-separation mechanism that stabilizes enhancer contacts during development. Finally, we demonstrated that chromatin loop outperforms eQTL in explaining neurological GWAS results, revealing a unique value of high-resolution 3D genome maps in elucidating the disease etiology.nnHighlightsO_LILow input "easy Hi-C" protocol compatible with 50-100K cellsnC_LIO_LIImproved Hi-C bias correction allows direct observation and accurate identification of sub-TAD chromatin loops and enhancer aggregatesnC_LIO_LIRecurrent architectural memory of somatic heterochromatin at compartment level in skin-derived hiPSCsnC_LIO_LIChromatin loop, but not genome compartment, marks neural differentiationnC_LIO_LIChromatin loop outperforms eQTL in defining brain GWAS target genesnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LU, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riki Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scacheri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Hi-C chromatin loop maps in human neurogenesis and brain tissues at high-resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omic-Sig: Utilizing Omics Data to Explore and Visualize Kinase-Substrate Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications, resulting from the activity of protein kinases phosphorylating specific substrates. Multiple cellular processes are regulated via protein phosphorylation, with aberrant signaling driven by dysregulation of phosphorylation events and associating with disease progression (e.g., cancer). Mass spectrometry-based phosphoprotomics approaches can be leveraged for studying alterations of kinase-substrate activity in clinical cohorts. However, the information gained via interrogation of global proteomes and transcriptomes can offer additional insight into the interaction of kinases and their respective substrates. Therefore, we have developed the bioinformatics, data visualization software tool, Omic-Sig, which can stratify prominent phospho-substrates and their associated kinases based on differential abundances between case and control samples (e.g., tumors and their normal adjacent tissues from a cancer cohort) in a multi-omics fashion. Omic-Sig is available at https://github.com/hzhangjhu/Omic-Sig.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lih, T.-S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omic-Sig: Utilizing Omics Data to Explore and Visualize Kinase-Substrate Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-surfactant-polysaccharide nanoparticles increase the catalytic activity of an engineered      β-lactamase maltose-activated switch enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present polysaccharide-based nanoparticles able to associate and increase the catalytic activity of the maltose-binding MBP317-347 switch enzyme. Fluorescence quenching and molecular docking studies along with the partial resistance to increasing pH and ionic strength indicate that the increase in enzymatic activity is due to a specific interaction between the maltose binding pocket on MBP317-347 and alginate exposed on the surface of the nanoparticles. Finally, we show that the hybrid self co-assembled particles increase the half-life of MBP317-347 over six-fold at 37{degrees}C, thus reflecting their potential use as a macromolecular drug delivery system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuenzalida Werner, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>xiong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerschbacher, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goycoolea, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-surfactant-polysaccharide nanoparticles increase the catalytic activity of an engineered      β-lactamase maltose-activated switch enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spooky interaction at a distance in cave and surface dwelling electric fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glass knifefish (Eigenmannia) are a group of weakly electric fishes found throughout the Amazon basin. We made recordings of the electric fields of two populations of freely behaving Eigenmannia in their natural habitats: a troglobitic population of blind cavefish (Eigenmannia vicentespelaea) and a nearby epigean (surface) population (Eigenmannia trilineata). These recordings were made using a grid of electrodes to determine the movements of individual fish in relation to their electrosensory behaviors. The strengths of electric discharges in cavefish were larger than in surface fish, which may be a correlate of increased reliance on electrosensory perception and larger size. Both movement and social signals were found to affect the electrosensory signaling of individual Eigenmannia. Surface fish were recorded while feeding at night and did not show evidence of territoriality. In contrast, cavefish appeared to maintain territories. Surprisingly, we routinely found both surface and cavefish with sustained differences in electric field frequencies that were below 10 Hz despite being within close proximity of less than one meter. A half century of analysis of electrosocial interactions in laboratory tanks suggest that these small differences in electric field frequencies should have triggered the jamming avoidance response. Fish also showed significant interactions between their electric field frequencies and relative movements at large distances, over 1.5 meters, and at high differences in frequencies, often greater than 50 Hz. These interactions are likely envelope responses in which fish alter their EOD frequency in relation to changes in the depth of modulation of electrosocial signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortune, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andanar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bichuette, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/747154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spooky interaction at a distance in cave and surface dwelling electric fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GenomeScope 2.0 and Smudgeplots: Reference-free profiling of polyploid genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important assessment prior to genome assembly and related analyses is genome profiling, where the k-mer frequencies within raw sequencing reads are analyzed to estimate major genome characteristics such as genome size, heterozygosity, and repetitiveness. Here we introduce GenomeScope 2.0 (https://github.com/tbenavi1/genomescope2.0), which applies combinatorial theory to establish a detailed mathematical model of how k-mer frequencies are distributed in heterozygous and polyploid genomes. We describe and evaluate a practical implementation of the polyploid-aware mixture model that, within seconds, accurately infers genome properties across thousands of simulated and eleven real datasets spanning a broad range of complexity. We also present a new method called Smudgeplots (https://github.com/KamilSJaron/smudgeplot) to visualize and infer the ploidy and genome structure of a genome by analyzing heterozygous k-mer pairs. We successfully apply the approach to systems of known variable ploidy levels in the Meloidogyne genus and also the extreme case of octoploid Fragaria x ananassa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranallo-Benavidez, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaron, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/747568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GenomeScope 2.0 and Smudgeplots: Reference-free profiling of polyploid genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel sampling strategies and a coarse-grained score function for docking homomers, flexible heteromers, and oligosaccharides using Rosetta in CAPRI Rounds 37-45 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CAPRI Rounds 37 through 45 introduced larger complexes, new macromolecules, and multi-stage assemblies. For these rounds, we used and expanded docking methods in Rosetta to model 23 target complexes. We successfully predicted 14 target complexes and recognized and refined near-native models generated by other groups for two further targets. Notably, for targets T110 and T136, we achieved the closest prediction of any CAPRI participant. We created several innovative approaches during these rounds. Since Round 39 (target 122), we have used the new RosettaDock 4.0, which has a revamped coarse-grained energy function and the ability to perform conformer selection during docking with hundreds of pre-generated protein backbones. Ten of the complexes had some degree of symmetry in their interactions, so we tested Rosetta SymDock, realized its shortcomings, and developed the next-generation symmetric docking protocol, SymDock2, which includes docking of multiple backbones and induced-fit refinement. Since the last CAPRI assessment, we also developed methods for modeling and designing carbohydrates in Rosetta, and we used them to successfully model oligosaccharide-protein complexes in Round 41. While the results were broadly encouraging, they also highlighted the pressing need to invest in (1) flexible docking algorithms with the ability to model loop and linker motions and in (2) new sampling and scoring methods for oligosaccharide-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy Burman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel sampling strategies and a coarse-grained score function for docking homomers, flexible heteromers, and oligosaccharides using Rosetta in CAPRI Rounds 37-45]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scHLAcount: Allele-specific HLA expression from single-cell gene expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in bulk RNA sequencing data suggest cell-type and allele-specific expression of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. These loci are extremely diverse and they function as part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which is responsible for antigen presentation. Mutation and or misregulation of expression of HLA genes has implications in diseases, especially cancer. Immune responses to tumor cells can be evaded through HLA loss of function. However, bulk RNA-seq does not fully disentangle cell type specificity and allelic expression. Here we present scHLAcount, a workflow for computing allele-specific molecule counts of the HLA genes in single cells an individualized reference. We demonstrate that scHLAcount can be used to find cell-type specific allelic expression of HLA genes in blood cells, and detect different allelic expression patterns between tumor and normal cells in patient biopsies. scHLAcount is available at https://github.com/10XGenomics/scHLAcount.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbington, M. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Barrio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scHLAcount: Allele-specific HLA expression from single-cell gene expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide α1, 2-mannosidase regulates tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been previously demonstrated that glycogenes can function as important pleiotropic regulators of tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated the function of endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1, 2-alpha-mannosidase (MAN1B1) on the behavior of prostate cancer cells and found that overexpression of MAN1B1 in androgen-independent PC3 cells reduced cellular migration. We extended the analysis to an androgen dependent cell line, LNCaP, and another androgen independent cell line, LNCaP-AI, observing a similar migratory phenotype. By using quantitative proteomics, we found the downregulation of vimentin expression when PC3 or LNCaP-AI cells with overexpressed MAN1B1. The current study suggests that MAN1B1 may regulate cellular migration and promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in prostate cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toonstra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide α1, 2-mannosidase regulates tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary cilia deficiency in neural crest cells causes Anterior Segment Dysgenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During eye embryogenesis, neural crest cells (NCC) of the periocular mesenchyme (POM) migrate to the anterior segment (AS) of the eye and then differentiate into the corneal stroma and endothelium, ciliary body, iris stroma, and the trabecular meshwork. Defective development of these structures leads to anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) that in 50% of the cases leads to glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Here, we show that the primary cilium is indispensable for normal AS development and that its ablation in NCC induces ASD phenotypes including; small and thin cornea, impaired stromal keratocyte organization, abnormal iridocorneal angle with reduced anterior chamber and corneal neovascularization. These defects are similar to those described in patients with AS conditions such as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and Peters anomaly. Mechanistically, disruption of the primary cilium in the NCC resulted in reduced hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the POM, canonically activated by the Indian Hedgehog ligand expressed by endothelial cells of the choroid. This caused decreased cell proliferation in a subpopulation of POM cells surrounding the retinal pigmented epithelium. Moreover, primary cilium ablation in NCC also led to a decreased expression of Foxc1 and Pitx2, two transcription factors identified as major ASD causative genes. These findings suggest that primary cilia are indispensable for NCC to form normal AS structures via Hh signaling. Defects in primary cilia could, therefore, contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD, and to their complications such as congenital glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iomini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lwigale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rompolas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary cilia deficiency in neural crest cells causes Anterior Segment Dysgenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput prediction of MHC Class I and Class II neoantigens with MHCnuggets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational prediction of binding between neoantigen peptides and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is an emerging biomarker for predicting patient response to cancer immunotherapy. Current neoantigen predictors focus on in silico estimation of MHC binding affinity and are limited by low positive predictive value for actual peptide presentation, inadequate support for rare MHC alleles and poor scalability to high-throughput data sets. To address these limitations, we developed MHCnuggets, a deep neural network method to predict peptide-MHC binding. MHCnuggets is the only method to handle binding prediction for common or rare alleles of MHC Class I or II, with a single neural network architecture. Using a long short-term memory network (LSTM), MHCnuggets accepts peptides of variable length and is capable of faster performance than other methods. When compared to methods that integrate binding affinity and HLAp data from mass spectrometry, MHCnuggets yields a fourfold increase in positive predictive value on independent MHC-bound peptide (HLAp) data. We applied MHCnuggets to 26 cancer types in TCGA, processing 26.3 million allele-peptide comparisons in under 2.3 hours, yielding 101,326 unique candidate immunogenic missense mutations (IMMs). Predicted-IMM hotspots occurred in 38 genes, including 24 driver genes. Predicted-IMM load was significantly associated with increased immune cell infiltration (p<2e-16) including CD8+ T cells. Notably, only 0.16% of predicted immunogenic missense mutations were observed in >2 patients, with 61.7% of these derived from driver mutations. Our results provide a new method for neoantigen prediction with high performance characteristics and demonstrate its utility in large data sets across human cancers.nnSynopsisWe developed a new in silico predictor of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) ligand binding and demonstrated its utility to assess potential neoantigens and immunogenic missense mutations (IMMs) in 6613 TCGA patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, I. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omdahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riemer, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput prediction of MHC Class I and Class II neoantigens with MHCnuggets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing Peptides on a Quantum Computer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although a wide variety of quantum computers are currently being developed, actual computational results have been largely restricted to contrived, artificial tasks. Finding ways to apply quantum computers to useful, real-world computational tasks remains an active research area. Here we describe our mapping of the protein design problem to the D-Wave quantum annealer. We present a system whereby Rosetta, a state-of-the-art protein design software suite, interfaces with the D-Wave quantum processing unit to find amino acid side chain identities and conformations to stabilize a fixed protein backbone. Our approach, which we call the QPacker, uses a large side-chain rotamer library and the full Rosetta energy function, and in no way reduces the design task to a simpler format. We demonstrate that quantum annealer-based design can be applied to complex real-world design tasks, producing designed molecules comparable to those produced by widely adopted classical design approaches. We also show through large-scale classical folding simulations that the results produced on the quantum annealer can inform wet-lab experiments. For design tasks that scale exponentially on classical computers, the QPacker achieves nearly constant runtime performance over the range of problem sizes that could be tested. We anticipate better than classical performance scaling as quantum computers mature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slocum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzner, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfrew, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelissier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing Peptides on a Quantum Computer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism of translational stalling by inhibitory codon combinations and poly(A) tracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory codon pairs and poly(A) tracts within the translated mRNA cause ribosome stalling and reduce protein output. The molecular mechanisms that drive these stalling events, however, are still unknown. Here, we use a combination of in vitro biochemistry, ribosome profiling, and cryo-EM to define molecular mechanisms that lead to these ribosome stalls. First, we use an in vitro reconstituted yeast translation system to demonstrate that inhibitory codon pairs slow elongation rates which are partially rescued by increased tRNA concentration or by an artificial tRNA not dependent on wobble base pairing. Ribosome profiling data extend these observations by revealing that paused ribosomes with empty A sites are enriched on these sequences. Cryo-EM structures of stalled ribosomes provide a structural explanation for the observed effects by showing decoding-incompatible conformations of mRNA in the A sites of all studied stall-inducing sequences. Interestingly, in the case of poly(A) tracts, the inhibitory conformation of the mRNA in the A site involves a nucleotide stacking array. Together, these data demonstrate novel mRNA-induced mechanisms of translational stalling in eukaryotic ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tesina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism of translational stalling by inhibitory codon combinations and poly(A) tracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OmicsX: a web server for integrated OMICS analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput omic data sets like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, glycomics, lipitomics, metabolomics, and modified forms of the biological molecules have been generated to investigate biological mechanisms. Accordingly, bioinformatic methods and tools have been developed and applied to analyze the omics data for different purposes. However, a lack of comparison and integration tools impedes the deep exploration of multi-omics data. OmicsX is a user-friendly web server for integration and comparison of different omic datasets with optional sample annotation information. The tool includes modules for gene-wise correlation, sample-wise correlation, subtype clustering, and differential expression. OmicsX provides researchers the analysis results with visualization, searching, and data downloading, and help to suggest the biological indications from the comparison of different omic data.nnAvailability and implementationhttp://bioinfo.wilmer.jhu.edu/OmicsX/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OmicsX: a web server for integrated OMICS analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OmicsOne: Associate Omics Data with Phenotypes in One-Click 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid advancements of high-throughput "omics" technologies have brought huge amount of data to process during and after experiments. Multi-omic analysis facilitates a deeper interrogation of a dataset, and discovery of interesting genes, proteins, lipids, glycans, or metabolites, or pathways related to the corresponding phenotypes in a study. Many individual software tools have been developed to analyze and visualize the data. However, integrating multiple omics data analysis strategies and approaches in a single data processing pipeline is still a challenge task. OmicsOne is a software developed in R, Python and Jupyter Notebook that can achieve statistical analysis, machine learning, and data visualization on multi- omics data by taking the advantages of integrating the useful tools from individual software packages. OmicsOne can simplify "omics" data analysis, and delineate molecules, or pathways associated to interested phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OmicsOne: Associate Omics Data with Phenotypes in One-Click]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning-Based Analysis of Macaque Corneal Sub-Basal Nerve Fibers in Confocal Microscopy Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo describe and assess different deep learning-based methods for automated measurement of macaque corneal sub-basal nerves using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).nnMethodsThe automated assessment of corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) in IVCM images is of increasing clinical interest. These measurements are important biomarkers in a number of diseases including diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus, Parkinsons disease and multiple sclerosis. Animal models of these and other diseases play an important role in understanding the disease processes as efforts toward developing new and effective therapeutics are made. And while automated methods exist for nerve fiber analysis in clinical data, differences in anatomy and image quality make the macaque data more challenging and has motivated the work reported here.nnToward this goal, nerves in macaque corneal IVCM images were manually labelled using an ImageJ plugin (NeuronJ). Different deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures were evaluated for accuracy relative to the ground truth manual tracings. The best performing model was used on separately acquired macaque ICVM images to additionally compare inter-reader variability.nnConclusionsDeep learning-based segmentation of sub-basal nerves in IVCM images shows excellent correlation to manual segmentations in macaque data. The technique is indistinguishable across readers and paves the way for more widespread adoption of objective automated analysis of sub-basal nerves in IVCM.nnTranslational RelevanceQuantitative measurements of corneal sub-basal nerves are important biomarkers for disease screening and management. This work reports on different approaches that, in using deep learning-based techniques, leverage state of the art analysis methods to demonstrate performance akin to human graders. In application, the approach is robust, rapid and objective, offering utility to a variety of clinical studies using IVCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oakley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russakoff, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarron, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning-Based Analysis of Macaque Corneal Sub-Basal Nerve Fibers in Confocal Microscopy Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B cell Compartmentalisation in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV- Infected Ugandans with Cryptococcal Meningitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundActivated B cells modulate infection by differentiating into pathogen-specific antibody-producing effector plasmablasts/plasma cells, memory cells and immune regulatory B cells. In this context, the B cell phenotypes that infiltrate the central nervous system during HIV and cryptococcal meningitis co-infection are ill defined.nnMethodsWe characterized clinical parameters, mortality and B cell phenotypes in blood and CSF by flow cytometry in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal (n=31), and non-cryptococcal meningitis (n=12), and heathy control subjects with neither infection (n=10).nnResultsActivation of circulating B cells (CD21low) was significantly higher in blood of subjects with HIV infection compared with healthy controls, and greater yet in matched CSF B cells (p<0.001). Among B cell subsets, elevated frequencies of memory and plasmablasts/plasma cells most clearly distinguished the CSF from blood compartments. With cryptococcal meningitis, lower frequencies of expression of the regulatory protein PD-1 on plasmablasts/plasma cells in blood (median 7%) at presentation was associated with significantly decreased 28-day survival (29% (4/14 subjects)), whereas higher PD-1 expression (median 46%) characterized subjects with higher survival (88% (14/16 subjects)).nnConclusionWith HIV infection, B cell differentiation and regulatory markers are discrete elements of the circulating and CSF compartments with clinical implications for cryptococcal disease outcome, potentially due to their effects on the fungus and other local immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okurut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meya, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olobo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohjanen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bwanga, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eller, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huppler Hullsiek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratap, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manabe, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/759092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B cell Compartmentalisation in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV- Infected Ugandans with Cryptococcal Meningitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trophic Selective Pressures Organize the Composition of Endolithic Microbial Communities from Global Deserts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of microbial biogeography are often convoluted by extremely high diversity and differences in microenvironmental factors such as pH and nutrient availability. Desert endolithic (inside rock) communities are exceptionally simple ecosystems that can serve as a tractable model for investigating long-range biogeographic effects on microbial communities. We conducted a comprehensive survey of endolithic sandstones using high-throughput marker gene sequencing to characterize global patterns of diversity in endolithic microbial communities. We also tested a range of abiotic variables in order to investigate the factors that drive community assembly at various trophic levels. Macroclimate was found to be the primary driver of endolithic community composition, with the most striking difference witnessed between hot and polar deserts. This difference was largely attributable to the specialization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic primary producers to different climate conditions. On a regional scale, microclimate and properties of the rock substrate were found to influence community assembly, although to a lesser degree than global hot versus polar conditions. We found new evidence that the factors driving endolithic community assembly differ between trophic levels. While phototrophic taxa were rigorously selected for among different sites, heterotrophic taxa were more cosmopolitan, suggesting that stochasticity plays a larger role in heterotroph assembly. This study is the first to uncover the global drivers of desert endolithic diversity using high-throughput sequencing. We demonstrate that phototrophs and heterotrophs in the endolithic community assemble under different stochastic and deterministic influences, emphasizing the need for studies of microorganisms in context of their functional niche in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meslier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggs-Koelling, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trophic Selective Pressures Organize the Composition of Endolithic Microbial Communities from Global Deserts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing and Forgetting Temporal Context in the Human Cerebral Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does information from seconds earlier affect neocortical responses to new input? Here, we used empirical measurements and computational modeling to study the integration and forgetting of prior information. We found that when two groups of participants heard the same sentence in a narrative, preceded by different contexts, the neural responses of each group were initially different, but gradually fell into alignment. We observed a hierarchical gradient: sensory cortices aligned most quickly, followed by mid-level regions, while higher-order cortical regions aligned last. In some higher order regions, responses to the same sentence took more than 10 seconds to align. What kinds of computations can explain this hierarchical organization of contextual alignment? Passive linear integration models predict that regions which are slower to integrate new information should also be slower to forget old information. However, we found that higher order regions could rapidly forget prior context. The data were better captured by a model composed of hierarchical autoencoders in time (HAT). In HAT, cortical regions maintain a temporal context representation which is actively integrated with input at each moment, and this integration is gated by prediction error. These data and models suggest that sequences of information are combined throughout the cortical hierarchy using an active and gated integration process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, H.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing and Forgetting Temporal Context in the Human Cerebral Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory non-coding small RNAs are diverse and abundant in an extremophilic microbial community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) represent a major class of regulatory molecules that play large-scale and essential roles in many cellular processes across all domains of life. Microbial sRNAs have been primarily investigated in a few model organisms and little is known about the dynamics of sRNA synthesis in natural environments, and the roles of these short transcripts at the community level. Analyzing the metatranscriptome of a model extremophilic community inhabiting halite nodules (salt rocks) from the Atacama Desert with SnapT - a new sRNA annotation pipeline - we discovered hundreds of intergenic (itsRNAs) and antisense (asRNAs) sRNAs. The halite sRNAs were taxonomically diverse with the majority expressed by members of the Halobacteria. We found asRNAs with expression levels negatively correlated with that of their putative overlapping target, suggesting a potential gene regulatory mechanism. A number of itsRNAs were conserved and significantly differentially expressed (FDR<5%) between 2 sampling time points allowing for stable secondary structure modeling and target prediction. This work demonstrates that metatranscriptomic field experiments link environmental variation with changes in RNA pools and have the potential to provide new insights into environmental sensing and responses in natural microbial communities through non-coding RNA mediated gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uritskiy, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory non-coding small RNAs are diverse and abundant in an extremophilic microbial community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Krakens k-mer-based approach provides fast taxonomic classification of metagenomic sequence data, its large memory requirements can be limiting for some applications. Kraken 2 improves upon Kraken 1 by reducing memory usage by 85%, allowing greater amounts of reference genomic data to be used, while maintaining high accuracy and increasing speed five-fold. Kraken 2 also introduces a translated search mode, providing increased sensitivity in viral metagenomics analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal place cells encode local surface texture boundaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cognitive map is often assumed to be a Euclidean map that isometrically represents the real world (i.e. the Euclidean distance between any two locations in the physical world should be preserved on the cognitive map). However, accumulating evidence suggests that environmental boundaries can distort the mental representations of a physical space. For example, the distance between two locations can be remembered as longer than the true physical distance if the locations are separated by a boundary. While this overestimation is observed under different experimental conditions, even when the boundary is formed by flat surface cues, its physiological basis is not well understood. We examined the neural representation of flat surface cue boundaries, and of the space segregated by these boundaries, by recording place cell activity from dorsal CA1 and CA3 while rats foraged on a circular track or square platform with inhomogeneous surface textures. About 40% of the place field edges concentrated near the surface cue boundaries on the circular track (significantly above the chance level 33%). Similarly, the place field edges were more prevalent near the boundaries on the platforms than expected by chance. In both 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional environments, the population vectors of place cell activity changed more abruptly with distance between locations that crossed cue boundaries than between locations within a bounded region. These results show that the locations of surface boundaries were evident as enhanced decorrelations of the neural representations of locations to either side of the boundaries. This enhancement might underlie the cognitive phenomenon of overestimation of distances across boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal place cells encode local surface texture boundaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability in locomotor dynamics reveals the critical role of feedback in task control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals vary considerably in size, shape, and physiological features across individuals, but yet achieve behavioral performances that are virtually indistinguishable between conspecifics. We examined how animals compensate for morphophysiological variation by measuring the system dynamics of individual knifefish (Eigenmannia virescens) in a refuge tracking task. Kinematic measurements of Eigenmannia were used to generate individualized estimates of each fishs locomotor plant and controller revealing substantial variability between fish. To test the impact of this variability on behavioral performance, these models were used to perform simulated  brain transplants--computationally swapping controllers and plants between individuals. We found that simulated closed-loop performance was robust to mismatch between plant and controller. This suggests that animals rely on feedback rather than precisely tuned neural controllers to compensate for morphophysiological variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uyanik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarali, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability in locomotor dynamics reveals the critical role of feedback in task control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pairwise Distance Distribution Correction (DDC) algorithm for blinking-free super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy (SMLM), a fluorophore stochastically switches between fluorescent- and dark-states, leading to intermittent emission of fluorescence, a phenomenon known as blinking. Intermittent emissions create multiple localizations belonging to the same molecule, resulting in blinking-artifacts within SMLM images. These artifacts are often interpreted as true biological assemblies, confounding quantitative analyses and interpretations. Multiple methods have been developed to eliminate these artifacts, but they either require additional experiments, arbitrary thresholds, or specific photo-kinetic models. Here we present a method, termed Distance Distribution Correction (DDC), to eliminate blinking-caused repeat localizations without any additional calibrations. The approach relies on the finding that the true pairwise distance distribution of different fluorophores in an SMLM image can be naturally obtained from the imaging sequence by using distances between localizations separated by a time much longer than the average fluorescence survival time. We show that using the true pairwise distribution we can define and then maximize the likelihood of obtaining a particular set of localizations void of blinking-artifacts, generating an accurate reconstruction of the underlying cellular structure. Using both simulated and experimental data, we show that DDC surpasses all previous existing blinking-artifact correction methodologies, resulting in drastic improvements in obtaining the closest estimate of the true spatial organization and number of fluorescent emitters in a wide range of applications. The simplicity and robustness of DDC will allow it to become the field standard in SMLM imaging, enabling the most accurate reconstruction and quantification of SMLM images to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcquillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pairwise Distance Distribution Correction (DDC) algorithm for blinking-free super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disulfide disruption reverses mucus dysfunction in allergic airway disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway mucus is essential for healthy lung defense1, but excessive mucus in asthma obstructs airflow, leading to severe and potentially fatal outcomes2-5. Current asthma therapies reduce allergic inflammation and relax airway smooth muscle, but treatments are often inadequate due to their minimal effects on mucus obstruction6,7. The lack of efficacious mucus-targeted treatments stems from a poor understanding of healthy mucus function and pathological mucus dysfunction at a molecular level. The chief macromolecules in mucus, polymeric mucins, are massive glycoproteins whose sizes and biophysical properties are dictated in part by covalent disulfide bonds that link mucin molecules into assemblies of 10 or more subunits8. Once secreted, mucin glycopolymers can aggregate to form plugs that block airflow. Here we show that reducing mucin disulfide bonds depolymerizes mucus in human asthma and reverses pathological effects of mucus hypersecretion in a mouse allergic asthma model. In mice challenged with a fungal allergen, inhaled mucolytic treatment acutely loosened mucus mesh, enhanced mucociliary clearance (MCC), and abolished airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to the bronchoprovocative agent methacholine. AHR reversal was directly related to reduced mucus plugging. Furthermore, protection in mucolytic treated mice was identical to prevention observed in mice lacking Muc5ac, the polymeric mucin required for allergic AHR in murine models9. These findings establish grounds for developing novel fast-acting agents to treat mucus hypersecretion in asthma10,11. Efficacious mucolytic therapies could be used to directly improve airflow, help resolve inflammation, and enhance the effects of inhaled treatments for asthma and other respiratory conditions11,12.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raclawska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emezienna, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Batal, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalon, D. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanes, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holguin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelin, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disulfide disruption reverses mucus dysfunction in allergic airway disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetroNome - a visual data exploration platform for integrating human genotypic and phenotypic data across diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MetroNome is a web-based visual data exploration platform which integrates de-identified genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic data sets. Users can define and compare cohorts constructed from multimodal data and share the data and analyses with outside tools. MetroNomes interactive visualization and analysis tools allow researchers to quickly form and explore novel hypotheses. The deidentified data is linked back to the source biosample inventories in multiple biobanks, enabling researchers to further investigate new ideas using the most relevant samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapchyk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novod, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhyankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/769646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetroNome - a visual data exploration platform for integrating human genotypic and phenotypic data across diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in the SPTLC1 gene are a cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that may be amenable to serine supplementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare form of childhood motor disorder with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. The underlying causes of this condition are poorly understood, hindering the development of effective therapies. In a whole-exome sequencing trio-family study of three unrelated juvenile patients diagnosed with ALS and failure to thrive, we identified de-novo mutations in SPTLC1 (p.Ala20Ser in two patients and p.Ser331Tyr) not present in their healthy parents or siblings. SPTLC1 encodes a subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase complex, a key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene are known to cause hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy, type 1A, with a characteristic increase in plasma levels of neurotoxic deoxymethyl-sphinganine. We found an increase of this metabolite in one of our patients carrying the p.Ala20Ser mutation. Treatment of one of the patients with high dose, oral L-serine led to an increase in body weight, suggesting that serine supplementation may be beneficial among patients carrying mutations in this gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alahmady, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pliner, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticozzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson-Stone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonkowski, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International ALS Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ITALSGEN Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The FALS Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in the SPTLC1 gene are a cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that may be amenable to serine supplementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccade vigor as an implicit measure of subjective economic value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions are made based on the subjective value that the brain assigns to options. However, subjective value is a mathematical construct that cannot be measured directly, but rather inferred from choices. Recent results have demonstrated that reaction time and velocity of movements are modulated by reward, raising the possibility that there is a link between how the brain evaluates an option, and how it controls movements toward that option. Here, we asked people to choose among risky options represented by abstract stimuli, some associated with gain, others with loss. From their choices in decision trials we estimated the subjective value that they assigned to each stimulus. In probe trials, they were presented with a single stimulus at center and made a saccade to a peripheral location. We found that the reaction time and peak velocity of that saccade varied roughly linearly from loss to gain with the subjective value of the stimulus. Naturally, participants differed in how much they valued a given stimulus. Remarkably, those who valued a stimulus more, as evidenced by their choices in decision trials, tended to move with greater vigor in response to that stimulus in probe trials. Thus, saccade vigor partly reflected the subjective value that the brain assigned the stimulus. However, the influence of subjective value on vigor was only a modest predictor of preference: vigor in probe trials allowed us to predict choice in decision trials with roughly 60% accuracy.

New and NoteworthyWe found that saccade vigor tends to vary monotonically with subjective value: smallest for stimuli that predict a loss, and highest for stimuli that predict a gain. Notably, between-subject differences in valuation could be gleaned from the between-subject differences in their patterns of vigor. However, the influence of subjective value on vigor was modest, allowing partial ability to infer subjective value for the purpose of predicting choice in decision trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaleel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccade vigor as an implicit measure of subjective economic value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Stimuli Affect E. coli Heat Stable Enterotoxin-cyclic GMP Signaling in a Human Enteroid Intestine-Chip Diarrhea Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling host-pathogen interactions with human intestinal epithelia using enteroid monolayers on permeable supports (such as Transwells) represents an alternative to animal studies or use of colon cancer-derived cell lines. However, the static monolayer model does not expose epithelial cells to mechanical forces normally present in the intestine, including luminal flow and serosal blood flow (shear force) or peristaltic forces. To determine the contribution of mechanical forces in the functional response of human small intestine to a pathogen virulence factor, human jejunal enteroids were cultured as monolayers in microengineered fluidic-based Organ-Chips (Intestine-Chips), exposed to enterotoxigenic E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin A (ST), and evaluated under conditions of static fluid, apical and basolateral flow, and flow plus repetitive stretch. Application of flow increased epithelial cell height, transcription of the cyclic nucleotide transporting protein MRP4, and apical and basolateral secretion of cGMP under baseline, unstimulated conditions. Addition of ST under flow conditions increased apical and basolateral secretion of cGMP relative to static conditions, but did not enhance intracellular cGMP accumulation. Cyclic stretch did not have any significant effect beyond that contributed by flow. This study demonstrates that fluid flow application initiates changes in intestinal epithelial cell characteristics relative to static culture conditions under both baseline conditions and with exposure to ST enterotoxin, and suggests that further investigations of application of these mechanical forces will provide insights into physiology and pathophysiology that more closely resembles intact intestine than study under static conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>sunuwar, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasendra, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>karalis, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleckenstein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Stimuli Affect E. coli Heat Stable Enterotoxin-cyclic GMP Signaling in a Human Enteroid Intestine-Chip Diarrhea Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hrq1 helicase stimulates Pso2 translesion nuclease activity to promote DNA inter-strand crosslink repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair requires a complicated network of DNA damage response pathways. Removal of these lesions is vital as they are physical barriers to essential DNA processes that require the separation of duplex DNA, such as replication and transcription. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is the principle mechanism for ICL repair in metazoans and is coupled to replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a degenerate FA pathway is present, but ICLs are predominantly repaired by a pathway involving the Pso2 nuclease that is hypothesized to digest through the lesion to provide access for translesion polymerases. However, Pso2 lacks translesion nuclease activity in vitro, and mechanistic details of this pathway are lacking, especially relative to FA. We recently identified the Hrq1 helicase, a homolog of the disease-linked RECQL4, as a novel component of Pso2- mediated ICL repair. Here, we show that Hrq1 stimulates the Pso2 nuclease in a mechanism that requires Hrq1 catalytic activity. Importantly, Hrq1 also stimulates Pso2 translesion nuclease activity through a site- specific ICL in vitro. Stimulation of Pso2 nuclease activity is specific to eukaryotic RecQ4 subfamily helicases, and Hrq1 likely interacts with Pso2 through their N-terminal domains. These results advance our understanding of FA-independent ICL repair and establish a role for the RecQ4 helicases in the repair of these dangerous lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehler, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Marquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bochman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hrq1 helicase stimulates Pso2 translesion nuclease activity to promote DNA inter-strand crosslink repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Subcutaneous Implant of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Causes Local Inflammation and Tissue Necrosis in Rabbits and Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a subcutaneous reservoir implant delivering tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate (TAF) for the prevention of HIV infection. These long-acting reservoir implants were able to deliver antiretroviral drug for over 90 days in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated the implants for implantation site histopathology and pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues for up to 12 weeks in New Zealand White rabbits and rhesus macaque models. A dose-ranging study in rabbits demonstrated dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and local inflammation up to severe necrosis around the active implants. The matched placebos showed normal wound healing and fibrous tissue encapsulation of the implant. We designed a second implant with a lower release rate and flux of TAF and achieved a median cellular level of tenofovir diphosphate of 42 fmol per 106 rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a dose of 10 {micro}g/kg/day. This dose and flux of TAF also resulted in adverse local inflammation and necrosis near the implant in rhesus macaques. Inflammation in the primates was markedly lower in the placebo group than the active implant. The histological inflammatory response to the TAF implant at 4 and 12 weeks in primates was graded as a severe reaction. Thus, while we were able to achieve sustained target dose we observed unacceptable inflammatory response locally at the implant tissue interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryndza-Tfaily, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veazey, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widanapathirana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peet, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunakaran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasperge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiser, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Subcutaneous Implant of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Causes Local Inflammation and Tissue Necrosis in Rabbits and Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing an epigenetic landscape using a genetic ‘pulling’ approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells use genetic switches to shift between alternate stable gene expression states, e.g., to adapt to new environments or to follow a developmental pathway. Conceptually, these stable phenotypes can be considered as attractive states on an epigenetic landscape with phenotypic changes being transitions between states. Measuring these transitions is challenging because they are both very rare in the absence of appropriate signals and very fast. As such, it has proven difficult to experimentally map the epigenetic landscapes that are widely believed to underly developmental networks. Here, we introduce a new nonequilibrium perturbation method to help reconstruct a regulatory networks epigenetic landscape. We derive the mathematical theory needed and then use the method on simulated data to reconstruct the landscapes. Our results show that with a relatively small number of perturbation experiments it is possible to recover an accurate representation of the true epigenetic landscape. We propose that our theory provides a general method by which epigenetic landscapes can be studied. Finally, our theory suggests that the total perturbation impulse required to induce a switch between metastable states is a fundamental quantity in developmental dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Assaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Be'er, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing an epigenetic landscape using a genetic ‘pulling’ approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs visual working memory performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the increasing prevalence of legal cannabis use and availability, there is an urgent need to identify cognitive impairments related to its use. It is widely believed that cannabis, or its main psychoactive component {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), impairs working memory, i.e., the ability to temporarily hold information in mind. However, our review of the literature yielded surprisingly little empirical support for an effect of THC or cannabis on working memory. We thus conducted a study with 3 main goals: (1) quantify the effect of THC on visual working memory in a well-powered sample (2) test the potential role of cognitive effects (mind wandering and metacognition) in disrupting working memory, and (3) demonstrate how insufficient sample size and task duration reduce the likelihood of detecting a drug effect. We conducted two double-blind, randomized crossover experiments in which healthy adults (N=23, 23) performed a reliable and validated visual working memory task (the "Discrete Whole-Report task", 90 trials) after administration of THC (7.5 and/or 15 mg oral) or placebo. We also assessed self-reported  mind wandering (Exp 1) and metacognitive accuracy about ongoing task performance (Exp 2). THC impaired working memory performance (d = .65), increased mind wandering (Exp 1), and decreased metacognitive accuracy about task performance (Exp 2). Thus, our findings indicate that THC does impair visual working memory, and that this impairment may be related to both increased mind-wandering and decreased monitoring of task performance. Finally, we used a down-sampling procedure to illustrate the effects of task length and sample size on power to detect the acute effect of THC on working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs visual working memory performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/779694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of human retina identifies evolutionarily conserved and species-specific mechanisms controlling development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/779694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) has allowed high resolution analysis of cell type diversity and transcriptional networks controlling cell fate specification. To identify the transcriptional networks governing human retinal development, we performed scRNA-Seq over retinal organoid and in vivo retinal development, across 20 timepoints. Using both pseudotemporal and cross-species analyses, we examined the conservation of gene expression across retinal progenitor maturation and specification of all seven major retinal cell types. Furthermore, we examined gene expression differences between developing macula and periphery and between two distinct populations of horizontal cells. We also identify both shared and species-specific patterns of gene expression during human and mouse retinal development. Finally, we identify an unexpected role for ATOH7 expression in regulation of photoreceptor specification during late retinogenesis. These results provide a roadmap to future studies of human retinal development, and may help guide the design of cell-based therapies for treating retinal dystrophies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/779694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of human retina identifies evolutionarily conserved and species-specific mechanisms controlling development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thalamocortical network connectivity controls spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical and thalamic traveling waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Propagation of neural activity in spatially structured neuronal networks has been observed in awake, anesthetized and sleeping brains. However, it remains unclear how traveling waves are coordinated temporally across recurrently connected brain structures, and how network connectivity affects spatiotemporal neural activity. Here we develop a computational model of a two-dimensional thalamocortical network that enables us to investigate traveling wave characteristics in space-time. We show that thalamocortical and intracortical network connectivity, excitation/inhibition balance, thalamocortical/corticothalamic delay can independently or jointly change the spatiotemporal patterns (radial, planar and rotating waves) and characteristics (speed, direction and frequency) of cortical and thalamic traveling waves. Simulations of our model further predict that increased thalamic inhibition induces slower cortical wave frequency, and enhanced cortical excitation increases cortical wave speed and oscillation frequencies. Overall, the model study provides not only theoretical insight into the basis for spatiotemporal wave patterns, but also experimental predictions that potentially control these dynamics.nnAuthor SummaryCognition or sensorimotor control requires the coordination of neural activity across widespread brain circuits. Propagating waves of oscillatory neural activities have been observed at both macroscopic and mesoscopic levels, with various frequencies, spatial coverage, and modalities. However, a complete understanding how thalamocortical traveling waves are originated and temporally coordinated in the thalamus and cortex are still unclear. Furthermore, it remains unknown how the network connectivity, excitation/inhibition balance, thalamocortical or corticothalamic delay determine the spatiotemporal wave patterns and characteristics of cortical and thalamic traveling waves. Here we develop a computational model of a two-dimensional thalamocortical network to investigate the thalamic and neocortical traveling wave characteristics in space-time, which allows us to quantitatively assess the impact of thalamocortical network properties on the formation and maintenance of complex traveling wave patterns. Our computational model provides strong theoretical insight into the basis of spatiotemporal wave propagation, as well as experimental predictions that control these wave dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Cauchois, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/780239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thalamocortical network connectivity controls spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical and thalamic traveling waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling Diversity Enabled by Rap1-Regulated Plasma Membrane ERK with Distinct Temporal Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of different signals induce specific responses through a common, ERK-dependent kinase cascade. It has been suggested that signaling specificity can be achieved through precise temporal regulation of ERK activity. Given the wide distrubtion of ERK susbtrates across different subcellular compartments, it is important to understand how ERK activity is temporally regulated at specific subcellular locations. To address this question, we have expanded the toolbox of FRET-based ERK biosensors by creating a series of improved biosensors targeted to various subcellular regions via sequence specific motifs to measure spatiotemporal changes in ERK enzymatic activity. Using these sensors, we showed that EGF induces sustained ERK activity near the plasma membrane in sharp contrast to the transient activity observed in the cytopolasm and nucleus. Furthermore, EGF-induced plasma membrane ERK activity involves Rap1, a noncanonical activator, and controls cell morphology and EGF-induced membrane protrusion dynamics. Our work strongly supports that spatial and temporal regulation of ERK activity is integrated to control signaling specificity from a single extracellular signal to multiple cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinar-Inglis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamidzadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling Diversity Enabled by Rap1-Regulated Plasma Membrane ERK with Distinct Temporal Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution MEMRI characterizes laminar specific ascending and descending spinal cord pathways in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Manganese Enhanced MRI (MEMRI) utilizing different manganese chloride (MnCl2) delivery methods, has yielded valuable architectural, functional and connection information about the brain. MEMRI also has the potential in characterizing neural pathways in the spinal cord. The spinal cord grey matter is anatomically composed of nine distinct cellular laminae, where each of the laminae receives input from a specific type of neuronal population and process or serves as a relay region in a specific sensory or motor pathway. This type of laminar arrangement in the spinal cord is currently only visualized by histological methods. It is of significant interest to determine whether laminar specific enhancement by Mn2+ can be achieved in the spinal cord, as has been reported in the brain and olfactory pathway. Here we focus on using MEMRI to determine the specific laminae of the thoracic region of the spinal cord. We focus on MnCl2 changes in the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. Major factors in applying this technique in the spinal cord are the ability to acquire high-resolution spinal cord images and to determine a noninvasive route of administration which will result in uptake by the central nervous system.nnWe have applied the MEMRI approach by intraperitoneal (i.p). delivery of MnCl2 and imaged lumbar and thoracic spinal cord levels in rats to determine whether T1 weighted MRI can detect spinal cord laminae 48 hours following MnCl2 administration. T1 weighted images of the lower lumbar level were obtained from MnCl2 injected and control rats. Here we demonstrate laminar specific signal enhancement in the spinal cord of rats administered with MnCl2 vs. controls in MRI of the cord with ultra-high, 69 m in-plane resolution. We also report reduced T1 values over time in MnCl2 groups across laminae I-IX. The regions with the largest T1 enhancements were observed to correspond to laminae that contain either high cell density or large motor neurons, making MEMRI an excellent tool for studying spinal cord architecture, physiology and function in different animal models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koretsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelled, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution MEMRI characterizes laminar specific ascending and descending spinal cord pathways in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent Cyfip1 expression is required to maintain the adult subventricular zone neurogenic niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life in the subventricular zone (SVZ) niche of the lateral ventricles as B1 cells. Maintaining this population of NSCs depends on the balance between quiescence and self-renewing or self-depleting proliferation. Interactions between B1 cells and the surrounding niche are important in regulating this balance, but the mechanisms governing these processes have not been fully elucidated in adult mammals. The cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein (CYFIP1) regulates apical-basal polarity in the embryonic brain. Loss of Cyfip1 during embryonic development in mice disrupts the embryonic niche and affects cortical neurogenesis. However, a direct role for Cyfip1 in the regulation of adult NSCs has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that Cyfip1 expression is preferentially localized to B1 cells in the adult SVZ. Loss of Cyfip1 in the embryonic mouse brain results in altered adult SVZ architecture and expansion of the adult B1 cell population at the ventricular surface. Furthermore, acute deletion of Cyfip1 in adult NSCs results in a rapid change in adherens junction proteins as well as increased proliferation and the number of B1 cells at the ventricular surface. Together, these data indicate that CYFIP1 plays a critical role in the formation and maintenance of the adult SVZ niche and, furthermore, deletion of Cyfip1 unleashes the capacity of adult B1 cells for symmetric renewal to increase the adult NSC pool.nnSIGNIFICANCENeural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles in adult mammals and their population is determined by the balance between quiescence and self-depleting or renewing cell division. The mechanisms regulating their biology are not fully understood. This study establishes that the cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 1 (Cyfip1) regulates NSC fate decisions in the adult SVZ and NSCs that are quiescent or typically undergo self-depleting divisions retain the ability to self-renew in the adult. This contributes to our understanding of how adult NSCs are regulated throughout life and has potential implications for human brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habela, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song,, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent Cyfip1 expression is required to maintain the adult subventricular zone neurogenic niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherited Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in TOPMed Whole Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the dominant risk factor for most chronic human diseases; yet the mechanisms by which aging confers this risk are largely unknown.1 Recently, the age-related acquisition of somatic mutations in regenerating hematopoietic stem cell populations was associated with both hematologic cancer incidence2-4 and coronary heart disease prevalence.5 Somatic mutations with leukemogenic potential may confer selective cellular advantages leading to clonal expansion, a phenomenon termed  Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP).6 Simultaneous germline and somatic whole genome sequence analysis now provides the opportunity to identify root causes of CHIP. Here, we analyze high-coverage whole genome sequences from 97,691 participants of diverse ancestries in the NHLBI TOPMed program and identify 4,229 individuals with CHIP. We identify associations with blood cell, lipid, and inflammatory traits specific to different CHIP genes. Association of a genome-wide set of germline genetic variants identified three genetic loci associated with CHIP status, including one locus at TET2 that was African ancestry specific. In silico-informed in vitro evaluation of the TET2 germline locus identified a causal variant that disrupts a TET2 distal enhancer. Aggregates of rare germline loss-of-function variants in CHEK2, a DNA damage repair gene, predisposed to CHIP acquisition. Overall, we observe that germline genetic variation altering hematopoietic stem cell function and the fidelity of DNA-damage repair increase the likelihood of somatic mutations leading to CHIP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulco, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekavat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeto, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherited Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in TOPMed Whole Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A functional cortical network for sensorimotor sequence generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain generates complex sequences of movements that can be flexibly reconfigured in real-time based on sensory feedback, but how this occurs is not fully understood. We developed a novel  sequence licking task in which mice directed their tongue to a target that moved through a series of locations. Mice could rapidly reconfigure the sequence online based on tactile feedback. Closed-loop optogenetics and electrophysiology revealed that tongue/jaw regions of somatosensory (S1TJ) and motor (M1TJ) cortex encoded and controlled tongue kinematics at the level of individual licks. Tongue premotor (anterolateral motor, ALM) cortex encoded intended tongue angle in a smooth manner that spanned individual licks and even whole sequences, and progress toward the reward that marked successful sequence execution. ALM activity regulated sequence initiation, but multiple cortical areas collectively controlled termination of licking. Our results define a functional cortical network for hierarchical control of sensory- and reward-guided orofacial sequence generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A functional cortical network for sensorimotor sequence generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico analysis of long non-coding RNAs in medulloblastoma and its subgroups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor with high fatality rate. Recent large-scale studies utilizing genome-wide technologies have sub-grouped medulloblastomas into four major subgroups: wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3, and group 4. However, there has yet to be a global analysis of long non-coding RNAs, a crucial part of the regulatory transcriptome, in medulloblastoma. Here, we performed bioinformatic analysis of RNA-seq data from 175 medulloblastoma patients. Differential lncRNA expression sub-grouped medulloblastomas into the four main molecular subgroups. Some of these lncRNAs were subgroup-specific, with a random forest-based machine-learning algorithm identifying an 11-lncRNA diagnostic signature. We also validated the diagnostic signature in patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. We further identified a 17-lncRNA prognostic model using LASSO based penalized Cox PH model (Score HR= 13.6301, 95% CI= 8.857-20.98, logrank p-value=< 2e-16). Our analysis represents the first global lncRNA analysis in medulloblastoma. Our results identify putative candidate lncRNAs that could be evaluated for their functional role in medulloblastoma genesis and progression or as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico analysis of long non-coding RNAs in medulloblastoma and its subgroups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Rotavirus Diarrhea Is Associated with Altered Trafficking and Expression of Apical Membrane Transport Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRotavirus (RV) is the 5th leading cause of death in children <5 years old but the leading cause of diarrhea related deaths in this age group. The mechanism of RV diarrhea involves decreased activity of Na+-dependent solute transporters with increased luminal secretion of Cl- in the absence of significant histologic damage. While our understanding of RV diarrhea has come from studies in animal models and cancer cell lines, the mechanism of the diarrhea and the transport proteins affected in human RV disease remains only partially understood. This understanding is likely to impact drug development therapy for RV diarrhea.nnMethodsFormalin-fixed paraffin-embedded small intestinal specimens from patients diagnosed with RV diarrhea (confirmed by anti-RV antibodies) were analyzed by immunofluorescence for changes in apical/basolateral ion/nutrient transporters/channels as well as tight junctional and cytoskeletal proteins. Proximal small intestinal enteroids generated from biopsies obtained from healthy human subjects were grown as monolayers, differentiated to resemble villus epithelial cells, and infected with human RV.nnResultsRV diarrhea was associated with reduced expression and intracellular localization of transport proteins normally found in the brush border membranes, including SGLT1, NHE3, NHE2, the Na+-dependent amino acid transporter SLC6A19, and CFTR. In contrast, basolateral proteins, including Na+/K+-ATPase, NKCC1, and {beta}-catenin, the brush border marker ezrin, as well as the tight junction protein, ZO-1, were expressed and localized normally. RV-induced mislocalization of NHE3, SGLT1, SLC6A19 and CFTR was also seen when human small intestinal enteroids were infected with RV.nnConclusionsThese data demonstrate a new pathophysiologic mechanism of acute diarrhea in which expression of multiple apical transport proteins are reduced. This acute diarrhea is likely to be caused by an effect on a common apical trafficking pathway, as exemplified by RV diarrhea, and its contribution to other enteric pathogen-induced diarrheal diseases should be determined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baetz, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Rotavirus Diarrhea Is Associated with Altered Trafficking and Expression of Apical Membrane Transport Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonization of large multi-site imaging datasets: Application to 10,232 MRIs for the analysis of imaging patterns of structural brain change throughout the lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As medical imaging enters its information era and presents rapidly increasing needs for big data analytics, robust pooling and harmonization of imaging data across diverse cohorts with varying acquisition protocols have become critical. We describe a comprehensive effort that merges and harmonizes a large-scale dataset of 10,232 structural brain MRI scans from participants without known neuropsychiatric disorder from 18 different studies that represent geographic diversity. We use this dataset and multi-atlas-based image processing methods to obtain a hierarchical partition of the brain from larger anatomical regions to individual cortical and deep structures and derive normative age trends of brain structure through the lifespan (3 to 96 years old). Critically, we present and validate a methodology for harmonizing this pooled dataset in the presence of nonlinear age trends. We provide a web-based visualization interface to generate and present the resulting age trends, enabling future studies of brain structure to compare their data with this normative reference of brain development and aging, and to examine deviations from normative ranges, potentially related to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pomponio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamourian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashyam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völzke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fripp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutsouleris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolk, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonization of large multi-site imaging datasets: Application to 10,232 MRIs for the analysis of imaging patterns of structural brain change throughout the lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of tissue-specific genetic regulation revealed by latent factors across eQTLs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic regulation of gene expression, revealed by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), varies across tissues in complex patterns ranging from highly tissue-specific effects to effects shared across many or all tissues. Improved characterization of these patterns may allow us to better understand the biological mechanisms that underlie tissue-specific gene regulation and disease etiology.nnResultsWe develop a constrained matrix factorization model to learn patterns of tissue sharing and tissue specificity of eQTLs across 49 human tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. The learned factors include patterns reflecting tissues with known biological similarity or shared cell types, in addition to a dense factor representing a universal genetic effect across all tissues. To explore the regulatory mechanisms that generate tissue-specific patterns of expression, we evaluate chromatin state enrichment and identify specific transcription factors with binding sites enriched for eQTLs from each factor.nnConclusionsOur results demonstrate that matrix factorization can be applied to learn the tissue specificity pattern of eQTLs and that it exhibits better biological interpretability than heuristic methods. We present a framework to characterize the tissue specificity of eQTLs, and we identify examples of tissue-specific eQTLs that may be driven by tissue-specific transcription factor (TF) binding, with relevance to interpretation of disease association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/785584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of tissue-specific genetic regulation revealed by latent factors across eQTLs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward timing and its expression by inhibitory interneurons in the mouse primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary sensory cortex has historically been studied as a low-level feature detector, but has more recently been implicated in many higher-level cognitive functions. For instance, after an animal learns that a light predicts water at a fixed delay, neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) can produce "reward timing activity" (i.e., spike modulation of various forms that relate the interval between the visual stimulus and expected reward). The manner by which V1 produces these representations is unknown. Here, we combine behavior, in vivo electrophysiology, and optogenetics to investigate the characteristics of and circuit mechanisms underlying V1 reward timing in the head-fixed mouse. We find that reward timing activity is present in mouse V1, that inhibitory interneurons participate in reward timing, and that these representations are consistent with a theorized network architecture. Together, these results deepen our understanding of V1 reward timing and the manner by which it is produced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monk, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain Shuler, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/785824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward timing and its expression by inhibitory interneurons in the mouse primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse transcriptomic signatures across human tissues identify functional rare genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare genetic variation is abundant in the human genome, yet identifying functional rare variants and their impact on traits remains challenging. Measuring aberrant gene expression has aided in identifying functional, large-effect rare variants. Here, we expand detection of genetically driven transcriptome abnormalities by evaluating and integrating gene expression, allele-specific expression, and alternative splicing from multi-tissue RNA-sequencing data. We demonstrate that each signal informs unique classes of rare variants. We further develop Watershed, a probabilistic model that integrates multiple genomic and transcriptomic signals to predict variant function. Assessing rare variants prioritized by Watershed in the UK Biobank and Million Veterans Program, we identify large effects across 34 traits, and 33 rare variant-trait combinations with both high Watershed scores and large trait effect sizes. Together, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptomic impact of rare variation and a framework to prioritize functional rare variants and assess their trait relevance.nnOne-sentence summaryIntegrating expression, allelic expression and splicing across tissues identifies rare variants with relevance to traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse transcriptomic signatures across human tissues identify functional rare genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C9orf72 arginine-rich dipeptide repeat proteins disrupt importin β-mediated nuclear import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT), including mislocalization of the importin {beta} cargo, TDP-43, is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including ALS caused by a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72. However, the mechanism(s) remain unclear. Importin {beta} and its cargo adaptors have been shown to co-precipitate with the C9orf72-arginine-containing dipeptide repeat proteins (R-DPRs), poly-glycine arginine (GR) and poly-proline arginine (PR), and are protective in genetic modifier screens. Here, we show that R-DPRs interact with importin {beta}, disrupt its cargo loading, and inhibit nuclear import in permeabilized mouse neurons and HeLa cells, in a manner that can be rescued by RNA. Although R-DPRs induce widespread protein aggregation in this in vitro system, transport disruption is not due to NCT protein sequestration, nor blockade of the phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-rich nuclear pore complex. Our results support a model in which R-DPRs interfere with nuclear transport receptors in the vicinity of the nuclear envelope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C9orf72 arginine-rich dipeptide repeat proteins disrupt importin β-mediated nuclear import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project was established to characterize genetic effects on the transcriptome across human tissues, and to link these regulatory mechanisms to trait and disease associations. Here, we present analyses of the v8 data, based on 17,382 RNA-sequencing samples from 54 tissues of 948 post-mortem donors. We comprehensively characterize genetic associations for gene expression and splicing in cis and trans, showing that regulatory associations are found for almost all genes, and describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and their contribution to allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of complex traits. Leveraging the large diversity of tissues, we provide insights into the tissue-specificity of genetic effects, and show that cell type composition is a key factor in understanding gene regulatory mechanisms in human tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaamzon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segrc, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouhana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermitzakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TypeTE: a tool to genotype mobile element insertions from whole genome resequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alu retrotransposons account for more than 10% of the human genome, and insertions of these elements create structural variants segregating in human populations. Such polymorphic Alu are powerful markers to understand population structure, and they represent variants that can greatly impact genome function, including gene expression. Accurate genotyping of Alu and other mobile elements has been challenging. Indeed, we found that Alu genotypes previously called for the 1000 Genomes Project are sometimes erroneous, which poses significant problems for phasing these insertions with other variants that comprise the haplotype. To ameliorate this issue, we introduce a new pipeline -- TypeTE -- which genotypes Alu insertions from whole-genome sequencing data. Starting from a list of polymorphic Alus, TypeTE identifies the hallmarks (poly-A tail and target site duplication) and orientation of Alu insertions using local re-assembly to reconstruct presence and absence alleles. Genotype likelihoods are then computed after re-mapping sequencing reads to the reconstructed alleles. Using a  gold standard set of PCR-based genotyping of >200 loci, we show that TypeTE improves genotype accuracy from 83% to 92% in the 1000 Genomes dataset. TypeTE can be readily adapted to other retrotransposon families and brings a valuable toolbox addition for population genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goubert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feusier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorde, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feschotte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TypeTE: a tool to genotype mobile element insertions from whole genome resequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting the Pregnane X Receptor Using Microbial Metabolite Mimicry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human pregnane X receptor (PXR), a master regulator of drug metabolism, has important roles in intestinal homeostasis and abrogating inflammation. Existing PXR ligands have substantial off-target toxicity. Based on prior work that established microbial (indole) metabolites as PXR ligands, we proposed microbial metabolite mimicry as a novel strategy for drug discovery that allows to exploit previously unexplored parts of chemical space. Here we report functionalized indole-derivatives as first-in-class non-cytotoxic PXR agonists, as a proof-of-concept for microbial metabolite mimicry. The lead compound, FKK6, binds directly to PXR protein in solution, induces PXR specific target gene expression in, cells, human organoids, and mice. FKK6 significantly represses pro-inflammatory cytokine production cells and abrogates inflammation in mice expressing the human PXR gene. The development of FKK6 demonstrates for the first time that microbial metabolite mimicry is a viable strategy for drug discovery and opens the door to mine underexploited regions of chemical space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix Kopp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrzalova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepankova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iveta Bartonkov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulikova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyhlidalova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordstroem, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunaratne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranhotra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naren, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perdew, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brtko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toporova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redinbo, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortagere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neary, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishveshwara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalluzzi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>March, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannigan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirota, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting the Pregnane X Receptor Using Microbial Metabolite Mimicry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIGYF2 and 4EHP Inhibit Translation Initiation of Defective Messenger RNAs to Assist Ribosome-Associated Quality Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome-associated Quality Control (RQC) pathways protect cells from toxicity caused by incomplete protein products resulting from translation of damaged or problematic mRNAs. Extensive work in yeast has identified highly conserved mechanisms that lead to the degradation of the faulty mRNA and partially synthesized polypeptide. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9-based screening to search for additional RQC strategies in mammals. We found that failed translation leads to specific silencing of translation initiation on that message. This negative feedback loop is mediated by two translation inhibitors, GIGYF2 and 4EHP. Their recruitment to defective messages can be mediated by different factors, including potentially the collision sensor ZNF598. Both model substrates and growth-based assays established that inhibition of additional rounds of translation acts in concert with known RQC pathways to prevent buildup of toxic proteins. Inability to block translation of faulty mRNAs, and subsequent accumulation of partially synthesized polypeptides, could explain the neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders observed in mice and humans with compromised GIGYF2 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hickey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoof, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostova, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIGYF2 and 4EHP Inhibit Translation Initiation of Defective Messenger RNAs to Assist Ribosome-Associated Quality Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal proteomic platforms and their implications for the stable classification of high-grade serous ovarian cancer subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) has established a two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2DLC-MS/MS) workflow using isobaric tagging to compare protein abundance across samples. The workflow has been used for large-scale clinical proteomic studies with deep proteomic coverage within and outside of CPTAC. SWATH-MS, an instance of data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic methods, was recently developed as an alternate proteomic approach. In this study, we analyzed remaining aliquots of peptides using SWATH-MS from the original retrospective TCGA samples generated for the CPTAC ovarian cancer proteogenomic study (Zhang et al., 2016). The SWATH-MS results indicated that both methods confidently identified differentially expressed proteins in enriched pathways associated with the robust Mesenchymal subtype of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and the homologous recombination deficient tumors also present in the original study. The results demonstrated that SWATH/DIA-MS presents a promising complementary or orthogonal alternative to the CPTAC harmonized proteomic method, with the advantages of simpler, faster, and cheaper workflows, as well as lower sample consumption. However, the SWATH/DIA-MS workflow resulted in shallower proteome coverage. Overall, we concluded that both analytical methods are suitable to characterize clinical samples such as in the high-grade serous ovarian cancer study, providing proteomic workflow alternatives for cancer researchers depending on the specific goals and context of the studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaubelt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal proteomic platforms and their implications for the stable classification of high-grade serous ovarian cancer subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA gene regulation and trait associations across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are known to have diverse impacts on gene regulation. However, it is still a major challenge to distinguish functional lncRNAs from those that are byproducts of surrounding transcriptional activity. To systematically identify hallmarks of biological function, we used the GTEx v8 data to profile the expression, regulation, network relationships and trait associations of lncRNA genes across 49 tissues encompassing 87 distinct traits. In addition to revealing widespread differences in regulatory patterns between lncRNA and protein-coding genes, we identified novel disease-associated lncRNAs, such as C6orf3 for psoriasis and LINC01475/RP11-129J12.1 for ulcerative colitis. This work provides a comprehensive resource to interrogate lncRNA genes of interest and annotate cell type and human trait relevance.nnOne Sentence SummarylncRNA genes have distinctive regulatory patterns and unique trait associations compared to protein-coding genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Goede, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkegaard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long non-coding RNA gene regulation and trait associations across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebral atherosclerosis contributes to Alzheimer’s dementia independently of its hallmark amyloid and tau pathologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral atherosclerosis is a leading cause of stroke and an important contributor to dementia. However, little is known about its molecular effects on the human brain and how these alterations may contribute to dementia. Here, we investigated these questions using large-scale quantification of over 8300 proteins from 438 post-mortem brains from a discovery and replication cohort. A proteome-wide association study and protein network analysis of cerebral atherosclerosis found 114 proteins and 5 protein co-expression modules associated with cerebral atherosclerosis. Enrichment analysis of these proteins and modules revealed that cerebral atherosclerosis was associated with reductions in synaptic signaling and RNA splicing and increases in oligodendrocyte development and myelination. A subset of these proteins (n=23) and protein modules (n=2) were also associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) dementia, implicating a shared mechanism with AD through decreased synaptic signaling and regulation and increased myelination. Notably, neurofilament light (NEFL) and medium (NEFM) chain proteins were among these 23 proteins, and our data suggest they contribute to AD dementia through cerebral atherosclerosis. Together, our findings offer insights into effects of cerebral atherosclerosis on the human brain proteome, and how cerebral atherosclerosis contributes to dementia risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doung, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerasimov, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebral atherosclerosis contributes to Alzheimer’s dementia independently of its hallmark amyloid and tau pathologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenCRAVAT, an open source collaborative platform for the annotation of human genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEThe modern researcher is confronted with hundreds of published methods to interpret genetic variants. There are databases of genes and variants, phenotype-genotype relationships, algorithms that score and rank genes, and in silico variant effect prediction tools. Because variant prioritization is a multi-factorial problem, a welcome development in the field has been the emergence of decision support frameworks, which make it easier to integrate multiple resources in an interactive environment. Current decision support frameworks are typically limited by closed proprietary architectures, access to a restricted set of tools, lack of customizability, web dependencies that expose protected data, or limited scalability.nnMETHODSWe present OpenCRAVAT, a new open source, scalable decision support system for variant and gene prioritization. We have designed the resource catalog to be open and modular to maximize community and developer involvement, and as a result the catalog is being actively developed and growing every month. Resources made available via the store are well-suited for analysis of cancer, as well as Mendelian and complex diseases.nnRESULTSOpenCRAVAT offers both command line utility and dynamic GUI, allowing users to install with a single command, easily download tools from an extensive resource catalog, create customized pipelines, and explore results in a richly detailed viewing environment. We present several case studies to illustrate the design of custom workflows to prioritize genes and variants.nnCONCLUSIONOpenCRAVAT is distinguished from similar tools by its capabilities to access and integrate an unprecedented amount of diverse data resources and computational prediction methods, which span germline, somatic, common, rare, coding and non-coding variants. OpenCRAVAT is freely available at https://opencravat.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busby, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynes-Grace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenCRAVAT, an open source collaborative platform for the annotation of human genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement of organ-specific and acute-phase blood protein levels in early Lyme disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease results from infection of humans with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The first and most common clinical manifestation is the circular, inflamed skin lesion referred to as erythema migrans; later manifestations result from infections of other body sites. Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease can be challenging in patients with erythema migrans because of the time delay in the development of specific diagnostic antibodies against Borrelia. Reliable blood biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Lyme disease in patients with erythema migrans are needed. Here, we performed selected reaction monitoring, a targeted mass spectrometry-based approach, to measure selected proteins that 1) are known to be predominantly expressed in one organ (i.e., organ-specific blood proteins) and whose blood concentrations may change as a result of Lyme disease, or 2) are involved in acute immune responses. In a longitudinal cohort of 40 Lyme disease patients and 20 healthy controls, we identified 10 proteins with significantly altered serum levels in patients at the time of diagnosis, and we also developed a 10-protein panel identified through multivariate analysis. In an independent cohort of patients with erythema migrans, six of these proteins, APOA4, C9, CRP, CST6, PGLYRP2 and S100A9, were confirmed to show significantly altered serum levels in patients at time of presentation. Nine of the 10 proteins from the multivariate panel were also verified in the second cohort. These proteins, primarily innate immune response proteins or proteins specific to liver, skin or white blood cells, may serve as candidate blood biomarkers requiring further validation to aid in the laboratory diagnosis of early Lyme disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glusman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkow, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soloski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanvarda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omenn, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wormser, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aucoutt, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement of organ-specific and acute-phase blood protein levels in early Lyme disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 Inflammasome Activation in Human Macrophages is Dependent on NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1{beta} and IL-18 are products of activation of the inflammasome, an innate sensing system, and important in the pathogenesis of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). The release of IL-18 and IL-1{beta} from monocytes/macrophages is critical for protection from HSV-1 based on animal models of encephalitis and genital infection, yet if and how HSV-1 activates inflammasomes in human macrophages is unknown. To investigate this, we utilized both primary human monocyte derived macrophages and human monocytic cell lines (THP-1 cells) with various inflammasome components knocked-out. We found that HSV-1 activates inflammasome signaling in pro-inflammatory primary human macrophages. Additionally, HSV-1 inflammasome activation is dependent on nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like molecule containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1, but not on absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), or gamma interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Ultraviolet irradiation of HSV-1 enhanced inflammasome activation, demonstrating that viral replication suppresses inflammasome activation. These results confirm that HSV-1 is capable of activating the inflammasome in human macrophages through an NLRP3 dependent process and that the virus has an NLRP3 specific mechanism to inhibit inflammasome activation in monocytes and macrophages.nnAuthor SummaryThe inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that forms in response to pathogens and cellular damage. Active inflammasomes recruit pro-caspase-1 via ASC and cleave the cytokine precursors pro-IL-1{beta} and pro-IL-18 into mature IL-1{beta} and IL-18. These cytokines serve to activate other immune cells that either repair the damage or attempt to clear the invading pathogen. Upon activation, the inflammasome also promotes an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common human pathogen that can cause cold sores, genital ulcers, encephalitis, and blindness. HSV-1 infection leads to induction of IL-1{beta} and IL-18, but whether it is capable of activating inflammasomes in macrophages, which play a role in severe forms of HSV-1 infection, was unclear. Here, we infected both primary human macrophages and a macrophage/monocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, with HSV-1. We found that HSV-1 does activate inflammasome signaling in macrophages in a process dependent on NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. This is important because it illustrates the mechanism by which HSV-1 infection leads to inflammasome activation in macrophages, known to be crucial for protection from severe disease in mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karaba, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massaccesi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFilippis, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 Inflammasome Activation in Human Macrophages is Dependent on NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights from a survey-based analysis of the academic job market 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Applying for a faculty position is a critical phase of many postdoctoral careers, but most postdoctoral researchers in STEM fields enter the academic job market with little knowledge of the process and expectations. A lack of data has made it difficult for applicants to assess their qualifications relative to the general applicant pool and for institutions to develop effective hiring policies. We analyzed responses to a survey of faculty job applicants between May 2018 and May 2019. We establish various background scholarly metrics for a typical faculty applicant and present an analysis of the interplay between those metrics and hiring outcomes. Traditional benchmarks of a positive research track record above a certain threshold of qualifications were unable to completely differentiate applicants with and without offers. Our findings suggest that there is no single clear path to a faculty job offer and that metrics such as career transition awards and publications in high impact factor journals were neither necessary nor sufficient for landing a faculty position. The applicants perceived the process as unnecessarily stressful, time-consuming, and largely lacking in feedback, irrespective of a successful outcome. Our findings emphasize the need to improve the transparency of the faculty job application process. In addition, we hope these and future data will help empower trainees to enter the academic job market with clearer expectations and improved confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadavji, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symmons, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson Filho, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights from a survey-based analysis of the academic job market]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte redox dysregulation causes prefrontal hypoactivity: sulforaphane treats non-ictal pathophysiology in ALDH7A1-mediated epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental but unanswered question in neuropsychiatry is whether the psychiatric symptoms of epilepsy are caused by the same or a separate pathophysiology as seizures. To address this question, we investigated a monogenic form of epilepsy (pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy) caused by aldehyde dehydrogenase 7a1 (ALDH7A1) mutations. ALDH7A1 global knockout mice exhibited both seizure-associated and affective behavioral phenotypes. However, seizure phenotypes were caused by ALDH7A1 deletion in hepatocytes whereas affective behaviors were caused by ALDH7A1 deletion in astrocytes. Deletion in astrocytes disrupted astrocyte redox homeostasis, impairing regulation of extracellular ion concentrations and reducing neuronal activity in the prelimbic cortex. Sulforaphane, which activates the NRF2 antioxidant pathway, restored prelimbic neuronal activity and rescued affective behaviors in ALDH7A1 knockout mice, but did not prevent seizures. These studies implicate astrocyte redox homeostasis and prelimbic hypoactivity in the psychiatric manifestations of a congenital form of epilepsy, which are mechanistically and therapeutically separate from the seizure pathophysiology.

TeaserAntioxidant imbalance in astrocytes reduces neuronal activity, causing psychiatric symptoms in epilepsy distinct from seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash-Padgett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaaro-Peled, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte redox dysregulation causes prefrontal hypoactivity: sulforaphane treats non-ictal pathophysiology in ALDH7A1-mediated epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemogenetic inhibition in the dorsal striatum reveals regional specificity of direct and indirect pathway control of action sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals engage in intricate action sequences that are constructed during instrumental learning. There is broad consensus that the basal ganglia play a crucial role in the formation and fluid performance of action sequences. To investigate the role of the basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action sequencing, we virally expressed Cre-dependent Gi-DREADDs in either the dorsomedial (DMS) or dorsolateral (DLS) striatum during and/or after action sequence learning in D1 and D2 Cre rats. Action sequence performance in D1 Cre rats was slowed down early in training when DREADDs were activated in the DMS, but sped up when activated in the DLS. Acquisition of the reinforced sequence was hindered when DREADDs were activated in the DLS of D2 Cre rats. Outcome devaluation tests conducted after training revealed that the goal-directed control of action sequence rates was immune to chemogenetic inhibition--rats suppressed the rate of sequence performance when rewards were devalued. Sequence initiation latencies were generally sensitive to outcome devaluation, except in the case where DREADD activation was removed in D2 Cre rats that previously experienced DREADD activation in the DMS during training. Sequence completion latencies were generally not sensitive to outcome devaluation, except in the case where D1 Cre rats experienced DREADD activation in the DMS during training and test. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect pathway originating from the DLS is part of a circuit involved in the effective reinforcement of action sequences, while the direct and indirect pathways originating from the DMS contribute to the goal-directed control of sequence completion and initiation, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delamater, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemogenetic inhibition in the dorsal striatum reveals regional specificity of direct and indirect pathway control of action sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Definition of naturally processed peptides reveals convergent presentation of autoantigenic topoisomerase-I epitopes in scleroderma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease-associated HLA-DRB1 alleles are thought to confer risk of developing autoimmunity by favoring the presentation of select autoantigenic epitopes. However, identification of these epitopes and the principles governing their presentation has been hindered by the imprecision of currently available methods, which cannot fully recapitulate the complexity of human pathophysiology. We present a natural antigen processing assay (NAPA), which overcomes these limitations by studying the presentation of autoantigenic CD4+ T cell epitopes by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) from patients. We applied this strategy to study the processing and presentation of topoisomerase-1 (TOP1), a prevalent autoantigen in scleroderma that is associated with lung fibrosis and high mortality. We found that a common set of 10 epitopes was presented by mo-DCs from patients with diverse HLA-DR variants, including those not previously associated with the disease. Sequence analysis revealed a shared peptide-binding motif within the HLA-DR peptide binding grooves of patients who developed anti-TOP1 autoantibodies. In addition, a subset of naturally presented TOP1 peptides were characterized by immunological promiscuity, as they could bind to diverse HLA-DR peptide binding grooves. NAPA epitopes were immunorelevant: they could stimulate autoreactive CD4+ T cells in patients, and the number of epitopes recognized correlated with lung disease severity. These findings mechanistically implicate presentation of a convergent set of TOP1 epitopes in the development of scleroderma lung disease. Precise identification of autoantigenic epitopes is key to understanding the primordial mechanisms for the loss of tolerance, studying disease-propagating autoreactive T cells, and developing antigen-specific immunotherapy.nnOne Sentence SummaryUse of a novel natural antigen processing assay reveals a mechanism for the presentation of shared CD4+ T cell epitopes of topoisomerase-I in immunogenetically diverse patients with scleroderma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiniakou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guhr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meally, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigley, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Definition of naturally processed peptides reveals convergent presentation of autoantigenic topoisomerase-I epitopes in scleroderma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stop Codon Context Influences Genome-Wide Stimulation of Termination Codon Readthrough by Aminoglycosides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stop codon readthrough (SCR) occurs when the ribosome miscodes at a stop codon. Such readthrough events can be therapeutically desirable when a premature termination codon (PTC) is found in a critical gene. To study SCR in vivo in a genome-wide manner, we treated mammalian cells with aminoglycosides and performed ribosome profiling. We find that in addition to stimulating readthrough of PTCs, aminoglycosides stimulate readthrough of normal termination codons (NTCs) genome-wide. Stop codon identity, the nucleotide following the stop codon, and the surrounding mRNA sequence context all influence the likelihood of SCR. In comparison to NTCs, downstream stop codons in 3'UTRs are recognized less efficiently by ribosomes, suggesting that targeting of critical stop codons for readthrough may be achievable without general disruption of translation termination. Finally, we find that G418 treatment globally alters gene expression with substantial effects on translation of histone genes, selenoprotein genes, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AMD1).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wangen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stop Codon Context Influences Genome-Wide Stimulation of Termination Codon Readthrough by Aminoglycosides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved DNMT1 dependent methylation regions in human cells are vulnerable to environmental rotenone. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific DNA methylation (ASM) describes genomic loci that maintain CpG methylation at only one inherited allele rather than having coordinated methylation across both alleles. The most prominent of these regions are germline ASMs (gASMs) that control the expression of imprinted genes in a parent of origin-dependent manner and are associated with disease. However, our recent report reveals numerous ASMs at non-imprinted genes. These non-germline ASMs are dependent on DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and strikingly show the feature of random, switchable monoallelic methylation patterns in the mouse genome. The significance of these ASMs to human health has not been explored. Due to their shared allelicity with gASMs, herein, we propose that non-traditional ASMs are sensitive to exposures in association with human disease. We first explore their conservancy in the human genome. Our data show that our putative non-germline ASMs were in conserved regions of the human genome and located adjacent to genes vital for neuronal development and maturation. We next tested the hypothesized vulnerability of these regions by exposing human embryonic kidney cell HEK293 with the neurotoxicant rotenone for 24h. Indeed,14 genes adjacent to our identified regions were differentially expressed from RNA-sequencing. We analyzed the base-resolution methylation patterns of the predicted non-germline ASMs at two neurological genes, HCN2 and NEFM, with potential to increase the risk of neurodegeneration. Both regions were significantly hypomethylated in response to rotenone. Our data indicate that non-germline ASMs seem conserved between mouse and human genomes, overlap important regulatory factor binding motifs, and regulate the expression of genes vital to neuronal function. These results support the notion that ASMs are sensitive to environmental factors and may alter the risk of neurological disease later in life by disrupting neuronal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freeman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martos, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved DNMT1 dependent methylation regions in human cells are vulnerable to environmental rotenone.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persons post-stroke restore step length symmetry by walking asymmetrically 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRestoration of step length symmetry is a common rehabilitation goal after stroke. Persons post-stroke often retain the capacity to walk with symmetric step lengths ("symmetric steps"); however, the resulting walking pattern remains effortful. Two key questions with direct implications for rehabilitation have emerged: 1) how do persons post-stroke generate symmetric steps, and 2) why do symmetric steps remain so effortful?nnObjectiveTo understand how persons post-stroke generate symmetric steps and how the resulting gait pattern relates to the metabolic cost of transport.nnMethodsTen persons post-stroke walked on an instrumented treadmill under two conditions: preferred walking and symmetric stepping (using visual feedback). We recorded kinematic, kinetic, and metabolic data during both conditions.nnResultsPersons post-stroke restored step length symmetry using energetically expensive, asymmetric patterns. Impaired paretic propulsion and abnormal vertical movement of the center of mass were evident during both preferred walking and symmetric stepping. These deficits contributed to diminished positive work performed by the paretic limb on the center of mass in both conditions. Decreased positive paretic work correlated with increased metabolic cost of transport, decreased self-selected walking speed, and increased asymmetry in limb kinematics.nnConclusionsIt is important to consider the mechanics used to restore symmetric steps when designing interventions to improve walking after stroke. Facilitating symmetric steps via increased paretic propulsion or enabling paretic limb advancement without excessive vertical movement may enable persons post-stroke to walk with a less effortful, more symmetric gait pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry-Allen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persons post-stroke restore step length symmetry by walking asymmetrically]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A powerful subset-based gene-set analysis method identifies novel associations and improves interpretation in UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tests of association between a phenotype and a set of genes in a biological pathway can provide insights into the genetic architecture of complex phenotypes beyond those obtained from single variant or single gene association analysis. However, most existing gene set tests have limited power to detect gene set-phenotype association when a small fraction of the genes are associated with the phenotype, and no method exists which identifies the potentially "active" genes that might drive a gene-set-based association. To address these issues, we have developed Gene-set analysis Association Using Sparse Signals (GAUSS), a method for gene-set association analysis that requires only GWAS summary statistics. For each significantly associated gene set, GAUSS identifies the subset of genes that have the maximal evidence of association and can best account for the gene set association. Using pre-computed correlation structure among test statistics from a reference panel, our p-value calculation is substantially faster than other permutation or simulation-based approaches. In simulations with varying proportions of causal genes, we find that GAUSS effectively controls type 1 error rate and has greater power than several existing methods, particularly when a small proportion of genes account for the gene set signal. Using GAUSS, we analyzed UK Biobank GWAS summary statistics for 10,679 gene-sets and 1,403 binary phenotypes. We found that GAUSS is scalable and identified 13,466 phenotype and gene-set association pairs. Within these genes sets, we identify an average of 17.2 (max=405) genes that underlie these gene set associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeHaar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A powerful subset-based gene-set analysis method identifies novel associations and improves interpretation in UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential and efficient neural-population coding of complex task information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has highlighted that many types of variables are represented in each neocortical area. How can these many neural representations be organized together without interference, and coherently maintained/updated through time? We recorded from large neural populations in posterior cortices as mice performed a complex, dynamic task involving multiple interrelated variables. The neural encoding implied that correlated task variables were represented by uncorrelated neural-population modes, while pairs of neurons exhibited a variety of signal correlations. This finding relates to principles of efficient coding for task-specific information, with neural-population modes as the encoding unit, and applied across posterior cortical regions and layers 2/3 and 5. Remarkably, this encoding function was multiplexed with sequential neural dynamics as well as reliably followed changes in task-variable correlations through time. We suggest that neural circuits can implement time-dependent encoding in a simple way by using random sequential dynamics as a temporal scaffold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koay, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tank, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential and efficient neural-population coding of complex task information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Experimental Design for Big Data: Applications in Brain Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replicability, the ability to replicate scientific findings, is a prerequisite for scientific discovery and clinical utility. Troublingly, we are in the midst of a replicability crisis. A key to replicability is that multiple measurements of the same item (e.g., experimental sample or clinical participant) under fixed experimental constraints are relatively similar to one another. Thus, statistics that quantify the relative contributions of accidental deviations--such as measurement error--as compared to systematic deviations--such as individual differences--are critical. We demonstrate that existing replicability statistics, such as intra-class correlation coefficient and fingerprinting, fail to adequately differentiate between accidental and systematic deviations in very simple settings. We therefore propose a novel statistic, discriminability, which quantifies the degree to which an individuals samples are relatively similar to one another, without restricting the data to be univariate, Gaussian, or even Euclidean. Using this statistic, we introduce the possibility of optimizing experimental design via increasing discriminability and prove that optimizing discriminability improves performance bounds in subsequent inference tasks. In extensive simulated and real datasets (focusing on brain imaging and demonstrating on genomics), only optimizing data discriminability improves performance on all subsequent inference tasks for each dataset. We therefore suggest that designing experiments and analyses to optimize discriminability may be a crucial step in solving the replicability crisis, and more generally, mitigating accidental measurement error.

Author SummaryIn recent decades, the size and complexity of data has grown exponentially. Unfortunately, the increased scale of modern datasets brings many new challenges. At present, we are in the midst of a replicability crisis, in which scientific discoveries fail to replicate to new datasets. Difficulties in the measurement procedure and measurement processing pipelines coupled with the influx of complex high-resolution measurements, we believe, are at the core of the replicability crisis. If measurements themselves are not replicable, what hope can we have that we will be able to use the measurements for replicable scientific findings? We introduce the "discriminability" statistic, which quantifies how discriminable measurements are from one another, without limitations on the structure of the underlying measurements. We prove that discriminable strategies tend to be strategies which provide better accuracy on downstream scientific questions. We demonstrate the utility of discriminability over competing approaches in this context on two disparate datasets from both neuroimaging and genomics. Together, we believe these results suggest the value of designing experimental protocols and analysis procedures which optimize the discriminability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/802629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Experimental Design for Big Data: Applications in Brain Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Consensus Proteomic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Early Changes in Energy Metabolism Associated with Microglia and Astrocyte Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the biological changes in the brain associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology and cognitive impairment remains incomplete. To increase our understanding of these changes, we analyzed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of control, asymptomatic AD, and AD brains from four different centers by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and weighted protein co-expression analysis to obtain a consensus protein co-expression network of AD brain. This network consisted of 13 protein co-expression modules. Six of these modules correlated with amyloid-{beta} plaque burden, tau neurofibrillary tangle burden, cognitive function, and clinical functional status, and were altered in asymptomatic AD, AD, or in both disease states. These six modules reflected synaptic, mitochondrial, sugar metabolism, extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, and RNA binding/splicing biological functions. The identified protein network modules were preserved in a community-based cohort analyzed by a different quantitative mass spectrometry approach. They were also preserved in temporal lobe and precuneus brain regions. Some of the modules were influenced by aging, and showed changes in other neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration. The module most strongly associated with AD pathology and cognitive impairment was the sugar metabolism module. This module was enriched in AD genetic risk factors, and was also highly enriched in microglia and astrocyte protein markers associated with an anti-inflammatory state, suggesting that the biological functions it represents serve a protective role in AD. Proteins from the sugar metabolism module were increased in cerebrospinal fluid from asymptomatic AD and AD cases, highlighting their potential as biomarkers of the altered brain network. In this study of >2000 brains and nearly 400 cerebrospinal fluid samples by quantitative proteomics, we identify proteins and biological processes in AD brain that may serve as therapeutic targets and fluid biomarkers for the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guajardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montine, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajjar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/802959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Consensus Proteomic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Early Changes in Energy Metabolism Associated with Microglia and Astrocyte Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A history-derived reward prediction error signal in ventral pallidum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from past interactions with the environment is critical for adaptive behavior. Within the framework of reinforcement learning, the nervous system builds expectations about future reward by computing reward prediction errors (RPEs), the difference between actual and predicted rewards. Correlates of RPEs have been observed in the midbrain dopamine system, which is thought to locally compute this important variable in service of learning. However, the extent to which RPE signals may be computed upstream of the dopamine system is largely unknown. Here, we quantify history-based RPE signals in the ventral pallidum (VP), an input region to the midbrain dopamine system implicated in reward-seeking behavior. We trained rats to associate cues with future delivery of reward and fit computational models to predict individual neuron firing rates at the time of reward delivery. We found that a subset of VP neurons encoded RPEs and did so more robustly than nucleus accumbens, an input to VP. VP RPEs predicted trial-by-trial task engagement, and optogenetic inhibition of VP reduced subsequent task-related reward seeking. Consistent with reinforcement learning, activity of VP RPE cells adapted when rewards were delivered in blocks. We further found that history- and cue-based RPEs were largely separate across the VP neural population. The presence of behaviorally-instructive RPE signals in the VP suggests a pivotal role for this region in value-based computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutlief, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A history-derived reward prediction error signal in ventral pallidum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induces Epigenetic Dysregulation by H3K27 Hyperacetylation to Perturb Active Enhancers in Parkinson’s Disease Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic mutations explain only 10-15% of cases of Parkinsons disease (PD), while an overriding environmental component has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of PD. But regardless of where the underlying triggers for the onset of familial and sporadic PD fall on the gene-environment axis, mitochondrial dysfunction emerges as a common mediator of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Herein, we employ a multidisciplinary approach to convincingly demonstrate that neurotoxicant exposure- and genetic mutation-driven mitochondrial dysfunction share a common mechanism of epigenetic dysregulation. Under both scenarios, lysine 27 acetylation of likely variant H3.2 (H3.2K27ac) increased in dopaminergic neuronal models of PD, thereby opening that region to active enhancer activity via H3K27 hyperacetylation. These vulnerable epigenomic loci represent potential transcription factor motifs for PD pathogenesis. We further confirmed the mitochondrial dysfunction induced H3K27ac during neurodegeneration in ex vivo models of PD. Our results reveal an exciting axis of  exposure/mutation-mitochondrial dysfunction-metabolism-H3K27ac-transcriptome for PD pathogenesis. Collectively, the novel mechanistic insights presented here interlinks mitochondrial dysfunction to epigenetic transcriptional regulation in dopaminergic degeneration as well as offer potential new epigenetic intervention strategies for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanthasamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanthasamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induces Epigenetic Dysregulation by H3K27 Hyperacetylation to Perturb Active Enhancers in Parkinson’s Disease Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semiparametric Partial Common Principal Component Analysis for Covariance Matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWWe consider the problem of jointly modeling multiple covariance matrices by partial common principal component analysis (PCPCA), which assumes a proportion of eigenvectors to be shared across covariance matrices and the rest to be individual-specific. This paper proposes consistent estimators of the shared eigenvectors in PCPCA as the number of matrices or the number of samples to estimate each matrix goes to infinity. We prove such asymptotic results without making any assumptions on the ranks of eigenvalues that are associated with the shared eigenvectors. When the number of samples goes to infinity, our results do not require the data to be Gaussian distributed. Furthermore, this paper introduces a sequential testing procedure to identify the number of shared eigenvectors in PCPCA. In simulation studies, our method shows higher accuracy in estimating the shared eigenvectors than competing methods. Applied to a motor-task functional magnetic resonance imaging data set, our estimator identifies meaningful brain networks that are consistent with current scientific understandings of motor networks during a motor paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semiparametric Partial Common Principal Component Analysis for Covariance Matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the walnut (Juglans regia L) reference genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The release of the first reference genome of walnut (Juglans regia L.) enabled many achievements in the characterization of walnut genetic and functional variation. However, it is highly fragmented, preventing the integration of genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic information to fully elucidate walnut biological processes. Here we report the new chromosome-scale assembly of the walnut reference genome (Chandler v2.0) obtained by combining Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing with chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. Relative to the previous reference genome, the new assembly features an 84.4-fold increase in N50 size, and the full sequence of all 16 chromosomal pseudomolecules, nine of which present telomere sequences at both ends. Using full-length transcripts from single-molecule real-time sequencing, we predicted 40,491 gene models, with a mean gene length higher than the previous gene annotations. Most of the new protein-coding genes (90%) are full-length, which represents a significant improvement compared to Chandler v1.0 (only 48%). We then tested the potential impact of the new chromosome-level genome on different areas of walnut research. By studying the proteome changes occurring during catkin development, we observed that the virtual proteome obtained from Chandler v2.0 presents fewer artifacts than the previous reference genome, enabling the identification of a new potential pollen allergen in walnut. Also, the new chromosome-scale genome facilitates in-depth studies of intraspecies genetic diversity by revealing previously undetected autozygous regions in Chandler, likely resulting from inbreeding, and 195 genomic regions highly differentiated between Western and Eastern walnut cultivars. Overall, Chandler v2.0 is a valuable resource to understand and explore walnut biology better.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaini, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Pierro, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troggio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dendekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the walnut (Juglans regia L) reference genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary Origins of Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surgery is the only curative option for Stage I/II pancreatic cancer, nonetheless most patients will recur after surgery and die of their disease. To identify novel opportunities for management of recurrent pancreatic cancer we performed whole exome or targeted sequencing of 10 resected primary cancers and matched intrapancreatic recurrences or distant metastases. We identified that adjuvant or first-line platinum therapy corresponds to an increased mutational burden of recurrent disease. Recurrent disease is enriched for mutations that activate Mapk/Erk and PI3K/AKT signaling and develops from a monophyletic or polyphyletic origin. Treatment induced genetic bottlenecks lead to a modified genetic landscape and subclonal heterogeneity for driver gene alterations in part due to intermetastatic seeding. In one patient what was believed to be recurrent disease was an independent (second) primary tumor. These findings advocate for combination therapies with immunotherapy and routine post-treatment sampling as a component of management of recurrent pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attiyeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makohon-Moore, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappagantula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary Origins of Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTRL: a label-free method for dynamic measurement of single-cell volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring the physical size of the cell is valuable in understanding cell growth control. Current single-cell volume measurement methods for mammalian cells are labor-intensive, inflexible, and can cause cell damage. We introduce CTRL: Cell Topography Reconstruction Learner, a label-free technique incorporating Deep Learning and Fluorescence Exclusion for reconstructing cell topography and estimating mammalian cell volume from DIC microscopy images alone. The method achieves quantitative accuracy, requires minimal sample preparation, and applies to extensive biological and experimental conditions. Using this method, we observe a noticeable reduction in cell size fluctuations during cell cycle, which is consistent with the presence of a cell size checkpoint. (https://GitHub.com/sxslabjhu/CTRL)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTRL: a label-free method for dynamic measurement of single-cell volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collateral fitness effects of mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of mutation plays a central role in constraining protein evolution. The underlying mechanisms by which mutations lead to fitness effects are typically attributed to changes in protein specific activity or abundance. Here, we reveal the importance of a mutations collateral fitness effects, which we define as effects that do not derive from changes in the proteins ability to perform its physiological function. We comprehensively measured the collateral fitness effects of missense mutations in the E. coli TEM-1 {beta}-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene using growth competition experiments in the absence of antibiotic. At least 42% of missense mutations in TEM-1 were deleterious, indicating that for some proteins, collateral fitness effects occur as frequently as effects on protein activity and abundance. Deleterious mutations caused improper post-translational processing, incorrect disulfide-bond formation, protein aggregation, changes in gene expression, and pleiotropic effects on cell phenotype. Deleterious collateral fitness effects occurred more frequently in TEM-1 than deleterious effects on antibiotic resistance in environments with low concentrations of the antibiotic. The surprising prevalence of deleterious collateral fitness effects suggests they may play a role in constraining protein evolution, particularly for highly-expressed proteins, for proteins under intermittent selection for their physiological function, and for proteins whose contribution to fitness is buffered against mutations with deleterious effects on protein activity and protein abundance.

Significance StatementMutations provide the source of genetic variability upon which evolution acts. Deleterious protein mutations are commonly thought of in terms of how they compromise the proteins ability to perform its physiological function. However, mutations might also be deleterious if they cause negative effects on one of the countless other cellular processes. The frequency and magnitude of such collateral fitness effects is unknown. Our systematic study of mutations in a bacterial protein finds widespread collateral fitness effects that were associated with protein aggregation, improper protein processing, incomplete protein transport across membranes, incorrect disulfide-bond formation, induction of stress-response pathways, and unexpected changes in cell properties. Our results suggest that deleterious collateral fitness effects may be an important constraint on protein evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlhoff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, E.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collateral fitness effects of mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of putative cis-regulatory elements regulating blood pressure variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of loci have been associated with blood pressure traits from many genome-wide association studies. We identified an enrichment of these loci in aorta and tibial artery expression quantitative trait loci in our previous work in [~]100,000 Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging (GERA) study participants. In the present study, we subsequently focused on determining putative regulatory regions for these and other tissues of relevance to blood pressure, to both fine-map these loci by pinpointing genes and variants of functional interest within them, and to identify any novel genes.nnWe constructed maps of putative cis-regulatory elements using publicly available open chromatin data for the heart, aorta and tibial arteries, and multiple kidney cell types. Sequence variants within these regions may be evaluated quantitatively for their tissue- or cell-type-specific regulatory impact using deltaSVM functional scores, as described in our previous work. In order to identify genes of interest, we aggregate these variants in these putative cis-regulatory elements within 50Kb of the start or end of genes considered as "expressed" in these tissues or cell types using publicly available gene expression data, and use the deltaSVM scores as weights in the well-known group-wise sequence kernel association test (SKAT). We test for association with both blood pressure traits as well as expression within these tissues or cell types of interest, and identify several genes, including MTHFR, C10orf32, CSK, NOV, ULK4, SDCCAG8, SCAMP5, RPP25, HDGFRP3, VPS37B, and PPCDC. Although our study centers on blood pressure traits, we additionally examined two known genes, SCN5A and NOS1AP involved in the cardiac trait QT interval, in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), as a positive control, and observed an expected heart-specific effect. Thus, our method may be used to identify variants and genes for further functional testing using tissue- or cell-type-specific putative regulatory information.nnAuthor SummarySequence change in genes ("variants") are linked to the presence and severity of different traits or diseases. However, as genes may be expressed in different tissues and at different times and degrees, using this information is expected to more accurately identify genes of interest. Variants within the genes are essential, but also in the sequences ("regulatory elements") that control the genes expression in different tissues or cell types. In this study, we aim to use this information about expression and variants potentially involved in gene expression regulation to better pinpoint genes and variants in regulatory elements of interest for blood pressure regulation. We do so by taking advantage of such data that are publicly available, and use methods to combine information about variants in aggregate within a genes putative regulatory elements in tissues thought to be relevant for blood pressure, and identify several genes, meant to enable experimental follow-up.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranatunga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of putative cis-regulatory elements regulating blood pressure variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of an eHAP1 Human Haploid Cell Line Hybrid Reference Genome Assembled from Short and Long Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHaploid cell lines are a valuable research tool with broad applicability for genetic assays. As such the fully haploid human cell line, eHAP1, has been used in a wide array of studies. However, the absence of a corresponding reference genome sequence for this cell line has limited the potential for more widespread applications to experiments dependent on available sequence, like capture-clone methodologies.nnResultsWe generated ~15x coverage Nanopore long reads from ten GridION flowcells. We utilized this data to assemble a de novo draft genome using minimap and miniasm and subsequently polished using Racon. This assembly was further polished using previously generated, low-coverage, Illumina short reads with Pilon and ntEdit. This resulted in a hybrid eHAP1 assembly with >90% complete BUSCO scores. We further assessed the eHAP1 long read data for structural variants using Sniffles and identify a variety of rearrangements, including a previously established Philadelphia translocation. Finally, we demonstrate how some of these variants overlap open chromatin regions, potentially impacting regulatory regions.nnConclusionsBy integrating both long and short reads, we generated a high-quality reference assembly for eHAP1 cells. We identify structural variants using long reads, including some that may impact putative regulatory elements. The union of long and short reads demonstrates the utility in combining sequencing platforms to generate a high-quality reference genome de novo solely from low coverage data. We expect the resulting eHAP1 genome assembly to provide a useful resource to enable novel experimental applications in this important model cell line.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of an eHAP1 Human Haploid Cell Line Hybrid Reference Genome Assembled from Short and Long Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the dynamic and functional DNA methylation landscape in the developing human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (DNAm) is a key epigenetic regulator of gene expression across development. The developing prenatal brain is a highly dynamic tissue, but our understanding of key drivers of epigenetic variability across development is limited. We therefore assessed genomic methylation at over 39 million sites in the prenatal cortex using whole genome bisulfite sequencing and found loci and regions in which methylation levels are dynamic across development. We saw that DNAm at these loci was associated with nearby gene expression and enriched for enhancer chromatin states in prenatal brain tissue. Additionally, these loci were enriched for genes associated with psychiatric disorders and genes involved with neurogenesis. We also found autosomal differences in DNAm between the sexes during prenatal development, though these have less clear functional consequences. We lastly confirmed that the dynamic methylation at this critical period is specifically CpG methylation, with very low levels of CpH methylation. Our findings provide detailed insight into prenatal brain development as well as clues to the pathogenesis of psychiatric traits seen later in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perzel Mandell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the dynamic and functional DNA methylation landscape in the developing human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keratin 14-dependent disulfides regulate epidermal homeostasis and barrier function via 14-3-3sigma and YAP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type I intermediate filament (IF) keratin 14 (K14) provides vital structural support in basal keratinocytes of epidermis. Recent studies evidenced a role for K14-dependent disulfide bonding in the organization and dynamics of keratin IFs in skin keratinocytes. Here we report that knock-in mice harboring a cysteine-to-alanine substitution at codon 373 (C373A) in Krt14 exhibit alterations in disulfide-bonded K14 species and a barrier defect secondary to enhanced proliferation, faster transit time and altered differentiation in the epidermis. A proteomics screen identified 14-3-3 as major K14 interacting proteins. Follow-up studies showed that YAP1, a transcriptional effector of Hippo signaling regulated by 14-3-3sigma in skin keratinocytes, shows aberrant subcellular partitioning and function in differentiating Krt14C373A keratinocytes. Residue C373 in K14, which is conserved in several other type I IFs, is thus revealed as a novel regulator of keratin organization and YAP function in early differentiating keratinocytes, with an impact on cell mechanics, homeostasis and barrier function in the epidermis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leacock, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaskula-Ranga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulombe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keratin 14-dependent disulfides regulate epidermal homeostasis and barrier function via 14-3-3sigma and YAP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A de novo approach to inferring within-host fitness effects during untreated HIV-1 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of effective antiviral therapy, HIV-1 evolves in response to the within-host environment, of which the immune system is an important aspect. During the earliest stages of infection, this process of evolution is very rapid, driven by a small number of CTL escape mechanisms. As the infection progresses, immune escape variants evolve under reduced magnitudes of selection, while competition between an increasing number of polymorphic alleles (i.e., clonal interference) makes it difficult to quantify the magnitude of selection acting upon specific variant alleles. To tackle this complex problem, we developed a novel multi-locus inference method to evaluate the role of selection during the chronic stage of within-host infection. We applied this method to targeted sequence data from the p24 and gp41 regions of HIV-1 collected from 34 patients with long-term untreated HIV-1 infection. We identify a broad distribution of beneficial fitness effects during infection, with a small number of variants evolving under strong selection and very many variants evolving under weaker selection. The uniquely large number of infections analysed granted a previously unparalleled statistical power to identify loci at which selection could be inferred to act with statistical confidence. Our model makes no prior assumptions about the nature of alleles under selection, such that any synonymous or non-synonymous variant may be inferred to evolve under selection. However, the majority of variants inferred with confidence to be under selection were non-synonymous in nature, and in nearly all cases were associated with either CTL escape in p24 or neutralising antibody escape in gp41. Sites inferred to be under selection in multiple hosts have high within-host and between-host diversity albeit not all sites with high between-host diversity were inferred to be under selection at the within-host level. Our identification of selection at sites associated with resistance to broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) highlights the need to fully understand the role of selection in untreated individuals when designing bNAb based therapies.nnAuthor SummaryDuring the within-host evolution of HIV-1, the diversity of the viral population increases, with many beneficial variants competing against each other. This competition, known as clonal interference, makes the identification of variants under positive selection a challenging task. We here apply a novel method for the inference of selection to targeted within-host sequence data describing changes in the p24 and gp41 genes during HIV-1 infection in 34 patients. Our method adopts a parsimonious approach, assigning selection to the smallest number of variants necessary to explain the evolution of the system. The large size of our dataset allows for the confident identification of variants under selection, alleles at certain loci being repeatedly inferred as under selection within multiple individuals. While early CTL escape mutations have been identified to evolve under strong positive selection, we identify a distribution of beneficial fitness effects in which a large number of mutations are under weak selection. Variants that were confidently identified under selection were primarily found to be associated with either CTL escape in p24 or neutralising antibody escape in gp41, including sites associated with escape from broadly neutralising antibodies. We find that the most frequently selected loci have high diversity both within-host and at the between-host level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghwani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwadda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewankambo, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lythgoe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A de novo approach to inferring within-host fitness effects during untreated HIV-1 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective MAPK Signaling Dynamics Coordinates Epithelial Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial tissues are constantly challenged by individual cell fate decisions while maintaining barrier function. During oncogenesis, mutant and normal cells also differ in their signaling states and cellular behaviors creating competitive interactions that are poorly understood. Here we show that the temporal patterns of MAPK activity are decoded by the ADAM17-EGFR paracrine signaling axis to coordinate migration of neighboring cells and promote extrusion of aberrantly-signaling cells. Concurrently, neighboring cells increase proliferation to maintain cell density while oncogene expressing cells undergo cell cycle arrest. Moreover, the stress MAPK p38 elicits the same paracrine signaling and extrusion response, suggesting that the ADAM17-EGFR pathway constitutes a quality control mechanism to eliminate and replace unfit cells from epithelial tissues. Overall, we show that the temporal patterns of MAPK activity coordinates both single and collective cell behaviors to maintain tissue homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aikin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokrass, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective MAPK Signaling Dynamics Coordinates Epithelial Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar patients have intact feedback control that can be leveraged to improve reaching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is thought that the brain does not simply react to sensory feedback, but rather uses an internal model of the body to predict the consequences of motor commands before sensory feedback arrives. Time-delayed sensory feedback can then be used to correct for the unexpected--perturbations, motor noise, or a moving target. The cerebellum has been implicated in this predictive control process. Here we show that the feedback gain in patients with cerebellar ataxia matches that of healthy subjects, but that patients exhibit substantially more phase lag. This difference is captured by a computational model incorporating a Smith predictor in healthy subjects that is missing in patients, supporting the predictive role of the cerebellum in feedback control. Lastly, we improve cerebellar patients movement control by altering (phase advancing) the visual feedback they receive from their own self movement in a simplified virtual reality setup.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmet, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar patients have intact feedback control that can be leveraged to improve reaching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the micro-proteome of the nuclear lamina and lamin associated domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear lamina is a proteinaceous network of filaments that provide both structural and gene regulatory functions by tethering proteins and large domains of DNA, so-called lamin associated domains (LADs), to the periphery of the nucleus. LADs are a large fraction of the mammalian genome that are repressed, in part, by their association to the nuclear periphery. The genesis and maintenance of LADs is poorly understood as are the proteins that participate in these functions. In an effort to identify proteins that reside at the nuclear periphery and potentially interact with LADs, we have taken a two-pronged approach. First, we have undertaken an interactome analysis of the inner nuclear membrane bound LAP2{beta} to further characterize the nuclear lamina proteome. To accomplish this, we have leveraged the BioID system, which previously has been successfully used to characterize the nuclear lamina proteome. Second, we have established a system to identify proteins that bind to LADs by developing a chromatin directed BioID system. We combined the BioID system with the m6A-tracer system which binds to LADs in live cells to identify both LAD proximal and nuclear lamina proteins. In combining these datasets, we have further characterized the protein network at the nuclear lamina, identified putative LAD proximal proteins and found several proteins that appear to interface with both micro-proteomes. Importantly, several proteins essential for LAD function, including heterochromatin regulating proteins related to H3K9 methylation, were identified in this study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cutler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugundu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the micro-proteome of the nuclear lamina and lamin associated domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/830299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Determination of the Force of Malaria Infection Reveals a Non-Linear Relationship to Mosquito Sporozoite Loads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/830299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium sporozoites are the infective stage of the malaria parasite. Though this is a bottleneck for the parasite, the quantitative dynamics of transmission, from mosquito inoculation of sporozoites to patent blood-stage infection in the mammalian host, are poorly understood. Here we utilize a rodent model to determine the probability of malaria infection after infectious mosquito bite, and consider the impact of mosquito parasite load, blood-meal acquisition, probe-time, and probe location, on infection probability. We found that infection likelihood correlates with mosquito sporozoite load and, to a lesser degree, the duration of probing, and is not dependent upon the mosquitos ability to find blood. The relationship between sporozoite load and infection probability is non-linear and can be described by a set of models that include a threshold, with mosquitoes harboring over 10,000 salivary gland sporozoites being 7.5 times more likely to initiate a malaria infection. Overall, our data suggest that the small subset of highly infected mosquitoes may contribute disproportionally to malaria transmission in the field and that quantifying mosquito sporozoite loads could aid in predicting the force of infection in different transmission settings.nnAuthor SummaryMalaria is a leading cause of death in many parts of the world. Infection is initiated when infected Anopheles mosquitoes inject sporozoites as they look for blood. Though transmission is a bottleneck for the parasite and thus a good point for intervention, many aspects of transmission remain poorly understood. In this study, using a rodent model of malaria, we found that less than 20% of infectious bites result in disease, demonstrating that the majority of infective bites do not result in malaria infection. Furthermore, we found that the bites of mosquitoes with heavy parasite burdens are 7.5 times more likely to result in disease. These data have important implications for designing interventions targeting transmission stages of the malaria parasite as they suggest that reducing parasite loads, even without completely eliminating them, could be effective against disease spread. We also found that mosquitoes that probe but do not succeed in finding blood are equally likely to initiate infection, an important finding for human vaccine trials. Together, this work adds to our understanding of malaria transmission dynamics and our capacity to develop malaria elimination strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleshnick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganusov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yenokyan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/830299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Determination of the Force of Malaria Infection Reveals a Non-Linear Relationship to Mosquito Sporozoite Loads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovering rearranged cancer chromosomes from karyotype graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cancer genomes are extensively rearranged with highly aberrant chromosomal karyotypes. Structural and copy number variations in cancer genomes can be determined via abnormal mapping of sequenced reads to the reference genome. Recently it became possible to reconcile both of these types of large-scale variations into a karyotype graph representation of the rearranged cancer genomes. Such a representation, however, does not directly describe the linear and/or circular structure of the underlying rearranged cancer chromosomes, thus limiting possible analysis of cancer genomes somatic evolutionary process as well as functional genomic changes brought by the large-scale genome rearrangements.nnHere we address the aforementioned limitation by introducing a novel methodological framework for recovering rearranged cancer chromosomes from karyotype graphs. For a cancer karyotype graph we formulate an Eulerian Decomposition Problem (EDP) of finding a collection of linear and/or circular rearranged cancer chromosomes that are determined by the graph. We derive and prove computational complexities for several variations of the EDP. We then demonstrate that Eulerian decomposition of the cancer karyotype graphs is not always unique and present the Consistent Contig Covering Problem (CCCP) of recovering unambiguous cancer contigs from the cancer karyotype graph, and describe a novel algorithm CCR capable of solving CCCP in polynomial time.nnWe apply CCR on a prostate cancer dataset and demonstrate that it is capable of consistently recovering large cancer contigs even when underlying cancer genomes are highly rearranged. CCR can recover rearranged cancer contigs from karyotype graphs thereby addressing existing limitation in inferring chromosomal structures of rearranged cancer genomes and advancing our understanding of both patient/cancer-specific as well as the overall genetic instability in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zban, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexeev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovering rearranged cancer chromosomes from karyotype graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastatic function of METTL18 in breast cancer via actin methylation and Src 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, a SET domain containing 3 (SETD3) was identified as an actin histidine methyltransferase, functioning to control replication and pathogenesis in multiple mouse models for enterovirus infection as well as the regulation of smooth muscle contractility linked to primary dystocia. Here, in this study, we report another type of actin histidine methyltransferase, METTL18, that regulates the metastatic potential of breast cancer in human. Among methyltransferases, METTL18 was highly amplified in human breast cancer. In particular, poor prognosis was associated with high expression of METTL18 in HER2-negative breast cancer patients. This gene product was also found to be a critical component of metastatic responses. Loss of METTL18 expression significantly reduced metastatic responses of breast tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, it was observed that METTL18 increased actin polymerization, upregulated complex formation with HSP90AA1 and Src, enhanced the activity of an intermediate form of Src with tyrosine phosphorylation at both Y416 and Y527, and induced cellular metastatic responses, including morphological change, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in mice. Methylated actin at His73 served as a critical site for interaction with HSP90AA1 and Src to activate p85/PI3K and STAT3. Our findings suggest that METTL18 plays critical roles in metastatic responses of HER2-negative breast cancer cells via actin polymerization and the generation of an intermediate form of Src.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratan, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastatic function of METTL18 in breast cancer via actin methylation and Src]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinctive epigenomic alterations in NF1-deficient cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas drive differential MKK/P38 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors are the clinical hallmark of Neurofibromatosis Type 1. They account for substantial morbidity in NF1 and are difficult to manage. Cutaneous (CNF) and plexiform neurofibromas (PNF) share identical histology, but maintain different growth rates and risk of malignant conversion. The reasons for their disparate clinical behavior are not well explained on the basis of recent genome or transcriptome profiling studies. We hypothesized that CNFs and PNFs are epigenetically distinct tumor types that exhibit differential signaling due to genome-wide and site-specific methylation events. We interrogated the methylation profiles of 45 CNFs and 17 PNFs (Illumina EPIC 850K) using normal tissue controls from NF1 subjects. Based on these profiles, we confirm that CNFs and PNFs are epigenetically distinct tumors with broad differences in higher order chromatin states, and specific methylation events altering genes involved in key biological and cellular processes such as inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, RAS/MAPK signaling, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and oxytocin signaling. Based our identification of 2 separate DMRs associated with alternative leading exons in MAP2K3, we demonstrate differential RAS/MKK3/P38 signaling between CNFs and PNFs. Epigenetic reinforcement of RAS/MKK/P38 was a defining characteristic of CNFs leading to pro-inflammatory signaling and chromatin conformational changes, whereas PNFs signaled predominantly through RAS/ERK. Tumor size also correlated with specific CpG methylation events. Taken together, these findings confirm that epigenetic regulation of RAS signaling fates accounts for observed differences in CNF and PNF clinical behavior. CNFs may also respond differently than PNFs to RAS-targeted therapeutics raising the possibility of targeting P38-mediated inflammation for CNF treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grit, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essenburg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dischinger, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triche, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graveel, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steensma, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinctive epigenomic alterations in NF1-deficient cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas drive differential MKK/P38 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type Specific Learning of Attentional Gating in Primate Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive flexibility depends on a fast neural learning mechanism for enhancing momentary relevant over irrelevant information. A possible neural mechanism realizing this enhancement uses fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the striatum to train striatal projection neurons to gate relevant and suppress distracting cortical inputs. We found support for such a mechanism in nonhuman primates during the flexible adjustment of visual attention. FSIs gated visual attention cues during feature-based learning. One FSI population showed stronger inhibition during learning, while another FSI subpopulation showed weaker inhibition after learning signifying post-learning disinhibition. Additionally, a smaller neural subpopulation increased activity when salient distractor events were successfully suppressed. These findings highlight that fast behavioral learning of feature relevance is accompanied by fast neural learning of cell-type specific cortico-striatal gating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type Specific Learning of Attentional Gating in Primate Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EXoO-Tn: Tag-n-Map the Tn Antigen in the Human Proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tn antigen (Tn), a single N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) monosaccharide attached to protein Ser/Thr residues, is found on most solid tumors yet rarely detected in adult tissues, featuring it one of the most distinctive signatures of cancers. Although it is prevalent in cancers, Tn-glycosylation sites are not entirely clear owing to the lack of suitable technology. Knowing the Tn-glycosylation sites will spur the development of new vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics of cancers. Here, we report a novel technology named EXoO-Tn for large-scale mapping of Tn-glycosylation sites. EXoO-Tn utilizes glycosyltransferase C1GalT1 and isotopically-labeled UDP-Gal(13C6) to tag and convert Tn to Gal(13C6)-Tn, which has a unique mass being distinguishable to other glycans. This exquisite Gal(13C6)-Tn structure is recognized by OpeRATOR that specifically cleaves N-termini of the Gal(13C6)-Tn-occupied Ser/Thr residues to yield site-containing glycopeptides. The use of EXoO-Tn mapped 947 Tn-glycosylation sites from 480 glycoproteins in Jurkat cells. Given the importance of Tn in diseases, EXoO-Tn is anticipated to have broad utility in clinical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EXoO-Tn: Tag-n-Map the Tn Antigen in the Human Proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affinity-engineered human antibodies detect celiac disease gluten pMHC complexes and inhibit T-cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies specific for antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are valuable tools for studies of antigen presentation. Such T-cell receptor (TCR)-like antibodies may also have therapeutic potential in human disease due to their ability to target disease-associated antigens with high specificity. We previously generated celiac disease (CeD) relevant TCR-like antibodies that recognize the prevalent gluten epitope DQ2.5-glia-1a in complex with HLA-DQ2.5. Here, we report on second-generation high-affinity antibodies towards this epitope as well as a panel of novel TCR-like antibodies to another immunodominant gliadin epitope, DQ2.5-glia-2. The strategy for affinity engineering was based on Rosetta modeling combined with pIX phage display and is applicable to similar protein engineering efforts. We isolated picomolar affinity binders and validated them in Fab and IgG format. Flow cytometry experiments with CeD biopsy material confirm the unique disease specificity of these TCR-like antibodies and reinforce the notion that B cells and plasma cells have a dominant role in gluten antigen presentation in the inflamed CeD gut. Further, the lead candidate 3.C11 potently inhibited CD4+ T-cell activation and proliferation in vitro in an HLA and epitope specific manner, pointing to a potential for targeted disease interception without compromising systemic immunity.

Significance StatementConsumption of gluten-containing food drives celiac disease in genetically predisposed individuals. The underlying disease mechanism is not fully understood, but it is strictly dependent on activation of pathogenic T cells. We have engineered high-affinity human antibodies recognizing the T-cell target HLA-DQ2.5 in complex with gluten epitopes and studied cell-specific antigen presentation in patients, which shows that plasma cells and not dendritic cells dominate the inflamed tissue. The only available treatment is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet, which is difficult and not effective in all cases. We show that at least one of our antibodies can specifically inhibit activation of pathogenic T-cells in vitro and therefore shows promise for therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoydahl, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodnebrug, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berntsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsen, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigstad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vik, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, K. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollid, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandlie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loset, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affinity-engineered human antibodies detect celiac disease gluten pMHC complexes and inhibit T-cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for COMPASS recognition of an H2B-ubiquitinated nucleosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation of histone H3K4 is a hallmark of actively transcribed genes that depends on mono-ubiquitination of histone H2B (H2B-Ub). H3K4 methylation in yeast is catalyzed by Set1, the methyltransferase subunit of COMPASS. We report here the cryo-EM structure of a six-protein core COMPASS subcomplex, which can methylate H3K4 and be stimulated by H2B-Ub, bound to a ubiquitinated nucleosome. Our structure shows that COMPASS spans the face of the nucleosome, recognizing ubiquitin on one face of the nucleosome and methylating H3 on the opposing face. As compared to the structure of the isolated core complex, Set1 undergoes multiple structural rearrangements to cement interactions with the nucleosome and with ubiquitin. The critical Set1 RxR motif adopts a helix that mediates bridging contacts between the nucleosome, ubiquitin and COMPASS. The structure provides a framework for understanding mechanisms of trans-histone cross-talk and the dynamic role of H2B ubiquitination in stimulating histone methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for COMPASS recognition of an H2B-ubiquitinated nucleosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of integrin αv and CD44 in GBM migration in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary adult malignant brain tumor. Recurrence is driven invading tumor cells that escape surgical resection and demonstrate resistance to standard-of-care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A large body of research has been conducted on tumor cell motility. However, typical in vitro models make use of polystyrene culture dishes, which exhibit significantly different physical parameters than brain tissue. Here we report on the use of human organotypic brain slices as an ex vivo approach for the dynamic study of GBM cell motility.

Temporal lobectomy tissue from epilepsy patients was obtained and cut into 350{micro}m thick slices. After the tissue slices had a weeks incubation for recovery, fluorescently labeled tumor cells were seeded. We then tracked individual tumor cells using time-lapse fluorescent confocal microscopy. Quantification of motility characteristics, including mean squared displacement, total path length, and consistency, allowed for comparison of different conditions, including knockdown of cell surface proteins integrin v (ITGAV) and CD44.

Human organotypics demonstrated minimal variability across specimen in terms of motility parameters, including total path length, averaged instantaneous velocity, and consistency. Knockdown of the traditional motility protein ITGAV showed little effect on overall motility while knockdown of CD44 resulted in a significant reduction in both averaged instantaneous velocity and total path length. When the same parameters were examined using Matrigel, ITGAV and CD44 both showed decreased motility, highlighting the impact of the physical environment on cell behavior. Finally, cell motility in mouse organotypic slices was decreased when compared to human organotypic slices.

Here we demonstrate the use of human organotypic brain slices in the study of GBM cell invasion. This model system offers a physiologically-relevant environment in which to examine the dynamic process of cell motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Binder, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallia, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of integrin αv and CD44 in GBM migration in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type II Alexander disease caused by splicing errors and aberrant overexpression of an uncharacterized GFAP isoform. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alexander disease results from gain of function mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an intermediate filament protein expressed in astrocytes. At least eight GFAP isoforms have been described, however, the predominant alpha isoform accounts for approximately 90% of GFAP protein in the central nervous system. Here we describe exonic variants identified in three unrelated families with Type II Alexander disease that alter the splicing of GFAP pre-mRNA and result in upregulation of a previously uncharacterized GFAP lambda isoform (NM 001363846.1). Affected members of Family 1 and Family 2 shared the same missense variant, NM 001363846.1:c.1289G>A;p.(Arg430His) while in Family 3 we identified a synonymous variant in the adjacent nucleotide, NM 001363846.1:c.1290C>A;p.(Arg430Arg). Using RNA and protein analysis of brain autopsy samples, and a mini-gene splicing reporter assay, we demonstrate both variants result in upregulation of the lambda isoform. We assessed other GFAP variants in the ClinVar database for predicted aberrant splicing and using the same assay demonstrated significant changes to splicing for two selected variants. Our approach demonstrates the importance of characterizing the effect of GFAP variants on mRNA splicing in order to inform future pathophysiologic and therapeutic study for Alexander disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takanohashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemann, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perng, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woidill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sase, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haake, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatemi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherbini, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/842229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type II Alexander disease caused by splicing errors and aberrant overexpression of an uncharacterized GFAP isoform.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tet2 negatively regulates memory fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being fully differentiated, DNA methylation is dynamically regulated in post-mitotic glutamatergic neurons in the CA1 of the hippocampus through competing active DNA methylation and de-methylation, a process that regulates neuronal plasticity. Active DNA methylation after learning is necessary for long-term memory formation, and active DNA de-methylation by the TET enzymes has been implicated as a counter-regulator of that biochemical process. We demonstrate that Tet2 functions in the CA1 as a negative regulator of long-term memory, whereby its knockdown across the CA1 or haploinsufficiency in glutamatergic neurons enhances the fidelity of hippocampal-dependent spatial and associative memory. Loci of altered DNA methylation were then determined using whole genome bisulfite sequencing from glutamatergic Tet2 haploinsufficient CA1 tissue, which revealed hypermethylation in the promoters of genes known to be transcriptionally regulated after experiential learning. This study demonstrates a link between Tet2 activity at genes important for memory formation in CA1 glutamatergic neurons and memory fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zengeler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettens, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boitnott, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogliettino, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malachowsky, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tet2 negatively regulates memory fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear GAPDH signaling mediates pathological cardiac hypertrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report that stress-induced nuclear translocation of GAPDH mediates heart hypertrophy via Brahma-Related-Gene-1 (BRG1)-associated chromatin remodelling. In response to pressure overload elicited by transverse aortic constriction, we observed nuclear translocation of GAPDH in the mouse heart. We also demonstrated a robust nuclear localization of GAPDH in cardiomyocytes from patients with dilated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, whereas negligible GAPDH in the nucleus in control subjects. This is the first demonstration of disease-associated nuclear GAPDH directly in living patients. Using immunohistochemical methods and a pharmacological way that selectively blocks GAPDH nuclear translocation (RR compound), we proved the causal involvement of GAPDH cysteine-150 modification in this translocation in Gq-induced cell model for heart hypertrophy. Accordingly, both pharmacological and genetic interventions proved that the same mechanism played a causal role for heart hypertrophy and dysfunction in vivo. We discovered that, upon nuclear translocation, GAPDH augmented the protein interaction of BRG1 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), which further facilitated the Myh7/Myh6 isoform ratio from the mature to immature status, an essential mechanism for heart hypertrophy. Beyond medical implications, we provide a novel mechanism of stress-induced reversion of a cellular phenotype from adult to fetal state, which is mediated by a "moonlighting" function of GAPDH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Numata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwakiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koitabashi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujimura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchiya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaaro-Peled, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horiguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitoh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takimoto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear GAPDH signaling mediates pathological cardiac hypertrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Standardizing Human Brain Parcellations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using brain atlases to localize regions of interest is a requirement for making neuroscientifically valid statistical inferences. These atlases, represented in volumetric or surface coordinate spaces, can describe brain topology from a variety of perspectives. Although many human brain atlases have circulated the field over the past fifty years, limited effort has been devoted to their standardization. Standardization can facilitate consistency and transparency with respect to orientation, resolution, labeling scheme, file storage format, and coordinate space designation. Our group has worked to consolidate an extensive selection of popular human brain atlases into a single, curated, open-source library, where they are stored following a standardized protocol with accompanying metadata, which can serve as the basis for future atlases. The repository containing the atlases, the specification, as well as relevant transformation functions is available at https://github.com/neurodata/neuroparc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvapalli, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisner, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Standardizing Human Brain Parcellations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of Odor-Induced Activity of Kenyon Cells in an Electrotonically Compact Drosophila Mushroom Body Output Neuron (MBON) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of an ecologically useful lasting memory requires that the brain has an accurate internal representation of the surrounding environment. In addition, it must have the ability to integrate a variety of different sensory stimuli and associate them with rewarding and aversive behavioral outcomes. Over the previous years, a number of studies have dissected the anatomy and elucidated some of the working principles of the Drosophila mushroom body (MB), the flys center for learning and memory. As a consequence, we now have a functional understanding of where and how in the MB sensory stimuli converge and are associated. However, the molecular and cellular dynamics at the critical synaptic intersection for this process, the Kenyon cell-mushroom body output neuron (KC-MBON) synapse, are largely unknown. Here, we introduce a first approach to understand this integration process and the physiological changes occurring at the KC-MBON synapse during Kenyon cell (KC) activation. We use the published connectome of the Drosophila MB to construct a functional computational model of the MBON-3 dendritic structure. We simulate synaptic input by individual KC-MBON synapses by current injections into precisely (m) identified local dendritic sections, and the input from a model population of KCs representing an odor by a spatially distributed cluster of current injections. By recording the effect of the simulated current injections on the membrane potential of the neuron, we show that the MBON-3 is electrotonically compact. This suggests that odor-induced MBON activity is likely governed by input strength while the positions of KC input synapses are largely irrelevant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hafez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escribano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pielage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of Odor-Induced Activity of Kenyon Cells in an Electrotonically Compact Drosophila Mushroom Body Output Neuron (MBON)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of OTUB1 activation and inhibition by different E2 enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OTUB1 is a highly expressed cysteine protease that specifically cleaves K48-linked polyubiquitin chains. This unique deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) can bind to a subset of E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, forming complexes in which the two enzymes can regulate one anothers activity. OTUB1 can non-catalytically suppress the ubiquitin conjugating activity of its E2 partners by sequestering the charged E2~Ub thioester and preventing ubiquitin transfer. The same E2 enzymes, when uncharged, can stimulate the DUB activity of OTUB1 in vitro, although the importance of OTUB1 stimulation in vivo remains unclear. In order to assess the potential balance between these activities that might occur in cells, we characterized the kinetics and thermodynamics governing the formation and activity of OTUB1:E2 complexes. We show that both stimulation of OTUB1 by E2 enzymes and noncatalytic inhibition of E2 enzymes by OTUB1 occur at physiologically relevant concentrations of both partners. Whereas E2 partners differ in their ability to stimulate OTUB1 activity, we find that this variability is not correlated with the affinity of each E2 for OTUB1. In addition to UBE2N and the UBE2D isoforms, we find that OTUB1 inhibits polyubiquitination activity of all three UBE2E enzymes, UBE2E1, UBE2E2, and UBE2E3. Interestingly, although OTUB1 also inhibits the autoubiquitination activity of UBE2E1 and UBE2E2, it is unable to suppress autoubiquitination by UBE2E3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Que, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of OTUB1 activation and inhibition by different E2 enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of structural variants in breast cancer genomes using single molecule sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved identification of structural variants (SVs) in cancer can lead to more targeted and effective treatment options as well as advance our basic understanding of disease progression. We performed whole genome sequencing of the SKBR3 breast cancer cell-line and patient-derived tumor and normal organoids from two breast cancer patients using 10X/Illumina, PacBio, and Oxford Nanopore sequencing. We then inferred SVs and large-scale allele-specific copy number variants (CNVs) using an ensemble of methods. Our findings demonstrate that long-read sequencing allows for substantially more accurate and sensitive SV detection, with between 90% and 95% of variants supported by each long-read technology also supported by the other. We also report high accuracy for long-reads even at relatively low coverage (25x-30x). Furthermore, we inferred karyotypes from these data using our enhanced RCK algorithm to present a more accurate representation of the mutated cancer genomes, and find hundreds of variants affecting known cancer-related genes detectable only through long-read sequencing. These findings highlight the need for long-read sequencing of cancer genomes for the precise analysis of their genetic instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wappel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostroff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of structural variants in breast cancer genomes using single molecule sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Incident Atrial Fibrillation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMechanistic studies suggests that mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) dysfunction may be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). The association between mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and incident AF in the general population, however, remains unknown.

MethodsWe conducted prospective analyses of 19,709 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). mtDNA-CN from peripheral blood was calculated from probe intensities on the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) Array 6.0 in ARIC and MESA, and from multiplexed real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in CHS. Incident AF cases were identified through electrocardiograms, review of hospital discharge codes, Medicare claims, and death certificates.

ResultsThe median follow-up time was 21.4 years in ARIC, 12.9 years in MESA and 11.0 years in CHS, during which 4,021 participants developed incident atrial fibrillation (1,761 in ARIC, 790 in MESA, and 1,470 in CHS). The fully-adjusted pooled hazard ratio for incident atrial fibrillation comparing the 1st to the 5th quintile of mitochondria DNA copy number was 1.13 (1.01, 1.27). The fully-adjusted pooled hazard ratio comparing the 10th vs the 90th percentile of mitochondria DNA copy number was 1.13 (1.04, 1.24). Dose-response spline analysis also showed an inverse association between mitochondria DNA copy number and hazard for atrial fibrillation for all three cohorts. These associations were consistent across subgroups.

ConclusionsMitochondria DNA copy number was inversely associated with the risk of AF independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These findings implicate mitochondria DNA copy number as a novel risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate the role of mitochondria DNA copy number in the management of atrial fibrillation risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Incident Atrial Fibrillation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsW exhibits distinct processive movements driven by either septal cell wall synthesis or FtsZ treadmilling in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During bacterial cell division, synthesis of new septal peptidoglycan (sPG) is crucial for successful cytokinesis and cell pole morphogenesis. FtsW, a SEDS (Shape, Elongation, Division and Sporulation) family protein and an indispensable component of the cell division machinery in all walled bacterial species, was recently identified in vitro as a new monofunctional peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (PGTase). FtsW and its cognate monofunctional transpeptidase (TPase) class B penicillin binding protein (PBP3 or FtsI in E. coli) may constitute the essential, bifunctional sPG synthase specific for new sPG synthesis. Despite its importance, the septal PGTase activity of FtsW has not been documented in vivo. How its activity is spatiotemporally regulated in vivo has also remained unknown. Here we investigated the septal PGTase activity and dynamics of FtsW in E. coli cells using a combination of single-molecule imaging and genetic manipulations. We show that FtsW exhibits robust activity to incorporate an N-acetylmuramic acid analog at septa in the absence of other known PGTases, confirming FtsW as the essential septum-specific PGTase in vivo. Notably, we identified two populations of processive moving FtsW molecules at septa. A fast-moving population is driven by the treadmilling dynamics of FtsZ and independent of sPG synthesis. A slow-moving population is driven by active sPG synthesis and independent of FtsZs treadmilling dynamics. We further identified that FtsN, a potential sPG synthesis activator, plays an important role in promoting the slow-moving, sPG synthesis-dependent population. Our results support a two-track model, in which inactive sPG synthase molecules follow the fast treadmilling "Z-track" to be distributed along the septum; FtsN promotes their release from the "Z-track" to become active in sPG synthesis on the slow "sPG-track". This model explains how the spatial information is integrated into the regulation of sPG synthesis activity and suggests a new mechanistic framework for the spatiotemporal coordination of bacterial cell wall constriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyv, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips-Mason, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeester, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsW exhibits distinct processive movements driven by either septal cell wall synthesis or FtsZ treadmilling in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cord blood DNA methylome in newborns later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder reflects early dysregulation of neurodevelopmental and X-linked genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex heritability and higher prevalence in males. Since the neonatal epigenome has the potential to reflect past interactions between genetic and environmental factors during early development, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of 152 umbilical cord blood samples from the MARBLES and EARLI high-familial risk prospective cohorts to identify an epigenomic signature of ASD at birth.

ResultsWe identified differentially-methylated regions (DMRs) stratified by sex that discriminated ASD from control cord blood samples in discovery and replication sets. At a region level, 7 DMRs in males and 31 DMRs in females replicated across two independent groups of subjects, while 537 DMR genes in males and 1762 DMR genes in females replicated by gene association. These DMR genes were significantly enriched for brain and embryonic expression, X chromosome location, and identification in prior epigenetic studies of ASD in post-mortem brain. In males and females, autosomal ASD DMRs were significantly enriched for promoter and bivalent chromatin states across most cell types, while sex differences were observed for X-linked ASD DMRs. Lastly, these DMRs identified in cord blood were significantly enriched for binding sites of methyl-sensitive transcription factors relevant to fetal brain development.

ConclusionsAt birth, prior to the diagnosis of ASD, a distinct DNA methylation signature was detected in cord blood over regulatory regions and genes relevant to early fetal neurodevelopment. Differential cord methylation in ASD supports the developmental and sex-biased etiology of ASD, and provides novel insights for early diagnosis and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mordaunt, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunaway, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozonoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cord blood DNA methylome in newborns later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder reflects early dysregulation of neurodevelopmental and X-linked genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurocognitive mechanisms of social inferences in typical and autistic adolescents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMany of our efforts in social interactions are dedicated to learning about others. Adolescents with autism have core deficits in social learning, but a mechanistic understanding of these deficits and how they relate to neural development is lacking. The current study aimed to specify how adolescents with and with autism represent and acquire social knowledge and how these processes are implemented in neural activity.

MethodsTypically developing (TD) adolescents (N=26) and adolescents with autism (N=20) rated in the MR scanner how much three peers liked a variety of items and received trial-by-trial feedback about the peers actual preference ratings. In a separate study, we established the preferences of a new sample of adolescents (N=99), used to examine population preference structures. Using computational models, we tested whether participants in the MR study relied on preference structures during learning and how model predictions were implemented in brain activity.

ResultsTD adolescents relied on average population preferences and prediction error (PE) updating. Importantly, PE updating was scaled by the similarity between items. In contrast, preferences of adolescents with autism were best described by a No-learning model that relied only on participants own preferences for each item. Model predictions were encoded in neural activity. TD adolescents encoded PEs in the putamen and adolescents with autism showed greater encoding of own preferences in the angular gyrus.

ConclusionsWe specified how adolescents represent and update social knowledge during learning. Our findings indicate that adolescents with ASD rely only on their own preferences when making social inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelphrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurocognitive mechanisms of social inferences in typical and autistic adolescents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purinergic signaling in cochlear supporting cells reduces hair cell excitability by increasing the extracellular space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in developing sensory pathways exhibit spontaneous bursts of electrical activity that are critical for survival, maturation and circuit refinement. In the auditory system, intrinsically generated activity arises within the cochlea, but the molecular mechanisms that initiate this activity remain poorly understood. We show that burst firing of mouse inner hair cells prior to hearing onset requires P2RY1 autoreceptors expressed by inner supporting cells. P2RY1 activation triggers K+ efflux and depolarization of hair cells, as well as osmotic shrinkage of supporting cells that dramatically increased the extracellular space and speed of K+ redistribution. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic disruption of P2RY1 suppressed neuronal burst firing by reducing K+ release, but unexpectedly enhanced their tonic firing, as water resorption by supporting cells reduced the extracellular space, slowing K+ clearance. These studies indicate that purinergic signaling in supporting cells regulates hair cell excitability by controlling the volume of the extracellular space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersbergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/852756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purinergic signaling in cochlear supporting cells reduces hair cell excitability by increasing the extracellular space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NERDSS: a non-equilibrium simulator for multibody self-assembly at the cellular scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, a significant barrier to building predictive models of cell-based self-assembly processes is that molecular models cannot capture minutes-long cellular dynamics that couple distinct components with active processes, while reaction-diffusion models lack sufficient detail for capturing assembly structures. Here we introduce the Non-Equilibrium Reaction-Diffusion Self-assembly Simulator (NERDSS), which addresses this gap by integrating a structure-resolved reaction-diffusion algorithm with rule-based model construction. By representing proteins as rigid, multi-site molecules that adopt well-defined orientations upon binding, NERDSS simulates formation of large reversible structures with sites that can be acted on by reaction rules. We show how NERDSS allows for directly comparing and optimizing models of multi-component assembly against time-dependent experimental data. Applying NERDSS to assembly steps in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we capture how the formation of clathrin caged structures can be driven by modulating the strength of clathrin-clathrin interactions, by adding cooperativity, or by localizing clathrin to the membrane. NERDSS further predicts how clathrin lattice disassembly can be driven by enzymes that irreversibly change lipid populations on the membrane. By modeling viral lattice assembly and recapitulating oscillations in protein expression levels for a circadian clock model, we illustrate the wide usability and adaptability of NERDSS. NERDSS simulates user-defined assembly models that were previously inaccessible to existing software tools, with broad applications to predicting self-assembly in vivo and designing high-yield assemblies in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varga, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loggia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogurtcu, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NERDSS: a non-equilibrium simulator for multibody self-assembly at the cellular scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treadmilling FtsZ polymers drive the directional movement of sPG-synthesis enzymes via a Brownian ratchet mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FtsZ, a highly conserved bacterial tubulin GTPase homolog, is a central component of the cell division machinery in nearly all walled bacteria. FtsZ polymerizes at the future division site and recruits greater than 30 proteins to assemble into a macromolecular complex termed the divisome. Many of these divisome proteins are involved in septal cell wall peptidoglycan (sPG) synthesis. Recent studies found that FtsZ polymers undergo GTP hydrolysis-coupled treadmilling dynamics along the circumference the division site, driving the processive movement of sPG synthesis enzymes. How FtsZs treadmilling drives the directional transport of sPG enzymes and what its precise role is in bacterial cell division are unknown. Combining theoretical modeling and experimental testing, we show that FtsZs treadmilling drives the directional movement of sPG-synthesis enzymes via a Brownian ratchet mechanism, where the shrinking end of FtsZ polymers introduces an asymmetry to rectify diffusions of single sPG enzymes into persistent end-tracking movement. Furthermore, we show that the processivity of this directional movement is dependent on the binding potential between FtsZ and the enzyme, and hinges on the balance between the enzymes diffusion and FtsZs treadmilling speed. This interplay could provide a mechanism to control the level of available enzymes for active sPG synthesis both in time and space, explaining the distinct roles of FtsZ treadmilling in modulating cell wall constriction rate observed in different bacterial species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Söderström, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treadmilling FtsZ polymers drive the directional movement of sPG-synthesis enzymes via a Brownian ratchet mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/859025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD300lf is the primary physiologic receptor of murine norovirus but not human norovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/859025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is an important model of human norovirus (HNoV) and mucosal virus infection more broadly. Viral receptor utilization is a major determinant of cell tropism, host range, and pathogenesis. The bona fide receptor for HNoV is unknown. Recently, we identified CD300lf as a proteinaceous receptor for MNoV. Interestingly, its paralogue CD300ld was also sufficient for MNoV infection in vitro. Here we explored whether CD300lf is the sole physiologic receptor in vivo and whether HNoV can use a CD300 ortholog as an entry receptor. We report that both CD300ld and CD300lf are sufficient for infection by diverse MNoV strains in vitro. We further demonstrate that CD300lf is essential for both oral and parenteral MNoV infection and to elicit anti-MNoV humoral responses in vivo. In mice deficient in STAT1 signaling, CD300lf is required for MNoV-induced lethality. However, after high dose intraperitoneal challenge with MNoV in Cd300lf-/-Stat1-/- mice a single amino acid mutation in the MNoV capsid protein emerged. This substitution did not alter receptor utilization in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate that human CD300lf (huCD300lf) is not essential for HNoV infection, nor does huCD300lf inhibit binding of HNoV virus-like particles to glycans. Thus, we report huCD300lf is not a receptor for HNoV.

Author SummaryHuman norovirus is the leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis causing up to 200,000 deaths each year. How human norovirus enters cells is unknown. Because human norovirus is difficult to grow in the laboratory and in small animals, we use mouse or murine norovirus as a model system. We recently discovered that murine norovirus can use the either CD300ld or CD300lf as a receptor in vitro. We also showed that CD300lf deficient mice were resistant to oral challenge with a single virus strain. Here we determined that CD300lf is essential for infection of diverse murine norovirus strains in cell lines and in mice with normal immune systems demonstrating its the primary physiologic receptor for diverse murine norovirus strains independent of infection route. However, in immunodeficient mice injected with high dose virus directly into the abdominal cavity, we observed a norovirus mutant that enabled CD300lf-independent infection. Finally, we demonstrated that human CD300lf is not the elusive receptor for human norovirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graziano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettayebi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolawole, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wobus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindesmith, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/859025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD300lf is the primary physiologic receptor of murine norovirus but not human norovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel LysR-Type Global Regulator RpvA Controls Persister Formation and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of wound and nosocomial infections. Persister formation and virulence factors play crucial roles during S. aureus infection. However, the mechanisms of persister formation and its relationship to virulence in S. aureus are poorly understood. In this study, we screened a transposon mutant library and identified a LysR-type global transcriptional regulator NWMN_0037, which we called RpvA, for regulator of persistence and virulence, whose mutation leads to higher susceptibility to antibiotics ampicillin and norfloxacin and various stresses including oxidative stress, heat, and starvation in late exponential and early stationary phase. Interestingly, the rpvA mutant was highly attenuated for virulence compared with the parent S. aureus Newman strain as shown by a much higher lethal dose, reduced ability to survive in macrophages and to form abscess in the mouse model. Transcriptional profiling and metabolomic analysis revealed that RpvA could repress multiple genes including gapR, gapA, tpi, pgm, eno, glpD, and acs expression and enhance production of numerous intermediate metabolites including dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 2-phosphoglycerate, acetyl-CoA, glycerol 3-phosphate, L-glutamate in the cells. The differentially expressed genes and altered production of metabolites are distributed in global metabolism including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. These metabolic adjustments could cause the cell to go into dormancy, thus promoting S. aureus to convert to persisters. In addition, RpvA could upregulate the expression of virulence genes including hla, hlgA, hlgB, hlgC, lukF, lukS, lukD, sea and coa, and carotenoid biosynthesis genes (crtI, crtM, crtN). Gel shift assay confirmed that RpvA could bind to the promoters of candidate target genes hla, hlgB and crtM, thus promoting S. aureus virulence. Because of the important functions of the RpvA, it may serve as an attractive target for developing new drugs and vaccines to more effectively control S. aureus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel LysR-Type Global Regulator RpvA Controls Persister Formation and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast Protection of Borrelia burgdorferi from Doxycycline, Cefuroxime and Daptomycin Combination is Eliminated by Oregano or Carvacrol Essential Oil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borrelia burgdorferi could be occasionally recovered from patients after antibiotic treatment, which indicates it may resist eradication by antibiotic and host defense mechanisms. Skin fibroblast cells have previously been shown to protect the killing of B. burgdorferi by ceftriaxone, a powerful antibiotic commonly used to treat Lyme disease. In this study, we evaluated if fibroblast cells could also protect against the doxycycline+ cefuroxime+ daptomycin drug combination which has previously been shown to completely eradicate highly persistent biofilm-like microcolonies of B. burgdorferi. To do so, we utilized a GFP-labeled B. burgdorferi for infection of murine fibroblast cells and assessed the effect of the drug combination on killing the bacteria in the presence or absence of the fibroblast cells. Surprisingly, we found that fibroblasts could protect B. burgdorferi from being completely killed by the drug combination doxycycline, cefuroxime and daptomycin, which eradicated B. burgdorferi completely in the absence of fibroblast cells. Interestingly, addition of essential oil carvacrol or oregano at 0.1% could enhance the activity of the doxycycline+ cefuroxime+ daptomycin drug combination and led to complete eradication of B. burgdorferi even in the presence of fibroblast cells. Further studies are needed to determine if the essential oil drug combinations could eradicate persistent B. burgdorferi infection in vivo in animal models. Our study provides a useful and convenient ex vivo model for evaluating different drug regimens needed for developing more effective treatment of persistent Lyme disease in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast Protection of Borrelia burgdorferi from Doxycycline, Cefuroxime and Daptomycin Combination is Eliminated by Oregano or Carvacrol Essential Oil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-mosaic humanized mouse model of Down syndrome, trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 21 in mouse chromosome background 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down syndrome (DS) is a complex human condition, and animal models trisomic for human chromosome 21 (HSA21) genes or orthologs provide insights into better understanding and treating DS. However, HSA21 orthologs are distributed into three mouse chromosomes, preventing us from generating mouse models trisomy of a complete set of HSA21 orthologs. The only existing humanized mouse DS model, Tc1, carries a HSA21 with over 20% of protein coding genes (PCGs) disrupted. More importantly, due to the human centromere, Tc1 is mosaic (a mix of euploid and trisomic cells), which makes every mouse unique and compromises interpretation of results. Here, we used mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) technology to "clone" the 34 MB long arm of HSA21 (HSA21q). Through multiple steps of microcell-mediated chromosome transfer we created a new humanized DS mouse model, Tc(HSA21q;MAC)1Yakaz ("TcMAC21"). Constitutive EGFP expression from the transchromosome and fluorescent in situ hybridization validate that TcMAC21, containing a hybrid chromosome of HSA21q and mouse centromere, is not mosaic. Whole genome sequencing shows that TcMAC21 contains a nearly complete copy of HSA21q with 93% of intact PCGs, while RNA-seq and additional mRNA/protein expression analyses confirm that PCGs are transcribed and regulated. A battery of tests show that TcMAC21 recapitulates many DS phenotypes including morphological anomalies in heart, craniofacial skeleton and brain, pathologies at molecular and cellular level, and impairments in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. TcMAC21 is the most complete mouse model of DS extant and has potential for supporting a wide range of basic and preclinical research.

Significance StatementIn the last 25 years, mouse models of trisomy 21 have supported research into Down syndrome, from defining the basis for developmental effects up to support for clinical trials. However, existing models have significant shortfalls, especially for preclinical studies. These deficiencies include incomplete or inappropriate representation of trisomic genes, absence of an extra chromosome, and mosaicism.

Using cutting edge technologies we produced a mouse artificial chromosome containing the entire 34Mb long arm of human chromosome 21 and, with assisted reproductive technologies, established it in the germ line of mice. This trisomic mouse manifests developmental and functional features of Down syndrome, including hippocampal-based learning and memory deficits. This is the most complete model of Down syndrome produced to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiramatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagawa-Tomita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajitani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takehara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takiguchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamakawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsukura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogonuki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savonenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richstemeier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/862433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-mosaic humanized mouse model of Down syndrome, trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 21 in mouse chromosome background]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nodal Fragility of Intracranial EEG Networks: Towards an EEG Fingerprint for the Epileptogenic Zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 15 million epilepsy patients worldwide do not respond to drugs. Successful surgical treatment requires complete removal, or disconnection of the seizure onset zone (SOZ), brain region(s) where seizures originate. Unfortunately, surgical success rates vary between 30%-70% because no clinically validated biological marker of the SOZ exists. We develop and retrospectively validate a new EEG marker - neural fragility - in a retrospective analysis of 91 patients by using neural fragility of the annotated SOZ as a metric to predict surgical outcomes. Fragility predicts 43/47 surgical failures with an overall prediction accuracy of 76%, compared to the accuracy of clinicians being 48% (successful outcomes). In failed outcomes, we identify fragile regions that were untreated. When compared to 20 EEG features proposed as SOZ markers, fragility outperformed in predictive power and interpretability suggesting neural fragility as an EEG biomarker of the SOZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cajigas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haagensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulacio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/862797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nodal Fragility of Intracranial EEG Networks: Towards an EEG Fingerprint for the Epileptogenic Zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An updated antennal lobe atlas for the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a prolific vector of arboviral and filarial diseases that largely relies on its sense of smell to find humans. To facilitate in-depth analysis of the neural circuitry underlying Ae. aegypti olfactory-driven behaviors, we generated an updated in vitro atlas for the antennal lobe olfactory brain region of this disease vector using two independent neuronal staining methods. We performed morphological reconstructions with replicate fixed, dissected and stained brain samples from adult male and female Ae. aegypti of the LVPib12 genome reference strain and determined that the antennal lobe in both sexes is comprised of approximately 80 discrete glomeruli. Guided by landmark features in the antennal lobe, we found 63 of these glomeruli are stereotypically located in spatially invariant positions within these in vitro preparations. A posteriorly positioned, mediodorsal glomerulus denoted MD1 was identified as the largest spatially invariant glomerulus in the antennal lobe. Spatial organization of glomeruli in a recently field-derived strain of Ae. aegypti from Puerto Rico was conserved, despite differences in antennal lobe shape relative to the inbred LVPib12 strain. This model in vitro atlas will serve as a useful community guide and resource to improve antennal lobe annotation and anatomically map projection patterns of neurons expressing target genes in this olfactory center. It will also facilitate the development of chemotopic maps of odor representation in the mosquito antennal lobe to decode the molecular and cellular basis of Ae. aegypti attraction to human scent and other chemosensory cues.

Author SummaryThe olfactory system of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is highly tuned for the detection of human odorants, as well as other chemical cues influencing host and food-search behavior, egg-laying and mating. To provide insights into the neuroanatomical organization of the olfactory system of this globally important disease vector, we have generated an updated in vitro atlas for the primary smell processing center of the Ae. aegypti brain, called the antennal lobe. These new guide maps facilitate systematic interrogation of antennal lobe morphology and naming of associated substructures in dissected brain samples of this species labeled with two common neural staining methods. We report that landmark features of the Ae. aegypti antennal lobe morphology and spatial organization appear conserved between mosquito sexes and across geographically divergent strains of this mosquito species. An improved understanding of Ae. aegypti antennal lobe neuroanatomy and how attractive or repellent odorant stimuli are encoded in this brain center has the potential to rapidly accelerate reverse engineering of synthetic chemical blends that effectively lure, confuse or repel this major disease vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An updated antennal lobe atlas for the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interdependent regulation of stereotyped and stochastic photoreceptor fates in the fly eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diversification of neuronal subtypes often requires stochastic gene regulatory mechanisms. How stochastically expressed transcription factors interact with other regulators in gene networks to specify cell fates is poorly understood. The random mosaic of color-detecting R7 photoreceptor subtypes in Drosophila is controlled by the stochastic on/off expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). In SsON R7s, Ss induces expression of Rhodopsin 4 (Rh4), whereas in SsOFF R7s, the absence of Ss allows expression of Rhodopsin 3 (Rh3). Here, we find that the transcription factor Runt, which is initially expressed in all R7s, activates expression of Spineless in a random subset of R7s. Later, as R7s develop, Ss negatively feeds back onto Runt to prevent repression of Rh4 and ensure proper fate specification. Together, stereotyped and stochastic regulatory inputs are integrated into feedforward and feedback mechanisms to control cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interdependent regulation of stereotyped and stochastic photoreceptor fates in the fly eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden dynamic signatures drive substrate selectivity in the disordered phosphoproteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation sites are hyper-abundant in the disordered proteins of eukaryotes, suggesting that conformational dynamics (or heterogeneity) may play a major role in determining to what extent a kinase interacts with a particular substrate. In biophysical terms, substrate selectivity may be determined not just by the structural and chemical complementarity between the kinase and its protein substrates, but also by the free energy difference between the conformational ensembles that are recognized by the kinase and those that are not. To test this hypothesis, we developed an informatics framework based on statistical thermodynamics, which allows us to probe for dynamic contributions to phosphorylation, as evaluated by the ability to predict Ser/Thr/ Tyr phosphorylation sites in the disordered proteome. Essential to this framework is a decomposition of substrate sequence information into two types: vertical information encoding conserved kinase specificity motifs and horizontal (distributed) information encoding substrate conformational dynamics that are embedded, but often not apparent, within position specific conservation patterns. We find not only that conformational dynamics play a major role, but that they are the dominant contribution to substrate selectivity. In fact, the main substrate classifier distinguishing selectivity is the magnitude of change in compaction of the disordered chain upon phosphorylation. Thus, in addition to providing fundamental insights into the underlying mechanistic consequences of phosphorylation across the entire proteome, our approach provides a novel statistical thermodynamic strategy for partitioning any sequence-based search into contributions from direct chemical and structural complementarity and those from changes in conformational dynamics. Using this framework, we developed a high-performance open-source phosphorylation site predictor, PHOSforUS, which is freely available at https://github.com/bxlab/PHOSforUS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrabl, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden dynamic signatures drive substrate selectivity in the disordered phosphoproteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tuatara genome: insights into vertebrate evolutionfrom the sole survivor of an ancient reptilian order 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), the only living member of the archaic reptilian order Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontia) once widespread across Gondwana, is an iconic and enigmatic terrestrial vertebrate endemic to New Zealand. A key link to the now extinct stem reptiles from which dinosaurs, modern reptiles, birds and mammals evolved, the tuatara provides exclusive insights into the ancestral amniotes. The tuatara genome, at [~]5 Gbp, is among the largest vertebrate genomes assembled. Analysis of this genome and comparisons to other vertebrates reinforces the uniqueness of the tuatara. Phylogenetic analyses indicate tuatara diverged from the snakes and lizards [~]250 MYA. This lineage also shows moderate rates of molecular evolution, with instances of punctuated evolution. Genome sequence analysis identifies expansions of protein, non-protein-coding RNA families, and repeat elements, the latter of which show an extraordinary amalgam of reptilian and mammalian features. Sequencing of this genome provides a valuable resource for deep comparative analyses of tetrapods, as well as for tuatara biology and conservation. It also provides important insights into both the technical challenges and the cultural obligations associated with genome sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gemmell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Organ, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muffato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schott, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hore, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peona, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warmuth, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZENG, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortschak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raison, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santesmasses, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twort, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussex, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, H</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tuatara genome: insights into vertebrate evolutionfrom the sole survivor of an ancient reptilian order]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal-level genome assembly of the scimitar-horned oryx: insights into diversity and demography of a species extinct in the wild 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Captive populations provide a valuable insurance against extinctions in the wild. However, they are also vulnerable to the negative impacts of inbreeding, selection and drift. Genetic information is therefore considered a critical aspect of conservation management planning. Recent developments in sequencing technologies have the potential to improve the outcomes of management programmes however, the transfer of these approaches to applied conservation has been slow. The scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) is a North African antelope that has been extinct in the wild since the early 1980s and is the focus of a long-term reintroduction project. To enable the selection of suitable founder individuals, facilitate post-release monitoring and improve captive breeding management, comprehensive genomic resources are required. Here, we used 10X Chromium sequencing together with Hi-C contact mapping to develop a chromosomal-level genome assembly for the species. The resulting assembly contained 29 chromosomes with a scaffold N50 of 100.4 Mb, and displayed strong chromosomal synteny with the cattle genome. Using resequencing data from six additional individuals, we demonstrated relatively high genetic diversity in the scimitar-horned oryx compared to other mammals, despite it having experienced a strong founding event in captivity. Additionally, the level of diversity across populations varied according to management strategy. Finally, we uncovered a dynamic demographic history that coincided with periods of climate variation during the Pleistocene. Overall, our study provides a clear example of how genomic data can uncover valuable insights into captive populations and contributes important resources to guide future management decisions of an endangered species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humble, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrynin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaric, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman Aiden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamazian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukazhenthi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepfli, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal-level genome assembly of the scimitar-horned oryx: insights into diversity and demography of a species extinct in the wild]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymptotic limits of sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After extended practice, motor adaptation reaches a limit in which learning appears to stop, despite the fact that residual errors persist. What prevents the brain from eliminating the residual errors? Here we found that the adaptation limit was causally dependent on the second order statistics of the perturbation; when variance was high, learning was impaired and large residual errors persisted. However, when learning relied solely on explicit strategy, both the adaptation limit and its dependence on perturbation variability disappeared. In contrast, when learning depended entirely, or in part on implicit learning, residual errors developed. Residual errors in implicit performance were caused by variance-dependent modifications to error sensitivity, not forgetting. These observations are consisted with a model of learning in which the implicit system becomes more sensitive to error when errors are consistent, but forgets this memory of errors over time. Thus, residual errors in motor adaptation are a signature of the implicit learning system, caused by an error sensitivity that depends on the history of past errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandevoorde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymptotic limits of sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Correlates of Working Memory Training: Evidence for Plasticity in Older Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain activity typically increases with increasing working memory (WM) load, regardless of age, before reaching an apparent ceiling. However, older adults exhibit greater brain activity and reach ceiling at lower loads than younger adults, possibly reflecting compensation at lower loads and dysfunction at higher loads. We hypothesized that WM training would bolster neural efficiency, such that the activation peak would shift towards higher memory loads after training. Pre-training, older adults showed greater recruitment of the WM network than younger adults across all loads, with decline at the highest load. Ten days of adaptive training on a verbal WM task improved performance and led to greater brain responsiveness at higher loads for both groups. For older adults the activation peak shifted rightward towards higher loads. Finally, training increased task-related functional connectivity in older adults, both within the WM network and between this task-positive network and the task-negative/default-mode network. These results provide new evidence for functional plasticity with training in older adults and identify a potential signature of improvement at the neural level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iordan, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moored, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschkuehl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeggi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polk, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonides, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter-Lorenz, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Correlates of Working Memory Training: Evidence for Plasticity in Older Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TBK1 regulates autophagic clearance of soluble mutant huntingtin and inhibits aggregation/toxicity in different models of Huntington's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of the Huntingtin (HTT) protein (at T3, S13, and S16) has emerged as a key regulator of HTT stability, clearance, localization, aggregation and toxicity. Herein, we report the discovery and validation of a kinase, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), that specifically and efficiently phosphorylates both wild-type and mutant full-length or N-terminal fragments of HTT in vitro (S13/S16) and in cell/ neuronal cultures (S13). We show that overexpression of TBK1 in mammalian cells, primary neurons and a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Huntingtons Disease (HD) increases mutant HTTex1 phosphorylation, lowers its levels, increases its nuclear localization and significantly reduces its aggregation and cytotoxicity. Our mechanistic studies demonstrate that the TBK1-mediated neuroprotective effects are due to phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of mutant HTTex1 aggregation and an increase in autophagic flux. These findings suggest that upregulation and/or activation of TBK1 represents a viable strategy for the treatment of HD.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=148 SRC="FIGDIR/small/869586v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1368abeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cecff4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b6b7c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1daf53d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegde, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petricca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martufi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouchiroud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auwerx, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh-Bains, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faull, R. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caricasole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TBK1 regulates autophagic clearance of soluble mutant huntingtin and inhibits aggregation/toxicity in different models of Huntington's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of heterotopic ossification through local inflammatory monocytes in a mouse model of aberrant wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is an aberrant regenerative process with ectopic bone induction in response to musculoskeletal trauma, in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) differentiate into osteochondrogenic cells instead of myocytes or tenocytes. Despite frequent cases of hospitalized musculoskeletal trauma, the inflammatory responses and cell population dynamics that regulate subsequent wound healing and tissue regeneration are still unclear. Here we examine, using a mouse model of trauma-induced HO, the local microenvironment of the initial post-injury inflammatory response. Single cell transcriptome analyses identify distinct monocyte/macrophage populations at the injury site, with their dynamic changes over time elucidated using trajectory analyses. Mechanistically, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF{beta}1)-producing monocytes/macrophages are associated with HO and aberrant chondrogenic progenitor cell differentiation, while CD47-activating peptides that reduce systemic TGF{beta} levels help ameliorate HO. Our data thus implicate CD47 activation as a novel therapeutic approach for modulating monocyte/macrophage phenotypes, MSC differentiation and HO formation during wound healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huber, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknafs, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nycz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of heterotopic ossification through local inflammatory monocytes in a mouse model of aberrant wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Cryptococcus neoformans capsule structure and assembly with a hydroxylamine-armed fluorescent probe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical biology is an emerging field that allows the study and manipulation of biological systems using probes that inform on structure based on their reactivity. We report the synthesis of a hydroxylamine-armed fluorescent probe that reacts with reducing glycans and its application to study the architecture of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule under a variety of conditions. The probe signal localized intracellularly and at the cell wall-membrane interface, implying the presence of reducing end glycans at this location where the capsule attachment to the cell body occurs. In contrast, there was no fluorescence signal in the body of the capsule. We observed vesicle-like structures containing the reducing-end probe, both intra- and extracellularly, consistent with the importance of vesicles in capsular assembly. Disrupting the capsule with DMSO, ultrasound, or mechanical shear-stress resulted in capsule alterations that affected the binding of the probe as reducing ends were exposed, and cell membrane integrity was compromised. In contrast to the polysaccharides in the assembled capsule, isolated exopolysaccharides contained reducing ends. The reactivity of the hydroxylamine-armed fluorescent probe suggests a model for capsule assembly where reducing ends localize to the cell wall surface, supporting previous work suggesting that this is an initiation point for capsular assembly. Chemical biology is a promising approach for studying the C. neoformans capsule and its associated polysaccharides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guazzelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscarson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Cryptococcus neoformans capsule structure and assembly with a hydroxylamine-armed fluorescent probe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IVT-seq reveals extreme bias in RNA-sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying transcription and splicing events, both known and novel. However, given its recent development and the proliferation of library construction methods, understanding the bias it introduces is incomplete but critical to realizing its value.nnResultsHere we present a method, in vitro transcription sequencing (IVT-seq), for identifying and assessing the technical biases in RNA-seq library generation and sequencing at scale. We created a pool of > 1000 in vitro transcribed (IVT) RNAs from a full-length human cDNA library and sequenced them with poly-A and total RNA-seq, the most common protocols. Because each cDNA is full length and we show IVT is incredibly processive, each base in each transcript should be equivalently represented. However, with common RNA-seq applications and platforms, we find [~]50% of transcripts have > 2-fold and [~]10% have > 10-fold differences in within-transcript sequence coverage. Strikingly, we also find > 6% of transcripts have regions of high, unpredictable sequencing coverage, where the same transcript varies dramatically in coverage between samples, confounding accurate determination of their expression. To get at causal factors, we used a combination of experimental and computational approaches to show that rRNA depletion is responsible for the most significant variability in coverage and that several sequence determinants also strongly influence representation.nnConclusionsIn sum, these results show the utility of IVT-seq in promoting better understanding of bias introduced by RNA-seq and suggest caution in its interpretation. Furthermore, we find that rRNA-depletion is responsible for substantial, unappreciated biases in coverage. Perhaps most importantly, these coverage biases introduced during library preparation suggest exon level expression analysis may be inadvisable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas F Lahens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim Halil Kavakli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katharina Hayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah Dueck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angel Pizarro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junhyong Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael A Irizarry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell S Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory R Grant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John B Hogenesch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IVT-seq reveals extreme bias in RNA-sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avoiding test set bias with rank-based prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Prior to applying genomic predictors to clinical samples, the genomic data must be properly normalized. The most effective normalization methods depend on the data from multiple patients. From a biomedical perspective this implies that predictions for a single patient may change depending on which other patient samples they are normalized with. This test set bias will occur when any cross-sample normalization is used before clinical prediction. Methods: We developed a new prediction modeling framework based on the relative ranks of features within a sample in order to prevent the need for cross-sample normalization, therefore effectively avoiding test set bias. We employed modeling with previously published Top-Scoring Pairs (TSPs) methodology to build the rank-based predictors. We further investigated the robustness of the rank-based models in case of heterogeneous datasets using diverse microarray technologies. Results: We demonstrated that results from existing genetic signatures which rely on normalizing test data may be unreproducible when the patient population changes compo- sition or size. Using pairwise comparisons of features, we produced a ten gene, platform- robust, and interpretable alternative to the PAM50 subtyping signature and evaluated the robustness of our signature across 6,297 patients samples from 28 curated breast cancer microarray datasets spanning 15 different platforms. Conclusion: We propose a new approach to developing genomic signatures that avoids test set bias through the robustness of rank-based features. Our small, interpretable alter- native to PAM50 produces comparable predictions and patient survival differentiation to the original signature. Additionally, we are able to ensure that the same patient will be classified the same way in every context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad Patil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peirre-Olivier Bachant-Winner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Haibe-Kains</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avoiding test set bias with rank-based prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correspondence between resting state activity and brain gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between functional brain activity and gene expression has not been fully explored in the human brain. Here, we identify significant correlations between gene expression in the brain and functional activity by comparing fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations (fALFF) from two independent human fMRI resting state datasets to regional cortical gene expression from a newly generated RNA-seq dataset and two additional gene expression datasets to obtain robust and reproducible correlations. We find significantly more genes correlated with fALFF than expected by chance, and identify specific genes correlated with the imaging signals in multiple expression datasets in the default mode network. Together, these data support a population-level relationship between regional steady state brain gene expression and resting state brain activity.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIGene expression is correlated with resting state activity in human brain.nC_LIO_LISpecific genes are correlated with activity in the default mode network.nC_LIO_LIActivity-correlated genes are enriched in neurons.nC_LIO_LIRegionally-patterned gene expression is enriched for activity-correlated genes.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guang-Zhong Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T. Grant Belgard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng Mao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano Berto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Preuss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanzhang Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Geschwind</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genevieve Konopka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correspondence between resting state activity and brain gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of the X chromosome and sex on regulatory variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The X chromosome, with its unique mode of inheritance, contributes to differences between the sexes at a molecular level, including sex-specific gene expression and sex-specific impact of genetic variation. We have conducted an analysis of the impact of both sex and the X chromosome on patterns of gene expression identified through transcriptome sequencing of whole blood from 922 individuals. We identified that genes on the X chromosome are more likely to have sex-specific expression compared to the autosomal genes. Furthermore, we identified a depletion of regulatory variants on the X chromosome, especially among genes under high selective constraint. In contrast, we discovered an enrichment of sex-specific regulatory variants on the X chromosome. To resolve the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects, we generated and connected sex-specific chromatin accessibility to sex-specific expression and regulatory variation. As sex-specific regulatory variants can inform sex differences in genetic disease prevalence, we have integrated our data with genome-wide association study data for multiple immune traits and to identify traits with significant sex biases. Together, our study provides genome-wide insight into how the X chromosome and sex shape human gene regulation and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimberly R Kukurba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Princy Parsana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin S Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Julie Favé</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anshul Kundaje</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip Awadalla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of the X chromosome and sex on regulatory variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting intensities of Zika infection and microcephaly using transmission intensities of other arboviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The World Health Organization has declared Zika Virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to the virus emergence in multiple countries globally and the possible association of Zika virus with microcephaly and neurological disorders. There is a clear need to identify risk factors associated with Zika infection and microcephaly in order to target surveillance, testing and intervention efforts. Here, we show that there is a strong correlation between the incidence of Zika in Colombian departments and the force of infection (but not the crude incidence) of dengue, a virus transmitted by the same mosquito species, Aedes aegypti (R2 = 0.41, p<0.001). Furthermore, we show that there is also a strong correlation between the incidence of microcephaly in Brazilian states and the force of infection of dengue (R2 = 0.36, p<0.001). Because dengue, Zika and chikungunya are transmitted by the same vector, these associations provide further support to the supposition that Zika virus infection during pregnancy causes microcephaly. In addition, they provide an opportunity to project the expected incidence of microcephaly in multiple dengue endemic locations across Colombia and the American continent. Detailed knowledge of dengue transmission should be use to target efforts against Zika and other flaviviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrik Salje</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Lessler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek AT Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting intensities of Zika infection and microcephaly using transmission intensities of other arboviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding specificity of Cas9-guide RNA complexes to DNA is important for genome engineering applications, but how mismatches influence target recognition and rejection kinetics is not well understood. We used single-molecule FRET to probe real-time interactions between Cas9-RNA and DNA targets. The bimolecular association rate is only weakly dependent on sequence, but the dissociation rate greatly increases from < 0.006 s-1 to > 2 s-1 upon introduction of mismatches proximal to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), demonstrating that mismatches encountered early during heteroduplex formation induce rapid rejection of off-target DNA. In contrast, PAM-distal mismatches up to 12 base pairs in length, which prevent DNA cleavage, still allow the formation of a stable complex (off-rate < 0.006 s-1), suggesting that extremely slow rejection could sequester Cas9-RNA, increasing the Cas9 expression level necessary for genome editing thereby aggravating off-target effects. We also observed at least two different bound FRET states that may represent distinct steps in target search and proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Digvijay Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel H. Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingyi Fei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taekjip Ha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A. Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inaccurate data in scientific papers can result from honest error or intentional falsification. This study attempted to determine the percentage of published papers containing inappropriate image duplication, a specific type of inaccurate data. The images from a total of 20,621 papers in 40 scientific journals from 1995-2014 were visually screened. Overall, 3.8% of published papers contained problematic figures, with at least half exhibiting features suggestive of deliberate manipulation. The prevalence of papers with problematic images rose markedly during the past decade. Additional papers written by authors of papers with problematic images had an increased likelihood of containing problematic images as well. As this analysis focused only on one type of data, it is likely that the actual prevalence of inaccurate data in the published literature is higher. The marked variation in the frequency of problematic images among journals suggest that journal practices, such as pre-publication image screening, influence the quality of the scientific literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth M Bik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arturo Casadevall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferric C Fang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α4-containing GABAA receptors on dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons mediate instrumental responding for conditioned reinforcers, and its potentiation by cocaine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractExtrasynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) composed of 4, {beta} and {delta} subunits mediate GABAergic tonic inhibition and are pertinent molecular targets in the modulation of behavioural responses to drugs of abuse, including ethanol and cocaine. These GABAARs are highly expressed within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) where they influence the excitability of the medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Here we explore their role in modulating behavioural responses to reward-conditioned cues and the behaviour-potentiating effects of cocaine. 4-subunit constitutive knockout mice (4-/-) showed higher rates of instrumental responding for reward-paired stimuli in a test of conditioned reinforcement (CRf). A similar effect was seen following viral knockdown of GABAAR 4 subunits within the NAc. Local infusion of the {delta}-GABAAR-preferring agonist, THIP, into the NAc had no effect on responding when given alone, but reduced cocaine potentiation of responding for conditioned reinforcers in wildtype but not 4-/- mice. Finally, specific deletion of 4-subunits from dopamine D2-, but not D1-receptor-expressing neurons, mimicked the phenotype of the constitutive knockout, potentiating CRf responding and blocking intra-accumbal THIP attenuation of cocaine-potentiated CRf responding. These data demonstrate that 4-GABAAR mediated inhibition of dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons reduces instrumental-responding for a conditioned reinforcer, and its potentiation by cocaine, and emphasise the potential importance of GABAergic signalling within the NAc in mediating cocaines effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tom Macpherson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire I Dixon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricia H Janak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delia Belelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy J Lambert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α4-containing GABAA receptors on dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons mediate instrumental responding for conditioned reinforcers, and its potentiation by cocaine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population and individual effects of non-coding variants inform genetic risk factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying functional non-coding variants can enhance genome interpretation and inform novel genetic risk factors. We used whole genomes and peripheral white blood cell transcriptomes from 624 Sardinian individuals to identify non-coding variants that contribute to population, family, and individual differences in transcript abundance. We identified 21,183 independent expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and 6,768 independent splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) influencing 73 and 41% of all tested genes. When we compared Sardinian eQTLs to those previously identified in Europe, we identified differentiated eQTLs at genes involved in malarial resistance and multiple sclerosis, reflecting the long-term epidemiological history of the islands population. Taking advantage of pedigree data for the population sample, we identify segregating patterns of outlier gene expression and allelic imbalance in 61 Sardinian trios. We identified 809 expression outliers (median z-score of 2.97) averaging 13.3 genes with outlier expression per individual. We then connected these outlier expression events to rare non-coding variants. Our results provide new insight into the effects of non-coding variants and their relationship to population history, traits and individual genetic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauro Pala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mara Marongiu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto Cusano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Crobu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberly R Kukurba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederic Reiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccardo Berutti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria G Piras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonella Mulas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magdalena Zoledziewska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michele Marongiu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabio Busonero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Maschio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristella Steri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlo Sidore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serena Sanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edoardo Fiorillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Jones</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Angius</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalo R Abecasis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Schlessinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesco Cucca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population and individual effects of non-coding variants inform genetic risk factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AN INTERNATIONAL INTER-LABORATORY DIGITAL PCR STUDY DEMONSTRATES HIGH REPRODUCIBILITY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF A RARE SEQUENCE VARIANT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study tested the claim that digital PCR (dPCR) can offer highly reproducible quantitative measurements in disparate labs. Twenty-one laboratories measured four blinded samples containing different quantities of a KRAS fragment encoding G12D, an important genetic marker for guiding therapy of certain cancers. This marker is challenging to quantify reproducibly using qPCR or NGS due to the presence of competing wild type sequences and the need for calibration. Using dPCR, eighteen laboratories were able to quantify the G12D marker within 12% of each other in all samples. Three laboratories appeared to measure consistently outlying results; however, proper application of a follow-up analysis recommendation rectified their data. Our findings show that dPCR has demonstrable reproducibility across a large number of laboratories without calibration and could enable the reproducible application of molecular stratification to guide therapy, and potentially for molecular diagnostics.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe poor reproducibility of molecular diagnostic methods limits their application in part due to the challenges associated with calibration of what are relative measurement approaches. In this study we investigate the performance of one of the only absolute measurement methods available today, digital PCR (dPCR), and demonstrated that when compared across twenty-one laboratories, dPCR has unprecedented reproducibility. These results were achieved when measuring a challenging single nucleotide variant and without calibration to any reference samples. This opens the possibility for dPCR to offer a method to transform reproducibility in the molecular diagnostic field, both by direct use as well as in support of other currently used clinical methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandra S Whale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison S Devonshire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Karlin-Neumann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack Regan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leanne Javier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Cowen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ana Fernandez-Gonzalez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwyn M Jones</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Redshaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julia Beck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas W Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerie Combaret</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina Dahl Kjersgaard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederic Fina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Forshew</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rikke Fredslund Andersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvia Galbiati</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaro Gonzalez Hernandez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles Haynes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filip Janku</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger Lacave</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilas Mistry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Pender</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne Pradines</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlotte Proudhon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao Saal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot Stieglitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan Ulrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carole A Foy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helen Parkes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svilen Tzonev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jim Huggett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AN INTERNATIONAL INTER-LABORATORY DIGITAL PCR STUDY DEMONSTRATES HIGH REPRODUCIBILITY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF A RARE SEQUENCE VARIANT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects of myelination are common pathophysiology in syndromic and idiopathic autism spectrum disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 1:68 individuals and has incalculable burdens on affected individuals, their families, and health care systems. While the genetic contributions to idiopathic ASD are heterogeneous and largely unknown, the causal mutations for syndromic forms of ASD - including truncations and copy number variants - provide a genetic toehold with which to gain mechanistic insights1-3. Models of these syndromic disorders have been used to better characterize the molecular and physiological processes disrupted by these mutations4. Two fundamental questions remain - how biologically similar are the mouse models of syndromic forms of ASD, and how relevant are these mouse models to their human analogs? To address these questions, we performed integrative transcriptomic analyses of seven independent mouse models of three syndromic forms of ASD generated across five laboratories, and assessed dysregulated genes and their pathways in human postmortem brain from patients with ASD and unaffected controls. These cross-species analyses converged on shared disruptions in myelination and axon development across both syndromic and idiopathic ASD, highlighting both the face validity of mouse models for these disorders and identifying novel convergent molecular phenotypes amendable to rescue with therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaxton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweatt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpot, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects of myelination are common pathophysiology in syndromic and idiopathic autism spectrum disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neuropeptide Signaling System That Rapidly Enforces Paternity In The Aedes aegypti Mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female Dengue and Zika vector mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) generally mate once, with sperm from this male fertilizing all eggs produced in her lifetime. Here we implicate HP-I, an Aedes- and male-specific neuropeptide transferred to females, and its cognate receptor in the female, NPYLR1, in rapid enforcement of paternity. HP-I mutant males were ineffective in enforcing paternity when a second male was given access to the female within 1 hour. NPYLR1 mutant females produced mixed paternity offspring at high frequency. Synthetic HP-I injected into wild-type virgins reduced successful matings, but had no effect on NPYLR1 mutant females. Asian tiger mosquito (Ae. albopictus) HP-I potently activated Ae. aegypti NPYLR1. Invasive Ae. albopictus males are known to copulate with and sterilize Ae. aegypti females, and cross-species transfer of HP-I may contribute to this phenomenon. This neuropeptide system promotes rapid paternity enforcement within Ae. aegypti, but may promote local extinction in areas where they compete with Ae. albopictus.nnOne Sentence SummaryAedes-specific peptide rapidly enforces paternitynnTextAe. aegypti females typically mate only once with one male in their lifetime, a behavior known as "monandry" (1). This single mating event provisions the female with sufficient sperm to fertilize the >500 eggs she will produce during her [~]4-6 week lifespan in the laboratory (2). Successful mating is capable of inducing lifetime refractoriness to subsequent insemination by other males, enforcing the paternity of the first male (3-5). In other species, males use diverse strategies to assure the paternity of their offspring, for instance physical barriers such as mating plugs found in mice (6) and Anopheline mosquitoes (7), and anti-aphrodisiac pheromones used by Drosophila melanogaster males to tag female flies as non-virgin (8). Another widely used strategy in insects is the transfer of biologically active male seminal proteins, produced by the male accessory gland and secreted into the ejaculatory duct along with sperm during insemination, to affect the sexual receptivity of the female (3, 9-13). Perhaps the best-characterized male seminal fluid protein in insects is the Drosophila fly sex peptide (11), which acts on the sex peptide receptor in the female to suppress receptivity and trigger egg production (12). Drosophila sex peptide receptor mutant females will readily remate with multiple males, and wild-type females that mate with sex peptide mutant males remain sexually receptive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrur, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neuropeptide Signaling System That Rapidly Enforces Paternity In The Aedes aegypti Mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Genetic Link Between Diarrhea-Associated Entamoeba histolytica Infection And Inflammatory Bowel Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death for children globally, causing 760,000 deaths each year in children under the age of 5. Amoebic dysentery contributes significantly to this burden, especially in developing countries. We hypothesize that genetic variation contributes to susceptibility to diarrhea-associated Entamoeba histolytica infection in Bangladeshi infants; thus, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two independent birth cohorts of diarrhea-associated E. histolytica infection. Cases were defined as children with at least one diarrheal episode positive for E. histolytica through either PCR or ELISA within the first year of life. Controls were children without any episodes positive for E. histolytica in the same time frame. Meta-analyses under a fixed-effects inverse variance weighting model identified variants in two neighboring genes on chromosome 10: CUL2 (cullin 2) and CREM (cAMP responsive element modulator) associated with E. histolytica infection, with SNP rs58000832 achieving genome-wide significance (Pmeta=4.2x10-10). Each additional risk allele (an intergenic insertion between CREM and CCNY) of rs58000832 conferred 2.5 increased odds of a diarrhea-associated E. histolytica infection. The most associated SNP within a gene was in an intron of CREM (rs58468685, Pmeta=2.3x10-9), which with CUL2, has been implicated as a susceptibility locus for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Crohns Disease. Gene expression resources suggest these loci are related to the higher expression of CREM, but not CUL2. Increased CREM expression is also observed in early E. histolytica infection. Further, CREM-/- mice were more susceptible to E. histolytica amebic colitis. These genetic associations reinforce the pathological similarities observed in gut inflammation between E. histolytica infection and IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhyankar, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsokos, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Genetic Link Between Diarrhea-Associated Entamoeba histolytica Infection And Inflammatory Bowel Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Refining The Accuracy Of Validated Target Identification Through Coding Variant Fine-Mapping In Type 2 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of coding variant associations for complex diseases offers a direct route to biological insight, but is dependent on appropriate inference concerning the causal impact of those variants on disease risk. We aggregated exome-array and exome sequencing data for 81,412 type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases and 370,832 controls of diverse ancestry, identifying 40 distinct coding variant association signals (at 38 loci) reaching significance (p<2.2x10-7). Of these, 16 represent novel associations mapping outside known genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals. We make two important observations. First, despite a threefold increase in sample size over previous efforts, only five of the 40 signals are driven by variants with minor allele frequency <5%, and we find no evidence for low-frequency variants with allelic odds ratio >1.36. Second, we used GWAS data from 50,160 T2D cases and 465,272 controls to fine-map associated coding variants in their regional context, with and without additional weighting, to account for the global enrichment of complex trait association signals in coding exons. We demonstrate convincing support (posterior probability >80% under the "annotation-weighted" model) that coding variants are causal for the association at 16 of the 40 signals (including novel signals involving POC5 p.His36Arg, ANKH p.Arg187Gln, WSCD2 p.Thr113Ile, PLCB3 p.Ser778Leu, and PNPLA3 p.Ile148Met). However, one third of coding variant association signals represent "false leads" at which naive analysis would have led to an erroneous inference regarding the effector transcript mediating the signal. Accurate identification of validated targets is dependent on correct specification of the contribution of coding and non-coding mediated mechanisms at associated loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Refining The Accuracy Of Validated Target Identification Through Coding Variant Fine-Mapping In Type 2 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the Risk and Cost of Active Monitoring for Infectious Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During outbreaks of deadly emerging pathogens (e.g., Ebola, MERS-CoV) and bioterror threats (e.g., smallpox), actively monitoring potentially infected individuals aims to limit disease transmission and morbidity. Guidance issued by CDC on active monitoring was a cornerstone of its response to the West Africa Ebola outbreak. There are limited data on how to balance the costs and performance of this important public health activity. We present a framework that estimates the risks and costs of specific durations of active monitoring for pathogens of significant public health concern. We analyze data from New York Citys Ebola active monitoring program over a 16-month period in 2014-2016. For monitored individuals, we identified unique durations of active monitoring that minimize expected costs for those at "low (but not zero) risk" and "some or high risk": 21 and 31 days, respectively. Extending our analysis to smallpox and MERS-CoV, we found that the optimal length of active monitoring relative to the median incubation period was reduced compared to Ebola due to less variable incubation periods. Active monitoring can save lives but is expensive. Resources can be most effectively allocated by using exposure-risk categories to modify the duration or intensity of active monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reich, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the Risk and Cost of Active Monitoring for Infectious Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of sedentary and active time accumulation are associated with mortality in US adults: The NHANES study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeSedentary behavior has become a public health pandemic and has been associated with a variety of comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. Previous studies have also shown that excessive amount of sedentary behavior is associated with all-cause mortality. However, no studies investigated whether patterns of sedentary and active time accumulation are associated with mortality independently of total sedentary and total active times. This study addresses this question by i) comparing several analytical ways to quantify patterns of both sedentary and active time accumulation through metrics of fragmentation of objectively-measured physical activity and ii) exploring the association of these metrics with all-cause mortality in a nationally representative US sample of elderly adults.nnMethodsThe accelerometry data of 3400 participants aged 50 to 84 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 cohorts were analyzed. Ten fragmentation metrics were calculated to quantify the duration of sedentary and active bouts: average bout duration, Gini index, average hazard, between-state transition probability, and the parameter of power law distribution. The association of these fragmentation metrics with all-cause mortality followed through December 31, 2011 was assessed with survey-weighted Cox proportional hazard models.nnResultsIn models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, common comorbidities, and total sedentary/active time, four fragmentation metrics were associated with lower mortality risk: average active bout duration (HR=0.72 for 1SD increase, 95% CI = 0.590.88), Gini index for active bouts (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64-0.86), the parameter of power law distribution for sedentary bouts (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.63-0.90), and sedentary-to-active transition probability (HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61-0.96), and four fragmentation metrics were associated with higher mortality risk: the active-to-sedentary transition probability (HR = 1.40, 95% CI=1.23-1.58), the parameter of power law distribution for active bouts (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.16-1.52), average hazard for durations of active bouts (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.18-1.48), and average sedentary bout duration (HR =1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.13). After sensitivity analysis, average sedentary bout duration and sedentary-to-active transition probability became insignificant.nnConclusionLonger average duration of active bouts, a lower probability of transitioning from active to sedentary behavior, and a higher normalized variability of active bout durations were strongly negatively associated with all-cause mortality independently of total active time. A larger proportion of longer sedentary bouts were positively associated with all-cause mortality independently of total sedentary time. The results also suggested a nonlinear association of average active bout duration with mortality that corresponded to the largest risk increase in subjects with average active bout duration less than 3 minutes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipunnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of sedentary and active time accumulation are associated with mortality in US adults: The NHANES study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timescales of influenza A/H3N2 antibody dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunity influences the evolution and impact of novel influenza strains. Because individuals are infected with multiple influenza strains during their lifetime and each virus can generate a cross-reactive antibody response, it is challenging to quantify the processes that shape observed immune responses, or to reliably detect recent infection from serological samples. Using a Bayesian model of antibody dynamics at multiple timescales, we explain complex cross-reactive antibody landscapes by inferring participants histories of infection with serological data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of influenza A/H3N2 in southern China and Vietnam. We show an individuals influenza antibody profile can be explained by a short-lived, broadly cross-reactive response that decays within a year to leave a smaller long-term response acting against a narrower range of strains. We also demonstrate that accounting for dynamic immune responses can provide a more accurate alternative to traditional definitions seroconversion for the estimation of infection attack rates. Our work provides a general model for explaining mechanisms of influenza immunity acting at multiple timescales based on contemporary serological data, and suggests a two-armed immune response to influenza infection consistent with competitive dynamics between B cell populations. This approach to analysing multiple timescales for antigenic responses could also be applied to other multi-strain pathogens such as dengue and related flaviviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kucharski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timescales of influenza A/H3N2 antibody dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of environmental and genetic factors important for Cryptococcus neoformans titan cell formation using new in vitro inducing conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans exhibits morphological changes in cell size during lung infection, producing both typical size 5 to 7 {micro}m cells and large titan cells (> 10 {micro}m and up to 100 {micro}m). We found and optimized in vitro conditions that produce titan cells in order to identify the ancestry of titan cells, the environmental determinants, and the key gene regulators of titan cell formation. Titan cells generated in vitro harbor the main characteristics of titan cells produced in vivo including their large cell size (>10 {micro}m), polyploidy with a single nucleus, large vacuole, dense capsule, and thick cell wall. Here we show titan cells derived from the enlargement of progenitor cells in the population independent of yeast growth rate. Change in the incubation medium, hypoxia, nutrient starvation and low pH were the main factors that trigger titan cell formation, while quorum sensing factors like the initial inoculum concentration, pantothenic acid, and the quorum sensing peptide Qsp1p also impacted titan cell formation. Inhibition of ergosterol, protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis altered titan cell formation, as did serum, phospholipids and anti-capsular antibodies in our settings. We explored genetic factors important for titan cell formation using three approaches. Using H99-derivative strains with natural genetic differences, we showed that titan cell formation was dependent on LMP1 and SGF29 genes. By screening a gene deletion collection, we also confirmed that GPR4/5-RIM101, and CAC1 genes were required to generate titan cells and that the PKR1, TSP2, USV101 genes negatively regulated titan cell formation. Furthermore, analysis of spontaneous Pkr1 loss-of-function clinical isolates confirmed the important role of the Pkr1 protein as a negative regulator of titan cell formation. Through development of a standardized and robust in vitro assay, our results provide new insights into titan cell biogenesis with the identification of multiple important factors/pathways.nnAuthor SummaryCryptococcus neoformans is a yeast that is capable of morphological change upon interaction with the host. Particularly, in the lungs of infected mice, a subpopulation of yeast enlarges, producing cells up to 100 {micro}m in cell body diameter - referred to as titan cells. Along with their large size, the titan cells have other unique characteristics such as thickened cell wall, dense capsule, polyploidization, large vacuole with peripheral nucleus and cellular organelles. The generation of a large number of such cells outside the lungs of mice has been described but was not reproducible nor standardized. Here we report standardized, reproducible, robust conditions for generation of titan cells and explored the environmental and genetic factors underlying the genesis of these cells. We showed that titan cells were generated upon stresses such as change in the incubation medium, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and low pH. Using collections of well characterized reference strains and clinical isolates, we validated with our model that the cAMP/PKA/Rim101 pathway is a major genetic determinant of titan cell formation. This study opens the way for a more comprehensive picture of the ontology of morphological changes in Cryptococcus neoformans and its impact on pathobiology of this deadly pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hommel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukaremera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desjardins, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturny-Leclere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfect, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dromer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of environmental and genetic factors important for Cryptococcus neoformans titan cell formation using new in vitro inducing conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical brain network for face and voice integration of emotion expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain has separate specialized computational units to process faces and voices located in occipital and temporal cortices. However, humans seamlessly integrate signals from the faces and voices of others for optimal social interaction. How are emotional expressions, when delivered by different sensory modalities (faces and voices), integrated in the brain? In this study, we characterized the brains response to faces, voices, and combined face-voice information (congruent, incongruent), which varied in expression (neutral, fearful). Using a whole-brain approach, we found that only the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (rpSTS) responded more to bimodal stimuli than to face or voice alone but only when the stimuli contained emotional expression. Face-and voice-selective regions of interest extracted from independent functional localizers, similarly revealed multisensory integration in the face-selective rpSTS only; further, this was the only face-selective region that also responded significantly to voices. Dynamic Causal Modeling revealed that the rpSTS receives unidirectional information from the face-selective fusiform face area (FFA), and voice-selective temporal voice area (TVA), with emotional expression affecting the connection strength. Our study promotes a hierarchical model of face and voice integration, with convergence in the rpSTS, and that such integration depends on the (emotional) salience of the stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jodie Davies-Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulia V Elli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed Rezk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefania Benetti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus Johannes Van Ackeren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier Collignon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvranu De</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier Intes</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical brain network for face and voice integration of emotion expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.885764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRI tracking reveals selective accumulation of stem cell-derived magneto-extracellular vesicles in sites of injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.885764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently being investigated for cell-free therapy in regenerative medicine applications, but their biodistribution and tropic properties for homing to injured tissues are largely unknown. Here, we labeled EVs with magnetic nanoparticles to create magneto-EVs that can be tracked by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles were coated with polyhistidine tags, which enabled purification of labeled EVs by efficiently removing unencapsulated SPIO particles in the solution. The biodistribution of systemically injected human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived magneto-EV was assessed in three different animal models of kidney injury and myocardial ischemia. Magneto-EVs were found to selectively home to the injury sites and conferred substantial protection in a kidney injury model. In vivo MRI tracking of magnetically labeled EVs represents a new powerful method to assess and quantify their whole-body distribution, which may help optimize further development of EV-based cell-free therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zijl, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulte, J. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.885764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRI tracking reveals selective accumulation of stem cell-derived magneto-extracellular vesicles in sites of injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.04.894964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Length Penalized Probabilistic Principal Curve Algorithm With Applications To Handwritten Digits And Pharmacologic Colon Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.04.894964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classical Principal Curve algorithm was developed as a nonlinear version of principal component analysis to model curves. However, existing principal curve algorithms with classical penalties, such as smoothness or ridge penalties, lack the ability to deal with complex curve shapes. In this manuscript, we introduce a robust and stable length penalty which solves issues of unnecessary curve complexity, such as the self-looping, that arise widely in principal curve algorithms. A novel probabilistic mixture regression model is formulated. A modified penalized EM(Expectation Maximization) Algorithm was applied to the model to obtain the penalized MLE. Two applications of the algorithm were performed. In the first, the algorithm was applied to the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits to find the centerline, not unlike defining a TrueType font. We demonstrate that the centerline can be recovered with this algorithm. In the second application, the algorithm was applied to construct a three dimensional centerline through single photon emission computed tomography images of the colon arising from the study of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. The centerline in this application is crucial for understanding the distribution of the antiviral agents in the colon for HIV prevention. The new algorithms improves on previous applications of principal curves to this data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.04.894964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Length Penalized Probabilistic Principal Curve Algorithm With Applications To Handwritten Digits And Pharmacologic Colon Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.911099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell responses induced by attenuated flavivirus vaccination are specific and show limited cross-reactivity with other flavivirus species. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.911099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the flavivirus genus share a high level of sequence similarity and often circulate in the same geographical regions. However, whether T cells induced by one viral species cross-react with other related flaviviruses has not been globally addressed. Here, we tested pools of epitopes derived from dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses by Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) using PBMCs of individuals naturally exposed to DENV or immunized with DENV (TV005) or YF17D vaccines. CD8 T cell responses recognized epitopes from multiple flaviviruses, however, the magnitude of cross-reactive responses was consistently several-fold lower than those to the autologous epitope pools, and associated with lower expression of activation markers such as CD40L, CD69, and CD137. Next, we characterized the antigen sensitivity of short-term T cell lines (TCL) representing twenty-nine different individual epitope/donor combinations. TCL derived from DENV monovalent vaccinees induced CD8 and CD4 T cells that cross-reacted within the DENV serocomplex but were consistently associated with more than 100-fold lower antigen sensitivity for most other flaviviruses, with no cross-recognition of YFV derived peptides. CD8 and CD4 TCL from YF17D vaccinees were associated with very limited cross-reactivity with any other flaviviruses, and in five out of eight cases more than 1000-fold lower antigen sensitivity. Overall, our data suggest limited cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses between flaviviruses and has implications for understanding immunity elicited by natural infection, and strategies to develop live attenuated vaccines against flaviviral species.

ImportanceThe envelope (E) protein is the dominant target of neutralizing antibodies for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Accordingly, several DENV vaccine constructs use the E protein in a live attenuated vaccine format, utilizing a backbone derived from a heterologous flavivirus (such as YF) as a delivery vector. This backbone comprises the non-structural (NS) and capsid (C) antigens which are dominant targets of T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that cross-reactivity at the level of T cell responses amongst different flaviviruses is very limited, despite high levels of sequence homology. Thus, the use of heterologous flavivirus species as a live attenuated vaccine vector is not likely to generate optimal T cell responses, and might thus impair vaccine performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanda, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brien, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryhn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.911099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell responses induced by attenuated flavivirus vaccination are specific and show limited cross-reactivity with other flavivirus species.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systematic Evaluation of Single-cell RNA-sequencing Imputation Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid development of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology, with increased sparsity compared to bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), has led to the emergence of many methods for preprocessing, including imputation methods. Here, we systematically evaluate the performance of 18 state-of-the-art scRNA-seq imputation methods using cell line and tissue data measured across experimental protocols. Specifically, we assess the similarity of imputed cell profiles to bulk samples as well as investigate whether methods recover relevant biological signals or introduce spurious noise in three downstream analyses: differential expression, unsupervised clustering, and inferring pseudotemporal trajectories. Broadly, we found significant variability in the performance of the methods across evaluation settings. While most scRNA-seq imputation methods recover biological expression observed in bulk RNA-seq data, the majority of the methods do not improve performance in downstream analyses compared to no imputation, in particular for clustering and trajectory analysis, and thus should be used with caution. Furthermore, we find that the performance of scRNA-seq imputation methods depends on many factors including the experimental protocol, the sparsity of the data, the number of cells in the dataset, and the magnitude of the effect sizes. We summarize our results and provide a key set of recommendations for users and investigators to navigate the current space of scRNA-seq imputation methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systematic Evaluation of Single-cell RNA-sequencing Imputation Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gold-standard diagnostics are tarnished by lytic bacteriophage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA fundamental clinical and scientific concern is how lytic bacteriophage, as well as antibiotics, impact diagnostic positivity.

MethodsCholera was chosen as a model disease to investigate this important question. Patients with diarrheal disease were enrolled at two remote hospitals in Bangladesh. Diagnostic performance was assessed as a function of lytic bacteriophage detection, as well as exposure to the first-line antibiotic azithromycin detected by mass spectrometry.

ResultsAmong diarrheal samples positive by nanoliter quantitative PCR for Vibrio cholerae (n=78/849), the odds that a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or qPCR was positive was reduced by 89% (OR 0.108; 95%CI 0.002-0.872) and 87% (OR 0.130; 95%CI 0.022-0.649) when lytic bacteriophage were detected, respectively. The odds that a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or qPCR was positive was reduced by more than 99% (OR 0.00; 95% CI: 0.00-0.28) and 89% (OR 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03-0.44) when azithromycin was detected, respectively.

ConclusionsEstimations of cholera burden may improve by accommodating for the negative effect of antimicrobial exposure on diagnostic positivity. Furthermore, the findings herein challenge our current approach to interpreting and developing bacterial diagnostics given variable rates of lytic bacteriophage and antibiotic exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grembi, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayeed, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debes, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hryckowian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoolnik, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.926832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gold-standard diagnostics are tarnished by lytic bacteriophage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.932780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence-Detected Conformational Changes in Duplex DNA in Open Complex Formation by E. coli RNA Polymerase: Upstream Wrapping and Downstream Bending Precede Clamp Opening and Insertion of the Downstream Duplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.932780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FRET (fluorescence energy transfer) between far-upstream (-100) and downstream (+14) cyanine dyes showed extensive bending/wrapping of {lambda}PR promoter DNA on E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) in closed and open complexes (CC, OC). Here we determine the kinetics and mechanism of DNA bending/wrapping by FRET and of formation of RNAP contacts with -100 and +14 DNA by single-dye fluorescence enhancements (PIFE). FRET/PIFE kinetics exhibit two phases: rapidly-reversible steps forming a CC ensemble ({CC}c of four intermediates (initial (RPC), early (I1E), mid-(I1M), late (I1L)), followed by conversion of {CC} to OC via I1L. FRET and PIFE are first observed for I1E, not RPc. FRET/PIFE together reveal large-scale bending/wrapping of upstream and downstream DNA as RPC advances to I1E, reducing -100/+14 distance to [~]75[A] and making RNAP-DNA contacts at -100 and +14. We propose that far-upstream DNA wraps on the upper {beta}-clamp while downstream DNA contacts the top of the {beta}-pincer in I1E. Converting I1E to I1M (~1s time-scale) reduces FRET efficiency with little change in -100/+14PIFE, interpreted as clamp-opening that moves far-upstream DNA (on {beta}) away from downstream DNA (on {beta}) to increase the -100/+14 distance by ~14[A]. FRET increases greatly in converting I1M to I1L, indicating bending of downstream duplex DNA into the clamp and clamp-closing to reduce the -100/+14 distance by ~21[A]. In the subsequent rate-determining DNA-opening step, in which the clamp may also open, I1L converts to the initial unstable OC (I2). Implications for facilitation of CC-to-OC isomerization by upstream DNA and upstream-binding, DNA-bending transcription activators are discussed.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkel, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitkamp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridevi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaskon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNerney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimperman, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Record, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.932780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence-Detected Conformational Changes in Duplex DNA in Open Complex Formation by E. coli RNA Polymerase: Upstream Wrapping and Downstream Bending Precede Clamp Opening and Insertion of the Downstream Duplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.940668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.940668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related episodic memory decline is characterized by striking heterogeneity across individuals. Hippocampal pattern completion is a fundamental process supporting episodic memory. Yet, the degree to which this mechanism is impaired with age, and contributes to variability in episodic memory, remains unclear. We combine univariate and multivariate analyses of fMRI data from a large cohort of cognitively normal older adults (N=100; 60-82 yrs) to measure hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement during retrieval of trial-unique associations. Trial-wise analyses revealed that hippocampal activity predicted cortical reinstatement strength, and these two metrics of pattern completion independently predicted retrieval success. However, increased age weakened cortical reinstatement and its relationship to memory behaviour. Critically, individual differences in the strength of hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement explained unique variance in performance across multiple assays of episodic memory. These results indicate that fMRI indices of hippocampal pattern completion explain within- and across-individual memory variability in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trelle, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadiadwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corso, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litovsky, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazenzon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredericks, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutt, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerchner, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.940668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multilayered post-GWAS assessment on genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a complex disease in which both non-genetic and genetic factors interplay. To-date, 40 GWAS hits have been associated with PC risk in individuals of European descent, explaining 4.1% of the phenotypic variance. Here, we complemented a classical new PC GWAS (1D) with spatial autocorrelation analysis (2D) and Hi-C maps (3D) to gain additional insight into the inherited basis of PC. In-silico functional analysis of public genomic information allowed prioritization of potentially relevant candidate variants. We replicated 17/40 previous PC-GWAS hits and identified novel variants with potential biological functions. The spatial autocorrelation approach prioritized low MAF variants not detected by GWAS. These were further expanded via 3D interactions to 54 target regions with high functional relevance. This multi-step strategy, combined with an in-depth in-silico functional analysis, offers a comprehensive approach to advance the study of PC genetic susceptibility and could be applied to other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez de Maturana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Montes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Antoniano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Rubio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molero, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rorke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Bellvis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Munoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gress, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilzarbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Driscoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Investigators, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogevinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.941351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multilayered post-GWAS assessment on genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used the 10x Genomics Visium platform to define the spatial topography of gene expression in the six-layered human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We identified extensive layer-enriched expression signatures, and refined associations to previous laminar markers. We overlaid our laminar expression signatures onto large-scale single nuclei RNA sequencing data, enhancing spatial annotation of expression-driven clusters. By integrating neuropsychiatric disorder gene sets, we showed differential layer-enriched expression of genes associated with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, highlighting the clinical relevance of spatially-defined expression. We then developed a data-driven framework to define unsupervised clusters in spatial transcriptomics data, which can be applied to other tissues or brain regions where morphological architecture is not as well-defined as cortical laminae. We lastly created a web application for the scientific community to explore these raw and summarized data to augment ongoing neuroscience and spatial transcriptomics research (http://research.libd.org/spatialLIBD).

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uytingco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catallini, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creation of an Open Science Dataset from PREVENT-AD, a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To move Alzheimer Disease (AD) research forward it is essential to collect data from large cohorts, but also make such data available to the global research community. We describe the creation of an open science dataset from the PREVENT-AD (PResymptomatic EValuation of Experimental or Novel Treatments for AD) cohort, composed of cognitively unimpaired older individuals with a parental or multiple-sibling history of AD. From 2011 to 2017, 386 participants were enrolled (mean age 63 years old {+/-} 5) for sustained investigation among whom 349 have retrospectively agreed to share their data openly. Repositories are findable through the unified interface of the Canadian Open Neuroscience Platform (https://portal.conp.ca/) and contain up to five years of longitudinal imaging data, cerebral fluid biochemistry, neurosensory capacities, cognitive, genetic, and medical information. Imaging data can be accessed openly at https://openpreventad.loris.ca while most of the other information, sensitive by nature, is accessible by qualified researchers at https://registeredpreventad.loris.ca. In addition to being a living resource for continued data acquisition, PREVENT-AD offers opportunities to facilitate understanding of AD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tremblay-Mercier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madjar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyke, S. O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaille-Magnan, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohbot, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leoutsakos, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Neto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitner, J. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the PREVENT-AD Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.976670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creation of an Open Science Dataset from PREVENT-AD, a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.978676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injectable Nanoelectrodes Enable Wireless Deep Brain Stimulation of Native Tissue in Freely Moving Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.978676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Devices that electrically modulate the central nervous system have enabled important breakthroughs in the management of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Such devices typically have centimeter-scale dimensions, requiring surgical implantation and wired-in powering. Using smaller, remotely powered materials could lead to less invasive neuromodulation. Herein, we present injectable magnetoelectric nanoelectrodes that wirelessly transmit electrical signals to the brain in response to an external magnetic field. Importantly, this mechanism of modulation requires no genetic modification of the brain, and allows animals to freely move during stimulation. Using these nanoelectrodes, we demonstrate neuronal modulation in vitro and in deep brain targets in vivo. We also show that local thalamic modulation promotes modulation in other regions connected via basal ganglia circuitry, leading to behavioral changes in mice. Magnetoelectric materials present a versatile platform technology for less invasive, deep brain neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozielski, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alosaimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.978676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injectable Nanoelectrodes Enable Wireless Deep Brain Stimulation of Native Tissue in Freely Moving Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning to Control the Brain through Adaptive Closed-Loop Patterned Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulation of neural activity is an important scientific and clinical tool, causally testing hypotheses and treating neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. However, current stimulation approaches cannot flexibly control the pattern of activity in populations of neurons. To address this, we developed an adaptive, closed-loop stimulation (ACLS) system that uses patterned, multi-site electrical stimulation to control the pattern of activity in a population of neurons. Importantly, ACLS is a learning system; it monitors the response to stimulation and iteratively updates the stimulation pattern to produce a specific neural response. In silico and in vivo experiments showed ACLS quickly learns to produce specific patterns of neural activity ([~]15 minutes) and was robust to noise and drift in neural responses. In visual cortex of awake mice, ACLS learned electrical stimulation patterns that produced responses similar to the natural response evoked by visual stimuli. Similar to how repetition of a visual stimulus causes an adaptation in the neural response, the response to electrical stimulation was adapted when it was preceded by the associated visual stimulus. Altogether, our results show ACLS can learn, in real-time, to generate specific patterns of neural activity, providing a framework for using closed-loop learning to control neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tafazoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDowell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letai, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.992198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning to Control the Brain through Adaptive Closed-Loop Patterned Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.993808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-shot Mesoporous Silica Rods Scaffold for Induction of Humoral Responses Against Small Antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.993808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccines have shown significant promise in eliciting protective and therapeutic responses. However, most effective vaccines require several booster shots, and it is challenging to generate potent responses against small molecules and synthetic peptide antigens often used to increase target specificity and improve vaccine stability. As continuous antigen uptake and processing by APCs and persistent toll-like receptor (TLR) priming have been shown to amplify antigen specific humoral immunity, we explored whether a single injection of a mesoporous silica micro-rod (MSR) vaccine containing synthetic molecules and peptides can effectively generate potent and durable antigen-specific humoral immunity. A single injection of the MSR vaccine against a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) decapeptide elicited highly potent anti-GnRH response that lasted for over 12 months. The MSR vaccine generated higher titers than bolus or alhydrogel alum vaccine formulations. Moreover, a MSR vaccine directed against a Her2/neu peptide within the Trastuzumab binding domain showed immunoreactivity to native Her2 protein on tumor cell surface and, when directed against nicotine, generated long-term anti-nicotine antibodies. Mechanistically, we found that the MSR vaccine induced persistent germinal center (GC) B-cell activity for more than 3 weeks after a single injection, generation of memory B cells, and that at least 7 days of immunostimulation by the vaccine was required to generate an effective humoral response. Together, these data suggest that the MSR vaccine represents a promising technology for synthetic antigen vaccines to bypass the need for multiple immunizations and enhance long-term production of antibodies against endogenous antigens in the context of reproductive biology, cancer, and chronic addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dellacherie, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbeke, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.993808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-shot Mesoporous Silica Rods Scaffold for Induction of Humoral Responses Against Small Antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating features of scientific conferences: A call for improvements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientific conferences provide valuable opportunities for researchers across career stages and disciplines to present their latest work, and to network with their peers. These meetings have largely been held in-person with rapid proliferation in the number of meetings and attendees. Yet the format and quality of their organization lag behind what is possible and as a result, the current experience of attending conferences in many disciplines remains unchanged in many respects. We created a database of 270 national and international academic conferences held in-person during 2018-2019 in various disciplines and examined them for their features, costs and impact on the community. We found that many meetings could still be improved significantly in terms of diversity, inclusivity, promoting early career researcher (ECR) networking and career development, venue accessibility, and importantly, reducing the meetings carbon footprint. It is important to accelerate and mandate efforts to improve conferences so that researchers in all disciplines, in particular ECRs, consistently benefit from scientific gatherings, for years to come. We discuss a combination of approaches and recommendations to make conferences more modern, effective, equitable and intellectually productive for the research community and environmentally sustainable for our planet.

"They always say time changes things, but you actually have to change them yourself."

-- Andy Warhol
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwessinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumoki, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwakilili, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debat, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestrovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating features of scientific conferences: A call for improvements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.020537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic diversity of Anopheles coustani in high malaria transmission foci in southern and central Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.020537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite ongoing malaria control efforts implemented throughout sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains an enormous public health concern. Current interventions such as indoor residual spraying with insecticides and use of insecticide-treated bed nets are aimed at targeting the key malaria vectors that are primarily endophagic and endophilic. While these control measures have resulted in a substantial decline in malaria cases and continue to impact indoor transmission, the importance of alternative vectors for malaria transmission has been largely neglected. Anopheles coustani, an understudied vector of malaria, is a species previously thought to exhibit mostly zoophilic behavior. However, recent studies from across Africa bring to light the contribution of this and ecologically similar anopheline species to human malaria transmission. Like many of these understudied species, An. coustani has greater anthropophilic tendencies than previously appreciated, is often both endophagic and exophagic, and carries Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. These recent developments highlight the need for more studies throughout the geographic range of this species and the potential need to control this vector. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic variation of An. coustani mosquitoes and the potential of this Anopheles species to contribute to malaria parasite transmission in high transmission settings in Nchelenge District, Zambia, and the Kashobwe and Kilwa Health Zones in Haut-Katanga Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Morphologically identified An. coustani specimens that were trapped outdoors in these study sites were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for species identification and blood meal sources, and malaria parasite infection was determined by ELISA and qPCR. Fifty specimens were confirmed to be An. coustani by the analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2). Further, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences revealed two distinct phylogenetic groups within this relatively small regional collection. Our findings indicate that both An. coustani groups have anthropophilic and exophagic habits and come into frequent contact with P. falciparum, suggesting that this potential alternative malaria vector might elude current vector controls in Northern Zambia and Southern DRC. This study sets the groundwork for more thorough investigations of bionomic characteristics and genetic diversity of An. coustani and its contribution to malaria transmission in these regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciubotariu, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobanga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muleba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pringle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.020537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity of Anopheles coustani in high malaria transmission foci in southern and central Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subpopulations of stressed Y. pseudotuberculosis preferentially survive doxycycline treatment within host tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe systemic bacterial infections result in colonization of deep tissues, which can be very difficult to eliminate with antibiotics. It remains unclear if this is because antibiotics are not reaching inhibitory concentrations within tissues, if subsets of bacteria are less susceptible to antibiotics, or if both contribute to limited treatment efficacy. To determine the concentration of doxycycline (Dox) present within deep tissues following treatment, we generated a fluorescent transcriptional reporter derived from the tet operon to specifically detect intracellular tetracycline exposure at the single bacterial cell level. Dox exposure was detected in the spleen 2 hours after intraperitoneal injection, and by 4 hours post-injection, this treatment resulted in a significant decrease in viable Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the spleen. Nitric oxide-stressed bacteria preferentially survived treatment, suggesting stress was sufficient to alter Dox susceptibility. Many bacteria (~10%) survived a single dose of Dox, and the antibiotic accumulated at the periphery of microcolonies to growth inhibitory concentrations until 48 hours post-treatment. After this timepoint, antibiotic concentrations decreased and bacterial growth resumed. Dox-treated mice eventually succumbed to the infection, albeit with significantly prolonged survival relative to untreated mice. These results indicate that Dox delivery by intraperitoneal injection results in rapid diffusion of inhibitory concentrations of antibiotic into the spleen, but stressed cells preferentially survive drug treatment, and bacterial growth resumes once drug concentrations decrease. This fluorescent reporter strategy for antibiotic detection could easily be modified to detect the concentration of additional antimicrobial compounds within host tissues following drug administration.

ImportanceBacterial infections are very difficult to treat when bacteria spread into the bloodstream and begin to replicate within deep tissues, such as the spleen. Subsets of bacteria can survive antibiotic treatment, but it remains unclear if this survival is because of limited drug diffusion into tissues, or if something has changed within the bacteria, promoting survival of some bacterial cells. Here, we have developed a fluorescent reporter to detect doxycycline (Dox) diffusion into host tissues, and show that Dox impacts the bacterial population within hours of administration, and inhibits bacterial growth for 48 hours. However, bacterial growth resumes when antibiotic concentrations decrease. Subsets of bacteria, stressed by the host response to infection, survive Dox treatment at a higher rate. These results provide critical information about the dynamics that occur within deep tissues following antibiotic administration, and suggests subsets of bacteria are predisposed to survive inhibitory concentrations of antibiotic before exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raneses, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subpopulations of stressed Y. pseudotuberculosis preferentially survive doxycycline treatment within host tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Neural Signatures Mediating Behavioral Symptoms and Psychosis Onset: High-Dimensional Whole Brain Functional Mediation Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Along the pathway from behavioral symptoms to the development of psychotic disorders sits the multivariate mediating brain. The functional organization and structural topography of large-scale neural mediators among patients with brain disorders, however, are not well understood. Here, we design a high-dimensional brain-wide functional mediation framework to investigate brain regions that intermediate between baseline behavioral symptoms and future conversion to full psychosis among individuals at clinical high risk (CHR). Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 263 CHR subjects, we extract an  brain atlas and a {beta} brain atlas: the former underlines brain areas associated with prodromal symptoms and the latter highlights brain areas associated with disease onset. In parallel, we identify the P mediators and the N mediators that respectively facilitate or protect against developing brain disorders among subjects with more severe behavioral symptoms and quantify the effect of each neural mediator on disease development. Taken together, the -{beta} atlases and the P-N mediators paint a brain-wide picture of neural markers that are potentially regulating behavioral symptoms and the development of psychotic disorders and highlight a statistical framework that is useful to uncover large-scale intermediating variables in a regulatory biological organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chén, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagels, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Neural Signatures Mediating Behavioral Symptoms and Psychosis Onset: High-Dimensional Whole Brain Functional Mediation Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.039636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Solanum lycopersicoides reference genome facilitates biological discovery in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.039636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wild relatives of tomato are a valuable source of natural variation in tomato breeding, as many can be hybridized to the cultivated species (Solanum lycopersicum). Several, including Solanum lycopersicoides, have been crossed to S. lycopersicum for the development of ordered introgression lines (ILs). Despite the utility of these wild relatives and their associated ILs, limited finished genomes have been produced to aid genetic and genomic studies. We have generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Solanum lycopersicoides LA2951 using PacBio sequencing, Illumina, and Hi-C. We identified 37,938 genes based on Illumina and Isoseq and compared gene function to the available cultivated tomato genome resources, in addition to mapping the boundaries of the S. lycopersicoides introgressions in a set of cv. VF36 x LA2951 introgression lines (IL). The genome sequence and IL map will support the development of S. lycopersicoides as a model for studying fruit nutrient/quality, pathogen resistance, and environmental stress tolerance traits that we have identified in the IL population and are known to exist in S. lycopersicoides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. H.- W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumschott, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suplice, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alseekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernie, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hind, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannoni, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickler, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usadel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.039636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Solanum lycopersicoides reference genome facilitates biological discovery in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.054379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tension causes structural unfolding of intracellular intermediate filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.054379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are a class of proteins that constitute different filamentous structures in mammalian cells. As such, IF proteins are part of the load-bearing cytoskeleton and support the nuclear envelope. Molecular dynamics simulations have shown that IF proteins undergo secondary structural changes to compensate mechanical loads, which has been confirmed by experimental in vitro studies on IF hydrogels. However, the structural response of intracellular IF to mechanical load has yet to be elucidated in cellulo. Here, we use in situ nonlinear Raman imaging combined with multivariate data analysis to quantify the intracellular secondary structure of the IF cytoskeletal protein vimentin under different states of cellular tension. We find that cells under native cellular tension contain more unfolded vimentin than chemically or physically relaxed specimens. This indicates that unfolding of IF proteins occurs intracellularly when sufficient forces are applied, suggesting that IF structures act as local force sensors in the cell to mark locations under large mechanical tension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleissner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.054379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tension causes structural unfolding of intracellular intermediate filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.063628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma ferlin1 is a versatile and dynamic mediator of microneme trafficking and secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.063628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a polarized cell concentrating several secretory organelles at the apical pole. The secretory micronemes come in two sub-populations differentiated by dependence on the Rab5A/C in their biogenesis. Calcium-dependent exocytosis of micronemes occurs at the very apical tip and is critical for parasite egress from its host cell, adhesion and invasion of the next cell. Ferlins represent a protein family with roles in exocytosis containing multiple Ca2+-sensing C2 domains. We determined that T. gondiis ferlin 1 (FER1) localized dynamically to the parasites secretory pathway. FER1 function was dissected by dominant negative overexpression strategies. We demonstrated that FER1 traffics microneme organelles along the following trajectories:1. From the trans-Golgi-endosomes network to the subpellicular cortex; 2. Along the cortex to the apical end; 3. To the apical tip for fusion with the plasma membrane; 4. Retrograde transport allowing microneme recycling from mother to daughter; 5. Differential microneme sub-population traffic. Finally, FER1 overexpression triggers a microneme exocytosis burst, supporting the notion that the radially organized micronemes at the apical tip comprise a readily-releasable microneme pool. In summary, FER1 is pivotal for dynamic microneme trafficking, acts differently on the two microneme subpopulations, and acts on the plasma membrane fusion step during microneme exocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagoe, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drozda, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubbels, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.063628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma ferlin1 is a versatile and dynamic mediator of microneme trafficking and secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.065144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topologically correct synthetic reconstruction of pathogen social behavior found in deep tissue sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.065144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within deep tissue sites, extracellular bacterial pathogens often replicate in clusters that are surrounded by immune cells. Disease is modulated by interbacterial interactions as well as bacterial-host cell interactions resulting in microbial growth, phagocytic attack and secretion of host antimicrobial factors. To overcome the limited ability to manipulate these infection sites, we established a system for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) growth in microfluidics-driven microdroplets that regenerates microbial social behavior in tissues. Chemical generation of nitric oxide (NO) in the absence of immune cells was sufficient to reconstruct microbial social behavior, as witnessed by expression of the NO-inactivating protein Hmp on the extreme periphery of microcolonies, mimicking spatial regulation in tissues. Similarly, activated macrophages that expressed inducible NO synthase (iNOS) drove peripheral expression of Hmp, allowing regeneration of social behavior observed in tissues. These results argue that topologically correct microbial tissue growth and associated social behavior can be reconstructed in culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shull, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Opijnen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isberg, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.065144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topologically correct synthetic reconstruction of pathogen social behavior found in deep tissue sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma TgATG9 is critical for autophagy and long-term persistence in tissue cysts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many of the worlds warm-blooded species are chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts, including up to an estimated one third of the global human population. The cellular processes that permit long-term parasite persistence within the cyst are largely unknown, not only for T. gondii but also for related coccidian parasites that impact human and animal health. A previous study revealed an accumulation of autophagic material in the lysosome-like Vacuolar Compartment (VAC) of chronic stage bradyzoites lacking functional cathepsin L protease (TgCPL) activity. Furthermore, it was shown that TgCPL knockout bradyzoites have compromised viability, indicating the turnover of autophagic material could be necessary for bradyzoite survival. However, the extent to which autophagy itself contributes to bradyzoite development and fitness remained unknown. Herein we show that genetic ablation of TgATG9 substantially reduces canonical autophagy and compromises bradyzoite viability. Transmission electron microscopy revealed structural abnormalities occurring in {Delta}atg9 bradyzoites, including disorganization of the inner membrane complex and plasma membrane, the occurrence of multiple nuclei within a single bradyzoite cell, as well as various anomalies associated with the VAC. TgATG9-deficient bradyzoites accumulated significantly less undigested material in the VAC upon inhibition of TgCPL activity, suggesting that autophagy contributes material to the VAC for degradation. Intriguingly, abnormal mitochondria networks were observed in TgATG9-deficient bradyzoites. They were thin and elongated and often adopted a horseshoe conformation. Some abnormal mitochondrial structures were found to contain numerous different cytoplasmic components and organelles. Bradyzoite fitness was found to be drastically compromised, both in vitro and in mice, with very few brain cysts identified in mice 5 weeks post-infection. Taken together, our data suggests that TgATG9, and by extension autophagy, is critical for cellular homeostasis in bradyzoites and is necessary for long-term persistence within the cyst of this coccidian parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nugyen, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, T. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimple, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cristina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besteiro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma TgATG9 is critical for autophagy and long-term persistence in tissue cysts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.102756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural single-guide RNA repurposes Cas9 to autoregulate CRISPR-Cas expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.102756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems provide their prokaryotic hosts with acquired immunity against viruses and other foreign genetic elements, but how these systems are regulated to prevent auto-immunity is poorly understood. In type II CRISPR-Cas systems, a transactivating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) scaffold functions together with a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) guide to program Cas9 for the recognition and cleavage of foreign DNA targets. Here, we show that a long-form tracrRNA performs an unexpected second function by folding into a natural single guide that directs Cas9 to transcriptionally repress its own promoter. Further, we demonstrate that Pcas9 serves as a critical regulatory node; de-repression causes a dramatic induction of Cas genes, crRNAs and tracrRNAs resulting in a 3,000-fold increase in immunization rates against unrecognized viruses. Heightened immunity comes at the cost of increased auto-immune toxicity, demonstrating the critical importance of the controller. Using a bioinformatic analysis, we provide evidence that tracrRNA-mediated autoregulation is widespread in type II CRISPR-Cas systems. Collectively, we unveil a new paradigm for the intrinsic regulation of CRISPR-Cas systems by natural single guides, which may facilitate the frequent horizontal transfer of these systems into new hosts that have not yet evolved their own regulatory strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pammi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graeff, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebald, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoltzfus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.102756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural single-guide RNA repurposes Cas9 to autoregulate CRISPR-Cas expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel mechanism of natural killer cell response to anti-CTLA-4 therapy identified by integrative analysis of mouse and human tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTumor response to therapy is affected by both the cell types and the cell states present in the tumor microenvironment. This is true for many cancer treatments, including notably immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). While it is well-established that ICIs promote T cell activation, their broader impact on other intratumoral immune cells is unclear; this information is needed to identify new mechanisms of action and improve ICI efficacy. Many preclinical studies have begun to use single cell analysis to delineate therapeutic responses in individual immune cell types within tumors. One major limitation to this approach is that therapeutic mechanisms identified in preclinical models have failed to fully translate to human disease, restraining efforts to improve ICI efficacy in bench to bedside research.

MethodWe previously developed a computational transfer learning approach to identify shared biology between independent high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets. In the present study, we test this frameworks ability to identify conserved and clinically relevant transcriptional changes in complex tumor scRNA-seq data and further expand its application beyond comparison of scRNA-seq datasets into comparison of scRNA-seq datasets with additional data types such as bulk RNA-seq and mass cytometry.

ResultsWe found a conserved signature of NK cell activation in anti-CTLA-4 responsive mice and human tumors. In human melanoma, we found that the NK cell activation signature correlates with longer overall survival and is predictive of anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) response. Additional molecular approaches to confirm the computational findings demonstrated that human NK cells express CTLA-4 and bind anti-CTLA-4 independent of the antibody binding receptor (FcR), and that similar to T cells, CTLA-4 expression by NK cells is modified by cytokine-mediated and target cell-mediated NK cell activation.

ConclusionsThese data demonstrate the ability of our transfer learning approach to identify cell state transitions conserved in preclinical models and human tumors. This approach can be adapted to explore many immuno-oncology questions, enhancing bench to bedside research and enabling better understanding and treatment of disease.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=162 SRC="FIGDIR/small/125625v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.125625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel mechanism of natural killer cell response to anti-CTLA-4 therapy identified by integrative analysis of mouse and human tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.132530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome rescue inhibitors clear Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vivo using a new mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.132530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trans-translation pathway for rescuing stalled ribosomes is conserved and essential in bacterial pathogens but has no mammalian homolog, making it an ideal target for new antibiotics. We previously reported the discovery of a family of acylaminooxadiazoles that selectively inhibit trans-translation, resulting in broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. Optimization of the pharmacokinetic and antibiotic properties of the acylaminooxadiazoles produced MBX-4132, which cleared multiple-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in mice after a single oral dose. Cryo-EM studies of non-stop ribosomes showed that acylaminooxadiazoles bind to a unique site near the peptidyl-transfer center and significantly alter the conformation of ribosomal protein L27, suggesting a novel mechanism for specific inhibition of trans-translation by these molecules.

One Sentence SummaryRibosome rescue inhibitors reveal a new conformation of the ribosome and kill drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aron, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffer, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torhan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alumasa, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosangadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbor, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardinale, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwasny, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opperman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowlin, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerse, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stagg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiler, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.132530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome rescue inhibitors clear Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vivo using a new mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine-induced neuron subtype mitochondrial dynamics through Egr3 transcriptional regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial function is required for brain energy homeostasis and neuroadaptation. Recent studies demonstrate that cocaine affects mitochondrial dynamics and morphological characteristics within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Further, mitochondria are differentially regulated by cocaine in dopamine receptor-1 containing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) vs dopamine receptor-2 (D2)-MSNs. However, there is little understanding into cocaine-induced transcriptional mechanisms and their role in regulating mitochondrial processes. Here, we demonstrate that cocaine enhances binding of the transcription factor, early growth response factor 3 (Egr3), to nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial function and dynamics. Moreover, cocaine exposure regulates mRNA of these mitochondria-associated nuclear genes in both contingent or noncontingent cocaine administration and in both rodent models and human postmortem tissue. Interestingly, several mitochondrial nuclear genes showed distinct profiles of expression in D1-MSNs vs D2-MSNs, with cocaine exposure generally increasing mitochondrial-associated nuclear gene expression in D1-MSNs vs suppression in D2-MSNs. We further show that blunting Egr3 expression in D1-MSNs blocks cocaine-enhancement of the mitochondrial-associated transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC1), and the mitochondrial fission molecule, dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1). Finally, reduction of D1-MSN Egr3 expression attenuates cocaine-induced enhancement of small-sized mitochondria, causally demonstrating that Egr3 regulates mitochondrial morphological adaptations. Collectively, these studies demonstrate cocaine exposure impacts mitochondrial dynamics and morphology by Egr3 transcriptional regulation of mitochondria-related nuclear gene transcripts; indicating roles for these molecular mechanisms in neuronal function and plasticity occurring with cocaine exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gancarz-Kausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine-induced neuron subtype mitochondrial dynamics through Egr3 transcriptional regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antifungal activity of 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiaza-4-ones against two human pathogenic fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive fungal diseases are prevalent in immunocompromised individuals in whom current therapies often provide suboptimal results. Additionally, the increased resistance to the available antifungal drugs necessitates a search for new compounds. This study reports the antifungal activity of six 5-, 6-, and 7-membered 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiaza-4-ones against Lomentospora prolificans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Our data showed that some of the compounds tested had a low MIC and damage on the cell surface of the tested fungal species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liporagi Lopes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobhi, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverberg, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antifungal activity of 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiaza-4-ones against two human pathogenic fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.18.210385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biophysical correlation of anti-NANP antibodies with in vivo protection against P. falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.18.210385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most advanced P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP)-based malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S), confers partial protection but with antibody titers that wane relatively rapidly, highlighting the need to elicit more potent and durable antibody responses. Here, we elucidate crystal structures, binding affinities and kinetics, and in vivo protection of eight anti-NANP antibodies (Abs) derived from an RTS,S phase 2a trial and encoded by three different heavy-chain germline genes. The structures reinforce the importance of homotypic Fab-Fab interactions in protective Abs and the overwhelmingly dominant preference for a germline-encoded aromatic residue for recognition of the NANP motif. A number of biophysical properties were analyzed and antibody affinity correlated best with protection in an in vivo mouse model, with the more potent antibodies also recognizing epitopes with repeating secondary structural motifs of type I {beta}- and Asn pseudo 310 turns. Such insights can be incorporated into design of more effective immunogens as well as antibodies for passive immunization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pholcharee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Paez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmuth, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.18.210385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biophysical correlation of anti-NANP antibodies with in vivo protection against P. falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.198804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paracoccidioides HSP90 can be found in the cell surface and is a target for antibodies with therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.198804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is one of the most frequent systemic mycoses in Latin America. It affects mainly male rural workers in impoverished regions, and the therapy can last up to two years or use drugs that are very toxic. Given the need for novel safe and effective approaches to treat PCM, we have been developing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that could be used not only to block specific fungal targets, but also modulate the hosts antifungal immunity. In this work we show the generation of and promising results with a mAb against HSP90, a molecular chaperone that is an important virulence factor in fungi. Using recombinant Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01) and P. brasiliensis (Pb18) HSP90 proteins produced in E. coli, we immunized mice and generated polyclonal antibodies and an IgG1 hybridoma mAb. The proteins were very immunogenic and both the polyclonal serum and mAb were used in immunofluorescence experiments, which showed binding of antibodies to the yeast cell surface. The mAb successfully opsonized P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis cells in co-incubations with J774.16 macrophage-like cells. Our results suggest that this mAb could serve as the basis for new immunotherapy regimens for PCM.

Author summaryParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a severe disease caused by fungi, common in Latin America. It is treatable, but some of the drugs that are available are very toxic or not very effective, and the treatment can take as long as two years to clear the infection. To address the need for improved therapeutic alternatives, we have been developing drug candidates based on antibody technologies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii, which cause PCM. In this work, we produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the fungal protein HSP90, which is essential for fungal cells to survive. One mAb, 4D11, recognized the HSP90 target on the surface of fungal cells. These antibody-covered cells were ingested more efficiently by immune cells called macrophages, suggesting they could improve the host resistance to infection by Paracoccidioides. Future improvements on these antibodies could thus lead to more effective and safer PCM treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura, A. N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, D. S. L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, R. M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.198804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paracoccidioides HSP90 can be found in the cell surface and is a target for antibodies with therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.222794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faster Cryptococcus melanization increases virulence in experimental and human cryptococcosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.222794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus spp. are important human pathogens responsible for about 180,000 deaths per year. Studying their virulence attributes can lead to better cryptococcosis prevention and treatment. In this work, we systematically investigated virulence attributes of Cryptococcus spp. clinical isolates and correlated them with patient data. We collected 66 C. neoformans and 19 C. gattii isolates from Brazilian patients and analyzed multiple phenotypes related with their capsule, production of laccase, melanin and extracellular vesicles. We also tested their virulence in Galleria mellonella and ability to evade macrophage LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). All phenotypes analyzed varied widely among the isolates, but C. neoformans isolates tended to melanize faster and more intensely and produce thinner capsules in comparison with C. gattii. We also observed correlations that match previous studies, such as that between secreted laccase - but not total melanin production - and disease outcome in patients. The most striking results, though, came from our measurements of Cryptococcus colony melanization kinetics, which followed a sigmoidal curve for most isolates. Faster melanization correlated positively with LAP evasion, virulence in G. mellonella and worse prognosis in humans. These results suggest that the speed of melanization, more than the total amount of melanin Cryptococcus spp. produces, is crucial for virulence.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=162 SRC="FIGDIR/small/222794v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sousa, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G. P. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazao, S. d. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgonha, K. C. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcez, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, W. F. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paes, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trilles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazera, M. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Pereira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.222794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faster Cryptococcus melanization increases virulence in experimental and human cryptococcosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human Origin Recognition Complex is essential for pre-RC assembly, mitosis and maintenance of nuclear structure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) cooperates with CDC6, MCM2-7, and CDT1 to form pre- RC complexes at origins of DNA replication. Here we report tiling-sgRNA CRISPR screens that show that each subunit of ORC and CDC6 are essential in human cells. Using an auxin-inducible degradation system, stable cell lines were created that ablate ORC2 rapidly, revealing multiple cell division cycle phenotypes. The primary defect in the absence of ORC2 was cells encountering difficulty in initiating DNA replication or progressing through the cell division cycle due to reduced MCM2-7 loading onto chromatin in G1 phase. The nuclei of ORC2 deficient cells were also large, with decompacted heterochromatin. Some ORC2 deficient cells that completed DNA replication entered into, but never exited mitosis. ORC1 knockout cells also demonstrated extremely slow cell proliferation and abnormal cell and nuclear morphology. Thus, ORC proteins and CDC6 are indispensable for normal cellular proliferation and contribute to nuclear organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerdesh, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingbeil, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsudani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakoc, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human Origin Recognition Complex is essential for pre-RC assembly, mitosis and maintenance of nuclear structure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Epitope-based Malaria Vaccine Targeting the Junctional Domain of Circumsporozoite Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A malaria vaccine that elicits long-lasting protection and is suitable for use in endemic areas remains urgently needed. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity and prophylactic efficacy of a vaccine targeting a recently described epitope on the major surface antigen on Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, circumsporozoite protein (CSP). Using a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine platform technology, we developed a vaccine that targets the junctional region between the N-terminal and central repeat domains of CSP. This region is recognized by monoclonal antibodies, including mAb CIS43, that have been shown to potently prevent liver invasion in animal models. We show that CIS43 VLPs elicit high titer and long-lived anti-CSP antibody responses in mice and non-human primates. Immunization with CIS43 VLPs confers partial protection from malaria infection in a mouse model, and both immunogenicity and protection were enhanced when mice were immunized with CIS43 VLPs in combination with adjuvants including delta inulin polysaccharide particles and TLR9 agonists. Passive transfer of serum from immunized macaques also inhibited parasite liver invasion in the mouse infection model. Our findings demonstrate that a Q{beta} VLP-based vaccine targeting the CIS43 epitope combined with various adjuvants is highly immunogenic in mice and macaques, elicits long-lasting anti-CSP antibodies, and inhibits parasite infection in a mouse model. Thus, the CIS43 VLP vaccine is a promising pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jelinkova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chackerian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.241802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Epitope-based Malaria Vaccine Targeting the Junctional Domain of Circumsporozoite Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.255224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of pneumococcal serotyping in nasopharyngeal carriage isolates by latex agglutination, whole genome sequencing (PneumoCaT) and DNA microarray in a high pneumococcal carriage prevalence population in Malawi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.255224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurate assessment of the serotype distribution associated with pneumococcal colonization and disease is essential for the evaluation and formulation of pneumococcal vaccines and informing vaccine policy.

MethodsWe evaluated pneumococcal serotyping concordance between latex agglutination, PneumoCaT by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA microarray using samples from community carriage surveillance in Blantyre, Malawi. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, following WHO recommendations, between 2015 and 2017, using stratified random sampling among study populations. Participants included healthy children 3-6 years old (PCV13 vaccinated as part of EPI), healthy children 5-10 years (age-ineligible for PCV13), and HIV-infected adults (18-40yrs) on ART. For phenotypic serotyping we used a 13-valent latex kit (SSI, Denmark). For genomic serotyping we applied PneumoCaT pipeline to whole genome sequence libraries. For molecular serotyping by microarray we used the BUGS Bioscience DNA microarray.

Results1347 samples were analysed. Concordance was 90.7% (95% CI: 89.0-92.2) between latex and PneumoCaT; 95.2% (93.9-96.3) between latex and microarray; and 96.6% (95.5-97.5) between microarray and PneumoCaT. By detecting carried vaccine serotype (VT) pneumococcus in low relative abundance (median 8%), microarray increased VT detection by 31.5% compared to latex serotyping.

ConclusionAll three serotyping methods were highly concordant in identifying dominant serotypes. Latex serotyping is accurate in identifying vaccine-serotypes and requires the least expertise and resources for field-implementation and analysis. However, WGS, which adds population structure, and microarray, which adds multiple-serotype carriage, should be considered at regional reference laboratories while investigating the importance of VT in low relative abundance in transmission and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zeev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamng'ona, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwalukomo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomali, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyirenda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Msefula, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwansambo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyderman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.255224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of pneumococcal serotyping in nasopharyngeal carriage isolates by latex agglutination, whole genome sequencing (PneumoCaT) and DNA microarray in a high pneumococcal carriage prevalence population in Malawi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BDNF/TrkB signaling endosomes mediate long-distance dendritic growth by activating CREB/PI3K-mTOR-dependent translation in neuronal cell bodies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) are the primary regulators of dendritic growth in the central nervous system (CNS). After being bound by BDNF, TrkB and p75 are endocytosed into endosomes and continue signaling within the cell soma, dendrites, and axons. We studied the functional role of BDNF axonal signaling in cortical neurons derived from different transgenic mice using compartmentalized cultures in microfluidic devices. We found that axonal BDNF increased dendritic growth from the neuronal cell body in a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent manner. These effects were dependent on axonal TrkB but not p75 activity. Dynein-dependent BDNF-TrkB-containing endosome transport was required for long-distance induction of dendritic growth. Axonal signaling endosomes increased CREB and mTOR kinase activity in the cell body, and this increase in the activity of both proteins was required for general protein translation and the expression of Arc, a plasticity-associated gene, indicating a role for BDNF-TrkB axonal signaling endosomes in coordinating the transcription and translation of genes whose products contribute to learning and memory regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bronfman, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Alvarado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BDNF/TrkB signaling endosomes mediate long-distance dendritic growth by activating CREB/PI3K-mTOR-dependent translation in neuronal cell bodies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PieParty: Visualizing cells from scRNA-seq data as pie charts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been a transformative technology in many research fields. Dimensional reduction techniques such as UMAP and tSNE are used to visualize scRNA-seq data in two or three dimensions in order for cells to be clustered in biologically meaningful ways. Subsequently, gene expression is frequently mapped onto these plots to show the distribution of gene expression across the plots, for instance to distinguish cell types. However, plotting each cell with only one color leads to repetitive and unintuitive representations. Here, we present Pie Party, which allows scRNA-seq data to be plotted such that every cell is represented as a pie chart, and every slice in the pie charts corresponds to the gene expression of individual genes. This allows for the simultaneous visualization of the expression of multiple genes and gene networks. The resulting figures are information dense, space efficient and highly intuitive. PieParty is publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/harbourlab/PieParty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurtenbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dollar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durante, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbour, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PieParty: Visualizing cells from scRNA-seq data as pie charts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.265884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal uncertainty affects the visual processing of predicted stimulus properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.265884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive processing has been proposed as a fundamental cognitive mechanism to account for how the brain interacts with the external environment via its sensory systems. In vision, contextual information triggers predictions about the content ("what") of environmental stimuli to update an internal generative model of the surrounding world. However, visual information dynamically changes across time, and temporal predictability ("when") may influence the impact of internal predictions on visual processing. In this magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we investigated how processing feature specific information ("what") is affected by temporal predictability ("when"). In line with previous findings, we observed suppression of evoked neural responses in the visual cortex for predictable stimuli. Interestingly, we found that temporal uncertainty increased expectation suppression. This suggests that in temporally uncertain scenarios the neurocognitive system invests less resources in integrating bottom-up information. Multivariate pattern analysis showed that predictable visual features could be decoded from neural responses. Temporal uncertainty did not affect decoding accuracy for early visual responses, with the feature specificity of early visual neural activity preserved across conditions. However, decoding accuracy was less sustained over time for temporally jittered than for isochronous predictable visual stimuli. These findings converge to suggest that the cognitive system processes visual features of temporally predictable stimuli in higher detail, while processing temporally uncertain stimuli may rely more heavily on abstract internal expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizarazu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dima, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourguignon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinaro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.265884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal uncertainty affects the visual processing of predicted stimulus properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.327718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creating Clear and Informative Image-based Figures for Scientific Publications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.327718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientists routinely use images to display data. Readers often examine figures first; therefore, it is important that figures are accessible to a broad audience. Many resources discuss fraudulent image manipulation and technical specifications for image acquisition; however, data on the legibility and interpretability of images are scarce. We systematically examined these factors in non-blot images published in the top 15 journals in three fields; plant sciences, cell biology and physiology (n=580 papers). Common problems included missing scale bars, misplaced or poorly marked insets, images or labels that were not accessible to colorblind readers, and insufficient explanations of colors, labels, annotations, or the species and tissue or object depicted in the image. Papers that met all good practice criteria examined for all image-based figures were uncommon (physiology 16%, cell biology 12%, plant sciences 2%). We present detailed descriptions and visual examples to help scientists avoid common pitfalls when publishing images. Our recommendations address image magnification, scale information, insets, annotation, and color and may encourage discussion about quality standards for bioimage publishing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jambor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonietti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audisio, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazda, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeppner, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilangovan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walavalkar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wissink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissgerber, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.327718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creating Clear and Informative Image-based Figures for Scientific Publications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals target epitopes from the entireSARS-CoV-2 proteome and show kinetics of early differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of the T cell response in individuals who recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical to understanding its contribution to protective immunity. A multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer approach was used to screen 408 SARS-CoV-2 candidate epitopes for CD8+ T cell recognition in a cross-sectional sample of 30 COVID-19 convalescent individuals. T cells were evaluated using a 28-marker phenotypic panel, and findings were modelled against time from diagnosis, humoral and inflammatory responses. 132 distinct SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell epitope responses across six different HLAs were detected, corresponding to 52 unique reactivities. T cell responses were directed against several structural and non-structural virus proteins. Modelling demonstrated a coordinated and dynamic immune response characterized by a decrease in inflammation, increase in neutralizing antibody titer, and differentiation of a specific CD8+ T cell response. Overall, T cells exhibited distinct differentiation into stem-cell and transitional memory states, subsets, which may be key to developing durable protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kared, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redd, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumatoh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kairi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettinotti, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laeyendecker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlings, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.330688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals target epitopes from the entireSARS-CoV-2 proteome and show kinetics of early differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive deletion of translin (Tsn) enhances locomotor response to amphetamine: role of developmental effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme mediates activity-induced changes in translation that underlie several long-lasting forms of cellular plasticity. As translin and trax are expressed in dopaminergic and striatal neurons, we proceeded to investigate whether deletion of Tsn blocks amphetamine sensitization, a long-lasting, translation-dependent form of behavioral plasticity,

Although we expected constitutive Tsn deletion to impair amphetamine sensitization, we found, instead, that it enhances the hyperlocomotion produced by the initial dose of amphetamine. Since these mice display elevated adiposity, which alters pharmacokinetics of many drugs, we measured brain amphetamine levels in Tsn knockout mice and found that these are elevated. We also found that diet-induced increases in adiposity in WT mice correlate with elevated brain amphetamine levels. As amphetamine and its analogues are widely used to treat attention deficit disorder, which is associated with obesity, further studies are needed to assess the impact of adiposity on amphetamine levels in these patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keighron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, T.-C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladenheim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukudome, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadet, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive deletion of translin (Tsn) enhances locomotor response to amphetamine: role of developmental effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontology-Aware Deep Learning Enables Ultrafast, Accurate and Interpretable Source Tracking among Sub-Million Microbial Community Samples from Hundreds of Niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The taxonomical structure of microbial community sample is highly habitat-specific, making it possible for source tracking niches where samples are originated. Current methods face challenges when the number of samples and niches are magnitudes more than current in use, under which circumstances they are unable to accurately source track samples in a timely manner, rendering them difficult in knowledge discovery from sub-million heterogeneous samples. Here, we introduce a deep learning method based on Ontology-aware Neural Network approach, ONN4MST (https://github.com/HUST-NingKang-Lab/ONN4MST), which takes into consideration the ontology structure of niches and the relationship of samples from these ontologically-organized niches. ONN4MSTs superiority in accuracy, speed and robustness have been proven, for example with an accuracy of 0.99 and AUC of 0.97 in a microbial source tracking experiment that 125,823 samples and 114 niches were involved. Moreover, ONN4MST has been utilized on several source tracking applications, showing that it could provide highly-interpretable results from samples with previously less-studied niches, detect microbial contaminants, and identify similar samples from ontologically-remote niches, with high fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.364208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontology-Aware Deep Learning Enables Ultrafast, Accurate and Interpretable Source Tracking among Sub-Million Microbial Community Samples from Hundreds of Niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic demultiplexing of pooled single-cell RNA-sequencing samples in cancer facilitates effective experimental design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPooling cells from multiple biological samples prior to library preparation within the same single-cell RNA sequencing experiment provides several advantages, including lower library preparation costs and reduced unwanted technological variation, such as batch effects. Computational demultiplexing tools based on natural genetic variation between individuals provide a simple approach to demultiplex samples, which does not require complex additional experimental procedures. However, these tools have not been evaluated in cancer, where somatic variants, which could differ between cells from the same sample, may obscure the signal in natural genetic variation.

ResultsHere, we performed in silico benchmark evaluations by combining raw sequencing reads from multiple single-cell samples in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, which has a high copy number burden, and lung adenocarcinoma, which has a high tumor mutational burden. Our results confirm that genetic demultiplexing tools can be effectively deployed on cancer tissue using a pooled experimental design, although high proportions of ambient RNA from cell debris reduce performance.

ConclusionsThis strategy provides significant cost savings through pooled library preparation. To facilitate similar analyses at the experimental design phase, we provide freely accessible code and a reproducible Snakemake workflow built around the best-performing tools found in our in silico benchmark evaluations, available at https://github.com/lmweber/snp-dmx-cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrett, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic demultiplexing of pooled single-cell RNA-sequencing samples in cancer facilitates effective experimental design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide study of brain DNA methylation among opioid users and controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid abuse poses significant risk to individuals in the United States and epigenetic changes are a leading potential biomarker of abuse. Current evidence, however, is mostly limited to candidate gene analysis in whole blood. To clarify the association between opioid abuse and DNA methylation, we conducted an epigenome-wide analysis (EWAS) of DNA methylation in brains of individuals who died from opioid intoxication and controls. Tissue samples were extracted from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 160 deceased individuals (Mage = 35.15, SD = 9.42 years; 62% male; 78% White). The samples included 73 individuals who died of opioid intoxication, 59 group-matched psychiatric controls, and 28 group-matched normal controls. EWAS was implemented using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip; analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, negative control and ancestry principal components, cellular composition, and surrogate variables. Epigenetic age was calculated using the Horvath and Levine clocks, and gene ontology (GO) analyses were performed. No CpG sites were epigenome-wide significant after multiple testing correction, but 13 sites reached nominal significance (p < 1.0 x 10-5). There was a significant association between opioid use and Levine phenotypic age (b = 2.24, se = 1.11, p = .045). Opioid users were approximately two years phenotypically older compared to controls. GO analyses revealed enriched pathways related to cell function and neuron differentiation, but no terms survived multiple testing correction. Results inform our understanding of the neurobiology of opioid use, and future research with larger samples across stages of opioid use will elucidate the complex genomics of opioid abuse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnowski, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide study of brain DNA methylation among opioid users and controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Shigella from Malawi Identifies Fluoroquinolone Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing antimicrobial resistance and limited alternative treatments led to fluoroquinolone resistant Shigella strain inclusion on the WHO global priority pathogens list. In this study we characterised multiple Shigella isolates from Malawi with whole genome sequence analysis, identifying the acquirable fluoroquinolone resistance determinant qnrS1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stenhouse, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jere, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengtsson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinyama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandolo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturriza_Gomara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zeev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunliffe, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Shigella from Malawi Identifies Fluoroquinolone Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.394213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
distinct: a novel approach to differential distribution analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.394213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present distinct, a general method for differential analysis of full distributions that is well suited to applications on single-cell data, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow or mass cytometry data. High-throughput single-cell data reveal an unprecedented view of cell identity and allow complex variations between conditions to be discovered; nonetheless, most methods for differential expression target differences in the mean and struggle to identify changes where the mean is only marginally affected. distinct is based on a hierarchical non-parametric permutation approach and, by comparing empirical cumulative distribution functions, identifies both differential patterns involving changes in the mean, as well as more subtle variations that do not involve the mean. We performed extensive bench-marks across both simulated and experimental datasets from single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry data, where distinct shows favourable performance, identifies more differential patterns than competitors, and displays good control of false positive and false discovery rates. distinct is available as a Bioconductor R package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiberi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowell, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samartsidis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.394213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[distinct: a novel approach to differential distribution analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunofocusing humoral immunity potentiates the functional efficacy of the AnAPN1 malaria transmission-blocking vaccine antigen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) are a critical tool for disease elimination. TBVs prevent completion of the developmental lifecycle of malarial parasites within the mosquito vector, effectively blocking subsequent infections. The mosquito midgut protein Anopheline alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1) is the leading, mosquito-based TBV antigen and structure-function studies have identified two Class II epitopes that induce potent transmission-blocking (T-B) antibodies. Here, we functionally screened new immunogens and down-selected to the UF6b construct that has two glycine-linked copies of the T-B epitopes. We established a process for manufacturing UF6b and evaluated in outbred female CD1 mice the immunogenicity of the preclinical product with the human-safe adjuvant Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant in a liposomal formulation with saponin QS21 (GLA-LSQ). UF6b:GLA-LSQ was immunogenic and immunofocused the humoral response to one of the key T-B epitopes resulting in potent T-B activity and establishing UF6b as a prime TBV candidate to aid in malaria elimination and eradication efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweedell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyasembe, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gutierrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamerly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vela, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nsango, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinglasan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.402669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunofocusing humoral immunity potentiates the functional efficacy of the AnAPN1 malaria transmission-blocking vaccine antigen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.402883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Optimized CRISPR/Cas9 Approach for Precise Genome Editing in Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.402883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficient knock-in of large DNA fragments to label endogenous proteins remains especially challenging in non-dividing cells such as neurons. We developed Targeted Knock-In with Two-guides (TKIT) as a novel CRISPR/Cas9 based approach for efficient, and precise, genomic knock-in. Through targeting non-coding regions TKIT is resistant to INDEL mutations. We demonstrate TKIT labelling of endogenous synaptic proteins with various tags, with efficiencies up to 42% in mouse primary cultured neurons. Utilizing in utero electroporation or viral injections in mice TKIT can label AMPAR subunits with Super Ecliptic pHluorin, enabling visualization of endogenous AMPARs in vivo using two-photon microscopy. We further use TKIT to assess the mobility of endogenous AMPARs using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Finally, we show that TKIT can be used to tag AMPARs in rat neurons, demonstrating precise genome editing in another model organism and highlighting the broad potential of TKIT as a method to visualize endogenous proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>FANG, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.402883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Optimized CRISPR/Cas9 Approach for Precise Genome Editing in Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ecology of Nipah virus in Bangladesh: a nexus of land use change and opportunistic feeding behavior in bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nipah virus is a bat-borne paramyxovirus that produces yearly outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in Bangladesh. Understanding the ecological conditions that lead to spillover from bats to humans can assist in designing effective interventions. To investigate the current and historical processes that drive Nipah spillover in Bangladesh, we analyzed the relationship between spillover events and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution and size of Pteropus medius roosts, and patterns of land use change in Bangladesh over the last 300 years. We found that 53% of annual variation in winter spillovers is explained by winter temperature, which may affect bat behavior, physiology, and human risk behaviors. We infer from changes in forest cover that a progressive shift in bat roosting behavior occurred over hundreds of years, producing the current system where a majority of P. medius populations are small (median of 150 bats), occupy roost sites for 10 years or more, live in areas of high human population density, and opportunistically feed on cultivated food resources - conditions that promote viral spillover. Without interventions, continuing anthropogenic pressure on bat populations similar to what has occurred in Bangladesh could result in more regular spillovers of other bat viruses, including Hendra and Ebola viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKee, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowright, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ecology of Nipah virus in Bangladesh: a nexus of land use change and opportunistic feeding behavior in bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic epidemiology of multi-drug resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInvasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is one of the leading causes of bacteraemia in sub-Saharan Africa. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) and further resistance to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones have emerged in multiple iNTS serotypes. Molecular epidemiological investigations of nontyphoidal Salmonella are needed to better understand the genetic characteristics and transmission dynamics associated with major MDR iNTS serotypes across the continent.

MethodsA total of 166 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates causing invasive disease were collected from a multi-centre study in eight African countries between 2010 and 2014, and whole-genome sequenced to investigate the geographical distribution, antimicrobial genetic determinants and population structure of iNTS serotypes-genotypes. Phylogeographical reconstruction was further conducted in context of the existing genomic framework of iNTS serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Population-based incidence of MDR-iNTS disease was also estimated.

ResultsSalmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) sequence-type (ST) 313 and Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) ST11 were predominant, and both exhibited high frequencies of MDR. Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) ST10 emerged in West Africa. Mutations in the gyrA gene were identified in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in Ghana; and ST313 carrying blaCTX-M-15 was found in Kenya. Inter-country transmission of MDR ST313 lineage II and the West African Clade of MDR ST11 between Ghana and neighbouring countries including Mali, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria were evident. The incidence of MDR-iNTS disease exceeded 100/100,000-person years-of-observation (PYO) in children aged <5 years in several West African countries.

ConclusionsMultiple MDR iNTS serotypes-sequence types, predominantly S. Typhimurium ST313 and S. Enteritidis ST11, are co-circulating in sub-Saharan Africa with evidence of transmission between West African countries. The development of safe and effective iNTS vaccines coupled with appropriate antimicrobial stewardship and adequate epidemiological monitoring are essential to limit the impact of these pathogens in Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, L. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kalckreuth, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogeni, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutt-Gerowitt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BREIMAN, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Sarkodie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Dabo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotozandrindrainy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soura, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aseffa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasmelseed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sooka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keddy, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosmas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olack, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarpong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razafindrabe, T. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raminosoa, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabore, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teferi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshitela, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, M. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krumkamp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjerregaard-Andersen,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.422246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic epidemiology of multi-drug resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Expression of NPAS4 in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Following Acute Opioid Intoxication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsThe physical, emotional, and social impacts of opioid abuse are well known; although preclinical models reveal the neurobiological pathways altered through opioid abuse, comprehensive assessments of gene expression in human brain samples are lacking. The goals of the present study were to compare gene expression in the prefrontal cortex between brain samples of individuals who died of acute opioid intoxication and group-matched controls, and to test if differential gene expression was enriched in gene sets related to opioid use.

DesignCross-sectional study using human brains donated to the Lieber Institute for Brain Development. Study groups included 72 brain samples from individuals who died of acute opioid intoxication, 53 group-matched psychiatric control samples, and 28 group-matched normal control samples.

SettingMaryland, USA.

ParticipantsPostmortem tissue samples of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 153 deceased individuals (Mage = 35.42, SD = 9.43 years; 62% male; 77% White).

MeasurementsWhole transcriptome RNA sequencing was used to generate exon counts, and differential expression was tested using limma-voom. Analyses controlled for relevant sociodemographic characteristics, technical covariates, and cryptic relatedness and batch effects using quality surrogate variable analysis. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) also were conducted.

FindingsSixteen genes were differentially expressed (i.e., FDR-corrected p < .10) in opioid samples compared to control samples. The top differentially expressed gene, NPAS4 (FDR adjusted p = .005), was downregulated in opioid samples and has previously been implicated in cocaine use. Enrichment analyses did not provide evidence for enrichment in pathways obviously related to opioid use.

ConclusionsNPAS4 is differentially expressed in the prefrontal cortex of subjects that died of an opioid overdose, providing evidence for another gene with functional relevance to opioid use and overdose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosnowski, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Expression of NPAS4 in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Following Acute Opioid Intoxication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intricate regulation of ribosome biogenesis genes in response to mTORC1 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes encoding ribosomal proteins are repressed in response to inhibition of mTORC1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this involves dissociation of the activator Ifh1p in a process that depends on Utp22p, a protein that also functions in pre-rRNA processing. Ifh1p has a paralog, Crf1p, which can mediate mTORC1 inhibition by acting as a repressor. Ifh1p and Crf1p derive from a common ancestor, which may have acted as both an activator and a repressor. We report here that UTP22 and RRP7, which encodes another pre-rRNA processing factor, are controlled by mTORC1; both gene promoters are bound by Ifh1p, which dissociates on mTORC1 inhibition. Notably, Crf1p acts as an activator as evidenced by reduced expression in a crf1{Delta} strain. By contrast, Crf1p is required to repress expression of HMO1, which encodes a cofactor involved in communicating mTORC1 activity to target genes. Our data therefore indicate that Crf1p exhibits the dual repressor/activator functions of the Ifh1p-Crf1p ancestor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashkoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intricate regulation of ribosome biogenesis genes in response to mTORC1 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstruction of heterogeneity through single-cell transcriptional profiling has greatly advanced our understanding of the spatial liver transcriptome in recent years. However, global transcriptional differences across lobular units remain elusive in physical space. Here, we implement Spatial Transcriptomics to perform transcriptomic analysis across sectioned liver tissue. We confirm that the heterogeneity in this complex tissue is predominantly determined by lobular zonation. By introducing novel computational approaches, we enable transcriptional gradient measurements between tissue structures, including several lobules in a variety of orientations. Further, our data suggests the presence of previously transcriptionally uncharacterized structures within liver tissue, contributing to the overall spatial heterogeneity of the organ. This study demonstrates how comprehensive spatial transcriptomic technologies can be used to delineate extensive spatial gene expression patterns in the liver, indicating its future impact for studies of liver function, development and regeneration as well as its potential in pre-clinical and clinical pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, F. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarenpaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollbrink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.426963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of C3aR induces immune infiltration and inflammatory microbiota in a novel spontaneous model of colon cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.426963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several lines of evidence suggest that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and can be unleashed by the loss of innate immunosurveillance. The complement system is a well characterized first line of defense against pathogens and a central component of the immune response. Emerging evidence suggests that complement anaphylatoxin C3a produced upon complement activation and acting via its receptor (C3aR) may play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, to date, it is unknown whether and how the C3a/C3aR axis can affect CRC. By mining publicly available datasets, we found that CpG island methylation of c3ar1 occurs in CRC patients and is associated with significant downregulation of C3aR. By reverse-translating this finding we were able to shift in APCMin/+ mice the tumorigenesis from the small intestine to the colon therefore generating a novel mouse model, which more closely mirrors the CRC in humans. Transcriptomic analysis on colorectal polyps from our newly developed genetic mouse model revealed a significant increase in innate and adaptive immune signatures in absence of C3aR. Furthermore, loss of C3aR significantly impacted the fecal and tumor-associated microbiota and supported the blooming of pro-inflammatory bacterial species as confirmed by experiments of fecal microbiota transplantation.

Future studies will elucidate whether loss of C3aR can be exploited as a biomarker for sub-groups of CRC and whether the C3a/C3aR axis may be exploited for the generation of more effective therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krieg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carloni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fosso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mileti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Aidy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesole, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asnicar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglietta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.426963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of C3aR induces immune infiltration and inflammatory microbiota in a novel spontaneous model of colon cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hinge Influences in Murine IgG Binding to Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades of studies on antibody structure led to the tenet that the V region binds antigens while the C region interacts with immune effectors. In some antibodies, however, the C region affects affinity and/or specificity for the antigen. One such case is that of the 3E5 antibodies, a family of monoclonal murine IgGs in which the mIgG3 isotype has different fine specificity to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule polysaccharide than the other mIgG isotypes. Our group serendipitously found another pair of mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies based on the 2H1 hybridoma to the C. neoformans capsule that recapitulated the differences observed with 3E5. In this work, we report the molecular basis of the constant domain effects on antigen binding using recombinant antibodies. As with 3E5, immunofluorescence experiments show a punctate pattern for 2H1-mIgG3 and an annular pattern for 2H1-mIgG1. Also as observed with 3E5, 2H1-mIgG3 bound on ELISA to both acetylated and non-acetylated capsular polysaccharide, whereas 2H1-mIgG1 only bound well to the acetylated form, consistent with differences in fine specificity. In engineering hybrid mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies, we found that switching the 2H1-mIgG3 hinge for its mIgG1 counterpart changed the immunofluorescence pattern to annular, but a 2H1-mIgG1 antibody with a mIgG3 hinge still had an annular pattern. The hinge is thus necessary but not sufficient for these changes in binding to the antigen. This important role for the constant region in binding of antibodies to the antigen could affect the design of therapeutic antibodies and our understanding of their function in immunity.

Key pointsO_LIKey point 1- 2H1 antibodies recapitulate differences between mIgG isotypes observed with 3E5.
C_LIO_LIKey point 2 - The hinge region is necessary but not sufficient for these differences.
C_LIO_LIKey point 3 - The antibody constant region can also play a role in mIgG binding to antigen.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, D. S. L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caixeta, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hinge Influences in Murine IgG Binding to Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-order areas and auditory cortex both represent the high-level event structure of music 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent fMRI studies of event segmentation have found that default mode regions represent high-level event structure during movie watching. In these regions, neural patterns are relatively stable during events and shift at event boundaries. Music, like narratives, contains hierarchical event structure (e.g., sections are composed of phrases). Here, we tested the hypothesis that brain activity patterns in default mode regions reflect the high-level event structure of music. We used fMRI to record brain activity from 25 participants (male and female) as they listened to a continuous playlist of 16 musical excerpts, and additionally collected annotations for these excerpts by asking a separate group of participants to mark when meaningful changes occurred in each one. We then identified temporal boundaries between stable patterns of brain activity using a hidden Markov model and compared the location of the model boundaries to the location of the human annotations. We identified multiple brain regions with significant matches to the observer-identified boundaries, including auditory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and angular gyrus. From these results, we conclude that both higher-order and sensory areas contain information relating to the high-level event structure of music. Moreover, the higher-order areas in this study overlap with areas found in previous studies of event perception in movies and audio narratives, including regions in the default mode network.

Significance StatementListening to music requires the brain to track dynamics at multiple hierarchical timescales. In our study, we had fMRI participants listen to real-world music (classical and jazz pieces) and then used an unsupervised learning algorithm (a hidden Markov model) to model the high-level event structure of music within participants brain data. This approach revealed that default mode brain regions involved in representing the high-level event structure of narratives are also involved in representing the high-level event structure of music. These findings provide converging support for the hypothesis that these regions play a domain-general role in processing events occurring over long timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulis, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-order areas and auditory cortex both represent the high-level event structure of music]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpatialExperiment: infrastructure for spatially resolved transcriptomics data in R using Bioconductor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummarySpatialExperiment is a new data infrastructure for storing and accessing spatially resolved transcriptomics data, implemented within the R/Bioconductor framework, which provides advantages of modularity, interoperability, standardized operations, and comprehensive documentation. Here, we demonstrate the structure and user interface with examples from the 10x Genomics Visium and seqFISH platforms, and provide access to example datasets and visualization tools in the STexampleData, TENxVisiumData, and ggspavis packages.

Availability and ImplementationThe SpatialExperiment, STexampleData, TENxVisiumData, and ggspavis packages are available from Bioconductor. The package versions described in this manuscript are available in Bioconductor version 3.15 onwards.

Contactrisso.davide@gmail.com, shicks19@jhu.edu

Supplementary InformationSupplementary Tables and Figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Righelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowell, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazanfar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpatialExperiment: infrastructure for spatially resolved transcriptomics data in R using Bioconductor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential susceptibility of neuronal neurotransmitter phenotypes to HHV6 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within the family Herpesviridae, sub-family {beta}-herpesvirinae, and genus Roseolovirus, there are only three human herpesviruses that have been discovered and described: HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. Initially, HHV-6A and HHV-6B were considered to be simply two variants of the same virus (i.e., HHV6). Despite high overall genetic sequence identity (~90%), HHV-6A and HHV-6B are now recognized as two distinct viruses of the genus. Limited sequence identity (e.g., <70%) in key coding regions as well as significant differences in physiological and biochemical profiles (e.g., preferential use of different receptors for viral entry into susceptible hosts) underscore the conclusion that HHV-6A and HHV-6B are distinct virus species. Likewise, each virus appears to differentially contribute as putative etiologic agents to a variety of neurological disorders, including: multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Despite being implicated as causative agents in nervous system dysfunction, mechanisms of action and relative contributions of each virus to neural disorders remain elusive. Unresolved questions regarding: cell receptor use and binding affinity (i.e., CD49 versus CD134); cell tropism; the role of HHV-7 superinfection; and, relative virulence between HHV-6A versus HHV-6B - prevent a complete characterization. Although it has been demonstrated that both HHV-6A and HHV-6B can infect glia and, more recently, cerebellar Purkinje cells, cell tropism of HHV-6A versus HHV-6B for different nerve cell types remains vague. In this study, we demonstrate that both HHV-6A and HHV-6B can infect different nerve cell types (i.e., glia versus neurons) and different neuronal neurotransmitter phenotypes derived from the differentiation of human neural stem cells. We further show that both HHV-6A and HHV-6B induce cytopathic effects (CPEs) in susceptible nerve cells. However, the time-course and severity of CPEs appear to differ between HHV-6A versus HHV-6B infections and are dependent upon multiplicity of infection (MOI). As demonstrated by immunofluorescence, although both the HHV-6A and HHV-6B viruses productively infected VGluT1-containing cells (i.e., glutamatergic neurons) and dopamine-containing cells (i.e., dopaminergic neurons), neither HHV-6A nor HHV-6B challenge resulted in the productive infection of GAD67-containing cells (i.e., GABAergic cells). The reason underlying the apparent resistance of GABAergic cells to HHV-6A and HHV-6B infection remains unclear. Morphometric and image analyses of neurite extension and retraction dynamics as well as the time-course of cell aggregation phenomena (e.g., syncytia formation) during infection also indicate that HHV-6A induces more severe CPEs than HHV-6B at the same time-point and MOI. These data suggest that HHV-6A is more virulent than HHV-6B on susceptible human neural stem cells (HNSCs) differentiated into neuronal phenotypes, while neither virus is able to infect GABAergic cells. If these in vitro data hold in vivo, the inhibitory interneuron dysfunction hypothesis for HHV6-driven seizures may be ruled out as a potential mechanism for HHV6-induced epileptogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahramian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential susceptibility of neuronal neurotransmitter phenotypes to HHV6 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitroxoline as a promising alternative drug for the treatment of Lyme disease based on an in-vitro study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease (LD) is the most common vector-borne disease in USA and Europe and is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Despite proper treatment, approximately one fifth of patients will develop post-treatment LD syndrome (PTLDS), a condition which is poorly understood. One of the possible causes is thought to be due to persister forms of B. burgdorferi that are not effectively killed by the current Lyme antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated nitroxoline, an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections, for its activity against a stationary-phase culture enriched with persister forms of B. burgdorferi. Nitroxoline was found to be equivalent in activity against B. burgdorferi to cefuroxime (standard Lyme antibiotic) in different experiments. Moreover, we found that the three-drug combination cefuroxime + nitroxoline + clarithromycin eradicated 98.3% of stationary phase bacteria in the drug-exposure experiment and prevented the regrowth in the subculture study after drug exposure, as well as two-drug combinations cefuroxime + nitroxoline and clarithromycin + nitroxoline. These drug combinations should be further evaluated in a LD mouse model to assess if eradication of persister forms of B. burgdorferi in-vivo is possible and if so, whether nitroxoline could be repurposed as an alternative drug for the treatment of LD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Manzo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitroxoline as a promising alternative drug for the treatment of Lyme disease based on an in-vitro study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Placenta DNA methylation at ZNF300 is associated with fetal sex and placental morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal sex-specific differences in placental morphology and physiology have been associated with sexually dimorphic health outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these sex differences are not well understood. We performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing in 133 placenta samples and discovered a significant difference in DNA methylation (DNAm) at the ZNF300 gene locus between male and female offspring and replicated this result in 6 independent datasets. Additionally, the sex-specific pattern appears to be placenta-specific, is robust to a wide range of gestational ages and adverse health outcomes and is present in sorted placenta villous cytotrophoblast cells. Integration of DNAm, genetic, and placental morphology data from the same individuals revealed ZNF300 methylation is also associated with placenta area, perimeter, and max diameter, genetic variants on chromosomes 5 and X, and may mediate the effects of genetic variation on placental area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salafia, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.433992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Placenta DNA methylation at ZNF300 is associated with fetal sex and placental morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple introductions of multidrug-resistant typhoid associated with acute infection and asymptomatic carriage, Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the dynamics of infection and carriage of typhoid in endemic settings is critical to finding solutions to prevention and control. In a 3 year case-control study, we investigated typhoid among children aged <16 years (4,670 febrile cases and 8,549 age matched controls) living in an informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya. 148 S. Typhi isolates from cases and 95 from controls (stool culture) were identified; a carriage frequency of 1%. Whole-genome sequencing showed 97% of cases and 88% of controls were genotype 4.3.1 (Haplotype58), with the majority of each (76% and 88%) being multidrug-resistant strains in 3 sublineages of H58 genotype (East Africa 1 (EA1), EA2, and EA3), with sequences from cases and carriers intermingled. The high rate of multidrug-resistant H58 S. Typhi, and the close phylogenetic relationships between carriers and controls, provides evidence for the role of carriers as a reservoir for the community spread of typhoid in this setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kariuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbae, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngetich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wairimu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anyona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onsare, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongandi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple introductions of multidrug-resistant typhoid associated with acute infection and asymptomatic carriage, Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential expression of single-cell RNA-seq data using Tweedie models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWThe performance of computational methods and software to identify differentially expressed genes in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been shown to be influenced by several factors, including the choice of the normalization method used and the choice of the experimental platform (or library preparation protocol) to profile gene expression in individual cells. Currently, it is up to the practitioner to choose the most appropriate differential expression (DE) method out of over 100 DE tools available to date, each relying on their own assumptions to model scRNA-seq data. Here, we propose to use generalized linear models with the Tweedie distribution that can flexibly capture a large dynamic range of observed scRNA-seq data across experimental platforms induced by heavy tails, sparsity, or different count distributions to model the technological variability in scRNA-seq expression profiles. We also propose a zero-inflated Tweedie model that allows zero probability mass to exceed a traditional Tweedie distribution to model zero-inflated scRNA-seq data with excessive zero counts. Using both synthetic and published plate- and droplet-based scRNA-seq datasets, we performed a systematic benchmark evaluation of more than 10 representative DE methods and demonstrate that our method (Tweedieverse) outperforms the state-of-the-art DE approaches across experimental platforms in terms of statistical power and false discovery rate control. Our open-source software (R package) is available at https://github.com/himelmallick/Tweedieverse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnavard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.28.437378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential expression of single-cell RNA-seq data using Tweedie models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State dependence of neural networks on past history and stimulus presentation in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons represent changes in external and internal environments by altering their activity patterns. While coherent brain-wide patterns of neural activity have been observed in neuronal populations, very little is known about their dimensionality, geometry, and how they are correlated with sensory inputs. Here, we recorded the activity of most head neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans experiencing changes in bacterial or control buffer stimuli around their nose. We first classified active neurons into six functional clusters: two sensory neuron clusters (ON and OFF responding to addition and removal of stimuli, respectively) and four motor/command neuron clusters (AVA, RME, SMDD and SMDV). Next, we estimated stimulus selectivity for each cluster and found that while sensory neurons exhibit their maximal responses within 15 seconds, changes in bacterial stimuli drive maximal responses in command and motor neuron clusters after tens of seconds. Furthermore, we show that bacterial stimuli induce neural dynamics that are best described by a hyperbolic, not Euclidean, space, of dimensionality eight. The hyperbolic space provided a better description of neural activity than the standard Euclidean space. This space can be separated into three components - one sensory, and two motor directions (forward-backward and dorsal-ventral). Collectively, we show that C. elegans neural activity can be effectively represented in low-dimensional hyperbolic space to describe a sensorimotor transformation.

Significance statementA major function of a nervous system is to transform sensory information into behavioral outputs. As the first receiver of sensory input, sensory neuronal activity is often most correlated with stimulus features. However, this sensory activity is modified as it travels to other neurons, where it integrates with network activity before altering motor neurons and driving corresponding behavior. Activity in non-sensory neurons is driven by ongoing network activity and sensory input, but distinguishing between their relative contributions is often difficult. Here, we identify two sensory and four command/motor neuron clusters in the C. elegans neural network responding to bacterial stimuli and define their receptive fields. We then use a hyperbolic embedding to identify how these clusters interact with each other and identify the relevant dimensions that might alter behavior. Our method is fully scalable to other systems, including those without neuronal identities, and allows us to attribute neural activity to network states and behavioral outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cecere, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State dependence of neural networks on past history and stimulus presentation in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.439912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial genomics maps the structure, character and evolution of cancer clones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.439912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subclonality is a universal feature of cancers yet how clones grow, are spatially organised, differ phenotypically or influence clinical outcome is unclear. To address this, we developed base specific in situ sequencing (BaSISS). In fixed tissues, transcripts harbouring clone-defining mutations are detected, converted into quantitative clone maps and characterised through multi-layered data integration. Applied to 8 samples from key stages of breast cancer progression BaSISS localised 1.42 million genotype informative transcripts across 4.9cm2 of tissue. Microscopic clonal topographies are shaped by resident tissue architectures. Distinct transcriptional, histological and immunological features distinguish coexistent genetic clones. Spatial lineage tracing temporally orders clone features associated with the emergence of aggressive clinical traits. These results highlight the pivotal role of spatial genomics in deciphering the mechanisms underlying cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lomakin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svedlund, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gataric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmatko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleshchevnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaskivskyi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayraktar, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.439912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial genomics maps the structure, character and evolution of cancer clones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining replication in multi-ancestry genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since 2005, genome-wide association (GWA) datasets have been largely biased toward sampling European ancestry individuals, and recent studies have shown that GWA results estimated from self-identified European individuals are not transferable to non-European individuals due to various confounding challenges. Here, we demonstrate that enrichment analyses which aggregate SNP-level association statistics at multiple genomic scales--from genes to genomic regions and pathways--have been underutilized in the GWA era and can generate biologically interpretable hypotheses regarding the genetic basis of complex trait architecture. We illustrate examples of the robust associations generated by enrichment analyses while studying 25 continuous traits assayed in 566,786 individuals from seven diverse self-identified human ancestries in the UK Biobank and the Biobank Japan, as well as 44,348 admixed individuals from the PAGE consortium including cohorts of African-American, Hispanic and Latin American, Native Hawaiian, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals. We identify 1,000 gene-level associations that are genome-wide significant in at least two ancestry cohorts across these 25 traits, as well as highly conserved pathway associations with triglyceride levels in European, East Asian, and Native Hawaiian cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahamatdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining replication in multi-ancestry genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.440149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
spatialLIBD: an R/Bioconductor package to visualize spatially-resolved transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.440149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSpatially-resolved transcriptomics has now enabled the quantification of high-throughput and transcriptome-wide gene expression in intact tissue while also retaining the spatial coordinates. Incorporating the precise spatial mapping of gene activity advances our understanding of intact tissuespecific biological processes. In order to interpret these novel spatial data types, interactive visualization tools are necessary.

ResultsWe describe spatialLIBD, an R/Bioconductor package to interactively explore spatially-resolved transcriptomics data generated with the 10x Genomics Visium platform. The package contains functions to interactively access, visualize, and inspect the observed spatial gene expression data and data-driven clusters identified with supervised or unsupervised analyses, either on the users computer or through a web application.

AvailabilityspatialLIBD is available at bioconductor.org/packages/spatialLIBD.

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.440149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[spatialLIBD: an R/Bioconductor package to visualize spatially-resolved transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric alteration of olfactory bulb and immune-related molecular changes in olfactory epithelium in first episode psychosis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOlfactory dysfunction has been reproducibly reported in patients with psychosis, including first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Consistently, structural abnormalities in the olfactory bulb (OB), a key region of the peripheral olfactory system, have also been reported in psychotic disorders. Meanwhile, air pollution and viral infections in the upper respiratory tract, including those of SARS-CoV-2, are reportedly risk factors for brain dysfunction and mental disorders. These risk factors can disturb the olfactory epithelium (OE) that is located adjacent to the OB and connected via direct neuronal projections. Nevertheless, it is unknown how a disturbance of the OE possibly affects the OB in the pathophysiological context of psychotic disorders.

MethodsWe examined the volume of the OB in FEP patients and healthy controls from 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and molecular expression profiles of olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from freshly biopsied OE.

ResultsWe observed a reduction of the OB volume in FEP patients compared with healthy controls. We also observed a significant alteration in gene expression profiles in the ONCs from FEP patients, supporting the pathological changes in the OE. Among such molecular changes, immune-related molecules and pathways were underscored in association with the OB volume changes in FEP patients.

ConclusionsOur data support the OB and OE pathologies in FEP patients. Immune-related molecular changes in the OE can biologically link adverse factors in the nasal cavity, such as air pollution and viral infection, with the OB structural change, both of which have been reported for psychotic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric alteration of olfactory bulb and immune-related molecular changes in olfactory epithelium in first episode psychosis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity and selection of SARS-CoV-2 minority variants in the early New York City outbreak 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High error rates of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lead to diverse intra-host viral populations during infection. Errors made during replication that are not strongly deleterious to the virus can lead to the generation of minority variants. However, accurate detection of minority variants in viral sequence data is complicated by errors introduced during sample preparation and data analysis. We used synthetic RNA controls and simulated data to test seven variant calling tools across a range of allele frequencies and simulated coverages. We show that choice of variant caller, and use of replicate sequencing have the most significant impact on single nucleotide variant (SNV) discovery and demonstrate how both allele frequency and coverage thresholds impact both false discovery and false negative rates. We use these parameters to find minority variants in sequencing data from SARS-CoV-2 clinical specimens and provide guidance for studies of intrahost viral diversity using either single replicate data or data from technical replicates. Our study provides a framework for rigorous assessment of technical factors that impact SNV identification in viral samples and establishes heuristics that will inform and improve future studies of intrahost variation, viral diversity, and viral evolution.

IMPORTANCEWhen viruses replicate inside a host, the virus replication machinery makes mistakes. Over time, these mistakes create mutations that result in a diverse population of viruses inside the host. Mutations that are neither lethal to the virus, nor strongly beneficial, can lead to minority variants that are minor members of the virus population. However, preparing samples for sequencing can also introduce errors that resemble minority variants, resulting in inclusion of false positive data if not filtered correctly. In this study, we aimed to determine the best methods for identification and quantification of these minority variants by testing the performance of seven commonly used variant calling tools. We used simulated and synthetic data to test their performance against a true set of variants, and then used these studies to inform variant identification in data from clinical SARS-CoV-2 clinical specimens. Together, analyses of our data provide extensive guidance for future studies of viral diversity and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalfan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruchnewitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanovic, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laessig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luksza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghedin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity and selection of SARS-CoV-2 minority variants in the early New York City outbreak]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Estimation of SNP Heritability using Predictive Process approximation in Large scale Cohort Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of high throughput genetic data, there have been attempts to estimate heritability from genome-wide SNP data on a cohort of distantly related individuals using linear mixed model (LMM). Fitting such an LMM in a large scale cohort study, however, is tremendously challenging due to its high dimensional linear algebraic operations. In this paper, we propose a new method named PredLMM approximating the aforementioned LMM motivated by the concepts of genetic coalescence and gaussian predictive process. PredLMM has substantially better computational complexity than most of the existing LMM based methods and thus, provides a fast alternative for estimating heritability in large scale cohort studies. Theoretically, we show that under a model of genetic coalescence, the limiting form of our approximation is the celebrated predictive process approximation of large gaussian process likelihoods that has well-established accuracy standards. We illustrate our approach with extensive simulation studies and use it to estimate the heritability of multiple quantitative traits from the UK Biobank cohort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Estimation of SNP Heritability using Predictive Process approximation in Large scale Cohort Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dentate gyrus-CA3 inhibitory circuit promotes evolution of hippocampal-cortical ensembles during memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories encoded in the dentate gyrus (DG) - CA3 circuit of the hippocampus are routed from CA1 to anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for consolidation. Although CA1 parvalbumin inhibitory neurons (PV INs) orchestrate hippocampal-cortical communication, we know less about CA3 PV INs or DG - CA3 principal neuron - IN circuit mechanisms that contribute to evolution of hippocampal-cortical ensembles during memory consolidation. Using viral genetics to selectively mimic and boost an endogenous learning-dependent circuit mechanism, DG cell recruitment of CA3 PV INs and feed-forward inhibition (FFI) in CA3, in combination with longitudinal in vivo calcium imaging, we demonstrate that FFI facilitates formation and maintenance of context-associated neuronal ensembles in CA1. Increasing FFI in DG - CA3 promoted context specificity of neuronal ensembles in ACC over time and enhanced long-term contextual fear memory. In vivo LFP recordings in mice with increased FFI in DG - CA3 identified enhanced CA1 sharp-wave ripple - ACC spindle coupling as a potential network mechanism facilitating memory consolidation. Our findings illuminate how FFI in DG - CA3 dictates evolution of ensemble properties in CA1 and ACC during memory consolidation and suggest a teacher-like function for hippocampal CA1 in stabilization and re-organization of cortical representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Twarkowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steininger, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dentate gyrus-CA3 inhibitory circuit promotes evolution of hippocampal-cortical ensembles during memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A homeostatic interferon-lambda response to bacterial microbiota stimulates preemptive antiviral defense within discrete pockets of intestinal epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferon-lambda (IFN-{lambda}) protects intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from enteric viruses by inducing expression of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Here, we find that bacterial microbiota stimulate a homeostatic ISG signature in the intestine of specific pathogen-free mice. This homeostatic ISG expression is restricted to IECs, depends on IEC-intrinsic expression of IFN-{lambda} receptor (Ifnlr1), and is associated with IFN-{lambda} production by leukocytes. Strikingly, imaging of these homeostatic ISGs reveals localization to pockets of the epithelium and concentration in mature IECs. Correspondingly, a minority of mature IECs express these ISGs in public single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from mice and humans. Furthermore, we assessed the ability of orally-administered bacterial components to restore localized ISGs in mice lacking bacterial microbiota. Lastly, we find that IECs lacking Ifnlr1 are hyper-susceptible to initiation of murine rotavirus infection. These observations indicate that bacterial microbiota stimulate ISGs in localized regions of the intestinal epithelium at homeostasis, thereby preemptively activating antiviral defenses in vulnerable IECs to improve host defense against enteric viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Winkle, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheadon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constant, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nice, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A homeostatic interferon-lambda response to bacterial microbiota stimulates preemptive antiviral defense within discrete pockets of intestinal epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fungal extracellular vesicles are involved in intraspecies intracellular communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates in humans. The risk of fungal diseases creates the urgent need to broaden the knowledge base regarding their pathophysiology. In this sense, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been described to convey biological information and participate in the fungal-host interaction process. EVs play many roles, including cellular physiology, responding to environmental cues, mediating a complex circuit of cellular communication in bidirectional crosstalk with other organisms, and the communication between fungal cells has been speculated. This study demonstrated the intra species uptake of EVs in fungi, including Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and the effects triggered by EVs in fungal cells. In C. albicans, we evaluated the involvement of EVs in yeast to hyphae transition, whilst in P. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus the function of EVs as stress transducers was investigated. Both P. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus were exposed to an inhibitor of glycosylation or UV light, respectively. The results demonstrated the role of EVs in regulating the expression of target genes and phenotype features. The EVs treatment induced cellular proliferation and boosted the transition yeast to hyphal transition in C. albicans, while they enhanced stress signals in A. fumigatus and P. brasiliensis, establishing a role for EVs in fungal intra species communication. Thus, fungal EVs regulate the virulence and adaptive traits in fungal interaction systems as potent message effectors, and understanding their effects and mechanism(s) of action could be exploited in antifungal therapies.

Author SummaryExtracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in export systems. They act as vehicles for the transference of complex cargoes with broad biological functions, such as proteins, carbohydrates, pigments, nucleic acids, and lipids. EVs can contribute to fungal infection outcomes. The EV content exerts immunomodulatory functions during fungus-host interactions. Furthermore, the participation of EVs in communication between fungal cells has been speculated. This study investigated the capacity of EVs to mediate intra-species in three genera of human pathogenic fungi and established a regulatory function of EVs. We also assessed the features of this regulation by analyzing the cellular morphological aspects of fungi after stimulation with EVs. Our data suggest fungal EVs can function as potent signal mediators that mediate virulence and adaptive responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittencourt, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatanaka, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessoni, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trentin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Rossi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.447024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fungal extracellular vesicles are involved in intraspecies intracellular communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine protects against heterologous challenge with B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 virus variants in Syrian golden hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) requires adequate coverage of vaccine protection. We evaluated whether a spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine (SpFN), adjuvanted with the Army Liposomal Formulation QS21 (ALFQ), conferred protection against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 VOCs in Syrian golden hamsters. SpFN-ALFQ was administered as either single or double-vaccination (0 and 4 week) regimens, using a high (10 g) or low (0.2 g) immunogen dose. Animals were intranasally challenged at week 11. Binding antibody responses were comparable between high- and low-dose groups. Neutralizing antibody titers were equivalent against WA1, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants following two high dose two vaccinations. SpFN-ALFQ vaccination protected against SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and viral replication following intranasal B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 challenge, as evidenced by reduced weight loss, lung pathology, and lung and nasal turbinate viral burden. These data support the development of SpFN-ALFQ as a broadly protective, next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wuertz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naouar, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagodzinski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquin-Proulx, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromowski, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankhala, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajduczki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuklis, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussupt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Barrera, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarling, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froude, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokhtari, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudvari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radzyminski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine protects against heterologous challenge with B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 virus variants in Syrian golden hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLI transcriptional repression is inert prior to Hedgehog pathway activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of Hedgehog (HH) signaling, GLI proteins are post-translationally modified within cilia into transcriptional repressors that subsequently prevent sub-threshold activation of HH target genes. GLI repression is presumably important for preventing precocious expression of target genes before the onset of HH pathway activation, a presumption that underlies the pre-patterning model of anterior-posterior limb polarity. Here, we report that GLI3 repressor is abundant and binds to target genes in early limb development. However, contrary to expectations, GLI3 repression neither regulates the activity of GLI enhancers nor expression of HH target genes as it does after HH signaling has been established. Within the cilia, the transition to active GLI repression is accompanied by increases in axonemal GLI3 localization, possibly signifying altered GLI3 processing. Together, our results demonstrate that GLI3 repression does not prevent precocious activation of HH target genes, or have a pre-patterning role in regulating anterior-posterior limb polarity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lex, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkenstein, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windsor, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLI transcriptional repression is inert prior to Hedgehog pathway activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A statistical framework for differential pseudotime analysis with multiple single-cell RNA-seq samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudotime analysis with single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data has been widely used to study dynamic gene regulatory programs along continuous biological processes. While many computational methods have been developed to infer the pseudo-temporal trajectories of cells within a biological sample, methods that compare pseudo-temporal patterns with multiple samples (or replicates) across different experimental conditions are lacking. Lamian is a comprehensive and statistically-rigorous computational framework for differential multi-sample pseudotime analysis. It can be used to identify changes in a biological process associated with sample covariates, such as different biological conditions, and also to detect changes in gene expression, cell density, and topology of a pseudotemporal trajectory. Unlike existing methods that ignore sample variability, Lamian draws statistical inference after accounting for cross-sample variability and hence substantially reduces sample-specific false discoveries that are not generalizable to new samples. Using both simulations and real scRNA-seq data, including an analysis of differential immune response programs between COVID-19 patients with different disease severity levels, we demonstrate the advantages of Lamian in decoding cellular gene expression programs in continuous biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A statistical framework for differential pseudotime analysis with multiple single-cell RNA-seq samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating metagenomic software is key for optimizing metagenome interpretation and focus of the community-driven initiative for the Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI). In its second challenge, CAMI engaged the community to assess their methods on realistic and complex metagenomic datasets with long and short reads, created from [~]1,700 novel and known microbial genomes, as well as [~]600 novel plasmids and viruses. Altogether 5,002 results by 76 program versions were analyzed, representing a 22x increase in results.

Substantial improvements were seen in metagenome assembly, some due to using long-read data. The presence of related strains still was challenging for assembly and genome binning, as was assembly quality for the latter. Taxon profilers demonstrated a marked maturation, with taxon profilers and binners excelling at higher bacterial taxonomic ranks, but underperforming for viruses and archaea. Assessment of clinical pathogen detection techniques revealed a need to improve reproducibility. Analysis of program runtimes and memory usage identified highly efficient programs, including some top performers with other metrics. The CAMI II results identify current challenges, but also guide researchers in selecting methods for specific analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslicki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limasset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscheweyh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcher-Miranda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piro, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicedomini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabrowski, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willassen, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemetsen, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NO-stressed Y. pseudotuberculosis have decreased cell division rates in the mouse spleen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence dilution approaches can detect bacterial cell division events, and can detect if there are differential rates of cell division across individual cells within a population. This approach typically involves inducing expression of a fluorescent protein, and then tracking partitioning of fluorescence into daughter cells. However, fluorescence can be diluted very quickly within a rapidly replicating population, such as pathogenic bacterial populations replicating within host tissues. To overcome this limitation, we have generated two revTetR reporter constructs, where either mCherry or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is constitutively expressed, and repressed by addition of tetracyclines, resulting in fluorescence dilution within defined timeframes. We show that fluorescent signals are diluted in replicating populations, and that signal accumulates in growth-inhibited populations, including during nitric oxide exposure. Furthermore, we show that tetracyclines can be delivered to the mouse spleen during Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection, and defined a drug concentration that results in even exposure of cells to tetracyclines. We then used this system to visualize bacterial cell division within defined timeframes post-inoculation. We detected growth attenuation of the revTetR-mCherry strains within mouse tissues, however data suggested heightened NO exposure correlated with heightened mCherry signal. We were able to restore normal bacterial growth with revTetR-YFP, and use this strain to show that heightened NO exposure correlated with heightened YFP signal, indicating decreased cell division rates within this subpopulation in vivo. This revTetR reporter will provide a critical tool for future studies to identify and isolate slowly replicating bacterial subpopulations from host tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NO-stressed Y. pseudotuberculosis have decreased cell division rates in the mouse spleen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear SUN1 stabilizes endothelial cell junctions to regulate blood vessel formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells line all blood vessels, where they coordinate blood vessel formation and the blood-tissue barrier via regulation of cell-cell junctions. The nucleus also regulates endothelial cell behaviors, but it is unclear how the nucleus contributes to endothelial cell activities at the cell periphery. Here we show that the nuclear-localized LINC complex protein SUN1 regulates vascular sprouting and barrier function via effects on endothelial cell-cell junction morphology and function. Loss of murine endothelial Sun1 impaired blood vessel formation and destabilized junctions, angiogenic sprouts formed but retracted in SUN1-depleted sprouts, and zebrafish vessels lacking Sun1b had aberrant junctions and defective cell-cell connections. At the cellular level, SUN1 stabilized endothelial cell-cell junctions, promoted barrier function, and regulated contractility. Mechanistically, SUN1 depletion altered cell behaviors via the cytoskeleton without changing transcriptional profiles. Reduced peripheral microtubule density, fewer junction contacts and increased catastrophes accompanied SUN1 loss, and microtubule depolymerization phenocopied effects on junctions. Depletion of GEF-H1, a microtubule-regulated Rho activator, or the LINC complex protein nesprin-1 rescued defective junctions of SUN1-depleted endothelial cells. Thus, endothelial SUN1 regulates peripheral cell-cell junctions from the nucleus via LINC complex-based microtubule interactions that affect peripheral microtubule dynamics and Rho-regulated contractility, and this long-range regulation is important for proper blood vessel sprouting and barrier function.

SUMMARYThe nuclear membrane protein SUN1 promotes blood vessel formation and barrier function by stabilizing endothelial cell-cell junctions. Communication between SUN1 and endothelial cell junctions relies upon proper microtubule dynamics and Rho signaling far from the nucleus, revealing long-range cellular communication from the nucleus to the cell periphery that is important for vascular development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buglak, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanke, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear SUN1 stabilizes endothelial cell junctions to regulate blood vessel formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.456015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant in mRNA-1273 Boosted Nonhuman Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.456015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutralizing antibody responses gradually wane after vaccination with mRNA-1273 against several variants of concern (VOC), and additional boost vaccinations may be required to sustain immunity and protection. Here, we evaluated the immune responses in nonhuman primates that received 100 {micro}g of mRNA-1273 vaccine at 0 and 4 weeks and were boosted at week 29 with mRNA-1273 (homologous) or mRNA-1273.{beta} (heterologous), which encompasses the spike sequence of the B.1.351 (beta or {beta}) variant. Reciprocal ID50 pseudovirus neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMT) against live SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the {beta} variant, were 4700 and 765, respectively, at week 6, the peak of primary response, and 644 and 553, respectively, at a 5-month post-vaccination memory time point. Two weeks following homologous or heterologous boost {beta}-specific reciprocal ID50 GMT were 5000 and 3000, respectively. At week 38, animals were challenged in the upper and lower airway with the {beta} variant. Two days post-challenge, viral replication was low to undetectable in both BAL and nasal swabs in most of the boosted animals. These data show that boosting with the homologous mRNA-1273 vaccine six months after primary immunization provides up to a 20-fold increase in neutralizing antibody responses across all VOC, which may be required to sustain high-level protection against severe disease, especially for at-risk populations.

One-sentence summarymRNA-1273 boosted nonhuman primates have increased immune responses and are protected against SARS-CoV-2 beta infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narpala, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flebbe, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinchbaugh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moliva, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriparna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboune, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyoglu-Barnum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurmukhambetova, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, J.-P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.456015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant in mRNA-1273 Boosted Nonhuman Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rules of Pulsatile Neurostimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical stimulation is a key tool in neuroscience, both in brain mapping studies and in many therapeutic applications such as cochlear, vestibular, and retinal neural implants. Due to safety considerations, stimulation is restricted to short biphasic pulses. Despite decades of research and development, neural implants lead to varying restoration of function in patients. In this study, we use computational modeling to provide an explanation for how pulsatile stimulation affects axonal channels and therefore leads to variability in restoration of neural responses. The phenomenological explanation is transformed into equations that predict induced firing rate as a function of pulse rate, pulse amplitude, and spontaneous firing rate. We show that these equations predict simulated responses to pulsatile stimulation with a variety of parameters as well as several features of experimentally recorded vestibular afferent responses to pulsatile stimulation. We then discuss the implications of these effects for improving clinical stimulation paradigms and electrical stimulation-based experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rules of Pulsatile Neurostimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Role for Isoprenoids in Apicoplast Biogenesis by Malaria Parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) is an essential metabolic output of the apicoplast organelle in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites and is required for prenylation-dependent vesicular trafficking and other cellular processes. We have elucidated a critical and previously uncharacterized role for IPP in apicoplast biogenesis. Inhibiting IPP synthesis blocks apicoplast elongation and inheritance by daughter merozoites, and apicoplast biogenesis is rescued by exogenous IPP and polyprenols. Knockout of the only known isoprenoid-dependent apicoplast pathway, tRNA prenylation by MiaA, has no effect on blood-stage parasites and thus cannot explain apicoplast reliance on IPP. However, we have localized an annotated polyprenyl synthase (PPS) to the apicoplast lumen. PPS knockdown is lethal to parasites, rescued by IPP, and blocks apicoplast biogenesis, thus explaining apicoplast dependence on isoprenoid synthesis. We hypothesize that PPS synthesizes long-chain polyprenols critical for apicoplast membrane fluidity and biogenesis. This work critically expands the paradigm for isoprenoid utilization in malaria parasites and identifies a novel essential branch of apicoplast metabolism suitable for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mixon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschek, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigala, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Role for Isoprenoids in Apicoplast Biogenesis by Malaria Parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of USH1C/harmonin in the human retina provides insights into pathophysiology and therapy options for Usher syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of hereditary deafness-blindness in humans. USH is a complex genetic disorder, assigned to three clinical subtypes differing in onset, course, and severity, with USH1 being the most severe. Rodent USH1 models do not reflect the ocular phenotype observed in human patients to date; hence, little is known about the pathophysiology of USH1 in the human eye. One of the USH1 genes, USH1C, exhibits extensive alternative splicing and encodes numerous harmonin protein isoforms that function as scaffolds for organizing the USH interactome. RNA-seq analysis of human retinas uncovered harmonin_a1 as the most abundant transcript of USH1C. Bulk RNA-seq analysis and immunoblotting showed abundant expression of harmonin in Muller glia cells (MGCs) and retinal neurons. Furthermore, harmonin was localized in the terminal endfeet and apical microvilli of MGCs, presynaptic region (pedicle) of cones, and outer segments of rods as well as at adhesive junctions of MGCs and photoreceptors in the outer limiting membrane (OLM). Our data provide evidence for the interactions of harmonin with OLM molecules in photoreceptors (PRCs) and MGCs and rhodopsin in PRCs. Subcellular expression and colocalization of harmonin correlate with the clinical phenotype observed in USH1C patients. In addition, primary cilia defects in USH1C patient-derived fibroblasts could be reverted by the delivery of harmonin_a1 transcript isoform. Our data provide novel insights into PRC cell biology, USH1C pathophysiology, and for developing gene therapy treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagel-Wolfrum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadl, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunderlich, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fath, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosche, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaroop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfrum, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of USH1C/harmonin in the human retina provides insights into pathophysiology and therapy options for Usher syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting metabolic adaptations in the breast cancer liver metastatic niche using dietary approaches to improve endocrine therapy efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic tumors contribute to nearly 70% of breast cancer-related deaths. Most patients with ER+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) undergo treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant (Fulv) as standard-of-care. Yet, among such patients, metastasis in liver is associated with reduced overall survival compared to other metastasis sites. The factors underlying the reduced responsiveness of liver metastases to ER-targeting agents remain unknown, impeding the development of more effective treatment approaches to improve outcomes for patients with ER+ liver metastases. We therefore evaluated site-specific changes in MBC cells and determined the mechanisms through which the liver metastatic niche specifically influences ER+ tumor metabolism and drug resistance. We characterized ER activity of MBC cells both in vitro, using a novel system of tissue-specific extracellular matrix hydrogels representing the stroma of ER+ tumor metastatic sites (liver, lung and bone), and in vivo, in liver and lung metastasis mouse models. ER+ metastatic liver tumors and MBC cells grown in liver hydrogels displayed upregulated expression of glucose metabolism enzymes in response to Fulv. Furthermore, differential ER activity, but not expression, was detected in liver hydrogels. In vivo, increased glucose metabolism led to increased glycogen deposition in liver metastatic tumors, while a fasting-mimicking diet increased efficacy of Fulv treatment to reduce the metastatic burden.

ImplicationsOur findings identify a novel mechanism of endocrine resistance driven by the liver tumor microenvironment. These results may guide the development of dietary strategies to circumvent drug resistance in liver metastasis, with potential applicability in other metastatic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogol, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casiano, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drnevich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imir, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzenellenbogen, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavendra, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madak-Erdogan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.458711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting metabolic adaptations in the breast cancer liver metastatic niche using dietary approaches to improve endocrine therapy efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variant surface glycoprotein expression in human African trypanosomiasis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the primary causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a vector-borne disease endemic to West and Central Africa. The extracellular parasite evades antibody recognition within the host bloodstream by altering its Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat through a process of antigenic variation. The serological tests which are widely used to screen for HAT use VSG as one of the target antigens. However, the VSGs expressed during human infection have not been characterized. Here we use VSG-seq to analyze the VSGs expressed in the blood of patients infected with T. b. gambiense and compared them to VSG expression in T. b. rhodesiense infections in humans as well as T. b. brucei infections in mice. The 44 VSGs expressed during T. b. gambiense infection revealed a striking bias towards expression of type B N-termini (82% of detected VSGs). This bias is specific to T. b. gambiense, which is unique among T. brucei subspecies in its chronic clinical presentation and anthroponotic nature, pointing towards a potential link between VSG expression and pathogenesis. The expressed T. b. gambiense VSGs also share very little similarity to sequences from 36 T. b. gambiense whole genome sequencing datasets, particularly in areas of the VSG protein exposed to host antibodies, suggesting that wild T. brucei VSG repertoires vary more than previously expected. Overall, this work demonstrates new features of antigenic variation in T. brucei gambiense and highlights the importance of understanding VSG repertoires in nature.

Significance StatementHuman African Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease primarily caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. To avoid elimination by the host, these parasites repeatedly replace their Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat. Despite the important role of VSGs in prolonging infection, VSG expression during human infections is poorly understood. A better understanding of natural VSG gene expression dynamics can clarify the mechanisms that T. brucei uses to alter its VSG coat and improve trypanosomiasis diagnosis in humans. We analyzed the expressed VSGs detected in the blood of patients with trypanosomiasis. Our findings indicate that there are features of antigenic variation unique to human-infective T. brucei subspecies and VSGs expressed in natural infection may vary more than previously expected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>So, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudlow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grudda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborggraeve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoyi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desamber, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickstead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variant surface glycoprotein expression in human African trypanosomiasis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batch effects removal for microbiome data via conditional quantile regression (ConQuR) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Batch effects in microbiome data arise from differential processing of specimens and can lead to spurious findings and obscure true signals. Most existing strategies for mitigating batch effects rely on approaches designed for genomic analysis, failing to address the zero-inflated and over-dispersed microbiome data. Strategies tailored for microbiome data are restricted to association testing, failing to allow other analytic goals such as visualization. We develop the Conditional Quantile Regression (ConQuR) approach to remove microbiome batch effects using a two-part quantile regression model. It is a fundamental advancement in the field because it is the first comprehensive method that accommodates the complex distributions of microbial read counts, and it generates batch-removed zero-inflated read counts that can be used in and benefit all usual subsequent analyses. We apply ConQuR to real microbiome data sets and demonstrate its state-of-the-art performance in removing batch effects while preserving or even amplifying the signals of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lulla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plantinga, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koay, W. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodor, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batch effects removal for microbiome data via conditional quantile regression (ConQuR)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular assembly of measles and Nipah virus: specific lipid binding drives conformational change and matrix polymerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measles virus, Nipah virus, and multiple other paramyxoviruses cause disease outbreaks in humans and animals worldwide. The paramyxovirus matrix (M) protein mediates virion assembly and budding from host cell membranes. M is thus a key target for antivirals, but few high-resolution structures of paramyxovirus M are available, and we lack the clear understanding of how viral M proteins interact with membrane lipids to mediate viral assembly and egress needed to guide antiviral design. Here, we reveal that M proteins associate with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane. Using X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics we demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 binding induces conformational and electrostatic changes in the M protein surface that trigger membrane deformation, matrix layer polymerization, and virion assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husby, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiosses, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennick, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkins, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schendel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeras-Bueno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Salie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapagain, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maisner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duprex, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahelin, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollmann Saphire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular assembly of measles and Nipah virus: specific lipid binding drives conformational change and matrix polymerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New from old: discovery of the novel antibiotic actinomycin L in Streptomyces sp. MBT27 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptomycetes are major producers of bioactive natural products, including the majority of the antibiotics. While much if the low-hanging fruit has been discovered, it is predited that less than 5% of the chemical space has been mined. Here, we describe the novel actinomycins L1 and L2, which are produced by Streptomyces sp. MBT27. The molecules were discovered via metabolic analysis combined with molecular networking of cultures grown with different combinations of carbon sources. Actinomycins L1 and L2 are diastereoisomers, and the structure of actinomycin L2 was resolved using NMR and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Actinomycin L is formed via a unique spirolinkage of anthranilamide to the 4-oxoproline moiety of actinomycin X2, prior to the condensation of the actinomycin halves. Feeding anthranilamide to cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus, which has the same biosynthetic gene cluster as Streptomyces sp. MBT27 but only produces actinomycin X2, resulted in the production of actinomycin L. This shows that actinomycin L results from joining two distinct metabolic pathways, namely those for actinomycin X2 and for anthranilamide. Actinomycins L1 and L2 showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram- positive bacteria. Our work shows how new molecules can still be identified even in the oldest of natural product families.

IMPORTANCEActinomycin was the first antibiotic discovered in an actinobacterium by Selman Waksman and colleagues, as early as 1940. This period essentially marks the start of the  golden era of antibiotic discovery. Over time, emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the declining success rate of antibiotic discovery resulted in the current antibiotic crisis. We surprisingly discovered that under some growth conditions, Streptomyces sp. MBT27 can produce actinomycins that are significantly different from those that have been published so far. The impact of this work is not only that we have discovered a novel molecule with very interesting chemical modifications in one of the oldest antibiotics ever described, but also that this requires the combined action of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, namely the biosynthesis of anthranilamide and of actinomycin X2, respectively. The implication of the discovery is that even the most well-studied families of natural products may still have surprises in store for us.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Machushynets, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegler, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genilloud, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankemeier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wezel, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New from old: discovery of the novel antibiotic actinomycin L in Streptomyces sp. MBT27]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Formation of a Stable Sliding Clamp Discriminates MSH2-MSH3 and MSH2-MSH6 Mismatch Interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MutS homologs (MSH) are highly conserved core components of DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Mismatch recognition provokes ATP-binding by MSH proteins that drives a conformational transition from a short-lived lesion-searching clamp to an extremely stable sliding clamp on the DNA. Once on DNA the MSH sliding clamps provide a platform for the assembly of MMR strand-specific excision components beginning with the highly conserved MutL homologs (MLH/PMS). Previous studies with short mismatch-containing oligonucleotides revealed an MSH ATP hydrolysis (ATPase) cycle that included mismatch recognition, the formation of an ATP-bound sliding clamp and dissociation from the end of a mismatched DNA that ultimately recovers the mismatch binding conformation. We found that ATP-bound MSH complexes on blocked-end or very long DNA are extremely stable under a range of ionic conditions. These observations underpinned the development of a high-throughput fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system capable of clearly distinguishing between HsMSH2-HsMSH3 and HsMSH2-HsMSH6 activities that is suitable for chemical inhibitor screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Formation of a Stable Sliding Clamp Discriminates MSH2-MSH3 and MSH2-MSH6 Mismatch Interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tree-based Correlation Screen and Visualization for Exploring Phenotype-Cell Type Association in Multiple Sample Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq experiments with multiple samples are increasingly used to discover cell types and their molecular features that may influence samples phenotype (e.g. disease). However, analyzing and visualizing the complex cell type-phenotype association remains nontrivial. TreeCorTreat is an open source R package that tackles this problem by using a tree-based correlation screen to analyze and visualize the association between phenotype and transcriptomic features and cell types at multiple cell type resolution levels. With TreeCorTreat, one can conveniently explore and compare different feature types, phenotypic traits, analysis protocols and datasets, and evaluate the impacts of potential confounders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tree-based Correlation Screen and Visualization for Exploring Phenotype-Cell Type Association in Multiple Sample Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Btbd11 is an inhibitory interneuron specific synaptic scaffolding protein that supports excitatory synapse structure and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses in the brain exhibit cell-type-specific differences in basal synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we evaluated cell-type-specific differences in the composition of glutamatergic synapses, identifying Btbd11, as an inhibitory interneuron-specific synapse-enriched protein. Btbd11 is highly conserved across species and binds to core postsynaptic proteins including Psd-95. Intriguingly, we show that Btbd11 can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation when expressed with Psd-95, supporting the idea that the glutamatergic post synaptic density in synapses in inhibitory and excitatory neurons exist in a phase separated state. Knockout of Btbd11 from inhibitory interneurons decreased glutamatergic signaling onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Further, both in vitro and in vivo, we find that Btbd11 knockout disrupts network activity. At the behavioral level, Btbd11 knockout from interneurons sensitizes mice to pharmacologically induced hyperactivity following NMDA receptor antagonist challenge. Our findings identify a cell-type-specific protein that supports glutamatergic synapse function in inhibitory interneurons--with implication for circuit function and animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackert, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adenuga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldschmidt, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Btbd11 is an inhibitory interneuron specific synaptic scaffolding protein that supports excitatory synapse structure and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis doxycycline tolerance strategies include modulating expression of genes involved in cell permeability and tRNA modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic tolerance is typically associated with a phenotypic change within a bacterial population, resulting in a transient decrease in antibiotic susceptibility that can contribute to treatment failure and recurrent infections. Although tolerant cells may emerge prior to treatment, the stress of prolonged antibiotic exposure can also promote tolerance. Here, we sought to determine how Yersinia pseudotuberculosis responds to doxycycline exposure, to then verify if these gene expression changes could promote doxycycline tolerance in culture and in our mouse model of infection. Only four genes were differentially regulated in response to a physiologically-relevant dose of doxycycline: osmB and ompF were upregulated, tusB and cnfy were downregulated; differential expression also occurred during doxycycline treatment in the mouse. ompF, tusB and cnfy were also differentially regulated in response to chloramphenicol, indicating these could be general responses to ribosomal inhibition. cnfy has previously been associated with persistence and was not a major focus here. We found deletion of the OmpF porin resulted in increased antibiotic accumulation, suggesting expression may promote diffusion of doxycycline out of the cell, while OsmB lipoprotein had a minor impact on antibiotic permeability. Overexpression of tusB significantly impaired bacterial survival in culture and in the mouse, suggesting that tRNA modification by tusB, and the resulting impacts on translational machinery, may play an important role in promoting tolerance. We believe this is the first observation of bactericidal activity of doxycycline, which was revealed by reversing tusB downregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Manzo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Cauwelaert de Wyels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotten, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Opijnen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis doxycycline tolerance strategies include modulating expression of genes involved in cell permeability and tRNA modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.465032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vaccine targeting the L9 epitope of the malaria circumsporozoite protein confers protection from blood-stage infection in a mouse challenge model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.465032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines that induce high-titer, durable antibody responses can potentially provide protection from infection. Here, we engineered a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine targeting a recently described vulnerable epitope at the N-terminus of the central repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) that is recognized by the potently inhibitory monoclonal antibody L9 and show that immunization with L9 VLPs induces strong antibody responses that provide protection from blood-stage malaria in a mouse infection model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jelinkova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chackerian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.465032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vaccine targeting the L9 epitope of the malaria circumsporozoite protein confers protection from blood-stage infection in a mouse challenge model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mouse mammary tumor virus intasome exhibits distinct dynamics on target DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retroviral intasomes are complexes assembled from purified integrase (IN) and oligonucleotides mimicking viral DNA ends (vDNA). Recombinant intasomes faithfully recapitulate integration of vDNA into a target DNA. Structural studies of retroviral intasomes have revealed an array of IN oligomer forms, which appear to share a conserved intasome core coordinating the vDNA ends for strand transfer into the target DNA. Here we have explored the biochemical and dynamic properties of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) octameric intasome. We show that the MMTV intasome is remarkably stable compared to the prototype foamy virus (PFV) tetrameric intasome. MMTV integration activity peaks within the range of physiological ionic strength and is more active in the presence of manganese compared to magnesium. Single-molecule images demonstrate that the target DNA search by MMTV intasomes appears rate-limiting, similar to PFV intasomes. The time between strand transfer of the two MMTV vDNA ends into the target DNA is [~]3 fold slower than PFV intasomes. MMTV intasomes can form extremely stable, largely immobile filaments on a target DNA that are comprised of multiple intasomes. This unusual property suggests that MMTV intasomes may readily form higher order oligomers that might underpin their increased stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baltierra-Jasso, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballandras-Collas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mouse mammary tumor virus intasome exhibits distinct dynamics on target DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bet-hedging antimicrobial strategies in macrophage phagosome acidification drive the dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular escape mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a major human pathogen with a remarkable intracellular survival strategy that includes exiting macrophages through non-lytic exocytosis (Vomocytosis) and transferring between macrophages (Dragotcytosis) by a mechanism that involves sequential events of non-lytic exocytosis and phagocytosis. Vomocytosis and Dragotcytosis are fungal driven processes, but their triggers are not understood. We hypothesized that the dynamics of Dragotcytosis could inherit the stochasticity of phagolysosome acidification and that Dragotcytosis was triggered by fungal cell stress. Consistent with this view, fungal cells involved in Dragotcytosis reside in phagolysosomes characterized by low pH and/or high oxidative stress. Using fluorescent microscopy, qPCR, live cell video microscopy, and fungal growth assays we found that the that mitigating pH or oxidative stress abrogated Dragotcytosis frequency, that ROS susceptible mutants of C. neoformans underwent Dragotcytosis more frequently. Dragotcytosis initiation was linked to phagolysosomal pH and oxidative stresses and correlated with the macrophage polarization state. Dragotcytosis manifested stochastic dynamics thus paralleling the dynamics of phagosomal acidification, which correlated with the inhospitality of phagolysosomes in differently polarized macrophages. Hence, randomness in phagosomal acidification randomly created a population of inhospitable phagosomes where fungal cell stress triggered stochastic C. neoformans non-lytic exocytosis dynamics to escape a non-permissive intracellular macrophage environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Stable, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagnotta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bet-hedging antimicrobial strategies in macrophage phagosome acidification drive the dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular escape mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal cross-over between mutations associated with Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified in COVID-19 convalescent individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing concern that ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 could lead to variants of concern (VOC) that are capable of avoiding some or all of the multi-faceted immune response generated by both prior infection or vaccination, with the recently described B.1.1.529 (Omicron) VOC being of particular interest. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from PCR-confirmed, recovered COVID-19 convalescent patients (n=30) infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the United States collected in April and May 2020 who possessed at least one or more of six different HLA haplotypes were selected for examination of their anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses using a multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer staining approach. This analysis examined if the previously identified viral epitopes targeted by CD8+ T-cells in these individuals (n=52 distinct epitopes) are mutated in the newly described Omicron VOC (n=50 mutations). Within this population, only one low-prevalence epitope from the Spike protein restricted to two HLA alleles and found in 2/30 (7%) individuals contained a single amino acid change associated with the Omicron VOC. These data suggest that virtually all individuals with existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses should recognize the Omicron VOC, and that SARS-CoV-2 has not evolved extensive T-cell escape mutations at this time.

ImportanceThe newly identified Omicron variant of concern contains more mutations than any of the previous variants described to date. In addition, many of the mutations associated with the Omicron variant are found in areas that are likely bound by neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that the first line of immunological defense against COVID-19 may be compromised. However, both natural infection and vaccination develop T-cell based responses, in addition to antibodies. This study examined if the parts of the virus, or epitopes, targeted by the CD8+ T-cell response in thirty individuals who recovered from COVID-19 in 2020 were mutated in the Omicron variant. Only one of 52 epitopes identified in this population contained an amino acid that was mutated in Omicron. These data suggest that the T-cell immune response in previously infected, and most likely vaccinated individuals, should still be effective against Omicron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Redd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kared, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laeyendecker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlings, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal cross-over between mutations associated with Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified in COVID-19 convalescent individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-determined diversity in resistant fates emerges from homogenous cells after anti-cancer drug treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even amongst genetically identical cancer cells, therapy resistance often only emerges from a very small subset of those cells. Much effort has gone into uncovering the molecular differences in rare individual cells in the initial population that may allow certain cells to become therapy resistant; however, comparatively little is known about variability in the resistant outcomes themselves. Here, we develop and apply FateMap, a framework that combines DNA barcoding with single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal the fates of hundreds of thousands of clones exposed to anti-cancer therapies. We show that resistant clones emerging from single-cell-derived cancer cells adopt molecularly, morphologically, and functionally distinct fate types. These different resistant types are largely predetermined by molecular differences between cells before addition of drug and not by extrinsic cell-specific microenvironmental factors. Changes in dose and kind of drug can, however, switch the resistant fate type of an initial cell, even resulting in the generation and elimination of certain fate types. Diversity in resistant fates was observed across several single-cell-derived cancer cell lines and types treated with a variety of drugs. Cell fate diversity as a result of variability in intrinsic cell states may be a generic feature of response to external cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardani, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fane, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-determined diversity in resistant fates emerges from homogenous cells after anti-cancer drug treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain regulatory program predates central nervous system evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding if bilaterian centralized nervous systems (CNS) evolved once or multiple times has been debated for over a century. Recent efforts determined that the nerve chords found in bilaterian CNSs likely evolved independently, but the origin(s) of brains remains debatable. Developing brains are regionalized by stripes of gene expression along the anteroposterior axis. Gene homologs are expressed in the same relative order in disparate species, which has been interpreted as evidence for homology. However, regionalization programs resemble anteroposterior axial patterning programs, which supports an alternative model by which conserved expression in brains arose convergently through the independent co-option of deeply conserved axial patterning programs. To begin resolving these hypotheses, we sought to determine when the neurogenic role for axial programs evolved. Here we show that the nerve net in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and bilaterian brain are regionalized by the same molecular programs, which indicates nervous system regionalization predates the emergence of bilaterians and CNSs altogether. This argues that shared regionalization mechanisms are insufficient to support the homology of brains and supports the notion that axial programs were able to be co-opted multiple times during evolution of brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faltine-Gonzalez, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havrilak, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain regulatory program predates central nervous system evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae challenge strains for evaluating vaccine efficacy and inferring mechanisms of protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human challenge studies are instrumental for testing cholera vaccines, but these studies use outdated strains and require inpatient facilities. Here, we created next-generation isogenic Ogawa and Inaba V. cholerae challenge strains (ZChol strains) derived from a contemporary Zambian clinical isolate representative of current dominant pandemic V. cholerae. To minimize the risk of severe diarrhea these strains were rendered non-toxigenic, since antibody responses which limit V. cholerae colonization are the primary mechanism of immune protection. These strains did not cause diarrhea in infant mice and proved to accurately gauge reduction in intestinal colonization mediated by effective vaccination. They are also valuable as targets for measuring vibriocidal antibody responses. Using barcoded ZChol strains, we discovered that vaccination tightens the infection bottleneck without restricting pathogen expansion in vivo. ZChol strains have the potential to enhance the safety, relevance, and scope of future cholera vaccine challenge studies and be valuable reagents for studies of immunity to cholera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hullahalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilengi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae challenge strains for evaluating vaccine efficacy and inferring mechanisms of protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nipah virus detection at bat roosts following spillover events in Bangladesh, 2012-2019 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of the dynamics and genetic diversity of Nipah virus circulating in bats and at the human-animal interface is limited by current sampling efforts, which produce few detections of viral RNA. We report on a series of investigations at bat roosts identified near human Nipah cases in Bangladesh between 2012 and 2019. Pooled bat urine samples were collected from 23 roosts; seven roosts (30%) had at least one sample with Nipah RNA detected from the first visit. In subsequent visits to these seven roosts, RNA was detected in bat urine up to 52 days after the presumed exposure of the human case, although the probability of detection declined rapidly with time. These results suggest that rapidly deployed investigations of Nipah virus shedding from bat roosts near human cases could increase the success of viral sequencing compared to background surveillance and enhance our understanding of Nipah virus ecology and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKee, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yinda, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daszak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munster, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowright, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nipah virus detection at bat roosts following spillover events in Bangladesh, 2012-2019]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of sleep by trafficking of lipids through the Drosophila blood brain barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis through Drosophila glia is a significant determinant of sleep amount and occurs preferentially during sleep in glia of the blood brain barrier (BBB). To identify metabolites whose trafficking is mediated by sleep-dependent endocytosis, we conducted metabolomic analysis of flies that have increased sleep due to a block in glial endocytosis. We report that acylcarnitines, molecules that conjugate with long chain fatty acids to promote their transport, accumulate in heads of these animals. In parallel, to identify transporters and receptors whose loss contributes to the sleep phenotype caused by blocked endocytosis, we screened genes enriched in barrier glia for effects on sleep. We find that knockdown of lipid transporters LRP1&2 as well as carnitine transporters ORCT1&2 increases sleep. In support of the idea that the block in endocytosis affects trafficking through specific transporters, knockdown of LRP or ORCT transporters also increases acylcarnitines in heads. We propose that lipid species, such as acylcarnitines, are trafficked through the BBB via sleep-dependent endocytosis, and their accumulation in the brain increases the need for sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Artiushin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of sleep by trafficking of lipids through the Drosophila blood brain barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ethanol exposure alters Alzheimer's-related pathology, behavior, and metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic ethanol exposure can increase amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) and tau in rodent models of Alzheimers-disease (AD)-like pathology, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, a moderate two-bottle choice drinking paradigm was used to identify how chronic ethanol exposure alters A{beta}-related pathology, metabolism, and behavior. Complementary in vivo microdialysis experiments were used to measure how acute ethanol directly modulates A{beta} in the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF). Ethanol-exposed APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice showed increased brain atrophy and an increased number of amyloid plaques. Further analysis revealed that ethanol exposure led to a shift in the distribution of plaque size in the cortex and hippocampus. Ethanol-exposed mice developed a greater number of smaller plaques, potentially setting the stage for increased plaque proliferation in later life. Ethanol also induced changes in N-methyl-D-aspartate and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (NMDAR and GABAAR, respectively) expression, possibly reflecting changes in the excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) balance in the brain. Ethanol exposure also led to a diurnal shift in feeding behavior which was associated with changes in glucose homeostasis and glucose intolerance. Ethanol exposure also exacerbated alterations in the open-field test and deficits in nest-building behaviors in APP/PS1mice. Lastly, an acute dose of ethanol bidirectionally altered hippocampal ISF A{beta} levels - decreasing during the initial exposure and increasing during withdrawal. Acute ethanol exposure increased hippocampal ISF glucose levels, suggesting changes in cerebral glucose metabolism occur in response to ethanol. These experiments indicate that ethanol exacerbates an AD-like phenotype by altering A{beta} deposition, behavior, and metabolism. Here, even a moderate drinking paradigm culminates in an interaction between alcohol use and AD-related phenotypes with a potentiation of AD-related pathology, behavioral dysfunction, and metabolic impairment.

HighlightsO_LIChronic ethanol exposure increases brain atrophy in APP/PS1 mice.
C_LIO_LIChronic ethanol exposure increased the number of plaques in the brains of APP/PS1 mice.
C_LIO_LIChronic ethanol exposure led to dysregulated metabolism in APP/PS1 mice.
C_LIO_LIChronic ethanol exposure altered anxiety- and dementia-related behaviors in APP/PS1 mice.
C_LIO_LIAcute ethanol exposure bidirectionally alters interstitial fluid (ISF) levels of amyloid-{beta} in APP/PS1 mice during exposure and withdrawal.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gironda, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snipes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicol, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macauley, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ethanol exposure alters Alzheimer's-related pathology, behavior, and metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kir6.2-containing KATP channels are necessary for glucose dependent increases in amyloid-beta and Alzheimer's-related pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased neuronal excitability contributes to amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) production and aggregation in the Alzheimers disease (AD) brain. Previous work from our lab demonstrated that hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels, increased brain excitability and A{beta} release potentially through inward rectifying, ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. KATP channels are present on several different cell types and help to maintain excitatory thresholds throughout the brain. KATP channels are sensitive to changes in the metabolic environment, which are coupled to changes in cellular excitability. Therefore, we hypothesized that neuronal KATP channels are necessary for the hyperglycemic-dependent increases in extracellular A{beta} and eliminating KATP channel activity will uncouple the relationship between metabolism, excitability, and A{beta} pathology. First, we demonstrate that Kir6.2/KCNJ11, the pore forming subunits, and SUR1/ABCC8, the sulfonylurea receptors, are predominantly expressed on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the human brain and that cortical expression of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 change with AD pathology in humans and rodent models. Next, we crossed APP/PS1 mice with Kir6.2 -/- mice, which lack neuronal KATP channel activity, to define the relationship between KATP channels, A{beta}, and hyperglycemia. Using in vivo microdialysis and hyperglycemic clamps, we explored how acute elevations in peripheral blood glucose levels impacted hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose, lactate, and A{beta} levels in APP/PS1 mice with or without KATP channels. Kir6.2+/+, APP/PS1 mice and Kir6.2-/-, APP/PS1 mice were exposed to a high sucrose diet for 6 months to determine the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on A{beta} deposition. We found that elevations in blood glucose levels correlate with increased ISF A{beta}, amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and amyloid plaque pathology in APP/PS mice with intact KATP channels. However, neither acute hyperglycemia nor chronic sucrose overconsumption raised ISF A{beta} or increased A{beta} plaque burden in APP/PS1 mice lacking Kir6.2-KATP channel activity. Mechanistic studies demonstrate ISF glucose not only correlates with ISF A{beta} but also ISF lactate. Without KATP channel activity, ISF lactate does not increase during hyperglycemia, which correlates with decreased monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) expression, a lactate transporter responsible for astrocytic lactate release. This suggests that KATP channel activity regulates ISF lactate during hyperglycemia, which is important for A{beta} release and aggregation. These studies identify a new role for Kir6.2-KATP channels in Alzheimers disease pathology and suggest that pharmacological antagonism of Kir6.2-KATP channels holds therapeutic promise in reducing A{beta} pathology, especially in diabetic and prediabetic patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grizzanti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pait, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantino, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitelzweig, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicol, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snipes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caesar, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remedi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macauley, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kir6.2-containing KATP channels are necessary for glucose dependent increases in amyloid-beta and Alzheimer's-related pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.480688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flipped Over U: Structural Basis for dsRNA Cleavage by the SARS-CoV-2 Endoribonuclease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.480688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses generate double-stranded (ds) RNA intermediates during viral replication that can activate host immune sensors. To evade activation of the host pattern recognition receptor MDA5, coronaviruses employ Nsp15, which is uridine-specific endoribonuclease. Nsp15 is proposed to associate with the coronavirus replication-transcription complex within double-membrane vesicles to cleave these dsRNA intermediates. How Nsp15 recognizes and processes dsRNA is poorly understood because previous structural studies of Nsp15 have been limited to small single-stranded (ss) RNA substrates. Here we present cryo-EM structures of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 bound to a 52nt dsRNA. We observed that the Nsp15 hexamer forms a platform for engaging dsRNA across multiple protomers. The structures, along with site-directed mutagenesis and RNA cleavage assays revealed critical insight into dsRNA recognition and processing. To process dsRNA Nsp15 utilizes a base-flipping mechanism to properly orient the uridine within the active site for cleavage. Our findings show that Nsp15 is a distinctive endoribonuclease that can cleave both ss- and dsRNA effectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frazier, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krahn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butay, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgnia, M. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.480688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flipped Over U: Structural Basis for dsRNA Cleavage by the SARS-CoV-2 Endoribonuclease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Palo: Spatially-aware color palette optimization for single-cell and spatial data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryIn the exploratory data analysis of single-cell or spatial genomic data, single cells or spatial spots are often visualized using a two-dimensional plot where cell clusters or spot clusters are marked with different colors. With tens of clusters, current visualization methods often assigns visually similar colors to spatially neighboring clusters, making it hard to identify the distinction between clusters. To address this issue, we developed Palo that optimizes the color palette assignment for single-cell and spatial data in a spatially-aware manner. Palo identifies pairs of clusters that are spatially neighboring to each other and assigns visually distinct colors to those neighboring pairs. We demonstrate that Palo leads to improved visualization in real single-cell and spatial genomic datasets.

AvailabilityPalo R package is freely available at https://github.com/Winnie09/Palo.

Contactzhicheng.ji@duke.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.484080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Palo: Spatially-aware color palette optimization for single-cell and spatial data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melanization is an important antifungal defense mechanism in Galleria mellonella hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key component of insect immunity is melanin encapsulation of microbes. Melanization is also a part of an immune process known as nodulation, which occurs when insect hemocytes surround microbes and produce melanin. Insect nodules are analogous to mammalian immune granulomas. Melanin is believed to kill microbes through the production of toxic intermediates and oxidative damage. However, it is unclear to what extent immune melanin is directly fungicidal during infections of insect hosts. We reported previously that C. neoformans cells are encapsulated with host-derived melanin within hemocyte nodules. Here we report an association between melanin-based immune responses by Galleria mellonella wax moth larvae and fungal cell death of C. neoformans during infection. To monitor melanization in situ, we applied a tissue-clearing technique to G. mellonella larvae, revealing that nodulation occurs throughout the organism. Further, we developed a protocol for time-lapse microscopy of extracted hemolymph following exposure to fungal cells, which allowed us to visualize and quantify the kinetics of the melanin-based immune response. Using this technique, we found evidence that cryptococcal melanins and laccase enhance immune melanization in hemolymph. We used these techniques to also study the fungal pathogen Candida albicans infections of G. mellonella. We find that the yeast form of C. albicans was the primary targets of host melanization, while filamentous structures were melanin-evasive. Approximately 23% of melanin-encapsulated C. albicans yeast survive and break through the encapsulation. Overall, our results provide direct evidence that the melanization reaction functions as a direct antifungal mechanism in insect hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.02.486843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melanization is an important antifungal defense mechanism in Galleria mellonella hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Antimalarial Compounds that Inhibit Apicomplexan AP2 Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium parasites are reliant on the Apicomplexan AP2 (ApiAP2) transcription factor family to regulate gene expression programs. AP2 DNA binding domains have no homologs in the human or mosquito host genomes, making them potential antimalarial drug targets. Using an in-silico screen to dock thousands of small molecules into the crystal structure of the AP2-EXP (Pf3D7_1466400) AP2 domain (PDB:3IGM), we identified compounds that interact with this domain. Four compounds were found to compete for DNA binding with AP2-EXP and at least one additional ApiAP2 protein. Our top ApiAP2 competitor compound perturbs the transcriptome of P. falciparum trophozoites and results in a decrease in abundance of log2 fold change > 2 for 50% (46/93) of AP2-EXP target genes. Additionally, two ApiAP2 competitor compounds have multi-stage anti-Plasmodium activity against blood and mosquito stage parasites. In summary, we describe a novel set of antimalarial compounds that are targeted against the ApiAP2 family of proteins. These compounds may be used for future chemical genetic interrogation of ApiAP2 proteins or serve as starting points for a new class of antimalarial therapeutics.

Author SummaryPlasmodium parasites are the causative agent of malaria, which resulted in over 600,000 deaths in 2021. Due to resistance arising for every antimalarial therapeutic deployed to date, new drug targets and druggable pathways must be explored. To address this concern, we used a molecular docking screen to predict competitors of DNA binding by the parasite specific family of Apicomplexan AP2 (ApiAP2) transcription factor proteins for testing in vitro and in vivo. We find that ApiAP2 competing compounds have antimalarial activity consistent with the disruption of gene regulation. This work will further our understanding of both the biological role and targetability of parasite transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaje, C. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouskoumvekaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panagiotou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niles, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JACOBS-LORENA, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okafor, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Antimalarial Compounds that Inhibit Apicomplexan AP2 Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propofol disrupts alpha dynamics in distinct thalamocortical networks underlying sensory and cognitive function during loss of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During propofol-induced general anesthesia, alpha rhythms undergo a striking shift from posterior to anterior, termed anteriorization. We combined human intracranial recordings with diffusion imaging to show that anteriorization occurs with opposing dynamics in two distinct thalamocortical subnetworks. The cortical and thalamic anatomy involved, as well as their known functional roles, suggest multiple means by which propofol dismantles sensory and cognitive processes to achieve loss of consciousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiner, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterfreund, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aglio, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar-Gomez, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdon, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propofol disrupts alpha dynamics in distinct thalamocortical networks underlying sensory and cognitive function during loss of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected proteinopathies in hippocampal PDE11A4 promote age-related cognitive decline of social associative memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, associative memories are more susceptible to age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) than are recognition memories. Reduced cAMP/cGMP signaling in the hippocampus may contribute to ARCD. Here, we found that both aging and traumatic brain injury-associated dementia increased expression of the cAMP/cGMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) in the human hippocampus. Further, age-related increases in hippocampal PDE11A4 mRNA and protein were conserved in mice, as was the increased vulnerability of associative versus recognition memories to ARCD. Interestingly, mouse PDE11A4 protein in the aged ventral hippocampus (VHIPP) ectopically accumulated in the membrane fraction and filamentous structures we term "ghost axons". These age-related increases in expression were driven by reduced exoribonuclease-mediated degradation of PDE11A mRNA and increased PDE11A4-pS117/pS124, the latter of which also drove the punctate accumulation of PDE11A4. In contrast, PDE11A4-pS162 caused dispersal. Importantly, preventing age-related increases in PDE11 expression via genetic deletion protected mice from ARCD of short-term and remote long-term associative memory (aLTM) in the social transmission of food preference assay, albeit at the expense of recent aLTM. Further, mimicking age-related overexpression of PDE11A4 in CA1 of old KO mice caused aging-like impairments in CREB function and remote social--but not non-social--LTMs. RNA sequencing and phosphoproteomic analyses of VHIPP identified cGMP-PKG--as opposed to cAMP-PKA--as well as circadian entrainment, glutamatergic/cholinergic synapses, calcium signaling, oxytocin, and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling as mechanisms by which PDE11A deletion protects against ARCD. Together, these data suggest that PDE11A4 proteinopathies acutely impair signaling in the aged brain and contribute to ARCD of social memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilarzyk, K. (</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capell, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbano, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorny, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrolle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected proteinopathies in hippocampal PDE11A4 promote age-related cognitive decline of social associative memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.16.487524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of enterovirus D68 infection in four nonhuman primate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.16.487524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a globally reemerging respiratory pathogen that is associated with the development of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or treatments for EV-D68 infection, and there is a paucity of data related to the virus and host specific factors that predict disease severity and progression to the neurologic syndrome. Published animal models of EV-D68 infection to date have been limited to mice, cotton rat and ferrets, and investigation of the susceptibility of nonhuman primate (NHP) species to contemporary EV-D68 isolates has not yet been reported. In this study, we challenged juvenile NHPs - cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, pigtailed macaques, and African green monkeys - with one of five different 2014 or 2018 EV-D68 isolates by the respiratory route. Animals were monitored for clinical respiratory and neurologic signs, and serially collected nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were evaluated for EV-D68 RNA and infectious virus. Infection with 2014 and 2018 EV-D68 isolates resulted in mild respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in some animals, but no evidence of neurological disease. Neither EV-D68 RNA nor infectious virus could be detected from any sample collected from animals challenged with 2014 EV-D68 isolates. Limited viral shedding - based on viral RNA quantified from nasal swabs and BALF - was detected from some animals infected with 2018 EV-D68 isolates. No virus was detectable in CSF. The rate of seroconversion was 100% for cynomolgus macaques infected with the 2018 EV-D68 isolates, but averaged between 0-50% for the 2014 isolates. Based on the results of this study, there is some evidence that infection with 2018 EV-D68 isolates may be more reliable at establishing limited infection than 2014 EV-D68 isolates. Regardless of virus isolate, however, EV-D68 infection of juvenile NHP species resulted in mild and nonspecific clinical disease and limited viral shedding. These data suggest that further refinements to the NHP model system (e.g., immunosuppression and/or direct viral inoculation) may be required to reproduce EV-D68 infection of the central nervous system and the associated AFM phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dearing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adney, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belov, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermillion, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.16.487524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of enterovirus D68 infection in four nonhuman primate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BiocMAP: A Bioconductor-friendly, GPU-Accelerated Pipeline for Bisulfite-Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBisulfite sequencing is a powerful tool for profiling genomic methylation, an epigenetic modification critical in the understanding of cancer, psychiatric disorders, and many other conditions. Raw data generated by whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) requires several computational steps before it is ready for statistical analysis, and particular care is required to process data in a timely and memory-efficient manner. Alignment to a reference genome is one of the most computationally demanding steps in a WGBS workflow, taking several hours or even days with commonly used WGBS-specific alignment software. This naturally motivates the creation of computational workflows that can utilize GPU-based alignment software to greatly speed up the bottleneck step. In addition, WGBS produces raw data that is large and often unwieldy; a lack of memory-efficient representation of data by existing pipelines renders WGBS impractical or impossible to many researchers.

ResultsWe present BiocMAP, a Bioconductor-friendly Methylation Analysis Pipeline consisting of two modules, to address the above concerns. The first module performs computationally-intensive read alignment using Arioc, a GPU-accelerated short-read aligner. The extraction module extracts and merges DNA methylation proportions - the fractions of methylated cytosines across all cells in a sample at a given genomic site. Since GPUs are not always available on the same computing environments where traditional CPU-based analyses are convenient, BiocMAP is split into two modules, with just the alignment module requiring an available GPU. Bioconductor-based output objects in R utilize an on-disk data representation to drastically reduce required main memory and make WGBS projects computationally feasible to more researchers.

ConclusionsBiocMAP is implemented using Nextflow and available at http://research.libd.org/BiocMAP/. To enable reproducible analysis across a variety of typical computing environments, BiocMAP can be containerized with Docker or Singularity, and executed locally or with the SLURM or SGE scheduling engines. By providing Bioconductor objects, BiocMAPs output can be integrated with powerful analytical open source software for analyzing methylation data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BiocMAP: A Bioconductor-friendly, GPU-Accelerated Pipeline for Bisulfite-Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.488636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Transient Intermediates During Spliceosome Activation by Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.488636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spliceosome activation is the process of creating the catalytic site for RNA splicing and occurs de novo on each intron following spliceosome assembly. Dozens of factors bind to or are released from the activating spliceosome including the Lsm2-8 heteroheptameric ring that binds the U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) 3-end. Lsm2-8 must be released to permit active site stabilization by the Prp19-containing complex (NineTeen Complex, NTC); however, little is known about the temporal order of events and dynamic interactions that lead up to and follow Lsm2-8 release. We have used colocalization single molecule spectroscopy (CoSMoS) to visualize Lsm2-8 dynamics during activation of yeast spliceosomes. Lsm2-8 is recruited as a component of the tri-snRNP and is released after integration of the Prp19-containing complex (NineTeen Complex, NTC). Despite Lsm2-8 and the NTC being mutually exclusive in existing cryo-EM structures of yeast B complex spliceosomes, we identify a transient intermediate containing both [Formula] and provide a kinetic framework for its formation and transformation during activation. Prior to [Formula] assembly, the NTC rapidly and reversibly samples the spliceosome suggesting a mechanism for preventing NTC sequestration by defective spliceosomes that fail to properly activate. In complementary ensemble assays, we show that a base-pairing dependent ternary complex can form between Lsm2-8 and U2 and U6 helix II RNAs. Together our data suggest a Hfq-like function for Lsm2-8 in maintaining U2/U6 helix II integrity before it can be transferred to the NTC by transient formation of the [Formula] spliceosome.

Significance StatementThe spliceosome active site is created de novo during activation and involves numerous conformational and compositional changes. Here, we define a kinetic pathway for yeast spliceosome activation using single molecule fluorescence that includes transient intermediates not previously identified. Real-time measurements allow us to uncover rapid, reversible sampling interactions of the NineTeen Complex (NTC) that may prevent its accumulation on defective spliceosomes. By analogy with bacterial Hfq, we propose that the homologous Lsm2-8 proteins stabilize U2/U6 helix II during activation before the helix is transferred to the NTC in a short-lived spliceosome containing both Lsm2-8 and the NTC. Our data demonstrate how single molecule studies of activation can reveal kinetically-competent intermediates and complement cryo-EM studies of stalled or inhibited complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montemayor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BUTCHER, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.23.488636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Transient Intermediates During Spliceosome Activation by Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven Identification of Total RNA Expression Genes (TREGs) for Estimation of RNA Abundance in Heterogeneous Cell Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated data-driven identification of gene sets with different features including genes with stable expression, cell-type specific expression, or spatially variable expression. Here, we aimed to define and identify a new class of "control" genes called Total RNA Expression Genes (TREGs), which correlate with total RNA abundance in heterogeneous cell types of different sizes and transcriptional activity. We provide a data-driven method to identify TREGs from single cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data, available as an R/Bioconductor package at https://bioconductor.org/packages/TREG. We demonstrated the utility of our method in the postmortem human brain using multiplex single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) and compared candidate TREGs against classic housekeeping genes. We identified AKT3 as a top TREG across five brain regions, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven Identification of Total RNA Expression Genes (TREGs) for Estimation of RNA Abundance in Heterogeneous Cell Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fc-engineered antibodies leverage neutrophils to drive control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel vaccination and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. While extensive efforts have focused on potentiating cell-mediated immunity to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, less effort has been invested in exploiting the humoral immune system to combat Mtb. Emerging data point to a role for antibodies in microbial control of Mtb, however the precise mechanism(s) of this control remain incompletely understood. Here we took an antibody Fc-engineering approach to determine whether Fc-modifications could improve the ability of antibodies to restrict Mtb, and to define Fc-mediated mechanism(s) antibodies leverage for this restriction. Using an antibody specific to the capsular polysaccharide -glucan, we engineer a panel of Fc variants to augment or dampen select antibody effector functions, rationally building antibodies with enhanced capacity to promote Mtb restriction in a human whole blood model of infection. Surprisingly, restrictive Fc-engineered antibodies drive Mtb control in a neutrophil, not monocyte, dependent manner. Using single cell RNA sequencing, we show that restrictive antibodies promote neutrophil survival and expression of cell intrinsic antimicrobial programs. These data provide a roadmap for exploiting Fc-engineered antibodies as a novel class of TB therapeutics able to harness the protective functions of neutrophils to achieve disease control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irvine, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpinski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Woudenbergh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fc-engineered antibodies leverage neutrophils to drive control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Covalently Associated Streptavidin Multi-Arm Nanohubs Exhibit Mechanical and Thermal Stability in Protein-Network Materials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constructing protein-network materials that exhibit physicochemical and mechanical properties of individual protein constituents requires molecular cross-linkers with specificity and stability. A well-known example involves specific chemical fusion of a four-arm polyethylene glycol (tetra-PEG) to desired proteins with secondary cross-linkers. However, it is necessary to investigate tetra-PEG like biomolecular cross-linkers that are genetically fused to the proteins, simplifying synthesis by removing additional conjugation and purification steps. Non-covalently, self-associating, streptavidin homotetramer is a viable, biomolecular alternative to tetra-PEG. Here, a multi-arm streptavidin design is characterized as a protein-network material platform using various secondary, biomolecular cross-linkers, such as high-affinity physical (i.e., non-covalent), transient physical, spontaneous chemical (i.e., covalent), or stimuli-induced chemical cross-linkers. Stimuli-induced, chemical cross-linkers fused to multi-arm streptavidin nanohubs provide sufficient diffusion prior to initiating permanent covalent bonds, allowing proper characterization of streptavidin nanohubs. Surprisingly, non-covalently associated streptavidin nanohubs exhibit extreme stability which translates into material properties that resemble hydrogels formed by chemical bonds even at high temperatures. Therefore, this study not only establishes that the streptavidin nanohub is an ideal multi-arm biopolymer precursor but also provides valuable guidance for designing self-assembling nanostructured molecular networks that can properly harness the extraordinary properties of protein-based building blocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knoff, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo Cortes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamirano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Covalently Associated Streptavidin Multi-Arm Nanohubs Exhibit Mechanical and Thermal Stability in Protein-Network Materials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMR as a readout to monitor and restore the integrity of complex chemoenzymatic reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The non-invasive nature of NMR offers a means to monitor biochemical reactions in situ at the atomic-level. We harness this advantage to monitor a complex chemoenzymatic reaction that sequentially modifies reagents and loads the product on a nonribosomal peptide synthetase carrier protein. We present a protocol including a novel pulse sequence that permits to assess both the integrity of reagents and the completion of each step in the reaction, thus alleviating otherwise time-consuming and costly approaches to debug and repeat inefficient reactions. This study highlights the importance of NMR as a tool to establish reliable and reproducible experimental conditions in biochemical studies.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marincin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kengmana, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMR as a readout to monitor and restore the integrity of complex chemoenzymatic reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nnSVG: scalable identification of spatially variable genes using nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feature selection to identify spatially variable genes or other biologically informative genes is a key step during analyses of spatially-resolved transcriptomics data. Here, we propose nnSVG, a scalable approach to identify spatially variable genes based on nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes. Our method (i) identifies genes that vary in expression continuously across the entire tissue or within a priori defined spatial domains, (ii) uses gene-specific estimates of length scale parameters within the Gaussian process models, and (iii) scales linearly with the number of spatial locations. We demonstrate the performance of our method using experimental data from several technological platforms and simulations. A software implementation is available at https://bioconductor.org/packages/nnSVG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nnSVG: scalable identification of spatially variable genes using nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational proposal for tracking multiple molecules in a multi-focus confocal setup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tracking single molecules continues to provide new insights into the fundamental rules governing biological function. Despite continued technical advances in fluorescent and non-fluorescent labeling as well as data analysis, direct observations of trajectories and interactions of multiple molecules in dense environments remain aspirational goals. While confocal methods provide a means to deduce dynamical parameters with high temporal resolution, such as diffusion coefficients, they do so at the expense of spatial resolution. Indeed, on account of a confocal volumes symmetry, typically only distances from the center of the confocal spot can be deduced. Motivated by the need for true three dimensional high speed tracking in densely labeled environments, we propose a computational tool for tracking many fluorescent molecules traversing multiple, closely spaced, confocal measurement volumes providing independent observations. Various realizations of this multiple confocal volumes strategy have previously been used for long term, large area, tracking of one fluorescent molecule in three dimensions. What is more, we achieve tracking by directly using single photon arrival times to inform our likelihood and exploit Hamiltonian Monte Carlo to efficiently sample trajectories from our posterior within a Bayesian nonparametric paradigm. A nonparametric paradigm here is warranted as the number of molecules present are, themselves, a priori unknown. Taken together, we provide a computational framework to infer trajectories of multiple molecules at once, below the diffraction limit (the width of a confocal spot), in three dimensions at sub-millisecond or faster time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgouralis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational proposal for tracking multiple molecules in a multi-focus confocal setup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.493572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Tgfβ signaling enables durable ventricular pacing by TBX18 gene transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.493572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantable cardiac pacemaker devices are generally effective for patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmia. However, device-dependent cardiac pacing is far from ideal and often inadequate, particularly for pediatric patients who need to go through invasive revision of the indwelling hardware. Biological pacemakers have been proposed as device-free alternatives to the current treatment, but sustained, unwavering biological pacing beyond days after the biologic delivery has not been demonstrated. We have previously demonstrated that re-expression of an embryonic transcription factor, TBX18, could reprogram ventricular cardiomyocytes into induced pacemaker myocytes (iPMs). Here, we report that exogenous expression of TBX18 per se leads to severe fibrosis in situ, impairing the iPMs ability to pace together. Acute fibrosis is accompanied with proliferation and activation of cardiac fibroblasts via Tgf{beta}-Smad2/3 pathway. Small molecule inhibition of Tgf{beta} signaling mitigated the interstitial remodeling, independent from TBX18-induced iPM reprogramming at the single-cell level. Direct and focal gene transfer of TBX18 into the left ventricular myocardium created ventricular pacing in a rat model of chronic atrioventricular block, but such activity began to wane in a week. In contrast, a combination therapy consisting of TBX18 gene transfer and Tgf{beta} inhibition enabled sustained biological pacing beyond the four-week study period. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of Tgf{beta} signaling suffices to achieve durable cardiac pacing by TBX18-induced biological pacemakers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.493572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Tgfβ signaling enables durable ventricular pacing by TBX18 gene transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupting cellular memory to overcome drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasticity enables cells to change their gene expression state in the absence of a genetic change. At the single-cell level, these gene expression states can persist for different lengths of time which is a quantitative measurement referred to as gene expression memory. Because plasticity is not encoded by genetic changes, these cell states can be reversible, and therefore, are amenable to modulation by disrupting gene expression memory. However, we currently do not have robust methods to find the regulators of memory or to track state switching in plastic cell populations. Here, we developed a lineage tracing-based technique to quantify gene expression memory and to identify single cells as they undergo cell state transitions. Applied to human melanoma cells, we quantified long-lived fluctuations in gene expression that underlie resistance to targeted therapy. Further, we identified the PI3K and TGF-{beta} pathways as modulators of these state dynamics. Applying the gene expression signatures derived from this technique, we find that these expression states are generalizable to in vivo models and present in scRNA-seq from patient tumors. Leveraging the PI3K and TGF-{beta} pathways as dials on memory between plastic states, we propose a " pretreatment" model in which we first use a PI3K inhibitor to modulate the expression states of the cell population and then apply targeted therapy. This plasticity informed dosing scheme ultimately yields fewer resistant colonies than targeted therapy alone. Taken together, we describe a technique to find modulators of gene expression memory and then apply this knowledge to alter plastic cell states and their connected cell fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmange, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Hueros, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saint-Antoine, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fane, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupting cellular memory to overcome drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.18.496662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NRX-101, A RAPID-ACTING ANTI-DEPRESSANT, DOES NOT CAUSE NEUROTOXICITY FOLLOWING KETAMINE ADMINISTRATION IN PRECLINICAL MODELS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.18.496662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNMDA (N-Methyl-D aspartate) receptor antagonists have gained increasing attention as rapid-acting antidepressants. However, their use has been limited by potential neurotoxicity (Olney Lesions) and recent FDA guidance requires demonstration of safety on histologic parameters prior to initiation of human studies. D-cycloserine is a mixed NMDA agonist/antagonist awarded Breakthrough Therapy Designation and currently in clinical trials for the treatment of bipolar depression with suicidal ideation. The current study was designed to investigate the neurologic safety profile of D-cycloserine by itself and in combination with ketamine and lurasidone.

MethodsSprague Dawley female rats (n=106) were randomly divided into 7 study groups. Ketamine was administered via tail vein infusion. D-cycloserine and lurasidone were administered via oral gavage in escalating doses to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg DCS. To ascertain toxicity, dose escalation with three different doses of D-cycloserine/lurasidone was given in combination with ketamine. MK-801, a known neurotoxic NMDA antagonist, was administered as a positive control. Brain tissue was sectioned and stained with H&E and Fluorojade stains.

ResultsNo fatalities were observed in any group. No microscopic abnormalities were found in the brain of animal subjects given ketamine, ketamine followed by DCS/lurasidone, or DCS/lurasidone alone. Neuronal necrosis, as expected, was seen in the MK-801 positive control group.

ConclusionNRX-101, a fixed-dose combination of D-cycloserine/lurasidone, when administered with or without prior infusion of IV ketamine was tolerated and did not induce neurotoxicity, even at maximum-tolerated doses of D-cycloserine.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LINRX-101, a fixed dose combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone does not exhibit histologic neurotoxicity, even at maximum-tolerated doses
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.18.496662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NRX-101, A RAPID-ACTING ANTI-DEPRESSANT, DOES NOT CAUSE NEUROTOXICITY FOLLOWING KETAMINE ADMINISTRATION IN PRECLINICAL MODELS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RetroFun-RVS: a retrospective family-based framework for rare-variant analysis incorporating functional annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large proportion of genetic variations involved in complex diseases are rare and located within non-coding regions, making the interpretation of underlying biological mechanisms a daunting task. Although technical and methodological progresses have been made to annotate the genome, current disease - rare-variant association tests incorporating such annotations suffer from two major limitations. Firstly, they are generally restricted to case-control designs of unrelated individuals, which often require tens or hundreds of thousands of individuals to achieve sufficient power. Secondly, they were not evaluated with region-based annotations needed to interpret the causal regulatory mechanisms. In this work we propose RetroFun-RVS, a new retrospective family-based score test, incorporating functional annotations. One of the critical features of the proposed method is to aggregate genotypes while measuring rare variant sharing among affected family members to compute the test statistic. Through extensive simulations, we have demonstrated that RetroFun-RVS integrating networks based on 3D genome contacts as functional annotations reaches greater power over the region-wide test, other strategies to include sub-regions and competing methods. Also, the proposed framework shows robustness to non-informative annotations, keeping a stable power when causal variants are spread across regions. We provide recommendations when dealing with different types of annotations or family structures commonly encountered in practice. Application of RetroFun-RVS is illustrated on whole genome sequence in the Eastern Quebec Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Kindred Study with networks constructed from 3D contacts and epigenetic data on neurons. In summary we argue that RetroFun-RVS, by allowing integration of functional annotations corresponding to regions or networks with transcriptional impacts, is a useful framework to highlight regulatory mechanisms involved in complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mangnier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bureau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RetroFun-RVS: a retrospective family-based framework for rare-variant analysis incorporating functional annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extravascular spaces are reservoirs of antigenic diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei evades clearance by the host immune system through antigenic variation of its dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, periodically "switching" expression of the VSG using a large genomic repertoire of VSG-encoding genes1-6. Recent studies of antigenic variation in vivo have focused near exclusively on parasites in the bloodstream4,7,8, but research has shown that many, if not most, parasites reside in the interstitial spaces of tissues9-13. We sought to explore the dynamics of antigenic variation in extravascular parasite populations using VSG-seq7, a high-throughput sequencing approach for profiling VSGs expressed in populations of T. brucei. Here we show that tissues, not the blood, are the primary reservoir of antigenic diversity during both needle- and tsetse bite-initiated T. brucei infections, with more than 75% of VSGs found exclusively within extravascular spaces. We found that this increased diversity is correlated with slower parasite clearance in tissue spaces. Together, these data support a model in which the slower immune response in extravascular spaces provides more time to generate the antigenic diversity needed to maintain a chronic infection. Our findings reveal the important role that extravascular spaces can play in pathogen diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crilly, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijo-Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extravascular spaces are reservoirs of antigenic diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nationwide genomic biobank in Mexico unravels demographic history and complex trait architecture from 6,057 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latin America continues to be severely underrepresented in genomics research, and fine-scale genetic histories as well as complex trait architectures remain hidden due to the lack of Big Data. To fill this gap, the Mexican Biobank project genotyped 1.8 million markers in 6,057 individuals from 32 states and 898 sampling localities across Mexico with linked complex trait and disease information creating a valuable nationwide genotype-phenotype database. Through a suite of state-of-the-art methods for ancestry deconvolution and inference of identity-by-descent (IBD) segments, we inferred detailed ancestral histories for the last 200 generations in different Mesoamerican regions, unraveling native and colonial/post-colonial demographic dynamics. We observed large variations in runs of homozygosity (ROH) among genomic regions with different ancestral origins reflecting their demographic histories, which also affect the distribution of rare deleterious variants across Mexico. We analyzed a range of biomedical complex traits and identified significant genetic and environmental factors explaining their variation, such as ROH found to be significant predictors for trait variation in BMI and triglycerides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohail, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinto-Cortes, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma-Martinez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Munoz, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barberena-Jonas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Sanchez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Hervert, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreyra-Reyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira-Guerrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongua-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Kaufmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Macias, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Salinas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auckland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acuna-Alonzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Valverde, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusie-Luna, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentzer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Estrada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nationwide genomic biobank in Mexico unravels demographic history and complex trait architecture from 6,057 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional landscape of α-synuclein fibril conformations amplified from cerebrospinal fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lewy body dementias are pathologically defined by the deposition of -synuclein fibrils into inclusions throughout the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) in disease harbors circulating -synuclein-fibril seeds, and parental -synuclein fibrils can template core structure into amplified fibrils. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we identify six novel -synuclein fibril assemblies amplified from ten CSF samples (3.8[A] to 2.9[A] nominal resolutions). Fibrils are classified based on two types of filament interaction, two types of {beta}-sheet stacking, and two types of hydrophobic pocket. CSF-amplified fibril products have one, two, or three distinct assemblies each. Six of ten samples share a common fibril assembly. Within this classification, the fibrils have distinct profiles in amyloid dye binding, and dramatically different potencies in both seeding new inclusions in neurons and evoked microglial pro-inflammatory responses. However, no single structural feature predicts functional phenotypes. Our results highlight CSF as a valuable resource to identify novel -synuclein assemblies potentially important in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokratian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viverette, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matarangas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgnia, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartesaghi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional landscape of α-synuclein fibril conformations amplified from cerebrospinal fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry GWAS of major depression aids locus discovery, fine-mapping, gene prioritisation, and causal inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depression (MD) have been conducted in samples of European ancestry. Here we report a multi-ancestry GWAS of MD, adding data from 21 studies with 88,316 MD cases and 902,757 controls to previously reported data from individuals of European ancestry. This includes samples of African (36% of effective sample size), East Asian (26%) and South Asian (6%) ancestry and Hispanic/Latinx participants (32%). The multi-ancestry GWAS identified 190 significantly associated loci, 53 of them novel. For previously reported loci from GWAS in European ancestry the power-adjusted transferability ratio was 0.6 in the Hispanic/Latinx group and 0.3 in each of the other groups. Fine-mapping benefited from additional sample diversity: the number of credible sets with [&le;]5 variants increased from 3 to 12. A transcriptome-wide association study identified 354 significantly associated genes, 205 of them novel. Mendelian Randomisation showed a bidirectional relationship with BMI exclusively in samples of European ancestry. This first multi-ancestry GWAS of MD demonstrates the importance of large diverse samples for the identification of target genes and putative mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navoly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannakopoulou, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundru, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkovskaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Actkins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eato</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry GWAS of major depression aids locus discovery, fine-mapping, gene prioritisation, and causal inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-cycloserine, a mixed NMDAR agonist/antagonist is Not Susceptible to Self-administration, unlike S-ketamine Using an Intravenous Self-administration Model in Naive and Ketamine-habituated Sprague-Dawley Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVEN-methyl D-aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) antagonist antidepressants have known potential for abuse liability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the abuse liability of D-cycloserine (DCS), using a self-administration paradigm in which DCS was tested in its efficacy in substituting for ketamine in ketamine-dependent rats.

METHODSA standard Intravenous self-administration study was conducted in Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. model to study compounds abuse liability. Potential for self-administration was assessed in ketamine-habituated subjects. Subjects were trained to press a lever to obtain food, prior to connection of the lever to intravenous drug administration apparatus. DCS was provided for self-infusion by test subjects at doses of 1.5, 5.0, and 15mg/kg per lever press.

RESULTSS-Ketamine was seen to substitute for ketamine and to result in self-administration at the same frequency. DCS was not seen to result in any self-administration at any of the test doses. The self-infusion behavior of DCS was the same as that of saline.

CONCLUSIONC-cycloserine, an a mixed agonist/antagonist of the NMDAR glycine site, which has been shown to have antidepressant and anti-suicidal properties in clinical studies has no apparent potential for abuse liability in a standard rodent self-administration model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javitt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-cycloserine, a mixed NMDAR agonist/antagonist is Not Susceptible to Self-administration, unlike S-ketamine Using an Intravenous Self-administration Model in Naive and Ketamine-habituated Sprague-Dawley Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D RNA-scaffolded wireframe origami 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrid RNA:DNA origami, in which a long RNA scaffold strand is folded into a target nanostructure via thermal annealing with complementary DNA oligos, has only been explored to a limited extent despite its unique potential for biomedical delivery of mRNA, tertiary structure characterization of long RNAs, and fabrication of artificial ribozymes. Here, we investigate design principles of wireframe RNA-scaffolded origami in three dimensions rendered as polyhedra composed of dual-duplex edges. We computationally designed, fabricated, and characterized tetrahedra folded from an EGFP-encoding messenger RNA and de Bruijn sequences, an octahedron folded with M13 transcript RNA, and an octahedron and pentagonal bipyramids folded with 23S ribosomal RNA, demonstrating the ability to make diverse polyhedral shapes with distinct structural and functional RNA scaffolds. We characterized secondary and tertiary structures using dimethyl sulfate mutational profiling and cryo-electron microscopy, revealing for the first time insight into both global and local, base-level structures of origami. Our top-down sequence design strategy enables the use of long RNAs as functional scaffolds for complex wireframe origami.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parsons, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanalert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.504019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D RNA-scaffolded wireframe origami]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The efficiency of Grignard Pure™ to inactivate airborne SARS-CoV-2 surrogate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grignard Pure (GP) is a unique and proprietary blend of Triethylene Glycol (TEG) and inert ingredients designed for continuous antimicrobial treatment of air. GP received approval from the US EPA under its Section 18 Public Health Emergency Exemption program for use in seven states. This study characterizes the efficacy of GP for inactivating MS2 bacteriophage - a non-enveloped virus widely used as a surrogate for SARs-CoV-2. Experiments measured the decrease in the airborne viable MS2 concentration in the presence of different concentrations of GP from 60 to 90 minutes, accounting for both natural die-off and settling of MS2. Experiments were conducted both by introducing GP aerosol into air containing MS2 and by introducing airborne MS2 into air containing GP aerosol. GP is consistently able to rapidly reduce viable MS2 bacteriophage concentration by 2-3 logs at GP concentrations of 0.02 mg/m3 to 0.5 mg/m3 (corresponding to TEG concentrations of 0.012 mg/m3 to 0.287 mg/m3). Related GP efficacy experiments by the US EPA, as well as GP (TEG) safety and toxicology, are also discussed.

SynopsisLimited research on the germicidal properties of triethylene glycol against airborne pathogens was conducted during the 1940s and 50s. This paper investigates the inactivation rate of airborne bacteriophage MS2 by Grignard Pure product, containing a unique and proprietary blend of Triethylene Glycol (TEG) and inert ingredients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiri, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caravanos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grignard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainelis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The efficiency of Grignard Pure™ to inactivate airborne SARS-CoV-2 surrogate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR Mediated Transactivation in the Human Disease Vector Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a major insect vector of multiple arboviruses, Aedes aegypti poses a significant global health and economic burden. A number of genetic engineering tools have been exploited to understand its biology with the goal of reducing its impact. For example, current tools have focused on knocking-down RNA transcripts, inducing loss-of-function mutations or expressing exogenous DNA. However, methods for transactivating endogenous genes have not been developed. To fill this void, here we developed a CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system in Ae. aegypti to transactivate target gene expression. Gene expression is activated through pairing a catalytically-inactive ( dead) Cas9 (dCas9) with a highly-active tripartite activator, VP64-p65-Rta (VPR) and synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA) complementary to a user defined target-gene promoter region. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that engineered Ae. aegypti mosquitoes harboring a binary CRISPRa system can be used to effectively overexpress two developmental genes, even-skipped (eve) and hedgehog (hh), resulting in observable morphological phenotypes. We also used this system to overexpress the positive transcriptional regulator of the Toll immune pathway known as AaRel1, which resulted in a significant suppression of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2). This system provides a versatile tool for research pathways not previously possible in Ae. aegypti, such as programmed overexpression of endogenous genes, and may lead to the development of innovative vector control tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benetta, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoshechkin, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino-Rojas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR Mediated Transactivation in the Human Disease Vector Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuroepithelial wave of BMP signalling drives anteroposterior specification of the tuberal hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tuberal hypothalamus houses several major hypothalamic nuclei, dozens of transcriptionally distinct cell types, and clinically relevant cell populations implicated in obesity and related metabolic disorders. Building on recent advances in the field, here we draw upon transcriptional, signalling, and fate mapping analyses of chicken embryos and neuroepithelial explants to analyze tuberal hypothalamic development. We show that a wave of BMP signalling sweeps through early floor plate-like progenitors overlying prospective Rathkes pouch as they track anteriorly. The timing of BMP signalling correlates with cell fate, with anterior tuberal specification complete by Hamilton-Hamburger (HH) stage 10 but posterior tuberal progenitors requiring BMPs after this point. scRNA-Seq profiling of FGF10-expressing cells, a proxy for cells with active BMP signalling, through HH8-21 reveals transcriptional differences that may underlie their differing response to BMPs, and the switch from neuroepithelial progenitors to stem-like radial glial cells. This study provides an integrated account of the development of the tuberal hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Placzek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Place, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuroepithelial wave of BMP signalling drives anteroposterior specification of the tuberal hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding changes in genetic literacy over time and in genetic research participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As genomic and personalized medicine becomes mainstream, assessing and understanding the publics genetic literacy is paramount. Because genetic research drives innovation in this area and involves much of the public, it is equally important to assess its impact on genetic literacy. We designed a survey to assess genetic literacy in three ways (familiarity, knowledge, and skills) and distributed it to two distinct samples: 2050 members of the general population, and 2023 individuals currently enrolled in a large-scale genetic research study. We compared these data to a similar survey implemented in 2013. The results indicate that familiarity with basic genetic terms in 2021 (M = 5.36, p<.001) and knowledge of genetic concepts in 2021 (M = 9.06, p = 0.002) is significantly higher compared to 2013 (M = 5.08; M = 8.72). Those currently enrolled in a genetic study were also significantly more familiar with genetic terms (M = 5.79, p<.001), more knowledgeable of genetic concepts (M = 10.27, p<.001), and scored higher in skills (M = 3.57, p<.001) than the general population (M = 4.98; M = 9.06; M = 2.65).The results suggest that genetic literacy is improving over time, though there is room for improvement. The data also suggest that participating in genetic research is one avenue for improving genetic literacy. We conclude that educational interventions are needed to ensure familiarity with and comprehension of basic genetic concepts. We also suggest further exploration of the impact of genetic research participation on genetic literacy to determine mechanisms for potential interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Little, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehly, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding changes in genetic literacy over time and in genetic research participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affinity-matured homotypic interactions induce spectrum of PfCSP-antibody structures that influence protection from malaria infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation of high-quality antibody responses to PfCSP, the primary surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, is paramount to the development of an effective malaria vaccine. Here we present an in-depth structural and functional analysis of a panel of potent antibodies encoded by the IGHV3-33 germline gene, which is among the most prevalent and potent antibody families induced in the anti-CSP immune response and targets the NANP repeat region. Cryo-EM reveals a remarkable spectrum of helical Fab-CSP structures stabilized by homotypic interactions between tightly packed Fabs, many of which correlate with somatic hypermutation. We demonstrate a key role of these mutated homotypic contacts for high avidity binding to CSP and in protection from P. falciparum malaria infection. These data emphasize the importance of anti-homotypic affinity maturation in the frequent selection of IGHV3-33 antibodies, advance our understanding of the mechanism(s) of antibody-mediated protection, and inform next generation CSP vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pholcharee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Paez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGill, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affinity-matured homotypic interactions induce spectrum of PfCSP-antibody structures that influence protection from malaria infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.502662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Optimization of Candidate Antibodies Yields Highly Diverse Sub-nanomolar Affinity Antibody Libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.502662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic antibodies are an important and rapidly growing drug modality. However, the design and discovery of early-stage antibody therapeutics remain a time and cost-intensive endeavor. In this work, we present an end-to-end Bayesian, language model-based method for designing large and diverse libraries of high-affinity single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). We integrate target-specific binding affinities with information from millions of natural protein sequences in a probabilistic machine learning framework to design thousands of scFvs that are then empirically measured. In a head-to-head comparison with a directed evolution approach, we show that the best scFv generated from our method represents a 28.8-fold improvement in binding over the best scFv from the directed evolution. Additionally, 99% of the designed scFvs in our most successful library are improvements over the initial candidate scFv. By comparing a librarys predicted success to actual measurements, we demonstrate our methods ability to explore tradeoffs between library success and diversity during the design phase and prior to experimental testing. The results of our work highlight the significant impact machine learning models can have on scFv development. We expect our end-to-end method to be broadly applicable and able to provide value to other protein engineering tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bepler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.502662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Optimization of Candidate Antibodies Yields Highly Diverse Sub-nanomolar Affinity Antibody Libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The START domain potentiates HD-ZIPIII transcriptional activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HD-ZIPIII transcription factors (TFs) were repeatedly deployed over 725 million years of evolution to regulate central developmental innovations. The START domain of this pivotal class of developmental regulators was recognized over twenty years ago, but its putative ligands and functional contributions remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the START domain promotes HD-ZIPIII TF homodimerization and increases transcriptional potency. Effects on transcriptional output can be ported onto heterologous TFs, consistent with principles of evolution via domain capture. We also show the START domain binds several species of phospholipids, and that mutations in conserved residues predicted to affect either ligand binding, or its downstream readout, abolish HD-ZIPIII DNA-binding competence. Our data present a model in which the START domain potentiates transcriptional activity and uses ligand-induced conformational change to render HD-ZIPIII dimers competent to bind DNA. These findings resolve a long-standing mystery in plant development and highlight the flexible and diverse regulatory potential coded within this widely distributed evolutionary module.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Husbands, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holub, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmermans, M. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The START domain potentiates HD-ZIPIII transcriptional activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TMT-based quantitative proteomics approach toward α-syn PFF associated Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) using α-syn PFF-injected mouse brain tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aggregation of -synuclein in the nervous system leads to a class of neurodegenerative disorders termed -synucleinopathies. A form of primary degenerative dementia called Lewy body dementia (LBD) often develops in the case these aggregations develop into intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neurites (LN). Despite the high frequency of LBD, being the leading cause of dementia following Alzheimers disease (AD), there is relatively little information discovered about its pathological pathway or diagnostic criteria. In this report, we attempt to address such shortcomings via utilizing a proteomic approach to identify the proteomic changes following intrastriatal injection of -synuclein preformed fibril (-syn PFF). Through mass spectrometry, we have identified a total of 179 proteins that were either up- or down-regulated at different time points, with the four proteins - TPP3, RAB10, CAMK2A, and DYNLL1 - displaying the most significant changes throughout the timeframe. Further examining the modulated proteins with network-based enrichment analyses, we have found that 1) the most significantly associated neurodegenerative pathways were Parkinsons (pV = 3.0e-16) and Huntingtons (pV = 1.9e-15) disease, and 2) the majority of molecular functions specific to the pathology only appeared at later time points. While these results do not expose a conclusive biomarker for LBD, they suggest a potential framework that may be utilized to diagnose and differentiate LBD pathology from other forms of dementia by focusing on the cortical proteomic changes which occur in a later time span.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akkentli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, I. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E. J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TMT-based quantitative proteomics approach toward α-syn PFF associated Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) using α-syn PFF-injected mouse brain tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the non-coding code of pathogenicity and sexual differentiation in the human malaria parasite. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum requires coordinated gene expression regulation to allow host cell invasion, transmission, and immune evasion. However, this cascade of transcripts is unlikely to be regulated by the limited number of identified parasite-specific transcription factors. Increasing evidence now suggests a major role for epigenetic mechanisms in gene expression in the parasite. In eukaryotes, many lncRNAs have been identified and shown to be pivotal regulators of genome structure and gene expression. To investigate the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in P. falciparum we explored the intergenic lncRNA distribution in nuclear and cytoplasmic subcellular locations. Using nascent RNA expression profiles, we identified a total of 1,768 lncRNAs, of which 58% were identified as novel lncRNAs in P. falciparum. The subcellular localization and stage-specific expression of several putative lncRNAs were validated using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH). Additionally, the genome-wide occupancy of several candidate nuclear lncRNAs was explored using Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP). ChIRP-seq of candidate lncRNAs revealed that lncRNA occupancy sites within the parasite genome are focal and sequence-specific with a particular enrichment for several parasite-specific gene families, including those involved in pathogenesis, erythrocyte remodeling, and regulation of sexual differentiation. We further validated the function of one specific lncRNA (lncRNA-ch14) using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool. Genomic and phenotypic analysis of the {bigtriangleup}lncRNA-ch14 line demonstrated the importance of this lncRNA in sexual differentiation and sexual reproduction. Our findings bring a new level of insight into the role of lncRNAs in pathogenicity, gene regulation and sexual differentiation. These findings also open new avenues for targeted approaches towards therapeutic strategies against the deadly malaria parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batugedara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudhomme, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cudini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawniczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford Noble, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roch, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the non-coding code of pathogenicity and sexual differentiation in the human malaria parasite.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YAP condensates are highly organized hubs for YAP/TEAD transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YAP/TEAD signaling is essential for organismal development, cell proliferation, and cancer progression. As a transcriptional coactivator, how YAP activates its downstream target genes is incompletely understood. YAP forms biomolecular condensates in response to hyperosmotic stress, concentrating transcription-related factors to activate downstream target genes. However, whether YAP forms condensates under other signals, how YAP condensates organize and function, and how YAP condensates activate transcription in general are unknown. Here, we report that endogenous YAP forms sub-micron scale condensates in response to Hippo pathway regulation and actin cytoskeletal tension. The transcription factor TEAD1 actively stabilizes YAP condensates, which also recruit BRD4, a coactivator that is enriched at active enhancers. Using single molecule tracking, we found that YAP condensates slowed YAP diffusion within condensate boundaries, a possible mechanism for promoting YAP target search. These results reveal that YAP condensate formation is a highly regulated process that is critical for YAP/TEAD target gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuehrer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demmerle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukenik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YAP condensates are highly organized hubs for YAP/TEAD transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily Artificial Gravity is Associated with Greater Neural Efficiency during Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered vestibular signaling and body unloading in microgravity results in sensory reweighting and adaptation. Microgravity effects are well-replicated in head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR). Artificial gravity (AG) is a potential countermeasure to mitigate effects of microgravity. We examined the effectiveness of daily AG for mitigating brain and/or behavioral changes in 60 days of HDBR. One group received AG for 30 minutes daily (AG; n=16) and a control group spent the same time in HDBR but received no AG (CTRL; n=8). All participants performed a sensorimotor adaptation task 5 times during fMRI scanning: twice prior to HDBR twice during HDBR, and once following HDBR. The AG group showed similar behavioral adaptation effects compared with the CTRLs. We identified decreased brain activation in the AG group from pre to late HDBR in the cerebellum for the task baseline portion and in the thalamus, calcarine, cuneus, premotor cortices, and superior frontal gyrus in the AG group during the early adaptation phase. The two groups also exhibited differential brain-behavior correlations. Together, these results suggest that AG may result in a reduced recruitment of brain activity for basic motor processes and sensorimotor adaptation. These effects may stem from somatosensory and vestibular stimulation from AG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tays, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kofman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeDios, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloomberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulavara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily Artificial Gravity is Associated with Greater Neural Efficiency during Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Equalizing epigenetically imprinted centromeres in early mammalian embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CENP-A histone variant epigenetically defines centromeres, where its levels and locations are precisely maintained through mitotic cell divisions. However, differences in centromere CENP-A propagation in soma versus female/male germline remains poorly understood. Here, we generated CenpamScarlet mice and followed CENP-A dynamics in gametes, zygotes, and embryos. We found that, unlike somatic cells, progenitor female and male germ cells carry high centromeric CENP-A levels that decrease upon terminal differentiation. The reduction in CENP-A is differentially regulated between sexes, resulting in a ten-fold higher level in oocytes compared to sperm. In the zygote, the parent-of-origin CENP-A asymmetry is equalized prior to initial S-phase by redistribution of nuclear CENP-A from maternal to paternal chromosomes. Redistribution of CENP-A requires both CDK1/2 and PLK1 centromeric machinery. These experiments provide direct evidence for resetting of epigenetically imprinted centromeres in early pronuclear stage embryos and imply a mechanism to sense the non-equivalency of parental chromosomes.

HighlightsO_LIIncreased CENP-A density at centromeres is a conserved property of germline stem cells while CENP-A reduction is coincident with germ cell differentiation
C_LIO_LIPaternal and maternal CENP-A containing nucleosomes are intergenerationally inherited
C_LIO_LICENP-A density at centromeres differs between male and female mature gametes
C_LIO_LIUpon fertilization, maternal nuclear CENP-A is redistributed to equalize with parental CENP-A
C_LIO_LICENP-C and MIS18BP1 are asymmetrically enriched in the parental pronuclei in accordance with CENP-A asymmetry.
C_LIO_LILicensing for centromere equalization begins before zygotic DNA replication
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manske, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboelenain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammoud, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Equalizing epigenetically imprinted centromeres in early mammalian embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gene expression landscape of the human locus coeruleus revealed by single-nucleus and spatially-resolved transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) make long-range projections throughout the central nervous system, playing critical roles in arousal and mood, as well as various components of cognition including attention, learning, and memory. The LC-NE system is also implicated in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, LC-NE neurons are highly sensitive to degeneration in both Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. Despite the clinical importance of the brain region and the prominent role of LC-NE neurons in a variety of brain and behavioral functions, a detailed molecular characterization of the LC is lacking. Here, we used a combination of spatially-resolved transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to characterize the molecular landscape of the LC region and the transcriptomic profile of LC-NE neurons in the human brain. We provide a freely accessible resource of these data in web-accessible and downloadable formats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gene expression landscape of the human locus coeruleus revealed by single-nucleus and spatially-resolved transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quorum sensing peptidic inhibitor rescue host immune system eradication: a novel QS infectivity mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subverting the host immune system is a major task for any given pathogen to assure its survival and proliferation. For the opportunistic human pathogen Bacillus cereus (Bc), immune evasion enables the establishment of potent infections. In various species of the Bc group, the pleiotropic regulator PlcR and its cognate cell-cell signaling peptide PapR7 regulates virulence genes expression in response to fluctuations in population density, i.e., a quorum-sensing (QS) system. However, how QS exerts its effects during infections, and whether PlcR confers the immune evading ability remain unclear. Herein, we report how interception of the QS communication in Bc obliterates the ability to control the host immune system. Here we designed a peptide-based QS inhibitor that suppresses PlcR-dependent virulence factor expression and attenuates Bc infectivity in mouse models. We demonstrate that the QS peptidic inhibitor blocks host immune system-mediated eradication by reducing the expression of PlcR-regulated major toxins. Our findings provide the first evidence that Bc infectivity is regulated by QS circuit mediated destruction of the host immunity, thus reveal a new strategy to limit Bc virulence and enhance host defense. This peptidic quorum-quenching agent constitutes readily accessible chemical tool for studying how other pathogen QS systems modulate host immunity and forms a basis for development of anti-infective therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slamti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuan Kuo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Z. Lau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan Oh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeoye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlezinger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lereclus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayouka, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quorum sensing peptidic inhibitor rescue host immune system eradication: a novel QS infectivity mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bursting Translation on Single mRNAs in Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochasticity has emerged as a mechanism to control gene expression. Much of this so-called "noise" has been attributed to bursting transcription. However, the stochasticity of translation has not similarly been investigated due to a lack of enabling imaging technologies. We developed techniques to track single mRNAs and their translation in live cells for hours, allowing measurement of previously uncharacterized translation dynamics. We applied genetic and pharmacological perturbations to control translation kinetics. Like transcription, translation is not a constitutive process but instead cycles between inactive and active states or "bursts". But unlike transcription, which is largely frequency modulated, complex structure in the 5-untranslated region alters burst amplitude. Bursting frequency can be controlled through cap-proximal sequences and trans-acting factors such as eIF4F. We coupled single molecule imaging with stochastic modeling to deduce the fundamental kinetic parameters of translational bursting, a new dimension of translational control.

HighlightsO_LILong-term tracking of single mRNAs reveals multi-state, bursting translation
C_LIO_LIStructure in the 5-untranslated region modulates translational burst amplitude
C_LIO_LI5-cap proximal sequences modulate translational burst frequency
C_LIO_LImTOR signaling adjusts translation bursting to respond to environmental cues
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livingston, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valera, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bursting Translation on Single mRNAs in Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity mediates sea urchin larval skeletal patterning through spatial regulation of Wnt5 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining pattern formation mechanisms during embryonic development is important for understanding the etiology of birth defects and to inform tissue engineering approaches. In this study, we used tricaine, a voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) inhibitor, to show that VGSC activity is required for normal skeletal patterning in Lytechinus variegatus sea urchin larvae. We demonstrate that tricaine-mediated patterning defects are rescued by an anesthetic-insensitive version of the VGSC LvScn5a. Expression of this channel is enriched in the ventrolateral ectoderm where it spatially overlaps with posterolaterally expressed Wnt5. We show that VGSC activity is required to spatially restrict Wnt5 expression to this ectodermal region that is adjacent and instructive to clusters of primary mesenchymal cells that initiate secretion of the larval skeleton as triradiates. Tricaine-mediated Wnt5 spatial expansion correlates with the formation of ectopic PMC clusters and triradiates. These defects are rescued by Wnt5 knock down, indicating that the spatial expansion Wnt5 is responsible for the patterning defects induced by VGSC inhibition. These results demonstrate a novel connection between bioelectrical status and the spatial control of patterning cue expression during embryonic pattern formation.

Summary statementInhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels perturbs Wnt5-mediated patterning of the sea urchin larval skeleton
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skidanova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrujo, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage-gated sodium channel activity mediates sea urchin larval skeletal patterning through spatial regulation of Wnt5 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-regulated gene expression across cell types of the mouse hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-regulated gene (ARG) expression patterns in the hippocampus (HPC) regulate synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, and are linked to both risk and treatment response for many neuropsychiatric disorders. The HPC contains discrete classes of neurons with specialized functions, but cell type-specific activity-regulated transcriptional programs are not well characterized. Here, we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) in a mouse model of acute electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) to identify cell type-specific molecular signatures associated with induced activity in HPC neurons. We used unsupervised clustering and a priori marker genes to computationally annotate 15,990 high-quality HPC neuronal nuclei from N=4 mice across all major HPC subregions and neuron types. Activity-induced transcriptomic responses were divergent across neuron populations, with dentate granule cells being particularly responsive to activity. Differential expression analysis identified both upregulated and downregulated cell type-specific gene sets in neurons following ECS. Within these gene sets, we identified enrichment of pathways associated with varying biological processes such as synapse organization, cellular signaling, and transcriptional regulation. Finally, we used matrix factorization to reveal continuous gene expression patterns differentially associated with cell type, ECS, and biological processes. This work provides a rich resource for interrogating activity-regulated transcriptional responses in HPC neurons at single-nuclei resolution in the context of ECS, which can provide biological insight into the roles of defined neuronal subtypes in HPC function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-regulated gene expression across cell types of the mouse hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma after both SARS-CoV-2 boosted vaccination and COVID-19 potently neutralizes BQ1.1 and XBB. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesRecent 2022 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, have acquired resistance to most neutralizing anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies authorized, and the BQ.1.* sublineages are notably resistant to all authorized monoclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies from individuals both vaccinated and recently recovered from Omicron COVID-19 (VaxCCP) could retain new Omicron neutralizing activity.

MethodsHere we reviewed BQ.1.* virus neutralization data from 920 individual patient samples from 43 separate cohorts defined by boosted vaccinations with or without recent Omicron COVID-19, as well as infection without vaccination.

ResultsMore than 90% of the plasma samples from individuals in the recently (within 6 months) boosted VaxCCP study cohorts neutralized BQ.1.1, and BF.7 with 100% neutralization of WA-1, BA.4/5, BA.4.6 and BA.2.75. The geometric mean of the geometric mean 50% neutralizing titers (GM (GMT50) were 314, 78 and 204 for BQ.1.1, XBB.1 and BF.7, respectively. Compared to VaxCCP, plasma sampled from COVID-19 naive subjects who also recently within 6 months received at least a third vaccine dose had about half of the GM (GMT50) for all viral variants.

ConclusionsBoosted VaxCCP characterized by either recent vaccine dose or infection event within 6 months represents a robust, variant-resilient, passive immunotherapy against the new Omicron BQ.1.1, XBB.1 and BF.7 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senefeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focosi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.517977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma after both SARS-CoV-2 boosted vaccination and COVID-19 potently neutralizes BQ1.1 and XBB.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell dichotomous role of STING in pulmonary hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationalePatients with constitutive activation of DNA sensing pathway through stimulator of interferon genes (STING), such as those with STING-Associated Vasculopathy with onset in Infancy (SAVI), frequently have complications related to pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the role of STING-signaling in adult PH patients is heretofore undescribed.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of STING in PH development.

Methods and ResultsPH was induced in global STING deficient or cell-specific STING deficient mice using either bleomycin or chronic hypoxia exposure. PH development was evaluated with right ventricular systolic pressure, Fulton index, histological and flow cytometric measurements. STING expression in patient lungs were examined using both immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Herein, we describe how STING overactivation in a SAVI mouse model results in a baseline elevation in pulmonary pressures, while global STING deficiency protects mice from PH development. Furthermore, STING-associated PH appears to be independent of type I Interferon (IFN) signaling. We further demonstrate a cellular dichotomous role of STING in PH development with STING expression by smooth muscle cells contributing to PH, and its activation on myeloid cells being pivotal in severe disease prevention. Finally, we demonstrate a STING-PD-L1 axis as necessary for disease progression, suggesting future potential therapeutic applications.

ConclusionsOverall, these data provide concrete evidence of STING involvement in PH, establishing biologic plausibility for STING-related therapies in PH treatment.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=198 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/518422v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupee, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhsinova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jin, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell dichotomous role of STING in pulmonary hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance of computational algorithms to deconvolve heterogeneous bulk tumor tissue depends on experimental factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSingle-cell gene expression profiling provides unique opportunities to understand tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment. Because of cost and feasibility, profiling bulk tumors remains the primary population-scale analytical strategy. Many algorithms can deconvolve these tumors using single-cell profiles to infer their composition. While experimental choices do not change the true underlying composition of the tumor, they can affect the measurements produced by the assay.

ResultsWe generated a dataset of high-grade serous ovarian tumors with paired expression profiles from using multiple strategies to examine the extent to which experimental factors impact the results of downstream tumor deconvolution methods. We find that pooling samples for single-cell sequencing and subsequent demultiplexing has a minimal effect. We identify dissociation-induced differences that affect cell composition, leading to changes that may compromise the assumptions underlying some deconvolution algorithms. We also observe differences across mRNA enrichment methods that introduce additional discrepancies between the two data types. We also find that experimental factors change cell composition estimates and that the impact differs by method.

ConclusionsPrevious benchmarks of deconvolution methods have largely ignored experimental factors. We find that methods vary in their robustness to experimental factors. We provide recommendations for methods developers seeking to produce the next generation of deconvolution approaches and for scientists designing experiments using deconvolution to study tumor heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omran, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance of computational algorithms to deconvolve heterogeneous bulk tumor tissue depends on experimental factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.518843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution in SARS-CoV-2 Spike creates a variant soup that causes new COVID-19 waves. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.518843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic were mainly characterized by convergent evolution of mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein at residues K417, L452, E484, N501 and P681 across different variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta). Since Spring 2022 and the third year of the pandemic, with the advent of Omicron and its sublineages, convergent evolution has led to the observation of different lineages acquiring an additional group of mutations at different amino acid residues, namely R346, K444, N450, N460, F486, F490, Q493, and S494. Mutations at these residues have become increasingly prevalent during Summer and Autumn 2022, with combinations showing increased fitness. The most likely reason for this convergence is the selective pressure exerted by previous infection- or vaccine-elicited immunity. Such accelerated evolution has caused failure of all anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies, including bebtelovimab and cilgavimab. While we are learning how fast coronaviruses can mutate and recombine, we should reconsider opportunities for economically sustainable escape-proof combination therapies, and refocus antibody-mediated therapeutic efforts on polyclonal preparations that are less likely to allow for viral immune escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Focosi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.518843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution in SARS-CoV-2 Spike creates a variant soup that causes new COVID-19 waves.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAP promoter search and transcription kinetics in live E. coli cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial transcription has been studied extensively in vitro, which has provided indepth insight regarding transcription mechanisms. However, the live cell environment may impose different rules on transcription than the homogenous and simplified in vitro environment. How an RNA polymerase (RNAP) molecule searches rapidly through the vast nonspecific chromosomal DNA in the three-dimensional nucleoid space and binds a specific promoter sequence remains elusive. The kinetics of transcription in vivo could also be impacted by specific cellular environments including nucleoid organization and nutrient availability. In this work, we investigated the promoter search dynamics and transcription kinetics of RNAP in live E. coli cells. Using single-molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and combining with different genetic, drug inhibition, and growth conditions, we observed that RNAPs promoter search is facilitated by nonspecific DNA interactions and largely independent of nucleoid organization, growth condition, transcription activity, or promoter classes. RNAPs transcription kinetics, however, is sensitive to these conditions and mainly modulated at the levels of actively engaged RNAP and the promoter escape rate. Our work establishes a foundation for further mechanistic studies of bacterial transcription in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bettridge, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeyha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.31.522404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAP promoter search and transcription kinetics in live E. coli cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ethyl Maltol Disrupts Iron Homeostasis in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethyl Maltol (EM) is a commonly used flavoring compound and has been reported to bind iron and facilitate iron transport. Because EM is highly lipophilic, the potential that it disrupts intracellular iron homeostasis was investigated. EM increased the labile iron pool in SH-SY5Y cells and increased iron-responsive protein activity using a reporter assay in the HEK293 cells. EM induced the expression of transferrin receptor 1 mRNA and decreased expression of ferritin light chain protein in SH-SY5Y cells. Expression of the iron-responsive protein amyloid precursor protein attenuated the effects of EM on these iron-responsive genes. EM treatment decreased cell viability and increased DNA damage. EM also induced the phosphorylation of p53 and the expression of the p53 regulated genes, p21 and 14-3-3{sigma}. The expression of APP attenuated the effects of EM on viability, DNA damage, and the p53 response. Overall, we suggest that EM decreases cell viability through a mechanism involving the p53 pathway. The attenuated responses observed in cells expressing APP suggests that the effects of EM are due to disrupting iron homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressler, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ethyl Maltol Disrupts Iron Homeostasis in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribonucleoprotein condensation driven by retrotransposon LINE-1 sustains RNA integrity and translation in mouse spermatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TE) are mobile DNA sequences whose excessive proliferation endangers the host. Although animals have evolved robust TE-targeting defenses, including Piwi-interacting (pi)RNAs, retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1) still thrives in humans and mice. To gain insights into L1 endurance, we characterized L1 Bodies (LBs) and ORF1p complexes in germ cells of piRNA-deficient Maelstrom null mice. We report that ORF1p interacts with TE RNAs, genic mRNAs, and stress granule proteins, consistent with earlier studies. We also show that ORF1p associates with the CCR4-NOT deadenylation complex and PRKRA, a Protein Kinase R factor. Despite ORF1p interactions with these negative regulators of RNA expression, the stability and translation of LB-localized mRNAs remain unchanged. To scrutinize these findings, we studied the effects of PRKRA on L1 in cultured cells and showed that it elevates ORF1p levels and L1 retrotransposition. These results suggest that ORF1p-driven condensates promote L1 propagation, without affecting the metabolism of endogenous RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Luca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribonucleoprotein condensation driven by retrotransposon LINE-1 sustains RNA integrity and translation in mouse spermatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The catalytic activity of microRNA Argonautes plays a modest role in microRNA star strand cleavage in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many Argonaute proteins can cleave RNA ("slicing") as part of the microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), even though miRNA-mediated target repression is generally independent of target cleavage. Here we use genome editing in C. elegans to examine the role of miRNA-guided slicing in organismal development. In contrast to previous work, slicing-inactivating mutations did not interfere with normal development when introduced by CRISPR. We find that unwinding and decay of miRNA star strands is weakly defective in the absence of slicing, with the largest effect observed in embryos. Argonaute-Like Gene 2 (ALG-2) is more dependent on slicing for unwinding than ALG-1. The miRNAs that displayed the greatest (albeit minor) dependence on slicing for unwinding tend to form stable duplexes with their star strand, and in some cases, lowering duplex stability alleviates dependence on slicing. Gene expression changes were consistent with negligible to moderate loss of function for miRNA guides whose star strand was upregulated, suggesting a reduced proportion of mature miRISC in slicing mutants. While a few miRNA guide strands are reduced in the mutant background, the basis of this is unclear since changes were not dependent on EBAX-1, a factor in the Target-Directed miRNA Degradation (TDMD) pathway. Overall, this work defines a role for miRNA Argonaute slicing in star strand decay; future work should examine whether this role could have contributed to the selection pressure to conserve catalytic activity of miRNA Argonautes across the metazoan phylogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotagama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimme, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhawala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McJunkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The catalytic activity of microRNA Argonautes plays a modest role in microRNA star strand cleavage in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.525943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performant web-based interactive visualization tool for spatially-resolved transcriptomics experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.525943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution and multiplexed imaging techniques are giving us an increasingly detailed observation of a biological system. However, sharing, exploring, and customizing the visualization of large multidimensional images can be a challenge. Here, we introduce Samui, a performant and interactive image visualization tool that runs completely in the web browser. Samui is specifically designed for fast image visualization and annotation and enables users to browse through large images and their selected features within seconds of receiving a link. We demonstrate the broad utility of Samui with images generated with two platforms: Vizgen MERFISH and 10x Genomics Visium Spatial Gene Expression. Samui along with example datasets is available at https://samuibrowser.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sriworarat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.28.525943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performant web-based interactive visualization tool for spatially-resolved transcriptomics experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.527055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurexin 3 is required for the specific S-cone to S-cone bipolar cell synapse in the mammalian retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.527055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise wiring within sensory systems is critical for the accurate transmission of information. In the visual system, S-cone photoreceptors specialize in detecting short-wavelength light, crucial to color perception and environmental cue detection. S-cones form specific synapses with S-cone bipolar cells (SCBCs), a connection that is remarkably consistent across species. Yet, the molecular mechanisms guiding this specificity remain unexplored. To address this, we used the cone-dominant ground squirrel for deep-sequencing of cone subtype transcriptomes and identified Nrxn3 as an essential molecule for the S-cone to SCBC synapse. Using transgenic mouse models, we further examined the role of Nrxn3 in S-cones and discovered a significant reduction of SCBC connections in the absence of Nrxn3. This finding extends the known functions of neurexins, typically associated with synapse regulation, by highlighting their essential role in a specific synaptic connection for the first time. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes identified here pave the way for further investigations into the unique functions of cone subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunze, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angueyra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabnis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadal-Nicolas, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.527055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurexin 3 is required for the specific S-cone to S-cone bipolar cell synapse in the mammalian retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated single cell and unsupervised spatial transcriptomic analysis defines molecular anatomy of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular organization of the human neocortex has been historically studied in the context of its histological layers. However, emerging spatial transcriptomic technologies have enabled unbiased identification of transcriptionally-defined spatial domains that move beyond classic cytoarchitecture. Here we used the Visium spatial gene expression platform to generate a data-driven molecular neuroanatomical atlas across the anterior-posterior axis of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Integration with paired single nucleus RNA-sequencing data revealed distinct cell type compositions and cell-cell interactions across spatial domains. Using PsychENCODE and publicly available data, we map the enrichment of cell types and genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders to discrete spatial domains. Finally, we provide resources for the scientific community to explore these integrated spatial and single cell datasets at research.libd.org/spatialDLPFC/.

SummaryGeneration of a molecular neuroanatomical map of the human prefrontal cortex reveals novel spatial domains and cell-cell interactions relevant for psychiatric disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriworarat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyedian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PsychENCODE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated single cell and unsupervised spatial transcriptomic analysis defines molecular anatomy of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Instructive and reorganizing effects of experience on development of human visual cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparisons of visual cortex function across blind and sighted adults reveals effects of experience on human brain function. Since almost all research has been done with adults, little is known about the developmental origins of plasticity. We compared resting state functional connectivity of visual cortices of blind adults (n = 30), blindfolded sighted adults (n = 50) to a large cohort of infants (Developing Human Connectome Project, n = 475). Visual cortices of sighted adults show stronger coupling with non-visual sensory-motor networks (auditory, somatosensory/motor), than with higher-cognitive prefrontal cortices (PFC). In contrast, visual cortices of blind adults show stronger coupling with higher-cognitive PFC than with nonvisual sensory-motor networks. Are infant visual cortices functionally like those of sighted adults, with blindness leading to functional change? We find that, on the contrary that secondary visual cortices of infants are functionally more like those of blind adults: stronger coupling with PFC than with nonvisual sensory-motor networks, suggesting that visual experience modifies elements of the sighted-adult long-range functional connectivity profile. Infant primary visual cortices are in-between blind and sighted adults i.e., more balanced PFC and sensory-motor connectivity than either adult group. The lateralization of occipital-to-frontal connectivity in infants resembles the sighted adults, consistent with the idea that blindness leads to functional change. These results suggest that both vision and blindness modify functional connectivity through experience-driven (i.e., activity-dependent) plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.528939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Instructive and reorganizing effects of experience on development of human visual cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2019-20 H1N1 clade A5a.1 viruses have better in vitro replication compared with the co-circulating A5a.2 clade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surveillance for emerging human influenza virus clades is important for identifying changes in viral fitness and assessing antigenic similarity to vaccine strains. While fitness and antigenic structure are both important aspects of virus success, they are distinct characteristics and do not always change in a complementary manner. The 2019-20 Northern Hemisphere influenza season saw the emergence of two H1N1 clades: A5a.1 and A5a.2. While several studies indicated that A5a.2 showed similar or even increased antigenic drift compared with A5a.1, the A5a.1 clade was still the predominant circulating clade that season. Clinical isolates of representative viruses from these clades were collected in Baltimore, Maryland during the 2019-20 season and multiple assays were performed to compare both antigenic drift and viral fitness between clades. Neutralization assays performed on serum from healthcare workers pre- and post-vaccination during the 2019-20 season show a comparable drop in neutralizing titers against both A5a.1 and A5a.2 viruses compared with the vaccine strain, indicating that A5a.1 did not have antigenic advantages over A5a.2 that would explain its predominance in this population. Plaque assays were performed to investigate fitness differences, and the A5a.2 virus produced significantly smaller plaques compared with viruses from A5a.1 or the parental A5a clade. To assess viral replication, low MOI growth curves were performed on both MDCK-SIAT and primary differentiated human nasal epithelial cell cultures. In both cell cultures, A5a.2 yielded significantly reduced viral titers at multiple timepoints post-infection compared with A5a.1 or A5a. Receptor binding was then investigated through glycan array experiments which showed a reduction in receptor binding diversity for A5a.2, with fewer glycans bound and a higher percentage of total binding attributable to the top three highest bound glycans. Together these data indicate that the A5a.2 clade had a reduction in viral fitness, including reductions in receptor binding, that may have contributed to the limited prevalence observed after emergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swanson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenstermacher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2019-20 H1N1 clade A5a.1 viruses have better in vitro replication compared with the co-circulating A5a.2 clade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid molecular phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae based on propidium monoazide viability PCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) is an urgent threat to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. NG has acquired rapid resistance to all previously recommended treatments leaving ceftriaxone monotherapy as the first and last line of therapy for uncomplicated NG. The ability to rapidly determine susceptibility, which is currently nonexistent for NG, has been proposed as a strategy to preserve ceftriaxone by using alternative treatments. Herein, we used a DNA-intercalating dye in combination with NG-specific primers/probes to generate qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values at different concentrations of 2 NG-relevant antimicrobials. Our proof of concept dual-antimicrobial logistic regression model based on the differential Ct measurements achieved an AUC of 0.93 with a categorical agreement for susceptibility of 84.6%. When surveying the performance against each antimicrobial separately, the model predicted 90% and 75% susceptible and resistant strains respectively to ceftriaxone and 66.7% and 83.3% susceptible and resistant strains respectively to ciprofloxacin. We further validated the model against the individual replicates and determined the accuracy of the model in classifying susceptibility agnostic of the inoculum size. We demonstrated a novel PCR-based approach to determine phenotypic ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone susceptibility information for NG with reasonable accuracy in under 30 min, a significant improvement compared to the conventional method which takes 3 days.

Table of Content Graphic O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tjandra, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram-Mohan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid molecular phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae based on propidium monoazide viability PCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2) viruses represent an ongoing threat to public health. Both viruses target the respiratory tract, which consists of a gradient of cell types, receptor expression, and temperature. Environmental temperature has been an un-derstudied contributor to infection susceptibility and understanding its impact on host responses to infection could help uncover new insights into severe disease risk factors. As the nasal passageways are the initial site of respiratory virus infection, in this study we investigated the effect of temperature on host responses in human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) utilizing IAV and SCV2 in vitro infection models. We demonstrate that temperature affects SCV2, but not IAV, viral replicative fitness and that SCV2 infected cultures are slower to mount an infection-induced response, likely due to suppression by the virus. Additionally, we show that that temperature not only changes the basal transcriptomic landscape of epithelial cells, but that it also impacts the response to infection. The induction of interferon and other innate immune responses were not drastically affected by temperature, suggesting that while the baseline antiviral response at different temperatures remains consistent, there may be metabolic or signaling changes that affect how well the cultures are able to adapt to new pressures such as infection. Finally, we show that hNECs respond differently to IAV and SCV2 infection in ways that give insight into how the virus is able to manipulate the cell to allow for replication and release. Taken together, these data give new insight into the innate immune response to respiratory infections and can assist in identifying new treatment strategies for respiratory infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Ensemble Penalized Regression Method for Multi-ancestry Polygenic Risk Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Great efforts are being made to develop advanced polygenic risk scores (PRS) to improve the prediction of complex traits and diseases. However, most existing PRS are primarily trained on European ancestry populations, limiting their transferability to non-European populations. In this article, we propose a novel method for generating multi-ancestry Polygenic Risk scOres based on enSemble of PEnalized Regression models (PROSPER). PROSPER integrates genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics from diverse populations to develop ancestry-specific PRS with improved predictive power for minority populations. The method uses a combination of [L]1 (lasso) and [L]2 (ridge) penalty functions, a parsimonious specification of the penalty parameters across populations, and an ensemble step to combine PRS generated across different penalty parameters. We evaluate the performance of PROSPER and other existing methods on large-scale simulated and real datasets, including those from 23andMe Inc., the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, and All of Us. Results show that PROSPER can substantially improve multi-ancestry polygenic prediction compared to alternative methods across a wide variety of genetic architectures. In real data analyses, for example, PROSPER increased out-of-sample prediction R2 for continuous traits by an average of 70% compared to a state-of-the-art Bayesian method (PRS-CSx) in the African ancestry population. Further, PROSPER is computationally highly scalable for the analysis of large SNP contents and many diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Ensemble Penalized Regression Method for Multi-ancestry Polygenic Risk Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
escheR: Unified multi-dimensional visualizations with Gestalt principles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The creation of effective visualizations is a fundamental component of data analysis. In biomedical research, new challenges are emerging to visualize multi-dimensional data in a 2D space, but current data visualization tools have limited capabilities. To address this problem, we leverage Gestalt principles to improve the design and interpretability of multi-dimensional data in 2D data visualizations, layering aesthetics to display multiple variables. The proposed visualization can be applied to spatially-resolved transcriptomics data, but also broadly to data visualized in 2D space, such as embedding visualizations. We provide an open source R package escheR, which is built off of the state-of-the-art ggplot2 visualization framework and can be seamlessly integrated into genomics toolboxes and workflows.

Availability and implementationThe open source R package escheR is freely available on Bioconductor (bioconductor.org/packages/escheR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[escheR: Unified multi-dimensional visualizations with Gestalt principles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Drivers of Basal and Acute Immunity in Diverse Human Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior studies have identified genetic, infectious, and biological associations with immune competence and disease severity; however, there have been few integrative analyses of these factors and study populations are often limited in demographic diversity. Utilizing samples from 1,705 individuals in 5 countries, we examined putative determinants of immunity, including: single nucleotide polymorphisms, ancestry informative markers, herpesvirus status, age, and sex. In healthy subjects, we found significant differences in cytokine levels, leukocyte phenotypes, and gene expression. Transcriptional responses also varied by cohort, and the most significant determinant was ancestry. In influenza infected subjects, we found two disease severity immunophenotypes, largely driven by age. Additionally, cytokine regression models show each determinant differentially contributes to acute immune variation, with unique and interactive, location-specific herpesvirus effects. These results provide novel insight into the scope of immune heterogeneity across diverse populations, the integrative effects of factors which drive it, and the consequences for illness outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Souquette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshansky, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeevan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pounds, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Tendeloo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dib, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunjimi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz-Cherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.25.534227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Drivers of Basal and Acute Immunity in Diverse Human Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of working memory maintenance by theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling of human hippocampal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retaining information in working memory (WM) is a demanding process that relies on cognitive control to protect memoranda-specific persistent activity from interference. How cognitive control regulates WM storage, however, remains unknown. We hypothesized that interactions of frontal control and hippocampal persistent activity are coordinated by theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling (TG-PAC). We recorded single neurons in the human medial temporal and frontal lobe while patients maintained multiple items in WM. In the hippocampus, TG-PAC was indicative of WM load and quality. We identified cells that selectively spiked during nonlinear interactions of theta phase and gamma amplitude. These PAC neurons were more strongly coordinated with frontal theta activity when cognitive control demand was high, and they introduced information-enhancing and behaviorally relevant noise correlations with persistently active neurons in the hippocampus. We show that TG-PAC integrates cognitive control and WM storage to improve the fidelity of WM representations and facilitate behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daume, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schjetan, A. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimpour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamelak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutishauser, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of working memory maintenance by theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling of human hippocampal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heritability explained by local ancestry markers in an admixed population [Formula] provides crucial insight into the genetic architecture of a complex disease or trait. Estimation of [Formula] can be susceptible to biases due to population structure in ancestral populations. Here, we present a novel approach, Heritability estimation from Admixture Mapping Summary STAtistics (HAMSTA), which uses summary statistics from admixture mapping to infer heritability explained by local ancestry while adjusting for biases due to ancestral stratification. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that HAMSTA [Formula] estimates are approximately unbiased and are robust to ancestral stratification compared to existing approaches. In the presence of ancestral stratification, we show a HAMSTA-derived sampling scheme provides a calibrated family-wise error rate (FWER) of [~]5% for admixture mapping, unlike existing FWER estimation approaches. We apply HAMSTA to 20 quantitative phenotypes of up to 15,988 self-reported African American individuals in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. We observe [Formula] in the 20 phenotypes range from 0.0025 to 0.033 (mean [Formula]), which translates to [Formula] ranging from 0.062 to 0.85 (mean [Formula]). Across these phenotypes we find little evidence of inflation due to ancestral population stratification in current admixture mapping studies (mean inflation factor of 0.99 +/-0.001). Overall, HAMSTA provides a fast and powerful approach to estimate genome-wide heritability and evaluate biases in test statistics of admixture mapping studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Marchland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PAGE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer evolution as a driving force for lineage-specific paralog usage in the central nervous system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression patterns of paralogous genes in the functionally homologous cells sometimes show differences across species. However, no reasonable explanation for the mechanism underlying such phenomena has been discovered. To understand this mechanism, the present study focused on the hypophysiotropic GnRH neurons in vertebrates as a model. These neurons express either gnrh1 or gnrh3 paralogs depending on species, and apparent switching of the expressed paralogs in them occurred at least four times in vertebrate evolution. First, we found redundant expressions of gnrh1 and gnrh3 in a single neuron in piranha and hypothesized that this situation may indicate an ancestral condition. We tested this hypothesis by examining the activity of piranha gnrh1/gnrh3 enhancers in zebrafish and medaka, in which the two gnrh paralogs are not co-expressed. Here, the gnrh1/gnrh3 enhancer of piranha induced reporter RFP/GFP co-expressions in a single hypophysiotropic GnRH neuron in both zebrafish and medaka. From these results, we propose that long-lasting ([~]550 My) redundancy after gnrh1/3 duplication in 1R/2R WGD may be the key to apparent switching of the paralog usage among the present-day species. Moreover, interspecies analyses of enhancers indicated that the loss of enhancers rather than changes in trans-regulatory elements drove the role-division of these paralogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujimori, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugimoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomihara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akazome, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer evolution as a driving force for lineage-specific paralog usage in the central nervous system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BuGZ exhibits guanine nucleotide exchange factor toward tubulin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
- and {beta}-tubulin form heterodimers, with GTPase activity, that assemble into microtubules. Like other GTPases, the nucleotide-bound state of tubulin heterodimers controls whether the molecules are in a biologically active or inactive state. While -tubulin in the heterodimer is constitutively bound to GTP, {beta}-tubulin can be bound to either GDP (GDP-tubulin) or GTP (GTP-tubulin). GTP-tubulin hydrolyzes its GTP to GDP following assembly into a microtubule and, upon disassembly, must exchange its bound GDP for GTP to participate in subsequent microtubule polymerization. Tubulin dimers have been shown to exhibit rapid intrinsic nucleotide exchange in vitro, leading to a commonly accepted belief that a tubulin guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) may be unnecessary in cells. Here, we use quantitative binding assays to show that BuGZ, a spindle assembly factor, binds tightly to GDP-tubulin, less tightly to GTP-tubulin, and weakly to microtubules. We further show that BuGZ promotes the incorporation of GTP into tubulin using a nucleotide exchange assay. The discovery of a tubulin GEF suggests a mechanism that may aid rapid microtubule assembly dynamics in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yon, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BuGZ exhibits guanine nucleotide exchange factor toward tubulin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anopheles salivary apyrase regulates blood meal hemostasis and drives malaria parasite transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito salivary proteins play a crucial role in regulating hemostatic responses at the bite site during blood feeding. In this study, we investigate the function of Anopheles gambiae salivary apyrase (AgApyrase) in Plasmodium transmission. Our results demonstrate that salivary apyrase interacts with and activates tissue plasminogen activator, facilitating the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, a human protein previously shown to be required for Plasmodium transmission. Microscopy imaging shows that mosquitoes ingest a substantial amount of apyrase during blood feeding which reduces coagulation in the blood meal by enhancing fibrin degradation and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Supplementation of Plasmodium infected blood with apyrase significantly enhanced Plasmodium infection in the mosquito midgut. In contrast, AgApyrase immunization inhibited Plasmodium mosquito infection and sporozoite transmission. This study highlights a pivotal role for mosquito salivary apyrase for regulation of hemostasis in the mosquito blood meal and for Plasmodium transmission to mosquitoes and to the mammal host, underscoring the potential for new strategies to prevent malaria transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pala, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves e Silva, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino-Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona-Rivera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela-Leon, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Martin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachau, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anopheles salivary apyrase regulates blood meal hemostasis and drives malaria parasite transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABI1 regulates transcriptional activity of Androgen Receptor by novel DNA and AR binding mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription regulates key functions of living organisms in normal and disease states, including cell growth and development, embryonic and adult tissue organization, and tumor progression. Here we identify a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation by an actin regulatory and signaling protein, Abelson Interactor 1 (ABI1). Using prostate cancer models, we uncover a reciprocal regulation between ABI1 and the Androgen Receptor (AR). ABI1 is a direct, androgen-regulated target; in turn, ABI1 interacts with AR and its splice variant ARv7, and co-regulates a subset of specific transcriptional targets. ABI1 directs transcription through transient yet well-defined interaction of its intrinsically disordered region with DNA. Clinical evaluation shows that the ABI1-DNA binding (through Exon 4 splicing) and ABI1-AR interaction are regulated during androgen deprivation therapy and prostate cancer progression, thus controlling tumor plasticity through connecting actin cytoskeleton and cellular signaling to transcriptional regulation. We propose ABI1 as epigenetic regulator of transcriptional homeostasis in AR-driven cancers.

Statement of importanceThis study describes fundamental discovery in prostate cancer identifying novel mechanism of transcription by unique DNA binding mechanism involving actin cytoskeleton regulatory protein ABI1. ABI1-DNA binding activity predicts survival of prostate cancer patients. Moreover, we discover ABI1-AR reciprocal regulation that has far reaching implications for tumor plasticity and androgen-sensitive pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porter, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, S. H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarni Oo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marincin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urhonen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemraj, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nykter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleave, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratslavsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotula, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABI1 regulates transcriptional activity of Androgen Receptor by novel DNA and AR binding mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential role of the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi complex in Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii depends on the proper functioning of many glycosylated proteins. Glycosylation is performed in the major membranous organelles ER and Golgi apparatus that constitute a significant portion of the intracellular secretory system. The secretory pathway is bidirectional: cargo is delivered to target organelles in the anterograde direction, while the retrograde flow maintains the membrane balance and proper localization of glycosylation machinery. Despite the vital role of the Golgi in parasite infectivity, little is known about its biogenesis in apicomplexan parasites. In this study we examined T. gondii Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and determined that, contrary to predictions, T. gondii expresses the entire eight-subunit complex and each complex subunit is essential for tachyzoite growth. Deprivation of the COG complex induces a pronounced effect on Golgi and ER membranes, which suggests the T. gondii COG complex has wider role in intracellular membrane trafficking. We demonstrated that besides its conservative role in protein glycosylation and retrograde intra-Golgi trafficking, the COG complex also interacted with anterograde and novel transport machinery. Furthermore, we identified coccidian-specific components of the Golgi transport system: TgUlp1 and TgGlp1. Protein structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed that TgUlp1 is an adaptation of the conservative Golgi tethering factor Uso1/p115, and together with Golgi-localized TgGlp1, TgUlp1 showed dominant interactions with the trafficking machinery that predicted to operate the endosome-to-Golgi recycling. Together, our study showed that T. gondii has expanded function of the conservative Golgi tethering COG complex and evolved additional regulators of the transport likely to serve parasite-specific secretory organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsilia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokrovskaya, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaput, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupashin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvorova, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential role of the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi complex in Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the genomic landscape of multidrug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and its impact on parasite fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites have swept across Southeast Asia and now threaten Africa. By implementing a P. falciparum genetic cross using humanized mice, we report the identification of key determinants of resistance to artemisinin (ART) and piperaquine (PPQ) in the dominant Asian KEL1/PLA1 lineage. We mapped k13 as the central mediator of ART resistance and identified secondary markers. Applying bulk segregant analysis, quantitative trait loci mapping and gene editing, our data reveal an epistatic interaction between mutant PfCRT and multicopy plasmepsins 2/3 in mediating high-grade PPQ resistance. Susceptibility and parasite fitness assays implicate PPQ as a driver of selection for KEL1/PLA1 parasites. Mutant PfCRT enhanced susceptibility to lumefantrine, the first-line partner drug in Africa, highlighting a potential benefit of opposing selective pressures with this drug and PPQ. We also identified that the ABCI3 transporter can operate in concert with PfCRT and plasmepsins 2/3 in mediating multigenic resistance to antimalarial agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgford, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhurst, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Iturbe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the genomic landscape of multidrug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and its impact on parasite fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Size of Fields in Biomedical Sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientific research output has increased exponentially over the past few decades, but not equally across all fields of study, and we lack clear methods for estimating the size of any given field of research. Understanding how fields grow, change, and are organized is essential to understanding how human resources are allocated to the investigation of scientific problems. In this study we estimated the size of certain biomedical fields from the number of unique author names appearing in field relevant publications in the PubMed database. Focusing on microbiology, where the size of fields is often associated with those who work on a particular microbe, we find large differences in the size of its subfields. We found that plotting the number of unique investigators as a function of time can show changes consistent with growing or shrinking fields. We envision using unique author count to measure the strength of a workforce in any given field, analyze the overlap of workforce between fields, and compare how workforce correlates to available research funds and public health burden of a field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Size of Fields in Biomedical Sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution reveals compositional differences in high-grade serous ovarian cancer subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer is a deadly disease with few effective therapies. The most common form is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Transcriptomic subtypes of HGSOC have shown promise in characterizing tumor heterogeneity and are associated with survival. Gene expression signatures for the subtypes suggest variation in stromal cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we characterize the TME composition of HGSOC on a population scale by performing deconvolution on bulk transcriptomic data. We use comprehensive cell type profiles from 164 HGSOC tumor samples from two independent reference datasets, in order to compare cell type proportions across and within bulk transcriptomic datasets, and assess their alignment to the subtypes proposed by The Cancer Genome Atlas. We also assess the relationship between tumor composition and clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that HGSOC transcriptomic subtypes are driven by TME composition, specifically fibroblast and immune cell content, and we propose a modified HGSOC subtype model informed by cell composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution reveals compositional differences in high-grade serous ovarian cancer subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degradation of amyloid beta species by multi-copper oxidases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduction of the production of amyloid beta (A{beta}) species has been intensively investigated as potential therapeutic approaches for Alzheimers disease (AD). However, the degradation of A{beta} species, another potential beneficial approach, has been far less explored. In this study, we discovered that ceruloplasmin (CP), an important multi-copper oxidase (MCO) in human blood, could degrade A{beta} peptides. We also found that the presence of Vitamin C could enhance the degrading effect in a concentration-dependent manner. We then validated the CP-A{beta} interaction using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, fluorescence photometer, and fluorescence polarization measurement. Based on the above discovery, we hypothesized that other MCOs had similar A{beta}-degrading functions. Indeed, we found that other MCOs could induce A{beta} degradation as well. Remarkably, we revealed that ascorbate oxidase (AO) had the strongest degrading effect among the tested MCOs. Using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) neuron cells, we observed that AO could rescue neuron toxicity which induced by A{beta} oligomers. In addition, our electrophysiological analysis with brain slices suggested that AO could prevent an A{beta}-induced deficit in synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. To the best of our knowledge, our report is the first to demonstrate that MCOs have a degrading function for peptides/proteins. Further investigations are warranted to explore the possible benefits of MCOs for future AD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.02.547398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degradation of amyloid beta species by multi-copper oxidases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturally segregating genetic variants contribute to thermal tolerance in a D. melanogaster model system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermal tolerance is a fundamental physiological complex trait for survival in many species. For example, everyday tasks such as foraging, finding a mate, and avoiding predation, are highly dependent on how well an organism can tolerate extreme temperatures. Understanding the general architecture of the natural variants of the genes that control this trait is of high importance if we want to better comprehend how this trait evolves in natural populations. Here, we take a multipronged approach to further dissect the genetic architecture that controls thermal tolerance in natural populations using the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource (DSPR) as a model system. First, we used quantitative genetics and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping to identify major effect regions within the genome that influences thermal tolerance, then integrated RNA-sequencing to identify differences in gene expression, and lastly, we used the RNAi system to 1) alter tissue-specific gene expression and 2) functionally validate our findings. This powerful integration of approaches not only allows for the identification of the genetic basis of thermal tolerance but also the physiology of thermal tolerance in a natural population, which ultimately elucidates thermal tolerance through a fitness-associated lens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams-Simon, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oster, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moaton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghidey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturally segregating genetic variants contribute to thermal tolerance in a D. melanogaster model system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transmission bottleneck for malaria? Quantification of sporozoite expelling from laboratory and natural P. falciparum infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is currently unknown whether all Plasmodium falciparum infected mosquitoes are equally infectious. We assessed sporogonic development using cultured gametocytes in the Netherlands and naturally circulating strains in Burkina Faso. We quantified the number of sporozoites expelled into artificial skin in relation to intact oocysts, ruptured oocysts, and residual salivary gland sporozoites. Sporozoites were quantified by highly sensitive qPCR; intact and ruptured oocysts by fluorescence microscopy following antibody staining of circumsporozoite protein. In laboratory conditions, higher total sporozoite burden in mosquitoes was associated with a shorter duration of sporogony (p<0.001). Overall, 53% (116/216) of P. falciparum infected An. stephensi mosquitoes expelled sporozoites into artificial skin. The medians of expelled and residual salivary gland sporozoites were 136 (IQR: 34-501) and 23,947 (IQR: 9127-78,380), respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between ruptured oocyst number and salivary gland sporozoite load ({rho}=0.8; p<0.0001) and a weaker positive correlation between salivary gland sporozoite load and the number of sporozoites expelled ({rho}=0.35; p=0.0002). In Burkina Faso, An. coluzzii mosquitoes were infected by natural gametocyte carriers. Among mosquitoes that were salivary gland sporozoite positive, 89% (33/37) expelled sporozoites with a median of 1035 expelled sporozoites (IQR: 171-2969) and harbored a median of 45,100 residual salivary gland sporozoites (IQR: 20,310-164,900). Again, we observed a strong correlation between ruptured oocyst number and salivary gland sporozoite load ({rho}=0.9; p<0.0001) and a positive correlation between salivary gland sporozoite load and the number of sporozoites expelled ({rho}=0.7; p<0.0001). Mosquito salivary glands in Burkina Faso harbored 1-3 distinct parasite clones; several mosquitoes expelled multiple parasite clones during probing.

Whilst sporozoite expelling was regularly observed from mosquitoes with low infection burdens, our findings indicate that mosquito infection burden is associated with the number of expelled sporozoites. Future work is required to determine the direct implications of these findings for transmission potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andolina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graumans, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelbeogo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemert, G.-J. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramjith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harouna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soumanaba, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Vegte-Bolmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staedke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiono, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakeley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transmission bottleneck for malaria? Quantification of sporozoite expelling from laboratory and natural P. falciparum infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Influenza B Virus Victoria and Yamagata Lineages Display Distinct Cell Tropism and Infection Induced Host Gene Expression in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding Influenza B virus infections is of critical importance in our efforts to control severe influenza and influenza-related disease. Until 2020, two genetic lineages of influenza B virus - Yamagata and Victoria - circulated in the population. These lineages are antigenically distinct but differences in virus replication or the induction of host cell responses after infection have not been carefully studied. Recent IBV clinical isolates of both lineages were obtained from influenza surveillance efforts of the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response and characterized in vitro. B/Victoria and B/Yamagata clinical isolates were recognized less efficiently by serum from influenza-vaccinated individuals in comparison to the vaccine strains. B/Victoria lineages formed smaller plaques on MDCK cells compared to B/Yamagata, but infectious virus production in primary human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures showed no differences. While ciliated epithelial cells were the dominant cell type infected by both lineages, B/Victoria lineages had a slight preference for MUC5AC-positive cells, while B/Yamagata lineages infected more basal cells. Finally, while both lineages induced a strong interferon response 48 hours after infection of hNEC cultures, the B/Victoria lineages showed a much stronger induction of interferon related signaling pathways compared to B/Yamagata. This demonstrates that the two influenza B virus lineages differ not only in their antigenic structure but in their ability to induce host innate immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenstermacher, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Influenza B Virus Victoria and Yamagata Lineages Display Distinct Cell Tropism and Infection Induced Host Gene Expression in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Molecule Reaction-Diffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose to capture reaction-diffusion on a molecule-by-molecule basis from the fastest acquirable timescale, namely individual photon arrivals. We illustrate our method on intrinsically disordered human proteins, the linker histone H1.0 as well as its chaperone prothymosin , as these diffuse through an illuminated confocal spot and interact forming larger ternary complexes on millisecond timescales. Most importantly, single-molecule reaction-diffusion, smRD, reveals single molecule properties without trapping or otherwise confining molecules to surfaces. We achieve smRD within a Bayesian paradigm and term our method Bayes-smRD. Bayes-smRD is further free of the average, bulk, results inherent to the analysis of long photon arrival traces by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In learning from thousands of photon arrivals continuous spatial positions and discrete conformational and photophysical state changes, Bayes-smRD estimates kinetic parameters on a molecule-by-molecule basis with two to three orders of magnitude less data than tools such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy thereby also dramatically reducing sample photodamage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Molecule Reaction-Diffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure of a C. neoformans polysaccharide motif recognized by protective antibodies: a combined NMR and MD study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen responsible for cryptococcosis and cryptococcal meningitis. The C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide and shed exopolysaccharide functions both as a key virulence factor and to protect the fungal cell from phagocytosis. Currently, a glycoconjugate of these polysaccharides is being explored as a vaccine to protect against C. neoformans infection. In this combined NMR and MD study, experimentally determined NOEs and J-couplings support a structure of the synthetic decasaccharide, GXM10-Ac3, obtained by MD. GXM10-Ac3 was designed as an extension of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) polysaccharide motif (M2) which is common in the clinically predominant serotype A strains and is recognized by protective forms of GXM-specific monoclonal antibodies. The M2 motif is characterized by a 6-residue -mannan backbone repeating unit, consisting of a triad of -(1[-&gt;]3)-mannoses, modified by {beta}-(1[-&gt;]2)-xyloses on the first two mannoses and a {beta}-(1[-&gt;]2)-glucuronic acid on the third mannose. The combined NMR and MD analyses reveal that GXM10-Ac3 adopts an extended structure, with xylose/glucuronic acid branches alternating sides along the -mannan backbone. O-acetyl esters also alternate sides and are grouped in pairs. MD analysis of a twelve M2-repeating unit polymer supports the notion that the GXM10-Ac3 structure is uniformly represented throughout the polysaccharide. This experimentally consistent GXM model displays high flexibility while maintaining a structural identity, yielding new insights to further explore intermolecular interactions between polysaccharides, interactions with anti-GXM mAbs, and the cryptococcal polysaccharide architecture.

Significance StatementThis study utilized a combined NMR and MD approach to elucidate the structure of a Cryptococcus neoformans GXM synthetic decasaccharide (GXM10-Ac3), recognized by protective anti-GXM mAbs. The data revealed an extended structure in which the xylose/glucuronic acid branches and pairs of 6-O-acetyl esters predominantly alternate sides along the -mannan backbone. MD analysis of a GXM polysaccharide predicts that the decasaccharide structure is uniformly represented in the polysaccharide. Additionally, the GXM exhibits high flexibility while maintaining structural identity. These findings lay the foundation for future studies aimed at understanding anti-GXM antibody-polysaccharide interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hargett, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azurmendi, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscarson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedberg, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure of a C. neoformans polysaccharide motif recognized by protective antibodies: a combined NMR and MD study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tidyomics ecosystem: Enhancing omic data analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth of omic data presents evolving challenges in data manipulation, analysis, and integration. Addressing these challenges, Bioconductor1 provides an extensive community-driven biological data analysis platform. Meanwhile, tidy R programming2 offers a revolutionary standard for data organisation and manipulation. Here, we present the tidyomics software ecosystem, bridging Bioconductor to the tidy R paradigm. This ecosystem aims to streamline omic analysis, ease learning, and encourage cross-disciplinary collaborations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of tidyomics by analysing 7.5 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the Human Cell Atlas3, spanning six data frameworks and ten analysis tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowell, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahid, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axisa, P.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitt, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papenfuss, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangiola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.557072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tidyomics ecosystem: Enhancing omic data analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of progesterone by influenza A virus causes adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus infection during pregnancy can cause adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, but the mechanism responsible remains elusive. Infection of outbred mice with 2009 H1N1 at embryonic day (E) 10 resulted in significant maternal morbidity, placental tissue damage and inflammation, fetal growth restriction, and developmental delays that lasted through weaning. Restriction of pulmonary virus replication was not inhibited during pregnancy, but infected dams had suppressed circulating and placental progesterone (P4) concentrations that were caused by H1N1-induced upregulation of pulmonary cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, but not COX-2-, dependent synthesis and secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2. Treatment with 17--hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), a synthetic progestin that is safe to use in pregnancy, ameliorated the adverse maternal and fetal outcomes from H1N1 infection and prevented placental cell death and inflammation. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of progestin treatments for influenza during pregnancy.

ImportancePregnant individuals are at risk of severe outcomes from both seasonal and pandemic influenza A viruses. Influenza infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal outcomes at birth and adverse consequences for offspring into adulthood. We developed an outbred mouse model of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection during pregnancy, with semi-allogenic fetuses. When dams are infected with 2009 H1N1, in addition to pulmonary virus replication, tissue damage, and inflammation, the placenta shows evidence of transient damage and inflammation that is mediated by increased activity along the arachidonic acid pathway leading to suppression of circulating progesterone. Placental damage and suppressed progesterone are associated with long-term effects on perinatal growth and developmental delays in offspring. Treatment of H1N1-infected pregnant mice with 17-OHPC, a synthetic progestin treatment safe that is safe to use in pregnancy, prevents placental damage and inflammation and adverse fetal outcomes. This provided a novel therapeutic option for treatment of influenza during pregnancy that should be explored clinically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parish, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of progesterone by influenza A virus causes adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zoonotic spillovers of viruses have occurred through the animal trade worldwide. The start of the COVID-19 pandemic was traced epidemiologically to the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, the site with the most reported wildlife vendors in the city of Wuhan, China. Here, we analyze publicly available qPCR and sequencing data from environmental samples collected in the Huanan market in early 2020. We demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity linked to this market is consistent with market emergence, and find increased SARS-CoV-2 positivity near and within a particular wildlife stall. We identify wildlife DNA in all SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from this stall. This includes species such as civets, bamboo rats, porcupines, hedgehogs, and one species, raccoon dogs, known to be capable of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We also detect other animal viruses that infect raccoon dogs, civets, and bamboo rats. Combining metagenomic and phylogenetic approaches, we recover genotypes of market animals and compare them to those from other markets. This analysis provides the genetic basis for a short list of potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 to prioritize for retrospective serological testing and viral sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangavarapu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garry, R. f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopmans, M. P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popescu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worobey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutron Scattering Analysis of the Cryptococcus neoformans Polysaccharide Reveals Solution Rigidity and Repeating Fractal-like Structural Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening brain infections in immunocompromised individuals. Unlike other fungal pathogens, it possesses a protective polysaccharide capsule that is crucial for its virulence. During infections, Cryptococcus cells release copious amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (exo-PS) that interfere with host immune responses. Both exo-PS and capsular-PS play pivotal roles in Cryptococcus infections and serve as essential targets for disease diagnosis and vaccine development strategies. However, understanding their structure is complicated by their polydispersity, complexity, sensitivity to sample isolation and processing, and scarcity of methods capable of isolating and analyzing them while preserving their native structure. In this study, we employ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS) for the first time to investigate both fungal cell suspensions and extracellular polysaccharides in solution. Our data suggests that exo- PS in solution exhibits collapsed chain-like behavior and demonstrates mass fractal properties that indicate a relatively condensed pore structure in aqueous environments. This observation is also supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The local structure of the polysaccharide is characterized as a rigid rod, with a length-scale corresponding to 3 to 4 repeating units. This research not only unveils insights into exo-PS and capsular-PS structures but also demonstrates the potential of USANS for studying changes in cell dimensions and the promise of contrast variation in future neutron scattering studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strother, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutron Scattering Analysis of the Cryptococcus neoformans Polysaccharide Reveals Solution Rigidity and Repeating Fractal-like Structural Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MultipleXed Population Selection and Enrichment single nucleus RNA sequencing (XPoSE-seq) enables sample identity retention during transcriptional profiling of rare populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single nucleus RNA-sequencing is critical in deciphering tissue heterogeneity and identifying rare populations. However, current high throughput techniques are not optimized for rare target populations and require tradeoffs in design due to feasibility. We provide a novel snRNA pipeline, MulipleXed Population Selection and Enrichment snRNA-sequencing (XPoSE-seq), to enable targeted snRNA-seq experiments and in-depth transcriptomic characterization of rare target populations while retaining individual sample identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savell, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madangopal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravanan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaganas, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Leer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charendoff, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MultipleXed Population Selection and Enrichment single nucleus RNA sequencing (XPoSE-seq) enables sample identity retention during transcriptional profiling of rare populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment and comparative genomics of a high-quality collection of mosquito-associated bacterial isolates -- MosAIC (Mosquito-Associated Isolate Collection) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes transmit medically important human pathogens, including viruses like dengue virus and parasites such as Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria. Mosquito microbiomes are critically important for the ability of mosquitoes to transmit disease-causing agents. However, while large collections of bacterial isolates and genomic data exist for vertebrate microbiomes, the vast majority of work in mosquitoes to date is based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon data that provides limited taxonomic resolution and no functional information. To address this gap and facilitate future studies using experimental microbiome manipulations, we generated a bacterial Mosquito-Associated Isolate Collection (MosAIC) consisting of 392 bacterial isolates with extensive metadata and high-quality draft genome assemblies that are publicly available for use by the scientific community. MosAIC encompasses 142 species spanning 29 bacterial families, with members of the Enterobacteriaceae comprising 40% of the collection. Phylogenomic analysis of three genera, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Elizabethkingia, reveal lineages of mosquito-associated bacteria isolated from different mosquito species in multiple laboratories. Investigation into species pangenomes further reveals clusters of genes specific to these lineages, which are of interest for future work to identify functions underlying mosquito host association. Altogether, we describe the generation of a physical collection of mosquito-associated bacterial isolates, their genomic data, and analyses of selected groups in context of genome data from closely related isolates, providing a unique, highly valuable resource to investigate factors for bacterial colonisation and adaptation within mosquito hosts. Future efforts will expand the collection to include broader geographic and host species representation, especially from individuals collected from field populations, as well as other mosquito-associated microbes, including fungi, archaea, and protozoa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettell, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>2022 UW-Madison Capstone in Microbiology Students,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina Munoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lysne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhokiya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackney, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caragata, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Lorena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiente Moro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povelones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paustian, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondon, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment and comparative genomics of a high-quality collection of mosquito-associated bacterial isolates -- MosAIC (Mosquito-Associated Isolate Collection)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially specific, closed-loop infrared thalamocortical deep brain stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful tool for the treatment of circuitopathy-related neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders such as Parkinsons disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as a critical research tool for perturbing neural circuits and exploring neuroprostheses. Electrically-mediated DBS, however, is limited by the spread of stimulus currents into tissue unrelated to disease course and treatment, potentially causing undesirable patient side effects. In this work, we utilize infrared neural stimulation (INS), an optical neuromodulation technique that uses near to mid-infrared light to drive graded excitatory and inhibitory responses in nerves and neurons, to facilitate an optical and spatially constrained DBS paradigm. INS has been shown to provide spatially constrained responses in cortical neurons and, unlike other optical techniques, does not require genetic modification of the neural target. We show that INS produces graded, biophysically relevant single-unit responses with robust information transfer in thalamocortical circuits. Importantly, we show that cortical spread of activation from thalamic INS produces more spatially constrained response profiles than conventional electrical stimulation. Owing to observed spatial precision of INS, we used deep reinforcement learning for closed-loop control of thalamocortical circuits, creating real-time representations of stimulus-response dynamics while driving cortical neurons to precise firing patterns. Our data suggest that INS can serve as a targeted and dynamic stimulation paradigm for both open and closed-loop DBS.

Significance StatementDespite initial clinical successes, electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) is fraught with off-target current spillover into tissue outside of therapeutic targets, giving rise to patient side effects and the reduction of therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we validate infrared neural stimulation (INS) as a spatially constrained optical DBS paradigm by quantifying dose-response profiles and robust information transfer through INS driven thalamocortical circuits. We show that INS elicits biophysically relevant responses which are spatially constrained compared to conventional electrical stimulation, potentially reducing off-target side effects. Leveraging the spatial specificity of thalamocortical INS, we used deep reinforcement learning to close the loop on thalamocortical INS and showed the ability to drive subject-specific thalamocortical circuits to target response states in real time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnati, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogmeier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially specific, closed-loop infrared thalamocortical deep brain stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.562561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-CRISPR proteins trigger a burst of CRISPR-Cas9 expression that enhances phage defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.562561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas immune systems provide bacteria with adaptive immunity against bacteriophages, but they are often transcriptionally downregulated to mitigate autoimmunity. In some cases, CRISPR-Cas expression increases in response to a phage infection, but the mechanisms of induction are largely unknown, and it is unclear whether induction occurs strongly and quickly enough to benefit the bacterial host. In S. pyogenes, Cas9 is both an immune effector and autorepressor of CRISPR-Cas expression. Here, we show that phage-encoded anti-CRISPR proteins relieve Cas9 autorepression and trigger a rapid increase in CRISPR-Cas levels during a single phage infective cycle. As a result, fewer cells succumb to lysis leading to a striking survival benefit after multiple rounds of infection. CRISPR-Cas induction also reduces lysogeny, thereby limiting a route for horizontal gene transfer. Altogether, we show that Cas9 is not only a CRISPR-Cas effector and repressor, but also a phage sensor that can mount an anti-anti- CRISPR transcriptional response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoltzfus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euler, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.22.562561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-CRISPR proteins trigger a burst of CRISPR-Cas9 expression that enhances phage defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New tools reveal PCP-dependent polarized mechanics in the cortex and cytoplasm of single cells during convergent extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding biomechanics of biological systems is crucial for unraveling complex processes like tissue morphogenesis. However, current methods for studying cellular mechanics in vivo are limited by the need for specialized equipment and often provide limited spatiotemporal resolution. Here we introduce two new techniques, Tension by Transverse Fluctuation (TFlux) and in vivo microrheology, that overcome these limitations. They both offer time-resolved, subcellular biomechanical analysis using only fluorescent reporters and widely available microscopes. Employing these two techniques, we have revealed a planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent mechanical gradient both in the cell cortex and the cytoplasm of individual cells engaged in convergent extension. Importantly, the non-invasive nature of these methods holds great promise for its application for uncovering subcellular mechanical variations across a wide array of biological contexts.

SummaryNon-invasive imaging-based techniques providing time-resolved biomechanical analysis at subcellular scales in developing vertebrate embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devitt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyaoga, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havnen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New tools reveal PCP-dependent polarized mechanics in the cortex and cytoplasm of single cells during convergent extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermal and pigment characterization of environmental fungi in the urban heat island of Baltimore City 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major barrier for most fungal species to infect humans is their inability to grow at body temperature (37{degrees}C). Global warming and more frequent extreme heat events may impose selection pressures that allow fungal adaptation to higher temperatures. Cities are heat islands that are up to 8{degrees}C warmer than their suburban counterparts because of mechanical heat production and reduced greenspace, among other factors, and may be an important reservoir of fungi that have increased risk of thermotolerance and inhabit environments near humans. Here we describe a novel and inexpensive technique that was developed to collect fungal samples from various sites in Baltimore, Maryland using commercially available taffy candy. Our results show fungal isolates from warmer neighborhoods show greater thermotolerance and lighter pigmentation relative to isolates of the same species from cooler neighborhoods, suggesting local adaptation. Lighter pigmentation in fungal isolates from warmer areas is consistent with known mechanisms of pigment regulation that modulate fungal cell temperature. The opportunistic pathogen Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from warmer neighborhoods had a higher resistance to gradual exposure to extreme heat than those from cooler neighborhoods. Our results imply fungal adaptation to increased temperature in an urban environment. The acquisition of thermotolerance poses a risk for humans if fungal species with pathogenic potential acquire the capacity to grow at human body temperatures and cause disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faiez, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bencomo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermal and pigment characterization of environmental fungi in the urban heat island of Baltimore City]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axonal PLC-γ activity is required for BDNF long-distance signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) are important signaling proteins that regulate dendritic growth and maintenance in the central nervous system (CNS). After binding of BDNF, TrkB is endocytosed into endosomes and continues signaling within the cell soma, dendrites, and axon. We showed that BDNF signaling initiated in axons triggers long-distance signaling, inducing dendritic arborization in a CREB-dependent manner in cell bodies, processes that depend on axonal dynein and TrkB activities. The binding of BDNF to TrkB triggers the activation of different signaling pathways, including the ERK1/2, PLC-{gamma} and PI3K-mTOR pathways, to induce dendritic growth and synaptic plasticity. How TrkB downstream pathways regulate long-distance signaling is unclear. Here, we studied the role of PLC-{gamma}-Ca2+ in BDNF/TrkB-induced long-distance signaling using compartmentalized microfluidic cultures. We found that dendritic branching and CREB phosphorylation induced by axonal BDNF stimulation require the activation of PLC-{gamma} in the axons of cortical neurons. Locally on axons, BDNF increases PLC-{gamma} phosphorylation and induces intracellular Ca2+ waves in a PLC-{gamma}-dependent manner. Moreover, the transport of BDNF-containing signaling endosomes to the cell body was dependent on PLC-{gamma} activity and intracellular Ca2+ stores. Furthermore, the activity of PLC-{gamma} is required for BDNF-dependent TrkB endocytosis, suggesting a role for the TrkB/PLC-{gamma} signaling pathway in axonal signaling endosome generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moya-Alvarado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero-Pena, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Soto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronfman, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axonal PLC-γ activity is required for BDNF long-distance signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-resolved transcriptomics of human dentate gyrus across postnatal lifespan reveals heterogeneity in markers for proliferation, extracellular matrix, and neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is important for many cognitive functions, including learning, memory, and mood. Here, we investigated age-associated changes in transcriptome-wide spatial gene expression in the human dentate gyrus across the lifespan. Genes associated with neurogenesis and the extracellular matrix were enriched in infants, while gene markers of inhibitory neurons and cell proliferation showed increases and decreases in post-infancy, respectively. While we did not find evidence for neural proliferation post-infancy, we did identify molecular signatures supporting protracted maturation of granule cells. We also identified a wide-spread hippocampal aging signature and an age-associated increase in genes related to neuroinflammation. Our findings suggest major changes to the putative neurogenic niche after infancy and identify molecular foci of brain aging in glial and neuropil enriched tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramnauth, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papariello, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-resolved transcriptomics of human dentate gyrus across postnatal lifespan reveals heterogeneity in markers for proliferation, extracellular matrix, and neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estradiol Mediates Greater Germinal Center Responses to Influenza Vaccination in Female than Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult females of reproductive ages develop greater antibody responses to inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) than males. How sex, age, and sex steroid changes impact B cells and durability of IIV-induced immunity and protection over 4-months post-vaccination (mpv) was analyzed. Vaccinated adult females had greater germinal center (GC) B cell and plasmablast frequencies in lymphoid tissues, higher neutralizing antibody responses 1-4 mpv, and better protection against live H1N1 challenge than adult males. Aged mice, regardless of sex, had reduced B cell frequencies, less durable antibody responses, and inferior protection after challenge than adult mice, which correlated with diminished estradiol among aged females. To confirm that greater IIV-induced immunity was caused by sex hormones, four core genotype (FCG) mice were used, in which the testes determining gene, Sry, was deleted from ChrY and transferred to Chr3, to separate gonadal sex (i.e., ovaries or testes) from sex chromosome complement (i.e., XX or XY complement). Vaccinated, gonadal female FCG mice (XXF and XYF) had greater numbers of B cells, higher antiviral antibody titers, and reduced pulmonary virus titers following live H1N1 challenge than gonadal FCG males (XYM and XXM). To establish that lower estradiol concentrations cause diminished immunity, adult and aged females received either a placebo or estradiol replacement therapy prior to IIV. Estradiol replacement significantly increased IIV-induced antibody responses and reduced morbidity after the H1N1 challenge among aged females. These data highlight that estradiol is a targetable mechanism mediating greater humoral immunity following vaccination among adult females.

ImportanceFemales of reproductive ages develop greater antibody responses to influenza vaccines than males. We hypothesized that female-biased immunity and protection against influenza was mediated by estradiol signaling in B cells. Using diverse mouse models ranging from advanced age mice to transgenic mice that separate sex steroids from sex chromosome complement, those mice with greater concentrations of estradiol consistently had greater numbers of antibody producing B cells in lymphoid tissue, higher antiviral antibody titers, and greater protection against live influenza virus challenge. Treatment of aged female mice with estradiol enhanced vaccine-induced immunity and protection against disease, suggesting that estradiol signaling in B cells is critical for improved vaccine outcomes in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estradiol Mediates Greater Germinal Center Responses to Influenza Vaccination in Female than Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaVision3D: Automated framework for the Generation of Spatial Metabolome Atlas in 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution spatial imaging is transforming our understanding of foundational biology. Spatial metabolomics is an emerging field that enables the dissection of the complex metabolic landscape and heterogeneity from a thin tissue section. Currently, spatial metabolism highlights the remarkable complexity in two-dimensional space and is poised to be extended into the three-dimensional world of biology. Here, we introduce MetaVision3D, a novel pipeline driven by computer vision techniques for the transformation of serial 2D MALDI mass spectrometry imaging sections into a high-resolution 3D spatial metabolome. Our framework employs advanced algorithms for image registration, normalization, and interpolation to enable the integration of serial 2D tissue sections, thereby generating a comprehensive 3D model of unique diverse metabolites across host tissues at mesoscale. As a proof of principle, MetaVision3D was utilized to generate the mouse brain 3D metabolome atlas (available at https://metavision3d.rc.ufl.edu/) as an interactive online database and web server to further advance brain metabolism and related research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shedlock, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkinson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dande, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Kooi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaVision3D: Automated framework for the Generation of Spatial Metabolome Atlas in 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Global Transcriptional Atlas of the Effect of Sleep Deprivation in the Mouse Frontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation (SD) has negative effects on brain function. Sleep problems are prevalent in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the molecular consequences of SD is of fundamental importance in neuroscience. In this study, we present the first simultaneous bulk and single-nuclear (sn)RNA sequencing characterization of the effects of SD in the mouse frontal cortex. We show that SD predominantly affects glutamatergic neurons, specifically in layers 4 and 5, and produces isoform switching of thousands of transcripts. At both the global and cell-type specific level, SD has a large repressive effect on transcription, down-regulating thousands of genes and transcripts; underscoring the importance of accounting for the effects of sleep loss in transcriptome studies of brain function. As a resource we provide extensive characterizations of cell types, genes, transcripts and pathways affected by SD; as well as tutorials for data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Righelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singletary, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Global Transcriptional Atlas of the Effect of Sleep Deprivation in the Mouse Frontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic skeletal diversification via differential enoylreductase recruitment and module iteration in trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms are remarkable chemists capable of assembling complex molecular architectures that penetrate cells and bind biomolecular targets with exquisite selectivity. Consequently, microbial natural products have wide-ranging applications in medicine and agriculture. How the "blind watchmaker" of evolution creates skeletal diversity is a key question in contemporary natural products research. Comparative analysis of biosynthetic pathways to structurally related metabolites is an insightful approach to addressing this.

Here we report comparative biosynthetic investigations of gladiolin, a polyketide antibiotic from Burkholderia gladioli with promising activity against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and entangien, a structurally related antibiotic produced by Sorangium cellulosum. Although these metabolites have very similar macrolide cores, their C21 side chains differ significantly in both length and degree of saturation. Surprisingly, the trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases (PKSs) that assemble these antibiotics are almost identical, raising intriguing questions about mechanisms underlying structural diversification in this important class of biosynthetic assembly line.

In vitro reconstitution of key biosynthetic transformations using simplified substrate analogues, combined with gene deletion and complementation experiments, enabled us to elucidate the origin of all structural differences in the C21 side chains of gladiolin and etnangien. The more saturated gladiolin side chain arises from a cis-acting enoylreductase (ER) domain in module 1 and in trans recruitment of a standalone ER to module 5 of the PKS. Remarkably, module 5 of the gladiolin PKS is intrinsically iterative in the absence of the standalone ER, accounting for the longer side chain in etnangien. These findings have important implications for biosynthetic engineering approaches to the creation of novel polyketide skeletons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkhalaf, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challis, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic skeletal diversification via differential enoylreductase recruitment and module iteration in trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Pseudoknot Base Pairing on Cotranscriptional Structural Switching of the Fluoride Riboswitch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central question in biology is how RNA sequence changes influence dynamic conformational changes during cotranscriptional folding. Here we investigated this question through the study of transcriptional fluoride riboswitches, non-coding RNAs that sense the fluoride anion through the coordinated folding and rearrangement of a pseudoknotted aptamer domain and a downstream intrinsic terminator expression platform. Using a combination of E. coli RNA polymerase in vitro transcription and cellular gene expression assays, we characterized the function of mesophilic and thermophilic fluoride riboswitch variants. We showed that only variants containing the mesophilic pseudoknot function at 37 {degrees}C. We next systematically varied the pseudoknot sequence and found that a single wobble base pair is critical for function. Characterizing thermophilic variants at 65 {degrees}C through Thermus aquaticus RNA polymerase in vitro transcription showed the importance of this wobble pair for function even at elevated temperatures. Finally, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations which supported the experimental findings, visualized the RNA structure switching process, and provided insight into the important role of magnesium ions. Together these studies provide deeper insights into the role of riboswitch sequence in influencing folding and function that will be important for understanding of RNA-based gene regulation and for synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hertz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznedelov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakkaramadam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucks, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Pseudoknot Base Pairing on Cotranscriptional Structural Switching of the Fluoride Riboswitch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic encoding of genome organization principles within single native nucleosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic genome, first packed into nucleosomes of about 150 bp around the histone core, is organized into euchromatin and heterochromatin, corresponding to the A and B compartments, respectively. Here, we asked if individual nucleosomes in vivo know where to go. That is, do mono-nucleosomes by themselves contain A/B compartment information, associated with transcription activity, in their biophysical properties? We purified native mono-nucleosomes to high monodispersity and used physiological concentrations of biological polyamines to determine their condensability. The chromosomal regions known to partition into A compartments have low condensability and vice versa. In silico chromatin polymer simulations using condensability as the only input showed that biophysical information needed to form compartments is all contained in single native nucleosomes and no other factors are needed. Condensability is also strongly anticorrelated with gene expression, and especially so near the promoter region and in a cell type dependent manner. Therefore, individual nucleosomes in the promoter know whether the gene is on or off, and that information is contained in their biophysical properties. Comparison with genetic and epigenetic features suggest that nucleosome condensability is a very meaningful axis onto which to project the high dimensional cellular chromatin state. Analysis of condensability using various condensing agents including those that are protein-based suggests that genome organization principle encoded into individual nucleosomes is electrostatic in nature. Polyamine depletion in mouse T cells, by either knocking out ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or inhibiting ODC, results in hyperpolarized condensability, suggesting that when cells cannot rely on polyamines to translate biophysical properties of nucleosomes to control gene expression and 3D genome organization, they accentuate condensability contrast, which may explain dysfunction known to occur with polyamine deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athreya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benning, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic encoding of genome organization principles within single native nucleosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering self-propelled tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells using synthetic velocity receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells express antigen-specific synthetic receptors, which upon binding to cancer cells, elicit T cell anti-tumor responses. CAR T cell therapy has enjoyed success in the clinic for hematological cancer indications, giving rise to decade-long remissions in some cases. However, CAR T therapy for patients with solid tumors has not seen similar success. Solid tumors constitute 90% of adult human cancers, representing an enormous unmet clinical need. Current approaches do not solve the central problem of limited ability of therapeutic cells to migrate through the stromal matrix. We discover that T cells at low and high density display low- and high-migration phenotypes, respectively. The highly migratory phenotype is mediated by a paracrine pathway from a group of self-produced cytokines that include IL5, TNF, IFN{gamma}, and IL8. We exploit this finding to "lock-in" a highly migratory phenotype by developing and expressing receptors, which we call velocity receptors (VRs). VRs target these cytokines and signal through these cytokines cognate receptors to increase T cell motility and infiltrate lung, ovarian, and pancreatic tumors in large numbers and at doses for which control CAR T cells remain confined to the tumor periphery. In contrast to CAR therapy alone, VR-CAR T cells significantly attenuate tumor growth and extend overall survival. This work suggests that approaches to the design of immune cell receptors that focus on migration signaling will help current and future CAR cellular therapies to infiltrate deep into solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichakawade, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering self-propelled tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells using synthetic velocity receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep super-resolution imaging of thick tissue using structured illumination with adaptive optics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) doubles the resolution of fluorescence imaging in all directions and increases the image contrast. However, 3D-SIM has not been widely applied to imaging deep in thick tissues due to its sensitivity to sample-induced aberrations, making the method difficult to apply beyond 10 {micro}m in depth. Furthermore, 3D-SIM has not been available in an upright configuration, limiting its use for live imaging while manipulating the specimen, for example with electrophysiology. Here, we have overcome these barriers by developing a novel upright 3D-SIM system (termed Deep3DSIM) that incorporates adaptive optics for aberration correction and remote focusing, reducing artefacts, improving contrast, restoring resolution, and removing the need to move the specimen or the objective lens in volume imaging. These advantages are equally applicable to inverted 3D-SIM systems. We demonstrate high-quality 3D-SIM imaging in various samples, including an example of imaging 130 {micro}m into Drosophila brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoychev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titlow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerondopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schermelleh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep super-resolution imaging of thick tissue using structured illumination with adaptive optics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.14.575572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NRX-101 (D-Cycloserine + Lurasidone) , a Qualified Infectious Disease Product, is Active Against Drug-Resistant Urinary Pathogens In Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.14.575572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundD-Cycloserine (DCS) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is currently FDA-approved to treat tuberculosis (TB) disease and urinary tract infection. Despite numerous reports showing good clinical efficacy, DCS fell out of favor as a UTI treatment because of its propensity to cause side effects. NRX-101, a fixed dose combination of DCS and lurasidone, has been awarded Qualified Infectious Disease Product and Fast Track Designation by the US Food and Drug Administration and is being developed for various CNS indications because of its unique synergistic effect; each component mitigates side effects of the other.

MethodsIn this study, we tested NRX-101 against the urinary tract pathogens E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii in Mueller Hinton broth (caMHB) and artificial urine media (AUM). Several strains were multidrug resistant. Test compounds were serially diluted in broth/media. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest concentration of test compound at which no bacterial growth was observed.

ResultsDCS exhibited antibacterial efficacy against all strains tested while lurasidone did not appreciably affect the antibacterial action of DCS in vitro. In AUM, the MICs ranged from 128 to 512 mcg/ml for both DCS and NRX-101. In caMHB, MICs ranged from 8 to 1024 mcg/ml for NRX-101 and 32 to 512 mcg/ml for DCS alone.

ConclusionsOur data confirm that DCS as antibacterial activity against reference and drug-resistant urinary pathogens. Furthermore, lurasidone does not interfere with DCSs anti-microbial action in vitro. These results support the clinical development of NRX-101 as a treatment for complicated urinary tract infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapko, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manyak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panicucci, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.14.575572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NRX-101 (D-Cycloserine + Lurasidone) , a Qualified Infectious Disease Product, is Active Against Drug-Resistant Urinary Pathogens In Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Safety, Security, Sustainability and Social Responsibility Principles into the U.S Bioeconomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioindustrial manufacturing is undergoing rapid expansion and investment and is seen as integral to nations economic progress. Ensuring that bioindustrial manufacturing benefits society as the field expands is of critical, urgent importance. To better understand the industrys ethical trajectory and to shape policy, we explored the views of biotechnology leaders on 4 aspects of ethical and social responsibility: - Safety, Security, Social Responsibility, and Sustainability, what we have termed "4S Principles". We identified policy actions governments and other stakeholders may take to maximize societal benefits in industrial biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gronvall, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attal-Juncqua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morhard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.578954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Safety, Security, Sustainability and Social Responsibility Principles into the U.S Bioeconomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.09.579665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmark of cellular deconvolution methods using a multi-assay reference dataset from postmortem human prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.09.579665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCellular deconvolution of bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data using single cell or nuclei RNA-seq (sc/snRNA-seq) reference data is an important strategy for estimating cell type composition in heterogeneous tissues, such as human brain. Computational methods for deconvolution have been developed and benchmarked against simulated data, pseudobulked sc/snRNA-seq data, or immunohistochemistry reference data. A major limitation in developing improved deconvolution algorithms has been the lack of integrated datasets with orthogonal measurements of gene expression and estimates of cell type proportions on the same tissue sample. Deconvolution algorithm performance has not yet been evaluated across different RNA extraction methods (cytosolic, nuclear, or whole cell RNA), different library preparation types (mRNA enrichment vs. ribosomal RNA depletion), or with matched single cell reference datasets.

ResultsA rich multi-assay dataset was generated in postmortem human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from 22 tissue blocks. Assays included spatially-resolved transcriptomics, snRNA-seq, bulk RNA-seq (across six library/extraction RNA-seq combinations), and RNAScope/Immunofluorescence (RNAScope/IF) for six broad cell types. The Mean Ratio method, implemented in the DeconvoBuddies R package, was developed for selecting cell type marker genes. Six computational deconvolution algorithms were evaluated in DLPFC and predicted cell type proportions were compared to orthogonal RNAScope/IF measurements.

ConclusionsBisque and hspe were the most accurate methods, were robust to differences in RNA library types and extractions. This multi-assay dataset showed that cell size differences, marker genes differentially quantified across RNA libraries, and cell composition variability in reference snRNA-seq impact the accuracy of current deconvolution methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinquemani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maden, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmark of cellular deconvolution methods using a multi-assay reference dataset from postmortem human prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutathione metabolism impacts fungal virulence by modulating the redox environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens must overcome the hostile conditions of their hosts to survive, proliferate and cause disease. The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is particularly adept at mitigating challenges in the host environment and has developed an arsenal of defense mechanisms to evade oxidative and nitrosative agents released by phagocytic cells during infection. Among these mechanisms, melanin production is crucially linked to both fungal virulence and defense against harmful free radicals that facilitate host innate immunity and clearance of invading pathogens. Here, we employed comparative global metabolomics to demonstrate that metabolism of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is inextricably linked to redox-active processes that facilitate melanin production, and that genetic perturbations in GSH biosynthesis affect fungal growth and virulence in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Furthermore, we show that disruption of GSH biosynthesis leads to overaccumulation of reducing and acidic compounds in the extracellular environment of mutant cells. These changes not only impacted melanin formation but also influenced titan cell and urease production as well as survival in macrophages. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of redox homeostasis and metabolic compensation in pathogen adaptation to the host environment and suggest new avenues for antifungal drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque da Silva, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magana, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horianopoulos, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronstad, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.581054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutathione metabolism impacts fungal virulence by modulating the redox environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.582081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic analysis of the human habenula in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.582081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZD), is linked to habenula (Hb) function. While pharmacotherapies and deep brain stimulation targeting the Hb are emerging as promising therapeutic treatments, little is known about the cell type-specific transcriptomic organization of the human Hb or how it is altered in SCZD. Here we define the molecular neuroanatomy of the human Hb and identify transcriptomic changes in individuals with SCZD compared to neurotypical controls. Utilizing Hb-enriched postmortem human brain tissue, we performed single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq; n=7 neurotypical donors) and identified 17 molecularly defined Hb cell types across 16,437 nuclei, including 3 medial and 7 lateral Hb populations, several of which were conserved between rodents and humans. Single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH; n=3 neurotypical donors) validated snRNA-seq Hb cell types and mapped their spatial locations. Bulk RNA-sequencing and cell type deconvolution in Hb-enriched tissue from 35 individuals with SCZD and 33 neurotypical controls yielded 45 SCZD-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR < 0.05), with 32 (71%) unique to Hb-enriched tissue. eQTL analysis identified 717 independent SNP-gene pairs (FDR < 0.05), where either the SNP is a SCZD risk variant (16 pairs) or the gene is a SCZD DEG (7 pairs). eQTL and SCZD risk colocalization analysis identified 16 colocalized genes. These results identify topographically organized cell types with distinct molecular signatures in the human Hb and demonstrate unique genetic changes associated with SCZD, thereby providing novel molecular insights into the role of Hb in neuropsychiatric disorders.

One Sentence SummaryTranscriptomic analysis of the human habenula and identification of molecular changes associated with schizophrenia risk and illness state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yalcinbas, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajanaku, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.582081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic analysis of the human habenula in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Drosophila model to screen Alport syndrome COL4A5 variants for their functional pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alport syndrome is a hereditary chronic kidney disease, attributed to rare pathogenic variants in either of three collagen genes (COL4A3/4/5) with most localized in COL4A5. Trimeric type IV Collagen 345 is essential for the glomerular basement membrane that forms the kidney filtration barrier. A means to functionally assess the many candidate variants and determine pathogenicity is urgently needed. We used Drosophila, an established model for kidney disease, and identify Col4a1 as the functional homolog of human COL4A5 in the fly nephrocyte (equivalent of human podocyte). Fly nephrocytes deficient for Col4a1 showed an irregular and thickened basement membrane and significantly reduced nephrocyte filtration function. This phenotype was restored by expressing human reference (wildtype) COL4A5, but not by COL4A5 carrying any of three established pathogenic patient-derived variants. We then screened seven additional patient COL4A5 variants; their ClinVar classification was either likely pathogenic or of uncertain significance. The findings support pathogenicity for four of these variants; the three others were found benign. Thus, demonstrating the effectiveness of this Drosophila in vivo kidney platform in providing the urgently needed variant-level functional validation.

SUMMARY STATEMENTDrosophila, an established model of kidney disease, was used to develop an in vivo functional screen to determine causation for COL4A5 genetic variants linked to Alport syndrome, a progressive nephropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Leemput, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fermin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warady, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Drosophila model to screen Alport syndrome COL4A5 variants for their functional pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variant mutation in SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid enhances viral infection via altered genomic encapsidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their respective phenotypes represents an important set of tools to understand basic coronavirus biology as well as the public health implications of individual mutations in variants of concern. While mutations outside of Spike are not well studied, the entire viral genome is undergoing evolutionary selection, particularly the central disordered linker region of the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Here, we identify a mutation (G215C), characteristic of the Delta variant, that introduces a novel cysteine into this linker domain, which results in the formation of a disulfide bond and a stable N-N dimer. Using reverse genetics, we determined that this cysteine residue is necessary and sufficient for stable dimer formation in a WA1 SARS-CoV-2 background, where it results in significantly increased viral growth both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that the N:G215C virus packages more nucleocapsid per virion and that individual virions are larger, with elongated morphologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubinski, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despres, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffrani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokugamage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirley, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crothers, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychoudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerome, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martorelli Di Genova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballif, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladinsky, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachery, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variant mutation in SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid enhances viral infection via altered genomic encapsidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UDP-6-glucose dehydrogenase in hormonally responsive breast cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival for metastatic breast cancer is low and thus, continued efforts to treat and prevent metastatic progression are critical. Estrogen is shown to promote aggressive phenotypes in multiple cancer models irrespective of estrogen receptor (ER) status. Similarly, UDP-Glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH) a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in extracellular matrix precursors, as well as hormone processing increases migratory and invasive properties in cancer models. While the role of UGDH in cellular migration is defined, how it intersects with and impacts hormone signaling pathways associated with tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer has not been explored. Here we demonstrate that UGDH knockdown blunts estrogen-induced tumorigenic phenotypes (migration and colony formation) in ER+ and ER- breast cancer in vitro. Knockdown of UGDH also inhibits extravasation of ER- breast cancer ex vivo, primary tumor growth and animal survival in vivo in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer. We also use single cell RNA-sequencing to demonstrate that our findings translate to a human breast cancer clinical specimen. Our findings support the role of estrogen and UGDH in breast cancer progression provide a foundation for future studies to evaluate the role of UGDH in therapeutic resistance to improve outcomes and survival for breast cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baeta, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byemerwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.585919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UDP-6-glucose dehydrogenase in hormonally responsive breast cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.582209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage drives antigen diversification through mosaic VSG formation in Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.582209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigenic variation, using large genomic repertoires of antigen-encoding genes, allows pathogens to evade host antibody. Many pathogens, including the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei, extend their antigenic repertoire through genomic diversification. While evidence suggests that T. brucei depends on the generation of new variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes to maintain a chronic infection, a lack of experimentally tractable tools for studying this process has obscured its underlying mechanisms. Here, we present a highly sensitive targeted sequencing approach for measuring VSG diversification. Using this method, we demonstrate that a Cas9-induced DNA double-strand break within the VSG coding sequence can induce VSG recombination with patterns identical to those observed during infection. These newly generated VSGs are antigenically distinct from parental clones and thus capable of facilitating immune evasion. Together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms of VSG diversification and an experimental framework for studying the evolution of antigen repertoires in pathogenic microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaver, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilligan-Steinberg, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwakibete, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.582209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage drives antigen diversification through mosaic VSG formation in Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theta-Gamma Phase-Amplitude Coupling Supports Working Memory Performance in the Human Hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) occurs in the human hippocampus during working memory and supports the contribution of the hippocampus in the maintenance of multiple items. Additionally, PAC has the potential to reveal the neural mechanisms underlying multi-item maintenance in the hippocampus by providing a putative architecture for multi-item representation. Theta and gamma range rhythms are prominent neuronal oscillations in the hippocampus. Studies on the role of theta frequency oscillation in local field potentials in human memory have shown mixed evidence for successful remembering. The role of gamma oscillatory activity in contributing to memory retrieval is not yet fully understood. They also interact with each other in the form of PAC during memory performance. This study aims to investigate the neurophysiological function of theta-gamma PAC in the human hippocampus during a multi-item working memory task and characterize its association with performance. Theta-gamma cross-coupling investigation in the electrocorticographic signals was performed from the hippocampus recording of ten epilepsy patients while they were engaged with the working memory task. The results show strong correlations between PAC levels and the subjects memory performance, but no correlation with theta and gamma power individually, specifically in the retrieval phase of a working memory task. These observations demonstrate the possible role of PAC in memory-related operations, suggesting a PAC-based neural mechanism for working memory in the hippocampus.

Significance StatementThe findings from this study elucidate the crucial role of phase-amplitude coupling in the human hippocampus during working memory tasks, specifically in the maintenance of multiple items. By analyzing electrocorticographic recordings from epilepsy patients engaged in a working memory task, our research unveils a direct correlation between PAC levels and memory performance during the retrieval phase, which is not observed when analyzing theta and gamma oscillations individually. These findings suggest a theta-gamma coupling based mechanism within the hippocampus that facilitates working memory, offering new insights into the complex neural processes underlying memory encoding and retrieval. This advancement in understanding the neural architecture of memory not only contributes to the foundational knowledge of cognitive neuroscience but also opens avenues for developing targeted interventions for enhancing memory performance with translational application in treating memory-related neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salimpour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theta-Gamma Phase-Amplitude Coupling Supports Working Memory Performance in the Human Hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZFAND6 is a subunit of a TRAF2-cIAP E3 ubiquitin ligase complex essential for mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The A20 ubiquitin-editing enzyme is a critical negative regulator of NF-{kappa}B signaling and inflammation. While the mechanisms by which A20 restricts inflammation have been extensively studied, the physiological functions of other A20-like proteins are largely unknown. Here, we report a previously unknown function of the A20 family member ZFAND6 as a novel regulator of mitophagy. Deletion of ZFAND6 in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) promotes the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy. Consequently, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is released into the cytoplasm, triggering the spontaneous expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in a cGAS-STING dependent manner, which leads to enhanced viral resistance in vitro. However, mice lacking ZFAND6 exhibit increased morbidity and mortality upon challenge with a sublethal dose of influenza A virus (IAV) due to impaired myeloid cell activation and diminished type I IFN signaling. Mechanistically, ZFAND6 bridges a TRAF2-cIAP1 interaction, which is required for the initiation of ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy. Our results suggest that ZFAND6 is a subunit of a TRAF2-cIAP E3 ligase complex that promotes the clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arav-Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanburg-Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norbury, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chroneos, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harhaj, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZFAND6 is a subunit of a TRAF2-cIAP E3 ubiquitin ligase complex essential for mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale RNA-seq mining reveals ciclopirox triggers TDP-43 cryptic exons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 in neurons, initially identified in ALS-FTD, are hallmark pathological features observed across a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. We previously found that TDP-43 loss-of-function leads to the transcriptome-wide inclusion of deleterious cryptic exons in brains and biofluids post-mortem as well as during the presymptomatic stage of ALS-FTD, but upstream mechanisms that lead to TDP-43 dysregulation remain unclear. Here, we developed a web-based resource (SnapMine) to determine the levels of TDP-43 cryptic exon inclusion across hundreds of thousands of publicly available RNA sequencing datasets. We established cryptic exon inclusion across a variety of human cells and tissues to provide ground truth references for future studies on TDP-43 dysregulation. We then explored studies that were entirely unrelated to TDP-43 or neurodegeneration and found that ciclopirox olamine (CPX), an FDA-approved antifungal, can trigger the inclusion of TDP-43-associated cryptic exons in a variety of mouse and human primary cells. CPX induction of cryptic exon occurs via heavy metal toxicity and oxidative stress, suggesting that similar vulnerabilities could play a role in neurodegeneration. Our work demonstrates how diverse datasets can be linked through common biological features and underscores that public archives of sequencing data represent a vastly underutilized resource with tremendous potential for uncovering novel insights into complex biological mechanisms and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallika, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, A. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale RNA-seq mining reveals ciclopirox triggers TDP-43 cryptic exons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.04.588105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
lute: estimating the cell composition of heterogeneous tissue with varying cell sizes using gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.04.588105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relative cell type fraction estimates in bulk RNA-sequencing data are important to control for cell composition differences across heterogenous tissue samples. Current computational tools estimate relative RNA abundances rather than cell type proportions in tissues with varying cell sizes, leading to biased estimates. We present lute, a computational tool to accurately deconvolute cell types with varying sizes. Our software wraps existing deconvolution algorithms in a standardized framework. Using simulated and real datasets, we demonstrate how lute adjusts for differences in cell sizes to improve the accuracy of cell composition. Software is available from https://bioconductor.org/packages/lute.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maden, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.588105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[lute: estimating the cell composition of heterogeneous tissue with varying cell sizes using gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic characterization of human lateral septum neurons reveals conserved and divergent marker genes across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral septum (LS) is a midline, subcortical structure, which regulates social behaviors that are frequently impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Mouse studies have identified neuronal populations within the LS that express a variety of molecular markers, including vasopressin receptor, oxytocin receptor, and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor, which control specific facets of social behavior. Despite its critical role in regulating social behavior and notable gene expression patterns, comprehensive molecular profiling of the human LS has not been performed. Here, we conducted single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) to generate the first transcriptomic profiles of the human LS using postmortem human brain tissue samples from 3 neurotypical donors. Our analysis identified 5 transcriptionally distinct neuronal cell types within the human LS that are enriched for TRPC4, the gene encoding Trp-related protein 4. Differential expression analysis revealed a distinct LS neuronal cell type that is enriched for OPRM1, the gene encoding the {micro}-opioid receptor. Leveraging recently generated mouse LS snRNA-seq datasets, we conducted a cross-species analysis. Our results demonstrate that TRPC4 enrichment in the LS is highly conserved between human and mouse, while FREM2, which encodes FRAS1 related extracellular matrix protein 2, is enriched only in the human LS. Together, these results highlight transcriptional heterogeneity of the human LS, and identify robust marker genes for the human LS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic characterization of human lateral septum neurons reveals conserved and divergent marker genes across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.590992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Missing cell types in single-cell references impact deconvolution of bulk data but are detectable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.590992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in RNA-sequencing have dramatically expanded our ability to study gene expression profiles of biological samples in bulk tissue and single cells. Deconvolution of bulk data with single-cell references provides the ability to study relative cell-type proportions, but most methods assume a reference is present for every cell type in bulk data. This is not true in all circumstances--cell types can be missing in single-cell profiles for many reasons. In this study, we examine the impact of missing cell types on deconvolution methods. Our experimental designs are simulation-based, using paired single-cell and single-nucleus data, since single-nucleus RNA-sequencing is able to preserve the nucleus of cell types that would otherwise be missing in a single-cell counterpart. These datasets allow us to examine the missing-cell-type phenomenon in deconvolution with realistic proportions. We apply three deconvolution methods that vary from straightforward to state-of-the-art: non-negative least squares, BayesPrism, and CIBERSORTx. We find that the performance of deconvolution methods is influenced by both the number and the similarity of missing cell types, consistent with prior results. Additionally, we find that missing cell-type profiles can be recovered from residuals using a simple non-negative matrix factorization strategy. We expect our simulation strategies and results to provide a starting point for those developing new deconvolution methods and help improve their to better account for the presence of missing cell types. Building off of our findings on simulated data, we then analyzed data from high-grade serous ovarian cancer; a tumor that has regions of highly variable levels of adipocytes dependent on the region from which it is sampled. We observe results consistent with simulation, namely that expression patterns from cell types likely to be missing appear present in residuals. Our results suggests that deconvolution methods should consider the possibility of missing cell types and provide a starting point to address this. Our source code for data simulation and analysis is freely available at https://github.com/greenelab/pred_missing_celltypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieshober, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.590992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Missing cell types in single-cell references impact deconvolution of bulk data but are detectable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical model of intestinal lipolysis of a long-chain triglyceride 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids are an important component of food and oral drug formulations. Upon release into gastrointestinal fluids, triglycerides, common components of foods and drug delivery systems, form emulsions and are digested into simpler amphiphilic lipids (e.g., fatty acids) that can associate with intestinal bile micelles and impact their drug solubilization capacity. Digestion of triglycerides is dynamic and dependent on lipid quantity and type, and quantities of other components in the intestinal environment (e.g., bile salts, lipases). The ability to predict lipid digestion kinetics in the intestine could enhance understanding of lipid impact on the fate of co-administered compounds (e.g., drugs, nutrients). In this study, we present a kinetic model that can predict the lipolysis of emulsions of triolein, a model long-chain triglyceride, as a function of triglyceride amount, droplet size, and quantity of pancreatic lipase in an intestinal environment containing bile micelles. The model is based on a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism coupled with quantitative analysis of partitioning of lipolysis products in colloids, including bile micelles, in solution. The agreement of lipolysis model predictions with experimental data suggests that the mechanism and proposed assumptions adequately represent triglyceride digestion in a simulated intestinal environment. In addition, we demonstrate the value of such a model over simpler, semi-mechanistic models reported in the literature. This lipolysis framework can serve as a basis for modeling digestion kinetics of different classes of triglycerides and other complex lipids as relevant in food and drug delivery systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rezhdo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrier, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical model of intestinal lipolysis of a long-chain triglyceride]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional role of myosin-binding protein H in thick filaments of developing vertebrate fast-twitch skeletal muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosin-binding protein H (MyBP-H) is a component of the vertebrate skeletal muscle sarcomere with sequence and domain homology to myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C). Whereas skeletal muscle isoforms of MyBP-C (fMyBP-C, sMyBP-C) modulate muscle contractility via interactions with actin thin filaments and myosin motors within the muscle sarcomere "C-zone," MyBP-H has no known function. This is in part due to MyBP-H having limited expression in adult fast-twitch muscle and no known involvement in muscle disease. Quantitative proteomics reported here reveal MyBP-H is highly expressed in prenatal rat fast-twitch muscles and larval zebrafish, suggesting a conserved role in muscle development, and promoting studies to define its function. We take advantage of the genetic control of the zebrafish model and a combination of structural, functional, and biophysical techniques to interrogate the role of MyBP-H. Transgenic, FLAG-tagged MyBP-H or fMyBP-C both localize to the C-zones in larval myofibers, whereas genetic depletion of endogenous MyBP-H or fMyBP-C leads to increased accumulation of the other, suggesting competition for C-zone binding sites. Does MyBP-H modulate contractility from the C-zone? Globular domains critical to MyBP-Cs modulatory functions are absent from MyBP-H, suggesting MyBP-H may be functionally silent. However, our results suggest an active role. Small angle x-ray diffraction of intact larval tails revealed MyBP-H contributes to the compression of the myofilament lattice accompanying stretch or contraction, while in vitro motility experiments indicate MyBP-H shares MyBP-Cs capacity as a molecular "brake". These results provide new insights and raise questions about the role of the C-zone during muscle development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mead, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Previs, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploysangngam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdow, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremble, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipolla, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurnett, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Previs, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshaw, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional role of myosin-binding protein H in thick filaments of developing vertebrate fast-twitch skeletal muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hippo-YAP/TAZ-TEAD axis promotes multipotency in bone marrow stromal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) maintain multilineage potency in vitro remain elusive. To identify the transcriptional regulatory circuits that contribute to BMSC multipotency, we performed paired single-nucleus multiomics of the expansion of freshly isolated BMSCs and of BMSCs undergoing tri-lineage differentiation. By computationally reconstructing the regulatory programs associated with initial stages of differentiation and early expansion, we identified the TEAD family of transcription factors, which is inhibited by Hippo signaling, as highly active in the BMSC in vitro multipotent state. Pharmacological inhibition of TEAD enhanced BMSC osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, whereas its activation maintained BMSCs in an undifferentiated state, supporting a model whereby isolation of BMSCs coincides with a TEAD-controlled transcriptional state linked to multipotency. Our study highlights the Hippo pathway as a pivotal regulator of BMSC multipotency, and our regulatory network inferences are a reservoir of testable hypotheses that link transcription factors and their regulons to specific aspects of BMSC behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merling, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hippo-YAP/TAZ-TEAD axis promotes multipotency in bone marrow stromal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.594815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clade-defining mutations in human H1N1 hemagglutinin protein from 2021-2023 have opposing effects on in vitro fitness and antigenic drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.594815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza viruses frequently acquire mutations that have the potential to alter both virus replication and antigenic profile. Recent seasonal H1N1 viruses have acquired mutations to their hemagglutinin (HA) protein receptor binding site (RBS) and antigenic sites, and have branched into the clades 5a.2a and 5a.2a.1. Both clades demonstrated improved in vitro fitness compared with the parental 5a.2 clade as measured through plaque formation, infectious virus production in human nasal epithelial cells, and receptor binding diversity. Both clades also showed reduced neutralization by serum from healthcare workers vaccinated in the 2022-23 Northern Hemisphere influenza season compared to the vaccine strain. To investigate the phenotypic impact of individual clade-defining mutations, recombinant viruses containing single HA mutations were generated on a 5a.2 genetic background. The 5a.2a mutation Q189E improved plaque formation and virus replication, but was more efficiently neutralized by serum from individuals vaccinated in 2022-23. In contrast, the 5a.2a mutation E224A and both 5a.2a.1 mutations P137S and K142R impaired aspects of in vitro fitness but contributed significantly to antigenic drift. Surprisingly, the E224A mutation and not Q189E caused broader receptor binding diversity seen in clinical isolates of 5a.2a and 5a.2a.1, suggesting that receptor binding diversity alone may not be responsible for the phenotypic effects of the Q189E mutation. These data document an evolutionary trade-off between mutations that improve viral fitness and those that allow for the evasion of existing host immunity.

ImportanceSeasonal influenza is a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality. To better understand how these viruses evolve, recent seasonal H1N1 viruses were characterized and the impact of individual mutational differences between the hemagglutinin proteins of these viruses was assessed. Mutations that contribute to escape from preexisting immunity were deleterious to virus replication in human nasal epithelial cell cultures, requiring the accumulation of additional mutations to compensate for this loss of fitness. This adds to our understanding of how influenza evolution balances replication fitness with antigenic drift.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swanson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girish, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenstermacher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.594815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clade-defining mutations in human H1N1 hemagglutinin protein from 2021-2023 have opposing effects on in vitro fitness and antigenic drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The major surface protein of malaria sporozoites is GPI-anchored to the plasma membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor protein modification in Plasmodium species is well known and represents the principal form of glycosylation in these organisms. The structure and biosynthesis of GPI anchors of Plasmodium spp. has been primarily studied in the asexual blood stage of P. falciparum and is known to contain the typical conserved GPI structure of EtN-P-Man3GlcN-PI. Here, we have investigated the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) for the presence of a GPI-anchor. CSP is the major surface protein of Plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of the malaria parasite. While it is widely assumed that CSP is a GPI-anchored cell surface protein, compelling biochemical evidence for this supposition is absent. Here, we employed metabolic labeling and mass-spectrometry based approaches to confirm the presence of a GPI anchor in CSP.

Biosynthetic radiolabeling of CSP with [3H]-palmitic acid and [3H]-ethanolamine, with the former being base-labile and therefore ester-linked, provided strong evidence for the presence of a GPI anchor on CSP, but these data alone were not definitive. To provide further evidence, immunoprecipitated CSP was analyzed for presence of myo-inositol (a characteristic component of GPI anchor) using strong acid hydrolysis and GC-MS for a highly sensitive and quantitative detection. The single ion monitoring (SIM) method for GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of the myo-inositol component in CSP. Taken together, these data provide confidence that the long-assumed presence of a GPI anchor on this important parasite protein is correct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, S. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinzon-Ortiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swearingen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, M. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The major surface protein of malaria sporozoites is GPI-anchored to the plasma membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urban wastewater contains a functional human antibody repertoire of mucosal origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wastewater-based surveillance of human disease offers timely insights to public health, helping to mitigate infectious disease outbreaks and decrease downstream morbidity and mortality. These systems rely on nucleic acid amplification tests for monitoring disease trends, while antibody-based seroprevalence surveys gauge community immunity. However, serological surveys are resource-intensive and subject to potentially long lead times and sampling bias. We identified and characterized a human antibody repertoire, predominantly secretory IgA, isolated from a central wastewater treatment plant and building-scale wastewater collection points. These antibodies partition to the solids fraction and retain immunoaffinity for SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A virus antigens. This stable pool could enable real-time tracking of correlates of vaccination, infection, and immunity, aiding in establishing population-level thresholds for immune protection and assessing the efficacy of future vaccine campaigns, particularly those that are designed to induce humoral mucosal immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eid, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Aoust, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baral, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbride, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straus, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delatolla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graber, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.02.597066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urban wastewater contains a functional human antibody repertoire of mucosal origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of machine learning in a rodent malaria model for rapid, accurate, and consistent parasite counts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodent malaria models serve as important preclinical antimalarial and vaccine testing tools. Evaluating treatment outcomes in these models often requires manually counting parasite-infected red blood cells (iRBCs), a time-consuming process, which can be inconsistent between individuals and labs. We have developed an easy-to-use machine learning (ML)-based software, Malaria Screener R, to expedite and standardize such studies by automating the counting of Plasmodium iRBCs in rodents. This software can process Giemsa-stained blood smear images captured by any camera-equipped microscope. It features an intuitive graphical user interface that facilitates image processing and visualization of the results. The software has been developed as a desktop application that processes images on standard Windows and Mac OS computers. A previous ML model created by the authors designed to count P. falciparum-infected human RBCs did not perform well counting Plasmodium-infected mouse RBCs. We leveraged that model by loading the pre-trained weights and training the algorithm with newly collected data to target P. yoelii and P. berghei mouse iRBCs. This new model reliably measured both P. yoelii and P. berghei parasitemia (R2 = 0.9916). Additional rounds of training data to incorporate variances due to length of Giemsa staining, microscopes etc, have produced a generalizable model, meeting WHO Competency Level 1 for the sub-category of parasite counting using independent microscopes. Reliable, automated analyses of blood-stage parasitemia will facilitate rapid and consistent evaluation of novel vaccines and antimalarials across labs in an easily accessible in vivo malaria model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaiyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewale-Fasoro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro Dinis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanasamy, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubonja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SRINIVASAN, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of machine learning in a rodent malaria model for rapid, accurate, and consistent parasite counts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpotSweeper: spatially-aware quality control for spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quality control (QC) is a crucial step to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the data obtained from RNA sequencing experiments, including spatially-resolved transcriptomics (SRT). Existing QC approaches for SRT that have been adopted from single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) methods are confounded by spatial biology and are inappropriate for SRT data. In addition, no methods currently exist for identifying histological tissue artifacts unique to SRT. Here, we introduce SpotSweeper, spatially-aware QC methods for identifying local outliers and regional artifacts in SRT. SpotSweeper evaluates the quality of individual spots relative to their local neighborhood, thus minimizing bias due to biological heterogeneity, and uses multiscale methods to detect regional artifacts. Using SpotSweeper on publicly available data, we identified a consistent set of Visium barcodes/spots as systematically low quality and demonstrate that SpotSweeper accurately identifies two distinct types of regional artifacts, resulting in improved downstream clustering and marker gene detection for spatial domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Totty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpotSweeper: spatially-aware quality control for spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weighted variance component test for the integrative multi-omics analysis of microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysregulation and alterations have been linked to various diseases and conditions. Innovations in high-throughput technology now allow rapid profiling of the metabolome and metagenome -- often the gene content of bacterial populations -- for characterizing metabolism. Due to the small sample sizes and high dimensionality of the data, pathway analysis (wherein the effect of multiple genes or metabolites on an outcome is cumulatively assessed) of metabolomic data is commonly conducted and also represents a standard for metagenomic analysis. However, how to integrate both data types remains unclear. Recognizing that a metabolic pathway can be complementarily characterized by both metagenomics and metabolomics, we propose a weighted variance components framework to test if the joint effect of genes and metabolites in a biological pathway is associated with outcomes. The approach allows analytic p-value calculation, correlation between data types, and optimal weighting. Power simulations show that our approach often outperforms other strategies while maintaining type I error. The approach is illustrated on real data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Nguyen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.599073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weighted variance component test for the integrative multi-omics analysis of microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A higher order PUF complex is central to regulation of C. elegans germline stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PUF RNA-binding proteins are broadly conserved stem cell regulators. Nematode PUF proteins maintain germline stem cells (GSCs) and, with key partner proteins, repress differentiation mRNAs, including gld-1. Here we report that PUF protein FBF-2 and its partner LST-1 form a ternary complex that represses gld-1 via a pair of adjacent FBF-2 binding elements (FBEs) in its 3UTR. One LST-1 molecule links two FBF-2 molecules via motifs in the LST-1 intrinsically-disordered region; the gld-1 FBE pair includes a well-established  canonical FBE and a newly-identified noncanonical FBE. Remarkably, this FBE pair drives both full RNA repression in GSCs and full RNA activation upon differentiation. Discovery of the LST-1-FBF-2 ternary complex, the gld-1 adjacent FBEs, and their in vivo significance predicts an expanded regulatory repertoire of different assemblies of PUF-partner complexes in nematode germline stem cells. It also suggests analogous PUF controls may await discovery in other biological contexts and organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crittenden, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa dos Santos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viverette, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgnia, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.599074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A higher order PUF complex is central to regulation of C. elegans germline stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Proton Resonance Enhancement for CEST imaging and Shift Exchange (PRECISE) family of RF pulse shapes for Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo optimize a 100 msec pulse for producing CEST MRI contrast and evaluate in mice.

MethodsA gradient ascent algorithm was employed to generate a family of 100 point, 100 msec pulses for use in CEST pulse trains ( PRECISE). Gradient ascent optimizations were performed for exchange rates (kca) = 500 s-1, 1,500 s-1, 2,500 s-1, 3,500 s-1 and 4,500 s-1 and offsets ({Delta}{omega}) = 9.6, 7.8, 4.2 and 2.0 ppm. 7 PRECISE pulse shapes were tested on an 11.7 T scanner using a phantom containing three representative CEST agents with peak saturation B1 = 4 T. The pulse producing the most contrast in phantoms was then evaluated for CEST MRI pH mapping of the kidneys in healthy mice after iopamidol administration.

ResultsThe most promising pulse in terms of contrast performance across all three phantoms was the 9.6 ppm, 2500 s-1 optimized pulse with [~]2.7 x improvement over Gaussian and [~]1.3xs over Fermi pulses. This pulse also displayed a large improvement in contrast over the Gaussian pulse after administration of iopamidol in live mice.

ConclusionA new 100 msec pulse was developed based on gradient ascent optimizations which produced better contrast compared to standard Gaussian and Fermi pulses in phantoms. This shape also showed a substantial improvement for CEST MRI pH mapping in live mice over the Gaussian shape and appears promising for a wide range of CEST applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohanta, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabinska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.599565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Proton Resonance Enhancement for CEST imaging and Shift Exchange (PRECISE) family of RF pulse shapes for Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus reuniens are critical for working memory in an operant delayed nonmatch task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory refers to the temporary retention of a small amount of information used in the execution of a cognitive task. The prefrontal cortex and its connections with thalamic subregions are thought to mediate specific aspects of working memory, including engaging with the hippocampus to mediate memory retrieval. We used an operant delayed-non match to position task, which does not require the hippocampus, to determine roles of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the nucleus reuniens thalamic region (RE), and their connection. We found that transient inactivation of the mPFC and RE using the GABA-A agonist muscimol led to a delay-independent reduction in behavioral performance in the delayed non-match to position paradigm. Critically, we used a chemogenetic approach to determine the directionality of the necessary circuitry for behavioral performance reliant on working memory. Specifically, when we targeted mPFC neurons that project to the RE (mPFC-RE) we found a delay- independent reduction in the delayed non-match to position task, but not when we targeted RE neurons that project to the mPFC (RE-mPFC). Our results suggest a broader role for the mPFC-RE circuit in mediating working memory beyond the connection with the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciacciarelli, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloand, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedringhaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus reuniens are critical for working memory in an operant delayed nonmatch task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics and Single-Nucleus Multi-omics Analysis Revealing the Impact of High Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation on Offspring Brain Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Folate, an essential vitamin B9, is crucial for diverse biological processes including neurogenesis. Folic acid (FA) supplementation during pregnancy is a standard practice for preventing neural tube defects (NTDs). However, concerns are growing over the potential risks of excessive maternal FA intake. Here, we employed mouse model and spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus multi-omics approaches to investigate the impact of high maternal FA supplementation during the periconceptional period on offspring brain development. Maternal high FA supplementation affected gene pathways linked to neurogenesis and neuronal axon myelination across multiple brain regions, as well as gene expression alterations related to learning and memory in thalamic and ventricular regions. Single-nucleus multi-omics analysis revealed that maturing excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) are particularly vulnerable to high maternal FA intake, leading to aberrant gene expressions and chromatin accessibility in pathways governing ribosomal biogenesis critical for synaptic formation. Our findings provide new insights into specific brain regions, cell types, gene expressions and pathways that can be affected by maternal high FA supplementation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpa, P. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacholac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvallo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrubec, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics and Single-Nucleus Multi-omics Analysis Revealing the Impact of High Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation on Offspring Brain Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent activity during working memory maintenance predicts long-term memory formation in the human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working Memory (WM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM) are often viewed as separate cognitive systems. Little is known about how these systems interact when forming memories. We recorded single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe while patients maintained novel items in WM and a subsequent recognition memory test for the same items. In the hippocampus but not the amygdala, the level of WM content-selective persist activity during WM maintenance was predictive of whether the item was later recognized with high confidence or forgotten. In contrast, visually evoked activity in the same cells was not predictive of LTM formation. During LTM retrieval, memory-selective neurons responded more strongly to familiar stimuli for which persistent activity was high while they were maintained in WM. Our study suggests that hippocampal persistent activity of the same cell supports both WM maintenance and LTM encoding, thereby revealing a common single-neuron component of these two memory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daume, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimpour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamelak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutishauser, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent activity during working memory maintenance predicts long-term memory formation in the human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic hypermutation-mediated paratope flexibility improves the cross-reactivity of human malaria antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protective capacity of antibodies targeting circumsporozoite protein on sporozoites of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfCSP) is linked to high affinity and cross-reactivity with the PfCSP central repeat domain and N-terminal junction. However, the role of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the development of such antibodies remains unclear. Here we define the contributions of SHM to the high affinity and strong repeat and N-junction cross-reactivity of the potent anti-PfCSP monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4493 and of similar antibodies with shared SHM and affinity maturation trajectories. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that SHM reduces the flexibility of the unbound mAb 4493 but increases the flexibility of the antigen-bound complex, thereby lowering the entropic cost for antigen binding. Furthermore, we identify an inverse relation between antibody affinity and serum stability, which limits the protective capacity of these antibodies. Our study provides molecular level evidence for the different roles that the SHM process plays in increasing VH3-49+V{kappa}3-20 antibody affinity and cross-reactivity and demonstrates how antibody affinity maturation can negatively impact antibody stability and thereby function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murugan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oludada, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntwork, R. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaras, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levashina, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchem, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardemann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic hypermutation-mediated paratope flexibility improves the cross-reactivity of human malaria antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholecystokinin modulates age-dependent Thalamocortical Neuroplasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thalamocortical pathways exhibit neuroplasticity not only during the critical period but also in adulthood. In this study, we investigated how cholecystokinin (CCK) modulates age-dependent thalamocortical plasticity. Our findings demonstrated that CCK is expressed in thalamocortical neurons and that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the thalamocortical pathway triggers the release of CCK in auditory cortex (ACx), as detected by a CCK sensor. HFS of the medial geniculate body (MGB) induced thalamocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) in wild-type young adult mice. However, knockdown of Cck expression in MGB neurons or blockade of the CCK-B receptor (CCKBR) in the ACx abolished HFS-induced LTP. Interestingly, this LTP could not be elicited in juvenile (3-week-old) or aged mice (over 18-month-old) due to distinct mechanisms: the absence of CCKBR in juveniles and the inability to release CCK in aged mice. Notably, exogenous administration of CCK into the ACx rescued LTP in aged mice and significantly improved frequency discrimination. These findings highlight the potential of CCK as a therapeutic intervention for ameliorating neuroplasticity deficits associated with thalamocortical connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jendrichovsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholecystokinin modulates age-dependent Thalamocortical Neuroplasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete assembly of a dengue virus type 3 genome from a recent genotype III clade by metagenomic sequencing of serum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMosquito-borne flaviviruses causing diseases such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis are devastating, particularly in the tropics. Although, multiple flaviviruses are known to co-circulate in India, when a patient presents with febrile illness, testing is usually limited to specific pathogens. Unbiased metagenomic sequencing of febrile cases can reveal the presence of multiple pathogens and provide complete genome information. Sequence information, a cornerstone for tracing virus evolution, is relevant for the design of vaccines and therapeutics. In order to assess the usefulness of unbiased metagenomic sequencing for the identification of viruses associated with febrile illness, we sequenced serum from four individuals and plasma from one individual, all hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in South India with severe or prolonged febrile illnesses, together with one healthy control in 2014.nnResultsWe identified and assembled a complete dengue virus type 3 (DENV3) sequence from the serum of a case classified as severe dengue. We also found a small number of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) sequences in the serum of two adults with febrile illness, including the one who had dengue. Phylogenetic analysis of the dengue sequence indicates that it belongs to a predominantly Asian, DENV3, genotype III clade. It had an estimated divergence time of 13.86 years (95% Highest Posterior Densities 12.94 - 14.83 years) with the closest Indian strain. Amino acid substitutions were present throughout the sequenced genome, including 11 substitutions in the antigenic envelope protein compared to the strain used for the development of the first commercial dengue vaccine. Of these one substitution (E361D) was unique and six were in critical antigenic sites.nnConclusionsWe demonstrate that both genome assembly and detection of a low number of viral sequences are possible by unbiased sequencing of clinical material. Complete dengue virus sequence analysis places the sequenced genome in a recent, predominantly Asian clade within genotype III of DENV3. The detection of JEV, an agent not routinely tested in febrile illness in India, warrants further analysis and highlights the need to study co-circulating flaviviruses in parallel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pattabiraman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddappa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlemann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete assembly of a dengue virus type 3 genome from a recent genotype III clade by metagenomic sequencing of serum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrin alpha 4/beta 1 (CD49d/CD29) is a component of the murine IgG3 receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies exert several of their effector functions by binding to cell surface receptors. For murine IgG3 (mIgG3) the identity of its receptors (and the very existence of a receptor) is still under debate, as not all mIgG3 functions can be explained by interaction with Fc{gamma}-receptor I (Fc{gamma}RI). This implies the existence of an alternate receptor, whose identity we sought to pinpoint. We found that blockage of the alpha4/beta1 integrin (Itga4/Itgb1) selectively hampered binding of mIgG3 to macrophages and mIgG3-mediated phagocytosis. Manganese, an integrin activator, increased mIgG3 binding to macrophages. Blockage of Fc{gamma}RI or Itgb1 inhibited binding of different mIgG3 antibodies to variable extents. Our results indicate an integrin component in the mIgG3 receptor. Given the more ancient origin of integrins in comparison with Fc{gamma}R, this observation could have far ranging implications for our understanding of the evolution of antibody-mediated immunity, as well as in immunity to microorganisms, pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and antibody engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawk, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira, D. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocca, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusakova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holemon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrin alpha 4/beta 1 (CD49d/CD29) is a component of the murine IgG3 receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian estimation of MSM population size in Côte d’Ivoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cote dIvoire has one of the largest HIV epidemics in West Africa with around half million people living with HIV. Key populations like gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are often disproportionately burdened with HIV due to specific acquisition and transmission risks. Quantifying the MSM population sizes at subnational level is critical to improving the HIV prevention interventions. While survey-based direct estimates of MSM numbers are available at a few urban centers in C{circumflex}ote dIvoire, no data on MSM population size exists at other areas without any community infrastructure to facilitate sufficient access to the MSM community. We use this limited data in a Bayesian regression setup to produce first empirically calculated estimates of the numbers of MSM in all areas of C{circumflex}ote dIvoire prioritized in the HIV response. Our hierarchical model imputes missing covariates using geospatial information and allows for proper uncertainty quantification leading to meaningful confidence bounds for the predicted MSM population size estimates. The intended impact of this process is to increase uptake and use of high quality, comprehensive epidemiologic and interventional data in program planning. These estimates will help design future surveys and support the planning of the scale and content of HIV prevention and treatment programs for MSM in C{circumflex}ote dIvoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diouf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baral, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian estimation of MSM population size in Côte d’Ivoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divalent metal cations potentiate the predatory capacity of amoeba for Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the best studied interaction between soil phagocytic predators and a human pathogenic fungus is that of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Cryptococcus neoformans. The experimental conditions used in amoeba-fungal confrontation assays can have major effects on whether the fungus or the protozoan is ascendant in the interaction. In the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ in PBS, C. neoformans was consistently killed when incubated with A. castellanii. A. castellanii survived better in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, even when incubated with C. neoformans. In the absence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, C. neoformans survived when incubated with A. castellanii, and the percentage of dead amoeba was higher than when incubated without yeast cells. These results show that the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ can make a decisive contribution toward tilting the outcome of the interaction in favor of amoeba. Of the two metals Mg2+ had a stronger effect than Ca2+. Cations enhanced A. castellanii activity against C. neoformans through enhanced phagocytosis, which is the major mechanism for amoeba to kill fungal cells. We found no evidence that amoeba uses extracellular killing mechanisms in their interactions with C. neoformans. In summary, the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ enhanced cell adhesion on surface and motility of amoeba, thus increasing the chance for contact of C. neoformans and the frequency of phagocytosis. Our findings imply that divalent cation concentration in soils could be an important variable for whether amoeba can control C. neoformans in the environment.nnImportanceGrazing of soil organisms by phagocytic predators such as amoeba is thought to select for traits that allow some of them to acquire the capacity for virulence in animals. Consequently, knowledge about the interactions between amoeba and soil microbes, such as pathogenic fungi, is important for understanding how virulence can emerge. We show that the interaction between amoeba and the pathogenic fungus C. neoformans is influenced by the presence of magnesium and calcium in the assay, which potentiate amoeba. The results may also have practical applications since enriching soils with divalent cations may reduce C. neoformans numbers in contaminated soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divalent metal cations potentiate the predatory capacity of amoeba for Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explanation implies causation? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most researchers do not deliberately claim causal results in an observational study. But do we lead our readers to draw a causal conclusion unintentionally by explaining why significant correlations and relationships may exist? Here we perform a randomized study in a data analysis massive online open course to test the hypothesis that explaining an analysis will lead readers to interpret an inferential analysis as causal. We show that adding an explanation to the description of an inferential analysis leads to a 15.2% increase in readers interpreting the analysis as causal (95% CI 12.8% - 17.5%). We then replicate this finding in a second large scale massive online open course. Nearly every scientific study, regardless of the study design, includes explanation for observed effects. Our results suggest that these explanations may be misleading to the audience of these data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jager, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explanation implies causation?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA structure determines specificity of a polyQ-driven phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA promotes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to build membrane-less compartments in cells. How distinct molecular compositions are established and maintained in these liquid compartments is unknown. Here we report that secondary structure allows mRNAs to self-associate and determines if an mRNA is recruited to or excluded from liquid compartments. The polyQ-protein Whi3 induces conformational changes in RNA structure and generates distinct molecular fluctuations depending on the RNA sequence. These data support a model in which structure-based, RNA-RNA interactions promote assembly of distinct droplets and protein-driven, conformational dynamics of the RNA maintain this identity. Thus, the shape of RNA can promote the formation and coexistence of the diverse array of RNA-rich liquid compartments found in a single cell.nnOne Sentence SummaryIdentity in cellular, phase-separated compartments arises from RNA-RNA complexes encoded by mRNA secondary structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langdon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanbari Niaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Termini, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladfelter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA structure determines specificity of a polyQ-driven phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disequilibrium in Gender Ratios among Authors who Contributed Equally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent decades, the biomedical literature has witnessed an increasing number of authors per article together with a concomitant increase of authors claiming to have contributed equally. In this study, we analyzed over 3000 publications from 1995-2017 claiming equal contributions for authors sharing the first author position for author number, gender, and gender position. The frequency of dual pairings contributing equally was male-male > mixed gender > female-female. For mixed gender pairs males were more often at the first position although the disparity has lessened in the past decade. Among author associations claiming equal contribution and containing three or more individuals, males predominated in both the first position and number of gender exclusive groupings. Our results show a disequilibrium in gender ratios among authors who contributed equally from expected ratios had the ordering been done randomly or alphabetical. Given the importance of the first author position in assigning credit for a publication, the finding of fewer than expected females in associations involving shared contributions raises concerns about women not receiving their fair share of expected credit. The results suggest a need for journals to request clarity on the method used to decide author order among individuals claiming to have made equal contributions to a scientific publication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disequilibrium in Gender Ratios among Authors who Contributed Equally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro-hotspots of Risk in Urban Cholera Epidemics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted interventions have been delivered to neighbors of cholera cases in epidemic responses in Haiti and Africa despite little evidence supporting impact. Using data from urban epidemics in Chad and D.R. Congo we estimate the size and extent of spatiotemporal zones of increased cholera risk around cases. In both cities, we found zones of increased risk of at least 200-meters during the 5-days immediately following case presentation to a clinic. Risk was highest for those living closest to cases and diminished in time and space similarly across settings. These results provide a rational basis for targeting interventions, if delivered rapidly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luquero Alcalde, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naibei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalbert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertuzzo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toure, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massing, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leglise, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porten, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro-hotspots of Risk in Urban Cholera Epidemics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Additional Essential Oils with High Activity against Stationary Phase Borrelia burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is the most common vector borne-disease in the US. While the majority of the Lyme disease patients can be cured with 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms. While the cause of this condition is unclear, persistent infection was proposed as one possibility. It has recently been shown that B. burgdorferi develops dormant persisters in stationary phase cultures that are not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics, and there is interest to identify novel drug candidates that more effectively kill such forms. We previously evaluated 34 essential oils and identified some highly active candidates with excellent activity against biofilm and stationary phase B. burgdorferi. Here we screened another 35 essential oils and found 10 essential oils (garlic, allspice, cumin, palmarosa, myrrh, hedycheim, amyris, thyme white, litsea cubeba, lemon eucalyptus) and the active component of cinnamon bark cinnamaldehyde (CA) at a low concentration of 0.1% to have high activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi. At a very low 0.05% concentration, garlic, allspice, palmarosa and CA still exhibited strong activity against the stationary phase B. burgdorferi. CA also showed strong activity against replicating B. burgdorferi, with a MIC of 0.02% (or 0.2 g/mL). In subculture studies, the top 5 hits garlic, allspice, myrrh, hedycheim, and litsea cubeba completely eradicated all B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells at 0.1%, while palmarosa, lemon eucalyptus, amyris, cumin, and thyme white failed to do so as shown by visible spirochetal growth after 21-day subculture. At 0.05% concentration, only garlic essential oil and CA sterilized the B. burgdorferi stationary phase culture as shown by no regrowth during subculture, while allspice, myrrh, hedycheim and litsea cubeba all had visible growth during subculture. Future studies are needed to determine if these highly active essential oils could eradicate persistent B. burgdorferi infection in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklossy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Additional Essential Oils with High Activity against Stationary Phase Borrelia burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum-mediated cleavage of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen is a two-step process that involves a serum carboxypeptidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much our understanding of the activity of anthrax toxin is based on in-vitro systems, which delineate the interaction between B. anthracis toxins and the cell surface. These systems however, fail to account for the intimate association of B. anthracis with the circulatory system, including the contribution of serum proteins to the host response and processing of anthrax toxins. Using variety immunologic techniques to inhibit serum processing of B. anthracis Protective Antigen (PA) along with mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that serum digests PA via 2 distinct reactions. In the first reaction, serum cleaves PA83 into 2 fragments to produce PA63 and PA20 fragments, similar to that observed following furin digestion. This is followed by carboxypeptidase-mediated removal of the carboxy-terminal arginine and lysine residues from PA20.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieves, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakouzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phyu, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Win, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achkar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum-mediated cleavage of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen is a two-step process that involves a serum carboxypeptidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaWRAP - a flexible pipeline for genome-resolved metagenomic data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe study of microbiomes using whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing enables the analysis of uncultivated microbial populations that may have important roles in their environments. Extracting individual draft genomes (bins) facilitates metagenomic analysis at the single genome level. Software and pipelines for such analysis have become diverse and sophisticated, resulting in a significant burden for biologists to access and use them. Furthermore, while bin extraction algorithms are rapidly improving, there is still a lack of tools for their evaluation and visualization.nnResultsTo address these challenges, we present metaWRAP, a modular pipeline software for shotgun metagenomic data analysis. MetaWRAP deploys state-of-the-art software to handle metagenomic data processing starting from raw sequencing reads and ending in metagenomic bins and their analysis. MetaWRAP is flexible enough to give investigators control over the analysis, while still being easy-to-install and easy-to-use. It includes hybrid algorithms that leverage the strengths of a variety of software to extract and refine high-quality bins from metagenomic data through bin consolidation and reassembly. MetaWRAPs hybrid bin extraction algorithm outperforms individual binning approaches and other bin consolidation programs in both synthetic and real datasets. Finally, metaWRAP comes with numerous modules for the analysis of metagenomic bins, including taxonomy assignment, abundance estimation, functional annotation, and visualization.nnConclusionsMetaWRAP is an easy-to-use modular pipeline that automates the core tasks in metagenomic analysis, while contributing significant improvements to the extraction and interpretation of high-quality metagenomic bins. The bin refinement and reassembly modules of metaWRAP consistently outperform other binning approaches. Each module of metaWRAP is also a standalone component, making it a flexible and versatile tool for tackling metagenomic shotgun sequencing data. MetaWRAP is open-source software available at https://github.com/bxlab/metaWRAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uritskiy, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaWRAP - a flexible pipeline for genome-resolved metagenomic data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping malaria by combining parasite genomic and epidemiologic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent global progress in scaling up malaria control interventions has revived the goal of complete elimination in many countries. Decreasing transmission intensity generally leads to increasingly patchy spatial patterns of malaria transmission, however, and control programs must accurately identify remaining foci in order to target interventions efficiently. In particular, mosquito control interventions like bed nets and insecticide spraying are best targeted to transmission hotspots, and the role of connectivity between different pockets of local transmission becomes increasingly important since humans are able to move parasites beyond the limits of mosquito dispersal and re-introduce parasites to previously malaria-free regions. Quantifying the connectivity between regions due to human travel, measuring malaria transmission intensity in different areas, and monitoring parasite spatial spread are therefore key issues for policy-makers because they underpin the feasibility of elimination and inform the path to its attainment. To this end, recent efforts have been made to develop new approaches to incorporating human mobility into spatial epidemiological models, for example using mobile phone data, and there has been a surge of interest in collecting spatially informative parasite samples to measure the genomic signatures of parasite connectivity. Due to their complicated life-cycles, Plasmodium parasites pose unique challenges to researchers in this respect and new methods that move beyond traditional phylogenetic and population genetic tools must be developed to harness genetic information effectively. Here, we discuss the spatial epidemiology of malaria in the context of transmission-reduction interventions, and the challenges and promising directions for the development of integrated mapping, modeling, and genomic approaches that leverage disparate data sets to measure both connectivity and transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verity, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessema, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neafsey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckee, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping malaria by combining parasite genomic and epidemiologic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of pharmacogenomics in major cancer cell line databases using CellMinerCDB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As precision medicine demands molecular determinants of drug response, CellMinerCDB provides (https://discover.nci.nih.gov/cellminercdb/) a web-based portal for multiple forms of pharmacological, molecular, and genomic analyses, unifying the richest cancer cell line datasets (NCI-60, NCI-SCLC, Sanger/MGH GDSC, and Broad CCLE/CTRP). CellMinerCDB enables genomic and pharmacological data queries for identifying pharmacogenomic determinants, drug signatures, and gene regulatory networks for researchers without requiring specialized bioinformatics support. It leverages overlaps of cell lines and tested drugs to allow assessment of data reproducibility. It builds on the complementarity and strength of each dataset. A panel of 41 drugs evaluated in parallel in the NCI-60 and GDSC is reported, supporting drug reproducibility across databases, repositioning of bisacodyl and acetalax for triple negative breast cancer, and identifying novel drug response determinants and genomic signatures for topoisomerase inhibitors and schweinfurthins in development. CellMinerCDB also allowed the identification of LIX1L as a novel mesenchymal gene regulating cellular migration and invasiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elloumi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aladjem, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benes, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhold, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of pharmacogenomics in major cancer cell line databases using CellMinerCDB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population dynamics of Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tracts of Tanzanian children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stability of the Escherichia coli populations in the human gastrointestinal tract are not fully appreciated, and represent a significant knowledge gap regarding gastrointestinal community structure, as well as resistance to incoming pathogenic bacterial species and antibiotic treatment. The current study examines the genomic content of 240 Escherichia coli isolates from children 2 to 35 months old in Tanzania. The E. coli strains were isolated from three time points spanning a six month time period, with or without antibiotic treatment. The resulting isolates were sequenced, and the genomes compared. The findings in this study highlight the transient nature of E. coli strains in the gastrointestinal tract of children, as during a six-month interval, no one individual contained phylogenomically related isolates at all three time points. While the majority of the isolates at any one time point were phylogenomically similar, most individuals did not contain phylogenomically similar isolates at more than two time points. Examination of global genome content, canonical E. coli virulence factors, multilocus sequence type, serotype, and antimicrobial resistance genes identified diversity even among phylogenomically similar strains. There was no apparent increase in the antimicrobial resistance gene content after antibiotic treatment. The examination of the E. coli from longitudinal samples from multiple children in Tanzania provides insight into the genomic diversity and population variability of resident E. coli within the rapidly changing environment of the gastrointestinal tract.nnImportanceThis study increases the number of resident Escherichia coli genome sequences, and explores E. coli diversity through longitudinal sampling. We investigate the genomes of E. coli isolated from human gastrointestinal tracts as part of an antibiotic treatment program among rural Tanzanian children. Phylogenomics demonstrates that resident E. coli are diverse, even within a single host. Though the E. coli isolates of the gastrointestinal community tend to be phylogenomically similar at a given time, they differed across the interrogated time points, demonstrating the variability of the members of the E. coli community. Exposure to antibiotic treatment did not have an apparent impact on the E. coli community or the presence of resistance and virulence genes within E. coli genomes. The findings of this study highlight the variable nature of bacterial members of the human gastrointestinal tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, T. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coles, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silbergeld, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population dynamics of Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tracts of Tanzanian children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved single-molecule localization precision in astigmatism-based 3D superresolution imaging using weighted likelihood estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astigmatism-based superresolution microscopy is widely used to determine the position of individual fluorescent emitters in three-dimensions (3D) with subdiffraction-limited resolutions. This point spread function (PSF) engineering technique utilizes a cylindrical lens to modify the shape of the PSF and break its symmetry above and below the focal plane. The resulting asymmetric PSFs at different z-positions for single emitters are fit with an elliptical 2D-Gaussian function to extract the widths along two principle x- and y-axes, which are then compared with a pre-measured calibration function to determine its z-position. While conceptually simple and easy to implement, in practice, distorted PSFs due to an imperfect optical system often compromise the localization precision; and it is laborious to optimize a multi-purpose optical system. Here we present a methodology that is independent of obtaining a perfect PSF and enhances the localization precision along the z-axis. By utilizing multiple calibration images of fluorescent beads at varying z-planes and characterizing experimentally measured background distributions, we numerically approximated the probability of observing a certain signal in a given pixel from a single emitter at a particular z-plane. We then used a weighted maximum likelihood estimator (WLE) to determine the 3D-position of the emitter. We demonstrate that this approach enhances z-axis localization precision in all conditions we tested, in particular when the PSFs deviate from a standard 2D Gaussian model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/304816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved single-molecule localization precision in astigmatism-based 3D superresolution imaging using weighted likelihood estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opsonin-free, real-time imaging of Cryptococcus neoformans capsule during budding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a unicellular fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis, killing hundreds of thousands of patients each year. Its most distinctive characteristic is a polysaccharide capsule that envelops the whole cell. It is the major virulence attribute and the antigen for serologic diagnosis. We have developed a method for easy observation of the capsule and its growth dynamics using the cell-separation reagent Percoll and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Percoll suspension is far less disruptive of cell physiology than methods relying on antibody binding to the capsule, and measurements made with it are equivalent with India ink. Time-lapse microscopy observations using this method suggest that during budding, a dividing cell can regulate whether the capsule polysaccharide it produces is deposited on the capsule of the bud or on its own. This observation has important implications for our understanding of the C. neoformans capsule induction process during budding.nnList of abbreviations and acronyms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paes, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazao, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opsonin-free, real-time imaging of Cryptococcus neoformans capsule during budding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global emergence and population dynamics of divergent serotype 3 CC180 pneumococci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite inclusion in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Serotype 3 increased in carriage since the implementation of PCV13 in the United States, while invasive disease rates remain unchanged. We investigated the persistence of serotype 3 in carriage and disease, through genomic analyses of a global sample of 301 serotype 3 isolates of the Netherlands3-31 (PMEN31) clone CC180, combined with associated patient data and PCV utilization among countries of isolate collection. We assessed phenotypic variation between dominant clades in capsule charge (zeta potential), capsular polysaccharide shedding, and susceptibility to opsonophagocytic killing, which have previously been associated with carriage duration, invasiveness, and vaccine escape. We identify a recent shift in the CC180 population attributed to a lineage termed Clade II, which was estimated by Bayesian coalescent analysis to have first appeared in 1968 [95% HPD: 1939-1989] and increased in prevalence and effective population size thereafter. Clade II isolates are divergent from the pre-PCV13 serotype 3 population in non-capsular antigenic composition, competence, and antibiotic susceptibility, the last resulting from the acquisition of a Tn916-like conjugative transposon. Differences in recombination rates among clades correlated with variations in the ATP-binding subunit of Clp protease as well as amino acid substitutions in the comCDE operon. Opsonophagocytic killing assays elucidated the low observed efficacy of PCV13 against serotype 3. Variation in PCV13 use among sampled countries was not independently correlated with the CC180 population shift; therefore, genotypic and phenotypic differences in protein antigens and, in particular, antibiotic resistance may have contributed to the increase of Clade II. Our analysis emphasizes the need for routine, representative sampling of isolates from disperse geographic regions, including historically under-sampled areas. We also highlight the value of genomics in resolving antigenic and epidemiological variations within a serotype, which may have implications for future vaccine development.nnAuthor SummaryStreptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumoniae, meningitis, and otitis media. Despite inclusion in the most recent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13, serotype 3 remains epidemiologically important globally. We investigated the persistence of serotype 3 using whole-genome sequencing data form 301 isolates collected among 24 countries from 1993-2014. Through phylogenetic analysis, we identified three distinct lineages within a single clonal complex, CC180, and found one has recently emerged and grown in prevalence. We then compared genomic difference among lineages as well as variations in pneumococcal vaccine use among sampled countries. We found that the recently emerged lineage, termed Clade II, has a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance compared to other lineages, diverse surface protein antigens, and a higher rate of recombination, a process by which bacteria can uptake and incorporate genetic material from its surroundings. Differences in vaccine use among sampled countries did not appear to be associated with the emergence of Clade II. We highlight the need to routine, representative sampling of bacterial isolates from diverse geographic areas and show the utility of genomic data in resolving epidemiological differences within a pathogen population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azarian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoulia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Gottberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwambana-Adams, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hryniewicz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoczynska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breiman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanage, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global emergence and population dynamics of divergent serotype 3 CC180 pneumococci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intersection of phosphate transport, oxidative stress and TOR signalling in Candida albicans virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphate is an essential macronutrient required for cell growth and division. Pho84 is the major high-affinity cell-surface phosphate importer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a crucial element in the phosphate homeostatic system of this model yeast. We found that loss of Candida albicans Pho84 attenuated virulence in Drosophila and murine oropharyngeal and disseminated models of invasive infection, and conferred hypersensitivity to neutrophil killing. Susceptibility of cells lacking Pho84 to neutrophil attack depended on reactive oxygen species (ROS): pho84-/- cells were no more susceptible than wild type C. albicans to neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, or to those whose oxidative burst was pharmacologically inhibited or neutralized. pho84-/- mutants hyperactivated oxidative stress signalling. They accumulated intracellular ROS in the absence of extrinsic oxidative stress, in high as well as low ambient phosphate conditions. ROS accumulation correlated with diminished levels of the unique superoxide dismutase Sod3 in pho84-/- cells, while SOD3 overexpression from a conditional promoter substantially restored these cells oxidative stress resistance in vitro. Repression of SOD3 expression sharply increased their oxidative stress hypersensitivity. Neither of these oxidative stress management effects of manipulating SOD3 transcription was observed in PHO84 wild type cells. Sod3 levels were not the only factor driving oxidative stress effects on pho84-/- cells, though, because overexpressing SOD3 did not ameliorate these cells hypersensitivity to neutrophil killing ex vivo, indicating Pho84 has further roles in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. Measurement of cellular metal concentrations demonstrated that diminished Sod3 expression was not due to decreased import of its metal cofactor manganese, as predicted from the function of S. cerevisiae Pho84 as a low-affinity manganese transporter. Instead of a role of Pho84 in metal transport, we found its role in TORC1 activation to impact oxidative stress management: overexpression of the TORC1-activating GTPase Gtr1 relieved the Sod3 deficit and ROS excess in pho84-/- null mutant cells, though it did not suppress their hypersensitivity to neutrophil killing or hyphal growth defect. Pharmacologic inhibition of Pho84 by small molecules including the FDA-approved drug foscarnet also induced ROS accumulation. Inhibiting Pho84 could hence support host defenses by sensitizing C. albicans to oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppuluri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broggi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta Zaldivar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emami, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sola-Visner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotta, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanoni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ribot, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intersection of phosphate transport, oxidative stress and TOR signalling in Candida albicans virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral blood DNA methylation and autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundnnSeveral reports have suggested a role for epigenetic mechanisms in ASD etiology. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may shed light on particular biological mechanisms. However, studies of ASD cases versus controls have been limited by post-mortem timing and severely small sample sizes. Reports from in-life sampling of blood or saliva have also been very limited in sample size, and/or genomic coverage. We present the largest case-control EWAS for ASD to date, combining data from population-based case-control and case-sibling pair studies.nnMethodsnnDNA from 968 blood samples from children in the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED 1) was used to generate epigenome-wide array DNA methylation (DNAm) data at 485,512 CpG sites for 453 cases and 515 controls, using the Illumina 450K Beadchip. The Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) provided 450K array DNAm data on an additional 343 cases and their unaffected siblings. We performed EWAS meta-analysis across results from the two data sets, with adjustment for sex and surrogate variables that reflect major sources of biological variation and technical confounding such as cell type, batch, and ancestry. We compared top EWAS results to those from a previous brain-based analysis. We also tested for enrichment of ASD EWAS CpGs for being targets of meQTL associations using available SNP genotype data in the SEED sample.nnFindingsnnIn this meta-analysis of blood-based DNA from 796 cases and 858 controls, no single CpG met a Bonferroni discovery threshold of p < 1.12x10-7. Seven CpGs showed differences at p < 1x10-5 and 48 at 1x10-4. Of the top 7, 5 showed brain-based ASD associations as well, often with larger effect sizes, and the top 48 overall showed modest concordance (r = 0.31) in direction of effect with cerebellum samples. Finally, we observed suggestive evidence for enrichment of CpG sites controlled by SNPs (meQTL targets) among the EWAS CpGs hits, which was consistent across EWAS and meQTL discovery p-value thresholds.nnConclusionsnnWe report the largest case-control EWAS study of ASD to date. No single CpG site showed a large enough DNAm difference between cases and controls to achieve epigenome-wide significance in this sample size. However, our results suggest the potential to observe disease associations from blood-based samples. Among the 7 sites achieving suggestive statistical significance, we observed consistent, and stronger, effects at the same sites among brain samples. Discovery-oriented EWAS for ASD using blood samples will likely need even larger samples and unified genetic data to further understand DNAm differences in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windham, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieve, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schendel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alisch, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral blood DNA methylation and autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: The Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study analyzed 960 papers published in Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) from 2009-2016 and found 59 (6.1%) to contain inappropriately duplicated images. The 59 instances of inappropriate image duplication led to 42 corrections, 5 retractions and 12 instances in which no action was taken. Our experience suggests that the majority of inappropriate image duplications result from errors during figure preparation that can be remedied by correction. Nevertheless, ~10% of papers with inappropriate image duplications in MCB were retracted. If this proportion is representative, then as many as 35,000 papers in the literature are candidates for retraction due to image duplication. The resolution of inappropriate image duplication concerns after publication required an average of 6 h of journal staff time per published paper. MCB instituted a pilot program to screen images of accepted papers prior to publication that identified 12 manuscripts (14.5% out of 83) with image concerns in two months. The screening and correction of papers before publication required an average of 30 min of staff time per problematic paper. Image screening can identify papers with problematic images prior to publication, reduces post-publication problems and requires significantly less staff time than the correction of problems after publication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bik, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: The Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease and nasopharyngeal carriage in Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10), delivered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, was introduced in Kenya in January 2011, accompanied by a catch-up campaign in Kilifi County for children <5 years. Coverage with [&ge;]2 PCV10 doses in children 2-11 months was 80% in 2011 and 84% in 2016; coverage with [&ge;]1 dose in children 12-59 months was 66% and 87%, respectively.nnMethodsClinical and microbiological surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among admissions of all ages at Kilifi County Hospital was linked to the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 1999-2016. We calculated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing the pre-vaccine and post-vaccine eras, adjusted for confounding, and reported percent reduction in IPD as 1-IRR. Annual cross-sectional surveys of nasopharyngeal carriage were conducted from 2009-2016.nnFindingsSurveillance identified 667 IPD cases in 3,211,403 person-years of observation. IPD incidence in children <5 years fell sharply in 2011 following PCV10 introduction, and remained low (PCV10-type IPD: 60{middle dot}8 vs 3{middle dot}2/100,000 [92% reduction; 95%CI: 78, 97]; overall IPD: 81{middle dot}6 vs 15{middle dot}3/100,000 [68% reduction; 95%CI: 40, 83]; 1999-2010 vs 2012-2016). PCV10-type IPD also declined significantly in unvaccinated age groups (<2 months, 5-14 years, [&ge;]15 years), with estimated reductions of 100%, 74%, and 81%, respectively. There was no significant change in the incidence of non-PCV10 type IPD. In children aged <5 years, PCV10-type carriage declined by 74% and non-PCV10-type carriage increased by 71%.nnInterpretationIntroduction of PCV10 in Kenya resulted in a substantial reduction in PCV10-type IPD in children and adults without significant replacement disease. These findings suggest that routine infant PCV10 immunization programmes with catch-up campaigns will provide substantial direct and indirect protection in low-income settings in tropical Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hammitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyang, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morpeth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutuku, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mturi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adetifa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akech, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otiende, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bwanaali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wafula, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mataza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumbo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deloria Knoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamau, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease and nasopharyngeal carriage in Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the roles of N-glycans on collagen-platelet interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen is a potent agonist for platelet activation, presenting itself as a key contributor to coagulation via interactions with platelet glycoproteins. The fine-details dictating platelet-collagen interactions are poorly understood. In particular, glycosylation could be a key determinant in the platelet-collagen interaction. Here we report an affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry-based approach to elucidate the function of N-glycans in dictating platelet-collagen interactions. By integrative proteomic and glycoproteomic analysis of collagen-platelet interactive proteins with N-glycan manipulation, we demonstrate that the interaction of platelet adhesive receptors with collagen are highly N-glycan regulated, with glycans on many receptors playing positive roles on collagen binding, with glycans on other platelet glycoproteins exhibiting inhibitory roles on the binding to collagen. Our results significantly enhance our understanding of the details of glycans influencing the platelet-collagen interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toonstra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the roles of N-glycans on collagen-platelet interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad spectrum capture of clinical pathogens using engineered Fc-Mannose-Binding Lectin (FcMBL) enhanced by antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FcMBL, an engineered version of the blood opsonin mannose-binding lectin (MBL) that contains the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and flexible neck regions of MBL fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1, has been shown to bind various microbes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). FcMBL also has been used to create an enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assay (ELLecSA) for use as a rapid (< 1 hr) diagnostic of bloodstream infections. Here we extended this work by using the ELLecSA to test FcMBLs ability to bind to more than 200 different isolates from over 100 different pathogen species. FcMBL bound to 86% of the isolates and 110 of the 122 (90%) different pathogen species tested, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It also bound to PAMPs including, lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The efficiency of pathogen detection and variation between binding of different strains of the same species also could be improved by treating the bacteria with antibiotics prior to FcMBL capture to reveal previously concealed binding sites within the bacterial cell wall. As FcMBL can bind to pathogens and PAMPs in urine as well as blood, its broad-binding capability could be leveraged to develop a variety of clinically relevant technologies, including infectious disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seiler, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinis, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Super, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Super, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingber, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad spectrum capture of clinical pathogens using engineered Fc-Mannose-Binding Lectin (FcMBL) enhanced by antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dragotcytosis: Elucidation of the Mechanism for Cryptococcus neoformans Macrophage-to-Macrophage Transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast capable of a unique and intriguing form of cell-to-cell transfer between macrophage cells. The mechanism for cell-to-cell transfer is not understood. Here we imaged macrophages with CellTracker Green CMFDA-labeled cytosol to ascertain whether cytosol was shared between donor and acceptor macrophages. Analysis of several transfer events detected no transfer of cytosol from donor to acceptor macrophages. However, blocking Fc and complement receptors resulted in a major diminution of cell-to-cell transfer events. The timing cell-to-cell transfer (11.17 min) closely approximated the sum of phagocytosis (4.18 min) and exocytosis (6.71 min) times. We propose that macrophage cell-to-cell transfer represents a non-lytic exocytosis event followed by phagocytosis into a macrophage that is in close proximity and name this process Dragotcytosis (Dragot is a Greek surname meaning  Sentinel) as it represents sharing of a microbe between two sentinel cells of the innate immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dragotcytosis: Elucidation of the Mechanism for Cryptococcus neoformans Macrophage-to-Macrophage Transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of post-vaccine population structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae using accessory gene frequencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how pathogen populations will change over time is challenging. Such has been the case with Streptococcus pneumoniae, an important human pathogen, and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), which target only a fraction of the strains in the population. Here, we use the frequencies of accessory genes to predict changes in the pneumococcal population after vaccination, hypothesizing that these frequencies reflect negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) on the gene products. We find that the standardized predicted fitness of a strain estimated by an NFDS-based model at the time the vaccine is introduced enables to predict whether the strain increases or decreases in prevalence following vaccination. Further, we are able to forecast the equilibrium post-vaccine population composition and assess the invasion capacity of emerging lineages. Overall, we provide a method for predicting the impact of an intervention on pneumococcal populations with potential application to other bacterial pathogens in which NFDS is a driving force.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azarian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croucher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santosham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherholtz, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanage, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of post-vaccine population structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae using accessory gene frequencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional heterogeneity in gene expression, regulation and coherence in hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across development and in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent large-scale genomics efforts have better characterized the molecular correlates of schizophrenia in postmortem human neocortex, but not hippocampus which is a brain region prominently implicated in its pathogenesis. Here in the second phase of the BrainSeq Consortium (Phase II), we have generated RiboZero RNA-seq data for 900 samples across both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the hippocampus (HIPPO) for 551 individuals (286 affected by schizophrenia disorder: SCZD). We identify substantial regional differences in gene expression, in both pre- and post-natal life, and find widespread differences in how genes are regulated across development. By extending quality surrogate variable analysis (qSVA) to multiple brain regions, we identified 48 and 245 differentially expressed genes (DEG) by SCZD diagnosis (FDR<5%) in HIPPO and DLPFC, respectively, with surprisingly minimal overlap in DEG between the two brain regions. We further identified 205,618 brain region-dependent eQTLs (FDR<1%) and found that 124 GWAS risk loci contain eQTLs in at least one of the regions. We also identify potential molecular correlates of in vivo evidence of altered prefrontal-hippocampal functional coherence in schizophrenia. These results underscore the complexity and regional heterogeneity of the transcriptional correlates of schizophrenia, and suggest future schizophrenia therapeutics may need to target molecular pathologies localized to specific brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semick, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BrainSeq Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional heterogeneity in gene expression, regulation and coherence in hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across development and in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coverage and timeliness of vaccination and the validity of routine estimates: Insights from a Vaccine Registry in Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The benefits of childhood vaccines are critically dependent on vaccination coverage. We used a vaccine registry (as gold standard) in Kenya to quantify errors in routine coverage methods (surveys and administrative reports), to estimate the magnitude of survivor bias, contrast coverage with timeliness and use both measures to estimate population immunity.nnWe found coverage surveys in the 2nd year of life overestimate coverage by 2%. Compared to mean coverage in infants, static coverage at 12 months was exaggerated by 7-8% for third doses of oral polio, pentavalent (Penta3) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, and by 24% for the measles vaccine. Surveys and administrative coverage also underestimated the proportion of the fully immunised child by 10-14%. For BCG, Penta3 and measles, timeliness was 23-44% higher in children born in a health facility but 20-37% lower in those who first attended during vaccine stock outs.nnCoverage surveys in 12-23 month old children overestimate protection by ignoring timeliness, and survivor and recall biases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adetifa, I. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutuku, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bwanaali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makumi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wafula, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chome, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwatsuma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mataza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamau, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coverage and timeliness of vaccination and the validity of routine estimates: Insights from a Vaccine Registry in Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Setting the occasion for incentive motivation: implications for addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The context in which reward-paired cues are encountered sets the occasion for appropriate reward-seeking but may also spur inappropriate behaviors such as the renewal of drug-seeking. The psychological processes underlying occasion setting remain unclear as contexts are diffuse and difficult to isolate from other stimuli. To overcome this, we modeled a context as a phasic and discrete event - an occasion setter - which allowed for control over its presentation and influence on cue-driven reward-seeking. This allowed us to directly assess how occasion setters, like contexts, regulate the predictive and motivational significance of Pavlovian cues. Male rats (n=50) were trained in a Pavlovian paradigm where the presentation of an ambiguous conditioned stimulus was reinforced only if preceded by an occasion setting cue. We assessed the motivational value of the occasion setter and conditioned stimulus alone or in combination using conditioned reinforcement. Rats showed enhanced conditioned approach to the reward port during the reward-adjacent conditioned stimulus when it was preceded by the occasion setter. When allowed the opportunity, rats responded more to obtain presentations of the conditioned stimulus in combination with the occasion setter than the conditioned stimulus alone. Critically, rats also worked to obtain presentations of the occasion setter alone more than the conditioned stimulus, and this was resistant to manipulations of the value of the occasion setter. We conclude that occasion setting can act via incentive motivational mechanisms and that, apart from resolving predictive information about ambiguous reward-paired cues, occasion setters themselves generate states of appetitive motivation that can facilitate reward-seeking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Setting the occasion for incentive motivation: implications for addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/429936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The buoyant cell density of Cryptococcus neoformans is affected by capsule size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/429936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental pathogenic fungus with a worldwide geographical distribution that is responsible for hundreds of thousands human cryptococcosis cases each year. During infection, the yeast undergoes a morphological transformation involving capsular enlargement that increases microbial volume. To understand the factors that play a role in environmental dispersal of C. neoformans and C. gatii we evaluated the buoyant cell density of Cryptococcus using Percoll isopycnic gradients. We found differences in the buoyant cell density of strains belonging to C. neoformans and C. gatti species complexes. The buoyant cell density of C. neoformans strains varied depending on growth medium conditions. In minimal medium, the cryptococcal capsule made a major contribution to the buoyant cell density such that cells with larger capsules had lower density than those with smaller capsules. Removing the capsule, both by chemical or mechanical methods, decreased the C. neoformans cell density. Melanization of the C. neoformans cell wall, which also contributes to virulence, produced a small but consistent increase in cell density. C. neoformans sedimented much slower in seawater as its density approached the density of water. Our results suggest a new function for the capsule whereby it can function as a flotation device to facilitate transport and dispersion in aqueous fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/429936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The buoyant cell density of Cryptococcus neoformans is affected by capsule size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perfect Counterfactuals for Epidemic Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simulation studies are often used to predict the expected impact of control measures in infectious disease outbreaks. Typically, two independent sets of simulations are conducted, one with the intervetnion, and one without, and epidemic sizes (or some related metric) are compared to estimate the effect of the intervention. Since it is possible that controlled epidemics are larger than uncontrolled ones if there is substantial stochastic variation between epidemics, uncertainty intervals from this approach can include a negative effect even for an effective intervention. To more precisely estimate the number of cases an intervention will prevent within a single epidemic, here we develop a  single world approach to matching simulations of controlled epidemics to their exact uncontrolled counterfac-tual. Our method borrows concepts from percolation approaches prune out possible epidemic histories and create potential epidemic graph that can be  realized to create perfectly matched controlled and uncontrolled epidemics. We present an implementation of this method for a common class of compartmental models, and its application in a simple SIR model. Results illustrate how, at the cost of some computation time, this method substantially narrows confidence intervals and avoids non-sensical inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaminsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perfect Counterfactuals for Epidemic Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A practical guide to methods controlling false discoveries in computational biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn high-throughput studies, hundreds to millions of hypotheses are typically tested. Statistical methods that control the false discovery rate (FDR) have emerged as popular and powerful tools for error rate control. While classic FDR methods use only p-values as input, more modern FDR methods have been shown to increase power by incorporating complementary information as "informative covariates" to prioritize, weight, and group hypotheses. However, there is currently no consensus on how the modern methods compare to one another. We investigated the accuracy, applicability, and ease of use of two classic and six modern FDR-controlling methods by performing a systematic benchmark comparison using simulation studies as well as six case studies in computational biologynnResultsMethods that incorporate informative covariates were modestly more powerful than classic approaches, and did not underperform classic approaches, even when the covariate was completely uninformative. The majority of methods were successful at controlling the FDR, with the exception of two modern methods under certain settings. Furthermore, we found the improvement of the modern FDR methods over the classic methods increased with the informativeness of the covariate, total number of hypothesis tests, and proportion of truly non-null hypotheses.nnConclusionsModern FDR methods that use an informative covariate provide advantages over classic FDR-controlling procedures, with the relative gain dependent on the application and informativeness of available covariates. We present our findings as a practical guide and provide recommendations to aid researchers in their choice of methods to correct for false discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korthauer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimes, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvallet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alm, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A practical guide to methods controlling false discoveries in computational biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Are Co-Opted by the Immune System to Cross-Present Antigen and Mediate Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are abundant in the adult CNS and can be recruited to form new oligodendrocytes and myelin in response to injury or disease. However, in multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination are often incomplete, suggesting that recruitment and maturation of OPCs is impaired. MS and the rodent model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are characterized by infiltration of activated T-cells into the CNS. To investigate the mechanisms by which this neuroinflammatory process influences OPC mobilization, we performed in vivo fate tracing in an inflammatory demyelinating animal model. Results of our studies showed that the OPC differentiation and myelin production are inhibited by either adoptive transfer of CNS infiltrating cytokine producing effector T-cells or CNS production of interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}), using an astrocyte specific IFN{gamma} transgene model. In both systems, IFN{gamma} changes the profile of OPCs by inducing functional expression of the immunoproteasome and upregulation of MHC class I. OPCs exposed to IFN{gamma} are shown to cross present exogenous antigen to cytotoxic CD8 T-cells, which then produce proteases and FasL that results in subsequent caspase 3/7 activation and OPC death, both in vitro and in vivo. Cross presentation by OPCs is dependent on the cytosolic processing pathway and can be inhibited by small molecules targeting MHC class I antigen processing and the immunoproteasome subunits. Finally, the immunoproteasome subunit, PSMB8, is shown to be markedly increased on Sox10+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells only in the demyelinated white matter lesions from patients with MS. These findings support the notion that OPCs have multiple functions beyond differentiation into myelinating cells and adapt to their microenvironment by responding to local cues. In MS, OPCs may be co-opted by the immune system to perpetuate the autoimmune response. Strategies aimed at inhibiting the aberrant immune activation pathways in OPCs may allow more efficient remyelination in MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Cardona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strasburger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goverman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Are Co-Opted by the Immune System to Cross-Present Antigen and Mediate Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression variation analysis for tumor heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor heterogeneity provides a complex challenge to cancer treatment and is a critical component of therapeutic response, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies reveal the prevalence of intra-and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Computational techniques are essential to quantify the differences in variation of these profiles between distinct cell types, tumor subtypes, and patients to fully characterize intra-and inter-tumor molecular heterogeneity. We devised a new algorithm, Expression Variation Analysis in Single Cells (EVAsc), to perform multivariate statistical analyses of differential variation of expression in gene sets for scRNA-seq. EVAsc has high sensitivity and specificity to detect pathways with true differential heterogeneity in simulated data. We then apply EVAsc to several public domain scRNA-seq tumor datasets to quantify the landscape of tumor heterogeneity in several key applications in cancer genomics, i.e. immunogenicity, cancer subtypes, and metastasis. Immune pathway heterogeneity in hematopoietic cell populations in breast tumors corresponded to the amount diversity present in the T-cell repertoire of each individual. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, we found dramatic differences in pathway dysregulation across basal primary tumors. Within the basal primary tumors we also identified increased immune dysregulation in individuals with a high proportion of fibroblasts present in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, cells in HNSCC primary tumors had significantly more heterogeneity across pathways than cells in metastases, consistent with a model of clonal outgrowth. These results demonstrate the broad utility of EVAsc to quantify inter-and intra-tumor heterogeneity from scRNA-seq data without reliance on low dimensional visualization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orugunta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos Torres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/479287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression variation analysis for tumor heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symmetric Intralimb Transfer of Skilled Isometric Force Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor control theories propose that the same motor plans can be employed by different effectors. Skills learned with one effector can therefore  transfer to others, which has potential applications in clinical situations. However, evidence from visuomotor adaptation suggests this effect is asymmetric; learning can be generalized from proximal-to-distal effectors (e.g. arm to hand), but not from distal-to-proximal effectors (e.g. hand to arm). We propose that skill learning may not be subject to this asymmetry, as it relies on multiple learning processes beyond error detection and correction. Participants learned a skill task involving the production of isometric forces. We assessed their ability to perform the task with the hand and arm. One group trained to perform the task using only their hand, while a second trained using only their arm. In a final assessment, we found that participants who trained with either effector improved their skill in performing the task with both their hand and arm. There was no change in a control group that did not train between assessments, indicating that gains were related to the training, not the multiple assessments. These results indicate that in contrast to visuomotor adaptation, motor skills can generalize from both proximal-to-distal and distal-to-proximal effectors. We propose this is due to differences in the processes underlying skill acquisition in comparison to visuomotor adaptation.nnNew and NoteworthyPrior research indicates that motor learning transfers from proximal-to-distal effectors, but not vice-versa. However, this work focused on adapting existing behavior; we questioned whether different results would occur when learning new motor skills. We found that the benefits of training on a skill task with either the hand or arm transferred across both effectors. This highlights important differences between adaptation and skill learning, and may allow therapeutic benefits for patients with impairments in specific effectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajan, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symmetric Intralimb Transfer of Skilled Isometric Force Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Transgenic Human Malaria Parasites With Strong Fluorescence in the Transmission Stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites have a complex life cycle that includes specialized stages for transmission between their mosquito and human hosts. These stages are an understudied part of the lifecycle yet targeting them is an essential component of the effort to shrink the malaria map. The human parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of deaths due to malaria. Our goal was to generate transgenic P. falciparum lines that could complete the lifecycle and produce fluorescent transmission stages for more in-depth and high-throughput studies. Using zinc-finger nuclease technology to engineer a marker-free integration site, we generated three transgenic P. falciparum lines in which tdtomato or gfp were stably integrated into the genome. Expression was driven by either stage-specific peg4 and csp promoters or the constitutive ef1a promoter. Phenotypic characterization of these lines demonstrates that they complete the life cycle with high infection rates and give rise to fluorescent mosquito stages. The transmission stages are sufficiently bright for intra-vital imaging, flow cytometry and scalable screening of chemical inhibitors and potentially inhibitory antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLean, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumolin, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafsack, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Transgenic Human Malaria Parasites With Strong Fluorescence in the Transmission Stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/517565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor mutational landscape is a record of the pre-malignant state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/517565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin structure has a major influence on the cell-specific density of somatic mutations along the cancer genome. Here, we present a pan-cancer study in which we searched for the putative cancer cell-of-origin of 2,550 whole genomes, representing 32 cancer types by matching their mutational landscape to the regional patterns of chromatin modifications ascertained in 104 normal tissue types. We found that, in almost all cancer types, the cell-of-origin can be predicted solely from their DNA sequences. Our analysis validated the hypothesis that high-grade serous ovarian cancer originates in the fallopian tube and identified distinct origins of breast cancer subtypes. We also demonstrated that the technique is equally capable of identifying the cell-of-origin for a series of 2,044 metastatic samples from 22 of the tumor types available as primaries. Moreover, cancer drivers, whether inherited or acquired, reside in active chromatin regions in the respective cell-of-origin. Taken together, our findings highlight that many somatic mutations accumulate while the chromatin structure of the cell-of-origin is maintained and that this historical record, captured in the DNA, can be used to identify the often elusive cancer cell-of-origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kübler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haradhvala, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gakkhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouw, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biankin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogiec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juvenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mino-Kenudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisen, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolkema, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steeghs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Herpen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahovicek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoadley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuppen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulkes, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/517565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor mutational landscape is a record of the pre-malignant state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vaccine Composed of Antigen Fused to a Ligand for a Receptor on Immature Dendritic Cells Elicits Protective Antibody Responses to Malaria Sporozoites in Infant Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infants and young children are the groups at greatest risk for severe disease resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection. We previously demonstrated in mice that a protein vaccine composed of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3 genetically fused to the minimally truncated circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum (MCSP) elicits high concentrations of specific antibody and significant reduction of liver sporozoite load in a mouse model system. In the current study, a squalene based adjuvant (AddaVax, InvivoGen, San Diego, Ca) equivalent to the clinically approved MF59 (Seqiris, Maidenhead, UK) elicited greater antibody responses in mice than the previously employed adjuvant polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, ((poly(I:C), InvivoGen, San Diego, Ca) and the clinically approved Aluminum hydroxide gel (Alum, Invivogen, San Diego, Ca) adjuvant. Use of the AddaVax adjuvant also expanded the range of IgG subtypes elicited by mouse vaccination. Sera passively transferred into mice from MCSP/AddaVax immunized one and six month old macaques significantly reduced liver sporozoite load upon sporozoite challenge. Protective antibody concentrations attained by passive transfer in the mice were equivalent to those observed in infant macaques 18 weeks after the final immunization. The efficacy of this vaccine in a relevant non-human primate model indicates its potential usefulness for the analogous high risk human population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markham, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vaccine Composed of Antigen Fused to a Ligand for a Receptor on Immature Dendritic Cells Elicits Protective Antibody Responses to Malaria Sporozoites in Infant Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFN-alpha and 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of a dendritic-cell targeting MIP3alpha-Gp100-Trp2 DNA vaccine by affecting T-cell recruitment and tumor microenvironment gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe chemokine MIP-3 (CCL20) binds to CCR6 found on immature dendritic cells. DNA vaccines fusing MIP-3 to melanoma-associated antigens have shown improved efficacy and immunogenicity in the B16F10 model. To optimize the therapy, our laboratory has added agents designed to overcome immunoregulatory mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report that the combination of type-I interferon therapy (IFN) with 5-Aza-2-deoxycitidine (Aza) profoundly enhanced the therapeutic anti-melanoma efficacy of a MIP-3-Gp100-Trp2 DNA vaccine.

MethodsThe current studies utilize the B16F10 syngeneic mouse melanoma model. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly (i.m.) followed by i.m. electroporation. Vaccinations are given thrice at one-week intervals beginning day 5 with CpG adjuvant given two days later as noted. Aza is given i.p. at 1mg/kg on days 5 and 12. IFN therapy is given in a series of one high followed by three low doses, beginning on days 5 and 12. Tumor sizes, growth, and survival were all assessed. Tumor microenvironment gene expression levels were explored by qRT-PCR. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were assessed by stimulating the purified lymphocyte fraction of tumors with vaccine antigens followed by intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry.

ResultsWe demonstrate that the addition of IFN and Aza treatments to mice vaccinated with the MIP-3-Gp100-Trp2 vaccine has led to significantly reduced tumor burden and overall increases in mouse survival, increasing median survival by 39% over vaccine and 86% over controls. Importantly, this increase in efficacy was dependent on the presence of all three components: vaccine, IFN, and Aza. The addition of Aza and IFN to the vaccine increased T-cell tumor infiltration and altered the proportion of CD8+T-cells. Also, IFN and vaccine induced durable changes in IFN-stimulated gene transcription.

ConclusionsEfficient targeting of antigen to immature dendritic cells with a chemokine-fusion vaccine offers a potential alternative approach to classic and dendritic cell based vaccines currently undergoing clinical investigation. Combining this approach with IFN and Aza combination treatment significantly improved vaccine efficacy, with efficacy correlating with changes in TILs and in IFN -stimulated gene expression. Further potential therapy optimization currently undergoing investigation offers promise for this line of investigation to become a novel melanoma therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFN-alpha and 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of a dendritic-cell targeting MIP3alpha-Gp100-Trp2 DNA vaccine by affecting T-cell recruitment and tumor microenvironment gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age and sex-dependent patterns of gut microbial diversity in human adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbial diversity changes throughout the human lifespan and is known to be affected by host sex. We investigated the association of age, sex and gut bacterial alpha diversity in three large cohorts of adults from four geographical regions: US and UK cohorts in the American Gut Project, and two independent cohorts of Colombians and Chinese. In three of the four cohorts, we observed a strong positive association between age and alpha diversity in young adults that plateaued after age 40. We also found pronounced sex-dependent differences in younger but not middle-aged adults, and women had higher alpha diversity than men. In contrast, no association of alpha diversity with age or sex was observed in the Chinese cohort. These associations were maintained after adjusting for cardiometabolic parameters in the Colombian cohort and antibiotic usage in the AGP cohort, suggesting that these factors do not affect the association of alpha diversity with age and sex. We also used a machine learning approach to predict individual age based on the gut microbiome. Consistent with our alpha diversity-based findings, women had significantly higher predicted age than men in the US and UK cohort, with a reduced difference above age 40. This was not observed in the Colombian cohort and only in the group of middle-age adults in the Chinese cohort. Together, our results provide new insights into the influence of age and sex on biodiversity of the human gut microbiota during adulthood while highlighting similarities and differences across diverse cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esobar, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/544270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age and sex-dependent patterns of gut microbial diversity in human adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Case-only analysis of gene-environment interactions using polygenic risk scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigations of gene (G)-environment (E) interactions have led to limited findings to date, possibly due to weak effects of individual genetic variants. Polygenic risk scores (PRS), which capture the genetic susceptibility associated with a set of variants, can be a powerful tool for detecting global patterns of interaction. Motivated by the case-only method for evaluating interactions with a single variant, we propose a case-only method for the analysis of interactions with a PRS in case-control studies. Assuming the PRS and E are independent, we show how a linear regression of the PRS on E in a sample of cases can be used to efficiently estimate the interaction parameter. Furthermore, if an estimate of the mean of the PRS in the underlying population is available, the proposed method can estimate the PRS main effect. Extensions allow for PRS-E dependence due to associations between variants in the PRS and E. Simulation studies indicate the proposed method offers appreciable gains in efficiency over logistic regression and can recover much of the efficiency of a cohort study. As an illustration, we apply the proposed method to investigate interactions between a PRS and epidemiologic factors on breast cancer risk in the UK Biobank study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meisner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Case-only analysis of gene-environment interactions using polygenic risk scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward prediction error modulates saccade vigor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Movements toward rewarding stimuli exhibit greater vigor, i.e., increased velocity and reduced reaction-times. This invigoration may be due to release of dopamine before movement onset. Dopamine release is strongly modulated by reward prediction error (RPE). Here, we generated an RPE event in the milliseconds before movement onset and tested whether there was a causal relationship between RPE and vigor. Human subjects made saccades toward an image. During the execution of their primary saccade, we probabilistically changed the position and content of the image. This led to a secondary saccade following completion of the primary saccade. We focused on properties of this secondary saccade. On some trials, the content of the secondary image was more valuable than the first image, resulting in a +RPE event that preceded the secondary saccade. On other trials, this content was less valuable, resulting in a -RPE event. We found that reaction-time and velocity of the secondary saccade were affected in an orderly fashion by the magnitude and direction of the preceding RPE event: the most vigorous saccades followed the largest +RPE, whereas the least vigorous saccades followed the largest -RPE. Presence of the secondary saccade indicated that the primary saccade had experienced a movement error, inducing trial-to-trial adaptation: the subsequent primary saccade was changed in the direction of the movement error in the previous trial. However, motor learning from error was not affected by the RPE event. Therefore, reward prediction error, and not reward per se, modulated vigor of saccades.

Author summaryDoes dopamine release before onset of a movement modulate vigor of the ensuing movement? To test this hypothesis, we relied on the fact that RPE is a strong modulator of dopamine. Our innovation was a task in which an RPE event occurred precisely before onset of a movement. We probabilistically produced a combination of large or small, negative or positive RPE events before onset of a saccade, and observed that the vigor of the saccade that followed carried a robust signature of the preceding RPE event: high vigor saccades followed +RPE events, while low vigor saccades followed -RPE events. This suggests that control of vigor is partly through release of dopamine in the moments before onset of the movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzfeld, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward prediction error modulates saccade vigor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Holding the arm still through subcortical mathematical integration of cortical commands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A period of holding still follows every movement. It has been assumed that for the arm, moving and holding are functionally independent: movement is via an adaptive, feedback-dependent controller that generates commands to transport the arm, while holding is via setting of reflexes that produce a postural field at movement endpoint. This assumption predicts that commands that move the arm should not affect the postural field at movement termination. Surprisingly, we found that as the reach commands changed, so did the ensuing postural field. The postural commands depended on mathematical integration of the reach commands. Following damage to the corticospinal tract, despite severe reach impairments, the holding system faithfully integrated the imperfect reach commands on a trial-by-trial basis. Together, these findings suggest that holding the arm still is accomplished via a separate, likely subcortical structure that acts as a mathematical integrator of the commands generated by the cortical reach controller.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Holding the arm still through subcortical mathematical integration of cortical commands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galectin-3 inhibits Paracoccidioides brasiliensis growth and impacts paracoccidioidomycosis through multiple mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thermodimorphic pathogenic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccioidioides lutzii are the etiologic causes of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), an animal {beta}-galactoside-binding protein, modulates important roles during microbial infections, such as triggering a Th2-polarized immune response in PCM. Herein, we demonstrate that Gal-3 also plays other important roles in P. brasiliensis infection. We verified Gal-3 levels are upregulated in human and mice infections and establish that Gal-3 inhibits P. brasiliensis growth by inhibiting budding. Furthermore, Gal-3 affects disruption and internalization of extracellular vesicles (EV) from P. brasiliensis by macrophages. Our results suggest important roles for Gal-3 in P. brasiliensis infection, indicating that increased Gal-3 production during P. brasiliensis infection may account for affecting the fungal growth and EV stability, promoting a benefic course of experimental PCM.

IMPORTANCEParacoccidiodomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Although the immune mechanisms to control PCM are still not fully understood, several events of the host innate and adaptive immunity are crucial to determine the progress of the infection. Mammalian {beta}-galactoside-binding protein Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays significant roles during microbial infections, and has been studied for its immunomodulatory roles but it can also have direct antimicrobial effects. We asked whether this protein plays a role in P. brasiliensis. We report herein that Gal-3 indeed has direct effects on fungal pathogen, inhibiting fungal growth and reducing extracellular vesicles stability. Our results suggest a direct role for Gal-3 in P. brasiliensis infection, with beneficial effects for the mammalian host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatanaka, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezende, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira-Brito, P. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque-Barreira, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galectin-3 inhibits Paracoccidioides brasiliensis growth and impacts paracoccidioidomycosis through multiple mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Genes Regulating Cell Death in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections. Due to S. aureus s highly resistant and persistent nature, it is paramount to identify better drug targets in order to eradicate S. aureus infections. Despite the efforts in understanding bacterial cell death, the genes and pathways of S. aureus cell death remain elusive. Here, we performed a genome-wide screen using a transposon mutant library to study the genetic mechanisms involved in S. aureus cell death. Using a precisely controlled heat-ramp and acetic acid exposure assays, mutations in 27 core genes (hsdR1, hslO, nsaS, sspA, folD, mfd, vraF, kdpB, USA300HOU_2684, 0868, 0369, 0420, 1154, 0142, 0930, 2590, 0997, 2559, 0044, 2004, 1209, 0152, 2455, 0154, 2386, 0232, 0350 involved in transporters, transcription, metabolism, peptidases, kinases, transferases, SOS response, nucleic acid and protein synthesis) caused the bacteria to be more death-resistant. In addition, we identified mutations in core 10 genes (capA, gltT, mnhG1,USA300HOU_1780, 2496, 0200, 2029, 0336, 0329, 2386, involved in transporters, metabolism, transcription, cell wall synthesis) from heat-ramp and acetic acid that caused the bacteria to be more death-sensitive or with defect in persistence. Interestingly, death-resistant mutants were more virulent than the parental strain USA300 and caused increased mortality in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Conversely, death-sensitive mutants were less persistent and formed less persister cells upon exposure to different classes of antibiotics. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of S. aureus cell death and offer new therapeutic targets for developing more effective treatments caused by S. aureus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/569053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Genes Regulating Cell Death in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron-sulfur cluster repair contributes to Y. pseudotuberculosis survival within deep tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To successfully colonize host tissues, bacteria must respond to and detoxify many different host-derived antimicrobial compounds, such as nitric oxide (NO). NO has direct antimicrobial activity through attack on iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing proteins. NO detoxification plays an important role in promoting bacterial survival, but it remains unclear if repair of Fe-S clusters is also important for bacterial survival within host tissues. Here we show that the Fe-S cluster repair protein, YtfE, contributes to the survival of Y. pseudotuberculosis within the spleen following nitrosative stress. Y. pseudotuberculosis forms clustered centers of replicating bacteria within deep tissues, where peripheral bacteria express the NO-detoxifying gene, hmp. ytfE expression also occurred specifically within peripheral cells at the edges of microcolonies. In the absence of ytfE, the area of microcolonies was significantly smaller than WT, consistent with ytfE contributing to the survival of peripheral cells. The loss of ytfE did not alter the ability of cells to detoxify NO, which occurred within peripheral cells in both WT and {Delta}ytfE microcolonies. In the absence of NO-detoxifying activity by hmp, NO diffused across {Delta}ytfE microcolonies, and there was a significant decrease in the area of microcolonies lacking ytfE, indicating that ytfE also contributes to bacterial survival in the absence of NO detoxification. These results indicate a role for Fe-S cluster repair in the survival of Y. pseudotuberculosis within the spleen, and suggest that extracellular bacteria may rely on this pathway for survival within host tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isberg, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron-sulfur cluster repair contributes to Y. pseudotuberculosis survival within deep tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Methylation Density Binary Classifier for Predicting and Optimizing the Performance of Methylation Biomarkers in Clinical Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVariation in intercellular methylation patterns can complicate the use of methylation biomarkers for clinical diagnostic applications such as blood-based cancer testing. Here, we describe development and validation of a methylation density binary classification method called EpiClass (available for download at https://github.com/Elnitskilab/EpiClass), that can be used to predict and optimize the performance of methylation biomarkers, particularly in challenging, heterogeneous samples such as liquid biopsies. This approach is based upon leveraging statistical differences in single-molecule sample methylation density distributions to identify ideal thresholds for sample classification.

ResultsWe developed and tested the classifier using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data derived from ovarian carcinoma tissue DNA and controls. We used these data to perform in silico simulations using methylation density profiles from individual epiallelic copies of ZNF154, a genomic locus known to be recurrently methylated in numerous cancer types. From these profiles, we predicted the performance of the classifier in liquid biopsies for the detection of epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC). In silico analysis indicated that EpiClass could be leveraged to better identify cancer-positive liquid biopsy samples by implementing precise thresholds with respect to methylation density profiles derived from circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis. These predictions were confirmed experimentally using DREAMing to perform digital methylation density analysis on a cohort of low volume (1-mL) plasma samples obtained from 26 EOC-positive and 41 cancer-free women. EpiClass performance was then validated in an independent cohort of 24 plasma specimens, derived from a longitudinal study of 8 EOC-positive women, and 12 plasma specimens derived from 12 healthy women, respectively, attaining a sensitivity/specificity of 91.7%/100.0%. Direct comparison of CA-125 measurements with EpiClass demonstrated that EpiClass was able to better identify EOC-positive women than standard CA-125 assessment. Finally, we used independent whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) datasets to demonstrate that EpiClass can also identify other cancer types as well or better than alternative methylation-based classifiers.

ConclusionsOur results indicate that assessment of intramolecular methylation density distributions calculated from cfDNA facilitate the use of methylation biomarkers for diagnostic applications. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EpiClass analysis of ZNF154 methylation was able to outperform CA-125 in the detection of etiologically-diverse ovarian carcinomas, indicating the broad utility of ZNF154 for use as a biomarker of ovarian cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanic, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrykowska, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athamanolap, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Tutu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annunziata, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnitski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Methylation Density Binary Classifier for Predicting and Optimizing the Performance of Methylation Biomarkers in Clinical Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodium Merosomes: The Link Between Liver and Blood Stages in Malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pre-erythrocytic liver stage of the malaria parasite, comprising sporozoites and the liver stages into which they develop, remains one of the least understood parts of the lifecycle, in part owing to the low numbers of parasites. Nonetheless, it is recognized as an important target for anti-malarial drugs and vaccines. Here we provide the first proteomic analysis of merosomes, which define the final phase of the liver stage and are responsible for initiating the blood stage of infection. We identify a total of 1879 parasite proteins, and a core set of 1188 proteins quantitatively detected in every biological replicate, providing an extensive picture of the protein repertoire of this stage. This unique dataset will allow us to explore key questions about the biology of merosomes and hepatic merozoites.nnHighlightsO_LIFirst proteome of the merosome stage of malaria parasitesnC_LIO_LIQuantitative detection of 1188 parasite proteins across 3 biological replicatesnC_LIO_LIComparison to blood stage proteomes identifies shared and unique proteinsnC_LIO_LIDiscovery of cleaved PEXEL motifs highlights liver stage protein exportnC_LInnIn BriefThe merosome stage that links malaria liver and blood stage infection is poorly understood. Here we provide the first proteome of this life cycle stage using the Plasmodium berghei rodent malaria model.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=27 SRC="FIGDIR/small/580266_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (11K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5bd8b1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ef4fb9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5b3833org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c69c73_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekhar Nirujogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swearingen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaipal Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodium Merosomes: The Link Between Liver and Blood Stages in Malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orchestrating Single-Cell Analysis with Bioconductor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in experimental technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing have enabled the profiling a high-dimensional number of genome-wide features in individual cells, inspiring the formation of large-scale data generation projects quantifying unprecedented levels of biological variation at the single-cell level. The data generated in such projects exhibits unique characteristics, including increased sparsity and scale, in terms of both the number of features and the number of samples. Due to these unique characteristics, specialized statistical methods are required along with fast and efficient software implementations in order to successfully derive biological insights. Bioconductor - an open-source, open-development software project based on the R programming language - has pioneered the analysis of such high-throughput, high-dimensional biological data, leveraging a rich history of software and methods development that has spanned the era of sequencing. Featuring state-of-the-art computational methods, standardized data infrastructure, and interactive data visualization tools that are all easily accessible as software packages, Bioconductor has made it possible for a diverse audience to analyze data derived from cutting-edge single-cell assays. Here, we present an overview of single-cell RNA sequencing analysis for prospective users and contributors, highlighting the contributions towards this effort made by Bioconductor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amezquita, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpp, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geistlinger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rue-Albrecht, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pages, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orchestrating Single-Cell Analysis with Bioconductor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The origins of anterograde interference in visuomotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anterograde interference refers to the negative impact of prior learning on the propensity for future learning. Previous work has shown that subsequent adaptation to two perturbations of opposing sign, A and B, impairs performance in B. Here, we aimed to unveil the mechanism at the basis of anterograde interference by tracking its impact as a function of time through a 24h period. We found that the memory of A biased performance in B for all time intervals. Conversely, learning from error was hindered up to 1h following acquisition of A, with release from interference occurring at 6h. These findings suggest that poor performance induced by prior learning is driven by two distinct mechanisms: a long-lasting bias that acts as a prior and hinders the initial level of performance, and a short-lasting learning impairment that originates from a reduction in error-sensitivity. Our work provides insight into the timeline of memory stabilization in visuomotor adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffaro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della-Maggiore, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/593996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The origins of anterograde interference in visuomotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau pathology in cognitively normal older adults: Associations with brain atrophy and cognitive decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONTau pathology, a hallmark of Alzheimers disease, is observed in the brains of virtually all individuals over 70.nnMETHODSUsing 18F-AV-1451 (18F-flortaucipir) PET, we evaluated tau pathology in 54 cognitively normal participants (mean age 77.5, SD 8.9) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. We assessed associations between PET signal and age, sex, race, and amyloid positivity. We investigated relationships between regional signal and retrospective rates of change in regional volumes and cognitive function adjusting for age, sex, and amyloid status.nnRESULTSGreater age, male sex, black race, and amyloid positivity were associated with higher 18F-AV-1451 retention in distinct brain regions. Retention in the entorhinal cortex was associated with lower entorhinal volume ({beta} = -1.124, SE = 0.485, p = 0.025) and a steeper decline in memory performance ({beta} = -0.086, SE = 0.039, p = 0.029).nnDISCUSSIONAssessment of medial temporal tau pathology will provide insights into early structural brain changes associated with later cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ziontz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkins, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannals, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/611186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau pathology in cognitively normal older adults: Associations with brain atrophy and cognitive decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of geographic targeting of oral cholera vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: a modeling study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn May 2018, the World Health Assembly committed to reducing worldwide cholera deaths by 90% by 2030. Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) plays a key role in reducing the near-term risk of cholera, although global supplies are limited. Characterizing the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of mass OCV deployment strategies is critical for setting expectations and developing cholera control plans that maximize chances of success.

Methods and FindingsWe compared the projected impacts of vaccination campaigns across sub-Saharan Africa from 2018 through 2030 when targeting geographically according to historical cholera burden and risk factors. We assessed the number of averted cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years, and cost-effectiveness with models that account for direct and indirect vaccine effects and population projections over time. Under current vaccine supply projections, an approach optimized to targeting by historical burden is projected to avert 828,971 (95% CI: 803,370-859,980) cases (equivalent to 34.0% of projected cases; 95% CI: 33.2-34.8). An approach that balances logistical feasibility with targeting historical burden is projected to avert 617,424 (95% CI: 599,150-643,891) cases. In contrast, approaches optimized for targeting locations with limited access to water and sanitation are projected to avert 273,939 (95% CI: 270,319-277,002) and 109,817 (95% CI: 103,735-114,110) cases, respectively. We find that the most logistically feasible targeting strategy costs $1,843 (95% CI: 1,328-14,312) per DALY averted during this period and that effective geographic targeting of OCV campaigns can have a greater impact on cost-effectiveness than improvements to vaccine efficacy and moderate increases in coverage. Although our modeling approach did not project annual changes in baseline cholera risk or incorporate immunity from natural cholera infection, our estimates of the relative performance of different vaccination strategies should be robust to these factors.

ConclusionsOur study suggests that geographic targeting is critical to the cost-effectiveness and impact of oral cholera vaccination campaigns. Districts with the poorest access to improved water and sanitation are not the same as districts with the greatest historical cholera incidence. While OCV campaigns can improve cholera control in the near-term, without rapid progress in developing water and sanitation services, our results suggest that vaccine use alone are unlikely to allow us to achieve the 2030 goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of geographic targeting of oral cholera vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: a modeling study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive Transcriptional and Translational Regulation Occur During the Maturation of Malaria Parasite Sporozoites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted from an infected mosquito to mammals in which they infect the liver. The infectivity profile of sporozoites changes as they egress from oocysts on the mosquito midgut into the hemocoel, and then invade the salivary glands, where they maintain a poised and infectious state until transmission occurs. Upon transmission, the sporozoite must then navigate the host skin, vasculature, and liver. All of these feats require distinct repertoires of proteins and capabilities that are coordinated in an appropriate temporal manner. Here, we report the comprehensive and dynamic transcriptomes and proteomes of both oocyst sporozoite and salivary gland sporozoite stages in both rodent-infectious Plasmodium yoelii parasites and human-infectious Plasmodium falciparum parasites. These data robustly define mRNAs and proteins that are Upregulated in Oocyst Sporozoites (UOS) or Upregulated in Infectious Sporozoites (UIS), which include critical gene products for sporozoite functions, as well as many of unknown importance that are similarly regulated. Moreover, we found that Plasmodium uses two overlapping, extensive, and independent programs of translational repression across sporozoite maturation to temporally regulate specific genes necessary to successfully navigate the mosquito vector and mammalian host environments. Finally, gene-specific validation experiments of selected, translationally repressed transcripts in P. yoelii confirmed the interpretations of the global transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. Together, these data indicate that two waves of translational repression are implemented and relieved at different times in sporozoite maturation to promote its successful life cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swearingen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrana, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minns, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappe, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive Transcriptional and Translational Regulation Occur During the Maturation of Malaria Parasite Sporozoites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Food Safety in the Maryland Direct-to-Consumer Poultry Supply Chain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct-to-consumer food marketing is a growing niche in the United States food supply chain. Food animal producers who use direct marketing may employ different production models and standard practices from producers selling animal products to the conventional food system. Direct-to-consumer food supply chains (generally and specifically regarding food animal products) are relatively unexplored in food safety and health research. We conducted a cross-sectional, market-basket analysis of the Maryland direct-to-consumer poultry supply chain to assess food safety. We analyzed 40 direct-to-consumer commercial poultry meat products (one product per farm) for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. using culture-based methods. Isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. E. coli and S. aureus were recovered from 9/40 (23%) and 12/40 (30%) of poultry meat samples, respectively. Of interest for comparing direct-market and mainstream supply chains for food safety risks, no Salmonella isolates were recovered from any direct-market sampled poultry products and no multidrug resistance was observed in E. coli and S. aureus isolates. Microbial outcomes were compared to a survey of poultry production and processing practices within the same study population.nnImportanceThis study demonstrates substantially lower rates of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microbial pathogens in the market-basket products from Maryland direct-market broiler poultry supply chain compared to rates of AMR in the conventional supply chain for similar retail meat products from NARMS. We further describe the landscape of the statewide supply chain for direct-market poultry, focusing on characteristics related to risk management strategies applied to microbial food safety. These findings are of public health significance for both the research and policy communities; these data provide an initial evidence base for more targeted research evaluating potential risk factors for microbial food safety in the direct-to-consumer supply chain. These data will also assist the Maryland Department of Agriculture and other state-level agencies with oversight of food safety issues to guide policy efforts for direct-market poultry production and sales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baron, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Food Safety in the Maryland Direct-to-Consumer Poultry Supply Chain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating electrolytes and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and supraventricular ectopy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvaluating associations of circulating electrolytes with atrial fibrillation (AF) and burden of supraventricular arrhythmias can give insights into arrhythmia pathogenesis.nnMethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 6,398 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, ages 71-90, with data on serum electrolytes (magnesium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, sodium). Prevalence of AF was determined from study 12-lead electrocardiograms and prior history of AF-related hospitalizations. A subset of 317 participants also underwent electrocardiographic recordings for up to 14 days using the Zio(R) patch. Burden of other supraventricular arrhythmias [premature atrial contractions (PACs), supraventricular tachycardia] was determined with the Zio(R) patch. We used multivariable logistic and linear regression adjusting for potential confounders to determine associations of electrolytes with arrhythmia prevalence and burden.nnResultsAmong 6,394 eligible participants, 614 (10%) had prevalent AF. Participants in the top quintiles of magnesium [odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62, 1.08], potassium (OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.68, 1.00), and phosphorus (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.59, 0.89) had lower prevalence of AF compared to those in the bottom quintiles. No clear association was found for circulating chloride, calcium or sodium. Higher concentrations of circulating calcium were associated with lower prevalence of PACs using a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, while higher concentrations of potassium, chloride and sodium were associated with higher PAC prevalence. Circulating electrolytes were not significantly associated with the burden of PACs or supraventricular tachycardia among a subset of 317 participants with extended electrocardiographic monitoring.nnConclusionConcentrations of circulating electrolytes present complex associations with selected supraventricular arrhythmias. Future studies should evaluate underlying mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norby, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hootman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/645176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating electrolytes and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and supraventricular ectopy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of ROS dynamic networks relevant to precision therapies for age-related diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eminently complex regulatory network protecting the cell against oxidative stress, surfaces in several disease maps, including that of Parkinsons disease (PD). How this molecular networking achieves its various functionalities and how processes operating at the seconds-minutes time scale cause a disease at a time scale of multiple decennia is enigmatic.nnBy computational analysis, we here disentangle the reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory network into a hierarchy of subnetworks that each correspond to a different functionality. The detailed dynamic model of ROS management obtained integrates these functionalities and fits in vitro data sets from two different laboratories.nnThe model shows effective ROS-management for a century, followed by a sudden systems collapse due to the loss of p62 protein. PD related conditions such as lack of DJ-1 protein or increased -synuclein accelerated the systems collapse. Various in-silico interventions (e.g. addition of antioxidants or caffeine) slowed down the collapse of the system in silico, suggesting the model may help discover new medicinal and nutritional therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colangelo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignatenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martorana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briede, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barberis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondeel, T. D. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skupin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberghina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerhoff, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of ROS dynamic networks relevant to precision therapies for age-related diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large particle fluorescence-activated cell sorting enables high quality single cell RNA-sequencing and functional analysis of adult cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleSingle cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool to profile the transcriptome at single cell resolution, enabling comprehensive analysis of cellular trajectories and heterogeneity during development and disease. However, the use of scRNA-seq remains limited in cardiac pathology owing to technical difficulties associated with the isolation of single adult cardiomyocytes (CMs).nnObjectiveWe investigated the capability of large-particle fluorescence-activated cell sorting (LP-FACS) for isolation of viable single adult CMs.nnMethods and ResultsWe found that LP-FACS readily outperforms conventional FACS for isolation of struturally competent CMs, including large CMs. Additionally, LP-FACS enables isolation of fluorescent CMs from mosaic models. Importantly, the sorted CMs allow generation of high-quality scRNA-seq libraries. Unlike CMs isolated via previously utilized fluidic or manual methods, LP-FAC-isolated CMs generate libraries exhibiting normal levels of mitochondrial transcripts. Moreover, LP-FACS isolated CMs remain functionally competent and can be studied for contractile properties.nnConclusionsOur study enables high quality dissection of adult CM biology at single-cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large particle fluorescence-activated cell sorting enables high quality single cell RNA-sequencing and functional analysis of adult cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A many-to-one sensory circuit encodes oxygen levels and drives respiratory behaviour in Danio rerio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zebrafish larvae respond to hypoxia by increasing a number of ventilatory behaviors. During development, these animals switch from skin-resident to gill-resident neuroendocrine cells around 7 days post fertilization (d.p.f.) to detect hypoxia and drive adaptive behaviors. Here, we probe the neural pathways that receive inputs from skin-resident neuroendocrine cells and alter pectoral fin movements. We first show that a 5 d.p.f. larva increases its pectoral fin movements and heart activity upon hypoxia exposure. Next, we map the downstream neural circuitry and show that individual vagal sensory neurons receive inputs from multiple oxygen-sensing neuroendocrine cells. We then use calcium imaging to show that neurons in the second, but not third, vagal sensory ganglia show increases in the magnitude of their hypoxia-evoked responses. Finally, we link purinergic signaling between neuroendocrine cells and second vagal sensory neurons to increases in pectoral fin movements. Collectively, we suggest that vagal sensory neurons transform hypoxic stimuli into respiratory behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa-Real, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A many-to-one sensory circuit encodes oxygen levels and drives respiratory behaviour in Danio rerio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Antimalarial Resistance on the Genetic Structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the DRC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) harbors 11% of global malaria cases, yet little is known about the spatial and genetic structure of the parasite population in that country. We sequenced 2537 Plasmodium falciparum infections, including a nationally representative population sample from DRC and samples from surrounding countries, using molecular inversion probes - a novel high-throughput genotyping tool. We identified an east-west divide in haplotypes known to confer resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Furthermore, we identified highly related parasites over large geographic distances, indicative of gene flow and migration. Our results were consistent with a background of isolation by distance combined with the effects of selection for antimalarial drug resistance. This study provides a high-resolution view of parasite genetic structure across a large country in Africa and provides a baseline to study how implementation programs may impact parasite populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verity, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazeau, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwandagalirwa, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thwai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumwebaze, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishengoma, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngondi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulenga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers-Hansen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghansah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tshefu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghani, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshnick, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Antimalarial Resistance on the Genetic Structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the DRC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evading non-essential fetal oocyte attrition maximizes the ovarian reserve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female reproductive success depends on the size and quality of a finite ovarian reserve. Paradoxically, mammals such as mice and humans eliminate up to 80% of the initial oocyte pool during development through the enigmatic process of fetal oocyte attrition (FOA). Here we report that the combined inhibition of retrotransposon L1 reverse transcriptase and the Chk2-dependent DNA damage checkpoint prevents FOA, thus preserving the entire fetal oocyte population. Remarkably, reverse transcriptase inhibitor AZT-treated Chk2 mutant oocytes initially accumulate, but subsequently resolve L1-instigated genotoxic threats and differentiate, resulting in a maximized functional ovarian reserve. We conclude that FOA is a consequence of genotoxic stress that acts to preserve oocyte genome integrity, and is not an obligatory developmental program for oogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evading non-essential fetal oocyte attrition maximizes the ovarian reserve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps and birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most enigmatic aspect of the rise of Candida auris as a human pathogen is that it emerged simultaneously in three continents with each clade being genetically distinct. Although new pathogenic fungal species are described regularly, these are mostly species associated with single cases in individuals who are immunosuppressed. In this study, we used phylogenetic analysis to compare C. auris with temperature susceptibility of close relatives and use these results to argue that it may be the first example of a new fungal disease emerging from climate change with the caveat that many other factors could have contributed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontoyiannis, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps and birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIWI proteins as prognostic markers in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPIWI proteins, which interact with piRNAs, are implicated in stem cell and germ cell regulation, but have been detected in various cancers, as well.nnObjectivesIn this systematic review, we explored, for the first time in the literature (to our knowledge), the association between prognosis in patients with cancer and intratumoral expression of PIWI proteins.nnData sourcesPubMed, Embase and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for the relevant cohort studies.nnStudy eligibility criteriaProspective or retrospective cohort studies investigating the association of intratumoral mRNA or protein expression of different types of PIWI proteins with survival, metastasis or recurrence of various types of cancers in the systematic review. Exclusion of cross-sectional studies, of studies on the prognostic value of genetic polymorphism of PIWI genes, of studies re-analyzed previously published databases, and of conference abstracts and non-English articles.nnParticipantsTwenty-six studies with 4,299 participants were included in the systematic review.nnInterventionsPooled Hazard Ratios (HRs) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated for different PIWI proteins separately, by pooling of log of the calculated HRs using the random-effects model.nnStudy appraisal and synthesis methodsData extraction was performed using a pre-designed form and quality of the studies was assessed using REMARK criteria. Heterogeneity assessed using the I2 index and the Cochran Q test. Publication bias assessed using funnel plots and Eggers regression.nnResultsThe pooled HR of mortality in high compared to low expression of HIWI, HILI and PIWIL4 was 1.87 (CI95%: 1.31-2.66, p < 0.05), 1.09 (CI95%: 0.58-2.07, p = 0.79) and 0.44 (CI95%: 0.25-0.76, p < 0.05), respectively. The pooled HR of recurrence in in high compared to low expression of HIWI and HILI was 1.72 (CI95%: 1.20-2.49, p < 0.05) and 1.98 (CI95%: 0.65-5.98, p = 0.23), respectively.nnLimitationsExclusion of studies not in English; Discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels, and the respective analytical methods; Only one cancer site - PIWI protein pair investigated in three or more studies.nnConclusions and Implications of Key FindingsThe prognosis of cancer patients is worse with higher HIWI and lower PIWIL4 expression, although the results are highly variable for different cancers. The expression of these proteins can be used for personalized prognostication and treatment of individual patients.nnSystematic review registration numberNot registered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mentis, A.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardiotis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavassiliou, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIWI proteins as prognostic markers in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RanGTP induces an effector gradient of XCTK2 and importin α/β for spindle microtubule cross-linking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High RanGTP around chromatin is important for governing spindle assembly during meiosis and mitosis by releasing the inhibitory effects of importin /{beta}. Here we examine how the Ran gradient regulates Kinesin-14 function to control spindle organization. We show that Xenopus Kinesin-14, XCTK2, and importin /{beta} form an effector gradient, which is highest at the poles that diminishes toward the chromatin and is inverse of the RanGTP gradient. Importin /{beta} preferentially inhibit XCTK2 anti-parallel microtubule cross-linking and sliding by decreasing the microtubule affinity of the XCTK2 tail domain. This change in microtubule affinity enables RanGTP to target endogenous XCTK2 to the spindle. We propose that these combined actions of the Ran pathway are critical to promote Kinesin-14 parallel microtubule cross-linking at the spindle poles to cluster centrosomes in cancer cells. Furthermore, our work illustrates that RanGTP regulation in the spindle is not simply a switch, but rather generates effector gradients where RanGTP gradually tunes the activities of spindle assembly factors.nnSummaryEms-McClung et al. visualize a RanGTP effector gradient of association between XCTK2 and importin /{beta} in the spindle. The importins preferentially inhibit XCTK2-mediate anti-parallel microtubule cross-linking and sliding, which allows XCTK2 to cross-link parallel microtubules and help focus spindle poles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ems-McClung, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahnoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/664821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RanGTP induces an effector gradient of XCTK2 and importin α/β for spindle microtubule cross-linking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular Progenitors Generated from Tankyrase Inhibitor-Regulated Diabetic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Potentiate Efficient Revascularization of Ischemic Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular regenerative therapies with conventional human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) currently remain limited by high interline variability of differentiation and poor efficiency for generating functionally transplantable vascular progenitors (VP). Here, we report the advantage of tankyrase inhibitor-regulated naive hiPSC (N-hiPSC) for significantly improving vascular cell therapies. Conventional hiPSC reprogrammed from type-1 diabetic donor fibroblasts (DhiPSC) were stably reverted to naive epiblast-like state with high functional pluripotency with a cocktail of LIF and three small molecules inhibiting the tankyrase, MEK, and GSK3{beta} signaling pathways (LIF-3i). Naive diabetic VP (N-DVP) differentiated from naive DhiPSC (N-DhiPSC) expanded more efficiently, possessed higher proliferation, possessed more stable genomic integrity and displayed higher in vitro vascular functionality than primed diabetic VP (DVP) generated from isogenic conventional DhiPSC. Moreover, N-DVP survived, migrated, and engrafted in vivo into the deep vasculature of the neural retinal layers with significantly higher efficiencies than isogenic primed DVP in a murine model of ischemic retinopathy. Epigenetic analyses of CpG DNA methylation and histone configurations at developmental promoters of N-hiPSC revealed tight regulation of lineage-specific gene expression and a de-repressed naive epiblast-like epigenetic state that was highly poised for multi-lineage transcriptional activation. We propose that reprogramming of patient donor cells to a tankyrase inhibitor-regulated N-hiPSC may more effectively erase epigenetic aberrations sustained from chronic diseases such as diabetes for subsequent regenerative therapies. More broadly, tankyrase inhibitor-regulated N-hiPSC represent a new class of human stem cells with high epigenetic plasticity, improved multi-lineage functionality, and potentially high impact for regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Moses, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanherkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzgar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grebe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhutto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambidis, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular Progenitors Generated from Tankyrase Inhibitor-Regulated Diabetic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Potentiate Efficient Revascularization of Ischemic Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serosolver: an open source tool to infer epidemiological and immunological dynamics from serological data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a flexible, open source R package designed to obtain additional biological and epidemiological insights from commonly available serological datasets. Analysis of serological responses against pathogens with multiple strains such as influenza pose a specific statistical challenge because observed antibody responses measured in serological assays depend both on unobserved prior infections and the resulting cross-reactive antibody dynamics that these infections generate. We provide a general modelling framework to jointly infer these two typically confounded biological processes using antibody titres against current and historical strains. We do this by linking latent infection dynamics with a mechanistic model of antibody dynamics that generates expected antibody titres over time. This makes it possible to use observations of antibodies in serological assays to infer an individuals infection history as well as the parameters of the antibody process model. Our aim is to provide a flexible inference package that can be applied to a range of datasets studying different viruses over different timescales. We present two case studies to illustrate how our model can infer key immunological parameters, such as antibody titre boosting, waning and cross-reaction, and well as latent epidemiological processes such as attack rates and age-stratified infection risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hay, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainslie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucharski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serosolver: an open source tool to infer epidemiological and immunological dynamics from serological data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based=0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge-eating, AN without binge-eating, and a BN factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Total sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2,400 to ~537,000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg=0.18; false discovery rate q=0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg=0.23; q<0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge-eating (rg=0.27; q=0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three non-diagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge-eating (rgs=-0.19 to -0.23; qs<0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for MDD loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships between these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munn-Chernoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alredsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraska Perica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedoussis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSocio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning for brains?: Different linear and nonlinear scaling in UK Biobank brain images vs. machine-learning datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, deep learning has unlocked unprecedented success in various domains, especially in image, text, and speech processing. These breakthroughs may hold promise for neuroscience and especially for brain-imaging investigators who start to analyze thousands of participants. However, deep learning is only beneficial if the data have nonlinear relationships and if they are exploitable at currently available sample sizes. We systematically profiled the performance of deep models, kernel models, and linear models as a function of sample size on UK Biobank brain images against established machine learning references. On MNIST and Zalando Fashion, prediction accuracy consistently improved when escalating from linear models to shallow-nonlinear models, and further improved when switching to deep-nonlinear models. The more observations were available for model training, the greater the performance gain we saw. In contrast, using structural or functional brain scans, simple linear models performed on par with more complex, highly parameterized models in age/sex prediction across increasing sample sizes. In fact, linear models kept improving as the sample size approached [~]10,000 participants. Our results indicate that the increase in performance of linear models with additional data does not saturate at the limit of current feasibility. Yet, nonlinearities of common brain scans remain largely inaccessible to both kernel and deep learning methods at any examined scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourao-Miranada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning for brains?: Different linear and nonlinear scaling in UK Biobank brain images vs. machine-learning datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A finite vocabulary of antibody-antigen interaction enables predictability of paratope-epitope binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody-antigen binding relies on the specific interaction of amino acids at the paratope-epitope interface. The predictability of antibody-antigen binding is a prerequisite for de novo antibody and (neo-)epitope design. A fundamental premise for the predictability of antibody-antigen binding is the existence of paratope-epitope interaction motifs that are universally shared among antibody-antigen structures. In the largest set of non-redundant antibody-antigen structures, we identified structural interaction motifs, which together compose a commonly shared structure-based vocabulary of paratope-epitope interactions. We show that this vocabulary enables the machine learnability of antibody-antigen binding on the paratope-epitope level using generative machine learning. The vocabulary (i) is compact, less than 104 motifs, (ii) distinct from non-immune protein-protein interactions, and (iii) mediates specific oligo- and polyreactive interactions between paratope-epitope pairs. Our work successfully leveraged combined structure- and sequence-based learning showing that machine-learning-driven predictive paratope and epitope engineering is feasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapkov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slabodkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safanova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandve, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/759498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A finite vocabulary of antibody-antigen interaction enables predictability of paratope-epitope binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaMKII oxidation is a performance/disease trade-off in vertebrate evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to health and disease. CaMKII is a widely expressed enzyme whose activation by oxidation of regulatory domain methionines (ox-CaMKII) contributes to cardiovascular disease, asthma, and cancer. Here we integrate comparative genomic and experimental data to show that CaMKII activation by ROS arose more than half-a-billion years ago on the vertebrate stem lineage where it constituted a bridge between ROS and increased intracellular Ca2+ release, exercise responsive gene transcription, and improved performance in skeletal muscle. These enhancements to fight-or-flight physiology were likely key in facilitating a well-evidenced shift in the behavioural ecology of our immediate chordate ancestors, and, in turn, the evolutionary success of vertebrates. Still, the ox-CaMKII innovation for augmenting performance must be considered a critical evolutionary trade-off, as it rendered us more susceptible to common and often fatal diseases linked to excessive ROS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ochoa, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonescu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovering, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammarato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bever, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaMKII oxidation is a performance/disease trade-off in vertebrate evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer susceptibility variants frequently show heterogeneity in associations by tumor subtype. To identify novel loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers (9,414 with breast cancer) of European ancestry, using both standard and novel methodologies that account for underlying tumor heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and tumor grade. We identified 32 novel susceptibility loci (P<5.0x10-8), 15 of which showed evidence for associations with at least one tumor feature (false discovery rate <0.05). Five loci showed associations (P<0.05) in opposite directions between luminal- and non-luminal subtypes. In-silico analyses showed these five loci contained cell-specific enhancers that differed between normal luminal and basal mammary cells. The genetic correlations between five intrinsic-like subtypes ranged from 0.35 to 0.80. The proportion of genome-wide chip heritability explained by all known susceptibility loci was 37.6% for triple-negative and 54.2% for luminal A-like disease. These findings provide an improved understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer subtypes and will inform the development of subtype-specific polygenic risk scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecarpentier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Ful, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondavalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucker, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burwinkel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell ATAC-seq Signal Extraction and Enhancement with SCATE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (scATAC-seq) is the state-of-the-art technology for analyzing genome-wide regulatory landscape in single cells. Single-cell ATAC-seq data are sparse and noisy. Analyzing such data is challenging. Existing computational methods cannot accurately reconstruct activities of individual cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in individual cells or rare cell subpopulations. We present a new statistical framework, SCATE, that adaptively integrates information from co-activated CREs, similar cells, and publicly available regulome data to substantially increase the accuracy for estimating activities of individual CREs. We show that using SCATE, one can better reconstruct the regulatory landscape of a heterogeneous sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell ATAC-seq Signal Extraction and Enhancement with SCATE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Malaria parasite immune evasion and adaptation to its mosquito host is influenced by the acquisition of multiple blood meals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A minimum of two blood meals are required for a mosquito to acquire and transmit malaria, yet Anopheles mosquitoes frequently obtain additional blood meals during their adult lifespan. To determine the impact of subsequent blood-feeding on parasite development in Anopheles gambiae, we examined rodent and human Plasmodium parasite infection with or without an additional non-infected blood meal. We find that an additional blood meal significantly reduces P. berghei immature oocyst numbers, yet does not influence mature oocysts that have already begun sporogony. This is in contrast to experiments performed with the human parasite, P. falciparum, where an additional blood meal does not affect oocyst numbers. These observations are reproduced when mosquitoes were similarly challenged with an artificial protein meal, suggesting that parasite losses are due to the physical distension of the mosquito midgut. We provide evidence that feeding compromises the integrity of the midgut basal lamina, enabling the recognition and lysis of immature P. berghei oocysts by the mosquito complement system. Moreover, we demonstrate that additional feeding promotes P. falciparum oocyst growth, suggesting that human malaria parasites exploit host resources provided with blood-feeding to accelerate their growth. This contrasts experiments with P. berghei, where the size of surviving oocysts is independent of an additional blood meal. Together, these data demonstrate differences in the ability of Plasmodium species to evade immune detection and adapt to utilize host resources at the oocyst stage, representing an additional, yet unexplored component of vectorial capacity that has important implications for transmission of malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Malaria parasite immune evasion and adaptation to its mosquito host is influenced by the acquisition of multiple blood meals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of cryptosporidiosis in infants implicates PRKCA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diarrhea is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially among young children. Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrhea in children, particularly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where it is responsible for over 200,000 deaths per year. Beyond the initial clinical presentation of diarrhea, it is associated with long term sequelae such as malnutrition and neurocognitive developmental deficits. Risk factors include poverty and overcrowding, yet not all children with these risk factors and exposure are infected, nor do all infected children develop symptomatic disease. One potential risk factor to explain these differences is their human genome. To identify genetic variants associated with symptomatic cryptosporidiosis, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) examining 6.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 873 children from three independent cohorts in Dhaka, Bangladesh: the Dhaka Birth Cohort (DBC), the Performance of Rotavirus and Oral Polio Vaccines in Developing Countries (PROVIDE) study, and the Cryptosporidiosis Birth Cohort (CBC). Associations were estimated separately for each cohort under an additive model, adjusting for height-for-age Z-score at 12 months of age, the first two principal components to account for population substructure, and genotyping batch. The strongest meta-analytic association was with rs58296998 (P=3.73x10-8), an intronic SNP and eQTL of PRKCA. Each additional risk allele conferred 2.4 times the odds of cryptosporidiosis in the first year of life. This genetic association suggests a role for protein kinase C alpha in pediatric cryptosporidiosis and warrants further investigation. This article was submitted to an online preprint archive.(1)nnImportanceGlobally, one of the major causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality remains diarrhea. The initial symptoms of diarrhea can often lead to long term consequences for the health of young children, such as malnutrition and neurocognitive developmental deficits. Despite many children having similar exposures to infectious causes of diarrhea, not all develop symptomatic disease, indicating a possible role for human genetic variation. Here we conducted a genetic study of susceptibility to symptomatic disease associated with Cryptosporidium infection (a leading cause of diarrhea) in three independent cohorts of infants from Dhaka, Bangladesh. We identified a genetic variant within protein kinase c alpha (PRKCA) associated with higher risk of cryptosporidiosis in the first year of life. These results indicate a role for human genetics in susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis and warrant further research to elucidate the mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korpe, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruque, A. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of cryptosporidiosis in infants implicates PRKCA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A screening platform based on epitope editing for drug discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction between an antibody and its epitope has been daily utilized in various biological studies; however it has been rarely explored whether small molecules can alter the interaction. We discovered that small molecules could alter/edit surface properties of amyloid beta (A{beta}) epitopes, and consequently inhibit or enhance corresponding antibody recognition. Remarkably, this editing effect could generate functional changes including protein aggregation behaviors, cell cytokine secreting and in vivo microglia activation. According to this discovery, we proposed a screen platform based on epitope editing for drug discovery (SPEED). With a small library of compounds, we validated that SPEED could be used to seek new leads for A{beta} species. We also demonstrated that this platform could potentially be extended to other targets including tau protein and PD-L1 protein. The SPEED is a simple, fast and label-free screening method. We believe that the SPEED strategy could be universally applicable for seeking and validating drug candidates and imaging ligands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzi, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A screening platform based on epitope editing for drug discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular life from the three domains and viruses are transcriptionally active in a hypersaline desert community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities play essential roles in the biosphere and understanding the mechanisms underlying their functional adaptations to environmental conditions is critical for predicting their behavior. This aspect of microbiome function has not been well characterized in natural high-salt environments. To address this knowledge gap, and to build a general framework of relating the genomic and transcriptomic components in a microbiome, we performed a meta-omic survey of extremophile communities inhabiting halite (salt) nodules in the Atacama Desert. We found that the major phyla of this halophilic community have very different levels of total transcriptional activity and that different metabolic pathways were activated in their transcriptomes. We report that a novel Dolichomastix alga - the only eukaryote found in this system - was by far the most active community member. It produced the vast majority of the communitys photosynthetic transcripts despite being outnumbered by members of the Cyanobacteria. The divergence in the transcriptional landscapes of these segregated communities, compared to the relatively stable metagenomic functional potential, suggests that microbiomes in each salt nodule undergo unique transcriptional adjustments to adapt to local conditions. We also report the characterization of several previously unknown halophilic viruses, many of which exhibit transcriptional activity indicative of host infection.

Originality-Significance StatementWhile the metagenomics of hypersaline environments have already led to many discoveries, the transcriptional adaptations and functions of halophilic microbial communities in natural environments remains understudied. We perform the first robust meta-omic investigation of a hypersaline desert ecosystem, linking the genomic and transcriptional elements of the community. Our analysis unexpectedly revealed that Eukaryotes may be the main primary producers in this extreme environment, despite halophilic Archaea and Bacteria dominating the biomass. We also expand on the existing known diversity of halophilic viruses and demonstrate abundance (copies per million reads) and metatranscriptomic activity (transcripts per million reads); putative hosts are shown on the right.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uritskiy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisza, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/839134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular life from the three domains and viruses are transcriptionally active in a hypersaline desert community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncologic Therapy Shapes the Fitness Landscape of ClonalHematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is frequent in cancer patients and associated with increased risk of therapy related myeloid neoplasms (tMN). To define the relationship between CH, oncologic therapy, and tMN progression, we studied 24,439 cancer patients. We show that previously treated patients have increased rates of CH, with enrichment of mutations in DNA Damage Response (DDR) genes (TP53, PPM1D, CHEK2). Exposure to radiation, platinum and topoisomerase II inhibitors have the strongest association with CH with evidence of dose-dependence and gene-treatment interactions. We validate these associations in serial sampling from 525 patients and show that exposure to cytotoxic and radiation therapy imparts a selective advantage specifically in hematopoietic cells with DDR mutations. In patients who progressed to tMN, the clone at CH demarcated the dominant clone at tMN diagnosis. CH mutational features predict risk of therapy-related myeloid neoplasm in solid tumor patients with clinical implications for early detection and treatment decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolton, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptashkin, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caltabellotta, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnhoud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glodzik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stopsack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baselga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncologic Therapy Shapes the Fitness Landscape of ClonalHematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney Function and Blood Pressure: A Bi-directional Mendelian Randomisation Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo evaluate the bi-directional causal relation between kidney function and blood pressure.

DesignMendelian randomisation study.

SettingWe performed two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses. Genetic instruments of kidney function traits were selected from summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of glomerular filtration rate estimated from serum creatinine (eGFRcr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and were required to be associated with both eGFRcr and BUN to ensure that the instruments were more likely to represent the underlying kidney function. Genetic instruments of blood pressure were selected from summary statistics of GWAS of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We investigated Mendelian randomisation hypothesis using several alternative approaches, including methods that are most robust to the presence of horizontal pleiotropy.

ParticipantsThe summary statistics of eGFRcr included 567,460 participants from 54 cohorts, and the summary statistics of BUN included 243,031 participants from 48 cohorts from the Chronic Kidney Disease Genetics (CKDGen) Consortium. The summary statistics of systolic and diastolic blood pressure included 757,601 participants from the UK Biobank and 78 cohorts from the International Consortium for Blood Pressure (ICBP).

ResultsSignificant evidence supported the causal effects of higher kidney function on lower blood pressure with multiple methods. Based on the mode-based Mendelian randomisation analysis approach, known for its robustness to the presence of pleiotropic effect, the effect estimate for 1 SD higher in eGFRcr was -0.17 SD unit (95 % CI: -0.09 to -0.24) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and -0.15 SD unit (95% CI: -0.07 to -0.22) in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In contrast, the causal effects of blood pressure on kidney function were not statistically significant.

ConclusionsMendelian randomisation analyses support causal effects of higher kidney function on lower blood pressure. These results suggest preventing kidney function decline can reduce the public health burden of hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snieder, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattaro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/856674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney Function and Blood Pressure: A Bi-directional Mendelian Randomisation Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized acetylcholine sensor for monitoring in vivo cholinergic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to directly measure acetylcholine (ACh) release is an essential first step towards understanding its physiological function. Here we optimized the GRABACh (GPCR-Activation-Based-ACh) sensor with significantly improved sensitivity and minimal downstream coupling. Using this sensor, we measured in-vivo cholinergic activity in both Drosophila and mice, revealing compartmental ACh signals in fly olfactory center and single-trial ACh dynamics in multiple regions of the mice brain under a variety of different behaviors
]]></description>
<dc:creator>jing, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skirzewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saksida, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized acetylcholine sensor for monitoring in vivo cholinergic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confluence of timing and reward biases in perceptual decision-making dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the decisions of our daily lives often occur in the context of temporal and reward structures, the impact of such regularities on decision-making strategy is poorly understood. Here, to explore how temporal and reward context modulate strategy, we trained rhesus monkeys to perform a novel perceptual decision-making task with asymmetric rewards and time-varying evidence reliability. To model the choice and response time patterns, we developed a computational framework for fitting generalized drift-diffusion models (GDDMs) which flexibly accommodates diverse evidence accumulation strategies. We found that a dynamic urgency signal and leaky integration, in combination with two independent forms of reward biases, best capture behavior. We also tested how temporal structure influences urgency by systematically manipulating the temporal structure of sensory evidence, and found that the time course of urgency was affected by temporal context. Overall, our approach identified key components of cognitive mechanisms for incorporating temporal and reward structure into decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confluence of timing and reward biases in perceptual decision-making dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in cell surface hydrophobicity among Cryptococcus neoformans strains influences interactions with amoeba 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are pathogenic fungi that cause significant morbidity and mortality. Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) is a biophysical parameter that influences the adhesion of fungal cells or spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. neoformans is encased by polysaccharide capsule that is highly hydrophilic and is a critical determinant of virulence. In this study, we report large differences in the CSH of some C. neoformans and C. gattii strains. The capsular polysaccharides of C. neoformans strains differ in repeating motifs, and therefore vary in the number of hydroxyl groups, which along with higher-order structure of the capsule, may contribute to the variation in hydrophobicity that we observed. For C. neoformans, CSH correlated with phagocytosis by natural soil predator Acanthamoeba castellani. Furthermore, capsular binding of the protective antibody (18B7), but not the non-protective (13F1) antibody altered the CSH of C. neoformans strains. Variability in CSH could be an important characteristic when comparing the biological properties of cryptococcal strains.

IMPORTANCEThe interaction of a microbial cell with its environment is influenced by the biophysical properties of a cell. The affinity of the cell surface for water, defined by the Cell Surface Hydrophobicity (CSH), is a biophysical parameter that varied amongst different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. The CSH influenced the phagocytosis of the yeast by its natural predator in the soil, Amoeba. Studying variation in biophysical properties like CSH gives us insight into the dynamic host-predator interaction, and host-pathogen interaction in a damage-response framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in cell surface hydrophobicity among Cryptococcus neoformans strains influences interactions with amoeba]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aurora B and C kinases regulate prophase exit and chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of chromosome dynamics during meiosis is critical for fertility. A gametocyte undergoing meiosis coordinates formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) to promote efficient homologous chromosome recombination. Subsequent disassembly of the SC is required prior to meiotic divisions to ensure accurate segregation of chromosomes. We examined the requirements of the mammalian Aurora kinases (AURKA, B, and C) during SC disassembly and chromosome segregation using a combination of chemical inhibition and gene deletion approaches. We find that both mouse and human spermatocytes fail to disassemble SC lateral elements when AURKB and AURKC are inhibited. Interestingly, both Aurkb conditional knockout and Aurkc knockout spermatocytes successfully progress through meiosis and mice are fertile. In contrast, Aurkb, Aurkc double knockout spermatocytes failed to coordinate disassembly of SC lateral elements with chromosome segregation, resulting in delayed meiotic progression, spindle assembly checkpoint failure, chromosome missegregation, and abnormal spermatids. Collectively, our data demonstrates that AURKB and AURKC functionally compensate for one another ensuring successful mammalian spermatogenesis.

SUMMARYChemical inhibition and gene deletion approaches show that Aurora B and Aurora C have overlapping functions that ensure timely disassembly of lateral element components of the synaptonemal complex in mouse and human spermatocytes and ensure accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wellard, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aurora B and C kinases regulate prophase exit and chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of p53 Immunohistochemical Expression Using Open-Source Software for Digital Image Analysis: A Tissue Microarray Study of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The addition of molecular biomarkers is needed to increase the accuracy of pathologic factors as prognosticators of outcome in penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Evaluation of these biomarkers is usually carried out by immunohistochemistry. Herein we assess p53 immunohistochemical expression on tissue samples of penile SCC using freely-available, open-source software packages for digital image analysis. We also compared the results of digital analysis with standard visual estimation. Percentages of p53 positive cells were higher by visual estimation than by digital analysis. However, correlation was high between both methods. Our study shows that evaluation of p53 immunohistochemical expression is feasible using open-source software packages for digital image analysis. Although our analysis was limited to penile SCC, the rationale should also hold for other tumor types in which evaluation of p53 immunohistochemical expression is required. This approach would reduce interobserver variability, and would provide a standardized method for reporting the results of immunohistochemical stains. As these diagnostic tools are freely-available online, researchers and practicing pathologists could incorporate them in their daily practice without increasing diagnostic costs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alcides Chaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George J Netto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Authur L Burnett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of p53 Immunohistochemical Expression Using Open-Source Software for Digital Image Analysis: A Tissue Microarray Study of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RASLseqTools: open-source methods for designing and analyzing RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and, Ligation sequencing (RASL-seq) experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation (RASL-seq) is a method to measure the expression of hundreds of genes in thousands of samples for a fraction of the cost of competing methods. However, enzymatic inefficiencies of the original protocol and the lack of open source software to design and analyze RASL-seq experiments have limited its widespread adoption. We recently reported an Rnl2-based RASL-seq protocol (RRASL-seq) that offers improved ligation efficiency and a probe decoy strategy to optimize sequencing usage. Here, we describe an open source software package, RASLseqTools, that provides computational methods to design and analyze RASL-seq experiments. Furthermore, using data from a large RRASL-seq experiment, we demonstrate how normalization methods can be used for characterizing and correcting experimental, sequencing, and alignment error. We provide evidence that the three principal predictors of RRASL-seq reproducibility are barcode/probe sequence dissimilarity, sequencing read depth, and normalization strategy. Using dozens of technical and biological replicates across multiple 384-well plates, we find simple normalization strategies yield similar results to more statistically complex methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erick R. Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>H. Benjamin Larman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Torkamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas J. Schork</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Wineinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Max Nanis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan C. Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reza B. Beheshti Zavareh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke L. Lairson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter G. Schultz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew I. Su</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RASLseqTools: open-source methods for designing and analyzing RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and, Ligation sequencing (RASL-seq) experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of substrate-controlled ring dynamics and sub-stepping in a nucleic-acid dependent hexameric motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ring-shaped hexameric helicases and translocases support essential DNA, RNA, and protein-dependent transactions in all cells and many viruses. How such systems coordinate ATPase activity between multiple subunits to power conformational changes that drive the engagement and movement of client substrates is a fundamental question. Using the E. coli Rho transcription termination factor as a model system, we have employed solution and crystallographic structural methods to delineate the range of conformational changes that accompany distinct substrate and nucleotide cofactor binding events. SAXS data show that Rho preferentially adopts an open-ring state in solution, and that RNA and ATP are both required to cooperatively promote ring closure. Multiple closed-ring structures with different RNA substrates and nucleotide occupancies capture distinct catalytic intermediates accessed during translocation. Our data reveal how RNA-induced ring closure templates a sequential ATP-hydrolysis mechanism, provide a molecular rationale for how the Rho ATPase domains distinguishes between distinct RNA sequences, and establish the first structural snapshots of substepping events in a hexameric helicase/translocase.nnSIGNIFICANCEHexameric, ring-shaped translocases are molecular motors that convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into the physical movement of protein and nucleic acid substrates. Structural studies of several distinct hexameric translocases have provided insights into how substrates are loaded and translocated; however, the range of structural changes required for coupling ATP turnover to a full cycle of substrate loading and translocation has not been visualized for any one system. Here, we combine low-and high-resolution structural studies of the Rho helicase, defining for the first time the ensemble of conformational transitions required both for substrate loading in solution and for substrate movement by a processive hexameric translocase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathan D. Thomsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Lawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea B. Witkowsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song Qu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M. Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of substrate-controlled ring dynamics and sub-stepping in a nucleic-acid dependent hexameric motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Processive, ring-shaped protein and nucleic acid protein translocases control essential biochemical processes throughout biology, and are considered high-prospect therapeutic targets. The E. coli Rho factor is an exemplar hexameric RNA translocase that terminates transcription in bacteria. Like many ring-shaped motor proteins, Rho activity is modulated by a variety of poorly understood mechanisms, including small molecule therapeutics, protein-protein interactions, and the sequence of its translocation substrate. Here, we establish the mechanism of action of two Rho effectors, the antibiotic bicyclomycin and nucleic acids that bind to Rhos  primary mRNA recruitment site. Using SAXS and a novel reporter assay to monitor the ability of Rho to switch between open-ring (RNA loading) and closed-ring (RNA translocation) states, bicyclomycin is found to be a direct antagonist of ring closure. Reciprocally, the binding of nucleic acids to its N-terminal RNA recruitment domains is shown to promote the formation of a closed-ring Rho state, with increasing primary site occupancy providing additive stimulatory effects. This study establishes bicyclomycin as a conformational inhibitor of Rho ring dynamics, highlighting the utility of developing assays that read out protein conformation as a prospective screening tool for ring-ATPase inhibitors. Our findings further show that the RNA sequence specificity used for guiding Rho-dependent termination derives in part from an intrinsic ability of the motor to couple the recognition of pyrimidine patterns in nascent transcripts to RNA loading and activity.nnSIGNIFICANCEMany processive, ring-ATPase motor proteins rely on substrate-dependent conformational changes to assist with the loading of client substrates into the central pore of the enzyme and subsequent translocation. Using the E. coli Rho transcription terminator as a model hexameric helicase, we show that two distinct ligands - the antibiotic bicyclomycin and pyrimidine-rich nucleic acids - alternatively repress or promote, respectively, the transition of Rho from an open, RNA-loading configuration to a closed-ring, active helicase. Our findings explain several mechanisms by which Rho activity is controlled, and provide a general illustration of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can regulate ring-type ATPase dynamics through diverse mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Lawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Dyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M. Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial patterning of P granules by RNA-induced phase separation of the intrinsically-disordered protein MEG-3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA granules are non-membrane bound cellular compartments that contain RNA and RNA binding proteins. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the spatial distribution of RNA granules in cells are poorly understood. During polarization of the C. elegans zygote, germline RNA granules, called P granules, assemble preferentially in the posterior cytoplasm. We present evidence that P granule asymmetry depends on RNA-induced phase separation of the granule scaffold MEG-3. MEG-3 is an intrinsically disordered protein that binds and phase separates with RNA in vitro. In vivo, MEG-3 forms a posterior-rich concentration gradient that is anti-correlated with a gradient in the RNA-binding protein MEX-5. MEX-5 is necessary and sufficient to suppress MEG-3 granule formation in vivo, and suppresses RNA-induced MEG-3 phase separation in vitro. Our findings support a model whereby MEX-5 functions as an mRNA sink to locally suppress MEG-3 phase separation and drive P granule asymmetry.nnHIGHLIGHTS- The intrinsically-disordered protein MEG-3 is essential for localized assembly of P granules in C. elegans zygotes.n- MEG-3 binds RNA and RNA stimulates MEG-3 phase separation.n- The RNA-binding protein MEX-5 inhibits MEG-3 granule assembly in the anterior cytoplasm by sequestering RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarrett Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deepika Calidas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helen Schmidt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Rasoloson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldine Seydoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial patterning of P granules by RNA-induced phase separation of the intrinsically-disordered protein MEG-3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COPI Mediates Recycling Of An Exocytic SNARE From Endosomes By Recognition Of A Ubiquitin Sorting Signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe COPI coat forms transport vesicles from the Golgi complex and plays a poorly defined role in endocytic trafficking. Here we show that COPI mediates delivery of a budding yeast SNARE (Snc1) from early endosomes to the Golgi complex through recognition of a polyubiquitin sorting signal. Snc1 is a v-SNARE that drives fusion of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane, and then recycles through early endosomes back to the Golgi for reuse. Removal of ubiquitin from Snc1, or deletion of a {beta}-COP subunit propeller domain that binds K63-linked polyubiquitin, causes aberrant accumulation of Snc1 in early endosomes. Moreover, replacement of the {beta}-COP propeller domain with unrelated ubiquitin-binding domains restores Snc1 recycling. These results indicate that ubiquitination, a modification well known to target membrane proteins to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation, can also function as recycling signal to sort a SNARE into COPI vesicles at early endosomes for Golgi delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlinger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diab, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COPI Mediates Recycling Of An Exocytic SNARE From Endosomes By Recognition Of A Ubiquitin Sorting Signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA processing in mutant zebrafish lines generated by chemical and CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis produces potentially functional transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As model organism-based research shifts from forward to reverse genetics approaches, largely due to the ease of genome editing technology, allow frequency of abnormal phenotypes is being observed in lines with mutations predicted to lead to deleterious effects on the encoded protein. In zebrafish, this low frequency is in part explained by compensation by genes of redundant or similar function, often resulting from the additional round of teleost-specific whole genome duplication within vertebrates. Here we offer additional explanations for the low frequency of mutant phenotypes. We analyzed mRNA processing in seven zebrafish lines with mutations expected to disrupt gene function, generated by CRISPR/Cas9 or ENU mutagenesis methods. Five of the seven lines showed evidence of genomic compensation by means of altered mRNA processing: one through a skipped exon that did not lead to a frame shift, one through nonsense-associated splicing that did not lead to a frame shift, and three through the use of cryptic splice sites. These results highlight the need for a methodical analysis of the mRNA produced in mutant lines before making conclusions or embarking on studies that assume loss of function as a result of a given genomic change. Furthermore, recognition of the types of genomic adaptations that can occur may inform the strategies of mutant generation.nnAuthor summaryThe recent rise of reverse genetic, gene targeting methods has allowed researchers to readily generate mutations in any gene of interest with relative ease. Should these mutations have the predicted effect on the mRNA and encoded protein, we would expect many more abnormal phenotypes than are typically being seen in reverse genetic screens. Here we set out to explore some of the reasons for this discrepancy by studying seven separate mutations in zebrafish. We present evidence that thorough cDNA sequence analysis is a key step in assessing the likelihood that a given mutation will produce hypomorphic or null alleles. This study reveals that alternative mRNA processing in the mutant background often produces transcripts that escape nonsense-mediated decay, thereby potentially preserving gene function. By understanding the ways that cells avoid the deleterious consequences of mutations, researchers can better design reverse genetic strategies to increase the likelihood of gene disruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scahill, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch-Nentwich, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA processing in mutant zebrafish lines generated by chemical and CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis produces potentially functional transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale cognitive GWAS Meta-analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootopic Drug Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurocognitive ability is a fundamental readout of brain function, and cognitive deficits are a critical component of neuropsychiatric disorders, yet neurocognition is poorly understood at the molecular level. In the present report, we present the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cognitive ability to date (N=107,207), and further enhance signal by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with cognitive ability, 34 of which were novel. A total of 350 genes were implicated, and this list showed significant enrichment for genes associated with Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis of gene results implicated the biological process of neurogenesis, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker; and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated genes were strongly expressed in neurons, but not astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, and were more strongly associated with fetal brain expression than adult brain expression. Several tissue-specific gene expression relationships to cognitive ability were observed (for example, DAG1 levels in the hippocampus). Finally, we report novel genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes such as maternal age at first birth and number of children, as well as several autoimmune disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinvang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundervold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attix, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Need, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale cognitive GWAS Meta-analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootopic Drug Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells (NG2+ cells) and nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration of propagating action potentials at nodes of Ranvier allows nerve impulses to be conducted over long distances. Proper nodal function is believed to rely on intimate associations among axons, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and perinodal astrocytes. Studies in the optic nerve, corpus callosum, and spinal cord suggest that NG2+ cells are also key constituents of CNS nodes and that these glia may influence conduction efficacy and formation of axon collaterals. However, the prevalence of NG2+ cell processes at CNS nodes of Ranvier has not been rigorously quantified. Here we used a transgenic mouse expressing membrane-targeted EGFP to visualize the fine processes of NG2+ cells and to quantify the spatial relationship between NG2+ cells and nodes of Ranvier in four distinct CNS white matter tracts. NG2+ cell processes came within close spatial proximity to a small percentage of nodes of Ranvier and approximately half of these spatial interactions were estimated to occur by chance. The majority of NG2+ cell process tips were not found in close proximity to nodes and gray matter NG2+ cells in regions of low nodal density were as morphologically complex as their white matter counterparts, indicating that attraction to nodes does not critically influence the elaboration of NG2+ cell processes. Finally, there was no difference in nodal density between small regions devoid of NG2+ cell processes and those containing numerous NG2+ cells processes, demonstrating that the function of CNS nodes of Ranvier does not require ongoing interaction with NG2+ cells.nnSignificance StatementEffective propagation of action potentials along neuronal axons is dependent upon periodic regeneration of depolarization at nodes of Ranvier. The position, structural integrity, and function of nodes of Ranvier is believed to be regulated, in part, by intimate physical interactions between nearby glial cells and nodes. Clarifying whether oligodendrocyte precursor cells are obligate members of this nodal support system is critical for defining whether these cells contribute to pathologies in which nodal structure is compromised.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Biase, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucak, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells (NG2+ cells) and nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Islet architecture controls synchronous β cell response to glucose in the intact mouse pancreas in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial architecture of the islets of Langerhans is hypothesized to facilitate synchronized insulin secretion between {beta} cells, yet testing this in vivo in the intact pancreas is challenging. Robo {beta}KO mice, in which the genes Robo1 and Robo2 are deleted selectively in {beta} cells, provide a unique model of altered islet spatial architecture without loss of {beta} cell differentiation or islet damage from diabetes. Combining Robo {beta}KO mice with intravital microscopy, we show here that Robo {beta}KO islets lose synchronized intra-islet Ca2+ oscillations between {beta} cells in vivo. We provide evidence that this loss is not due to a {beta} cell-intrinsic function of Robo, loss of Connexin36 gap junctions, or changes in islet vascularization, suggesting that the islet architecture itself is required for synchronized Ca2+ oscillations. These results have implications for understanding structure-function relationships in the islets during progression to diabetes as well as engineering islets from stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissaus, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulczewski, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwulet, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sdao, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimkulrat, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponik, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benninger, R. K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnemann, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Islet architecture controls synchronous β cell response to glucose in the intact mouse pancreas in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single cell transcriptional atlas of early synovial joint development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synovial joint development begins with the formation of the interzone, a region of condensed mesenchymal cells at the site of the prospective joint. Recently, lineage tracing strategies have revealed that Gdf5-lineage cells native to and from outside the interzone contribute to most, if not all, of the major joint components. However, there is limited knowledge of the specific transcriptional and signaling programs that regulate interzone formation and fate diversification of synovial joint constituents. To address this, we have performed single cell RNA-Seq analysis of 6,202 synovial joint progenitor cells from the developing murine knee joint from E12.5 to E15.5. By using a combination of computational analytics, in situ hybridization, and functional analysis of prospectively isolated populations, we have inferred the underlying transcriptional networks of the major developmental paths for joint progenitors. Our freely available single cell transcriptional atlas will serve as a resource for the community to uncover transcriptional programs and cell interactions that regulate synovial joint development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single cell transcriptional atlas of early synovial joint development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Failure to maternally reprogram histone methylation causes developmental delay due to germline transcription in somatic tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryos undergo extensive reprogramming at fertilization to prevent the inappropriate inheritance of histone methylation. In C. elegans, this reprogramming is mediated by the H3K4me2 demethylase, SPR-5, and the H3K9 methyltransferase, MET-2. In contrast to this reprogramming, the H3K36 methyltransferase, MES-4, maintains H3K36me2/3 at germline genes between generations to help re-establish the germline. To determine whether the MES-4 germline inheritance system antagonizes spr-5; met-2 reprogramming, we examined the interaction between these two systems. We find that the developmental delay of spr-5; met-2 mutant progeny is associated with ectopic H3K36me2/3 and the ectopic expression of MES-4 targeted germline genes in somatic tissues. Furthermore, the developmental delay is dependent upon MES-4 and the H3K4 methyltransferase, SET-2. We propose that the MES-4 inheritance system prevents critical germline genes from being repressed by maternal spr-5; met-2 reprogramming. Thus, the balance of inherited histone modifications is necessary to distinguish germline versus soma and prevent developmental delay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockett, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.914580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Failure to maternally reprogram histone methylation causes developmental delay due to germline transcription in somatic tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of human development by ubiquitin chain editing of chromatin remodelers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryonic development occurs through commitment of pluripotent stem cells to differentiation programs that require highly coordinated changes in gene expression. Chromatin remodeling of gene regulatory elements is a critical component of how such changes are achieved. While many factors controlling chromatin dynamics are known, mechanisms of how different chromatin regulators are orchestrated during development are not well understood. Here, we describe LINKED (LINKage-specific-deubiquitylation-deficiency-induced Embryonic Defects) syndrome, a novel multiple congenital anomaly disorder caused by hypomorphic hemizygous missense variants in the deubiquitylase OTUD5/DUBA. Studying LINKED mutations in vitro, in mouse, and in models of neuroectodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, we uncover a novel regulatory circuit that coordinates chromatin remodeling pathways during early differentiation. We show that the K48-linkage-specific deubiquitylation activity of OTUD5 is essential for murine and human development and, if reduced, leads to aberrant cell-fate specification. OTUD5 controls differentiation through preventing the degradation of multiple chromatin regulators including ARID1A/B and HDAC2, mutation of which underlie developmental syndromes that exhibit phenotypic overlap with LINKED patients. Accordingly, loss of OTUD5 during early differentiation leads to less accessible chromatin at neural and neural crest enhancers and thus aberrant rewiring of gene expression networks. Our work identifies a novel mechanistic link between phenotypically related developmental disorders and an essential function for linkagespecific ubiquitin editing of substrate groups (i.e. chromatin remodeling complexes) during early cellfate decisions - a regulatory concept, we predict to be a general feature of embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asmar, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodurtha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d Souza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranano, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyake, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macnamara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Diseases Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inazawa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tifft, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksentijevich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.917450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of human development by ubiquitin chain editing of chromatin remodelers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix factorization and transfer learning uncover regulatory biology across multiple single-cell ATAC-seq data sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While single-cell ATAC-seq analysis methods allow for robust clustering of cell types, the question of how to integrate multiple scATAC-seq data sets and/or sequencing modalities is still open. We present an analysis framework that enables such integration by applying the CoGAPS Matrix Factorization algorithm and the projectR transfer learning program to identify common regulatory patterns across scATAC-seq data sets. Using publicly available scATAC-seq data, we find patterns that accurately characterize cell types both within and across data sets. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these patterns are both consistent with current biological understanding and reflective of novel regulatory biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kess;ler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easwaran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix factorization and transfer learning uncover regulatory biology across multiple single-cell ATAC-seq data sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Orthographic and Lexical Processing in the Ventral Visual Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reading is a rapid, distributed process that engages multiple components of the ventral visual stream. However, the neural constituents and their interactions that allow us to identify written words are not well understood. Using direct intracranial recordings in a large cohort of humans, we comprehensively isolated the spatiotemporal dynamics of visual word recognition across the entire left ventral occipitotemporal cortex. The mid-fusiform cortex is the first region that is sensitive to word identity and to both sub-lexical and lexical frequencies. Its activation, response latency and amplitude, are highly dependent on the statistics of natural language. Information about lexicality and word frequency propagates posteriorly from this region to traditional visual word form regions and to earlier visual cortex. This unique sensitivity of mid-fusiform cortex to the lexical characteristics of written words points to its central role as an orthographic lexicon, which accesses the long-term memory representations of visual word forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woolnough, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollo, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forseth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakretz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer-Baum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Orthographic and Lexical Processing in the Ventral Visual Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A virion-based assay for glycoprotein thermostability reveals key determinants of filovirus entry and its inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebola virus (EBOV) entry into cells is mediated by its spike glycoprotein (GP). Following attachment and internalization, virions traffic to late endosomes where GP is cleaved by host cysteine proteases. Cleaved GP then binds its cellular receptor, Niemann-Pick C1. In response to an unknown cellular trigger, GP undergoes conformational rearrangements that drive fusion of viral and endosomal membranes . The temperature-dependent stability (thermostability) of the pre-fusion conformers of  Class I viral fusion glycoproteins, including those of filovirus GPs, has provided insights into their propensity to undergo fusion-related rearrangements. However, previously described assays have relied on soluble glycoprotein ectodomains. Here, we developed a simple ELISA-based assay that uses the temperature-dependent loss of conformational epitopes to measure thermostability of GP embedded in viral membranes. The base and glycan cap subdomains of all filovirus GPs tested suffered a concerted loss of pre-fusion conformation at elevated temperatures, but did so at different temperature ranges, indicating virus-specific differences in thermostability. Despite these differences, all of these GPs displayed reduced thermostability upon cleavage to GPCL. Surprisingly, acid pH enhanced, rather than decreased, GP thermostability, suggesting it could enhance viral survival in hostile endo/lysosomal compartments. Finally, we confirmed and extended previous findings that some small-molecule inhibitors of filovirus entry destabilize EBOV GP and uncovered evidence that the most potent inhibitors act through multiple mechanisms. We establish the epitope-loss ELISA as a useful tool for studies of filovirus entry, engineering of GP variants with enhanced stability for use in vaccine development, and discovery of new stability-modulating antivirals.

ImportanceThough a vaccine for Ebola virus has been approved by the FDA within the past year, no FDA-approved therapeutics are available to treat infections by Ebola virus or other filoviruses. The development of such countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of the mechanism by which Ebola virus enters cells, especially at the final step of membrane fusion. The sole surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates key steps in virus entry, including membrane fusion, and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these structural rearrangements. Here, we describe a new assay that uses GP-specific antibodies to measure GP thermostability under a variety of conditions relevant to viral entry. We show that proteolytic cleavage and acid pH have significant effects on GP thermostability that shed light on their respective roles in viral entry. We also show that the assay can be used to study how small-molecule entry inhibitors affect GP stability. This work provides a simple and readily accessible assay to engineer forms of GP with enhanced stability that could be useful as part of an antiviral vaccine and to discover and improve drugs that act by modulating the stability of GP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bortz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodus, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recht, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulanco, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.965772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A virion-based assay for glycoprotein thermostability reveals key determinants of filovirus entry and its inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic, label-free method for identifying RNA-associated proteins in vivo provides insights into vertebrate ciliary beating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-type specific RNA-associated proteins (RAPs) are essential for development and homeostasis in animals. Despite a massive recent effort to systematically identify RAPs, we currently have few comprehensive rosters of cell-type specific RAPs in vertebrate tissues. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of determining the RNA-interacting proteome of a defined vertebrate embryonic tissue using DIF-FRAC, a systematic and universal (i.e., label-free) method. Application of DIF-FRAC to cultured tissue explants of Xenopus mucociliary epithelium identified dozens of known RAPs as expected, but also several novel RAPs, including proteins related to assembly of the mitotic spindle and regulation of ciliary beating. In particular, we show that the inner dynein arm tether Cfap44 is an RNA-associated protein that localizes not only to axonemes, but also to liquid-like organelles in the cytoplasm called DynAPs. This result led us to discover that DynAPs are generally enriched for RNA. Together, these data provide a useful resource for a deeper understanding of mucociliary epithelia and demonstrate that DIF-FRAC will be broadly applicable for systematic identification of RAPs from embryonic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drew, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devitt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoulas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huizar, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcotte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic, label-free method for identifying RNA-associated proteins in vivo provides insights into vertebrate ciliary beating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics has transformed the characterization of brain cell identity by providing quantitative molecular signatures for large, unbiased samples of brain cell populations. With the proliferation of taxonomies based on individual datasets, a major challenge is to integrate and validate results toward defining biologically meaningful cell types. We used a battery of single-cell transcriptome and epigenome measurements generated by the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) to comprehensively assess the molecular signatures of cell types in the mouse primary motor cortex (MOp). We further developed computational and statistical methods to integrate these multimodal data and quantitatively validate the reproducibility of the cell types. The reference atlas, based on more than 600,000 high quality single-cell or -nucleus samples assayed by six molecular modalities, is a comprehensive molecular account of the diverse neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in MOp. Collectively, our study indicates that the mouse primary motor cortex contains over 55 neuronal cell types that are highly replicable across analysis methods, sequencing technologies, and modalities. We find many concordant multimodal markers for each cell type, as well as thousands of genes and gene regulatory elements with discrepant transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures. These data highlight the complex molecular regulation of brain cell types and will directly enable design of reagents to target specific MOp cell types for functional analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrige, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada Bravo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crichton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezieux, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ner</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.970558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.974006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing Preclinical Withdrawal Syndrome Symptomatology Following Heroin Self-Administration in Male and Female Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.974006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant health problem, and understanding mechanisms of various aspects of OUD including drug use and withdrawal is important. Preclinical models provide an ideal opportunity to evaluate mechanisms underlying opioid withdrawal. Current models are limited by their reliance upon forced opioid administration, focus on the acute (and not protracted) syndrome, and exclusion of females. In this study, male and female rats self-administered heroin (maintenance dose of 12.5 g/kg/infusion) opioid withdrawal following abrupt discontinuation was measured. In Phase 1, acute withdrawal symptoms were rated in male and female rats at 0, 16, 48, and 72 hrs following the last self-administration session. Total somatic signs increased until 48 hrs (predominantly in females), and heroin intake positively correlated with total somatic signs at the 48 and 72 hr timepoints. Measures of hyperactivity and anxiety-like behavior increased by 16 and 48 hrs, respectively. In Phase 2, symptoms were assessed at baseline, acute, and protracted (168 and 312 hrs after self-administration) timepoints in a subset of male and female rats from Phase 1. The total number of somatic signs did not differ across timepoints, though females displayed significantly higher body temperature at all timepoints compared to males, indicating sex-specific protracted withdrawal symptomatology. These data provide a thorough characterization of rodent opioid withdrawal symptomatology following self-administration and abrupt discontinuation that serve as a foundation for future studies designed to mimic the human experience, and demonstrate the importance of characterizing acute and protracted withdrawal with sex-specificity in preclinical models of opioid self-administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gipson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulangkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.974006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing Preclinical Withdrawal Syndrome Symptomatology Following Heroin Self-Administration in Male and Female Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.981373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell heterogeneity in the adult mouse brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.981373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White matter loss has been described as a common occurrence in Alzheimers disease (AD) patients for multiple decades. However, it remains unclear why oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) fail to repair myelin deficits in these patients. Here, we show that clusterin, a risk factor for late-onset AD, is produced by OPCs and inhibits their differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Specifically, we demonstrate that a unique subset of OPCs produces clusterin. We show that phagocytosis of debris, including amyloid beta (A{beta}) and myelin, drives the upregulation of clusterin in OPCs. We confirm, in vivo, that A{beta} oligomers drive clusterin upregulation and that OPCs phagocytose A{beta}. Furthermore, we show that clusterin is a potent inhibitor of OPC differentiation and prevents the production of myelin proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that clusterin inhibits OPC differentiation by significantly reducing the production of IL-9 by OPCs. Our data reveals that clusterin may be responsible for the lack of myelin repair observed in AD and is a promising therapeutic target for AD-associated cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beiter, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Castaneda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivet-Noor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slogar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>overall, c. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaultier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.981373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell heterogeneity in the adult mouse brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and developmental principles of neuropil assembly in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropil is a fundamental form of tissue organization within brains1. In neuropils, densely packed neurons synaptically interconnect into precise circuit architecture2,3, yet the structural and developmental principles governing nanoscale precision in bundled neuropil assembly remain largely unknown4-6. Here we use diffusion condensation, a coarse-graining clustering algorithm7, to identify nested circuit structures within the C. elegans cerebral neuropil (called the nerve ring). We determine that the nerve ring neuropil is organized into four tightly bundled strata composed of related behavioral circuits. We demonstrate that the stratified architecture of the neuropil is a geometrical representation of the functional segregation of sensory information and motor outputs, with specific sensory organs and muscle quadrants mapping onto particular neuropil strata. We identify groups of neurons with unique morphologies that integrate information across strata and that create a sophisticated honeycomb-shaped scaffold that encases the strata within the nerve ring. We resolve the developmental sequence leading to stratified neuropil organization through the integration of lineaging and cell tracking algorithms with high resolution light-sheet microscopy, and reveal principles of cell position, migration and hierarchical outgrowth that guide neuropil organization. Our results uncover conserved design principles underlying nerve ring neuropil architecture and function, and a pioneer neuron-based, temporal progression of outgrowth that guides the hierarchical development of the layered neuropil. Our findings provide a blueprint for using structural and developmental approaches to systematically understand neuropil organization within brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonopolskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.992222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and developmental principles of neuropil assembly in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.996728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Start codon disruption with CRISPR/Cas9 prevents murine Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.996728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A missense mutation of collagen type VIII alpha 2 chain (COL8A2) gene leads to early onset Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), which progressively impairs vision through loss of corneal endothelial cells. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-based postnatal gene editing achieves structural and functional rescue in a mouse model of FECD. A single intraocular injection of an adenovirus encoding both the Cas9 gene and guide RNA (Ad-Cas9-Col8a2gRNA), efficiently knocked down mutant COL8A2 expression in corneal endothelial cells, prevented endothelial cell loss, and rescued corneal endothelium pumping function in adult Col8a2 mutant mice. There were no adverse sequelae on histology or electroretinography. Col8a2 start codon disruption represents a non-surgical strategy to prevent vision loss in early-onset FECD. As this demonstrates the ability of Ad-Cas9-gRNA to restore phenotype in adult post-mitotic cells, this method may be widely applicable to adult-onset diseases, even in tissues affected with disorders of non-reproducing cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uehara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuvanagiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambati, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambati, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.996728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Start codon disruption with CRISPR/Cas9 prevents murine Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of essential eggshell proteins from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Up to 40% of the world population now live in areas where dengue mosquito vectors coexist with humans. Aedes aegypti are vectors for zoonotic diseases that affect hundreds of millions of individuals per year globally. We recently identified the eggshell organizing factor 1 (EOF1) protein using systematic RNA interference (RNAi) screening of mosquito lineage-specific genes. It was shown that eggs deposited by RNAi-EOF1 A. aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes were non-melanized, fragile, and contained nonviable embryos. Motivated by this discovery, we performed RNAi screening of eggshell proteins to determine putative downstream target proteins of intracellular EOF1. We identified several eggshell proteins as essential for eggshell formation in A. aegypti and characterized their phenotypes in detail by molecular and biochemical approaches. We found that Nasrat, Closca, and Polehole structural proteins, together with the Nudel serine protease, are indispensable for eggshell melanization and egg viability. While all four proteins are predominantly expressed in ovaries of adult females, Nudel mRNA expression is highly upregulated in response to blood feeding. Furthermore, we identified four secreted eggshell enzymes as important factors for controlling the processes of mosquito eggshell formation and melanization. These enzymes included three dopachrome converting enzymes and one cysteine protease. All eight characterized eggshell proteins were required for intact eggshell formation. However, their surface topologies in response to RNAi did not phenocopy the effect of RNAi-EOF1. Still, it remains unclear how EOF1 influences eggshell formation and melanization. The use of proteomic analysis of eggshell proteins from RNAi-EOF1 assisted in the identification of additional proteins that could be regulated in EOF1 deficient eggshells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simington, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscherwitz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascon, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massani, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miesfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ISOE, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of essential eggshell proteins from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte- and neuron-derived extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer's disease patients effect complement-mediated neurotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously shown that blood astrocytic-origin extracellular vesicles (AEVs) from Alzheimers disease (AD) patients contain high complement levels. To test the hypothesis that circulating EVs from AD patients can induce complement-mediated neurodegeneration, we assessed the neurotoxicity of immunocaptured AEVs (with anti-GLAST antibody), neuronal-origin NEVs (with anti-L1CAM antibody), and multicellular-origin (with anti-CD81 antibody) EVs from the plasma of AD, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and control participants. AEVs (and, less effectively, NEVs) of AD participants induced Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) expression on recipient neurons, membrane disruption, reduced neurite density, and decreased cell viability in rat cortical neurons and human IPSC-derived neurons. Neurodegenerative effects were not produced by multicellular-origin EVs from AD participants or AEVs/NEVs from FTLD or control participants, and were suppressed by the MAC inhibitor CD59 and other complement inhibitors. Our results support the stated hypothesis and suggest that neuronal MAC deposition is necessary for AEV/NEV-mediated neurodegeneration in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogueras-Ortiz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Peraza, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avgerinos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentschel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetzl, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapogiannis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte- and neuron-derived extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer's disease patients effect complement-mediated neurotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of mPing-based Activation Tags for Crop Insertional Mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern plant breeding increasingly relies on genomic information to guide crop improvement. Although some genes are characterized, additional tools are needed to effectively identify and characterize genes associated with crop traits. To address this need, the mPing element from rice was modified to serve as an activation tag to induce expression of nearby genes. Embedding promoter sequences in mPing resulted in a decrease in overall transposition rate; however, this effect was negated by using a hyperactive version of mPing called mmPing20. Transgenic soybean events carrying mPing-based activation tags and the appropriate transposase expression cassettes showed evidence of transposition. Expression analysis of a line that contained a heritable insertion of the mmPing20F activation tag indicated that the activation tag induced overexpression of the nearby soybean genes. This represents a significant advance in gene discovery technology as activation tags have the potential to induce more phenotypes than the original mPing element, improving the overall effectiveness of the mutagenesis system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcassey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrilla, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, L. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrott, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of mPing-based Activation Tags for Crop Insertional Mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic inactivation of the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme phenocopies the robust adiposity induced by Translin (Tsn) deletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDeletion of Translin (Tsn) from mice induces an unusual metabolic profile characterized by robust adiposity, normal body weight and glucose tolerance. Translin (TN) protein and its partner, trax (TX), form the TN/TX microRNA-degrading enzyme. Since the microRNA system plays a prominent role in regulating metabolism, we reasoned that the metabolic profile displayed by Tsn KO mice might reflect dysregulation of microRNA signaling.

MethodsTo test this hypothesis, we inserted a mutation, E126A, in Tsnax, the gene encoding TX, that abolishes the microRNA-degrading enzymatic activity of the TN/TX complex. In addition, to help define the cell types that drive the adiposity phenotype, we have also generated mice with floxed alleles of Tsn or Tsnax.

ResultsIntroduction of the E126A mutation in Tsnax does not impair expression of TN or TX proteins or their co-precipitation. Furthermore, these mice display selective increases in microRNAs that match those induced by Tsn deletion, confirming that this mutation in Tsnax inactivates the microRNA-degrading activity of the TN/TX complex. Mice homozygous for the Tsnax (E126A) mutation display a metabolic profile that closely mimics that of Tsn KO mice.

Selective deletion of Tsn or Tsnax from either adipocytes or hepatocytes, two candidate cell types, does not phenocopy the elevated adiposity displayed by mice with constitutive Tsn deletion or the Tsnax(E126A) mutation. Furthermore, global, conditional deletion of Tsn in adulthood does not elicit increased adiposity.

ConclusionTaken together, these findings indicate that inactivation of the TN/TX microRNA-degrading enzyme during development is necessary to drive the robust adiposity displayed by Tsn KO mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamashiro, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.060665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic inactivation of the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme phenocopies the robust adiposity induced by Translin (Tsn) deletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nature and effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF)-family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforcing stomatal spacing, whereas EPF-LIKE9, also known as Stomagen, promoting stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-Lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To quantitatively determine their effective ranges, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (Stomata Patterning AutoCorrelation on Epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in Astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor, EPF1, exerts longer-range effects than the activator, Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provides a means to quantitatively characterize complex spatial patterns in development.

Summary StatementNon-cell autonomous effects of activator and inhibitor peptides on 2-D spatial patterning of stomata were quantitatively characterized using chimeric sectors and a SPACE computational pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E. K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazelton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nature and effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Stroke Induces Chronic Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent literature implicates gut epithelia mucosa and intestinal microbiota as important players in post-stroke morbidity and mortality. As most studies have focused on the acute effects of stroke on gut dysbiosis, our study objective was to measure chronic, longitudinal changes in the gut microbiota and intestinal pathology following ischemic stroke. We hypothesized that mice with experimental ischemic stroke would exhibit chronic gut dysbiosis and intestinal pathology up to 36 days post-stroke compared to sham controls. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 60 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery. To determine the long-term effects of tMCAO on gut dysbiosis, fecal boli were collected pre- and post-tMCAO on days 0, 3, 14, and 28. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrate significant differences in abundance among Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes taxa at the phylum, family, and species levels in tMCAO compared to sham mice that persisted up to one month post-stroke. The most persistent changes in post-stroke microbial abundance were a decrease in bacteria family S24-7 and significant increases in Ruminococcaceae. Overall, these changes resulted in a persistently increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in stroke animals. Intestinal histopathology showed evidence of chronic intestinal inflammation that included marked increases in immune cell infiltration with mild-moderate epithelial hyperplasia and villous blunting. Increased astrocyte and microglial activity were also detected one-month post-stroke. These results demonstrate that acute, post-stroke disruption of the gut-brain-microbiota axis progresses to chronic gut dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, and chronic neuroinflammation.

Clinical PerspectivesO_LIThe microbiota-gut-brain axis, recently implicated in several neurological disorders, remains largely unexplored at chronic time points post-tMCAO.
C_LIO_LIOur results demonstrate chronic gut dysbiosis, prolonged behavioral deficits, and persistent cerebral and intestinal inflammation post-tMCAO in male C57BL/6J mice.
C_LIO_LIThese results suggest that manipulation of microbiota may help reduce poor outcomes after stroke and lead to improved post-stroke functional recovery.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brichacek, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwafor, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkovic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambill, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povroznik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primerano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denvir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percifield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infante, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemoets, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Stroke Induces Chronic Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small molecule that binds an RNA repeat expansion stimulates its decay via the exosome complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the design of a small molecule that binds the structure of a r(CUG) repeat expansion [r(CUG)exp] and reverses molecular defects in two diseases mediated by the RNA - myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Thus, a single structure-specific ligand has potential therapeutic benefit for multiple diseases, in contrast to oligonucleotide-based modalities that are customized for each disease by nature of targeting the gene that harbors the repeat. Indeed, the small molecule binds the target with nanomolar affinity and >100-fold specificity vs. many other RNAs and DNA. Interestingly, the compounds downstream effects are different in the two diseases, owing to the location of the repeat expansion. In DM1, r(CUG)exp is harbored in the 3 untranslated region (UTR) of and mRNA, and the compound has no effect on the RNAs abundance. In FECD, however, r(CUG)exp is located in an intron, and the small molecule, by binding the repeat expansion, facilitates excision of the intron, which is then degraded by the exosome complex exonuclease, hRRP6. Thus, structure-specific, RNA-targeting small molecules can act disease-specifically to affect biology, either by disabling its gain-of-function mechanism (DM1) or by stimulating quality control pathways to rid a disease-affected cell of a toxic RNA (FECD).

Significance statementMany different diseases are caused by toxic structured RNAs. Herein, we designed a lead small molecule that binds a toxic structure and rescues disease biology. We show that a structure-specific small molecule can improve disease-associated defects in two diseases that share the common toxic RNA structure. In one disease, the toxic structure is harbored in an intron and causes its retention. The compound facilitates processing of a retained intron, enabling the disease-affected cell to remove the toxic RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angelbello, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamou, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzuczek, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.088427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small molecule that binds an RNA repeat expansion stimulates its decay via the exosome complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CREBBP and STAT6 co-mutation and 16p13 and 1p36 loss define the t(14;18)-negative diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma (dFL) is a rare variant of FL lacking t(14;18) that was first described in 2009. In this study, we use a comprehensive approach to define unifying pathologic and genetic features through gold-standard pathologic review, FISH, SNP-microarray and next-generation sequencing of 16 cases of dFL. We found unique morphologic features, including interstitial sclerosis, microfollicle formation, and rounded nuclear cytology, confirmed absence of t(14;18) and recurrent deletion of 1p36, and showed a novel association with deletion/CN-LOH of 16p13 (inclusive of CREBBP, CIITA and SOCS1). Mutational profiling demonstrated near-uniform mutations in CREBBP and STAT6, with clonal dominance of CREBBP, among other mutations typical of germinal-center B-cell lymphomas. Frequent CREBBP and CIITA co-deletion/mutation suggested a mechanism for immune evasion, while subclonal STAT6 activating mutations with concurrent SOCS1 loss suggested a mechanism of BCL-xL/BCL2L1 upregulation in the absence of BCL2 rearrangements. A review of the literature showed significant enrichment for 16p13 and 1p36 loss/CN-LOH, STAT6 mutation, and CREBBP and STAT6 co-mutation in dFL, as compared to conventional FL. With this comprehensive approach, our study demonstrates confirmatory and novel genetic associations that can aid in the diagnosis and subclassification of this rare type of lymphoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xian, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonescu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallavajjala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittaluga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffield, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gheith, S. M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gocke, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CREBBP and STAT6 co-mutation and 16p13 and 1p36 loss define the t(14;18)-negative diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.141747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional melanoma cell heterogeneity is regulated by MITF-dependent cell-matrix interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.141747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells plays a critical role in shaping treatment response. This type of heterogeneity is organized spatially with specific phenotypes, such as sharply demarcated clusters of proliferating and cell cycle-arrested cells, predominating within discrete domains within a tumor. What determines the occurrence of specific tumor cell phenotypes in distinct microdomains of solid cancers is poorly understood. Here, we show that in melanoma spatial organization of phenotypic heterogeneity is dictated by the expression and activity of MITF. We reveal that this lineage survival oncogene controls ECM composition and organization, and ROCK-driven mechanotransduction through focal adhesion maturation and actin cytoskeleton functionality. In turn, altered tumor microarchitecture and structural integrity impact tumor solid stress which then mediates phenotypic heterogeneity through p27Kip1. Rho-ROCK-myosin signaling is necessary to transmit the effect of the reciprocal cell-ECM regulation into phenotypic heterogeneity. Our findings place cell-ECM crosstalk as a central driver of phenotypic tumor heterogeneity.

SignificancePhenotypic heterogeneity is a major culprit of cancer therapy failure. We demonstrate that phenotypic heterogeneity is controlled through tumor cell-ECM crosstalk resulting in altered tumor microarchitecture, mechanotransduction and Rho-ROCK-myosin signaling. Melanoma shares these physical properties with any solid cancer underscoring the importance of our findings for therapeutically targeting this phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spoerri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonnessen-Murray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasingh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurek, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanwalleghem, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fane, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daignault, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matigian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehbens, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaider, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weninger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haass, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.141747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional melanoma cell heterogeneity is regulated by MITF-dependent cell-matrix interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) actively limit inflammation and expedite its resolution. Here we profiled intramuscular lipid mediators following injury and investigated the role of SPMs in skeletal muscle inflammation and repair. Both eicosanoids and SPMs increased following myofiber damage induced by intramuscular injection of barium chloride or functional overload. Daily systemic administration of resolvin D1 (RvD1) limited the degree and duration of inflammation, enhanced regenerating myofiber growth, and improved recovery of muscle strength. RvD1 suppressed inflammatory cytokines, enhanced polymorphonuclear cell clearance, modulated muscle stem cells, and polarized macrophages to a more pro-regenerative subset. RvD1 had minimal direct impact on in-vitro myogenesis but directly suppressed myokine production and stimulated macrophage phagocytosis, showing that SPMs influence modulate both infiltrating myeloid and resident muscle cells. These data reveal the efficacy of immunoresolvents as a novel alternative to classical anti-inflammatory interventions in the management of muscle injuries to modulate inflammation while stimulating tissue repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larouche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castor-Macias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macpherson, P. C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddipati, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical characteristics and primary management of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2015 and 2019 at the Uganda Cancer Institute 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in Uganda, with over 2086 incident cases in 2018. This study’s objective was to report the clinical characteristics and primary management of men diagnosed with prostate cancer at the Uganda Cancer Institute from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019.Methods Records from all men diagnosed with Prostate cancer at the Uganda Cancer Institute from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019 were reviewed. Clinical characteristics and primary treatment were recorded. Risk categorization was done using the European Society for Medical Oncology prostate cancer risk group classification.Results total of 874 medical records for men diagnosed with prostate cancer was retrieved. The median age was 70 years (interquartile range 64–77). In this study, 501 (57.32%) patients had localized disease. Among patients with localized disease, 2 (0.23%) were classified as low-risk, 5 (0.53%) as intermediate-risk, and 494 (56.52%) as high-risk. Three hundred seventy-three (373) patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis. Among patients with distant metastases, the most common site of metastases was bone 143 (16.36%), followed by spinal cord 54 (6.18%), abdomen 22 (2.52%), and lungs 14 (1.60%). Regarding the primary treatment options majority of the patients were on chemotherapy 384(43.94%) followed by hormonal therapy 336 (38.44%) and radiotherapy 127 (14.53%).Conclusion The majority of the patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at the Uganda Cancer Institute presented with advanced disease. The primary treatments were mostly chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiotherapy. There is a need to improve prostate cancer screening in regional health care facilities and the communities to enhance early detection and management of prostate cancer.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul Katongole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obondo J. Sande</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulumba Yusuf</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses Joloba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven J Reynolds</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon Niyonzima</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.194936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical characteristics and primary management of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2015 and 2019 at the Uganda Cancer Institute]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An orthogonal differentiation platform for genomically programming stem cells, organoids, and bioprinted tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simultaneous differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into divergent cell types offers a pathway to achieving tailorable cellular complexity, patterned architecture, and function in engineered human organoids and tissues. Recent transcription factor (TF) overexpression protocols typically produce only one cell type of interest rather than the multitude of cell types and structural organization found in native human tissues. Here, we report an orthogonal differentiation platform for genomically programming stem cells, organoids and bioprinted tissues with controlled composition and organization. To demonstrate this platform, we orthogonally differentiated endothelial cells and neurons from hiPSCs in a one-pot system containing neural stem cell-specifying media. By aggregating inducible-TF and wildtype hiPSCs into pooled and multicore-shell embryoid bodies, we produced vascularized and patterned cortical organoids within days. Using multimaterial 3D bioprinting, we patterned 3D neural tissues from densely cellular, matrix-free stem cell inks that were orthogonally differentiated on demand into distinct layered regions composed of neural stem cells, endothelium, and neurons, respectively. Given the high proliferative capacity and patient-specificity of hiPSCs, our platform provides a facile route for programming cells and multicellular tissues for drug screening and therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark Skylar-Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aric Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Ng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomoya Duenki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucy Nam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarita Damaraju</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Church</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A. Lewis</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An orthogonal differentiation platform for genomically programming stem cells, organoids, and bioprinted tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.213884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lamin C regulates genome organization after mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.213884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic 3D organization of the genome is central to the regulation of gene expression and developmental progression, with its disruption being implicated in various diseases. The nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork underlying the nuclear envelope (NE), provides both structural and regulatory influences on genome organization through the tethering of large inactive genomic regions, called Lamina Associated Domains (LADs), to the nuclear periphery. Evidence suggests that the A type lamins, lamins A and C, are the predominant lamins involved in the peripheral association of LADs, with these two isotypes forming distinct networks and potentially involved in different cellular processes. Here we tested whether lamins A and C have distinct roles in genome organization by examining chromosome architecture in cells in which lamin C or lamin A are specifically down-regulated. We find that lamin C (not lamin A) is required for the 3D organization of LADs and overall chromosome organization in the cell nucleus. Striking differences in the localization of lamin A and lamin C are present as cells exit mitosis that persist through early G1. Whereas lamin A associates with the nascent NE during telophase, lamin C remains in the interior surrounding nucleoplasmic LAD clusters. Lamin C association with the NE is delayed until several hours into G1 and correlates temporally and spatially with the post-mitotic NE association of LADs. Post-mitotic LAD association with the NE, and consequently global 3D genome organization, is perturbed only in cells depleted of lamin C, and not in cells depleted of lamin A. We conclude that lamin C regulates LAD dynamics after mitosis and is a key regulator of genome organization in mammalian cells. These findings reveal an unexpectedly central role for lamin C in genome organization, including both inter-chromosomal LAD-LAD segregation and LAD scaffolding at the NE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harr, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.213884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lamin C regulates genome organization after mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug Screening with Zebrafish Visual Behavior Identifies Carvedilol as a Potential Treatment for Retinitis Pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is an incurable inherited retinal degeneration affecting approximately 1 in 4,000 individuals globally. The goal of this work was to identify drugs that can help patients suffering from the disease. To accomplish this, we screened drugs on a zebrafish RP model. This model expresses a truncated human rhodopsin transgene (Tg(rho:Hsa.RH1_Q344X)) causing significant rod degeneration by 7 days post-fertilization (dpf). Consequently, the larvae displayed a deficit in visual motor response (VMR) under scotopic condition. The diminished VMR was leveraged to screen an ENZO SCREEN-WELL(R) REDOX library since oxidative stress is postulated to play a role in RP progression. Our screening identified a beta-blocker, carvedilol, that ameliorated the deficient VMR of the RP larvae and increased their rod number. Carvedilol can act directly on rods as it affected the adrenergic pathway in a rod-like human Y79 cell line. Since carvedilol is an FDA-approved drug, our findings suggest that carvedilol can potentially be repurposed to treat RP patients.

Summary StatementThis paper presents the utilization of zebrafish visual behavior, a novel paradigm to screen and identify drugs to treat retinitis pigmentosa, an incurable retinal-degenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganzen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rijn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujikawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug Screening with Zebrafish Visual Behavior Identifies Carvedilol as a Potential Treatment for Retinitis Pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aggregation Tool for Genomic Concepts (ATGC): A deep learning framework for sparse genomic measures and its application to tumor mutational burden 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning can extract meaningful features from data given enough training examples. Large-scale genomic data are well suited for this class of machine learning algorithms; however, for many of these data the labels are at the level of the sample instead of at the level of the individual genomic measures. Conventional approaches to this data statically featurise and aggregate the measures separately from prediction. We propose to featurise, aggregate, and predict with a single trainable end-to-end model by turning to attention-based multiple instance learning. This allows for direct modelling of instance importance to sample-level classification in addition to trainable encoding strategies of genomic descriptions, such as mutations. We first demonstrate this approach by successfully solving synthetic tasks conventional approaches fail. Subsequently we applied the approach to somatic variants and achieved best-in-class performance when classifying tumour type or microsatellite status, while simultaneously providing an improved level of model explainability. Our results suggest that this framework could lead to biological insights and improve performance on tasks that aggregate information from sets of genomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhom, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The AACR Project GENIE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.237206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aggregation Tool for Genomic Concepts (ATGC): A deep learning framework for sparse genomic measures and its application to tumor mutational burden]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purinergic signaling controls spontaneous activityin the auditory system throughout early development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous bursts of electrical activity in the developing auditory system arise within the cochlea prior to hearing onset and propagate through future sound processing circuits of the brain to promote maturation of auditory neurons. Studies in isolated cochleae revealed that this intrinsically generated activity is initiated by ATP release from inner supporting cells (ISCs), resulting in activation of purinergic autoreceptors, K+ efflux and subsequent depolarization of inner hair cells (IHCs). However, little is known about when this activity emerges or whether different mechanisms underlie distinct stages of development. Here we show that spontaneous electrical activity in mouse cochlea emerges within ISCs during the late embryonic period, preceding the onset of spontaneous correlated activity in IHCs and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), which begins at birth and follows a base to apex developmental gradient. At all developmental stages, pharmacological inhibition of P2Y1 metabotropic purinergic receptors dramatically reduced spontaneous activity in these three cell types. Moreover, in vivo imaging within the inferior colliculus of awake mice revealed that auditory neurons within future isofrequency zones exhibit coordinated neural activity at birth. The frequency of these discrete bursts increased progressively during the postnatal prehearing period, yet remained dependent on P2RY1. Analysis of mice with disrupted cholinergic signaling in the cochlea, indicate that this input modulates, rather than initiates, spontaneous activity before hearing onset. Thus, the auditory system uses a consistent mechanism involving ATP release from ISCs and activation of purinergic autoreceptors to elicit coordinated excitation of neurons that will process similar frequencies of sound.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn developing sensory systems, groups of neurons that will process information from similar sensory space exhibit highly correlated electrical activity that is critical for proper maturation and circuit refinement. Defining the period when this activity is present, the mechanisms responsible and the features of this activity are crucial for understanding how spontaneous activity influences circuit development. We show that, from birth to hearing onset, the auditory system relies on a consistent mechanism to elicit correlate firing of neurons that will process similar frequencies of sound. Targeted disruption of this activity will increase our understanding of how these early circuits mature and may provide insight into processes responsible for developmental disorders of the auditory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersbergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgoyhen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purinergic signaling controls spontaneous activityin the auditory system throughout early development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neurite-zippering mechanism, mediated by layer-specific expression of IgCAMs, regulates synaptic laminar specificity in the C. elegans nerve ring neuropil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, neurites and synapses segregate into specific neighborhoods or layers within nerve bundles. The developmental programs guiding placement of neurites in specific layers, and hence their incorporation into specific circuits, are not well understood. We implement novel imaging methods and quantitative models to document the embryonic development of the C. elegans brain neuropil, and discover that differential adhesion mechanisms control precise placement of single neurites onto specific layers. Differential adhesion is orchestrated via developmentally-regulated expression of the IgCAM SYG-1, and its partner ligand SYG-2. Changes in SYG-1 expression across neuropil layers result in changes in adhesive forces, which sort SYG-2-expressing neurons. Sorting to layers occurs, not via outgrowth from the neurite tip, but via an alternate mechanism of retrograde zippering, involving interactions between neurite shafts. Our study indicates that biophysical principles from differential adhesion govern neurite placement and synaptic specificity in vivo in developing neuropil bundles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonce, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Martinez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neurite-zippering mechanism, mediated by layer-specific expression of IgCAMs, regulates synaptic laminar specificity in the C. elegans nerve ring neuropil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealingduring Drosophila dorsal closure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytohesin Arf-GEFs promote actin polymerization and protrusions of cultured cells, whereas the Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, antagonizes actomyosin networks in several developmental contexts. To reconcile these findings, we analyzed epidermal leading edge actin networks during Drosophila embryo dorsal closure. Here, Steppke is required for F-actin of the actomyosin cable and for actin-based protrusions. steppke mutant defects in the leading edge actin networks are associated with improper sealing of the dorsal midline, but are distinguishable from effects of myosin mis-regulation. Steppke localizes to leading edge cell-cell junctions with accumulations of the F-actin regulator Enabled emanating from either side. Enabled requires Steppke for full leading edge recruitment, and genetic interaction shows the proteins cooperate for dorsal closure. Steppke over-expression induces ectopic, actin-rich, lamellar cell protrusions, an effect dependent on the Arf-GEF activity and PH domain of Steppke, but independent of Steppke recruitment to myosin-rich AJs via its coiled-coil domain. Thus, Steppke promotes actin polymerization and cell protrusions, effects that occur in conjunction with Steppkes previously reported regulation of myosin contractility during dorsal closure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.287102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealingduring Drosophila dorsal closure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of multiple novel patient-derived models of desmoplastic small round cell tumor enabling functional characterization of ERBB pathway signaling and pre-clinical evaluation of a novel targeted therapy approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is characterized by the t(11;22)(p13;q12) chromosomal translocation, which fuses the transcriptional regulatory domain of EWSR1 with the zinc finger DNA-binding domain of WT1, resulting in the oncogenic transcription factor EWS-WT1. DSRCT primarily affects young males and has a 5-year overall survival of about 15%. Typical treatment approaches for patients with DSRCT involve a multi-modal combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. The paucity of DSRCT disease models has hampered functional and pre-clinical therapeutic studies in this aggressive cancer. Here, we developed robust preclinical disease models and mined DSRCT expression profiling data to identify genetic vulnerabilities that could be leveraged for the identification of rational therapies. Specifically, we developed four new DSRCT cell lines and one patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling showed evidence of activation of the ERBB pathway. Ectopic expression of EWSR1-WT1 resulted in upregulation of ERRB family ligands and downstream signaling. Treatment of DSRCT cell lines with ERBB ligands resulted in activation of EGFR, ERBB2, ERK1/2 and AKT, and stimulation of cell growth. Conversely, targeting of EGFR using shRNA, small molecule inhibitors (afatinib, neratinib) or an anti-EGFR antibody (cetuximab) inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in DSRCT cells. Finally, treatment of mice bearing DSRCT xenografts with a combination of cetuximab and afatinib significantly reduced tumor growth. These data provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of EGFR antagonists in patients with DSRCT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odintsov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojnic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suehara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hmeljak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartono, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Quaglia, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladanyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somwar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.308940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of multiple novel patient-derived models of desmoplastic small round cell tumor enabling functional characterization of ERBB pathway signaling and pre-clinical evaluation of a novel targeted therapy approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perilipin2 down-regulation in beta cells impairs insulin secretion under nutritional stress and damages mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is the lipid droplet (LD) protein in {beta} cells that increases under nutritional stress. Down-regulation of PLIN2 is often sufficient to reduce LD accumulation. To determine whether PLIN2 positively or negatively affects {beta} cell function under nutritional stress, PLIN2 was down-regulated in mouse {beta} cells, INS1 cells, and human islet cells. {beta} cell specific deletion of PLIN2 in mice on a high fat diet reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vivo and in vitro. Down-regulation of PLIN2 in INS1 cells blunted GSIS after 24 h incubation with 0.2 mM palmitic acids. Down-regulation of PLIN2 in human pseudoislets cultured at 5.6 mM glucose impaired both phases of GSIS, indicating that PLIN2 is critical for GSIS. Down-regulation of PLIN2 decreased specific OXPHOS proteins in all three models and reduced oxygen consumption rates in INS1 cells and mouse islets. Moreover, we found that PLIN2 deficient INS1 cells increased the distribution of a fluorescent oleic acid analog to mitochondria and showed signs of mitochondrial stress as indicated by susceptibility to fragmentation and alterations of acyl-carnitines and glucose metabolites. Collectively, PLIN2 in {beta} cells have an important role in preserving insulin secretion, {beta} cell metabolism and mitochondrial function under nutritional stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivitz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankrum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perilipin2 down-regulation in beta cells impairs insulin secretion under nutritional stress and damages mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.10.332213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive identification of somatic nucleotide variants in human brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.10.332213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-zygotic mutations incurred during DNA replication, DNA repair, and other cellular processes lead to somatic mosaicism. Somatic mosaicism is an established cause of various diseases, including cancers. However, detecting mosaic variants in DNA from non-cancerous somatic tissues poses significant challenges, particularly if the variants only are present in a small fraction of cells. Here, the Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network conducted a coordinated, multi-institutional study to: (i) examine the ability of existing methods to detect simulated somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in DNA mixing experiments; (ii) generate multiple replicates of whole genome sequencing data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, other brain regions, dura mater, and dural fibroblasts of a single neurotypical individual; (iii) devise strategies to discover somatic SNVs; and (iv) apply various approaches to validate somatic SNVs. These efforts led to the identification of 43 bona fide somatic SNVs that ranged in variant allele fractions from ~0.005 to ~0.28. Guided by these results, we devised best practices for calling mosaic SNVs from 250X whole genome sequencing data in the accessible portion of the human genome that achieve 90% specificity and sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrated that analysis of multiple bulk DNA samples from a single individual allows the reconstruction of early developmental cell lineage trees. Thus, this study provides a unified set of best practices to detect somatic SNVs in non-cancerous tissues. The data and methods are freely available to the scientific community and should serve as a guide to assess the contributions of somatic SNVs to neuropsychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daily, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizzotto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldovan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narurkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oetjens, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J. V</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.10.332213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive identification of somatic nucleotide variants in human brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernaerts, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cric</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.345918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular coupling between substrate recognition and ATP turnover in a AAA+ hexameric helicase loader 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.345918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many bacteria and in eukaryotes, replication fork establishment requires the controlled loading of hexameric, ring-shaped helicases around DNA by AAA+ ATPases. How loading factors use ATP to control helicase deposition is poorly understood. Here, we dissect how specific ATPase elements of E. coli DnaC, an archetypal loader for the bacterial DnaB helicase, play distinct roles in helicase loading and the activation of DNA unwinding. We identify a new element, the arginine-coupler, which regulates the switch-like behavior of DnaC to prevent futile ATPase cycling and maintains loader responsiveness to replication restart systems. Our data help explain how the ATPase cycle of a AAA+-family helicase loader is channeled into productive action on its target; comparative studies indicate elements analogous to the Arg-coupler are present in related, switch-like AAA+ proteins that control replicative helicase loading in eukaryotes, as well as polymerase clamp loading and certain classes of DNA transposases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea Murray, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keck, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.345918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular coupling between substrate recognition and ATP turnover in a AAA+ hexameric helicase loader]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukocyte dynamics after intracerebral hemorrhage in a living patient reveal rapid adaptations to tissue milieu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke with a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Discovery of therapeutic interventions has been slow given the challenges associated with studying acute injury, particularly over time, in the human brain. Inflammation induced by exposure of brain tissue to blood appears to be a major part of brain tissue injury. Here we longitudinally profiled blood and cerebral hematoma effluent from a patient enrolled in the Minimally Invasive Surgery with Thrombolysis in Intracerebral Haemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIEIII) trial, offering a rare window into the local and systemic immune responses to acute brain injury. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we characterized the local cellular response during ICH in the brain of a living patient at single-cell resolution for the first time. Our analysis revealed rapid shifts in the activation states of myeloid and T cells in the brain over time, suggesting that leukocyte responses are dynamically reshaped by the hematoma microenvironment. Interestingly, the patient had an asymptomatic re-bleed (second local exposure to blood) that our transcriptional data indicated occurred more than 30 hours prior to detection by CT scan. This case highlights the rapid immune dynamics in the brain after ICH and suggests that sensitive methods like scRNA-seq can inform our understanding of complex intracerebral events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goods, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askenase, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markarian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matouk, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccarello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansing, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.375675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukocyte dynamics after intracerebral hemorrhage in a living patient reveal rapid adaptations to tissue milieu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.388132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomarkers of lesion severity in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.388132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION) is similar in many of its pathophysiological responses to clinical NAION. However, little is known of the parameters associated with rNAION induction severity and if pre- or early post-induction biomarkers can be identified that enable prediction of lesion severity and ultimate loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Adult male Sprague-Dawley outbred rats were evaluated for various parameters including physiological characteristics (heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, hematocrit), optic nerve head (ONH) appearance, pre- and post-induction mean diameter, and intravenous fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic patterns of vascular leakage at 5 hours post-induction, performed using a spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) instrument. These parameters were correlated with ultimate RGC loss by Brn3a (+) immunohistology. RGC loss also was correlated with the relative level of laser exposure. The severity of ONH edema 2d, but not 5hr, post induction was most closely associated with the degree of RGC loss, revealing a threshold effect, and consistent with a compartment syndrome where a minimum level of capillary compression within a tight space is responsible for damage. RGC loss increased dramatically as the degree of laser exposure increased. Neither physiological parameters nor the degree of capillary leakage 5hr post induction were informative as to the ultimate degree of RGC loss. Similar to human NAION, the rNAION model exhibits marked variability in lesion severity. Unlike clinical NAION, pre-induction ONH diameter likely does not contribute to ultimate lesion severity; however, cross-sectional ONH edema can be used as a biomarker 1-2d post-induction to determine randomization of subjects prior to inclusion in specific neuroprotection or neuroregeneration studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehabian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.388132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomarkers of lesion severity in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Aquaporin-4 in Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes in Experimental Glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo study aquaporin channel expression in astrocytes of the mouse optic nerve (ON) and the response to IOP elevation in mice lacking aquaporin 4 (AQP4 null).

MethodsC57BL/6 (B6) and AQP4 null mice were exposed to bead-induced IOP elevation for 3 days (3D-IOP), 1 and 6 weeks. Mouse ocular tissue sections were immunolabeled against aquaporins 1(AQP1), 4(AQP4), and 9(AQP9). Ocular tissue was imaged to identify normal AQP distribution, ON changes, and axon loss after IOP elevation. Ultrastructure examination, cell proliferation, gene expression & transport block was also analyzed.

ResultsB6 mice presented abundant AQP4 in Muller cells, astrocytes of retina and myelinated ON (MON), but minimal expression in prelaminar and unmyelinated ON (UON). MON of AQP4 nulls had smaller ON area, smaller axon diameter, higher axon density, and larger proportionate axon area than B6 (all p[&le;]0.05). Bead-injection led to comparable 3D-IOP elevation (p=0.42) and axonal transport blockade in both strains. In B6, AQP4 distribution was unchanged after 3D-IOP. At baseline, AQP1 and AQP9 were present in retina, but not in UON and this was unaffected after IOP elevation in both strains. In 3D-IOP mice, ON astrocytes and microglia proliferated, more in B6 than AQP4 null. After 6 week IOP elevation, axon loss occurred equally in the two mouse types (24.6%, AQP4 null vs. 23.3%, B6).

ConclusionLack of AQP4 was neither protective nor detrimental to the effects of IOP elevation. The minimal presence of AQP4 in UON may be a vital aspect of the regionally specific phenotype of astrocytes in the mouse optic nerve head.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimball, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuthan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pease, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.411322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Aquaporin-4 in Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes in Experimental Glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory enables recollection of past experiences to guide future behavior. Humans know which memories to trust (high confidence) and which to doubt (low confidence). How memory retrieval, memory confidence, and memory-guided decisions are related, however, is not understood. Additionally, whether animals can assess confidence in episodic memories to guide behavior is unknown. We developed a spatial episodic memory task in which rats were incentivized to gamble their time: betting more following a correct choice yielded greater reward. Rat behavior reflected memory confidence, with higher temporal bets following correct choices. We applied modern machine learning to identify a memory decision variable, and built a generative model of memories evolving over time that accurately predicted both choices and confidence reports. Our results reveal in rats an ability thought to exist exclusively in primates, and introduce a unified model of memory dynamics, retrieval, choice, and confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepecs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.420174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maladaptive oxidative stress cascade drives type I interferon hyperactivity in TNF activated macrophages promoting necrosis in murine tuberculosis granulomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis remains a critical infectious disease world-wide. The development of novel therapeutic strategies requires greater understanding of host factors that contribute to disease susceptibility. A major unknown in TB pathogenesis is the mechanism of necrosis in TB granulomas that leads to the massive lung tissue damage and cavity formation necessary for the pathogen transmission. In humans, TB progression has been linked to hyperactivity of type I IFN (IFN-I) pathway, the primary cause of which remains elusive.

We studied the mechanistic drivers of pulmonary TB progression using a unique model B6J.C3-Sst1C3HeB/Fej Krmn mice that develop human-like necrotic TB granulomas and IFN-I hyperactivity. We established that IFN{beta} super-induction occurred in the susceptible macrophages in response to continuous TNF stimulation in the context of a dysregulated antioxidant defense. We observed that unresolving oxidative stress amplified the induction of IFN{beta} through JNK activation and induced the Integrated Stress Response via PKR activation as a compensatory pathway. Subsequently, PKR amplifies IFN{beta} upregulation, forming a positive feedback loop, maintaining the hyperinflammatory state in susceptible macrophages and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, within the inflammatory milieu, a cell-intrinsic mechanism of chronic regulatory dysfunction and unresolved stress gradually weakens the macrophage and ultimately promotes the necrotization of TB granulomas. The aberrant macrophage response to TNF can be prevented by an iron chelator and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, ferrostatin-1. Moreover, ferrostatin treatment increased macrophage survival and boosted bacterial control in the TNF-stimulated macrophages infected with virulent Mtb. These findings identify targets for host-directed therapeutics to interrupt necrotization in TB granulomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brownhill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabaji, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernovkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rukhlenko, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholodenko, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimelbrant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maladaptive oxidative stress cascade drives type I interferon hyperactivity in TNF activated macrophages promoting necrosis in murine tuberculosis granulomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.422782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia Regulation of ndrgs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.422782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms rely on oxygen to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During severe hypoxia, the production of ATP decreases due to diminished activity of the electron transport chain, leading to cell damage or death. Conversely, excessive oxygen causes oxidative stress that is equally damaging to cells. To mitigate pathological outcomes, organisms have evolved mechanisms to adapt to fluctuations in oxygen levels. Zebrafish embryos are remarkably hypoxia-tolerant, surviving anoxia (zero oxygen) for hours in a hypometabolic, energy-conserving state. To begin to unravel underlying mechanisms, we analyze here the distribution and hypoxia-dependent regulation of members of the N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene (Ndrg) family, Ndrg 1-4. These genes have primarily been studied in cancer cells, and hence little is understood about their normal function. We show here using in situ hybridization that, under normoxic conditions, ndrgs are expressed in metabolically-demanding organs of the zebrafish embryo, such as the brain, kidney, and heart. Following exposure of embryos to different severity and durations of hypoxia, we observed that ndrgs are differentially regulated and that ndrg1a is the most responsive member of this family, with nine-fold upregulation following prolonged anoxia. We further show that this treatment resulted in de novo expression of ndrg1a in tissues where it is not observed under normoxia, such as head vasculature, the inner ear, and somites. These findings provide an entry point into understanding the role of this conserved gene family in hypoxia adaptation of normal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufford, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.422782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia Regulation of ndrgs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive High-Order Complexes within SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Revealed by Compartmentalization-Aided Interaction Screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bearing the largest single-stranded RNA genome in nature, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes sophisticated replication/transcription complexes (RTCs), mainly composed of a network of nonstructural proteins and nucleocapsid protein, to establish efficient infection. Here, we developed an innovative interaction screening strategy based on phase separation in cellulo, namely compartmentalization of protein-protein interactions in cells (CoPIC). Utilizing CoPIC screening, we mapped the interaction network among RTC-related viral proteins. We identified a total of 47 binary interactions among 14 proteins governing replication, discontinuous transcription, and translation of coronaviruses. Further exploration via CoPIC led to the discovery of extensive ternary complexes composed of these components, which infer potential higher-order complexes. Taken together, our results present an efficient, and robust interaction screening strategy, and indicate the existence of a complex interaction network among RTC-related factors, thus opening up new opportunities to understand SARS-CoV-2 biology and develop therapeutic interventions for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.26.424422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive High-Order Complexes within SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Revealed by Compartmentalization-Aided Interaction Screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocyte-specific deletion of the oxygen-sensor PHD2 sustains elevated energy expenditure at thermoneutrality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancing brown adipose tissue (BAT) function to combat metabolic disease is a promising therapeutic strategy. A major obstacle to this strategy is that a thermoneutral environment, relevant to most modern human living conditions, deactivates functional BAT. We showed that we can overcome the dormancy of BAT at thermoneutrality by inhibiting the main oxygen sensor HIF-prolyl hydroxylase, PHD2, specifically in adipocytes. Mice lacking adipocyte PHD2 (P2KOad) and housed at thermoneutrality maintained greater BAT mass, had detectable UCP1 protein expression in BAT and higher energy expenditure. Mouse brown adipocytes treated with the pan-PHD inhibitor, FG2216, exhibited higher Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels, effects that were abolished by antagonising the canonical PHD2 substrate, HIF-2a. Induction of UCP1 mRNA expression by FG2216, was also confirmed in human adipocytes isolated from obese individuals. Human serum proteomics analysis of 5457 participants in the deeply phenotyped Age, Gene and Environment Study revealed that serum PHD2 (aka EGLN1) associates with increased risk of metabolic disease. Our data suggest adipose-selective PHD2 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for metabolic disease and identify serum PHD2 as a potential biomarker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GOMEZ SALAZAR, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PRUNONOSA CERVERA, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FRENCH, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GARCIA-MARTIN, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BLÜHER, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SCHOFIELD, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>STIMSON, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHAVAKIS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUDMUNDSSON, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JENNINGS, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUDNASON, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MORTON, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EMILSSON, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MICHAILIDOU, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocyte-specific deletion of the oxygen-sensor PHD2 sustains elevated energy expenditure at thermoneutrality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of the selective autophagy receptor TAX1BP1 by canonical and noncanonical IκB kinases promotes its lysosomal localization and clearance of MAVS aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAX1BP1 is a selective autophagy receptor which inhibits NF-{kappa}B and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling to prevent excessive inflammation and maintain homeostasis. Selective autophagy receptors such as p62/SQSTM1 and OPTN are phosphorylated by the noncanonical I{kappa}B kinase TBK1 to stimulate their selective autophagy function. However, it is unknown if TAX1BP1 is regulated by TBK1 or other kinases under basal conditions or during RNA virus infection. Here, we found that the noncanonical I{kappa}B kinases TBK1 and IKKi phosphorylate TAX1BP1 to regulate its basal turnover, whereas the canonical I{kappa}B kinase IKK and the core autophagy factor ATG9 play essential roles in RNA virus-mediated TAX1BP1 autophagosomal degradation. TAX1BP1 phosphorylation by canonical and noncanonical I{kappa}B kinases promotes its localization to lysosomes resulting in its degradation. Furthermore, TAX1BP1 plays a critical role in the clearance of MAVS aggregates, and phosphorylation of TAX1BP1 augments its MAVS aggrephagy function. Together, our data support a model whereby I{kappa}B kinases license TAX1BP1 selective autophagy function to inhibit MAVS and RLR signaling.

Author SummaryThe RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway induces type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines in response to RNA virus infection. MAVS is a mitochondrial adaptor protein in the RLR pathway that forms prion-like aggregates upon activation; however, how MAVS aggregates are cleared to restore homeostasis is unclear. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway important for the clearance of potentially cytotoxic protein aggregates that could induce inflammation and/or cell death. TAX1BP1 is a selective autophagy receptor that inhibits RLR signaling, but the precise mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we found that TAX1BP1 is a substrate for multi-site phosphorylation by canonical and noncanonical I{kappa}B kinases which triggered its lysosomal localization and degradation. We also found that TAX1BP1 was critical for the clearance of MAVS aggregates in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Overall, our data suggest that phosphorylation serves a key regulatory function for TAX1BP1 to inhibit RLR signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harhaj, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of the selective autophagy receptor TAX1BP1 by canonical and noncanonical IκB kinases promotes its lysosomal localization and clearance of MAVS aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Shifts in Inflammatory and Resolving Lipid Mediators in Response to Tendon Overuse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tendon inflammation has been implicated in both adaptive connective tissue remodeling and overuse-induced tendinopathy. Lipid mediators control the initiation and resolution of inflammation, but their roles within tendon are largely unknown. Here we profiled local shifts in intratendinous lipid mediators via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in response to synergist ablation-induced plantaris tendon overuse. Sixty-four individual lipid mediators were detected in homogenates of habitually loaded plantaris tendons from healthy ambulatory rats. This included many bioactive metabolites of the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and epoxygenase (CYP) pathways. Synergist ablation induced a robust inflammatory response at day 3 post-surgery characterized by epitenon infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages (M{Phi}), heightened expression of inflammation-related genes, and increased intratendinous concentrations of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). By day 7, M{Phi} became the predominant myeloid cell type in tendon and there were further delayed increases in other COX metabolites including PGD2, PGF2 and PGI2. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) including protectin D1 (PD1) and resolvin D6 (RvD6), as well as related pathway markers of D-resolvins (17-HDoHE), E-resolvins (18-HEPE) and lipoxins (15-HETE) were also increased locally in response to tendon overuse, as were many anti-inflammatory fatty acid epoxides of the CYP pathway (e.g. EpETrEs). Nevertheless, intratendinous prostaglandins remained markedly increased even following 28 days of tendon overuse together with a lingering M{Phi} presence. These data reveal a delayed and prolonged local inflammatory response to tendon overuse characterized by an overwhelming predominance of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and a relative lack of pro-resolving lipid mediators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddipati, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Shifts in Inflammatory and Resolving Lipid Mediators in Response to Tendon Overuse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human colorectal pre-cancer atlas identifies distinct molecular programs underlying two major subclasses of pre-malignant tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most colorectal cancers (CRCs) develop from either adenomas (ADs) or sessile serrated lesions (SSLs). The origins and molecular landscapes of these histologically distinct pre-cancerous polyps remain incompletely understood. Here, we present an atlas at single-cell resolution of sporadic conventional tubular/tubulovillous ADs, SSLs, hyperplastic polyps (HPs), microsatellite stable (MSS) and unstable (MSI-H) CRC, and normal colonic mucosa. Using single-cell transcriptomics and multiplex imaging, we studied 69 datasets from 33 participants. We also examined separate sets of 66 and 274 polyps for RNA and targeted gene sequencing, respectively. We performed multiplex imaging on a tissue microarray of 14 ADs and 15 CRCs, and we integrated pre-cancer polyp data with published single-cell and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) bulk CRC data to establish potential polyp-cancer relationships. Striking differences were observed between ADs and SSLs that extended to MSS and MSI-H CRCs, respectively, reflecting their distinct origins and trajectories. ADs arose from WNT pathway dysregulation in stem cells, which aberrantly expanded and expressed a Hippo and ASCL2 regenerative program. In marked contrast, SSLs were depleted of stem cell-like populations and instead exhibited a program of gastric metaplasia in the setting of elevated cytotoxic inflammation. Using subtype-specific gene regulatory networks and shared genetic variant analysis, we implicated serrated polyps, including some HPs conventionally considered benign, as arising from a metaplastic program in committed absorptive cells. ADs and SSLs displayed distinct patterns of immune cell infiltration that may influence their natural history. Our multi-omic atlas provides novel insights into the malignant potential of colorectal polyps and serves as a framework for precision surveillance and prevention of sporadic CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human colorectal pre-cancer atlas identifies distinct molecular programs underlying two major subclasses of pre-malignant tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding shared versus divergent transcriptomic signatures across cortico-amygdala circuitry in PTSD and depressive disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disease with a projected lifetime risk of 8.7%. PTSD is highly comorbid with depressive disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). It is hypothesized that the overlap in symptoms stems from partially shared underlying neurobiological mechanisms. To better understand shared and unique transcriptional patterns of PTSD and MDD we performed RNA-sequencing in the postmortem brain of two prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions and two amygdala (AMY) regions, from neurotypical donors (N=109) as well as donors with diagnoses of PTSD (N=107) or MDD (N=109) across 1285 RNA-seq samples. We identified a small number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to PTSD, mostly in the cortex compared to amygdala. PTSD-specific DEGs were preferentially enriched in cortistatin-expressing cells, a subpopulation of somatostatin interneurons. These PTSD DEGs also showed strong enrichment for gene sets associated with immune-related pathways and microglia, largely driven by decreased expression of these genes in PTSD donors. While we identified a greater number of DEGs for MDD, there were only a few that were specific to MDD as they showed high overlap with PTSD DEGs. Finally, we used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) as an orthogonal approach to confirm the observed cellular and molecular associations. These findings highlight the sub-population of cortistatin-expressing interneurons as having potential functional significance in PTSD and provide supporting evidence for dysregulated neuroinflammation and immune signaling in MDD and PTSD pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traumatic Stress Brain Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding shared versus divergent transcriptomic signatures across cortico-amygdala circuitry in PTSD and depressive disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of topoisomerase II activity and chemotherapeutic inhibition by TCA cycle metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II (topo II) is essential for disentangling newly replicated chromosomes. DNA unlinking involves the physical passage of one DNA duplex through another and depends on the transient formation of double-strand DNA breaks, a step exploited by frontline chemotherapeutics to kill cancer cells. Although anti-topo II drugs are efficacious, they also elicit cytotoxic side effects in normal cells; insights into how topo II is regulated in different cellular contexts is essential to improve their targeted use. Using chemical fractionation and mass spectrometry, we have discovered that topo II is subject to metabolic control through the TCA cycle. We show that TCA metabolites stimulate topo II activity in vitro and that levels of TCA flux modulate cellular sensitivity to anti-topo II drugs in vivo. Our works reveals an unanticipated connection between the control of DNA topology and cellular metabolism, a finding with important ramifications for the clinical use of anti-topo II therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of topoisomerase II activity and chemotherapeutic inhibition by TCA cycle metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear cholesterol is required for transcriptional repression by BASP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids are present within the cell nucleus where they engage with factors involved in gene regulation. Cholesterol associates with chromatin in vivo and stimulates nucleosome packing in-vitro, but its effects on specific transcriptional responses are not clear. Here we show that the lipidated WT1 transcriptional corepressor, BASP1, interacts with cholesterol in the cell nucleus through a conserved cholesterol interaction motif. We demonstrate that BASP1 directly recruits cholesterol to the promoter region of WT1 target genes. Mutation of BASP1 to ablate its interaction with cholesterol or the treatment of cells with drugs that block cholesterol biosynthesis inhibit the transcriptional repressor function of BASP1. We find that the BASP1-cholesterol interaction is required for BASP1-dependent chromatin remodelling and the direction of transcription programs that control cell differentiation. Our study uncovers a mechanism for gene-specific targeting of cholesterol where it is required to mediate transcriptional repression.

SignificanceCholesterol is present within the cell nucleus where it associates with chromatin but to date, a direct role for cholesterol in nuclear processes has not been identified. We demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor BASP1 directly interacts with cholesterol within the cell nucleus through a consensus cholesterol interaction motif. BASP1 recruits cholesterol to the promoter region of target genes where it is required to mediate chromatin remodelling and transcriptional repression. Our work demonstrates that nuclear cholesterol plays a direct role in transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loats, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medler, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear cholesterol is required for transcriptional repression by BASP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomics single-cell analysis of human pancreatic islets reveals novel cellular states in health and type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease of only partially defined etiology in which immune cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells. Using single-cell transcriptomics and an advanced analytical strategy to assess pancreatic islets of T1D, autoantibody-positive, and non-diabetic organ donors, we identified both canonical cell types and rare insulin-expressing cells with a hybrid mixture of endocrine and exocrine gene signatures within all donors. We further found elevated expression of MHC Class II pathway genes in exocrine ductal cells of T1D donors, which we confirmed through CyTOF, in situ imaging mass cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis. Taken together, our multimodal analyses identify novel cell types and processes that may contribute to T1D immunopathogenesis and provide new cellular and molecular insights into human pancreas function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fasolino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schug, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HPAP Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Japp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faryabi, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomics single-cell analysis of human pancreatic islets reveals novel cellular states in health and type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conversion from slow to fast memory in response to passive motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When the same perturbation is experienced consecutively, learning is accelerated on the second attempt. This savings is a central property of sensorimotor adaptation. Current models suggest that these improvements in learning are due to changes in the brains sensitivity to error. Here, we tested whether these increases in error sensitivity could be facilitated by passive movement experiences. In each experimental group, a robot moved the arm passively in the direction that solved the upcoming rotation, with no visual feedback provided. Following that, participants adapted to a visuomotor rotation. Prior passive movements substantially improved motor learning, increasing total compensation in each group by approximately 30%. Similar to savings, a state-space model suggested that this improvement in learning was due to an increase in error sensitivity, but not memory retention. When we considered the possibility that learning was supported by parallel fast and slow adaptive processes, a striking pattern emerged: whereas initial improvements in learning were driven by a slower adaptive state, increases in error sensitivity gradually transferred to a faster learning system with the passage of time. These findings suggest that passive errors engage motor learning systems, but the resulting behavioral patterns migrate between slow and fast adaptive circuits as the passive memory is consolidated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javidialsaadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conversion from slow to fast memory in response to passive motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Extraction of Signal and Noise Correlations from Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Ensemble Neuronal Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity correlations are key to understanding how populations of neurons collectively encode information. While two-photon calcium imaging has created a unique opportunity to record the activity of large populations of neurons, existing methods for inferring correlations from these data face several challenges. First, the observations of spiking activity produced by two-photon imaging are temporally blurred and noisy. Secondly, even if the spiking data were perfectly recovered via deconvolution, inferring network-level features from binary spiking data is a challenging task due to the non-linear relation of neuronal spiking to endogenous and exogenous inputs. In this work, we propose a methodology to explicitly model and directly estimate signal and noise correlations from two-photon fluorescence observations, without requiring intermediate spike deconvolution. We provide theoretical guarantees on the performance of the proposed estimator and demonstrate its utility through applications to simulated and experimentally recorded data from the mouse auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rupasinghe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O. Kanold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Extraction of Signal and Noise Correlations from Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Ensemble Neuronal Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping origins of variation in neural trajectories of human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variability between human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines remains a challenge and opportunity in biomedicine. We identified differences in the early lineage emergence across hPSC lines that mapped on the antero-posterior axis of embryonic development. RNA-seq analysis revealed dynamic transcriptomic patterns that defined the emergence of mesendodermal versus neuroectodermal lineages conserved across hPSC lines and cell line-specific transcriptional signatures that were invariant across differentiation. The stable cell line-specific transcriptomic patterns predicted the retinoic acid (RA) response of the cell lines, resulting in distinct bias towards fore-versus hind-brain fates. Replicate hPSC lines and paired adult donor tissue demonstrated that cells from individual humans expressed unique and long-lasting transcriptomic signatures associated with evolutionarily recent genes. In addition to this genetic contribution, we found that replicate lines from a single donor showed divergent brain regional fates linked to distinct chromatin states, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to neural fate differences. This variation in lineage bias and its correlation with RA responsive gene expression was also observed in a large collection of hPSC lines. These results define transcriptomic differences in hPSCs that initiate a critical early step specifying anterior or posterior neural fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaishankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeppner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping origins of variation in neural trajectories of human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of Plasmodium vivax promoter elements in Plasmodium knowlesi, and a centromere-containing plasmid that expresses NanoLuc throughout the parasite life cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPlasmodium knowlesi is now the major cause of human malaria in Malaysia, complicating malaria control efforts that must attend to the elimination of multiple Plasmodium species. Recent advances in the cultivation of P. knowlesi erythrocytic-stage parasites in vitro, transformation with exogenous DNA, and infection of mosquitoes with gametocytes from culture have opened up studies of this pathogen without the need for resource-intensive and costly non-human primate (NHP) models. For further understanding and development of methods for parasite transformation in malaria research, this study examined the activity of various trans-species transcriptional control sequences and the influence of Plasmodium vivax centromeric (pvcen) repeats in plasmid-transfected P. knowlesi parasites.

MethodsIn vitro cultivated P. knowlesi parasites were transfected with plasmid constructs that incorporated P. vivax or Plasmodium falciparum 5 UTRs driving the expression of bioluminescence markers (firefly luciferase or Nanoluc). Promoter activities were assessed by bioluminescence, and parasites transformed with human resistant allele dihydrofolate reductase-expressing plasmids were selected using antifolates. The stability of transformants carrying pvcen-stabilized episomes was assessed by bioluminescence over a complete parasite life cycle through a rhesus macaque monkey, mosquitoes, and a second rhesus monkey.

ResultsLuciferase expression assessments show that certain P. vivax promoter regions, not functional in the more evolutionarily-distant P. falciparum, can drive transgene expression in P. knowlesi. Further, pvcen repeats may improve the stability of episomal plasmids in P. knowlesi and support detection of NanoLuc-expressing elements over the full parasite life cycle from rhesus macaque monkeys to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes and back again to monkeys. In assays of drug responses to chloroquine, G418 and WR9910, antimalarial half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of blood stages measured by NanoLuc activity proved comparable to IC50 values measured by the standard SYBR Green method.

ConclusionAll three P. vivax promoters tested in this study functioned in P. knowlesi whereas two of the three were inactive in P. falciparum. NanoLuc-expressing, centromere-stabilized plasmids may support high-throughput screenings of P. knowlesi for new antimalarial agents, including compounds that can block the development of mosquito- and/or liver-stage parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moraes Barros, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thawnashom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armistead, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caleon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kite, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mershon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engels, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr-Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellems, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of Plasmodium vivax promoter elements in Plasmodium knowlesi, and a centromere-containing plasmid that expresses NanoLuc throughout the parasite life cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALT Neuroblastoma Chemoresistance due to ATM Activation by Telomere Dysfunction is Reversible with the ATM Inhibitor AZD0156 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers overcome replicative immortality by activating either telomerase or an alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. ALT occurs in [~] 25% of high-risk neuroblastomas and relapse or progression in ALT neuroblastoma patients during or after front-line therapy is frequent and almost uniformly fatal. Temozolomide + irinotecan is commonly used as salvage therapy for neuroblastoma. Patient-derived cell-lines and xenografts established from relapsed ALT neuroblastoma patients demonstrated de novo resistance to temozolomide + irinotecan (as SN-38 in vitro, P<0.05) and in vivo (mouse event-free survival (EFS) P<0.0001) relative to telomerase-positive neuroblastomas. We observed that ALT neuroblastoma cells manifest constitutive ATM kinase activation due to spontaneous telomere dysfunction while telomerase- positive tumors lacked constitutive ATM activation or spontaneous telomere DNA damage. We demonstrated that induction of telomere dysfunction resulted in ATM activation that in turn conferred resistance to temozolomide + SN-38 (4.2 fold-change in IC50, P<0.001). ATM kinase shRNA knock-down or inhibition using a clinical-stage small molecule inhibitor (AZD0156) reversed resistance to temozolomide + irinotecan in ALT neuroblastoma cell-lines in vitro (P<0.001) and in 4 ALT xenografts in vivo (EFS P<0.0001). AZD0156 showed modest to no enhancement of temozolomide + irinotecan activity in telomerase-positive neuroblastoma cell lines and xenografts. ATR inhibition using AZD6738 did not enhance temozolomide + SN-38 activity in ALT neuroblastoma cell lines. Thus, resistance to chemotherapy in ALT neuroblastoma occurs via ATM kinase activation and was reversed with the ATM inhibitor AZD0156. Combining AZD0156 with temozolomide + irinotecan warrants clinical testing in neuroblastoma.

One Statement SummaryATM activation at telomeres confers resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy in ALT neuroblastoma that was reversed with ATM knockdown or inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koneru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eslinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrow, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadogan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durant, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALT Neuroblastoma Chemoresistance due to ATM Activation by Telomere Dysfunction is Reversible with the ATM Inhibitor AZD0156]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.437289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological measures from human iPSC-derived neurons are associated with schizophrenia clinical status and predict individual cognitive performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.437289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been used to model basic cellular aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the relationship between the emergent phenotypes and the clinical characteristics of donor individuals has been unclear. We analyzed RNA expression and indices of cellular function in hiPSC-derived neural progenitors and cortical neurons generated from 13 individuals with high polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia and a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, along with 15 neurotypical individuals with low PRS. We identified electrophysiological measures associated with diagnosis that implicated altered Na+ channel function and GABA-ergic neurotransmission. Importantly, electrophysiological measures predicted cardinal clinical and cognitive features found in these schizophrenia patients. The identification of basic neuronal physiological properties related to core clinical characteristics of illness is a potentially critical step in generating leads for novel therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catallini, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soudry, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apud, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.437289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological measures from human iPSC-derived neurons are associated with schizophrenia clinical status and predict individual cognitive performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting cancer glycosylation repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages allowing effective immune checkpoint blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has significantly improved the prognosis of cancer patients, but the majority experience limited benefit, evidencing the need for new therapeutic approaches. Upregulation of sialic acid-containing glycans, termed hypersialylation, is a common feature of cancer-associated glycosylation, driving disease progression and immune escape via the engagement of Siglec-receptors on tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Here, we show that tumor sialylation correlates with distinct immune states and reduced survival in human cancers. The targeted removal of Siglec-ligands in the tumor microenvironment, using an antibody-sialidase conjugate, enhances anti-tumor immunity and halts tumor progression in several mouse tumor models. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we reveal desialylation mechanistically to repolarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and identify Siglec-E on TAMs as the main receptor for hypersialylation. Finally, we show genetic and therapeutic desialylation, as well as loss of Siglec-E, to synergize with ICB. Thus, therapeutic desialylation represents a novel immunotherapeutic approach, shaping macrophage phenotypes and augmenting the adaptive anti-tumor immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanczak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantuano, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhammer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefny, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasenda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zippelius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laeubli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting cancer glycosylation repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages allowing effective immune checkpoint blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants of phase separation for Drosophila DNA replication licensing factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in proteins can drive the formation of membraneless compartments in cells. Phase-separated structures enrich for specific partner proteins and exclude others. We have shown that the IDRs of metazoan DNA replication initiators drive DNA-dependent phase separation in vitro and chromosome binding in vivo, and that initiator condensates selectively recruit specific partner proteins. How initiator IDRs facilitate LLPS and maintain compositional specificity is unknown. Using D. melanogaster (Dm) Cdt1 as a model initiation factor, we show that phase separation results from a synergy between electrostatic DNA-bridging interactions and hydrophobic inter-IDR contacts. Both sets of interactions depend on sequence composition (but not sequence order), are resistant to 1,6- hexanediol, and do not depend on aromaticity. These findings demonstrate that distinct sets of interactions drive self-assembly and condensate specificity across different phase-separating systems and advance efforts to predict IDR LLPS propensity and specificity a priori.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants of phase separation for Drosophila DNA replication licensing factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective efficacy of an orf virus-vector encoding the hemmagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus in swine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses constant challenges to public health due to its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or both the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs. Notably, although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S specific proliferating T cells secreting IFN-{gamma} upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in better protective efficacy as evidenced by reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions and reduced viral load in the lung. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.

ImportanceEffective influenza A virus (IAV-S) vaccines capable of providing robust protection to genetically diverse IAV-S in swine are lacking. Here, we explored the potential of orf virus based vectors expressing the hemagglutining (HA) or both the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of influena A virus (IAV-S) in eliciting protection against IAV-S in pigs. We observed that both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in pigs. Addition of the NP and co-expression of this protein with HA, another major influenza protective antigen, resulted in higher T cell responses which presumably led to better protection in OV-HA-NP immunized animals, as evidenced by lower levels of virus shedding and viral load in lungs. This study highlights the the potential of ORFV as a vector platform for vaccine delivery against IAV-S. Results here provide the foundation for future development of broadly protective ORFV-based vectors for IAV-S for use in swine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineyro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renukaradhya, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diel, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective efficacy of an orf virus-vector encoding the hemmagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus in swine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of dynamic regulatory networks reveals signaling-induced topology changes associated with germ layer specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes is fundamental to understanding how cells control their identity and behavior. Computational gene regulatory network (GRN) reconstruction methods aim to map this control by inferring relationships from transcriptomic data. Unfortunately, existing methods are imprecise, may be computationally burdensome, and do not uncover how networks transition from one topology to another. Here we present Epoch, a computational network reconstruction tool that leverages single cell transcriptomics to infer dynamic network structures. Epoch performs favorably when benchmarked using data derived from in vivo, in vitro, and in silico sources. To illustrate the usefulness of Epoch, we applied it to identify the dynamic networks underpinning directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) guided by multiple primitive streak induction treatments. Our analysis demonstrates that modulating signaling pathways drives topological network changes that shape cell fate potential. We also find that Peg3 is a central contributor to the rewiring of the pluripotency network to favor mesoderm specification. By integrating signaling pathways with GRN structures, we traced how Wnt activation and PI3K suppression govern mesoderm and endoderm specification, respectively. Finally, we compare the networks established in in vitro directed differentiation of ESCs to those in in vivo gastrulation and mesoderm specification. The methods presented here are available in the R package Epoch, and provide a foundation for future work in understanding the biological implications of dynamic regulatory structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasamoto, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.443021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of dynamic regulatory networks reveals signaling-induced topology changes associated with germ layer specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative comparison of in vitro and in vivo embryogenesis at a single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell engineering is a powerful platform to address numerous challenges in regenerative medicine and developmental biology. Typically, engineered populations are derived by exposing pluripotent stem cells to a series of signaling cues meant to recapitulate developmental milestones, such as the induction of the primitive streak. Morphologic, genetic, transcriptomic, and functional differences between fully differentiated in vivo and engineered populations have long been recognized. However, the correspondence between engineered and native embryonic progenitors has been relatively less well characterized, largely due to their transient and highly heterogenous nature, and therefore many studies have relied on expression of a few canonical markers to ensure that their cells are on the correct path. To address this challenge, we first generated an in vivo gastrulation mouse single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) reference data set and used it to train a collection of computational tools for comparing cell types, states, regulators, and trajectories across studies. Then we used these tools to evaluate a commonly used protocol designed to promote mesoderm derivation, as well as four previously published biomimetic protocols. Finally, we diversified our toolkits to reach a broader scientific community by implementing our primary analysis tool in Python and as an interactive web application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative comparison of in vitro and in vivo embryogenesis at a single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear lamin isoforms differentially contribute to LINC complex-dependent nucleocytoskeletal coupling and whole cell mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of a cell to regulate its mechanical properties is central to its function. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions between the cell nucleus and cytoskeleton influence cell mechanics through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we show that A- and B-type nuclear lamin isoforms distinctively modulate both nuclear and cellular volume and selectively stabilize the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes that couple the nucleus to cytoskeletal actin and vimentin. We reveal, further, that loss of each of the four-known lamin isoforms in the mouse embryonic fibroblasts differentially affects cortical and cytoplasmic stiffness as well as cellular contractility, and then propose a LINC complex mediated model that explains these impaired mechanical phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of each lamin isoform softens the nucleus in a manner that correlates with loss of heterochromatin. Together, these findings uncover distinctive roles for each lamin isoform in maintaining cellular and nuclear mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahabikashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivagurunathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicdao, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxton, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredberg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear lamin isoforms differentially contribute to LINC complex-dependent nucleocytoskeletal coupling and whole cell mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused an unprecedented global crisis, and curtailing its spread requires an effective vaccine which elicits a diverse and robust immune response. We have previously shown that vaccines made of a polymeric glyco-adjuvant conjugated to an antigen were effective in triggering such a response in other disease models and hypothesized that the technology could be adapted to create an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The core of the vaccine platform is the copolymer p(Man-TLR7), composed of monomers with pendant mannose or a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Thus, p(Man-TLR7) is designed to target relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via mannose-binding receptors and then activate TLR7 upon endocytosis. The p(Man-TLR7) construct is amenable to conjugation to protein antigens such as the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, yielding Spike-p(Man-TLR7). Here, we demonstrate Spike-p(Man-TLR7) vaccination elicits robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses in mice. In adult and elderly wild-type mice, vaccination with Spike-p(Man-TLR7) generates high and long-lasting titers of anti-Spike IgGs, with neutralizing titers exceeding levels in convalescent human serum. Interestingly, adsorbing Spike-p(Man-TLR7) to the depot-forming adjuvant alum, amplified the broadly neutralizing humoral responses to levels matching those in mice vaccinated with formulations based off of clinically-approved adjuvants. Additionally, we observed an increase in germinal center B cells, antigen-specific antibody secreting cells, activated T follicular helper cells, and polyfunctional Th1-cytokine producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that Spike-p(Man-TLR7) is an attractive, next-generation subunit vaccine candidate, capable of inducing durable and robust antibody and T cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansurov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrousis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of vapor exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the Maine Lobster (Homarus americanus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleDespite a long history of use in synaptic physiology, the lobster has been a neglected model for behavioral pharmacology. A restaurateur proposed that exposing lobster to cannabis smoke reduces anxiety and pain during the cooking process. It is unknown if lobster gill respiration in air would result in significant {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) uptake and whether this would have any detectable behavioral effects.

ObjectiveThe primary goal was to determine tissue THC levels in the lobster after exposure to THC vapor. Secondary goals were to determine if THC vapor altered locomotor behavior or nociception.

MethodsTissue samples were collected (including muscle, brain and hemolymph) from Homarus americanus (N=3 per group) following 30 or 60 minutes of exposure to vapor generated by an e-cigarette device using THC (100 mg/mL in a propylene glycol vehicle). Separate experiments assessed locomotor behavior and hot water nociceptive responses following THC vapor exposure.

ResultsTHC vapor produced duration-related THC levels in all tissues examined. Locomotor activity was decreased (distance, speed, time-mobile) by 30 min inhalation of THC. Lobsters exhibit a temperature-dependent withdrawal response to immersion of tail, antennae or claws in warm water; this is novel evidence of thermal nociception for this species. THC exposure for 60 minutes had only marginal effect on nociception under the conditions assessed.

ConclusionsVapor exposure of lobsters, using an e-cigarette based model, produces dose-dependent THC levels in all tissues and reduces locomotor activity. Hot water nociception was temperature dependent, but only minimal anti-nociceptive effect of THC exposure was confirmed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of vapor exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the Maine Lobster (Homarus americanus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical Structures, Cell Types, and Biomarkers Tables Plus 3D Reference Organs in Support of a Human Reference Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.This paper reviews efforts across 16 international consortia to construct human anatomical structures, cell types, and biomarkers (ASCT+B) tables and three-dimensional reference organs in support of a Human Reference Atlas. We detail the ontological descriptions and spatial three-dimensional anatomical representations together with user interfaces that support the registration and exploration of human tissue data. Four use cases are presented to demonstrate the utility of ASCT+B tables for advancing biomedical research and improving health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quardokus, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osumi-Sutherland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boppana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longacre, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerius, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radtke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserfall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuschel, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical Structures, Cell Types, and Biomarkers Tables Plus 3D Reference Organs in Support of a Human Reference Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinoic acid exerts sexually dimorphic effects over muscle energy metabolism and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retinol dehydrogenase Rdh10 catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction that converts retinol into retinoic acid (RA), an autacoid that regulates energy balance and suppresses adiposity. Relative to WT, Rdh10+/- males experienced reduced fatty-acid oxidation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Running endurance decreased 40%. Rdh10+/- females increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation and did not experience glucose intolerance nor insulin resistance. Running endurance improved 2.2-fold. Estrogen increased, revealed by a 40% increase in uterine weight. Because skeletal muscle energy use restricts adiposity and insulin resistance, we assessed the mixed fiber type gastrocnemius muscle (GM) to determine the effects of endogenous RA on muscle metabolism in vivo. RA in Rdh10+/- male GM decreased 38% relative to WT. TAG content increased 1.7-fold. Glut1 mRNA and glucose decreased >30%. Rdh10+/- male GM had impaired electron transport chain activity, and a 60% reduction in fasting ATP. The share of oxidative fibers increased, as did expression of the myogenic transcription factors Myog and Myf5. Centralized nuclei increased 5-fold in fibers--indicating muscle malady or repair. In Rdh10+/- female GM, RA decreased only 17%, due to a 1.8-fold increase in the estrogen-induced retinol dehydrogenase, Dhrs9. Rdh10+/- female GM did not amass TAG, increase oxidative fibers, decrease Glut1 mRNA or glucose, nor increase centralized nuclei. Expression of Myog and Myf5 decreased. Electron transport chain activity increased, elevating fasting ATP >3-fold. Thus, small decreases in skeletal muscle RA affect whole body energy use, insulin resistance and adiposity, in part through estrogen-related sexual dimorphic effects on mitochondria function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKessy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napoli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.447134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinoic acid exerts sexually dimorphic effects over muscle energy metabolism and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A screen of covalent inhibitors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism as potential therapeutic targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is a global health threat necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a promising class of targets because of their importance for the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We screened a library of small molecules containing serine-reactive electrophiles and identified narrow spectrum inhibitors of M. tuberculous growth. Using these lead molecules, we performed competitive activity-based protein profiling and identified multiple SH targets, including enzymes with uncharacterized functions. Lipidomic analyses of compound-treated cultures revealed an accumulation of free lipids and a substantial decrease in lipooligosaccharides, linking SH inhibition to defects in cell envelope biogenesis. Mutant analysis revealed a path to resistance via the synthesis of mycocerates, but not through mutations to target enzymes. Our results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of multiple SH enzymes is likely to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eneim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A screen of covalent inhibitors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism as potential therapeutic targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-544-3p mediates arthritis pain through regulation of FcγRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic or episodic joint pain is a major symptom in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its adequate treatment represents an unmet medical need. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying RA pain remain elusive. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA as negative regulators of the stability or translation of specific target mRNAs. Yet, their significance in RA pain is still not well defined. We and other groups recently identified neuronally expressed Fc{gamma}RI as a key driver of arthritis pain in mouse RA models. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that miRNAs that target and regulate neuronal Fc{gamma}RI attenuate RA pain. Here, we show that miR-544-3p was robustly downregulated whereas Fc{gamma}RI was significantly upregulated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in mouse RA models. Intrathecal injection of miR-544-3p mimic attenuated established mechanical and heat hyperalgesia in a mouse model of collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA). Moreover, this effect was likely mediated, at least in part, by Fc{gamma}RI since miR-544-3p mimic downregulated Fc{gamma}RI in the DRG during arthritis and genetic deletion of Fc{gamma}RI produced similar antihyperalgesic effects in the CIA model. This notion was further supported by a dual luciferase assay showing that miR-544-3p targeted Fc{gamma}RI by directly binding to its 3UTR. In addition, Fc{gamma}RI expression in DRG neurons in vitro was downregulated by miR-544-3p mimic and upregulated by miR-544-3p inhibitor. In naive mice, miR-544-3p mimic alleviated acute joint pain hypersensitivity induced by IgG immune complex (IgG-IC), whereas miR-544-3p inhibitor potentiated the pro-nociceptive behavioral effect of IgG-IC. These findings suggest that miR-544-3p causally participates in the maintenance of arthritis pain by targeting neuronal Fc{gamma}RI, and thus define miR-544-3p as a new potential therapeutic target for treating RA pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.13.448256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-544-3p mediates arthritis pain through regulation of FcγRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.449894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural analysis of the C. elegans dauer larval anterior sensilla by Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.449894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At the end of the first larval stage, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans developing in harsh environmental conditions is able to choose an alternative developmental path called the dauer diapause. Dauer larvae exhibit different physiology and behaviors from non-dauer larvae. Using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), we volumetrically reconstructed the anterior sensory apparatus of C. elegans dauer larvae with unprecedented precision. We provide a detailed description of some neurons, focusing on structural details that were unknown or unresolved by previously published studies. They include: 1) dauer-specific branches of the IL2 sensory neurons project into the periphery of anterior sensilla and motor or putative sensory neurons at the sub-lateral cords; 2) ciliated endings of URX sensory neurons are supported by both ILso and AMso socket cells near the amphid openings; 3) variability in amphid sensory dendrites among dauers; 4) somatic RIP interneurons maintain their projection into the pharyngeal nervous system. Our results support the notion that dauer larvae structurally expand their sensory system to facilitate searching for more favorable environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markert, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witvliet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollmannsberger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stigloher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.449894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural analysis of the C. elegans dauer larval anterior sensilla by Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extent, impact, and mitigation of batch effects in tumor biomarker studies using tissue microarrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue microarrays (TMAs) have been used in thousands of cancer biomarker studies. To what extent batch effects, measurement error in biomarker levels between slides, affects TMA-based studies has not been assessed systematically. We evaluated 20 protein biomarkers on 14 TMAs with prospectively collected tumor tissue from 1,448 primary prostate cancers. In half of the biomarkers, more than 10% of biomarker variance was attributable to between-TMA differences (range, 1-48%). We implemented different methods to mitigate batch effects (R package batchtma), tested in plasmode simulation. Biomarker levels were more similar between mitigation approaches compared to uncorrected values. For some biomarkers, associations with clinical features changed substantially after addressing batch effects. Batch effects and resulting bias are not an error of an individual study but an inherent feature of TMA-based protein biomarker studies. They always need to be considered during study design and addressed analytically in studies using more than one TMA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stopsack, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyekucheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaselkiv, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penney, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantoff, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmigiani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucci, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extent, impact, and mitigation of batch effects in tumor biomarker studies using tissue microarrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.03.450733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined tumor and immune signals from genomes or transcriptomes predict outcomes of checkpoint inhibition in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.03.450733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade (CPB) leads to improved outcomes in melanoma and other tumor types, but a majority of patients do not respond. High tumor mutation burden (TMB) and high levels of tumor-infiltrating T cells have been associated with response to immunotherapy, but integrative models to predict clinical benefit using DNA or RNA alone have not been comprehensively explored. We sequenced DNA and RNA from melanoma patients receiving CPB, and aggregated previously published data, yielding whole exome sequencing data for 189 patients and bulk RNA sequencing data for 178 patients. Using these datasets, we derived genomic and transcriptomic factors that predict overall survival (OS) and response to immunotherapy. Using whole-exome DNA data alone, we calculated T cell burden (TCB) and B cell burden (BCB) based on rearranged TCR/Ig DNA sequences and found that patients whose melanomas have high TMB together with either high TCB or high BCB survived longer and had higher response rates as compared to patients with either low TMB or TCB/BCB. Next, using bulk RNA-Seq data, differential expression analysis identified 83 genes associated with high or low OS. By combining pairs of immune-expressed genes with tumor-expressed genes, we identified three gene pairs associated with response and survival (Bonferroni P<0.05). All three gene pair models were validated in an independent cohort (n=180) (Bonferroni P<0.05). The best performing gene pair model included the lymphocyte-expressed MAP4K1 (Mitogen- Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 1) combined with the transcription factor TBX3 (T-Box Transcription Factor 3) which is overexpressed in poorly differentiated melanomas. We conclude that RNA-based (MAP4K1&TBX3) or DNA-based (TCB&TMB) models combining immune and tumor measures improve predictions of outcome after checkpoint blockade in melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonye, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arniella, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gushterova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaum, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elagina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiro, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosebrock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrot-Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzily-Rokni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitzthum von Eckstaedt, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackmon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemmer-Rachamimov, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wargo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.03.450733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined tumor and immune signals from genomes or transcriptomes predict outcomes of checkpoint inhibition in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin-driven Nucleation of Actin Filaments Drives Stereocilia Development Critical for Hearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly and maintenance of actin-based mechanosensitive stereocilia in the cochlea is critical for lifelong hearing. Myosin-15 (MYO15) is hypothesized to modulate stereocilia height by trafficking actin regulatory proteins to their tip compartments, where actin polymerization must be precisely controlled during development. We identified a mutation (p.D1647G) in the MYO15 motor-domain that initially maintained trafficking, but caused progressive hearing loss by stunting stereocilia growth, revealing an additional function for MYO15. Consistent with its maintenance of tip trafficking in vivo, purified p.D1647G MYO15 modestly reduced actin-stimulated ATPase activity in vitro. Using ensemble and single-filament fluorescence in vitro assays, we demonstrated that wild-type MYO15 directly accelerated actin filament polymerization by driving nucleation, whilst p.D1647G MYO15 blocked this activity. Collectively, our studies suggest direct actin nucleation by MYO15 at the stereocilia tip is necessary for elongation in vivo, and that this is a primary mechanism disrupted in DFNB3 hereditary human hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreland, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faaborg-Andersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alushin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowl, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin-driven Nucleation of Actin Filaments Drives Stereocilia Development Critical for Hearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear hormone receptors promote gut and glia detoxifying enzyme induction and protect C. elegans from the mold P. brevicompactum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals encounter microorganisms in their habitats, adapting physiology and behavior accordingly. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is found in microbe-rich environments; however, its responses to fungi are not extensively studied. Here we describe interactions of C. elegans and Penicillium brevicompactum, an ecologically-relevant mold. Transcriptome studies reveal that co-culture upregulates stress-response genes, including xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs), in C. elegans intestine and AMsh glial cells. The nuclear hormone receptors (NHR) NHR-45 and NHR-156 are key induction regulators, and mutants that cannot induce XMEs in the intestine when exposed to P. brevicompactum experience mitochondrial stress and exhibit developmental defects. Different C. elegans wild isolates harbor sequence polymorphisms in nhr-156, resulting in phenotypic diversity in AMsh glia responses to microbe exposure. We propose that P. brevicompactum mitochondria-targeting mycotoxins are deactivated by intestinal detoxification, allowing tolerance to moldy environments. Our studies support the idea that C. elegans NHR gene expansion/diversification underlies adaptation to microbial environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizzappi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear hormone receptors promote gut and glia detoxifying enzyme induction and protect C. elegans from the mold P. brevicompactum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding kidney disease relies upon defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles, and interactions within tissue neighborhoods. We have applied multiple single-cell or -nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei/cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference (n = 42) and disease (n = 42) kidneys. This has provided a high resolution cellular atlas of 100 cell types that include rare and novel cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, epigenomic regulatory factors, and spatial localizations for major cell types spanning the entire kidney. We further identify and define cellular states altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive or maladaptive repair, transitioning and degenerative states affecting several segments. Molecular signatures of these states permitted their localization within injury neighborhoods using spatial transcriptomics, and large-scale 3D imaging analysis of [~]1.2 million neighborhoods provided linkages to active immune responses. These analyses further defined biological pathways relevant to injury niches, including signatures underlying the transition from reference to predicted maladaptive states that were associated with a decline in kidney function during chronic kidney disease. This human kidney cell atlas, including injury cell states and neighborhoods, will be a valuable resource for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plongthongkum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waikar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palevsky, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toto, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KPMP Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive framework of macrophage activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages populate every organ during homeostasis and disease, displaying features of tissue imprinting and heterogeneous activation. The disjointed picture of macrophage biology that emerged from these observations are a barrier for integration across models or with in vitro macrophage activation paradigms. We set out to contextualize macrophage heterogeneity across mouse tissues and inflammatory conditions, specifically aiming to define a common framework of macrophage activation. We built a predictive model with which we mapped the activation of macrophages across 12 tissues and 25 biological conditions, finding a striking commonality and finite number of transcriptional profiles, which we modelled as defined stages along four conserved activation paths. We verified this model with adoptive cell transfer experiments and identified transient RELM[a] expression as a feature of macrophage tissue engraftment. We propose that this integrative approach of macrophage classification allows the establishment of a common predictive framework of macrophage activation in inflammation and homeostasis.

One Sentence SummaryWe propose an integrative approach of macrophage classification that allows the establishment of a common framework of macrophage activation in inflammation and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinkovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willenborg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichtl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eming, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbaulet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive framework of macrophage activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.454141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of the SETD2 WW domain inhibits the phosphor-IWS1/SETD2 interaction and the oncogenic AKT/IWS1 RNA splicing program. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.454141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn their manuscript. While attempting to reproduce the data on the alternative splicing of exon 2 of U2AF2, they observed that the proposed splicing mechanism could not give rise to a functional U2AF2 protein. In addition, they observed evidence of manipulation in the electropherogram of the splicing junction between exons 1 and 3 and in the primary data on which this electropherogram was based, which were deposited in Mendeley by the first author. These observations raise questions on the integrity of the reported results. In light of this information, the authors have no confidence in the key findings of the paper, and therefore, do not wish it to be cited. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laliotis, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavdoula, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsichlis, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.454141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of the SETD2 WW domain inhibits the phosphor-IWS1/SETD2 interaction and the oncogenic AKT/IWS1 RNA splicing program.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.14.456365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fanconi Anemia Pathway Deficiency Drives Copy Number Variation in Squamous Cell Carcinomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.14.456365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fanconi anemia (FA), a model syndrome of genome instability, is caused by a deficiency in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair resulting in chromosome breakage1-3. The FA repair pathway comprises at least 22 FANC proteins including BRCA1 and BRCA24-6, and protects against carcinogenic endogenous and exogenous aldehydes7-10. Individuals with FA are hundreds to thousands-fold more likely to develop head and neck (HNSCC), esophageal and anogenital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) with a median onset age of 31 years11. The aggressive nature of these tumors and poor patient tolerance of platinum and radiation-based therapy have been associated with short survival in FA11-16. Molecular studies of SCCs from individuals with FA (FA SCCs) have been limited, and it is unclear how they relate to sporadic HNSCCs primarily driven by tobacco and alcohol exposure or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection17. Here, by sequencing FA SCCs, we demonstrate that the primary genomic signature of FA-deficiency is the presence of a high number of structural variants (SVs). SVs are enriched for small deletions, unbalanced translocations, and fold-back inversions that arise in the context of TP53 loss. The SV breakpoints preferentially localize to early replicating regions, common fragile sites, tandem repeats, and SINE elements. SVs are often connected forming complex rearrangements. Resultant genomic instability underlies elevated copy number alteration (CNA) rates of key HNSCC-associated genes, including PIK3CA, MYC, CSMD1, PTPRD, YAP1, MXD4, and EGFR. In contrast to sporadic HNSCC, we find no evidence of HPV infection in FA HNSCC, although positive cases were identified in gynecologic tumors. A murine allograft model of FA pathway-deficient SCC was enriched in SVs, exhibited dramatic tumor growth advantage, more rapid epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and enhanced autonomous inflammatory signaling when compared to an FA pathway-proficient model. In light of the protective role of the FA pathway against SV formation uncovered here, and recent findings of FA pathway insufficiency in the setting of increased formaldehyde load resulting in hematopoietic stem cell failure and carcinogenesis18-20, we propose that high copy-number instability in sporadic HNSCC may result from functional overload of the FA pathway by endogenous and exogenous DNA crosslinking agents. Our work lays the foundation for improved FA patient treatment and demonstrates that FA SCC is a powerful model to study tumorigenesis resulting from DNA crosslinking damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webster, A. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lach, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosiene, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heineman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bean, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosti, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrol, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velleuer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastatter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surralles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMillan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cancio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scognamiglio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imielinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharappa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutler, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.14.456365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fanconi Anemia Pathway Deficiency Drives Copy Number Variation in Squamous Cell Carcinomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequencing of 196 Treponema pallidum strains from six continents reveals additional variability in vaccine candidate genes and dominance of Nichols clade strains in Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In spite of its immutable susceptibility to penicillin, Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) subsp. pallidum continues to cause millions of cases of syphilis each year worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality and underscoring the urgency of developing an effective vaccine to curtail the spread of the infection. Several technical challenges, including absence of an in vitro culture system until very recently, have hampered efforts to catalog the diversity of strains collected worldwide. Here, we provide near-complete genomes from 196 T. pallidum strains - including 191 T. pallidum subsp. pallidum - sequenced directly from patient samples collected from 8 countries and 6 continents. Maximum likelihood phylogeny revealed that samples from most sites were predominantly SS14 clade. However, 99% (84/85) of the samples from Madagascar formed two of the five distinct Nichols subclades. Although recombination was uncommon in the evolution of modern circulating strains, we found multiple putative recombination events between T. pallidum subsp. pallidum and subsp. endemicum, shaping the genomes of several subclades. Temporal analysis dated the most recent common ancestor of Nichols and SS14 clades to 1717 (95% HPD: 1543-1869), in agreement with other recent studies. Rates of SNP accumulation varied significantly among subclades, particularly among different Nichols subclades, and was associated in the Nichols A subclade with a C394F substitution in TP0380, a ERCC3-like DNA repair helicase. Our data highlight the role played by variation in genes encoding putative surface-exposed outer membrane proteins in defining separate lineages, and provide a critical resource for the design of broadly protective syphilis vaccines targeting surface antigens.

Author SummaryEach year, millions of new cases of venereal and congenital syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) subsp. pallidum, are diagnosed worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Alongside endemic circulation of syphilis in low-income countries, disease resurgence in high-income nations has underscored the need for a vaccine. Due to prior technological limitations in culturing and sequencing the organism, the extent of the genetic diversity within modern strains of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum remains poorly understood, hampering development of a broadly protective vaccine. In this study, we obtained 196 near-complete T. pallidum genomes directly from clinical swabs from eight countries across six continents. Of these, 191 were identified as T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, including 90 Nichols clade genomes. Bayesian analysis revealed a high degree of variance in mutation rate among subclades. Interestingly, a Nichols subclade with a particularly high mutation rate harbors a non-synonymous mutation in a putative DNA repair helicase. Coupling sequencing data with protein structure prediction, we identified multiple novel amino acid variants in several proteins previously identified as potential vaccine candidates. Our data help inform current efforts to develop a broadly protective syphilis vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shretha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kou, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccarese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Conte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drago, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konda, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguiluz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klausner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rompalo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukehart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casto, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychoudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequencing of 196 Treponema pallidum strains from six continents reveals additional variability in vaccine candidate genes and dominance of Nichols clade strains in Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRMT5 promotes symmetric dimethylation of RNA processing proteins and modulates activated T cell alternative splicing and Ca2+/NFAT signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein Arginine Methyltransferase (PRMT) 5 is the major type 2 methyltransferase catalyzing symmetric dimethylation (SDM) of arginine. PRMT5 inhibition or deletion in CD4 Th cells reduces TcR engagement-induced IL-2 production and Th cell expansion and confers protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of Multiple Sclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which PRMT5 modulates T helper (Th) cell proliferation are still not completely understood and neither are the methylation targets in T cells. In this manuscript, we uncover the role of PRMT5 on alternative splicing (AS) in activated T cells and identify several targets of PRMT5 SDM involved in splicing. In addition, we find a possible link between PRMT5 mediated AS of Trpm4 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 4) and TcR/NFAT signaling/IL-2 production. This understanding may guide development of drugs targeting these processes to benefit patients with T cell-mediated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laliotis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsichlis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerau-de-Arellano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRMT5 promotes symmetric dimethylation of RNA processing proteins and modulates activated T cell alternative splicing and Ca2+/NFAT signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling and transcriptional networks governing late synovial joint development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuring synovial joint development, cavitation marks the end of the emergence of new cell types and the onset of the consolidation of cell type specific programs. However, the transcriptional programs that regulate this crucial stage prior to joint maturation are incompletely characterized. Gdf5-lineage cells give rise to the majority of joint constituents such as articular cartilage, meniscus, ligament, and tendon. Therefore, to explore pre-maturation of the synovial joint, we performed single cell RNA-Seq analysis of 1,306 Gdf5-lineage cells from the murine knee joint at E17.5.

ResultsUsing computational analytics and in situ hybridization, we identified nine sub-states contributing to articular cartilage, meniscus, cruciate ligament, synovium, lining, and surrounding fibrous tissue. We identified a common progenitor population that is predicted to give rise to ligamentaocytes, articular chondrocytes, and lining cells. We further found that while a large number of signaling pathways orchestrate the differentiation of this progenitor to either ligamentocytes or to lining cells, only continued FGF signaling guides these cells to a default chondrocyte fate.

ConclusionsOur single cell transcriptional atlas is a resource that can be used to better understand and further study synovial joint development and the reactivation of embryonic programs in diseases such as osteoarthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling and transcriptional networks governing late synovial joint development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model of COVID-19 reproduces diverse clinical outcomes and reveals new and complex signatures of disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, has killed over four million people worldwide as of July 2021 with infections rising again due to the emergence of highly transmissible variants. Animal models that faithfully recapitulate human disease are critical for assessing SARS-CoV-2 viral and immune dynamics, for understanding mechanisms of disease, and for testing vaccines and therapeutics. Pigtail macaques (PTM, Macaca nemestrina) demonstrate a rapid and severe disease course when infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), including the development of severe cardiovascular symptoms that are pertinent to COVID-19 manifestations in humans. We thus proposed this species may likewise exhibit severe COVID-19 disease upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. Here, we extensively studied a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-infected PTM euthanized either 6- or 21-days after respiratory viral challenge. We show that PTM demonstrate largely mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease. Pulmonary infiltrates were dominated by T cells, including CD4+ T cells that upregulate CD8 and express cytotoxic molecules, as well as virus-targeting T cells that were predominantly CD4+. We also noted increases in inflammatory and coagulation markers in blood, pulmonary pathologic lesions, and the development of neutralizing antibodies. Together, our data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection of PTM recapitulates important features of COVID-19 and reveals new immune and viral dynamics and thus may serve as a useful animal model for studying pathogenesis and testing vaccines and therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle-Meyers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midkiff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell-Lodrigue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aye, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahlberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeltner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddingfield, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoxie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maness, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.28.458047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model of COVID-19 reproduces diverse clinical outcomes and reveals new and complex signatures of disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic, but not non-pathogenic, Rickettsia manipulate inflammasome-dependent IL-1 responses to facilitate their replication and host dissemination. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rickettsia species (spp.) are strict obligate intracellular bacteria, with some being pathogenic in their mammalian host, including humans. One critical feature of these stealthy group of pathogens is their ability to manipulate hostile cytosolic environments to their benefits. Although our understanding of Rickettsia cell biology and pathogenesis are evolving, the mechanisms by which pathogenic Rickettsia spp. evade host innate immune detection remains elusive. Here, we showed that disease severity in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice infected with R. typhi (etiologic agent of murine typhus) and R. rickettsii (etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever), but not with non-pathogenic R. montanensis, correlated with levels of bacterial burden as detected in the spleens, as well as the serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 and to a lesser extent IL- 1{beta}. Antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-1 confirmed a key role in controlling mortality rates and bacterial burdens of rickettsiae-infected WT mice. As macrophages are a primary source of both IL-1 and IL-1{beta} cytokines, we determined the mechanism of the anti-rickettsial activities using bone-marrow-derived macrophages. We found that pathogenic R. typhi and R. rickettsii, but not non-pathogenic R. montanensis, eluded pro- IL-1 induction and benefited pre-dominantly from the reduced IL-1 secretion, via a Caspase-11-Gsdmd-dependent pathway, to facilitate intracytosolic replication. Adoptative transfer experiments identified that IL-1 secretion by macrophages was critical for controlling rickettsiosis in WT mice. In sum, we identified a previously unappreciated pathway by which pathogenic, unlike non-pathogenic, rickettsiae preferentially target the Caspase-11-Gsdmd-IL-1 signaling axis in macrophages thus supporting their replication within the host.

IMPORTANCECurrently, no vaccines are available to prevent rickettsioses, while vector-borne rickettsial infections in humans are on the rise globally. In fact, the insufficient understanding of how pathogenic Rickettsia species circumvent host immune defense mechanisms has significantly hindered the development of more effective therapeutics. Here, we identified a previously unappreciated role for the Caspase-11-Gsdmd-IL-1 signaling axis, to limiting the replication of pathogenic R. rickettsia and R. typhi species in murine macrophages and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice. Adoptative transfer studies further identified IL-1-secreting macrophages as critical mediators in controlling rickettsial infection in WT mice. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the potential mechanism of how pathogenic, but not non-pathogenic Rickettsia spp., benefit from a reduction in the Caspase-11-Gsdmd-mediated release of IL-1 to support host colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voss, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Diaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTolla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic, but not non-pathogenic, Rickettsia manipulate inflammasome-dependent IL-1 responses to facilitate their replication and host dissemination.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active growth signalling promotes cancer cell sensitivity to the CDK7 inhibitor ICEC0942 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CDK7 has a central role in promoting cellular proliferation, through the activation of the mitotic CDKs, and by driving global gene expression, through targeting RNA polymerase II. Several recently developed CDK7 inhibitors (CDK7i) have been shown to be non-toxic and to limit tumour growth for a number of cancer cell types and are now in Phase I/II clinical trials. However, the mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of particular cancer cells to CDK7 inhibition remain largely unknown.

To improve the outcome of individual patients and increase the chances of successful CDK7i approval, we assessed which fundamental cellular processes determine sensitivity to CDK7 inhibition, using the highly specific CDK7 inhibitor ICEC0942. Our data shows that selective CDK7 inhibition acutely arrests cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, which over time leads to senescence. Through a genome-wide CRISPR knock-out chemogenetic screen we identified active mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling, as an important determinant of ICEC0942-induced senescence and show that a cancer-associated mutation that promotes cell growth can increase sensitivity to ICEC0942. Our work indicates that cellular growth is an important predictive marker for sensitivity to CDK7i.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sava, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneguello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulombe-Huntington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertomeu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maizels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruin, R. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active growth signalling promotes cancer cell sensitivity to the CDK7 inhibitor ICEC0942]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"Understanding Cortical Arousals during Sleep from Leg Movements: A Pilot Study." 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leg movements during sleep occur in patients with sleep pathology and healthy individuals. Some (but not all) leg movements during sleep are related to cortical arousals which occur without conscious awareness of the patient but have a significant effect of sleep fragmentation. Detecting leg movements during sleep that are associated with cortical arousals can provide unique insight into the nature and quality of sleep in both health and disease. In this study, a novel leg movement monitor is used in conjunction with polysomnography to better understand the relationship between leg movement and electroencephalogram (EEG) defined cortical arousals. In an approach that we call neuro-extremity analysis, graph theoretic, directed connectivity metrics are used to interrogate the causal links between neural activity measured by EEG and leg movements measured by the sensors within the leg movement monitor. The leg movement monitor in this study utilizes novel capacitive displacement sensors, and a 9-axis inertial measurement unit to characterize leg and foot movements. First, the capacitive displacement measures more closely related to EEG-defined cortical arousals than inertial measurements. Second, the neuro-extremity analysis reveals a temporally evolving connectivity pattern that is consistent with a model of cortical arousals in which brainstem dysfunction leads to near-instantaneous leg movements and a delayed, filtered signal to the cortex. Neuro-extremity analysis reveals causal relationships between EEG and leg movement sensor time-series data that may aid researchers to better understand the pathophysiology of cortical arousals associated with leg movements during sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robucci, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Understanding Cortical Arousals during Sleep from Leg Movements: A Pilot Study."]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid β oligomer selective antibodies for Alzheimers therapeutics and diagnostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements have been made in the diagnosis of Alzheimers disease (AD), manifesting mostly in the development of in vivo imaging methods that allow for the detection of pathological changes in AD by MRI and PET scans. Many of these imaging methods, however, use agents that probe amyloid fibrils and plaques - species that do not correlate well with disease progression and are not present at the earliest stages of the disease. Amyloid {beta} oligomers (A{beta}Os), rather, are now widely accepted as the A{beta} species most germane to AD onset and progression. Here we report evidence further supporting the role of A{beta}Os as pathological instigators of AD and introduce promising anti-A{beta}O diagnostic probes capable of distinguishing the 5xFAD mouse model from wild type mice by PET and MRI. In a developmental study, A{beta} oligomers in 5xFAD mice were found to appear at 3 months of age, just prior to the onset of memory dysfunction, and spread as memory worsened. The increase of A{beta}Os is prominent in the subiculum and correlates with concomitant development of reactive astrocytosis. The impact of these A{beta}Os on memory is in harmony with findings that intraventricular injection of synthetic A{beta}Os into wild type mice induced hippocampal dependent memory dysfunction within 24 hours. Compelling support for the conclusion that endogenous A{beta}Os cause memory loss was found in experiments showing that intranasal inoculation of A{beta}O-selective antibodies into 5xFAD mice completely restored memory function, measured 30-40 days post-inoculation. These antibodies, which were modified to give MRI and PET imaging probes, were able to distinguish 5xFAD mice from wild type littermates. These results provide strong support for the role of A{beta}Os in instigating memory loss and salient AD neuropathology, and they demonstrate that A{beta}O selective antibodies have potential both for therapeutics and for diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viola, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicca, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bebenek, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranz, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandwana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haney, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmbhatt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dravid, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid β oligomer selective antibodies for Alzheimers therapeutics and diagnostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurofibromin 1 controls metabolic balance and Notch-dependent quiescence of juvenile myogenic progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients affected by neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) frequently show muscle weakness with unknown etiology. Here we show that Neurofibromin-1 (Nf1) is not required in muscle fibers, but specifically in early postnatal myogenic progenitors (MPs), where Nf1 loss led to cell cycle exit and differentiation blockade, depleting the MP pool resulting in reduced myonuclear accrual as well as reduced muscle stem cell numbers. This was caused by precocious induction of stem cell quiescence coupled to metabolic reprogramming of MPs impinging on glycolytic shutdown, which was conserved in muscle fibers. We show that a Mek/Erk/NOS pathway hypersensitizes Nf1-deficient MPs to Notch signaling, consequently, early postnatal Notch pathway inhibition ameliorated premature quiescence, metabolic reprogramming and muscle growth. This reveals an unexpected role of Ras/Mek/Erk signaling supporting postnatal MP quiescence in concert with Notch signaling, which is controlled by Nf1 safeguarding coordinated muscle growth and muscle stem cell pool establishment. Furthermore, our data suggest transmission of metabolic reprogramming across cellular differentiation, affecting fiber metabolism and function in NF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lienhard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murgai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poehle-Kronawitter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsaris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glauben, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurofibromin 1 controls metabolic balance and Notch-dependent quiescence of juvenile myogenic progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proposed promiscuity value of an HLA can vary significantly depending on the source data used 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade, a form of immunotherapy, mobilizes a patients own immune system against cancer cells by releasing some of the natural brakes on T cells. Although our understanding of this process is evolving, it is thought that a patient response to immunotherapy requires tumor presentation of neoantigens to T cells and patients whose tumors present a wider array of neoantigens are more likely to derive benefit from immune checkpoint blockade1-4. Manczinger et al.5 recently reported findings that would appear contrarian to this notion in that they suggested patients with HLA alleles which bind more diverse peptides (higher promiscuity) are less likely to respond to immunotherapy. To estimate HLA promiscuity they looked at the HLA-peptide binding repertoires for class I alleles contained in the IEDB6, and obtained consistent results when performing robustness checks and subsequent analyses. Here we show that the proposed HLA promiscuity values can vary significantly across source data types and individual experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proposed promiscuity value of an HLA can vary significantly depending on the source data used]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal characterization of circulating neutrophils uncovers distinct phenotypes associated with disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple studies have identified an association between neutrophils and COVID-19 disease severity; however, the mechanistic basis of this association remains incompletely understood. Here we collected 781 longitudinal blood samples from 306 hospitalized COVID-19+ patients, 78 COVID-19- acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, and 8 healthy controls, and performed bulk RNA-sequencing of enriched neutrophils, plasma proteomics, cfDNA measurements and high throughput antibody profiling assays to investigate the relationship between neutrophil states and disease severity or death. We identified dynamic switches between six distinct neutrophil subtypes using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering. At days 3 and 7 post-hospitalization, patients with severe disease had an enrichment of a granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cell-like state gene expression signature, while non-severe patients with resolved disease were enriched for a progenitor-like immature neutrophil state signature. Severe disease was associated with gene sets related to neutrophil degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) signatures, distinct metabolic signatures, and enhanced neutrophil activation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We found that the majority of patients had a transient interferon-stimulated gene signature upon presentation to the emergency department (ED) defined here as Day 0, regardless of disease severity, which persisted only in patients who subsequently died. Humoral responses were identified as potential drivers of neutrophil effector functions, as enhanced antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis and reduced NETosis was associated with elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG1-to-IgA1 ratios in plasma of severe patients who survived. In vitro experiments confirmed that while patient-derived IgG antibodies mostly drove neutrophil phagocytosis and ROS production in healthy donor neutrophils, patient-derived IgA antibodies induced a predominant NETosis response. Overall, our study demonstrates neutrophil dysregulation in severe COVID-19 and a potential role for IgA-dominant responses in driving neutrophil effector functions in severe disease and mortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonye, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplonek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gushterova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kays, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manakongtreecheep, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tantivit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin-Parsons, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilly, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckaig, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charland, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodenstein, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaum, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lirofonis, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filbin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal characterization of circulating neutrophils uncovers distinct phenotypes associated with disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defunctionalizing Intracellular Organelles with Genetically-Encoded Molecular Tools Based on Engineered Phospholipase A/Acyltransferases (PLAATs) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organelles vitally achieve multifaceted functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate individual organelles are powerful in probing their physiological roles. However, many of them are either slow in action, limited to certain organelles, or rely on toxic agents. Here, we designed a generalizable molecular tool utilizing phospholipase A/acyltransferases (PLAATs) for rapid induction of organelle defunctionalization via remodeling of the membrane phospholipid composition. In particular, we identified a minimal, fully catalytic PLAAT with no unfavorable side effects. Chemically-induced translocation of the engineered PLAAT to the mitochondria surface resulted in their rapid deformation in a phospholipase activity dependent manner, followed by loss of luminal proteins as well as dissipated membrane potential, thus invalidating the functionality. To demonstrate wide applicability, we then adapted the molecular tool in peroxisomes, and observed leakage of matrix-resident functional proteins. The technique was compatible with optogenetic control, viral delivery and operation in primary neuronal cultures. Due to such versatility, the PLAAT strategy should present a novel utility in organelle biology of diverse contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nihongaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defunctionalizing Intracellular Organelles with Genetically-Encoded Molecular Tools Based on Engineered Phospholipase A/Acyltransferases (PLAATs)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 Inhibits Albuminuria in Diabetic Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of kidney failure in the world, and novel predictive biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of disease are needed. Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (Esm-1) is a secreted proteoglycan that attenuates inflammation. We previously identified that a glomerular deficiency of Esm-1 associates with more pronounced albuminuria and glomerular inflammation in DKD-susceptible relative to DKD-resistant mice, but its contribution to DKD remains unexplored. In this study, we show that lower circulating Esm-1 predicts progressive stages of albuminuria in patients with diabetes. In DKD-susceptible mice, Esm-1 inversely correlates with albuminuria and glomerular leukocyte infiltration. Using hydrodynamic tail-vein injection, we show that over-expression of either mouse or human Esm-1 reduces diabetes-induced albuminuria relative to saline-injected controls independent of leukocyte infiltration. Using a complementary approach, we find that constitutive deletion of Esm-1 in DKD-resistant mice increases the degree of diabetes-induced albuminuria versus wild-type controls. Mechanistically, over-expression of Esm-1 attenuates diabetes-induced podocyte injury. By glomerular RNAseq, we identify that Esm-1 attenuates diabetes-induced up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes, and Esm-1 inhibits expression of kidney disease-promoting and interferon-related genes, including Ackr2 and Cxcl11. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Esm-1 protects against diabetes-induced albuminuria, and podocytopathy, possibly through select interferon signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higdon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balistieri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniappan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nallagatla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caires, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalla, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 Inhibits Albuminuria in Diabetic Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bilaterally Reduced Rolandic Beta Band Activity in Minor Stroke Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stroke patients with hemiparesis display decreased beta band (13-25 Hz) rolandic activity, correlating to impaired motor function. However, patients without significant weakness, with small lesions far from sensorimotor cortex, nevertheless exhibit bilateral decreased motor dexterity and slowed reaction times. We investigate whether these minor stroke patients also display abnormal beta band activity.

Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data were collected from nine minor stroke patients (NIHSS < 4) without significant hemiparesis, at ~1 and ~6 months postinfarct, and eight age-similar controls. Rolandic relative beta power during matching tasks and resting state, and Beta Event Related (De)Synchronization (ERD/ERS) during button press responses were analyzed.

Regardless of lesion location, patients had significantly reduced relative beta power and ERS compared to controls. Abnormalities persisted over visits, and were present in both ipsi- and contra-lesional hemispheres, consistent with bilateral impairments in motor dexterity and speed.

Minor stroke patients without severe weakness display reduced rolandic beta band activity in both hemispheres, which may be linked to bilaterally impaired dexterity and processing speed, implicating global connectivity dysfunction affecting sensorimotor cortex. Rolandic beta band activity may be a potential biomarker and treatment target, even for minor stroke patients with small lesions far from sensorimotor areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulasingham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodbeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bilaterally Reduced Rolandic Beta Band Activity in Minor Stroke Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral phenotyping of Zip8 393T-KI mice for in vivo study of schizophrenia pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies have informed on the genetic landscape of schizophrenia, and the next challenge is to link the genetic associations to mechanistic studies. A common single nucleotide polymorphism in the zinc and manganese transporter ZIP8 (rs13107325; ZIP8 A391T) is a top candidate to prioritize for functional studies because it is a missense mutation that results in hypomorphic protein function. With this goal, we have established a mouse model (Zip8 393T-knock-in (KI)), and here, we report the results of brain necropsy and initial behavioral phenotyping experiments in the KI mice using open field testing, elevated plus maze, Y-maze, and trace fear conditioning. Overall, male, homozygous KI mice may exhibit subtle defects in cognition and spatial learning, otherwise the baseline testing supports minimal behavioral differences between wild-type and Zip8 393T-KI mice. There were no genotype-specific alterations of gross or microscopic neuroanatomy. These experiments are important to establish the baseline characteristics of the Zip8 393T-KI mice that may be perturbed in animal models of schizophrenia and position the Zip8 393T-KI mouse as an important model for translational studies of schizophrenia pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terrillion, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral phenotyping of Zip8 393T-KI mice for in vivo study of schizophrenia pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The anterior insular cortex associates temporally discontiguous stimuli during threat learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning about potential threats in the environment is indispensable for survival. Deficits in threat learning constitute a key dimension of multiple brain disorders, which include posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorder. While human brain imaging studies have highlighted a reliable engagement of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) in threat learning, its precise role remains elusive partly due to the lack of animal studies that can address causality and mechanistic questions. Filling in this gap, the present mouse study proposes a novel AIC-mediated mechanism underlying the association of temporally discontiguous stimuli during threat learning. We identified that activity of AIC layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons is required for associating temporally discontiguous stimuli, specifically during a time interval between them. Notably, the AIC is not required for associating temporally contiguous stimuli during threat learning. The AIC not only sends the essential information, via its L5 pyramidal neurons, to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) during the time interval, but also receives from the BLA. We also identified a modulatory role of AIC dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated dopamine signaling in associating temporally discontiguous stimuli during the time interval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Chabot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isehak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The anterior insular cortex associates temporally discontiguous stimuli during threat learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIBRA-PKCγ signaling pathway modulates memory performance in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human memory is a polygenic cognitive trait that is fundamental to individual competence. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified KIBRA as a novel gene associated with human memory performance. KIBRA interacts with AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and proteins essential for synaptic plasticity. The deletion of Kibra in mice impairs synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. However, the molecular basis through which KIBRA regulates dynamic AMPAR trafficking underlying synaptic plasticity is still unknown. Here we report that KIBRA interacts with the neuronal specific kinase PKC{gamma} to modulate AMPAR trafficking upon learning, and KIBRA-PKC{gamma} signaling pathway also associates with human memory performance. We find PKC{gamma} is an essential kinase that phosphorylates AMPARs upon learning, and the loss of KIBRA in mouse brain impedes PKC{gamma}-AMPAR interaction. Activation of PKC{gamma} enables KIBRA to recruit phosphorylated AMPARs to the synapse to promote LTP and learning. We further performed transcriptomic and genetic analyses in human postmortem brain samples, and behavioral and fMRI evaluations in living human subjects, to demonstrate the genetic interactions between KIBRA and PRKCG on memory performance and memory associated physiological engagement of the hippocampal memory system. Overall, our results support that the KIBRA-PKC{gamma} signaling pathway is crucial for modulating memory performance in mice and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldschmidt, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIBRA-PKCγ signaling pathway modulates memory performance in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian regulation of lung repair and regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimal lung repair and regeneration is essential for recovery from viral infections such as that induced by influenza A virus (IAV). We have previously demonstrated that lung inflammation induced by IAV is under circadian control. However, it is not known if the circadian clock exerts its influence on lung repair and regenerative processes independent of acute inflammation from IAV. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that lung organoids have a functional clock as they mature and that the absence of an intact circadian clock impairs regenerative capacity. Using several models of circadian disruption, we show that with the absence of an intact clock lung proliferation is disrupted. Further, we find that the circadian clock acts through direct control of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway. We speculate, that adding the circadian dimension to the critical process of lung repair and regeneration will lead to novel therapies and improve outcomes. Finally, we use data from UK Biobank to demonstrate at the population level, the role of poor circadian rhythms in mediating negative outcomes following lung infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valekunja, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGerald, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthen, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.20.469376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian regulation of lung repair and regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous Syngap1 Alpha Splice Forms Promote Cognitive Function and Seizure Protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function variants in SYNAGP1 cause a developmental encephalopathy defined by cognitive impairment, autistic features, and epilepsy. SYNGAP1 splicing leads to expression of distinct functional protein isoforms. Splicing imparts multiple cellular functions of SynGAP proteins through coding of distinct C-terminal motifs. However, it remains unknown how these different splice sequences function in vivo to regulate neuronal function and behavior. Reduced expression of SynGAP-1/2 C-terminal splice variants in mice caused severe phenotypes, including reduced survival, impaired learning, and reduced seizure latency. In contrast, upregulation of 1/2 expression improved learning and increased seizure latency. Mice expressing 1-specific mutations, which disrupted SynGAP cellular functions without altering protein expression, promoted seizure, disrupted synapse plasticity, and impaired learning. These findings demonstrate that endogenous SynGAP isoforms with 1/2 spliced sequences promote cognitive function and impart seizure protection. Regulation of SynGAP- expression or function may be a viable therapeutic strategy to broadly improve cognitive function and mitigate seizure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterborn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous Syngap1 Alpha Splice Forms Promote Cognitive Function and Seizure Protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ca2+ Mediates HIF-dependent Upregulation of Aquaporin 1 in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolonged exposure to hypoxia causes structural remodeling and sustained contraction of the pulmonary vasculature, resulting in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Both pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and migration contribute to the vascular remodeling. We previously showed that the protein expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a membrane water channel protein, is elevated in PASMCs during following in vivo or in vitro exposure to hypoxia. Studies in other cell types suggest that AQP1 is a direct transcriptional target of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1. Moreover, we and others have shown that an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is a hallmark of hypoxic exposure in PASMCs. Thus, we wanted to determine whether HIF regulates AQP1 in PASMCs and, if so, whether the process occurred via transcriptional regulation or was Ca2+-dependent. PASMCs were exposed to hypoxia, incubated with DMOG, which inhibits HIF protein degradation or infected with constitutively active forms of HIF-1 or HIF-2. Hypoxia, DMOG and HIF1/2 produced a time-dependent increase in AQP1 protein, but not mRNA. Interestingly, incubation with increasing HIF1/2a levels and DMOG increased [Ca2+]i in PASMCs, and this elevation was prevented by the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel inhibitor, verapamil (VER) and nonselective cation channel inhibitor SKF96365 (SKF). VER and SKF also blocked upregulation of AQP1 protein by DMOG or HIF1/2, but had no effect on expression of GLUT1, a canonical HIF transcriptional target. Silencing of AQP1 abrogated increases in PASMC migration and proliferation induced by HIF1/2, suggesting induction of AQP1 protein by HIF1/2 has a functional outcome in these cells. Thus, our results show that contrary to reports in other cell types, in PASMCs, AQP1 does not appear to be a direct target for HIF transcriptional regulation. Instead, AQP1 protein may be upregulated by a mechanism involving HIF-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JIang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ca2+ Mediates HIF-dependent Upregulation of Aquaporin 1 in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.18.473308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil Profiles of Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.18.473308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a delayed-onset, COVID-19-related hyperinflammatory systemic illness characterized by SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia, cytokine storm and immune dysregulation; however, the role of the neutrophil has yet to be defined. In adults with severe COVID-19, neutrophil activation has been shown to be central to overactive inflammatory responses and complications. Thus, we sought to define neutrophil activation in children with MIS-C and acute COVID-19. We collected samples from 141 children: 31 cases of MIS-C, 43 cases of acute pediatric COVID-19, and 67 pediatric controls. We found that MIS-C neutrophils display a granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (G-MDSC) signature with highly altered metabolism, which is markedly different than the neutrophil interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) response observed in pediatric patients during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we identified signatures of neutrophil activation and degranulation with high levels of spontaneous neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in neutrophils isolated from fresh whole blood of MIS-C patients. Mechanistically, we determined that SARS-CoV-2 immune complexes are sufficient to trigger NETosis. Overall, our findings suggest that the hyperinflammatory presentation of MIS-C could be mechanistically linked to persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia through uncontrolled neutrophil activation and NET release in the vasculature.

One Sentence SummaryCirculating SARS-CoV-2 antigen:antibody immune complexes in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) drive hyperinflammatory and coagulopathic neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and neutrophil activation pathways, providing insight into disease pathology and establishing a divergence from neutrophil signaling seen in acute pediatric COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boribong, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellett, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiselle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonye, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajizadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlow, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.18.473308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil Profiles of Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleoplasmic Lamin C Rapidly Accumulates at Sites of Nuclear Envelope Rupture with BAF and cGAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cell nuclei, the nuclear lamina (NL) underlies the nuclear envelope (NE) to maintain nuclear structure. The nuclear lamins, the major structural components of the NL, are involved in the protection against NE rupture induced by mechanical stress. However, the specific role of the lamins in repair of NE ruptures has not been fully determined. Our analyses using immunofluorescence and live-cell imaging revealed that lamin C but not the other lamin isoforms rapidly accumulated at sites of NE rupture induced by laser microirradiation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The immunoglobulin-like fold domain and the NLS were required for the recruitment from the nucleoplasm to the rupture sites with the Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). The accumulation of nuclear BAF and cytoplasmic cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) at the rupture sites was in part dependent on lamin A/C. These results suggest that nucleoplasmic lamin C, BAF and cGAS concertedly accumulate at sites of NE rupture for repair.

SummaryKono et al. show the rapid recruitment of nucleoplasmic lamin C to sites of nuclear envelope rupture with Barrier-to-autointegration factor. Lamin A/C is also involved in nuclear DNA sensing with cytoplasmic cGAS at the ruptured sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kono, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleoplasmic Lamin C Rapidly Accumulates at Sites of Nuclear Envelope Rupture with BAF and cGAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for motion in fMRI: What part of the spectrum are we characterizing in autism spectrum disorder? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exclusion of high-motion participants can reduce the impact of motion in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. However, the exclusion of high-motion participants may change the distribution of clinically relevant variables in the study sample, and the resulting sample may not be representative of the population. Our goals are two-fold: 1) to document the biases introduced by common motion exclusion practices in functional connectivity research and 2) to introduce a framework to address these biases by treating excluded scans as a missing data problem. We use a study of autism spectrum disorder in children without an intellectual disability to illustrate the problem and the potential solution. We aggregated data from 545 children (8-13 years old) who participated in resting-state fMRI studies at Kennedy Krieger Institute (173 autistic and 372 typically developing) between 2007 and 2020. We found that autistic children were more likely to be excluded than typically developing children, with 28.5% and 16.1% of autistic and typically developing children excluded, respectively, using a lenient criterion and 81.0% and 60.1% with a stricter criterion. The resulting sample of autistic children with usable data tended to be older, have milder social deficits, better motor control, and higher intellectual ability than the original sample. These measures were also related to functional connectivity strength among children with usable data. This suggests that the generalizability of previous studies reporting naive analyses (i.e., based only on participants with usable data) may be limited by the selection of older children with less severe clinical profiles because these children are better able to remain still during an rs-fMRI scan. We adapt doubly robust targeted minimum loss based estimation with an ensemble of machine learning algorithms to address these data losses and the resulting biases. The proposed approach selects more edges that differ in functional connectivity between autistic and typically developing children than the naive approach, supporting this as a promising solution to improve the study of heterogeneous populations in which motion is common.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidstone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkeser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risk, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for motion in fMRI: What part of the spectrum are we characterizing in autism spectrum disorder?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-specific neural processes underlying conflict resolution during cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control involves flexibly combining multiple sensory inputs with task-dependent goals during decision making. Several tasks have been proposed to examine cognitive control, including Stroop, Eriksen-Flanker, and the Multi-source interference task. Because these tasks have been studied independently, it remains unclear whether the neural signatures of cognitive control reflect abstract control mechanisms or specific combinations of sensory and behavioral aspects of each task. To address this question, here we recorded invasive neurophysiological signals from 16 subjects and directly compared the three tasks against each other. Neural activity patterns in the theta and high-gamma frequency bands differed between incongruent and congruent conditions, revealing strong modulation by conflicting task demands. These neural signals were specific to each task, generalizing within a task but not across tasks. These results highlight the complex interplay between sensory inputs, motor outputs, and task demands and argue against a universal and abstract representation of conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reucroft, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisholtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.16.476535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-specific neural processes underlying conflict resolution during cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma proteomic biomarkers identify non-responders and reveal biological insights about the tumor microenvironment in melanoma patients after PD1 blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) do not have durable treatment responses. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify early non-invasive biomarkers of response. We performed plasma proteomic analysis (>700 proteins) at three timepoints on 174 metastatic melanoma patients treated with ICB. We leverage independent training and testing cohorts to build a predictor of immunotherapy response that outperforms several tissue-based approaches. We found 217 differentially expressed proteins between ICB responders (R) and non-responders (NR), including a co-regulated module of proteins enriched in certain NR patients. By analyzing single-cell RNA-sequencing data of tumor biopsies from 32 patients, we dissected the relative contribution of cells in the tumor to proteins in circulation. The majority of proteins in the co-regulated NR module derived from tumor and myeloid cells. Amongst myeloid cells, we identified a subset of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) with a suppressive phenotype that expressed high levels of the co-regulated NR module, thus suggesting they are key drivers of non-response signatures. Together, our data demonstrates the utility of plasma proteomics in biomarker discovery and in understanding the biology of host response to tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprecher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultin-Rosenberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasumova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonye, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma proteomic biomarkers identify non-responders and reveal biological insights about the tumor microenvironment in melanoma patients after PD1 blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT3 gain-of-function mutations connect leukemia with autoimmune disease by pathological dysregulation of NKG2Dhi CD8 killer T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The association between cancer and autoimmune disease is unexplained, exemplified by T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL) where gain-of-function somatic mutations in STAT3 correlate with co-existing autoimmunity. To resolve whether these mutations are the cause or consequence of CD8 clonal expansions and autoimmunity, here we analyse patients with germline STAT3 GOF syndrome and mice with the T-LGL mutation STAT3K658Nor the most common germline mutation, STAT3T716M. STAT3 GOF mutations drove accumulation of effector CD8 T cell clones highly expressing the NKG2D receptor for MHC-I-related molecules expressed on stressed cells, and the genes for inflammatory/cytotoxic granzymes, perforin, interferon-{gamma} and Ccl5/Rantes. CD8 cells were essential to lethal disease in Stat3K658Nmice and their accumulation required NKG2D and the receptor for IL-15 and IL-2, IL2RB. These results demonstrate that STAT3 GOF mutations cause effector CD8 T cell oligoclonal accumulation and that these rogue T cells contribute to autoimmune pathology, supporting the hypothesis that somatic mutations in leukemia/lymphoma driver genes contribute to autoimmune disease.

IN BRIEFLeukemia and autoimmune-associated STAT3 gain-of-function mutations dysregulate CD8 T cells to cause autoimmune pathology and oligoclonal expansion of cytotoxic killer CD8 T cells, that depend upon NKG2D and IL2RB receptors for signals displayed on stressed, damaged, infected, or mutated tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masle-Farquhar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Eryani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apps, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jara, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiding, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiskanen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preece, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainulainen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppänen, M. R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustjoki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brothers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangye, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodnow, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT3 gain-of-function mutations connect leukemia with autoimmune disease by pathological dysregulation of NKG2Dhi CD8 killer T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single 2'-O-methylation of ribosomal RNA gates assembly of a functionalribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA modifications are widespread in biology, and particularly abundant in ribosomal RNA. However, the significance of these modifications is not well understood. We show that methylation of a single universally conserved nucleotide, in the catalytic center of the large subunit, gates ribosome assembly. Massively parallel mutational scanning of the essential nuclear GTPase Nog2 identified important interactions with ribosomal RNA helix 92, particularly with the methylated A-site base Gm2922. We found that 2-O-methylation of G2922 is needed for efficient nuclear export of the large subunit. Critically, we identified single amino acid changes in Nog2 that completely bypass its dependence on G2922 methylation. By solving the cryo-EM structure of the unmodified nascent subunit, we reveal how methylation flips Gm2922 into the active site channel of Nog2. This work demonstrates that a single RNA modification is a critical checkpoint in ribosome biogenesis, and suggests that RNA modifications can play an important role in regulation and assembly of macromolecular machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yelland, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J. P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single 2'-O-methylation of ribosomal RNA gates assembly of a functionalribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Read depth correction for somatic mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to accurately detect mutations is a function of read depth and variant allele frequency (VAF). While the read depth distribution of a sample is observable, the true VAF distribution of all mutations in a sample is uncertain when there is low coverage depth. We propose to estimate the VAF distributions that would be observed with high-depth sequencing for samples with low sequencing depth by grouping samples with similar clonality and purity and using the VAF distributions observed with the high-depth mutations that are available. With these estimated high-depth VAF distributions we then calculate what the expected VAF distributions would be at a given depth and compare against the observed VAF distributions at that depth. Using this procedure we estimate that The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) MC3 dataset only reports on average 83% of the mutations in a sample which would have been detected with high-depth sequencing. These results have important implications for comparing tumor mutational burden (TMB) estimates when samples are sequenced at different depths and for modeling high-depth, gene panel-based sequencing from the TCGA MC3 dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Read depth correction for somatic mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin is required for meiotic spindle assembly independent of its role in cohesion in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate chromosome segregation requires a cohesin-mediated physical attachment between chromosomes that are to be segregated apart, and a bipolar spindle with microtubule plus ends emanating from exactly two poles toward the paired chromosomes. We asked whether the striking bipolar structure of C. elegans meiotic chromosomes is required for bipolarity of acentriolar female meiotic spindles by analyzing mutants that lack cohesion between chromosomes. Both a spo-11, rec-8, coh-3, coh-4 quadruple mutant and a spo-11, rec-8 double mutant entered M phase with single chromatids lacking any cohesion. However, the quadruple mutant formed an apolar spindle whereas the double mutant formed a bipolar spindle that segregated chromatids into two roughly equal masses. Residual non-cohesive COH-3/4-dependent cohesin on single chromatids of the double mutant was sufficient to recruit haspin- dependent Aurora B kinase, which regulated the localization of the spindle-assembly factors CLASP-2 and kinesin-13 to mediate bipolar spindle assembly in the apparent absence of chromosomal bipolarity. These results demonstrate that cohesin is essential for spindle assembly and chromosome segregation independent of its role in sister chromatid cohesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNally, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danlasky, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin is required for meiotic spindle assembly independent of its role in cohesion in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.484651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cancer stem cell population underlies a multi-lineage phenotype and drug resistance in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.484651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo resist lineage-dependent therapies such as androgen receptor inhibition in prostate cancer, cancer cells often adopt a stem-like state resulting in lineage-plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. We assessed the dynamics of lineage determination and cellular subpopulation expansion in treatment-resistant adenocarcinoma, amphicrine, and small cell neuroendocrine castrate resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs).

Experimental DesignWe developed CRPC patient-derived organoid models that preserve heterogeneity of the originating tumor, including an amphicrine model harboring epigenetic driver mutations, ARID1A and ARID1B, and displaying a range of luminal and neuroendocrine phenotypes. We used single-cell RNA-seq, barcode lineage-tracing, single-cell ATAC-seq, and RNA-FISH to delineate the subpopulation structure of the heterogeneous organoids and define the lineage hierarchy, determine potential transcriptional regulators of amphicrine lineage-plasticity, and identify subpopulation-specific molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.

ResultsTranscriptionally similar stem/progenitor cells were identified for all lineage populations. Lineage tracing in amphicrine CRPC showed that heterogeneity originated from distinct subclones of infrequent stem/progenitor cells that produced mainly quiescent differentiated amphicrine progeny. Amphicrine cells were enriched for secretory luminal, mesenchymal, and enzalutamide treatment persistent signatures. By contrast, adenocarcinoma CRPC had a less defined hierarchy, as progeny originated from stem/progenitor cells and self-renewing differentiated luminal cells. NEPC was composed almost exclusively of self-renewing stem/progenitor cells. Amphicrine stem cells demonstrated concurrent transcription factor activities associated with stem/progenitor, luminal epithelial and mesenchymal lineages. Finally, the amphicrine stem/progenitor subpopulation was specifically depleted with an AURKA inhibitor, which blocked tumor growth.

ConclusionsThese data illuminate distinct origins and dynamics of subtype-specific CRPC plasticity in addition to demonstrating a strategy for targeting differentiation-competent stem cells.

Translational RelevanceFor advanced prostate cancer, therapeutic resistance to androgen signaling suppression increasingly involves the development of lineage plasticity. The cellular states of transition and subpopulation heterogeneity that underlie lineage-plasticity are not well understood, which is an ongoing challenge to the design of effective treatments. Using patient-derived organoid models of various CRPC lineage subtypes, we observed distinct patterns with respect to stem/progenitor activity and associated growth phenotypes. The simultaneous expression of AR-driven and neuroendocrine identities, so-called amphicrine tumors, are thought to be an early dedifferentiation stage in plasticity-mediated resistance. We observed in an epigenetically-driven, amphicrine model of CRPC that a rare but necessary bipotent stem/progenitor population is suppressed by AURKA inhibitors, leading to tumor regression, while ARPC demonstrates both self-renewing differentiated luminal cells and stem/progenitors. These data suggest that AURKA inhibition may block the amplification of a resistance dedifferentiation pathway and should be considered in combination with AR signaling inhibitors for ARPC with characteristics of lineage plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beshiri, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capaldo, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alilin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karzai, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahut, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowalsky, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.484651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cancer stem cell population underlies a multi-lineage phenotype and drug resistance in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in TAF1 expression in female carrier induced pluripotent stem cells and human brain ontogeny has implications for adult neostriatum vulnerability in X-linked Dystonia Parkinsonism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism (XDP) is an inherited, X-linked, adult-onset movement disorder characterized by degeneration in the neostriatum. No therapeutics alter disease progression. The mechanisms underlying regional differences in degeneration and age of onset are unknown. Developing therapeutics that target XDP-related mechanisms requires a deeper understanding of how XDP-relevant features vary in health and disease. XDP is due, in part, to either a partial loss of TAF1 function and/or a SVA-driven pathological gain of function. A disease-specific SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposon insertion occurs within intron 32 of TAF1, a subunit of TFIID involved in transcription initiation. While all XDP males are usually clinically affected, females are heterozygous carriers generally not manifesting the full syndrome. As a resource for disease modeling, we characterized eight iPSC lines from XDP female carrier individuals, and identified isogenic lines where one clonal iPSC line expressed the wild-type X, and the two other clonal iPSC lines expressed the XDP haplotype. Furthermore, we characterized XDP-relevant transcript expression variation in humans, and found that SVA-F expression decreases slightly after 30 years of age in the neurotypical human brain and that TAF1 is modestly decreased in the majority of female samples. Uniquely in the caudate nucleus, TAF1 expression is not sexually dymorphic and decreased after 15 years of age. These findings indicate that regional-, age- and sex-specific mechanisms regulate TAF1, highlighting the importance of disease-relevant models and postmortem tissue analysis. We propose that the decreased TAF1 expression in the adult caudate may synergize with the XDP-specific partial loss of TAF1 function in patients, thereby passing a minimum threshold of TAF1 function, and triggering degeneration in the neostriatum.

Significance StatementXDP is an inherited, X-linked, adult-onset movement disorder characterized by degeneration in the neostriatum. No therapeutics alter disease progression. Developing therapeutics requires a deeper understanding of how XDP-relevant features vary in health and disease. XDP is possibly due to a partial loss of TAF1 function. While all XDP males are usually affected, females are heterozygous carriers generally not manifesting the full syndrome. As a resource for disease modeling, we characterized eight stem cell lines from XDP female carrier individuals. Furthermore, we found that, uniquely in the caudate nucleus, TAF1 expression decreases after adolescence in healthy humans. We hypothesize that the decrease of TAF1 after adolescence in human caudate, in general, may underlie the vulnerability of the adult neostriatum in XDP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Ignazio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacomini, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, K. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diffenerfer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankonin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendriks, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquola, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.26.485862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in TAF1 expression in female carrier induced pluripotent stem cells and human brain ontogeny has implications for adult neostriatum vulnerability in X-linked Dystonia Parkinsonism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helical remodeling augments 5-lipoxygenase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes implicated in asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atherosclerosis is initiated by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). The crystal structure of human Stable-5-LOX revealed a conformation where the catalytic iron was inaccessible to bulk solvent as two aromatic residues on a conserved helix-2 (H2) plugged the substrate access portal. Here, we present a new conformation of 5-LOX where H2 adopts an elongated conformation equivalent to that described in other animal lipoxygenase structures. The sigmoidal kinetic behavior of 5-LOX, which is indicative of positive cooperativity, is consistent with a substrate-induced conformational change that shifts the ensemble of enzyme populations to favor the catalytically competent state. Strategic point mutations along H2 designed to unlock the closed conformation and elongate H2 resulted in improved kinetic parameters, altered limited-proteolysis data, and a drastic reduction in the length of the lag phase yielding the most active 5-LOX enzyme to date. Structural predictions by AlphaFold2 of these variants statistically favor an elongated H2 and reinforce a model in which improved kinetic parameters correlate with a more readily adopted, open conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallegos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathes, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helical remodeling augments 5-lipoxygenase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of sleep continuity disruption on multimodal emotion processing and regulation: a laboratory-based, randomized, controlled experiment in good sleepers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research shows that experimental sleep deprivation alters emotion processing, suggesting a potential mechanism linking sleep disruption to mental ill-health. Extending previous work, we experimentally disrupted sleep continuity in good sleepers and assessed next-day emotion processing and regulation using tasks with established sensitivity to depression. In a laboratory-based study, 51 good sleepers (37 female; mean age = 24 years, SD= 3.63) were randomized to one night (23:00-07:00) of uninterrupted sleep (n=24) or sleep continuity disruption (n=27). We assessed emotion perception, attention, and memory the following day. Participants also completed an emotion regulation task and measures of self-reported affect, anxiety, sleepiness, overnight declarative memory consolidation, and psychomotor vigilance. Confirming the effects of the manipulation, sleep continuity disruption led to a marked decrease in polysomnography-defined total sleep time (229.98 mins vs 434.57 mins), increased wake-time after sleep onset (260.66 mins vs 23.84 mins) and increased sleepiness (d=0.81). Sleep continuity disruption led to increased anxiety (d=0.68), decreased positive affect (d=-0.62), reduced overnight declarative memory consolidation (d=-1.08) and reduced psychomotor vigilance [longer reaction times (d=0.64) and more lapses (d=0.74)], relative to control. However, contrary to our hypotheses, experimental sleep disruption had no effect on perception of, or bias for, emotional facial expressions, emotional memory for words, or emotion regulation following worry induction. In conclusion, one night of sleep continuity disruption had no appreciable effect on objective measures of emotion processing or emotion regulation in response to worry induction, despite clear effects on memory consolidation, vigilance, and self-reported affect and anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omlin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of sleep continuity disruption on multimodal emotion processing and regulation: a laboratory-based, randomized, controlled experiment in good sleepers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepTMB: An uncertainty-aware deep calibration of tumor mutational burden with a synthetic tumor-only dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTumor mutational burden (TMB) has been investigated as a biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Increasingly, TMB is being estimated with gene panel-based assays (as opposed to full exome sequencing) and different gene panels cover overlapping but distinct genomic coordinates, making comparisons across panels difficult. Previous studies have suggested that standardization and calibration to exome-derived TMB be done for each panel to ensure comparability. With TMB cutoffs being developed from panel-based assays, there is a need to understand how to properly estimate exomic TMB values from different panel-based assays. Design: Our approach to calibration of panel-derived TMB to exomic TMB proposes the use of probabilistic mixture models that allow for nonlinear relationships along with heteroscedastic error. We examined various inputs including nonsynonymous, synonymous, and hotspot counts along with genetic ancestry. Using the TCGA cohort we generated a tumor-only version of the panel-restricted data by reintroducing private germline variants. Results: We were able to model more accurately the distribution of both tumor-normal and tumor-only data using the proposed probabilistic mixture models as compared to linear regression. Applying a model trained on tumor-normal data to tumor-only input results in biased TMB predictions. Including synonymous mutations resulted in better regression metrics across both data types, but ultimately a model able to dynamically weight the various input mutation types exhibited optimal performance. Including genetic ancestry improved model performance only in the context of tumor-only data, wherein private germline variants are observed.

SignificanceA probabilistic mixture model better models the nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity of the data as compared to linear regression. Tumor-only panel data is needed to properly calibrate tumor-only panels to exomic TMB. Leveraging the uncertainty of point estimates from these models better informs cohort stratification in terms of TMB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepTMB: An uncertainty-aware deep calibration of tumor mutational burden with a synthetic tumor-only dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although CD4+ memory T cells are considered the primary latent reservoir for HIV-1, replication competent HIV has been detected in tissue macrophages in both animal and human studies. During in vitro HIV infection, the depleted nucleotide pool and high dUTP levels in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) leads to proviruses with high levels of dUMP, which has been implicated in viral restriction or reduced transcription depending on the uracil base excision repair (UBER) competence of the macrophage. Incorporated dUMP has also been detected in viral DNA from circulating monocytes (MC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), establishing the biological relevance of this phenotype but not the replicative capacity of dUMP-containing proviruses. As compared to in vitro differentiated MDM, AM from normal donors had 6-fold lower levels of dTTP and a 6-fold increased dUTP/dTTP, indicating a highly restrictive dNTP pool for reverse transcription. Expression of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) was 8-fold lower in AM compared to the already low levels in MDM. Accordingly, [~]80% of HIV proviruses contained dUMP, which persisted for at least 14-days due to low UNG excision activity. Unlike MDM, AM expression levels of UNG and SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) increased over 14 days post-HIV infection, while dUTP nucleotidohydrolase expression decreased. These AM-specific effects suggest a restriction response centered on excising uracil from viral DNA copies and increasing relative dUTP levels. Despite the restrictive nucleotide pools, we detected rare replication competent HIV in AM, peripheral MC, and CD4+ T cells from ART-treated donors. These findings indicate that the potential integration block of incorporated dUMP is not realized during in vivo infection of AM and MC due to the near absence of UBER activity. In addition, the increased expression of UNG and SAMHD1 in AM post-infection is too slow to prevent integration. Accordingly, dUMP persists in integrated viruses, which based on in vitro studies, can lead to transcriptional silencing. This possible silencing outcome of persistent dUMP could promote viral latency until the repressive effects of viral dUMP are reversed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshesha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churgulia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breakey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MPZ-T124M mouse model replicates human axonopathy and suggest alteration in axo-glia communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myelin is essential for rapid nerve impulse propagation and axon protection. Accordingly, defects in myelination or myelin maintenance lead to secondary axonal damage and subsequent degeneration. Studies utilizing genetic (CNPase-, MAG-, and PLP-null mice) and naturally occurring neuropathy models suggest that myelinating glia also support axons independently from myelin. Myelin protein zero (MPZ or P0), which is expressed only by Schwann cells, is critical for myelin formation and maintenance in the peripheral nervous system. Many mutations in MPZ are associated with demyelinating neuropathies (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B [CMT1B]). Surprisingly, the substitution of threonine by methionine at position 124 of P0 (P0T124M) causes axonal neuropathy (CMT2J) with little to no myelin damage. This disease provides an excellent paradigm to understand how myelinating glia support axons independently from myelin. To study this, we generated targeted knock-in P0T124M mutant mice, a genetically authentic model of T124M-CMT2J neuropathy. Similar to patients, these mice develop axonopathy between 2 and 12 months of age, characterized by impaired motor performance, normal nerve conduction velocities but reduced compound motor action potential amplitudes, and axonal damage with only minor compact myelin modifications. Mechanistically, we detected metabolic changes that could lead to axonal degeneration, and prominent alterations in non-compact myelin domains such as paranodes, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, and gap junctions, implicated in Schwann cell-axon communication and axonal metabolic support. Finally, we document perturbed mitochondrial size and distribution along P0T124M axons suggesting altered axonal transport. Our data suggest that Schwann cells in P0T124M mutant mice cannot provide axons with sufficient trophic support, leading to reduced ATP biosynthesis and axonopathy. In conclusion, the P0T124M mouse model faithfully reproduces the human neuropathy and represents a unique tool for identifying the molecular basis for glial support of axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shackleford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marziali, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manohar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltri, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrabetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MPZ-T124M mouse model replicates human axonopathy and suggest alteration in axo-glia communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.489807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glia-mediated cerebellar pain modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.489807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical studies have revealed that the cerebellum is activated by noxious stimuli or pathological pain, and its removal results in somatosensory dysfunction. However, the neural circuits and molecular mechanisms underlying the processing of noxious information in the cerebellum remain unknown. Using two-photon microscopy and optogenetics in mice, we found that the locus coeruleus (LC) terminals in the cerebellar cortex release noradrenaline (NA) in response to cutaneous noxious electrical stimuli. Most Bergmann glia (BG) accumulated this LC-NA noxious information by increasing intracellular calcium in an integrative manner. This global calcium activation of BG, referred to as "flare," was also elicited in response to an intraplantar capsaicin injection. Chemogenetic inactivation of LC terminals or BG in the cerebellar cortex suppressed BG flares and reduced licking, a nocifensive behavior associated with capsaicin-induced pain. BG-specific knockdown of -1 adrenergic receptors also suppressed capsaicin-induced BG flares and licking. Chemogenetic activation of BG or an intraplantar capsaicin injection reduced Purkinje cell firings, which disinhibited the output activity of the deep cerebellar nuclei. These results suggest that BG in the cerebellar cortex play an essential role in computing noxious information ascending from the LC and modulate pain-related behaviors by controlling the activity of the cerebellar neural circuits.

One Sentence SummaryBergmann glia mediate noxious information processing in the cerebellum
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigetomi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koizumi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KIM, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.489807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glia-mediated cerebellar pain modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutation in human Oxidation Resistance gene 1 disrupts the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in early brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a loss-of-function mutation in the TLDc domain of human Oxidation Resistance 1 (OXR1) gene, resulting in early-onset epilepsy, developmental delay, cognitive disabilities, and cerebellar atrophy. Patient lymphoblasts show impaired cell survival, proliferation, and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. These phenotypes are rescued by TLDc domain replacement. We generated patient derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revealing impaired neural differentiation along with dysregulation of genes essential for neurodevelopment. We identified that OXR1 influences histone arginine methylation by activating protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), suggesting OXR1 dependent mechanisms regulating gene expression during neurodevelopment. We modeled the function of OXR1 in early human brain development using patient derived brain organoids revealing that OXR1 contributes to the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in specific brain regions. Our work provides new insights into pathological features and molecular underpinnings associated with OXR1 deficiency, highlighting the therapeutic potential of OXR1 in numerous neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damseh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, M. M. L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusnierczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahrour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ashhab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Libdeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slupphaug, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elpeleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boe, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eide, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinholm, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edvardson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function mutation in human Oxidation Resistance gene 1 disrupts the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in early brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collateral lethality between HDAC1 and HDAC2 exploits cancer-specific NuRD complex vulnerabilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been widely pursued as targets for anti-cancer therapeutics. However, many of these targets are universally essential for cell survival, which may limit the therapeutic window that can be achieved by drug candidates. By examining large collections of CRISPR/Cas9-based essentiality screens, we discovered a genetic interaction between HDAC1 and HDAC2 wherein each paralog is synthetically lethal with hemizygous deletion of the other. This collateral synthetic lethality is caused by recurrent chromosomal translocations that occur in diverse solid and hematological malignancies, including neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma. Using genetic deletion or dTAG-mediated degradation, we show that HDAC2 disruption suppresses the growth of HDAC1-deficient neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that targeted degradation of HDAC2 in these cells prompts the degradation of several members of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, leading to diminished chromatin accessibility at HDAC2/NuRD-bound sites of the genome and impaired control of enhancer-associated transcription. Furthermore, we reveal that several of the degraded NuRD complex subunits are dependencies in neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma, providing motivation to develop paralog-selective HDAC1 or HDAC2 degraders. Altogether, we identify HDAC1/2 collateral synthetic lethality as a new therapeutic target and reveal a novel mechanism for exploiting NuRD-associated cancer dependencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remillard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onubogu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakyriakou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiaban, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janiszewska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.493851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collateral lethality between HDAC1 and HDAC2 exploits cancer-specific NuRD complex vulnerabilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating plasma IL-13 and periostin are dysregulated type 2 inflammatory biomarkers in prurigo nodularis: a cluster analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by severe pruritus and notable disease heterogeneity. There is evidence of systemic inflammation in PN, including dysregulation observed in type 2 inflammation in subsets of patients. We aimed to elucidate which components of type 2 inflammation are dysregulated in PN patients using plasma immunoassay cytokine profiling.

Materials and MethodsWhole blood was obtained from PN patients with uncontrolled disease and control patients without pruritus. Plasma samples were isolated from whole blood and assayed for IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, and periostin. For statistical analysis, ANOVA was utilized to compare PN and control patients. For multiple hypothesis, adjusted p-value was calculated with a Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with the significance threshold at 0.05. Clustering was performed using K-means clustering in R version 4.0.3.

ResultsSingle-plex assays of the Th2 biomarkers demonstrated significantly elevated circulating plasma IL-13 (0.13 vs. 0.006 pg/mL, p=0.0008) and periostin (80.3 vs. 60.2 ng/mL, p=0.012) in PN patients compared to controls. IL-4 (0.11 vs. 0.02 pg/mL, p=0.30) and IL-5 (0.75 vs. 0.40 pg/mL, p=0.10) were not significantly elevated, while IgE approached significance in PN (1202.0 vs. 432.7 ng/mL, p=0.08). Clustering of PN and control patients together revealed mean silhouette maximization at two clusters. Cluster 1 (n=36) consisted of 18 PN patients and 18 controls. Cluster 2 (n=11) consisted entirely of PN patients (p<0.01) (Figure 1b). When comparing the two clusters, cluster 2 had higher levels of IL-13 (0.33 vs. 0.008 pg/mL, p=0.0001) and IL-5 (1.22 vs. 0.43 pg/mL, p=0.03) compared to cluster 1. There were no significant differences in any of the biomarkers between PN patients from cluster 1 and the healthy control patients in this cluster.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=167 SRC="FIGDIR/small/495051v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@101432dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e16d01org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bb8edborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19fd785_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1.C_FLOATNO Single-plex plasma immunoassays of prurigo nodularis vs. controls (a) Plasma single-plex immunoassays (b) Heatmap of Z-scored biomarker levels for each patient, delineated by cluster. PN, prurigo nodularis; HC, healthy control

C_FIG

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates elevation of IL-13 and periostin in PN patients with distinct clusters with varying degrees of type 2 inflammation. Given this heterogeneity, further biomarker studies with single-cell resolution will provide better guidance towards future precision medicine approaches in the treatment of PN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auxier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okragly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphonse, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating plasma IL-13 and periostin are dysregulated type 2 inflammatory biomarkers in prurigo nodularis: a cluster analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and reversible optogenetic silencing of synaptic transmission by clustering of synaptic vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silencing neurons acutely and specifically informs about their functional roles in circuits and behavior. Existing optogenetic silencers include ion pumps or channels, and tools that damage the neurotransmitter release machinery. While the former hyperpolarize the cell and can alter ionic gradients, the latter allow only slow recovery, requiring de novo synthesis. Thus, there is a need for other strategies combining fast activation and reversibility. Here, we use light-evoked homo-oligomerization of cryptochrome CRY2 to silence synaptic transmission, by clustering synaptic vesicles (SVs). We benchmark this tool, optoSynC, by electrophysiology and locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans. optoSynC clusters SVs within 25 s, causing approximation, observable by electron microscopy. Locomotion silencing is rapid (tauon [~]15 s) and recovers quickly (tauoff [~]10 min) after light-off. Further, optoSynC can inhibit exocytosis for several hours, at very low light intensities. optoSynC is a highly efficient,  non-ionic optogenetic silencer that may further allow to manipulate different SV pools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vettkoetter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and reversible optogenetic silencing of synaptic transmission by clustering of synaptic vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic tumors activate arginine biosynthesis to adapt to myeloid-driven amino acid stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient stress in the tumor microenvironment requires cancer cells to adopt adaptive metabolic programs to maintain survival and proliferation. Therefore, knowledge of microenvironmental nutrient levels and how cancer cells cope with such nutrition is critical to understand the metabolism underpinning cancer cell biology. Previously, we performed quantitative metabolomics of the interstitial fluid (the local perfusate) of murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors to comprehensively characterize nutrient availability in the microenvironment of these tumors (Sullivan et al., 2019a). Here, we develop Tumor Interstitial Fluid Medium (TIFM), a cell culture medium that contains nutrient levels representative of the PDAC microenvironment, enabling study of PDAC metabolism under physiological nutrition. We show that PDAC cells cultured in TIFM, compared to standard laboratory models, adopt a cellular state more similar to PDAC cells in tumors. Further, using the TIFM model we identified arginine biosynthesis as a metabolic adaptation PDAC cells engage to cope with microenvironmental arginine starvation driven by myeloid cells in PDAC tumors. Altogether, these data show that nutrient availability in tumors is an important determinant of cancer cell metabolism and behavior, and cell culture models that incorporate physiological nutrient availability have improved fidelity and enable the discovery of novel cancer metabolic phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saab, J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzierozynski, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic tumors activate arginine biosynthesis to adapt to myeloid-driven amino acid stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nuclear GAPDH-HMGB cascade in cortical microglia regulates cognitive flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a mechanism that underlies stress-induced cognitive inflexibility at the molecular level. In a mouse model under subacute stress in which deficits in rule shifting tasks were elicited, the nuclear glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (N-GAPDH) cascade was activated specifically in microglia in the prelimbic cortex. The cognitive deficits were normalized with a pharmacological intervention with a compound (the RR compound) that selectively blocked the initiation of N-GAPDH cascade without affecting glycolytic activity. The normalization was also observed with a microglia-specific genetic intervention targeting the N-GAPDH cascade. Furthermore, hyperactivation of the prelimbic layer 5 excitatory neurons, which are known to be a neuronal substrate of cognitive inflexibility, was also normalized by the pharmacological and microglia-specific genetic interventions. The RR compound may offer a mechanism-driven, translational opportunity against stress-induced cognitive inflexibility. Taken together, we show a pivotal role of cortical microglia and microglia-neuron interaction in stress-induced cognitive inflexibility. We underscore the N-GAPDH cascade in microglia, which causally mediates stress-induced cognitive alteration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkins, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carloni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujimura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikemoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitoh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takimoto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nuclear GAPDH-HMGB cascade in cortical microglia regulates cognitive flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The discovery of genome-wide mutational dependence in naturally evolving populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvolutionary pressures on bacterial pathogens can result in phenotypic change including increased virulence, drug resistance, and transmissibility. Understanding the evolution of these phenotypes in nature and the multiple genetic changes needed has historically been difficult due to sparse and contemporaneous sampling. A complete picture of the evolutionary routes frequently travelled by pathogens would allow us to better understand bacterial biology and potentially forecast pathogen population shifts.

MethodsIn this work, we develop a phylogeny-based method to assess evolutionary dependency between mutations. We apply our method to a dataset of 31,428 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genomes, a globally prevalent bacterial pathogen with increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

ResultsWe find evolutionary dependency within simultaneously- and sequentially-acquired variation, and identify that genes with dependent sites are enriched in antibiotic resistance and antigenic function. We discover 20 mutations that potentiate the development of antibiotic resistance and 1,003 dependencies that evolve as a consequence antibiotic resistance. Varying by antibiotic, between 9% and 80% of resistant strains harbor a dependent mutation acquired after a resistance-conferring variant. We demonstrate that mutational dependence can not only improve prediction of phenotype (e.g. antibiotic resistance), but can also detect sequential environmental pressures on the pathogen (e.g. the pressures imposed by sequential antibiotic exposure during the course of standard multi-antibiotic treatment). Taken together, our results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of detecting dependent events in the evolution of natural populations.

Data and code available at: https://github.com/farhat-lab/DependentMutations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The discovery of genome-wide mutational dependence in naturally evolving populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansions and UV irradiation are associated with ferroptosis susceptibility in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), the leading indication for corneal transplantation in the U.S., causes loss of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) and corneal edema leading to vision loss. FECD pathogenesis is linked to impaired response to oxidative stress and environmental ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure. Although UVA is known to cause nonapoptotic oxidative cell death resulting from iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis has not been characterized in FECD. We investigated the roles of genetic background and UVA exposure in causing CEC degeneration in FECD. Using ungenotyped FECD patient surgical samples, we found increased levels of cytosolic ferrous iron (Fe2+) and lipid peroxidation in end-stage diseased tissues compared with healthy controls. Using immortalized and primary cell cultures modeling the TCF4 intronic trinucleotide repeat expansion genotype, we found altered gene and protein expression involved in ferroptosis compared to controls including elevated levels of Fe2+, basal lipid peroxidation, and the ferroptosis-specific marker transferrin receptor 1. Increased cytosolic Fe2+ levels were detected after physiologically relevant doses of UVA exposure, indicating a role for ferroptosis in FECD disease progression. Cultured cells were more prone to ferroptosis induced by RSL3 and UVA than controls, indicating ferroptosis susceptibility is increased by both FECD genetic background and UVA. Finally, cell death was preventable after RSL3 induced ferroptosis using solubilized ubiquinol, indicating a role for anti-ferroptosis therapies in FECD. This investigation demonstrates that genetic background and UVA exposure contribute to iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and cell death in FECD, and provides the basis for future investigations of ferroptosis-mediated disease progression in FECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggleston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevalye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phruttiwanichakun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinkoski, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fautsch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratz, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansions and UV irradiation are associated with ferroptosis susceptibility in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscleblind-like proteins use modular domains to localize RNAs by riding kinesins and docking to membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA transport and local translation provide spatial control of gene expression, and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) act as critical adapters in this multi-step process. Muscleblind-like (MBNL) RNA binding proteins, implicated in myotonic dystrophy and cancer, localize RNAs to myoblast membranes and distal neurites through unknown mechanisms. We found that MBNL forms motile and anchored granules in neurons and myoblasts, and selectively associates with kinesins Kif1b and Kif1c through its zinc finger (ZnF) domains. Other RBPs with similar ZnFs also associate with these kinesins, implicating a motor-RBP specificity code. Live cell imaging and fractionation revealed that membrane anchoring is mediated through the unstructured carboxy-terminal tail of MBNL1. Both kinesin- and membrane-recruitment functions were reconstituted using MBNL-MS2 coat protein fusions. This approach, termed RBP Module Recruitment and Imaging (RBP-MRI), decouples RNA binding, kinesin recruitment, and membrane anchoring functions, while also establishing general strategies for studying multi-functional, modular domains of RBPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janusz-Kaminska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denes, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggupalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassell, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscleblind-like proteins use modular domains to localize RNAs by riding kinesins and docking to membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Entwined African and Asian Genetic Roots of the Medieval Peoples of the Swahili Coast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The peoples of the Swahili coast of eastern Africa established a literate urban culture by the second millennium CE. They traded across eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean and were among the first sub-Saharan practitioners of Islam. An open question has been the extent to which these early interactions between Africans and non-Africans were accompanied by genetic admixture. We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 80 individuals in five medieval and early modern (1300-1800 CE) coastal towns, as well as people from an inland town postdating 1650 CE. Over half of the ancestry of most coastal individuals came from African ancestors; these African ancestors were primarily female. A slightly smaller proportion of ancestry was from Asia. This Asian component was approximately eighty to ninety percent from Near Eastern males and ten to twenty percent from Indian females. Peoples of African and Asian origins began to mix by around 1000 CE, a time when archaeological evidence documents changes on the coast that are often interpreted as marking the large-scale adoption of Islam. Before roughly 1500 CE, the Near Eastern ancestry detected in the individuals was mainly Persian-related, consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle, the oldest history told by the Swahili themselves. After this time, the sources of Near Eastern ancestry became increasingly Arabian, consistent with the archaeological and historical evidence of growing interactions between the Swahili coast and parts of southern Arabia. Subsequent interactions of Swahili coast peoples with other Asian and African groups further changed the ancestry of present-day peoples relative to the ancient individuals we sequenced, highlighting how Swahili genetic legacies can be more clearly understood with ancient DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brielle, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wynne-Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandskhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewardson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayodo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabiru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwekason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabulla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthi, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiema, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawchuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Gazali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Salem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letellier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radimilahy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotoarisoa, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwenje, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusimba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusimba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Entwined African and Asian Genetic Roots of the Medieval Peoples of the Swahili Coast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Adhesion Molecules Drive Synapse Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multicellular organisms, cell-adhesion molecules connect cells into tissues and mediate intercellular signaling between these cells. In vertebrate brains, synaptic cell-adhesion molecules (SAMs) guide the formation, specification, and plasticity of synapses. Some SAMs, when overexpressed in cultured neurons or in heterologous cells co-cultured with neurons, drive formation of synaptic specializations onto the overexpressing cells. However, genetic deletion of the same SAMs from neurons often has no effect on synapse numbers, but frequently severely impairs synaptic transmission, suggesting that most SAMs control the function and plasticity of synapses (i.e., organize synapses) instead of driving their initial establishment (i.e., make synapses). Since few SAMs were identified that mediate initial synapse formation, it is difficult to develop methods that enable experimental control of synaptic connections by targeted expression of these SAMs. To overcome this difficulty, we engineered novel SAMs from bacterial proteins with no eukaryotic homologues that drive synapse formation. We named these engineered adhesion proteins  Barnoligin and  Starexin because they were assembled from parts of Barnase and Neuroligin-1 or of Barstar and Neurexins, respectively. Barnoligin and Starexin robustly induce the formation of synaptic specializations in a specific and directional manner in cultured neurons. Synapse formation by Barnoligin and Starexin requires both their extracellular Barnase- and Bastar-derived interaction domains and their Neuroligin- and Neurexin-derived intracellular signaling domains. Our findings support a model of synapse formation whereby trans-synaptic interactions by SAMs drive synapse organization via adhesive interactions that activate signaling cascades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hale, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Adhesion Molecules Drive Synapse Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput nanopore sequencing of Treponema pallidum tandem repeat genes arp and tp0470 reveals clade-specific patterns and recapitulates global whole genome phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing of most Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) genomes excludes repeat regions in tp0470 and the tp0433 gene, encoding the acidic repeat protein (arp). As a first step to understanding the evolution and function of these genes and the proteins they encode, we developed a protocol to nanopore sequence tp0470 and arp genes from 212 clinical samples collected from ten countries on six continents. Both tp0470 and arp repeat structures recapitulate the whole genome phylogeny, with subclade-specific patterns emerging. The number of tp0470 repeats is on average appears to be higher in Nichols-like clade strains than in SS14-like clade strains. Consistent with previous studies, we found that 14-repeat arp sequences predominate across both major clades, but the combination and order of repeat type varies among subclades, with many arp sequence variants limited to a single subclade. Although strains that were closely related by whole genome sequencing frequently had the same arp repeat length, this was not always the case. Structural modelling of TP0470 suggested that the eight residue repeats form an extended -helix, predicted to be periplasmic. Modeling of the ARP revealed a C-terminal sporulation-related repeat (SPOR) domain, predicted to bind denuded peptidoglycan, with repeat regions possibly incorporated into a highly charged {beta}- sheet. Outside of the repeats, all TP0470 and ARP amino acid sequences were identical. Together, our data, along with functional considerations, suggests that both TP0470 and ARP proteins may be involved in T. pallidum cell envelope remodeling and homeostasis, with their highly plastic repeat regions playing as-yet-undetermined roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, N. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfalmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennelly, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kou, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccarese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Conte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drago, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konda, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguiluz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klausner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rompalo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoga, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Medina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radolf, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukehart, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sena, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput nanopore sequencing of Treponema pallidum tandem repeat genes arp and tp0470 reveals clade-specific patterns and recapitulates global whole genome phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of retinogeniculate synaptic function in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons comprise the optic nerve and carry information to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) that is relayed to the cortex for conscious vision. Glaucoma is a blinding neurodegenerative disease that commonly results from intraocular pressure (IOP)-associated injury leading to RGC axonal pathology, disruption of RGC outputs to the brain, and eventual apoptotic loss of RGC somata. The consequences of elevated IOP and glaucomatous pathology on RGC signaling to the dLGN are largely unknown and likely to be important contributors to visual system dysfunction in glaucoma. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine how glaucoma affects RGC outputs to the dLGN.

MethodsWe used a combination of anatomical and physiological approaches to study the structure and function of retinogeniculate synapses in male and female DBA/2J mice at multiple ages before and after IOP elevation. These included measures of anterograde axonal transport, immunofluorescence staining of RGC axon terminals, patch-clamp recording retinogeniculate (RG) synapses in living brain slices, Sholl analysis of thalamocortical relay neuron dendrites, measurements of RGC somatic density, and treatment with a topical ophthalmic alpha-2 adrenergic agonist (brimonidine).

ResultsDBA/2J mice showed progressive loss of anterograde optic tract transport to the dLGN and vGlut2 labeling of RGC axon terminals. Patch-clamp measurements of RG synaptic function showed that the strength of synaptic transmission was lower in 9 and 12-month DBA/2J mice and that this was the result of loss of individual RGC axon contributions. TC neuron dendrites showed a reduction in complexity at 12 months, suggestive of a delayed reorganization following reduced synaptic input. There was no detectable change in RGC soma density in 11-12m DBA/2J retinas indicating that observed effects occurred prior to RGC somatic loss. Finally, treatment with brimonidine eye drops prevented the loss of vGlut2-labeled RGC terminals in the dLGN.

ConclusionsThese findings identify glaucoma- and IOP-associated functional deficits in an important subcortical RGC projection target. This sheds light on the processes linking IOP to vision loss and will be critical for informing future diagnostic approaches and vision-restoration therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sladek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierlein, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hook, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of retinogeniculate synaptic function in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialized germline P-bodies are required to specify germ cell fate in C. elegans embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals with germ plasm, specification of the germline involves "germ granules", cytoplasmic condensates that enrich maternal transcripts in the germline founder cells. In C. elegans embryos, P granules enrich maternal transcripts, but surprisingly P granules are not essential for germ cell fate specification. Here we describe a second condensate in the C. elegans germ plasm. Like canonical P-bodies found in somatic cells, "germline P-bodies" contain regulators of mRNA decapping and deadenylation and, in addition, the intrinsically-disordered proteins MEG-1 and MEG-2 and the TIS11-family RNA-binding protein POS-1. Embryos lacking meg-1 and meg-2 do not stabilize P-body components, miss-regulate POS-1 targets, miss-specify the germline founder cell, and do not develop a germline. Our findings suggest that specification of the germ line involves at least two distinct condensates that independently enrich and regulate maternal mRNAs in the germline founder cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cassani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.504042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialized germline P-bodies are required to specify germ cell fate in C. elegans embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbations of the T-cell immune repertoire in kidney transplant rejection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of mapping the T-cell repertoire in kidney transplant recipients, we have investigated and validated T-cell clonality, immune repertoire chronology at rejection, and contemporaneous allograft biopsy quantitative tissue injury, to better understand the pathobiology of acute T cell and antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection. To follow the dynamic evolution of T-cell repertoire changes before and after engraftment and during biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, we sequenced 323 peripheral blood samples from 200 unique kidney transplant recipients, with (n=100) and without (n=100) biopsyconfirmed acute rejection. The results of these studies highlight, for the first time, that patients who develop acute allograft rejection, have lower (p=0.01) T cell fraction even before transplantation, followed by its rise after transplantation and at the time of acute rejection accompanied by high TCR repertoire turnover (p=0.004). Acute rejection episodes occurring after the first 6 months post-transplantation, and those with a component of antibody-mediated rejection, had the highest turnover; p=0.0016) of their TCRs. In conclusion, further prospective validation studies are needed to evaluate the clinical utility of peripheral blood TCR analysis for both pre- and post-transplant immune risk assessment and prediction of different mechanisms of graft rejection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sigdel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towfighi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwal, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbations of the T-cell immune repertoire in kidney transplant rejection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.504988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disassembly of embryonic keratin filaments promotes pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.504988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Keratin 17 (K17), an oncofetal intermediate filament protein, is one of the most abundantly expressed proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) of the most aggressive molecular subtype. The mechanistic roles of this protein in malignancy, however, are largely unexplored. Here we show that K17 expression and disassembly enhances tumor growth and metastatic potential and shortens survival. Using mass spectrometry in K17 isolated from patients tumors, we identified a hotspot phosphorylation site in serines 10-13. Site-mutagenesis revealed that phosphorylation of this hotspot is sufficient to disassemble K17 and promote its nuclear translocation. In silico and pharmacologic inhibition studies uncovered the role of the PKC/MEK/RSK pathway in the phosphorylation and disassembly of K17. Murine models bearing tumors expressing phosphomimetic mutations at the serine hotspot displayed enhanced metastases, compared to mice bearing tumors expressing wild-type K17 or phosphorylation-resistant K17. Lastly, we found that detergent-soluble nuclear K17 promotes the expression of metastasis promoting genes in both patient and murine tumors. These results suggest that phosphorylation at specific serines is sufficient to promote pancreatic cancer metastasis and shorter survival, and that these sites could provide novel, druggable therapeutic domains to enhance PDAC patient survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawalerski, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrente Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roa-Pena, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiton, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torre-Healy, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroyer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar-Hoyos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.504988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disassembly of embryonic keratin filaments promotes pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stem cell culture within perfusion bioreactors incorporating 3D-printed scaffolds enables improved extracellular vesicle yield with preserved bioactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles in various diseases. However, successful clinical translation will depend on development of scalable biomanufacturing approaches, especially due to the documented low levels of intrinsic EV-associated cargo that may necessitate repeated doses to achieve clinical benefit in certain applications. Thus, here we assessed effects of a 3D-printed scaffold-perfusion bioreactor system on the production and bioactivity of EVs secreted from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a cell type heavily implicated in generating EVs with therapeutic potential. Our results indicate that perfusion bioreactor culture results in an ~40-80-fold increase, depending on measurement method, in MSC EV production compared to conventional cell culture. Additionally, we demonstrated that MSC EVs generated using the bioreactor system significantly improved wound healing in a diabetic mouse model, with increased CD31+ staining in wound bed tissue compared to animals treated with flask cell culture-generated MSC EVs. Overall, this study establishes a promising solution to major EV translational issues (i.e., scalability and low potency) with potential for adaptation to various EV-based therapeutics and capacity for improvement alongside the continuous advancements in 3D-printing technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kronstadt, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLoughlin, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasuyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowlkes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoorens van Heyningen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadchi, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A. T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesenchymal stem cell culture within perfusion bioreactors incorporating 3D-printed scaffolds enables improved extracellular vesicle yield with preserved bioactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reorganizing Niche Architecture Still Preserves Organ Function in the Hair Follicle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells ability to build and replenish tissues depends on support from their niche. While niche architecture varies across different organs, the functional importance of niche architecture is unclear. During hair follicle growth, multipotent epithelial progenitors build hair via crosstalk with their remodeling fibroblast niche, the dermal papilla, providing a powerful model to functionally interrogate different niche architectures. Through intravital imaging, we show that dermal papilla fibroblasts remodel both individually and collectively to form a polarized, structurally robust niche. Polarized TGF{beta} signaling precedes structural niche polarity, and loss of TGF{beta} signaling in dermal papilla fibroblasts leads them to progressively lose their stereotypic architecture and instead surround the epithelium. The reorganized niche relocates multipotent progenitors, but nevertheless supports their proliferation and differentiation. However, progenitor differentiation is completed prematurely, resulting in compromised hair production. Overall, our results reveal that niche architecture optimizes organ efficiency, but is not absolutely essential for organ function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parksong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reorganizing Niche Architecture Still Preserves Organ Function in the Hair Follicle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI 4-kinases promote cell surface expansion and facilitate tissue morphogenesis during Drosophila cellularization and gastrulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During epithelial morphogenesis, dynamic cell shape change driven by intrinsic or extrinsic forces requires prompt regulation of cell surface area. Using Drosophila ventral furrow formation as a model, we identified the PI 4-kinase Fwd as an important regulator for apical constriction-mediated cell shape changes. These morphological changes involve prompt lateral surface expansion in the constricting cells and apical surface expansion in the non-constricting cells adjacent to the constriction domain, both of which are impeded upon depletion of Fwd. Computer modeling demonstrates that restricting apical and lateral cell surface expansion will result in specific tissue-level morphological abnormalities during furrow formation, which well predicts the phenotypes observed in the fwd deficient embryos. Fwd also promotes cell surface expansion during cellularization, but this function is largely redundant with another PI 4-kinase, PI4KII. Together, our findings uncover an important role of Fwd in facilitating cell surface expansion in support of dynamic epithelial remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI 4-kinases promote cell surface expansion and facilitate tissue morphogenesis during Drosophila cellularization and gastrulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Synaptic Convergence Motifs Define Functional Roles for Inputs to Cochlear Nucleus Bushy Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Globular bushy cells (GBCs) of the cochlear nucleus play central roles in the temporal processing of sound. Despite investigation over many decades, fundamental questions remain about their dendrite structure, afferent innervation, and integration of synaptic inputs. Here, we use volume electron microscopy (EM) to construct synaptic maps that precisely specify convergence ratios and synaptic weights for auditory- nerve innervation and accurate surface areas of all postsynaptic compartments. Detailed biophysically-based compartmental models can help develop hypotheses regarding how GBCs integrate inputs to yield their recorded responses to sound. We established a pipeline to export a precise reconstruction of auditory nerve axons and their endbulb terminals together with high-resolution dendrite, soma, and axon reconstructions into biophysically-detailed compartmental models that could be activated by a standard cochlear transduction model. With these constraints, the models predict auditory nerve input profiles whereby all endbulbs onto a GBC are subthreshold (coincidence detection mode), or one or two inputs are suprathreshold (mixed mode). The models also predict the relative importance of dendrite geometry, soma size, and axon initial segment length in setting action potential threshold and generating heterogeneity in sound-evoked responses, and thereby propose mechanisms by which GBCs may homeostatically adjust their excitability. Volume EM also reveals new dendritic structures and dendrites that lack innervation. This framework defines a pathway from subcellular morphology to synaptic connectivity, and facilitates investigation into the roles of specific cellular features in sound encoding. We also clarify the need for new experimental measurements to provide missing cellular parameters, and predict responses to sound for further in vivo studies, thereby serving as a template for investigation of other neuron classes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spirou, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzaq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves-Pinto, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manis, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.10.507000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Synaptic Convergence Motifs Define Functional Roles for Inputs to Cochlear Nucleus Bushy Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic Kras induces spatiotemporally specific tissue deformation through converting pulsatile into sustained ERK activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue regeneration and maintenance rely on coordinated stem cell behaviors. This orchestration can be impaired by oncogenic mutations leading to tissue architecture disruption and ultimately cancer formation. However, it is still largely unclear how oncogenes perturb stem cells functions to break tissue architecture. Here, we used intravital imaging and a novel signaling reporter to investigate the mechanisms by which oncogenic Kras mutation causes tissue disruption in the hair follicle. Through longitudinally tracking the same hair follicles in live mice, we found that KrasG12D, a mutation that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma, induces epithelial tissue deformation in a spatiotemporally specific manner. This tissue architecture abnormality is linked with a spatial dysregulation of stem cell proliferation as well as abnormal migration during hair follicle growth. By using a reporter mouse that allows us to capture real-time ERK signal dynamics at the single cell level, we discovered that KrasG12D, but not a closely related mutation HrasG12V, converts the pulsatile ERK signal fluctuation in the stem cells into sustained activation. Furthermore, by combining drug treatment with longitudinal imaging, we demonstrated that temporary inhibiting ERK signal reverts the KrasG12D-induced tissue deformation, suggesting that sustained ERK activation leads to tissue architecture disruption in Kras mutant hair follicles. Altogether, our work suggests that oncogenic mutations induce tissue abnormalities when spatiotemporally specific conditions are met, which allows mutant stem cells to disturb local cell coordination through altering dynamic signal communications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic Kras induces spatiotemporally specific tissue deformation through converting pulsatile into sustained ERK activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune-related molecular changes in the olfactory epithelium, structural alteration in the olfactory bulb, and psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Smell deficits and neurobiological changes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) have been observed in schizophrenia and related disorders. The OE is the most peripheral olfactory system located outside the cranium, and is connected with the brain via direct neuronal projections to the OB. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether and how a disturbance of the OE affects the OB in schizophrenia and related disorders. Addressing this gap would be the first step in studying the impact of OE pathology in the disease pathophysiology in the brain. In this cross-species study, we observed that chronic, local OE inflammation with a set of upregulated genes in an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) mouse model led to a volume reduction, layer structure changes, and alterations of neuron functionality in the OB. Furthermore, IOI model also displayed behavioral deficits relevant to negative symptoms (avolition) in parallel to smell deficits. In first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, we observed a significant alteration in immune/inflammation-related molecular signatures in olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied OE and a significant reduction in the OB volume, compared with those of healthy controls (HC). The increased expression of immune/inflammation-related molecules in ONCs was significantly correlated to the OB volume reduction in FEP patients, but no correlation was found in HCs. Moreover, the increased expression of human orthologues of the IOI genes in ONCs was significantly correlated with the OB volume reduction in FEP, but not in HCs. Together, our study implies a potential mechanism of the OE-OB pathology in patients with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders). We hope that this mechanism may have a cross-disease implication, including COVID-19-elicited mental conditions that include smell deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dower, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune-related molecular changes in the olfactory epithelium, structural alteration in the olfactory bulb, and psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MHC-E restricted CD8 T cells show promise in vaccine settings, but their development and specificity remain poorly understood. Here we focus on a CD8 T cell population reactive to a self-peptide (FL9) bound to mouse MHC-E (Qa-1b) that is presented in response to loss of the MHC I processing enzyme ERAAP, termed QFL T cells. We find that mature QFL thymocytes are predominantly CD8{beta}+CD4-, show signs of agonist selection, and give rise to both CD8 and CD8{beta} intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), as well as memory phenotype CD8{beta} T cells. QFL T cells require the MHC I subunit {beta}-2 microglobulin ({beta}2m), but do not require Qa1b or classical MHC I for positive selection. However, QFL thymocytes do require Qa1b for agonist selection and full functionality. Our data highlight the relaxed requirements for positive selection of an MHC-E restricted T cell population and suggest a CD8{beta}+CD4-pathway for development of CD8 IELs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KapBeta2 is a modifier of the C9orf72-linked glycine-arginine dipeptide neurotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryExpanded intronic G4C2 repeats in the C9orf72 gene cause several cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). These repeats are translated through a non-AUG-dependent mechanism into five different dipeptides (DPRs), including poly-glycine-arginine (GR), which is aggregation-prone and eventually neurotoxic. Here, we report that Kap{beta}2 and GR interact, co-aggregating in primary neurons in-vitro and CNS tissue in-vivo. Importantly, this interaction improves the overall survival of neurons expressing GR. Downregulation of Kap {beta}2 is detrimental to the survival of neurons only if GR is expressed, whereas increased Kap {beta}2 levels mitigate GR-mediated neurotoxicity. notably, we did not find any changes in TDP-43 localization nor in the dynamic properties of the GR aggregates when Kap{beta}2 was over-expressed. These findings support the design of therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating Kap {beta}2 levels as a potential new avenue for contrasting neurodegeneration in C9orf72-ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>cicardi, M. e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankate, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriramoji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ShamamandriMarkandaiah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdone-Morris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasinelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KapBeta2 is a modifier of the C9orf72-linked glycine-arginine dipeptide neurotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PKR activation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-transgenic mice with nephropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV disease remains prevalent in the USA and chronic kidney disease remains a major cause of morbidity in HIV-1-positive patients. Host double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) is a sensor for viral dsRNA, including HIV-1. We show that PKR inhibition by compound C16 ameliorates the HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) kidney phenotype in the Tg26 transgenic mouse model, with reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction. Combined analysis of single-nucleus RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data revealed that oxidative phosphorylation was one of the most downregulated pathways and identified signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) as a potential mediating factor. We identified in Tg26 mice a novel proximal tubular cell cluster enriched in mitochondrial transcripts. Podocytes showed high levels of HIV-1 gene expression and dysregulation of cytoskeleton-related genes; and these cells dedifferentiated. In injured proximal tubules, cell-cell interaction analysis indicated activation of the profibrogenic PKR-STAT3-platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-D pathway. These findings suggest that PKR inhibition and mitochondrial rescue are potential novel therapeutic approaches for HIVAN.

Translational StatementThis work identified mitochondrial dysfunction in transgenic mice manifesting HIV-associated nephropathy mice kidney, using combination of single-nuclear and bulk RNA-seq analysis. Kidney damage was ameliorated by the PKR inhibitor C16, and mitochondrial rescue was shown by transcriptomic profiling and functional assay. These findings suggest that PKR inhibition and mitochondrial rescue are potential therapeutic approaches for HIV-associated nephropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latt, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tutino, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PKR activation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-transgenic mice with nephropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human sialidase activity is vital for dengue virus serotype 2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human sialidase enzymes (or neuraminidases, NEU1-4) are glycoside hydrolases that catalyze the removal of sialic acid residues from glycoconjugates, including many bioactive glycoproteins and glycolipids. Through their physiochemical effect on glycoconjugates, sialic acid residues are thought to play vital roles in the control of cellular signaling. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that NEU1-4 activity was increased in cells infected with dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2). Additionally, it was demonstrated that the DENV2 NS1 protein was sufficient for inducing increased NEU1-4 activity in both in vivo and in vitro models, and that this increased activity was linked to endothelial hyperpermeability and vascular leakage, a hallmark of severe dengue disease. However, the role of increased NEU1-4 activity in the viral lifecycle was not understood. Here, we used siRNA-mediated loss of function studies to evaluate the effect of inhibition of sialidase activity on the DENV2 lifecycle. Our analyses uncovered that apart from their importance for viral pathogenesis, NEU1-4 activity was vital for DENV2 viral replication and egress. Moreover, we characterized the inter-relationship between NEU 1-4, and determined that there was a transcriptional dependency of NEU1-3 on NEU4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St Clair, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujari, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human sialidase activity is vital for dengue virus serotype 2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.511954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human DCC variant causing mirror movement disorder reveals an essential role for the Wave regulatory complex in Netrin/DCC signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.511954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The axon guidance cue, Netrin-1, signals through its receptor DCC to attract commissural axons to the midline. Pathogenic variants in DCC frequently lead to congenital mirror movements (CMM), but how these variants impact DCC function is largely unknown. Screening of DCC in individuals with CMM recently revealed a novel variant located in a conserved motif in the cytoplasmic tail of DCC that is predicted to bind to a central actin nucleation promoting factor, the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). Here, we use biochemical and axon guidance assays to show that this CMM-associated DCC variant is pathogenic by disrupting the interaction between DCC and the WRC. This DCC-WRC interaction is evolutionarily conserved and is required for Netrin-1 mediated commissural axon outgrowth and guidance. Together, we identify the WRC as a pivotal component of Netrin-1/DCC signaling and further provide a molecular mechanism explaining how genetic variants in DCC may lead to CMM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yam, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlienger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabretta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charron, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashaw, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.511954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human DCC variant causing mirror movement disorder reveals an essential role for the Wave regulatory complex in Netrin/DCC signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NIS metastable intermediates provide insights into conformational transition between principal thermodynamic states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS), a thirteen-helix transmembrane protein found in the thyroid and other tissues, transports iodide, a required constituent of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Despite extensive experimental information and clinical data, structural details of the intermediate microstates comprising the conformational transition of NIS between its inwardly and outwardly open states remain unresolved. We present data from a combination of enhanced sampling and transition path molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that elucidate the nature of the principal intermediate states comprising the transition between the inwardly and outwardly open metastable states of fully bound and unbound NIS under an enforced ionic gradient. Our findings suggest that in both the absence and presence of bound physiological ions, NIS principally occupies a proximally inward to inwardly open state, whereas when fully bound, it also occupies a rare but thermodynamically favorable  inward occluded state. The results of this work provide novel insight into the populations of NIS intermediates and the free energy landscape comprising the conformational transition, adding to a mechanistic understanding of NIS ion transport. Moreover, the knowledge gained from this approach can serve as a basis for studies of NIS mutants to target therapeutic interventions.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NIS metastable intermediates provide insights into conformational transition between principal thermodynamic states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR correction of GBA mutation in hiPSCs restores normal function to Gaucher macrophages and increases their susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the {beta}-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) GBA gene, which result in macrophage dysfunction. To investigate whether correction of GBA mutations restores normal function to Gaucher macrophages, we performed CRISPR editing of homozygous L444P (1448T[-&gt;]C) GBA mutation in Type 2 GD (GBA-/-) hiPSCs, which yielded both heterozygous (GBA+/-) and homozygous (GBA+/+) isogenic lines. Macrophages derived from GBA-/-, GBA+/- and GBA+/+ hiPSCs, were compared for GCase enzymatic activity, motility, and phagocytosis, all of which showed that GBA mutation correction restores normal macrophage functions. Furthermore, we investigated whether lysosomal disorders drive susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by infecting GBA-/-, GBA+/- and GBA+/+ macrophages with the virulent H37Rv lab strain. The results showed that impaired mobility and phagocytic activity of Gaucher macrophages, correlated with reduced levels of TB engulfment and TB multiplication, supporting the hypothesis that GD may be protective against tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasegaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.517656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR correction of GBA mutation in hiPSCs restores normal function to Gaucher macrophages and increases their susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Epithelial Na+ Channel UNC-8 promotes an endocytic mechanism that recycles presynaptic components from old to new boutons in remodeling neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPresynaptic terminals are actively relocated during development to refine circuit function, but the underlying cell biological mechanisms are largely unknown. In C. elegans, the presynaptic boutons of GABAergic DD neurons are moved to new locations during early larval development. We show that developmentally regulated expression of a presynaptic Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC), UNC-8, promotes a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, resembling Activity-Dependent Bulk Endocytosis (ADBE), that dismantles presynaptic material for reassembly at nascent DD synapses. ADBE normally functions in highly active neurons to accelerate local recycling of synaptic vesicles. We show that DD presynaptic remodeling depends on canonical features of ADBE including elevated intracellular Ca2+, the phosphatase Calcineurin and its targets, dynamin and the F-BAR protein syndapin, and Arp2/3-driven actin polymerization. Thus, our findings suggest that a native mechanism (ADBE) for maintaining neurotransmitter release at local synapses has been repurposed, in this case, to dismantle presynaptic terminals for reassembly at new locations.

HighlightsO_LIDeveloping GABAergic neurons dismantle presynaptic terminals for reassembly at new locations.
C_LIO_LIThe DEG/ENaC protein, UNC-8, promotes presynaptic disassembly and recycling
C_LIO_LICa2+-dependent endocytosis drives presynaptic disassembly and recycling to new boutons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuentas-Condori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flautt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Epithelial Na+ Channel UNC-8 promotes an endocytic mechanism that recycles presynaptic components from old to new boutons in remodeling neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-epidemic evolution of the USA300 clade and a molecular key for classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
USA300 has remained the dominant community and healthcare associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone in the United States and in northern South America for at least the past 20 years. In this time, it has experienced epidemic spread in both of these locations. However, its pre-epidemic evolutionary history and origins are incompletely understood. Large sequencing databases, such as NCBI, PATRIC, and Staphopia, contain clues to the early evolution of USA300 in the form of sequenced genomes of USA300 isolates that are representative of lineages that diverged prior to the establishment of the South American (SAE) and North American (NAE) epidemics. In addition, historical isolates collected prior to the emergence of epidemics can help reconstruct early events in the history of this lineage. Here, we take advantage of the accrued, publicly available data, as well as two newly sequenced pre-epidemic historical isolates from 1996, and a very early diverging ACME-negative NAE genome to understand the pre-epidemic evolution of USA300. We use database mining techniques to emphasize genomes similar to pre-epidemic isolates, with the goal of reconstructing the early molecular evolution of the USA300 lineage. Phylogenetic analysis with these genomes confirms that the North American Epidemic and South American Epidemic USA300 lineages diverged from a most recent common ancestor around 1970 with high confidence, and it also pinpoints the independent acquisition events of the of the ACME and COMER loci with greater precision than in previous studies. We solidify evidence for a North American origin of the USA300 lineage and identify multiple introductions of USA300 into South America from North America. Notably, we describe a third major USA300 clade (the pre-epidemic branching clade; PEB1) consisting of both MSSA and MRSA isolates circulating around the world that diverged from the USA300 lineage prior to the establishment of the South American and North American epidemics. We present a detailed analysis of specific sequence characteristics of each of the major clades, and present diagnostic positions that can be used to classify new genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bianco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moustafa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OBrien, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-epidemic evolution of the USA300 clade and a molecular key for classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent Schwann cells induced by aging and chronic denervation impair axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After peripheral nerve injuries, successful axonal growth and functional recovery requires the reprogramming of Schwann cells into a reparative phenotype, a process dependent on the activation of the transcription factor c-Jun. Nevertheless, axonal regeneration is greatly impaired in aged organisms or after chronic denervation leading to important clinical problems. This regenerative failure has been associated to a diminished c-Jun expression by Schwann cells, but whether the inability of these cells to maintain a repair state is associated to the transition into a phenotype inhibitory for axonal growth, has not been evaluated so far. We find that repair Schwann cells transitions into a senescent phenotype, characterized by diminished c-Jun expression and secretion of factor inhibitory for axonal regeneration in both aging and chronic denervation. In both conditions, elimination of senescent Schwann cells by systemic senolytic drug treatment or genetic targeting improves nerve regeneration and functional recovery in aging and chronic denervation, associated with an upregulation of c-Jun expression and a decrease in nerve inflammation. This work provides the first characterization of senescent Schwann cells and their impact over axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation, opening new avenues for enhancing regeneration, and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geronimo-Olvera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Necunir-Ibarra, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sanchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Court, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent Schwann cells induced by aging and chronic denervation impair axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal adhesion assembly requires phosphorylation signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin-mediated cell attachment rapidly induces tyrosine kinase signaling. Despite years of research, the role of this signaling in integrin activation and focal adhesion assembly is unclear. We provide evidence that the Src-family kinase (SFK) substrate Cas (Crk-associated substrate, p130Cas, BCAR1) is phosphorylated, and associated with its effectors, Crk/CrkL, in clusters that are precursors of focal adhesions. The initial phospho-Cas clusters contain integrin {beta}1 in its inactive, bent closed, conformation. Later, phospho-Cas and total Cas levels decrease as integrin {beta}1 is activated and core focal adhesion proteins including vinculin, talin, kindlin and paxillin are recruited. Cas is required for cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly in epithelial and fibroblast cells on collagen and fibronectin. Cas cluster formation requires Cas, Crk/CrkL, SFKs and Rac1 but not vinculin. Rac1 provides positive feedback onto Cas through reactive oxygen, opposed by negative feedback from the ubiquitin proteasome system. The results suggest a two-step model for focal adhesion assembly in which clusters of phospho-Cas, effectors and inactive integrin {beta}1 grow through positive feedback prior to integrin activation and recruitment of core focal adhesion proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stainer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrulle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal adhesion assembly requires phosphorylation signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive spreading of DNA methylation in the GSTP1 promoter CpG island across transitions from precursors to invasive prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) is lowly expressed in normal prostate luminal cells and becomes induced in most proliferative inflammatory atrophy lesions (PIA). GSTP1 becomes silenced in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate adenocarcinoma (CaP) via cytosine-phospho-guanine (CpG) island promoter hypermethylation. However, GSTP1 methylation patterns in PIA and PIN, and their relationship to patterns in CaP are poorly understood. We used bisulfite genomic sequencing to examine patterns of GSTP1 promoter CpG island methylation in laser capture microdissected benign, PIA, PIN, and CaP regions from 32 subjects that underwent radical prostatectomy. We analyzed 908 sequence clones across 24 normal epithelium, 37 PIA, 18 PIN, and 23 CaP regions, allowing assessment of 34,863 CpG sites with allelic phasing. Normal and PIA lesions were mostly unmethylated with 0.52 and 1.3% of total CpG sites methylated, respectively. PIN and CaP lesions had greater methylation with 24% and 51% of total CpG sites methylated, respectively. The degree of GSTP1 methylation showed progression from PIA << PIN < CaP. PIN lesions showed more partial methylation compared to CaP lesions. Partially methylated lesions were enriched for methylation changes at AP1 and SP1 transcription factor binding sites. These results demonstrate that methylation density in the GSTP1 CpG island in PIN was intermediate relative to that in normal prostate epithelium/PIA and CaP lesions. These results are consistent with gradual spreading of DNA methylation centered at the SP1/AP1 transcription factor binding sites in precursor lesions, with subsequent spreading of methylation across the entire CpG island in transition to CaP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive spreading of DNA methylation in the GSTP1 promoter CpG island across transitions from precursors to invasive prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMOylation of the Cardiac Sodium Channel NaV1.5 Modifies Inward Current and Cardiac Excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDecreased peak sodium current (INa) and increased late sodium current (INa,L), through the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5 encoded by SCN5A, cause arrhythmias. Many NaV1.5 post-translational modifications have been reported by us and others. A recent report concluded that acute hypoxia increases INa,L by increasing a Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMOylation) at K442-NaV1.5.

ObjectiveTo determine whether and by what mechanisms SUMOylation alters INa, INa,L and cardiac electrophysiology.

MethodsSUMOylation of NaV1.5 was detected by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. INa was measured by patch clamp with/without SUMO1 overexpression in HEK293 cells expressing wild type (WT) or K442R-NaV1.5 and in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs). SUMOylation effects were studied in vivo by electrocardiograms and ambulatory telemetry using Scn5a heterozygous knockout (SCN5A+/-) mice and the de-SUMOylating protein SENP2 (AAV9-SENP2) or the SUMOylation inhibitor anacardic acid. NaV1.5 trafficking was detected by immunofluorescence.

ResultsNaV1.5 was SUMOylated in HEK293 cells, NRCMs and human heart tissue. HyperSUMOylation at NaV1.5-K442 increased INa in NRCMs and in HEK cells overexpressing WT but not K442R-Nav1.5. SUMOylation did not alter other channel properties including INa,L. AAV9-SENP2 or anacardic acid treatment of SCN5A+/- mice decreased INa, prolonged QRS duration, and produced heart block and ventricular arrhythmias. SUMO1 overexpression enhanced membrane localization of NaV1.5.

ConclusionSUMOylation of K442-Nav1.5 increases peak INa without changing INa,L, at least in part by altering membrane abundance. Our findings do not support SUMOylation as a mechanism for changes in INa,L. Nav1.5 SUMOylation may modify arrhythmic risk in disease states and represents a potential target for pharmacological manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matasic, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddam, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehdi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMOylation of the Cardiac Sodium Channel NaV1.5 Modifies Inward Current and Cardiac Excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancers exhibit aneuploidy, but its functional significance in tumor development is controversial. Here, we describe ReDACT (Restoring Disomy in Aneuploid cells using CRISPR Targeting), a set of chromosome engineering tools that allow us to eliminate specific aneuploidies from cancer genomes. Using ReDACT, we created a panel of isogenic cells that have or lack common aneuploidies, and we demonstrate that trisomy of chromosome 1q is required for malignant growth in cancers harboring this alteration. Mechanistically, gaining chromosome 1q increases the expression of MDM4 and suppresses TP53 signaling, and we show that TP53 mutations are mutually-exclusive with 1q aneuploidy in human cancers. Thus, specific aneuploidies play essential roles in tumorigenesis, raising the possibility that targeting these "aneuploidy addictions" could represent a novel approach for cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girish, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhani, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaduto, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sausville, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandikuppa, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheltzer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p53 modulates kinase inhibitor resistance and lineage plasticity in NF1-related MPNSTs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are chemotherapy resistant sarcomas that are a leading cause of death in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Although NF1-related MPNSTs derive from neural crest cell origin, they also exhibit intratumoral heterogeneity. TP53 mutations are associated with significantly decreased survival in MPNSTs, however the mechanisms underlying TP53-mediated therapy responses are unclear in the context of NF1-deficiency. We evaluated the role of two commonly altered genes, MET and TP53, in kinome reprograming and cellular differentiation in preclinical MPNST mouse models. We previously showed that MET amplification occurs early in human MPNST progression and that Trp53 loss abrogated MET-addiction resulting in MET inhibitor resistance. Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism of therapy resistance whereby p53 alters MET stability, localization, and downstream signaling leading to kinome reprogramming and lineage plasticity. Trp53 loss also resulted in a shift from RAS/ERK to AKT signaling and enhanced sensitivity to MEK and mTOR inhibition. In response to MET, MEK and mTOR inhibition, we observed broad and heterogeneous activation of key differentiation genes in Trp53-deficient lines suggesting Trp53 loss also impacts lineage plasticity in MPNSTs. These results demonstrate the mechanisms by which p53 loss alters MET dependency and therapy resistance in MPNSTS through kinome reprogramming and phenotypic flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grit, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovar, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essenburg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfrum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddows, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schipper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Woude, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurunathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulfkuhle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petricoin, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graveel, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steensma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.523629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p53 modulates kinase inhibitor resistance and lineage plasticity in NF1-related MPNSTs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-enhancer driven expression of BAHCC1 promotes melanomacell proliferation and genome stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super enhancers (SE) are stretches of active enhancers ensuring high expression levels of key genes associated with cell function and survival. The identification of cancer-specific SE-driven genes and their functional characterization may prove to be a powerful means for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. By performing epigenomic profiling in patient-derived short-term melanoma cultures, we identify a SE promoting the specific expression of BAHCC1 in a broad panel of cutaneous and uveal melanoma cells. BAHCC1 is highly expressed in metastatic melanoma, correlates with decreased patient survival and is required for tumor growth. Integrative genomics analyses reveal that BAHCC1 is a transcriptional regulator controlling expression of a subset of E2F/KLF-dependent cell cycle and DNA repair genes. BAHCC1 associates with BRG1-containing remodeling complexes at the promoters of these genes. In agreement, BAHCC1 silencing leads to decreased cell proliferation and delay in DNA repair. Consequently, BAHCC1 deficiency cooperates with PARP inhibition to induce melanoma cell death. Our study identifies a novel SE-driven gene expressed in cutaneous and uveal melanoma and demonstrates how its inhibition can be exploited as a therapeutic target, alone or in combination with DNA damage-inducing agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogaret, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cigrang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokshi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalmasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolotto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-enhancer driven expression of BAHCC1 promotes melanomacell proliferation and genome stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Microenvironment by Chemotherapy and CTLA-4 Blockade Enhances Anti-PD1 Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has limited therapeutic options and a dismal prognosis. Anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy combined with gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy has recently shown efficacy in biliary tract cancers, but responses are seen only in a minority of patients. Here, we studied the roles of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies when combined with gemcitabine/cisplatin and the mechanisms of treatment benefit in orthotopic murine ICC models. We evaluated the effects of the combined treatments on ICC vasculature and immune microenvironment using flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence, imaging mass cytometry, RNA-sequencing, qPCR, and in vivo T-cell depletion and CD8+ T-cell transfer using orthotopic ICC models and transgenic mice. Combining gemcitabine/cisplatin with anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies led to substantial survival benefits and reduction of morbidity in two aggressive ICC models, which were ICB-resistant. Gemcitabine/cisplatin treatment increased the frequency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and normalized the ICC vessels, and when combined with dual CTLA-4/PD1 blockade, increased the number of activated CD8+Cxcr3+IFN-{gamma}+ T-cells. Depletion of CD8+ but not CD4+ T-cells compromised efficacy. Conversely, CD8+ T-cell transfer from Cxcr3-/- versus Cxcr3+/+ mice into Rag1-/- immunodeficient mice restored the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine/cisplatin/ICB combination therapy. Finally, rational scheduling of the ICBs (anti-CTLA-4 "priming") with chemotherapy and anti-PD1 therapy achieved equivalent efficacy with continuous dosing while reducing overall drug exposure. In summary, gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy normalizes vessel structure, increases activated T-cell infiltration, and enhances anti-PD1/CTLA-4 immunotherapy efficacy in aggressive murine ICC. This combination approach should be clinically tested to overcome resistance to current therapies in ICC patients.

One Sentence SummaryImmune microenvironment reprogramming by chemotherapy and priming using CTLA-4 blockade render ICCs responsive to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoozgar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiculescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukumura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardeesy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Microenvironment by Chemotherapy and CTLA-4 Blockade Enhances Anti-PD1 Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV viral protein R induces loss of DCT1-type renal tubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyponatremia and salt wasting is a common occurance in patients with HIV/AIDS, however, the understanding of its contributing factors is limited. HIV viral protein R (Vpr) contributes to HIV-associated nephropathy. To investigate the effects of Vpr on the expression level of the Slc12a3 gene, encoding the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is responsible for sodium reabsorption in distal nephron segments, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of kidney cortices from three wild-type (WT) and three Vpr-transgenic (Vpr Tg) mice. The results showed that the percentage of distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells was significantly lower in Vpr Tg mice compared with WT mice (P < 0.05), and that in Vpr Tg mice, Slc12a3 expression was not different in DCT cell cluster. The Pvalb+ DCT1 subcluster had fewer cells in Vpr Tg mice compared with WT (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated fewer Slc12a3+ Pvalb+ DCT1 segments in Vpr Tg mice. Differential gene expression analysis comparing Vpr Tg and WT in the DCT cluster showed Ier3, an inhibitor of apoptosis, to be the most downregulated gene. These observations demonstrate that the salt-wasting effect of Vpr in Vpr Tg mice is mediated by loss of Slc12a3+ Pvalb+ DCT1 segments via apoptosis dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latt, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reece, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knepper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV viral protein R induces loss of DCT1-type renal tubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement-Based Processes Actively Regulate MotorExploration Along Redundant Solution Manifolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From a babys babbling to a songbird practicing a new tune, exploration is critical to motor learning. A hallmark of exploration is the emergence of random walk behaviour along solution manifolds, where successive motor actions are not independent but rather become serially dependent. Such exploratory random walk behaviour is ubiquitous across species, neural firing, gait patterns, and reaching behaviour. Past work has suggested that exploratory random walk behaviour arises from an accumulation of movement variability and a lack of error-based corrections. Here we test a fundamentally different idea--that reinforcement-based processes regulate random walk behaviour to promote continual motor exploration to maximize success. Across three human reaching experiments we manipulated the size of both the visually displayed target and an unseen reward zone, as well as the probability of reinforcement feedback. Our empirical and modelling results parsimoniously support the notion that exploratory random walk behaviour emerges by utilizing knowledge of movement variability to update intended reach aim towards recently reinforced motor actions. This mechanism leads to active and continuous exploration of the solution manifold, currently thought by prominent theories to arise passively. The ability to continually explore muscle, joint, and task redundant solution manifolds is beneficial while acting in uncertain environments, during motor development, or when recovering from a neurological disorder to discover and learn new motor actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roth, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calalo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokesh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kooij, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cashaback, J. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement-Based Processes Actively Regulate MotorExploration Along Redundant Solution Manifolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinuclear damage from nuclear envelope deterioration elicits stress responses that contribute to LMNA cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the LMNA gene encoding nuclear lamins A/C cause a diverse array of tissue-selective diseases, with the heart being the most commonly affected organ. Despite progress in understanding the molecular perturbations emanating from LMNA mutations, an integrative understanding of the pathogenesis leading to cardiac dysfunction remains elusive. Using a novel cell-type specific Lmna deletion mouse model capable of translatome profiling, we found that cardiomyocyte-specific Lmna deletion in adult mice led to rapid cardiomyopathy with pathological remodeling. Prior to the onset of cardiac dysfunction, lamin A/C-depleted cardiomyocytes displayed nuclear envelope deterioration, golgi dilation/fragmentation, and CREB3-mediated golgi stress activation. Translatome profiling identified upregulation of Med25, a transcriptional co-factor that can selectively dampen UPR axes. Autophagy is disrupted in the hearts of these mice, which can be recapitulated by disrupting the golgi or inducing nuclear damage by increased matrix stiffness. Systemic administration of pharmacological modulators of autophagy or ER stress significantly improved the cardiac function. These studies support a hypothesis wherein stress responses emanating from the perinuclear space contribute to the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy.

TeaserInterplay of stress responses underlying the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichtova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csordas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinuclear damage from nuclear envelope deterioration elicits stress responses that contribute to LMNA cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LINE-associated cryptic splicing induces dsRNA-mediated interferon response and tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA splicing plays a critical role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Exponential expansion of intron length poses a challenge for accurate splicing. Little is known about how cells prevent inadvertent and often deleterious expression of intronic elements due to cryptic splicing. In this study, we identify hnRNPM as an essential RNA binding protein that suppresses cryptic splicing through binding to deep introns, preserving transcriptome integrity. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) harbor large amounts of pseudo splice sites in introns. hnRNPM preferentially binds at intronic LINEs and represses LINE-containing pseudo splice site usage for cryptic splicing. Remarkably, a subgroup of the cryptic exons can form long dsRNAs through base-pairing of inverted Alu transposable elements scattered in between LINEs and trigger interferon immune response, a well-known antiviral defense mechanism. Notably, these interferon-associated pathways are found to be upregulated in hnRNPM-deficient tumors, which also exhibit elevated immune cell infiltration. These findings unveil hnRNPM as a guardian of transcriptome integrity. Targeting hnRNPM in tumors may be used to trigger an inflammatory immune response thereby boosting cancer surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunlap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Figueroa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobkov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Valdez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LINE-associated cryptic splicing induces dsRNA-mediated interferon response and tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cutaneous jet-injection of naked mRNA vaccine induces robust immune responses without systemic vaccine spillage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naked mRNA-based vaccines may reduce the reactogenicity associated with delivery carriers, but their effectiveness has been suboptimal against infectious diseases. Herein, we aimed to enhance their efficacy by using a pyro-drive liquid jet injector that precisely controls pressure to widely disperse mRNA solution in the skin. The jet injection boosted naked mRNA delivery efficiency in the mouse skin. Mechanistic analyses indicate that dendritic cells, upon uptake of antigen mRNA in the skin, migrate to the draining lymph nodes for antigen presentation. Additionally, the jet injector activated innate immune responses in the skin, presumably by inducing physical stress, thus serving as a physical adjuvant. From a safety perspective, our approach, utilizing naked mRNA, restricted mRNA distribution solely to the injection site, preventing systemic pro-inflammatory reactions following vaccination. Ultimately, the jet injection of naked mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicited robust humoral and cellular immunity, providing protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. Furthermore, our approach induced plasma activity of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates, comparable to that observed in mice, with no detectable systemic reactogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui-Masai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tockary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akinaga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataoka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cutaneous jet-injection of naked mRNA vaccine induces robust immune responses without systemic vaccine spillage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A live-cell platform to isolate phenotypically defined subpopulations for spatial multi-omic profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous techniques have been employed to deconstruct the heterogeneity observed in normal and diseased cellular populations, including single cell RNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry. While these approaches have revolutionized our understanding of heterogeneity, in isolation they cannot correlate phenotypic information within a physiologically relevant live-cell state, with molecular profiles. This inability to integrate a historical live-cell phenotype, such as invasiveness, cell:cell interactions, and changes in spatial positioning, with multi-omic data, creates a gap in understanding cellular heterogeneity. We sought to address this gap by employing lab technologies to design a detailed protocol, termed Spatiotemporal Genomics and Cellular Analysis (SaGA), for the precise imaging-based selection, isolation, and expansion of phenotypically distinct live-cells. We begin with cells stably expressing a photoconvertible fluorescent protein and employ live cell confocal microscopy to photoconvert a user-defined single cell or set of cells displaying a phenotype of interest. The total population is then extracted from its microenvironment, and the optically highlighted cells are isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting. SaGA-isolated cells can then be subjected to multi-omics analysis or cellular propagation for in vitro or in vivo studies. This protocol can be applied to a variety of conditions, creating protocol flexibility for user-specific research interests. The SaGA technique can be accomplished in one workday by non-specialists and results in a phenotypically defined cellular subpopulation for integration with multi-omics techniques. We envision this approach providing multi-dimensional datasets exploring the relationship between live-cell phenotype and multi-omic heterogeneity within normal and diseased cellular populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khatib, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanso, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knippler, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summerbell, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohbi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouw, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A live-cell platform to isolate phenotypically defined subpopulations for spatial multi-omic profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicle-localized miR-203 mediates neural crest-placode communication required for trigeminal ganglia formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While interactions between neural crest and placode cells are critical for the proper formation of the trigeminal ganglion, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the microRNA-(miR)203, whose epigenetic repression is required for neural crest migration, is reactivated in coalescing and condensing trigeminal ganglion cells. Overexpression of miR-203 induces ectopic coalescence of neural crest cells and increases ganglion size. Reciprocally, loss of miR-203 function in placode, but not neural crest, cells perturbs trigeminal ganglion condensation. Demonstrating intercellular communication, overexpression of miR-203 in the neural crest in vitro or in vivo represses a miR-responsive sensor in placode cells. Moreover, neural crest-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), visualized using pHluorin-CD63 vector, become incorporated into the cytoplasm of placode cells. Finally, RT-PCR analysis shows that small EVs isolated from condensing trigeminal ganglia are selectively loaded with miR-203. Together, our findings reveal a critical role in vivo for neural crest-placode communication mediated by sEVs and their selective microRNA cargo for proper trigeminal ganglion formation.

SIGNIFICANCE STRATEMENTCellular communication during early development plays a critical role. In this study, we demonstrate a unique role for a microRNA in cell-cell communication between the neural crest (NC) and placode cells (PC) during trigeminal ganglia (TG) formation. By utilizing loss and gain of function experiments in vivo, we demonstrate a requirement for miR-203 during cellular condensation to form the TG. We revealed that NC produces extracellular vesicles, selectively carrying miR-203, which is then taken up by the PC and regulates a sensor vector exclusively expressed in the placode. Taken together, our findings reveal a critical role in TG condensation for miR-203, produced by post-migratory NC and taken up by PC via extracellular vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernardi, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Vasquez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piacentino, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcantara Saraiva, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira-Neves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Miguel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobl-Mazzulla, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicle-localized miR-203 mediates neural crest-placode communication required for trigeminal ganglia formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into TRPV4-Rho GTPase signaling complex function and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosstalk between ion channels and small GTPases is critical during homeostasis and disease1, but little is known about the structural underpinnings of these interactions. TRPV4 is a polymodal, calcium-permeable cation channel that has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in multiple conditions2-5. Gain-of-function mutations also cause hereditary neuromuscular disease6-11. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human TRPV4 in complex with RhoA in the apo, antagonist-bound closed, and agonist-bound open states. These structures reveal the mechanism of ligand-dependent TRPV4 gating. Channel activation is associated with rigid-body rotation of the intracellular ankyrin repeat domain, but state-dependent interaction with membrane-anchored RhoA constrains this movement. Notably, many residues at the TRPV4-RhoA interface are mutated in disease and perturbing this interface by introducing mutations into either TRPV4 or RhoA increases TRPV4 channel activity. Together, these results suggest that the interaction strength between TRPV4 and RhoA tunes TRPV4-mediated calcium homeostasis and actin remodeling, and that disruption of TRPV4-RhoA interactions leads to TRPV4-related neuromuscular disease, findings that will guide TRPV4 therapeutics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into TRPV4-Rho GTPase signaling complex function and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduction of Spermine Synthase Suppresses Tau Accumulation Through Autophagy Modulation in Tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tauopathy, including Alzheimer Disease (AD), is characterized by Tau protein accumulation and autophagy dysregulation. Emerging evidence connects polyamine metabolism with the autophagy pathway, however the role of polyamines in Tauopathy remains unclear. In the present study we investigated the role of spermine synthase (SMS) in autophagy regulation and tau protein processing in Drosophila and human cellular models of Tauopathy. Our previous study showed that Drosophila spermine synthase (dSms) deficiency impairs lysosomal function and blocks autophagy flux. Interestingly, partial loss-of-function of SMS in heterozygous dSms flies extends lifespan and improves the climbing performance of flies with human Tau (hTau) overexpression. Mechanistic analysis showed that heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of dSms reduces hTau protein accumulation through enhancing autophagic flux. Measurement of polyamine levels detected a mild elevation of spermidine in flies with heterozygous loss of dSms. SMS knock-down in human neuronal or glial cells also upregulates autophagic flux and reduces Tau protein accumulation. Proteomics analysis of postmortem brain tissue from AD patients showed a significant albeit modest elevation of SMS protein level in AD-relevant brain regions compared to that of control brains consistently across several datasets. Taken together, our study uncovers a correlation between SMS protein level and AD pathogenesis and reveals that SMS reduction upregulates autophagy, promotes Tau clearance, and reduces Tau protein accumulation. These findings provide a new potential therapeutic target of Tauopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Perez, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduction of Spermine Synthase Suppresses Tau Accumulation Through Autophagy Modulation in Tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote wound repair in a diabetic mouse model via an anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have recently been widely explored in clinical trials for treatment of diseases with complex pathophysiology. However, production of MSC EVs is currently hampered by donor-specific characteristics and limited ex vivo expansion capabilities before decreased potency, thus restricting their potential as a scalable and reproducible therapeutic. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a self-renewing source for obtaining differentiated iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs), circumventing both scalability and donor variability concerns for therapeutic EV production. Thus, we initially sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of iMSC EVs. Interestingly, while utilizing undifferentiated iPSC EVs as a control, we found that their vascularization bioactivity was similar and their anti-inflammatory bioactivity was superior to donor-matched iMSC EVs in cell-based assays. To supplement this initial in vitro bioactivity screen, we employed a diabetic wound healing mouse model where both the pro-vascularization and anti-inflammatory activity of these EVs would be beneficial. In this in vivo model, iPSC EVs more effectively mediated inflammation resolution within the wound bed. Combined with the lack of additional differentiation steps required for iMSC generation, these results support the use of undifferentiated iPSCs as a source for therapeutic EV production with respect to both scalability and efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadchi, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shababi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravari, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirolli, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obiorah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokhtari-Esbuie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gheshlaghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powsner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote wound repair in a diabetic mouse model via an anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOL1 kidney risk variants in glomerular diseases modeled in transgenic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOL1 high-risk variants partially explain the high kidney disease prevalence among African ancestry individuals. Many mechanisms have been reported in cell culture models, but few have been demonstrated in mouse models. Here we characterize two models: (1) HIV- associated nephropathy (HIVAN) Tg26 mice crossed with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)/APOL1 transgenic mice and (2) interferon-{psi} administered to BAC/APOL1 mice. Both models showed exacerbated glomerular disease in APOL1-G1 compared to APOL1-G0 mice. HIVAN model glomerular bulk RNA-seq identified synergistic podocyte-damaging pathways activated by the APOL1-G1 allele and by HIV transgenes. Single-nuclear RNA-seq revealed podocyte-specific patterns of differentially-expressed genes as a function of APOL1 alleles. Eukaryotic Initiation factor-2 pathway was the most activated pathway in the interferon-{psi} model and the most deactivated pathway in the HIVAN model. HIVAN mouse model podocyte single-nuclear RNA-seq data showed similarity to human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) glomerular bulk RNA-seq data. Furthermore, single-nuclear RNA-seq data from interferon-{psi} mouse model podocytes (in vivo) showed similarity to human FSGS single-cell RNA- seq data from urine podocytes (ex vivo) and from human podocyte cell lines (in vitro) using bulk RNA-seq. These data highlight differences in the transcriptional effects of the APOL1-G1 risk variant in a model specific manner. Shared differentially expressed genes in podocytes in both mouse models suggest possible novel glomerular damage markers in APOL1 variant-induced diseases. Transcription factor Zbtb16 was downregulated in podocytes and endothelial cells in both models, possibly contributing to glucocorticoid-resistance. In summary, these findings in two mouse models suggest both shared and distinct therapeutic opportunities for APOL1 glomerulopathies.

Significance statementCoding variants in APOL1, encoding apolipoprotein L1, contribute to kidney disease in individuals with African ancestry. The mechanisms for glomerular injury remain incompletely understood. We studied two transgenic mouse models, HIV-associated nephropathy and interferon-{psi} administration. Using glomerular and single-nuclear RNA sequencing, we identified genes differentially expressed among mice with kidney risk alleles (G1) and the common variant (G0). Both models exhibited up-regulation of genes that indicated podocyte damage with risk alleles compared to the common variant. One gene down-regulated in both models was Zbtb16, encoding a transcription factor, that may contribute to glucocorticoid-resistance. Overall, the findings suggest both shared and distinct alterations in the two disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latt, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenaroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tutino, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOL1 kidney risk variants in glomerular diseases modeled in transgenic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.534593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetically mannosylated antigens induce antigen-specific humoral tolerance and reduce anti-drug antibody responses to immunogenic biologics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.534593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunogenic biologics trigger an anti-drug antibody (ADA) response in patients, which reduces efficacy and increases adverse reactions. Our laboratory has previously shown that targeting protein antigen to the liver microenvironment can reduce antigen-specific T cell responses; herein, we present a strategy to increase delivery of otherwise immunogenic biologics to the liver via conjugation to a synthetic mannose polymer (p(Man)). This delivery leads to reduced antigen-specific T follicular helper cell and B cell responses resulting in diminished ADA production, which is maintained throughout subsequent administrations of the native biologic. We found that p(Man)-antigen treatment impairs the ADA response against recombinant uricase, a highly immunogenic biologic, without a dependence on hapten immunodominance or control by Tregs. We identify increased TCR signaling and increased apoptosis and exhaustion in T cells as effects of p(Man)-antigen treatment via transcriptomic analyses. This modular platform may enhance tolerance to biologics, enabling long-term solutions for an ever-increasing healthcare problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refvik, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antane, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brünggel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterbach, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.534593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetically mannosylated antigens induce antigen-specific humoral tolerance and reduce anti-drug antibody responses to immunogenic biologics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regression models for partially localized fMRI connectivity analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain functional connectivity analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is typically performed in a standardized template space assuming consistency of connections across subjects. This can come in the form of one-edge-at-a-time analyses or dimension reduction/decomposition methods. Common to these approaches is the assumption of complete localization (or spatial alignment) of brain regions across subjects. Alternative approaches completely eschew localization assumptions by treating connections as statistically exchangeable (for example, using the density of connectivity between nodes). Yet other approaches, such as hyperalignment, attempt to align subjects on function as well as structure, thereby achieving a different sort of template-based localization. In this paper, we propose the use of simple regression models to characterize connectivity. To that end, we build regression models on subject-level Fisher transformed regional connection matrices using geographic distance, homotopic distance, network labels, and region indicators as covariates to explain variation in connections. While we perform our analysis in template-space in this paper, we envision the method being useful in multi-atlas registration settings, where subject data remains in its own geometry and templates are warped instead. A byproduct of this style of analysis is the ability to characterize the fraction of variation in subject-level connections explained by each type of covariate. Using Human Connectome Project data, we found that network labels and regional characteristics contribute far more than geographic or homotopic relationships (considered non-parametrically). In addition, visual regions had the highest explanatory power (i.e., largest regression coefficients). We also considered subject repeatability and found that the degree of repeatability seen in fully localized models is largely recovered using our proposed subject-level regression models. Further, even fully exchangeable models retain a sizeable amount of repeatability information, despite discarding all localization information. These results suggest the tantalizing possibility that fMRI connectivity analysis can be performed in subject-space, using less aggressive registration, such as simple affine transformations, multi-atlas subject-space registration, or perhaps even no registration whatsoever.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regression models for partially localized fMRI connectivity analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis of aposematic coloration in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of mimicry in a single species or population has rippling inter and intraspecific effects across ecological communities, providing a fascinating mechanism of phenotypic diversification. In this study we present the first identification of genes underlying Mullerian mimicry in a vertebrate, the Peruvian mimic poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator. We sequenced 124 R. imitator exomes and discovered loci with both strong divergence between different mimetic morphs and phenotypic associations within an intraspecific admixture zone, implicating mc1r, asip, bsn, retsat, and krt8.2 in the evolution of mimetic color phenotypes. We confirmed these associations for most candidate genes through linkage mapping in a lab-reared pedigree. We also sequenced transcriptomes from the model species, allowing tests for introgression and revealing that the mimetic resemblance between R. imitator and the models evolved independently. Selection analyses of the candidate genes show that the mimicry phenotypes likely have evolved through selective sweeps acting on polygenic variation. Our results suggest that the evolutionary origins and molecular mechanisms underlying mimicry phenotypes in vertebrates may be radically different from those previously documented in invertebrates such as the iconic Heliconius butterfly mimicry complex.

One Sentence SummaryMullerian mimicry evolved through independent selective sweeps on color and pattern loci in the mimic poison frog.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacManes, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis of aposematic coloration in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crucial neuroprotective roles of the metabolite BH4 in dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and Parkinsons disease (PD) are movement disorders caused by the dysfunction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Identifying druggable pathways and biomarkers for guiding therapies is crucial due to the debilitating nature of these disorders. Recent genetic studies have identified variants of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, as causative for these movement disorders. Here, we show that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of BH4 synthesis in mice and human midbrain-like organoids accurately recapitulates motor, behavioral and biochemical characteristics of these human diseases, with severity of the phenotype correlating with extent of BH4 deficiency. We also show that BH4 deficiency increases sensitivities to several PD-related stressors in mice and PD human cells, resulting in worse behavioral and physiological outcomes. Conversely, genetic and pharmacological augmentation of BH4 protects mice from genetically- and chemically induced PD-related stressors. Importantly, increasing BH4 levels also protects primary cells from PD-affected individuals and human midbrain-like organoids (hMLOs) from these stressors. Mechanistically, BH4 not only serves as an essential cofactor for dopamine synthesis, but also independently regulates tyrosine hydroxylase levels, protects against ferroptosis, scavenges mitochondrial ROS, maintains neuronal excitability and promotes mitochondrial ATP production, thereby enhancing mitochondrial fitness and cellular respiration in multiple preclinical PD animal models, human dopaminergic midbrain-like organoids and primary cells from PD-affected individuals. Our findings pinpoint the BH4 pathway as a key metabolic program at the intersection of multiple protective mechanisms for the health and function of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cronin, S. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korecka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht-Mayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Luz Scheffer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somlyay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cikes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reither, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabloz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavirayani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latremoliere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costigan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pifl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahad, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolf, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Je, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tretiakov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Diaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkany, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crucial neuroprotective roles of the metabolite BH4 in dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression, not sequence, distinguishes miR-238 from its miR-239ab sister miRNAs in promoting longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by base-pairing to target sequences in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and recruiting factors that induce translational repression and mRNA decay. In animals, nucleotides 2-8 at the 5 end of the miRNA, called the seed region, are often necessary and sometimes sufficient for functional target interactions. MiRNAs that contain identical seed sequences are grouped into families where individual members have the potential to share targets and act redundantly. A rare exception seemed to be the miR-238/239ab family in Caenorhabditis elegans, as previous work indicated that loss of miR-238 reduced lifespan while deletion of the miR-239ab locus resulted in enhanced longevity and thermal stress resistance. Here, we re-examined these potentially opposing roles using new strains that individually disrupt each miRNA sister. We confirmed that loss of miR-238 is associated with a shortened lifespan but could detect no longevity or stress phenotypes in animals lacking miR-239a or miR-239b, individually or in combination. Additionally, dozens of genes were mis-regulated in miR-238 mutants but almost no gene expression changes were detected in either miR-239a or miR-239b mutants compared to wild type animals. We present evidence that the lack of redundancy between miR-238 and miR-239ab is independent of their sequence differences; miR-239a or miR-239b could substitute for the longevity role of miR-238 when expressed from the miR-238 locus. Altogether, these studies disqualify miR-239ab as negative regulators of aging and demonstrate that expression, not sequence, dictates the specific role of miR-238 in promoting longevity.

Author SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny non-coding RNAs that function in diverse biological pathways. To exert their regulatory influence, miRNAs bind to specific target RNAs through partial base-pairing. A critical aspect of this miRNA-target engagement is the seed sequence, nucleotides 2-8 of the miRNA. MiRNAs that share seed sequences are grouped into families and presumed to have similar functions. Yet, other factors, such as non-seed sequences in the miRNA and its expression level, can also contribute to target regulation and result in distinct roles for miRNAs within a family. To better understand how miRNA family members can have specific functions, we focused on miR-238 and its sisters, miR-239a and miR-239b, because these miRNAs had previously been reported to play opposing longevity roles in the nematode C. elegans. Using new genetic tools, we found that loss of miR-238 alone leads to the misregulation of many genes and a reduced lifespan. However, the lack of miR-239a, miR-239b, or both sisters had almost no effect on gene expression or longevity compared to wild type animals. Strikingly, though, miR-239a or miR-239b could substitute for the aging role of miR-238 when expressed from the miR-238 locus. Thus, expression, not sequence, is the predominant distinguishing feature of mir-238 that bestows upon it a role in aging not shared with the other family members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chipman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luc, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulahan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquinelli, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression, not sequence, distinguishes miR-238 from its miR-239ab sister miRNAs in promoting longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure of NAD+ consuming protein Acinetobacter baumannii TIR domain shows unique kinetics and conformations. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll-like and Interleukin-1/18 receptor resistance (TIR) domain-containing proteins function as important signaling and immune regulatory molecules. TIR domain-containing proteins identified in eukaryotic and prokaryotic species also exhibit NAD+ hydrolase activity in select bacteria, plants, and mammalian cells. We report the crystal structure of the Acinetobacter baumannii TIR domain protein (AbTir-TIR) with confirmed NAD+ hydrolysis and map the conformational effects of its interaction with NAD+ using HDX-MS. NAD+ results in mild decreases in deuterium uptake at the dimeric interface. In addition, AbTir-TIR exhibits EX1 kinetics indicative of large cooperative conformational changes which are slowed down upon substrate binding. Additionally, we have developed label-free imaging using 2pFLIM which shows differences in bacteria expressing native and mutant NAD+ hydrolase-inactivated AbTir-TIREA protein. Our observations are consistent with substrate-induced conformational changes reported in other TIR model systems with NAD+ hydrolase activity. These studies provide further insight into bacterial TIR protein mechanisms and their varying roles in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klontz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obi, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glendening, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsibouris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buddula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nallar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redzic, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obiorah, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essuman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milbrandt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diantonio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deredge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure of NAD+ consuming protein Acinetobacter baumannii TIR domain shows unique kinetics and conformations.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.540590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of tumor cell lactate-generating signaling pathways eradicates murine PTEN/p53-deficient aggressive-variant prostate cancer via macrophage phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.540590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePTEN loss-of-function/PI3K pathway hyperactivation occurs in [~]50% of metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors across multiple malignancies. Our prior studies in prostate-specific PTEN/p53-deleted genetically engineered mice (Pb-Cre;PTENfl/flTrp53fl/fl GEM) with aggressive-variant prostate cancer (AVPC) demonstrated feedback Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling activation in 40% mice resistant to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)/PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki)/PD-1 antibody (aPD-1) combination, resulting in restoration of lactate cross-talk between tumor-cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), histone lactylation (H3K18lac) and phagocytic suppression within TAM. Here, we targeted immunometabolic mechanism(s) of resistance to ADT/PI3Ki/aPD-1 combination, with the goal of durable tumor control in PTEN/p53-deficient PC.

Experimental designPb-Cre;PTENfl/flTrp53fl/fl GEM were treated with either ADT (degarelix), PI3Ki (copanlisib), aPD-1, MEK inhibitor (trametinib) or Porcupine inhibitor (LGK 974) as single agents or their combinations. MRI was used to monitor tumor kinetics and immune/proteomic profiling/ex vivo co-culture mechanistic studies were performed on prostate tumors or established GEM-derived cell lines.

ResultsWe tested whether Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway inhibition with LGK 974 addition to degarelix/copanlisib/aPD-1 therapy enhances tumor control in GEM, and observed de novo resistance due to feedback activation of MEK signaling. Based on our observation that degarelix/aPD-1 treatment resulted in partial inhibition of MEK signaling, we substituted trametinib for degarelix/aPD-1 treatment, and observed a durable tumor growth control of PI3Ki/MEKi/PORCNi in 100% mice via H3K18lac suppression and complete TAM activation within TME.

ConclusionsAbrogation of lactate-mediated cross-talk between cancer cells and TAM results in durable ADT-independent tumor control in PTEN/p53-deficient AVPC, and warrants further investigation in clinical trials.

STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEPTEN loss-of-function occurs in [~]50% of mCRPC patients, and associated with poor prognosis, and immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance across multiple malignancies. Our prior studies have demonstrated that ADT/PI3Ki/PD-1 triplet combination therapy controls PTEN/p53-deficient PC in 60% of mice via enhancement of TAM phagocytosis. Here, we discovered that resistance to ADT/PI3K/PD-1 therapy occurred via restoration of lactate production via feedback Wnt/MEK signaling following treatment with PI3Ki, resulting in inhibition of TAM phagocytosis. Critically, co-targeting of PI3K/MEK/Wnt signaling pathways using an intermittent dosing schedule of corresponding targeted agents resulted in complete tumor control and significantly prolonged survival without significant long-term toxicity. Collectively, our findings provide "proof-of-concept" that targeting lactate as a macrophage phagocytic checkpoint controls growth of murine PTEN/p53-deficient PC and warrant further investigation in AVPC clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshbabu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drovetsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bynoe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.540590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of tumor cell lactate-generating signaling pathways eradicates murine PTEN/p53-deficient aggressive-variant prostate cancer via macrophage phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmaceutical agent cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits immune mast cell function by interfering with calcium mobilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is an antimicrobial used in numerous personal care and janitorial products and food for human consumption at millimolar concentrations. Minimal information exists on the eukaryotic toxicology of CPC. We have investigated the effects of CPC on signal transduction of the immune cell type mast cells. Here, we show that CPC inhibits the mast cell function degranulation with antigen dose-dependence and at non-cytotoxic doses [~]1000-fold lower than concentrations in consumer products. Previously we showed that CPC disrupts phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a signaling lipid critical for store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which mediates degranulation. Our results indicate that CPC inhibits antigen-stimulated SOCE: CPC restricts Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum, reduces Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria, and dampens Ca2+ flow through plasma membrane channels. While inhibition of Ca2+ channel function can be caused by alteration of plasma membrane potential (PMP) and cytosolic pH, CPC does not affect PMP or pH. Inhibition of SOCE is known to depress microtubule polymerization, and here we show that CPC indeed dose-dependently shuts down formation of microtubule tracks. In vitro data reveal that CPC inhibition of microtubules is not due to direct CPC interference with tubulin. In summary, CPC is a signaling toxicant that targets Ca2+ mobilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potts, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinney, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledue, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangroula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, A. Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosse, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmaceutical agent cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits immune mast cell function by interfering with calcium mobilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phosphorylation-deficient ribosomal protein eS6 is largely functional in Arabidopsis thaliana, rescuing mutant defects from global translation and gene expression to photosynthesis and growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryote-specific ribosomal protein of the small subunit eS6 is phosphorylated through the Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase pathway. Although this phosphorylation event responds dynamically to environmental conditions and has been studied for over 50 years, its biochemical and physiological significance remains controversial and poorly understood. Here we report data from Arabidopsis thaliana, which indicate that plants expressing only a largely phospho-deficient isoform of eS6 grow essentially normally under laboratory conditions. The eS6A (RPS6A) paralog of eS6 functionally rescued double mutations in both rps6a and rps6b genes when expressed at approximately twice the wild-type dosage. A mutant isoform of eS6A lacking the major six phosphorylatable serine and threonine residues in its carboxyl-terminal tail also rescued the lethality, rosette growth, and polyribosome loading of the double mutant. It also complemented many mutant phenotypes of rps6 that were newly characterized here, including photosynthetic efficiency, and the vast majority of gene expression defects that were measured by transcriptomics and proteomics. However, compared to plants rescued with a phospho-enabled version of eS6A, the phospho-deficient seedlings retained a mild pointed-leaf phenotype, root growth was reduced, and certain cell cycle related mRNAs and ribosome biogenesis proteins were misexpressed. The residual defects of the phospho-deficient seedlings could be understood as an incomplete rescue of the rps6 mutant defects, with little or no evidence for gain-of-function defects. As expected, the phospho-deficient eS6A also rescued the rps6a and rps6b single mutants; however, phosphorylation of the eS6B paralog remained lower than predicted, further underscoring that plants can tolerate phospho-deficiency of eS6 well. Our data also yield new insights into how plants cope with mutations in essential, duplicated ribosomal protein isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, R. A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enganti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torreverde, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Arnim, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phosphorylation-deficient ribosomal protein eS6 is largely functional in Arabidopsis thaliana, rescuing mutant defects from global translation and gene expression to photosynthesis and growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type 4 pili mediated natural competence in Fusobacterium nucleatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial species naturally take up DNA from their surroundings and recombine it into their chromosome through homologous gene transfer (HGT) to aid in survival and gain advantageous functions. Herein we present the first characterization of Type 4 pili mediated natural competence in Fusobacterium nucleatum, which are Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that participate in a range of infections and diseases including periodontitis, preterm birth, and cancer. We bioinformatically identified components of the Type 4 conjugal pilus machinery and show this is a conserved system within the Fusobacterium genus. We next validate Type 4 pili in natural competence in F. nucleatum strain 23726 and show that gene deletions in key components of pilus deployment (pilQ) and cytoplasmic DNA import (comEC) abolish DNA uptake and chromosomal incorporation. We next show that natural competence may require native F. nucleatum DNA methylation to bypass restriction modification systems and allow subsequent genomic homologous recombination. In summary, this proof of principle study provides the first characterization of natural competence in Fusobacterium nucleatum and highlights the potential to exploit this DNA import mechanism as a genetic tool to characterize virulence mechanisms of an opportunistic oral pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanders, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casasanta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slade, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type 4 pili mediated natural competence in Fusobacterium nucleatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Clear, Legible, Explainable, Transparent, and Elucidative (CLETE) Binary Classification Platform for Tabular Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic resistance continues to impede overall survival rates for those affected by cancer. Although driver genes are associated with diverse cancer types, a scarcity of instrumental methods for predicting therapy response or resistance persists. Therefore, the impetus for designing predictive tools for therapeutic response is crucial and tools based on machine learning open new opportunities. Here, we present an easily accessible platform dedicated to Clear, Legible, Explainable, Transparent, and Elucidative (CLETE) yet wholly modifiable binary classification models. Our platform encompasses both unsupervised and supervised feature selection options, hyperparameter search methodologies, under-sampling and over-sampling methods, and normalization methods, along with fifteen machine learning algorithms. The platform furnishes a k-fold receiver operating curve (ROC) - area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy plots, permutation feature importance, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) plots, and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) plots to interpret the model and individual predictions. We have deployed a unique custom metric for hyperparameter search, which considers both training and validation scores, thus ensuring a check on under or over-fitting. Moreover, we introduce an innovative scoring method, NegLog2RMSL, which incorporates both training and test scores for model evaluation that facilitates the evaluation of models via multiple parameters. In a bid to simplify the user interface, we provide a graphical interface that sidesteps programming expertise and is compatible with both Windows and Mac OS. Platform robustness has been validated using pharmacogenomic data for 23 drugs across four diseases and holds the potential for utilization with any form of tabular data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasimian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rönnstrand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazi, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Clear, Legible, Explainable, Transparent, and Elucidative (CLETE) Binary Classification Platform for Tabular Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brooklyn plots to identify co-expression dysregulation in single cell sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered open chromatin regions, impacting gene expression, is a feature of some human disorders. We discovered it is possible to detect global changes in genomically-related gene co-expression within single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. We built a software package to generate and test non-randomness using  Brooklyn plots to identify the percent of genes significantly co-expressed from the same chromosome in [~]10MB intervals across the genome. These plots establish an expected low baseline of co-expression in scRNA-seq from most cell types, but, as seen in dilated cardiomyopathy cardiomyocytes, altered patterns of open chromatin appear. These may relate to larger regions of transcriptional bursting, observable in single cell, but not bulk datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brooklyn plots to identify co-expression dysregulation in single cell sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using energy to go downhill - a genoprotective role for ATPase activity in DNA topoisomerase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWType II topoisomerases effect topological changes in DNA by cutting a single duplex, passing a second duplex through the break, and resealing the broken strand in an ATP-coupled reaction. Curiously, most type II topoisomerases (topos II, IV, and VI) catalyze DNA transformations that are energetically favorable, such as the removal of superhelical strain; why ATP is required for such reactions is unknown. Here, using human topoisomerase II {beta} (hTOP2{beta}) as a model, we show that the ATPase domains of the enzyme are not required for DNA strand passage, but that their loss leads to increased DNA nicking and double strand break formation by the enzyme. The unstructured C-terminal domains (CTDs) of hTOP2{beta} strongly potentiate strand passage activity in the absence of the ATPase regions, as do cleavage-prone mutations that confer hypersensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide. The presence of either the CTD or the mutations lead ATPase-less enzymes to promote even greater levels of DNA cleavaingevitro, as well as in vivo. By contrast, the aberrant cleavage phenotypes of these topo II variants is significantly repressed when the ATPase domains are restored. Our findings are consistent with the proposal that type II topoisomerases acquired an ATPase function to maintain high levels of catalytic activity while minimizing inappropriate DNA damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandak, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blower, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitiss, K. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using energy to go downhill - a genoprotective role for ATPase activity in DNA topoisomerase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) Neolithic communities were the first to spread farming across large parts of central Europe, settling fertile regions from Ukraine to France during the second half of the 6th millennium BCE. The LBK had a high degree of material culture uniformity, albeit with regional differences in settlement patterns, subsistence, and mortuary practices. To date, ancient DNA data from LBK individuals have been generated for a limited number of locations and often in small sample sizes, making it challenging to study variation within and across sites. We report genome-wide data for 178 LBK individuals, from the Alfold Linearbankeramik Culture (ALPC) eastern LBK site of Polgar-Ferenci-hat in Hungary, the western LBK site of Nitra in Slovakia, and the enclosed western LBK settlement and massacre site of Schletz in Austria, as well as 42 LBK individuals from 18 other sites. We also report genome-wide data for 28 Early Neolithic Koros and Star[c]evo individuals from 13 sites, viewed as the predecessors of the LBK. We observe a higher percentage of western hunter-gatherer (WHG) admixture among individuals in the eastern LBK than in the far more widely distributed western LBK, showing that these two archaeologically distinct cultures also had different genetic trajectories. Most WHG-farmer mixture occurred just before the dawn of the LBK culture and there is no evidence that the WHG ancestry came systematically more from males or females. However, we do find strong genetic evidence for patrilocality among the LBK, extending previous findings based on isotopic analysis, with more genetic structure across sites on the male than on the female line, and a higher rate of within-site relatives for males. At Schletz we detect almost no first-degree relatives despite reporting data from almost every skeleton present at the site, showing that this massacre involved people from a large population, not a small community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelabert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teschler-Nicola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandkhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberreiter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schattke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdogan, K. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skrivanko, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novotny,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial sepsis triggers stronger transcriptomic responses in larger primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Empirical data relating body mass to immune defense against infections remain limited. Although the Metabolic Theory of Ecology predicts that larger organisms would have weaker immune responses, recent studies have suggested that the opposite may be true. These discoveries have led to the Safety Factor hypothesis, which proposes that larger organisms have evolved stronger immune defenses because they carry greater risks of exposure to pathogens and parasites. In this study, we simulated sepsis by exposing blood from nine primate species to a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), measured the relative expression of immune and other genes using RNAseq, and fit phylogenetic models to determine how gene expression was related to body mass. In contrast to non-immune-annotated genes, we discovered hypermetric scaling in the LPS-induced expression of innate immune genes, such that large primates had a disproportionately greater increase in gene expression of immune genes compared to small primates. Hypermetric immune gene expression appears to support the Safety Factor hypothesis, though this pattern may represent a balanced evolutionary mechanism to compensate for lower per-transcript immunological effectiveness. This study contributes to the growing body of immune allometry research, highlighting its importance in understanding the complex interplay between body size and immunity over evolutionary timescales.

Author SummaryUnderstanding the relationship between an animals size and its ability to defend against disease can inform predictions about evolutionary tradeoffs and susceptibility to infection. Two major theories - the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) and the Safety Factor hypothesis - offer opposing views on how body size influences it immune defenses. In this study, we compared the immune gene expression of nine primate species to a simulated bacterial infection. We found that larger species mounted a stronger transcriptional immune response, consistent with either the Safety Factor hypothesis or an evolutionary pressure to compensate for and balance the effects expected in the context of the MTE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMinds, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapa, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius Ruhs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munds, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiding, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial sepsis triggers stronger transcriptomic responses in larger primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiomyocyte-specific adenylyl cyclase type-8 overexpression induces cell-autonomous activation of RelA and non-cell-autonomous myocardial and systemic inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMice with cardiac-specific overexpression of adenylyl cyclase (AC) type 8 (TGAC8) are under a constant state of severe myocardial stress. They have a remarkable ability to adapt to this stress, but they eventually develop accelerated cardiac aging and experience reduced longevity.

ResultsHere we demonstrate that activation of ACVIII in cardiomyocytes results in cell-autonomous RelA-mediated NF-{kappa}B signaling. This is associated with non-cell-autonomous activation of proinflammatory and age-associated signaling in myocardial endothelial cells and myocardial smooth muscle cells, expansion of myocardial immune cells, increase in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, and changes in the size or composition of lymphoid organs. These changes precede the appearance of cardiac fibrosis. We provide evidence indicating that ACVIII-driven RelA activation in cardiomyocytes is mediated by calcium-Protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling.

ConclusionsUsing a model of chronic cardiomyocyte stress and accelerated aging we highlight a novel, PKA/RelA-dependent connection between cardiomyocyte stress, myocardial para-inflammation and systemic inflammation. These findings point to RelA-mediated signaling in cardiomyocytes and inter-organ communication between the heart and lymphoid organs as novel potential therapeutic targets to reduce age-associated myocardial deterioration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermea, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaileh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiomyocyte-specific adenylyl cyclase type-8 overexpression induces cell-autonomous activation of RelA and non-cell-autonomous myocardial and systemic inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of REP1 impacts choroidal melanogenesis in choroideremia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choroideremia (CHM) is a rare X-linked chorioretinal dystrophy affecting the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid, however, the involvement of the choroid in disease progression is not fully understood. CHM is caused by mutations in the CHM gene, encoding the ubiquitously expressed Rab escort protein 1 (REP1). REP1 plays an important role in intracellular trafficking of vesicles, including melanosomes. In this study, we examined ultrastructure of the choroid in chmru848 fish and Chmnull/WT mouse models using transmission electron microscopy. Significant pigmentary disruptions were observed, with a lack of melanosomes in the choroid of chmru848fish from 4 days post fertilisation (4dpf). Total melanin and expression of melanogenesis genes tyr, tryp1a, mitf, dct and pmel were also reduced from 4dpf. In Chmnull/WT mice, choroidal melanosomes were significantly smaller at 1 month and at 1 year, eumelanin was reduced, and the choroid was thicker. The choroid in CHM patients was also examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT- angiography (OCT-A) and the area of preserved choriocapillaris (CC) was found to be smaller than that of overlying photoreceptors, indicating that the choroid is degenerating at a faster rate. Histopathology of an enucleated eye from a 74-year-old CHM male patient revealed isolated areas of RPE but no associated underlying CC. Significant degenerative changes in the choroid of CHM patients and animal models are seen, highlighting the importance of administrative routes involving the choroid, such as suprachoroidal delivery. Pigmentary disruptions in CHM animal models reveal an important role for REP1 in melanogenesis, and drugs that improve melanin production represent a potential novel therapeutic avenue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey-White, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagag, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgoyne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moosajee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of REP1 impacts choroidal melanogenesis in choroideremia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLN-2 functions in parallel to LINC complexes and Cdc42/actin pathways during P-cell nuclear migration through constricted spaces in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear migration through narrow constrictions is important for development, metastasis, and pro-inflammatory responses. Studies performed in tissue culture cells have implicated LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes, microtubule motors, the actin cytoskeleton, and nuclear envelope repair machinery as important mediators of nuclear movements through constricted spaces. However, little is understood about how these mechanisms operate to move nuclei in vivo. In C. elegans larvae, 6 pairs of hypodermal P cells migrate from lateral to ventral positions through a constricted space between the body wall muscles and the cuticle. P-cell nuclear migration is mediated in part by LINC complexes using a microtubule-based pathway and by an independent CDC-42/actin-based pathway. However, when both LINC complex and actin-based pathways are knocked out, many nuclei still migrate, suggesting the existence of additional pathways. Here we show that FLN-2 functions in a third pathway to mediate P-cell nuclear migration. The predicted N-terminal actin binding domain in FLN-2 that is found in canonical filamins is dispensable for FLN-2 function, this and structural predictions suggest that FLN-2 is not a divergent filamin. The immunoglobulin (Ig)-like repeats 4-8 of FLN-2 were necessary for P-cell nuclear migration. Furthermore, in the absence of the LINC complex component unc-84, fln-2 mutants had an increase in P-cell nuclear rupture. We conclude that FLN-2 functions to maintain the integrity of the nuclear envelope in parallel with the LINC complex and CDC-42/actin-based pathways to move P-cell nuclei through constricted spaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnatan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxton, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLN-2 functions in parallel to LINC complexes and Cdc42/actin pathways during P-cell nuclear migration through constricted spaces in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term combination therapy with Metformin and Oxymetholone in a Fanconi Anemia mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a disease caused by defective DNA repair which manifests as bone marrow failure, cancer predisposition, and developmental defects. Mice containing inactivating mutations in one or more genes in the FA pathway partially mimic the human disease. We previously reported that monotherapy with either metformin (MET) or oxymetholone (OXM) improved peripheral blood (PB) counts and the number and functionality of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) number in Fancd2-/- mice. To evaluate whether the combination treatment of these drugs has a synergistic effect to prevent bone marrow failure in FA, we treated cohorts of Fancd2-/- mice and wild-type controls with either MET alone, OXM alone, MET+OXM or placebo diet. Both male and female mice were treated from age 3 weeks to 18 months. The OXM treated animals showed modest improvements in blood parameters including platelet count (p=0.01) and hemoglobin levels (p<0.05). In addition, the percentage of quiescent HSC (LSK) was significantly increased (p=0.001) by long-term treatment with MET alone. However, the absolute number of progenitors, measured by LSK frequency or CFU-S, was not significantly altered by MET therapy. The combination of metformin and oxymetholone did not result in a significant synergistic effect on any parameter. Male animals on MET+OXM or MET alone were significantly leaner than controls at 18 months, regardless of genotype. Gene expression analysis of liver tissue from these animals showed that some of the expression changes caused by Fancd2 deletion were partially normalized by metformin treatment. Importantly, no adverse effects of the individual or combination therapies were observed, despite the long-term administration.

Highlights- Long-term coadministration of metformin in combination oxymetholone is well tolerated by Fancd2-/- mice.
- HSC quiescence in mutant mice was enhanced by treatment with metformin alone.
- Metformin treatment caused a partial normalization of gene expression in the livers of mutant mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grompe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrell, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochizuki-Kashio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finegold, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term combination therapy with Metformin and Oxymetholone in a Fanconi Anemia mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined Mek inhibition and Pparg activation Eradicates Muscle Invasive Bladder cancer in a Mouse Model of BBN-induced Carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bladder cancers (BCs) can be divided into 2 major subgroups displaying distinct clinical behaviors and mutational profiles: basal/squamous (BASQ) tumors that tend to be muscle invasive, and luminal/papillary (LP) tumors that are exophytic and tend to be non-invasive. Pparg is a likely driver of LP BC and has been suggested to act as a tumor suppressor in BASQ tumors, where it is likely suppressed by MEK-dependent phosphorylation. Here we tested the effects of rosiglitazone, a Pparg agonist, in a mouse model of BBN-induced muscle invasive BC. Rosiglitazone activated Pparg signaling in suprabasal epithelial layers of tumors but not in basal-most layers containing highly proliferative invasive cells, reducing proliferation but not affecting tumor survival. Addition of trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, induced Pparg signaling throughout all tumor layers, and eradicated 91% of tumors within 7-days of treatment. The 2-drug combination also activated a luminal differentiation program, reversing squamous metaplasia in the urothelium of tumor-bearing mice. Paired ATAC-RNA-seq analysis revealed that tumor apoptosis was most likely linked to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and other pro-survival genes, while the shift from BASQ to luminal differentiation was associated with activation of the retinoic acid pathway and upregulation of Kdm6a, a lysine demethylase that facilitates retinoid-signaling. Our data suggest that rosiglitazone, trametinib, and retinoids, which are all FDA approved, may be clinically active in BASQ tumors in patients. That muscle invasive tumors are populated by basal and suprabasal cell types with different responsiveness to PPARG agonists will be an important consideration when designing new treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ahmadie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batourina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gretarsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alija, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molotkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiessner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckiernan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined Mek inhibition and Pparg activation Eradicates Muscle Invasive Bladder cancer in a Mouse Model of BBN-induced Carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal control of lysis by the lambda holin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The infection cycle of phage {lambda} terminates in lysis mediated by three types of lysis proteins, each disrupting a layer in the bacterial envelope: the S105 holin, the R endolysin, and the Rz/Rz1 spanin complex targeting the inner membrane (IM), cell wall or peptidoglycan (PG), and the outer membrane (OM), respectively. Video microscopy has shown that in most infections lysis occurs as a sudden, explosive event at a cell pole, such that the initial product is a less refractile ghost that retains rod-shaped morphology. Here, we investigate the molecular basis of polar lysis using time lapse fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the holin determines the morphology of lysis by suddenly forming two-dimensional rafts at the poles about 100 seconds prior to lysis. Given the physiological and biochemical similarities between the lambda holin and other class I holins, dynamic redistribution and sudden concentration may be common features of holins, probably reflecting the fitness advantage of all-or-nothing lysis regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Leary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal control of lysis by the lambda holin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-AAVs allow genetic access to oligodendrocytes and diverse populations of astrocytes across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper brain function requires the assembly and function of diverse populations of neurons and glia. Single cell gene expression studies have mostly focused on characterization of neuronal cell diversity; however, recent studies have also revealed substantial diversity of glial cells, particularly astrocytes. To better understand glial cell types and their roles in neurobiology, we built a new suite of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-based genetic tools to enable genetic access to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These oligodendrocyte and astrocyte enhancer-AAVs are highly specific (usually > 95% cell type specificity) with variable expression levels, and the astrocyte enhancer-AAVs show multiple distinct expression patterns reflecting the spatial distribution of astrocyte cell types. To provide the best glial-specific functional tools, several enhancer-AAVs were: optimized for higher expression levels, shown to be functional and specific in rat and macaque, shown to maintain specific activity across transgenes and in epilepsy where traditional promoters changed activity, and used to drive functional transgenes in astrocytes including Cre recombinase and acetylcholine-responsive sensor iAChSnFR. The astrocyte-specific iAChSnFR revealed a clear reward-dependent acetylcholine response in astrocytes of the nucleus accumbens during reinforcement learning. Together, this collection of glial enhancer-AAVs will enable characterization of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte populations and their roles across species, disease states, and behavioral epochs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leytze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Simon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishaw, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canfield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omstead, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opitz-Araya, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alice Pom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potekhina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimorin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedeno-Cortes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapovalova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taormina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taskin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valera Cuevas, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGraw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thya</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-AAVs allow genetic access to oligodendrocytes and diverse populations of astrocytes across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improvisation and Live Accompaniment Increase Motor Response and Reward During a Music Playing Task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Music provides an abstract reward that can enhance learning and motivation in humans. While music is often combined with exercise to improve performance and to upregulate mood, the relationship between music-induced reward and motor output is poorly understood. Here, we study music reward and motor output at the same time by capitalizing on music playing. Specifically, we investigate the effects of music improvisation and live accompaniment on motor, autonomic, and affective responses. Thirty adults performed a rhythm tapping task while (i) improvising or maintaining the beat and (ii) with live or recorded accompaniment. Motor response was characterized by acceleration of hand movements (accelerometry), wrist flexor and extensor muscle activation (electromyography), and the number of beats played. Autonomic arousal was measured by tonic response of electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR). Affective responses were measured by a 12-item Likert scale. The combination of improvisation and live accompaniment, as compared to all other conditions, significantly increased acceleration of hand movements and muscle activation, as well as participant reports of enjoyment during music-playing. Improvisation, regardless of type of accompaniment, increased the number of beats played and autonomic arousal (including tonic EDA responses and several measures of HR), as well as participant reports of challenge. Importantly, increased motor response was associated with increased enjoyment during music improvisation only and not while participants were maintaining the beat. The increased motor responses achieved with improvisation and live accompaniment have important implications for enhancing dose of movement during music-based interventions for stroke rehabilitation.

Significance StatementMusic provides a rewarding stimulus and improves motor performance and learning. However, the relationship between music reward and motor output is poorly understood. Here, we show that music improvisation with live accompaniment increased acceleration and muscle activation during movement, and that this increase in motor response was associated with increased enjoyment only when improvising. These findings are important for developing music interventions that target improved motor performance and learning in exercise and physical rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palumbo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, E. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schambra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voelbel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripolles, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improvisation and Live Accompaniment Increase Motor Response and Reward During a Music Playing Task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAP1B Regulates Cortical Neuron Interstitial Axon Branching Through the Tubulin Tyrosination Cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs), allowing for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3{beta} serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3{beta}/MAP1B signaling. We propose that MAP1B functions as a brake on axon branching that can be released by GSK3{beta} activation, regulating the tubulin code and thereby playing an integral role in sculpting cortical neuron axon morphology.

HIGHLIGHTS- GSK3{beta} activation induces excessive interstitial axon branching in excitatory cortical neurons
- MAP1B, acting as a brake, is a downstream effector of GSK3{beta}-mediated axon branching
- MAP1B inhibition of axon branching is released by GSK3{beta} phosphorylation
- GSK3{beta}/MAP1B regulation of interstitial axon branching is through modification of the tubulin code
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ziak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorskind, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarsanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAP1B Regulates Cortical Neuron Interstitial Axon Branching Through the Tubulin Tyrosination Cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aquaporin 1 confers apoptosis resistance in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from the SU5416 hypoxia rat model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a deadly condition that arises from increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to contraction and remodeling of the pulmonary arteries. The structural changes that occur in the pulmonary arteries include thickening of the medial (smooth muscle) layer resulting from increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying apoptosis resistance in PAH are not fully understood. In cancer cells, high expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a water channel, is associated with apoptosis resistance. We previously showed functional AQP1 protein was expressed in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and was upregulated in pre-clinical models of pulmonary hypertension. Whether AQP1 controls susceptibility of PASMCs to apoptosis in pre-clinical models of PAH is unknown. In this study, we used PASMCs isolated from control rats and rats exposed to SU5416 plus hypoxia (SuHx) to test the role of AQP1 in modulating apoptosis in PASMCs. We found that elevated levels of AQP1 in PASMCs from pulmonary hypertensive rats were necessary for resistance to apoptosis, and that apoptosis resistance could be conferred by increasing expression of AQP1 in PASMCs from control rats. Moreover, in exploring the downstream pathways involved, we found AQP1 levels influence the expression of Bcl-2, with enhanced AQP1 levels corresponding to increased Bcl-2 expression, resulting in reductions in the ratio of BAX to Bcl-2 as are typically associated with apoptosis resistance. These early results provide a mechanism by which AQP1 can regulate PASMC fate and suggest further investigation could provide additional clues regarding whether AQP1-mediated apoptosis resistance contributes to PAH development or progression and whether AQP1 might be a suitable target for therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedermeyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damarla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aquaporin 1 confers apoptosis resistance in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from the SU5416 hypoxia rat model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Interaction Between Aquaporin 1 and Caspase-3 in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease in which remodeling of the precapillary pulmonary vasculature leads to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the muscular vascular wall, and the formation of vaso-occlusive lesions. These pathologic changes are predominantly due to abnormal proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), enhanced cellular functions that have been linked to increases in the cell membrane protein aquaporin-1 (AQP1). However, the mechanisms underlying increased AQP1 abundance have not been fully elucidated. Here we present data that establishes a novel interaction between AQP1 and the proteolytic enzyme caspase-3. In silico analysis of the AQP1 protein reveals two caspase-3 cleavage sites on its c-terminal tail, proximal to known ubiquitin sites. Using biotin proximity ligase techniques, we establish that AQP1 and caspase-3 interact in both HEK293A cells and rat PASMCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AQP1 levels increase and decrease with enhanced caspase-3 activity and inhibition respectively. Ultimately, further work characterizing this interaction could provide the foundation for novel PAH therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niedermeyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damarla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Interaction Between Aquaporin 1 and Caspase-3 in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum-deprivation response of ARPE-19 cells; expression patterns relevant to age-related macular degeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ARPE-19 cells are derived from adult human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The response of these cells to the stress of serum deprivation mimics some important processes relevant to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here we extend the characterization of this response using RNASeq and EGSEA gene set analysis of ARPE-19 cells over nine days of serum deprivation. This experiment confirmed the up-regulation of cholesterol and lipid-associated pathways that increase cholesterol levels in these cells. The gene expression analysis also identified other pathways relevant to AMD progression. There were significant changes in extracellular matrix gene expression, notably a switch from expression of collagen IV, a key component of Bruchs membrane (part of the blood-retina barrier), to expression of a fibrosis-like collagen type I matrix. Changes in the expression profile of the extracellular matrix led to the discovery that amelotin is induced in AMD and is associated with the development of the calcium deposits seen in late-stage geographic atrophy. The transcriptional profiles of other pathways, including inflammation, complement, and coagulation, were also modified, consistent with immune response patterns seen in AMD. As previously noted, the cells resist apoptosis and autophagy but instead initiate a gene expression pattern characteristic of senescence, consistent with the maintenance of barrier function even as other aspects of RPE function are compromised. Other differentially regulated genes were identified that open new avenues for investigation. Our results suggest that ARPE-19 cells maintain significant stress responses characteristic of native RPE that are informative for AMD. As such, they provide a convenient system for discovery and for testing potential therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wistow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum-deprivation response of ARPE-19 cells; expression patterns relevant to age-related macular degeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant macrophage activation and failed regeneration of pulmonary epithelium promote tuberculosis progression uniquely in lung tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) represents 85% of the disease burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and promotes aerosol transmission infecting about a quarter of people globally. Most Mtb infections are effectively limited within primary granulomatous lesions. Containment failures lead to hematogenous spread and the formation of post-primary destructive PTB lesions. Factors that favor Mtb survival and replication in the lungs after hematogenous spread despite systemic immunity represent appealing targets for host-directed TB therapies, but are currently unknown. We developed a novel mouse model that mimics progression of chronic post-primary PTB in humans: wherein PTB lesions form after hematogenous spread from a remote primary lesion in immunocompetent but TB-susceptible B6.Sst1S mice. The B6.Sst1S mice developed PTB lesions featuring granulomatous pneumonia, bronchogenic expansion and broncho-occlusion closely resembling post-primary PTB in humans. Using spatial transcriptomic and fluorescent multiplexed immunochemistry, we demonstrated the expansion of myeloid cell populations with the appearance of alternatively activated macrophages, dissolution of initial lymphoid follicles, and accumulation of de-differentiated lung epithelial cells in the advanced PTB lesions. To determine whether lung parenchymal cells or lung oxygenation were necessary for the pulmonary TB progression, we implanted lung and spleen fragments subcutaneously to serve as potential targets for hematogenous spread. The lung (but not spleen) implants displayed characteristic organized granulomas with necrosis and Mtb replication demonstrating that deleterious interactions of aberrantly activated macrophages with the inflammation-injured lung resident cells, and possibly hypoxia, not oxygenation, are critical determinants of PTB progression in immunocompetent hosts. Necrotic TB lesions also developed in subcutaneous implants of human lung tissue in mice with human immune system after respiratory infection. These animal models may serve to further dissect the lung-specific mechanisms of host susceptibility to virulent Mtb and for testing therapeutic interventions targeting these mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yabaji, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrish, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connel, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertje, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant macrophage activation and failed regeneration of pulmonary epithelium promote tuberculosis progression uniquely in lung tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mime-seq 2.0: a method to sequence microRNAs from specific mouse cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed with high spatiotemporal specificity during organismal development, with some being limited to rare cell types, often embedded in complex tissues. Yet most miRNA profiling efforts remain at the tissue and organ levels. To overcome challenges in accessing the microRNomes from tissue-embedded cells, we had previously developed mime-seq (miRNome by methylation dependent sequencing), a technique in which cell-specific miRNA methylation in C. elegans and Drosophila enabled chemo-selective sequencing without the need for cell sorting or biochemical purification. Here, we present mime-seq 2.0 for profiling miRNAs from specific mouse cell types. We engineered a chimeric RNA methyltransferase that is tethered to Argonaute and efficiently methylates miRNAs at their 3-terminal 2OH in mouse and human cell lines. We also generated a transgenic mouse for conditional expression of this methyltransferase, which can be used to direct methylation of miRNAs in a cell-type of choice. We validated the use of this mouse by profiling miRNAs from B cells and bone marrow plasma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandlbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popitsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwickert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameres, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busslinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochella, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mime-seq 2.0: a method to sequence microRNAs from specific mouse cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small-molecule TrkB ligand improves dendritic spine phenotypes and atypical behaviors in female Rett syndrome mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MECP2), encoding a transcriptional regulator of many genes, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf). BDNF mRNA and protein levels are lower in RTT autopsy brains and in multiple brain regions of Mecp2-deficient mice, and experimentally increasing BDNF levels improve atypical phenotypes in Mecp2 mutant mice. Due to the low blood-brain barrier permeability of BDNF itself, we tested the effects of a brain penetrant, small molecule ligand of its TrkB receptors. Applied in vitro, LM22A-4 increased dendritic spine density in pyramidal neurons in cultured hippocampal slices from postnatal day (P) 7 male Mecp2 knockout (KO) mice as much as recombinant BDNF, and both effects were prevented by the TrkB receptor inhibitors K-252a and ANA-12. Consistent with its partial agonist activity, LM22A-4 did not affect spine density in CA1 pyramidal neurons in slice cultures from male wildtype (WT) mice, where typical BDNF levels outcompete its binding to TrkB. To identify neurons of known genotypes in the  mosaic brain of female Mecp2 heterozygous (HET) mice, we treated 4-6-month-old female MeCP2-GFP WT and HET mice with peripheral injections of LM22A-4 for 4 weeks. Surprisingly, mutant neurons lacking MeCP2-GFP showed dendritic spine volumes comparable to that in WT controls, while MeCP2-GFP-expressing neurons showed larger spines, similar to the phenotype we described in symptomatic male Mecp2 KO mice where all neurons lack MeCP2. Consistent with this non-cell-autonomous mechanism, a 4-week systemic treatment with LM22A-4 had an effect only in MeCP2-GFP-expressing neurons in female Mecp2 HET mice, bringing dendritic spine volumes down to WT control levels, and without affecting spines of MeCP2-GFP-lacking neurons. At the behavioral level, we found that female Mecp2 HET mice engaged in aggressive behaviors significantly more than WT controls, which were reduced to WT levels by a 4-week systemic treatment with LM22A-4. Altogether, these data revealed differences in dendritic spine size and altered behaviors in Mecp2 HET mice, in addition to provide support to the potential usefulness of BDNF-related therapeutic approaches such as the partial TrkB agonist LM22A-4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala-Baylon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egido-Betancourt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapleau, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzo-Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small-molecule TrkB ligand improves dendritic spine phenotypes and atypical behaviors in female Rett syndrome mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional profile of the rat cardiovascular system at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite the critical role of the cardiovascular system, our understanding of its cellular and transcriptional diversity remains limited. We therefore sought to characterize the cellular composition, phenotypes, molecular pathways, and communication networks between cell types at the tissue and sub-tissue level across the cardiovascular system of the healthy Wistar rat, an important model in preclinical cardiovascular research. We obtained high quality tissue samples under controlled conditions that reveal a level of cellular detail so far inaccessible in human studies.

Methods and ResultsWe performed single nucleus RNA-sequencing in 78 samples in 10 distinct regions including the four chambers of the heart, ventricular septum, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins (PV), which produced an aggregate map of 505,835 nuclei. We identified 26 distinct cell types and additional subtypes, including a number of rare cell types such as PV cardiomyocytes and non-myelinating Schwann cells (NMSCs), and unique groups of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts (FBs), which gave rise to a detailed cell type distribution across tissues. We demonstrated differences in the cellular composition across different cardiac regions and tissue-specific differences in transcription for each cell type, highlighting the molecular diversity and complex tissue architecture of the cardiovascular system. Specifically, we observed great transcriptional heterogeneities among ECs and FBs. Importantly, several cell subtypes had a unique regional localization such as a subtype of VSMCs enriched in the large vasculature. We found the cellular makeup of PV tissue is closer to heart tissue than to the large arteries. We further explored the ligand-receptor repertoire across cell clusters and tissues, and observed tissue-enriched cellular communication networks, including heightened Nppa - Npr1/2/3 signaling in the sinoatrial node.

ConclusionsThrough a large single nucleus sequencing effort encompassing over 500,000 nuclei, we broadened our understanding of cellular transcription in the healthy cardiovascular system. The existence of tissue-restricted cellular phenotypes suggests regional regulation of cardiovascular physiology. The overall conservation in gene expression and molecular pathways across rat and human cell types, together with our detailed transcriptional characterization of each cell type, offers the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and improve preclinical models of cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arduini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkad, A.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendinelli, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papangeli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantineo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmann, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Cardena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klattenhoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional profile of the rat cardiovascular system at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric Competition and Inhibition in AMPA Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Dysregulation of AMPARs is the cause of many neurological disorders and how therapeutic candidates such as negative allosteric modulators inhibit AMPARs is unclear. Here, we show that non-competitive inhibition desensitizes AMPARs to activation and prevents positive allosteric modulation. We dissected the noncompetitive inhibition mechanism of action by capturing AMPARs bound to glutamate and the prototypical negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, with cryo-electron microscopy. Noncompetitive inhibition by GYKI-52466, which binds in the transmembrane collar region surrounding the ion channel, negatively modulates AMPARs by decoupling glutamate binding in the ligand binding domain from the ion channel. Furthermore, during allosteric competition between negative and positive modulators, negative allosteric modulation by GKYI-52466 outcompetes positive allosteric modulators to control AMPAR function. Our data provide a new framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and foundations for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hale, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric Competition and Inhibition in AMPA Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Protein Subunit γ2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) are claudin-like proteins that tightly regulate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and are fundamental for excitatory neurotransmission. We used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to reconstruct the 36 kDa TARP subunit {gamma}2 to 2.3 [A] and reveal the structural diversity of TARPs. Our data reveals critical motifs that distinguish TARPs from claudins and define how sequence variations within TARPs differentiate subfamilies and their regulation of AMPARs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hale, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Protein Subunit γ2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional correlates of cocaine-associated learning in striatal ARC ensembles. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learned associations between the rewarding effects of drugs and the context in which they are experienced underlie context-induced relapse. Previous work demonstrates the importance of sparse neuronal populations - called neuronal ensembles - in associative learning and cocaine seeking, but it remains unknown whether the encoding vs. retrieval of cocaine-associated memories involves similar or distinct mechanisms of ensemble activation and reactivation in nucleus accumbens (NAc). We use ArcCreERT2 mice to establish that mostly distinct NAc ensembles are recruited by initial vs. repeated exposures to cocaine, which are then differentially reactivated and exert distinct effects during cocaine-related memory retrieval. Single-nuclei RNA-sequencing of these ensembles demonstrates predominant recruitment of D1 medium spiny neurons and identifies transcriptional properties that are selective to cocaine-recruited NAc neurons and could explain distinct excitability features. These findings fundamentally advance our understanding of how cocaine drives pathological memory formation during repeated exposures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand-de Cuttoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBanca, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestler, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional correlates of cocaine-associated learning in striatal ARC ensembles.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial analysis of NOS2 and COX2 interaction with T-effector cells reveals immunosuppressive landscapes associated with poor outcome in ER- breast cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment that drive poor outcomes and decrease treatment efficacy. The co-expression of NOS2 and COX2 is a strong predictor of poor prognosis in ER- breast cancer and other malignancies. Together, they generate pro-oncogenic signals that drive metastasis, drug resistance, cancer stemness, and immune suppression. Using an ER- breast cancer patient cohort, we found that the spatial expression patterns of NOS2 and COX2 with CD3+CD8+PD1- T effector (Teff) cells formed a tumor immune landscape that correlated with poor outcome. NOS2 was primarily associated with the tumor-immune interface, whereas COX2 was associated with immune desert regions of the tumor lacking Teff cells. A higher ratio of NOS2 or COX2 to Teff was highly correlated with poor outcomes. Spatial analysis revealed that regional clustering of NOS2 and COX2 was associated with stromal-restricted Teff, while only COX2 was predominant in immune deserts. Examination of other immunosuppressive elements, such as PDL1/PD1, Treg, B7H4, and IDO1, revealed that PDL1/PD1, Treg, and IDO1 were primarily associated with restricted Teff, whereas B7H4 and COX2 were found in tumor immune deserts. Regardless of the survival outcome, other leukocytes, such as CD4 T cells and macrophages, were primarily in stromal lymphoid aggregates. Finally, in a 4T1 model, COX2 inhibition led to a massive cell infiltration, thus validating the hypothesis that COX2 is an essential component of the Teff exclusion process and, thus, tumor evasion. Our study indicates that NOS2/COX2 expression plays a central role in tumor immunosuppression. Our findings indicate that new strategies combining clinically available NOS2/COX2 inhibitors with various forms of immune therapy may open a new avenue for the treatment of aggressive ER- breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ridnourl, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Femino, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wink, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imtiaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutinho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmondson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glynn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicar, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitek, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billiar, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wink, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial analysis of NOS2 and COX2 interaction with T-effector cells reveals immunosuppressive landscapes associated with poor outcome in ER- breast cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.572650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond benchmarking: towards predictive models of dataset-specific single-cell RNA-seq pipeline performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.572650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has driven significant computational methods development for all steps in the scRNA-seq data analysis pipeline, including filtering, normalization, and clustering. The large number of methods and their resulting parameter combinations has created a combinatorial set of possible pipelines to analyze scRNA-seq data, which leads to the obvious question: which is best? Several benchmarking studies have sought to compare methods to answer this, but frequently find variable performance depending on dataset and pipeline characteristics. Alternatively, the large number of publicly available scRNA-seq datasets along with advances in supervised machine learning raise a tantalizing possibility: could the optimal pipeline be predicted for a given dataset? Here we begin to answer this question by applying 288 scRNA-seq analysis pipelines to 86 datasets and quantifying pipeline success via a range of measures evaluating cluster purity and biological plausibility. We build supervised machine learning models to predict pipeline success given a range of dataset and pipeline characteristics. We find both that prediction performance is significantly better than random and that in many cases pipelines predicted to perform well provide clustering outputs similar to expert-annotated cell type labels. Finally, we identify characteristics of scRNA-seq datasets that correlate with strong prediction performance that could guide when such prediction models may be useful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.572650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond benchmarking: towards predictive models of dataset-specific single-cell RNA-seq pipeline performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single dopaminergic neuron DAN-c1 in Drosophila larval brain mediates aversive olfactory learning through D2-like receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate relationship between the dopaminergic system and olfactory associative learning in Drosophila has been an intense scientific inquiry. Leveraging the formidable genetic tools, we conducted a screening of 57 dopaminergic drivers, leading to the discovery of DAN-c1 driver, uniquely targeting a pair of dopaminergic neurons (DAN) in the larval brain. While the involvement of excitatory D1-like receptors is well-established, the role of D2-like receptors (D2Rs) remains underexplored. Our investigation reveals the expression of D2Rs in both DANs and the mushroom body (MB) of third instar larval brains. Silencing D2Rs in DAN-c1 via microRNA disrupts aversive learning, further supported by optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training, affirming the inhibitory role of D2R autoreceptor. Intriguingly, D2R knockdown in the MB impairs both appetitive and aversive learning. These findings elucidate the distinct contributions of D2Rs in diverse brain structures, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing associative learning in Drosophila larvae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steijvers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single dopaminergic neuron DAN-c1 in Drosophila larval brain mediates aversive olfactory learning through D2-like receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of non-monotonic relationships between tumor mutational burden and clinical outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Potential clinical biomarkers are often assessed with Cox regressions or their ability to differentiate two groups of patients based on a single cutoff. However, both of these approaches assume a monotonic relationship between the potential biomarker and survival. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is currently being studied as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy, and a single cutoff is often used to divide patients. In this study we introduce a two-cutoff approach that allows splitting of patients when a non-monotonic relationship is present, and explore the use of neural networks to model more complex relationships of TMB to outcome data. Using real-world data we find that while in most cases the true relationship between TMB and survival appears monotonic, that is not always the case and researchers should be made aware of this possibility.

SignificanceWhen a non-monotonic relationship to survival is present it is not possible to divide patients by a single value of a predictor. Neural networks allow for complex transformations and can be used to correctly split patients when a non-monotonic relationship is present.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of non-monotonic relationships between tumor mutational burden and clinical outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.578860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals cellular and molecular dynamics of white and brown adipose tissue in a mouse model of type-2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.578860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive adipose tissue expansion is often linked with type-2 diabetes. Despite recent efforts mapping adipose tissue changes in obesity using single-cell omics, an understanding of cellular and gene expression changes in a model of type 2 diabetes, and the transcriptional circuitry controlling it, is still lacking. Here, we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to analyze the remodeling of gonadal white and interscapular brown adipose tissue from female and male mice with or without diabetes. Analysis of 51,877 nuclei revealed altered phenotypes in every cell population in type 2 diabetes. This included an immunoregulatory response, and changes in extracellular matrix, energy generation, and hormone responses. Key transcription factors were inferred as cell-specific and non-specific nodes controlling diabetes-linked phenotypes. Finally, female-to-male population heterogeneity and gene expression differences were observed. Here we provide a resource detailing how adipose tissue remodeling, and the molecular mechanisms governing it, may contribute to cardiometabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krstevski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrugia, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.578860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals cellular and molecular dynamics of white and brown adipose tissue in a mouse model of type-2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex carbohydrate utilization by gut bacteria modulates host food preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota interacts directly with dietary nutrients and has the ability to modify host feeding behavior, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Select gut bacteria digest complex carbohydrates that are non-digestible by the host and liberate metabolites that serve as additional energy sources and pleiotropic signaling molecules. Here we use a gnotobiotic mouse model to examine how differential fructose polysaccharide metabolism by commensal gut bacteria influences host preference for diets containing these carbohydrates. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus selectively ferment fructans with different glycosidic linkages: B. thetaiotaomicron ferments levan with {beta}2-6 linkages, whereas B. ovatus ferments inulin with {beta}2-1 linkages. Since inulin and levan are both fructose polymers, inulin and levan diet have similar perceptual salience to mice. We find that mice colonized with B. thetaiotaomicron prefer the non-fermentable inulin diet, while mice colonized with B. ovatus prefer the non-fermentable levan diet. Knockout of bacterial fructan utilization genes abrogates this preference, whereas swapping the fermentation ability of B. thetaiotaomicron to inulin confers host preference for the levan diet. Bacterial fructan fermentation and host behavioral preference for the non-fermentable fructan are associated with increased neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a key brain region for appetite regulation. These results reveal that selective nutrient metabolism by gut bacteria contributes to host associative learning of dietary preference, and further informs fundamental understanding of the biological determinants of food choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoselov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex carbohydrate utilization by gut bacteria modulates host food preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-driven Classification of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Using Morphodynamic and Motile Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneous natures of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play critical roles in cancer progression, with some promoting tumor growth while others inhibit it. To utilize CAFs as a target for cancer treatment, issues with subtypes of CAFs must be resolved such that specific pro-tumorigenic subtypes can be suppressed or reprogrammed into anti-tumorigenic ones. Currently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is a prevalent strategy for classifying CAFs, primarily based on their biomolecular features.

Alternatively, this study proposes assessing CAFs on a larger biophysical scale, focusing on cell morphological and motile features. Since these features are downstream effectors of differential gene expression combinations, they can serve as holistic descriptors for CAFs, offering a complementary strategy for classifying CAF subtypes. Here, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI) classification framework to comprehensively characterize CAF subtypes using morphodynamic and motile features. This framework extracts these features from label-free live-cell imaging data of CAFs employing advanced deep learning and machine learning algorithms.

The results of this study highlight the ability of morphodynamic and motile features to complement biomolecular features in accurately reflecting CAF subtype characteristics. In essence, our AI-based classification framework not only provides valuable insights into CAF biology but also introduces a novel approach for comprehensively describing and targeting heterogeneous CAF subtypes based on biophysical features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarasou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-driven Classification of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Using Morphodynamic and Motile Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.23.581225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic signature and pro-osteoclastic secreted factors of abnormal bone marrow stromal cells in fibrous dysplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.23.581225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a mosaic skeletal disorder caused by somatic activating variants in GNAS, encoding for Gs, which leads to excessive cAMP signaling in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Despite advancements in our understanding of FD pathophysiology, the effect of Gs activation in the BMSC transcriptome remains unclear, as well as how this translates into their local influence in the lesional microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed changes induced by Gs activation in BMSC transcriptome and performed a comprehensive analysis of their production of cytokines and other secreted factors. We performed RNAseq of cultured BMSCs from patients with FD and healthy volunteers, and from an inducible mouse model of FD, and combined their transcriptomic profiles to build a robust FD BMSC genetic signature. Pathways related to Gs activation, cytokine signaling, and extracellular matrix deposition were identified. In addition, a comprehensive profile of their secreted cytokines and other factors was performed to identify modulation of several key factors we hypothesized to be involved in FD pathogenesis. We also screened circulating cytokines in a collection of plasma samples from patients with FD, finding positive correlations of several cytokines to their disease burden score, as well as to one another and bone turnover markers. Overall, these data support a pro-inflammatory, pro-osteoclastic behavior of BMSCs bearing hyperactive Gs variants, and point to several cytokines and other secreted factors as possible therapeutic targets and/or circulating biomarkers for FD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raborn, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roszko, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.23.581225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic signature and pro-osteoclastic secreted factors of abnormal bone marrow stromal cells in fibrous dysplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gluk4-containing kainate receptors regulate synaptic communication in the motor cortex and reduce axon degeneration in adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutamate-gated kainate receptors comprising the Gluk4 subunit (encoded by Grik4) are highly expressed by neurons in the central nervous system. We report that Grik4 mRNA is widely expressed by neurons in the adult mouse motor cortex, where GluK4-containing kainate receptors account for [~]60% of the kainate evoked current in layer V pyramidal neurons. To elucidate their role in motor circuit regulation, we analysed the behaviour of mice that lacked the pore forming domain of the GluK4 subunit (Grik4-/-mice). Grik4-/- mice were hyperactive, had an abnormal gait, and impaired motor coordination. At postnatal day (P)60, layer V pyramidal neurons received fewer miniature excitatory post synaptic currents, had a reduced density of thin spines on their basal dendrites, and a reduced density of VGlut1 puncta at the soma, consistent with neurons receiving fewer excitatory synaptic connections. Grik4-/- mice also lost [~]44% of their callosal axons between P60 and P180 and the amplitude of the callosal compound action potential was reduced by [~]25-30%. RNA sequencing data support the capacity for Grik4 to modulate synaptic and neuroprotective signalling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ricci, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowiecki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlesworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gluk4-containing kainate receptors regulate synaptic communication in the motor cortex and reduce axon degeneration in adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM1 disrupts myeloid bioenergetics and cognitive function in aging and Alzheimer disease models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genetics implicate defective myeloid responses in the development of late onset, age-associated Alzheimers disease (AD). Aging is characterized by a decline in myeloid metabolism that triggers maladaptive, neurotoxic immune responses. TREM1 is an amplifier of pro-inflammatory myeloid responses, and here we find that Trem1 deficiency prevents age-dependent changes in myeloid metabolism, inflammation, and hippocampal memory function. Trem1 deficiency rescues age-associated declines in ribose-5P, a glycolytic intermediate and the precursor for purine, pyrimidine, and NAD+ biosynthesis. In vitro, Trem1 deficient microglia are resistant to bioenergetic changes induced by amyloid-{beta}42 oligomers (A{beta}42), suggesting that A{beta}42 stimulation disrupts homeostatic microglial metabolism and immune function via TREM1. In the 5XFAD model of amyloid accumulation, Trem1 haploinsufficiency prevents spatial memory loss, preserves homeostatic microglial morphology, and reduces neuritic dystrophy independent of amyloid accumulation or changes in the disease-associated microglial transcriptomic signature. In aging APPSwe mice, Trem1 deficiency restores synaptic mitochondrial function and cerebral glucose uptake and prevents hippocampal memory decline. In post-mortem human brain, microglial TREM1 expression increases with clinical and neuropathological severity. Thus, TREM1-mediated disruption of myeloid metabolism, both in the periphery and brain, promotes cognitive decline in aging and amyloid accumulation, two major risk factors for AD development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panchal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarovski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durairaj, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iweka, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckwalter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennerfelt, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zera, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greicius, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blacher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM1 disrupts myeloid bioenergetics and cognitive function in aging and Alzheimer disease models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myc Dysregulation in Activated Macrophages Initiates Iron-Mediated Lipid Peroxidation that Fuels Type I Interferon and Compromises TB Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A quarter of human population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but less than 10% of those infected develop pulmonary TB. We developed a genetically defined sst1-susceptible mouse model that uniquely reproduces a defining feature of human TB: the development of necrotic lung granulomas and determined that the sst1-susceptible phenotype was driven by the aberrant macrophage activation. This study demonstrates that the aberrant response of the sst1-susceptible macrophages to prolonged stimulation with TNF is primarily driven by conflicting Myc and antioxidant response pathways leading to a coordinated failure 1) to properly sequester intracellular iron and 2) to activate ferroptosis inhibitor enzymes. Consequently, iron-mediated lipid peroxidation fueled Ifn{beta} superinduction and sustained the Type I Interferon (IFN-I) pathway hyperactivity that locked the sst1-susceptible macrophages in a state of unresolving stress and compromised their resistance to Mtb. The accumulation of the aberrantly activated, stressed, macrophages within granuloma microenvironment led to the local failure of anti-tuberculosis immunity and tissue necrosis. The upregulation of Myc pathway in peripheral blood cells of human TB patients was significantly associated with poor outcomes of TB treatment. Thus, Myc dysregulation in activated macrophages results in an aberrant macrophage activation and represents a novel target for host-directed TB therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yabaji, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernovkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araveti, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rukhlenko, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullatif, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayama, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossland, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholodenko, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimelbrant, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myc Dysregulation in Activated Macrophages Initiates Iron-Mediated Lipid Peroxidation that Fuels Type I Interferon and Compromises TB Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human mobility and malaria risk in peri-urban and rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile the global burden of malaria cases has decreased over the last two decades, the disease remains a major international threat, even on the rise in many regions. More than 85% of Peruvian malaria cases are in the Amazonian region of Loreto. Internal mobility primarily related to occupation is thought to be primarily responsible for maintaining endemicity and introducing and reintroducing malaria parasites into areas of anophelism, a challenge for malaria eradication.

MethodsThe assessment of connectivity produced by human mobility was evaluated in three districts of Loreto, through 10 cross-sectional population screening from 2018 to 2020. We use social network analysis (SNA) to obtain weighted and unweighted degrees of connectivity and explore its variability by socio-demographic characteristics. In addition, we integrated travel history and malaria incidence data to estimate parasite connectivity due to internal human mobility between locations. Finally, we used logistic multivariate regressions to explore the factors associated with Plasmodium spp. infection in mobile individuals.

ResultsWe found that internal human mobility results in high connectivity between communities from the Mazan, Iquitos, and San Juan Bautista districts. We identified nearby destinations that may act as sinks or sources for malaria transmission, including densely populated towns and rural campsites. In addition, we found that being a male, traveling to rural campsites, and working outdoors are associated with Plasmodium spp. infection in travelers from the Mazan district.

ConclusionsWe provide compelling evidence about how human mobility connects rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Using SNA, we uncovered district-specific patterns and destinations, providing further evidence of human mobility heterogeneity in the region. To address the challenge of human mobility and malaria in this setting, geographic heterogeneity of malaria transmission must be considered.

Author summaryMalaria transmission is complex, involving interactions of parasite, vector biology and ecology, human immune response, and human host behavior. We used social network analysis to understand how the daily lives including occupation-related mobility leads to the maintenance of malaria endemicity and transmission. Rural communities (within the districts of Mazan) and peri-urban communities around the city of Iquitos have different socio-demographic characteristics that determine malaria transmission rates. Networks of fixed rural communities and occupation-related distant camp sites play a key role as reservoirs and sources of parasite movement. Factors including male sex, outdoor occupational activity outdoors, and having rural camp sites as travel destination increase the risk of Plasmodium infection. Factors associated with occupation-related mobility are correlated with incidence and prevalence of malarial disease and parasite infection rates, respectively. This work provides a detailed understanding of the importance of work-related travel to target in malaria elimination programs, key to maintaining malaria transmission both in the Amazon region and more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Guzman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Castillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human mobility and malaria risk in peri-urban and rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster Set8 and L(3)mbt function in gene expression independently of histone H4 lysine 20 methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mono-methylation of Lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20me1) is catalyzed by Set8 and thought to play important roles in many aspects of genome function that are mediated by H4K20me-binding proteins. We interrogated this model in a developing animal by comparing in parallel the transcriptomes of Set8null, H4K20R/A, and l(3)mbt mutant Drosophila melanogaster. We found that the gene expression profiles of H4K20A and H4K20R larvae are markedly different than Set8null larvae despite similar reductions in H4K20me1. Set8null mutant cells have a severely disrupted transcriptome and fail to proliferate in vivo, but these phenotypes are not recapitulated by mutation of H4K20 indicating that the developmental defects of Set8null animals are largely due to H4K20me1-independent effects on gene expression. Further, the H4K20me1 binding protein L(3)mbt is recruited to the transcription start sites of most genes independently of H4K20me even though genes bound by L(3)mbt have high levels of H4K20me1. Moreover, both Set8 and L(3)mbt bind to purified H4K20R nucleosomes in vitro. We conclude that gene expression changes in Set8null and H4K20 mutants cannot be explained by loss of H4K20me1 or L(3)mbt binding to chromatin, and therefore that H4K20me1 does not play a large role in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crain, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinty, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duronio, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila melanogaster Set8 and L(3)mbt function in gene expression independently of histone H4 lysine 20 methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of CRISPR gene editing technology, especially the development of Cas9 knock-in mice, has significantly boosted the functional discovery of various genetics factors in diverse fields including genetics, genomics, immunology, and the biology of cancer. However, the pleiotropic effects on human disease and the complex nature of gene interaction networks require a knock-in mouse model capable of simultaneous multiplexed gene perturbation. Here, we present the generation and applications of Cre-dependent conditional and constitutive high-fidelity, enhanced AsCas12a (enAsCas12a-HF1) Rosa26-knock-in mice in the C57BL/6 background. With these mouse strains, we demonstrate highly efficient and multiplexed in vivo and ex vivo genome engineering as applied to lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-RNA-based liver protein targeting, AAV-based tumor modeling, and retrovirus-based immune cell engineering. By integrating with a dCas9-SPH CRISPR activation transgenic strain, we establish a simultaneous dual gene activation and knockout (DAKO) system that showcases the modular potential of these enAsCas12a-HF1 mice. Importantly, constitutive expression of enAsCas12a-HF1 does not lead to any discernable pathological differences as compared to the C57BL/6 background strain. These knock-in mice and the accompanying delivery methods would empower the deconvolution of complex gene interaction networks in broad areas of research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.586039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preeclamptic phenotype in transgenic mice with fetuses carrying APOL1 risk variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.586039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
African-American women have a maternal mortality rate approximately three times higher than European-American women. This is partially due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia. Fetal APOL1 high-risk genotype increases preeclampsia risk, although mechanisms remain elusive. We characterized two mouse models to investigate whether fetal-origin APOL1 induces preeclampsia and which cell types contribute. We in vitro fertilized mice with sperm from two transgenic mouse lines: APOL1 transgenic mice carrying human genomic locus constructs from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) containing the APOL1 gene, mimicking expression and function of human APOL1 (BAC/APOL1 mice) and albumin promoter APOL1 transgenic mice expressing APOL1 in liver and plasma (Alb/APOL1 mice). Dams carrying either BAC/APOL1-G1 or Alb/APOL1-G1 fetuses had elevated systolic blood pressure, while dams carrying BAC/APOL1-G0 or Alb/APOL1-G0 fetuses did not. BAC/APOL1-G1 and Alb/APOL1-G1 fetuses weighed less than littermates, indicating intrauterine growth restriction. Single-nucleus RNA-seq of APOL1-G1 placentas showed increased expression of osteopontin/Spp1, most prominently in vascular endothelial cells with robust APOL1 expression. Cell-cell interaction analysis indicated pro-inflammatory signaling between placental cells and maternal monocytes. These models show that fetal origin APOL1-G1 causes preeclampsia, inducing pro-inflammatory response in placenta and maternal monocytes. The APOL1-G1 variant poses a multi-generational problem, causing effects in mothers and offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latt, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.586039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preeclamptic phenotype in transgenic mice with fetuses carrying APOL1 risk variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-Specific Dynamics of TCF4 Triplet Repeat Instability Revealed by Optical Genome Mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we demonstrate the utility of optical genome mapping (OGM) to interrogate the Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD)-associated intronic TCF4 triplet repeat (termed CTG18.1) and gain novel insights into the tissue-specific nature of the disease. Genomic DNA (gDNA) samples derived from peripheral blood leukocytes and primary corneal endothelial cells (CECs) were analysed by OGM. Concurrently, all samples were genotyped by standard PCR-based methods to classify their expansion status. Individuals with one or more CTG18.1-expanded alleles ([&ge;]50 CTG repeats) detected in their leukocyte-derived gDNA were classified as expansion-positive. A customised bioinformatics pipeline was developed to perform CTG18.1-targeted OGM analysis. All linearised gDNA molecules containing labels flanking CTG18.1 were extracted, corrected for the repeats on the reference human genome and sized. Analysis of paired bio-samples revealed that expanded CTG18.1 alleles behave dynamically, regardless of cell-type origin, but displayed significantly higher levels of instability within the diseased corneal endothelium. Clusters of CTG18.1 molecules of approximately 1,800-11,900 repeats, beyond the ranges observed in individual-matched leukocyte samples, were detected in all CEC gDNA samples from expansion-positive cases. In conclusion, OGM is a powerful method to analyse the somatically unstable CTG18.1 locus. More generally, this work exemplifies the broader utility of OGM in exploring somatically unstable short tandem repeat loci. Furthermore, this study has highlighted the extreme levels of tissue-specific CTG18.1 somatic instability occurring within the diseased corneal endothelium, which we hypothesise plays a pivotal role in driving downstream pathogenic mechanisms of CTG18.1-mediated FECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarouchlioti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efthymiou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracchini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadan, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugiardini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalicka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthusamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liskova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuft, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-Specific Dynamics of TCF4 Triplet Repeat Instability Revealed by Optical Genome Mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.06.588413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditioned medium from painful schwannomatosis tumors increases pain behaviors in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.06.588413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of schwannomatosis (SWN) patients experience debilitating pain. Yet, it is not known why only some schwannomas cause pain or whether mutations in SWN-related genes, (SMARCB1 or LZTR1) differentially influence pain signaling pathways. Here, we established cell lines from SWN tumors resected from patients with varying degrees of pain and bearing mutations in different SWN-related mutations. Compared with conditioned medium (CM) collected from "nonpainful" SWN tumors, CM from "painful" SWN tumors contained elevated levels of specific inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, VEGF), and was able to enhance sensory neuron responsiveness to noxious TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists in vitro. In in vivo studies, injection of CM from painful SWN into the hind paws of healthy mice evoked both more acute pain behavior and greater enhancement of mechanical stimulus-evoked behavioral responses than did CM from nonpainful SWN. Furthermore, the behavioral effects of painful CM differed as a function of the SWN-related gene mutations identified in the tumors of origin. Painful SMARCB1 mutant CM, for example, sensitized mice to mechanical stimulation at low forces, compared to non-painful tumor CM and control media, but this effect waned over time. In contrast, CM from a painful tumor with no detectable mutation in either SMARCB1 or LZTR1 caused the greatest increase in responsiveness to low mechanical forces and this effect lasted for 2 days post-injection. These experiments establish a paradigm for examining the mechanisms by which painful SWN tumors bearing different mutations produce their sensory effects and will thus facilitate better understanding and, potentially, treatment of the pain endured by SWN patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubright, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.06.588413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditioned medium from painful schwannomatosis tumors increases pain behaviors in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transiently Worse Postural Effects After Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Gain-Down Adaptation in Healthy Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suffering an acute asymmetry in vestibular function (i.e. vestibular neuritis) causes increased sway. Non-causal studies report associations between lateral semicircular canal function and balance ability, but direct links remains controversial. We investigate the immediate effect on body sway after unilateral vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain down adaptation simulating acute peripheral vestibular hypofunction. Eighteen healthy adults, mean age 27.4 ({+/-} 12.4), stood wearing an inertial measurement device with their eyes closed on foam before and after incremental VOR gain down adaptation to simulate mild unilateral vestibular neuritis. Active head impulse VOR gain was measured before and after the adaptation to ensure VOR gain adaptation. Percentage change for VOR gain and sway area were determined. Sway area was compared before and after VOR adaptation. VOR gain decreased unilaterally exceeding meaningful change values. Sway area was significantly greater immediately after VOR gain down adaptation, but quickly returned to baseline. In a subset of subjects VOR gain was re-assessed and found to remain adapted despite sway normalization. These results indicate that oculomotor adaptation targeting the lateral semicircular canal VOR pathways have an immediate, albeit transient increase in body sway. Rapid return of body sway to baseline levels suggests dynamic sensory reweighting between vestibular and somatosensory inputs to resolve the undesirable increased body sway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arduino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transiently Worse Postural Effects After Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Gain-Down Adaptation in Healthy Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=115 SRC="FIGDIR/small/589597v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (91K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@127de98org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@87010aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1554627org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@170dd63_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSummary Figure:C_FLOATNO The origin of Indo-Anatolian and Indo-European languages.

Genetic reconstruction of the ancestry of Pontic-Caspian steppe and West Asian populations points to the North Caucasus-Lower Volga area as the homeland of Indo-Anatolian languages and to the Serednii Stih archaeological culture of the Dnipro-Don area as the homeland of Indo-European languages. The Caucasus-Lower Volga people had diverse distal roots, estimated using the qpAdm software on the left barplot, as Caucasus hunter-gatherer (purple), Central Asian (red), Eastern hunter-gatherer (pink), and West Asian Neolithic (green). Caucasus-Lower Volga expansions, estimated using qpAdm on the right barplot as disseminated Caucasus Neolithic (blue)-Lower Volga Eneolithic (orange) proximal ancestries, mixing with the inhabitants of the North Pontic region (yellow), Volga region (yellow), and West Asia (green).

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyazov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokhlov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitov, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishlina, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailincai, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batieva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauyrzhan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bereczki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhilova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changmai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chizhevsky, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciobanu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinescu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csanyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dashkovskiy, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faifert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flegontov, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frinculeasa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frinculeasa, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarosz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khartanovich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirginekov, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyashko, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koledin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosintsev</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The north Black Sea (Pontic) Region was the nexus of the farmers of Old Europe and the foragers and pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe1,2, and the source of waves of migrants that expanded deep into Europe3-5. We report genome-wide data from 78 prehistoric North Pontic individuals to understand the genetic makeup of the people involved in these migrations and discover the reasons for their success. First, we show that native North Pontic foragers had ancestry not only from Balkan and Eastern hunter-gatherers6 but also from European farmers and, occasionally, Caucasus hunter-gatherers. More dramatic inflows ensued during the Eneolithic, when migrants from the Caucasus-Lower Volga area7 moved westward, bypassing the local foragers to mix with Trypillian farmers advancing eastward. People of the Usatove archaeological group in the Northwest Pontic were formed ca. 4500 BCE with an equal measure of ancestry from the two expanding groups. A different Caucasus-Lower Volga group, moving westward in a distinct but temporally overlapping wave, avoided the farmers altogether, and blended with the foragers instead to form the people of the Serednii Stih archaeological complex7. A third wave of expansion occurred when Yamna descendants of the Serednii Stih forming ca. 4000 BCE expanded during the Early Bronze Age (3300 BCE). The temporal gap between Serednii Stih and the Yamna expansion is bridged by a genetically Yamna individual from Mykhailivka in Ukraine (3635-3383 BCE), a site of uninterrupted archaeological continuity across the Eneolithic-Bronze Age transition, and the likely epicenter of Yamna formation. Each of these three waves propagated distinctive ancestries while also incorporating outsiders during its advance, a flexible strategy forged in the North Pontic region that may explain its peoples outsized success in spreading their genes and culture across Eurasia3-5,8-10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikitin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Videiko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dergachev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potekhina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenz-Niedbała, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Łukasik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhortykh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shephard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirbu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svyryd, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachuk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Włodarczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptional and epigenetic mapping reveals cellular and molecular mechanisms driving non-ischemic cardiac fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac fibrosis is a major cause of cardiac dysfunction. Recently, single-cell genomic approaches have revealed in unprecedented resolution the orchestrated cellular responses driving cardiac fibrosis. Yet, the fibrosis-causing phenotypes that emerge in the heart following non-ischemic cardiac stress, and the transcriptional circuits that govern cell identity and drive fibrosis, are not well understood. Applying a paired multiomic approach, we reveal key transcriptional circuits, in mouse and human hearts, which are associated with fibrosis development following non-ischemic cardiac insults, independent of disease model, species or biological sex. Strikingly, we find the key regulatory events driving fibrosis are reversible at the single-cell transcriptional and epigenomic level, further pointing to key factors regulating fibrosis development and resolution. The transcriptional regulators identified in this study represent promising targets to ameliorate the development of fibrosis in the context of chronic stressors such as aging and hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krstevski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrugia, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, M. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claridge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelliott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiriazis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donner, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptional and epigenetic mapping reveals cellular and molecular mechanisms driving non-ischemic cardiac fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exportin-1 functions as an adaptor for transcription factor-mediated docking of chromatin at the nuclear pore complex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear pore proteins (Nups) in yeast, flies and mammals physically interact with hundreds or thousands of chromosomal sites, which impacts transcriptional regulation. In budding yeast, transcription factors mediate interaction of Nups with enhancers of highly active genes. To define the molecular basis of this mechanism, we exploited a separation-of-function mutation in the Gcn4 transcription factor that blocks its interaction with the nuclear pore complex (NPC) without altering its DNA binding or activation domains. SILAC mass spectrometry revealed that this mutation reduces the interaction of Gcn4 with the highly conserved nuclear export factor Crm1/Xpo1. Crm1 both interacts with the same sites as Nups genome-wide and is required for Nup2 to interact with the yeast genome. In vivo, Crm1 undergoes extensive and stable interactions with the NPC. In vitro, Crm1 binds to Gcn4 and these proteins form a complex with the nuclear pore protein Nup2. Importantly, the interaction between Crm1 and Gcn4 does not require Ran-GTP, suggesting that it is not through the nuclear export sequence binding site. Finally, Crm1 stimulates DNA binding by Gcn4, supporting a model in which allosteric coupling between Crm1 binding and DNA binding permits docking of transcription factor-bound enhancers at the NPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickner, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBelzen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffalette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exportin-1 functions as an adaptor for transcription factor-mediated docking of chromatin at the nuclear pore complex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal output regulates the postnatal maturation of cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is interconnected with the basal ganglia (BG) through large-scale circuit loops that regulate critical motor and cognitive functions. In mice, these circuits undergo extensive postnatal maturation with marked changes in neural activity and expansion of synaptic connectivity. While cortical activity is known to regulate the development of downstream striatal circuits, the role of the basal ganglia in cortical maturation remains unknown. Here, we used mesoscale two-photon microscopy and whole-cell electrophysiology to examine whether striatal output during early postnatal development impacts the activity and maturation of upstream dmPFC circuits. We found that ablating spiny projection neurons of the direct or indirect pathways of the striatum during the first two postnatal weeks causes bidirectional changes in dmPFC neural activity, similar to observations in mature circuits. In addition, these manipulations alter the maturation of synaptic connectivity of dmPFC layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons, shifting the balance of excitation and inhibition of cortical circuits. These findings demonstrate that striatal output modulates the activity of cortical circuits during early postnatal development and suggest a regulatory role of the basal ganglia in the establishment of cortical circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deemyad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janecek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agostino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchesin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal output regulates the postnatal maturation of cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.594980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Profiling of Metals through Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.594980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial-omic analysis of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, and proteins is advancing the study of biological systems and processes in a physio-pathological context. Here, we describe an innovative matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) method to detect metals within biological tissues using instrumentation that is widely available in research and clinical laboratories. We characterize the spatial distribution of metals in diverse settings including mouse embryogenesis, genetic disorders leading to abnormal metal accumulation, and preclinical testing for improved platinum-based chemotherapy delivery through focused ultrasound across the blood-brain barrier. Spatial metal profiling will advance research studies and the clinical analysis of metal-related diseases, enabling more precise use of metal-based therapies and advances in diverse scientific fields beyond biomedicine.

One-Sentence SummarySpatial metallomic profiling maps native metals or those coordinated to xenobiotics, antibodies, and biomolecules in tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stopka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodineau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourquie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazitschek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDannold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santagata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.594980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Profiling of Metals through Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.597428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel variant in ADPRS disrupts ARH3 stability and subcellular localization in childrenwith neurodegeneration and respiratory failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.597428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification involving the transfer of one or more ADP-ribose units from NAD+ to target proteins. Dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report a novel homozygous variant in the ADPRS gene (c.545A>G, p.His182Arg) encoding the mono(ADP-ribosyl) hydrolase ARH3 found in 2 patients with childhood-onset neurodegeneration with stress-induced ataxia and seizures (CONDSIAS).

MethodsGenetic testing via exome sequencing was used to identify the underlying disease cause in two siblings with developmental delay, seizures, progressive muscle weakness, and respiratory failure following an episodic course. Studies in a cell culture model uncover biochemical and cellular consequences of the identified genetic change.

ResultsThe ARH3H182R variant affects a highly conserved residue in the active site of ARH3, leading to protein instability, degradation, and reduced expression. ARH3H182R additionally fails to localize to the nucleus. The combination of reduced expression and mislocalization of ARH3H182R resulted in accumulation of mono-ADP ribosylated species in cells.

ConclusionsThe childrens clinical course combined with the biochemical characterization of their genetic variant develops our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms driving CONDSIAS and highlights a critical role for ARH3-regulated ADP ribosylation in nervous system integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bannister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.597428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel variant in ADPRS disrupts ARH3 stability and subcellular localization in childrenwith neurodegeneration and respiratory failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Developmental Origins of Cortical Disorders Modeled in Human Neural Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The implications of the early phases of human telencephalic development, involving neural stem cells (NSCs), in the etiology of cortical disorders remain elusive. Here, we explored the expression dynamics of cortical and neuropsychiatric disorder-associated genes in datasets generated from human NSCs across telencephalic fate transitions in vitro and in vivo. We identified risk genes expressed in brain organizers and sequential gene regulatory networks across corticogenesis revealing disease-specific critical phases, when NSCs are more vulnerable to gene dysfunctions, and converging signaling across multiple diseases. Moreover, we simulated the impact of risk transcription factor (TF) depletions on different neural cell types spanning the developing human neocortex and observed a spatiotemporal-dependent effect for each perturbation. Finally, single-cell transcriptomics of newly generated autism-affected patient-derived NSCs in vitro revealed recurrent alterations of TFs orchestrating brain patterning and NSC lineage commitment. This work opens new perspectives to explore human brain dysfunctions at the early phases of development.

One-sentence summaryThe temporal analysis of gene regulatory networks in human neural stem cells reveals multiple early critical phases associated with cortical disorders and neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mato-Blanco, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebbenkamp, A. T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.598925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Developmental Origins of Cortical Disorders Modeled in Human Neural Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbations in mitochondrial metabolism associated with defective cardiolipin biosynthesis: An in-organello real-time NMR study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are central to cellular metabolism; hence, their dysfunction contributes to a wide array of human diseases including cancer, cardiopathy, neurodegeneration, and heritable pathologies such as Barth syndrome. Cardiolipin, the signature phospholipid of the mitochondrion promotes proper cristae morphology, bioenergetic functions, and directly affects metabolic reactions carried out in mitochondrial membranes. To match tissue-specific metabolic demands, cardiolipin typically undergoes an acyl tail remodeling process with the final step carried out by the phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase tafazzin. Mutations in the tafazzin gene are the primary cause of Barth syndrome. Here, we investigated how defects in cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling impact metabolic flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and associated pathways in yeast. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to monitor in real-time the metabolic fate of 13C3-pyruvate in isolated mitochondria from three isogenic yeast strains. We compared mitochondria from a wild-type strain to mitochondria from a {Delta}taz1 strain that lacks tafazzin and contains lower amounts of unremodeled cardiolipin, and mitochondria from a {Delta}crd1 strain that lacks cardiolipin synthase and cannot synthesize cardiolipin. We found that the 13C-label from the pyruvate substrate was distributed through about twelve metabolites. Several of the identified metabolites were specific to yeast pathways, including branched chain amino acids and fusel alcohol synthesis. Most metabolites showed similar kinetics amongst the different strains but mevalonate and -ketoglutarate, as well as the NAD+/NADH couple measured in separate nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, showed pronounced differences. Taken together, the results show that cardiolipin remodeling influences pyruvate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, and the levels of mitochondrial nucleotides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rua, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrescu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbations in mitochondrial metabolism associated with defective cardiolipin biosynthesis: An in-organello real-time NMR study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive assessment of recessive, pathogenic AARS1 alleles in a humanized yeast model reveals loss-of-function and dominant-negative effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.20.599900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (AARS1) encodes the enzyme that ligates tRNA molecules to alanine in the cytoplasm, which is required for protein translation. Variants in AARS1 have been implicated in early-onset, multi-system recessive phenotypes and in later-onset dominant peripheral neuropathy; to date, no single variant has been associated with both dominant and recessive diseases raising questions about shared mechanisms between the two inheritance patterns. AARS1 variants associated with recessive disease are predicted to result in null or hypomorphic alleles and this has been demonstrated, in part, via yeast complementation assays. However, pathogenic alleles have not been assessed in a side-by-side manner to carefully scrutinize the strengths and limitations of this model system. To address this, we employed a humanized yeast model to evaluate the functional consequences of all AARS1 missense variants reported in recessive disease. The majority of variants showed variable loss-of-function effects, ranging from no growth to significantly reduced growth. These data deem yeast a reliable model to test the functional consequences of human AARS1 variants; however, our data indicate that this model is prone to false-negative results and is not informative for genotype-phenotype studies. We next tested missense variants associated with no growth for dominant-negative effects. Interestingly, K81T AARS1, a variant implicated in recessive disease, demonstrated loss-of-function and dominant-negative effects, indicating that certain AARS1 variants may be capable of causing both dominant and recessive disease phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonatzke, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.599900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive assessment of recessive, pathogenic AARS1 alleles in a humanized yeast model reveals loss-of-function and dominant-negative effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.599433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation by the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex maintains redox homeostasis in insulin biosynthesis in mouse pancreatic β cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.599433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic {beta} cells synthesize insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. In diabetes, elevated blood glucose and insulin resistance compel {beta} cells to produce insulin, and hence {beta} cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress by glucotoxicity. In insulin biosynthesis, the conversion of proinsulin to insulin is initiated by forming disulfide bonds in proinsulin for oxidative protein folding. Insulin content and insulin secretion in {beta} cells are decreased by deletion of CNOT7, a catalytic subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex, and accompanied by increased proinsulin, implying the impaired conversion of proinsulin to insulin. We found that PRDX4 essential for disulfide bond formation in proinsulin, is reduced in Cnot7-KO {beta} cells. Moreover, protein expression of CNOT8, a paralog of CNOT7, is increased in Cnot7-KO {beta} cells and binds to Prdx4 mRNA via MSI2. Here, we demonstrate the post-transcriptional regulation of Prdx4 mRNA by the CCR4-NOT complex to maintain oxidative-reductive homeostasis in insulin biosynthesis.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIInsulin content and secretion are decreased in Cnot7-KO pancreatic {beta} cells.
C_LIO_LIPRDX4, needed for proinsulin folding, is decreased in Cnot7-KO pancreatic islets.
C_LIO_LIThe conversion of proinsulin to insulin is impaired in Cnot7-KO {beta} cells.
C_LIO_LICNOT8, but not CNOT7, interacts with MSI2 that binds to Prdx4 mRNA
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanagiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoney, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaoka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vares, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villar-Briones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.599433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional regulation by the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex maintains redox homeostasis in insulin biosynthesis in mouse pancreatic β cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uridine Phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis of mammary cancer by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes of the lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms that facilitate early events in metastatic seeding is key to developing therapeutic approaches to reduce metastasis - the leading cause of cancer-related death. Using whole animal screens in genetically engineered mouse models of cancer we have identified circulating metabolites associated with metastasis. Specifically, we highlight the pyrimidine uracil as a prominent metastasis-associated metabolite. Uracil is generated by neutrophils expressing the enzyme uridine phosphorylase-1 (UPP1), and neutrophil specific Upp1 expression is increased in cancer. Altered UPP1 activity influences expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of neutrophils, leading to decreased neutrophil motility in the pre-metastatic lung. Furthermore, we find that UPP1-expressing neutrophils suppress T-cell proliferation, and the UPP1 product uracil can increase fibronectin deposition in the extracellular microenvironment. Consistently, knockout or inhibition of UPP1 in mice with mammary tumours increases the number of T-cells and reduces fibronectin content in the lung and decreases the proportion of mice that develop lung metastasis. These data indicate that UPP1 influences neutrophil behaviour and extracellular matrix deposition in the lung and suggest that pharmacological targeting of this pathway could be an effective strategy to reduce metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whyte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vande Voorde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhayade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesheu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercoq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehesa Caballero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzierozynski, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apiz Saab, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbrook, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strathdee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackstadt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macpherson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffelt, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansom, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uridine Phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis of mammary cancer by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes of the lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride suppresses mast cell function by targeting tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium antimicrobial used in numerous personal care products, human food, cosmetic products, and cleaning solutions. Yet, there is minimal published data on CPC effects on eukaryotes, immune signaling, and human health. Previously, we showed that low-micromolar CPC inhibits rat mast cell function by inhibiting antigen (Ag)-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, microtubule polymerization, and degranulation. In this study, we extend the findings to human mast cells (LAD2) and present data indicating that CPCs mechanism of action centers on its positively-charged quaternary nitrogen in its pyridinium headgroup. CPCs inhibitory effect is independent of signaling platform receptor architecture. Tyrosine phosphorylation events are a trigger of Ca2+ mobilization necessary for degranulation. CPC inhibits global tyrosine phosphorylation in Ag-stimulated mast cells. Specifically, CPC inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of specific key players Syk kinase and LAT, a substrate of Syk. In contrast, CPC does not affect Lyn kinase phosphorylation. Thus, CPCs root mechanism is electrostatic disruption of particular tyrosine phosphorylation events essential for signaling. This work outlines the biochemical mechanisms underlying the effects of CPC on immune signaling and allows the prediction of CPC effects on cell types, like T cells, that share similar signaling elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasker, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenger, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Systuk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paine, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangos, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilczek, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maginnis, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosse, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride suppresses mast cell function by targeting tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin endogenous cleavage provides a global view of RNA polymerase II transcription kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) is the most common approach to observe global binding of proteins to DNA in vivo. The occupancy of transcription factors (TFs) from ChIP-seq agrees well with an alternative method, chromatin endogenous cleavage (ChEC-seq2). However, ChIP-seq and ChEC-seq2 reveal strikingly different patterns of enrichment of yeast RNA polymerase II. We hypothesized that this reflects distinct populations of RNAPII, some of which are captured by ChIP-seq and some of which are captured by ChEC-seq2. RNAPII association with enhancers and promoters - predicted from biochemical studies - is detected well by ChEC-seq2 but not by ChIP-seq. Enhancer/promoter bound RNAPII correlates with transcription levels and matches predicted occupancy based on published rates of enhancer recruitment, preinitiation assembly, initiation, elongation and termination. The occupancy from ChEC-seq2 allowed us to develop a stochastic model for global kinetics of RNAPII transcription which captured both the ChEC-seq2 data and changes upon chemical-genetic perturbations to transcription. Finally, RNAPII ChEC-seq2 and kinetic modeling suggests that a mutation in the Gcn4 transcription factor that blocks interaction with the NPC destabilizes promoter-associated RNAPII without altering its recruitment to the enhancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanBelzen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakelaris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickner, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riecke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin endogenous cleavage provides a global view of RNA polymerase II transcription kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common pathway controls cell size in the sepal and leaf epidermis leading to a non-random pattern of giant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells have a wide range of sizes and ploidies, but the mechanisms patterning their size and spatial distribution remain unclear. Here, we show that the same genetic pathway creating giant cells in sepals also regulates cell size in the leaf epidermis, leading to the formation of giant cells. In both sepals and leaves, giant cells are scattered among smaller cells; therefore, we asked whether their spatial arrangement is random. By comparing sepal and leaf epidermises with computationally generated randomized tissues we show that the giant cell pattern becomes less random across the epidermis as the cells surrounding giant cells divide, leading to clustered patterns in mature tissues. Our cell-autonomous and stochastic computational model reproduces the giant cell organization, suggesting that random giant cell initiation together with the divisions of surrounding cells lead to the observed clustered pattern. These findings reveal that cell-size patterning is developmentally regulated by common mechanisms in leaves and sepals, and the spatial pattern of giant cells emerges from the interplay between stochastic cell- autonomous gene expression and tissue growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harline, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formosa-Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common pathway controls cell size in the sepal and leaf epidermis leading to a non-random pattern of giant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM6, and TRPM7 do not contribute to hair-cell mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hair-cell mechanotransduction channel remains unidentified. We tested whether four transient receptor channel (TRP) family members, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM6, and TRPM7, participated in transduction. Using cysteine-substitution mouse knock-ins and methanethiosulfonate reagents selective for those alleles, we found that inhibition of TRPV5 or TRPV6 had no effect on transduction in mouse cochlear hair cells. TRPM6 and TRPM7 each interacted with the tip-link component PCDH15 in cultured eukaryotic cells, which suggested they could participate in transduction. Cochlear hair cell transduction was insensitive to shRNA knockdown of Trpm6 or Trpm7, however, and was not affected by manipulations of Mg2+, which normally perturbs TRPM6 and TRPM7. To definitively examine the role of these two channels in transduction, we showed that deletion of either or both of their genes selectively in hair cells had no effect on auditory function. We suggest that TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM6, and TRPM7 are unlikely to be the pore-forming subunit of the hair-cell transduction channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeMasurier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avenarius, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateschell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr-Gillespie, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM6, and TRPM7 do not contribute to hair-cell mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postnatal Tendon Growth and Remodeling Requires Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling plays an important role in the fundamental biological activities of many cells that compose musculoskeletal tissues. However, little is known about the role of PDGFR signaling during tendon growth and remodeling in adult animals. Using the hindlimb synergist ablation model of tendon growth, our objectives were to determine the role of PDGFR signaling in the adaptation of tendons subjected to a mechanical growth stimulus, as well as to investigate the biological mechanisms behind this response. We demonstrate that both PDGFRs, PDGFR and PDGFR{beta}, are expressed in tendon fibroblasts, and that the inhibition of PDGFR signaling suppresses the normal growth of tendon tissue in response to mechanical growth cues due to defects in fibroblast proliferation and migration. We also identify that membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) as an essential proteinase for the migration of tendon fibroblasts through their extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we report that MT1-MMP translation is regulated by PI3K/Akt signaling, while ERK1/2 controls post-translational trafficking of MT1-MMP to the plasma membrane of tendon fibroblasts. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PDGFR signaling is necessary for postnatal tendon growth and remodeling, and that MT1-MMP is a critical mediator of tendon fibroblast migration and a potential target for the treatment of tendon injuries and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sugg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disser, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talarek, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendias, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postnatal Tendon Growth and Remodeling Requires Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Cell Fate Potentials and Switching Kinetics Uncovered in a Classic Bistable Genetic Switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bistable switches are common gene regulatory motifs directing two mutually exclusive gene expression states, and consequently distinct cell fates. Theoretical studies suggest that the simple circuitry of bistable switches is sufficient to encode more than two cell fates due to the non-equilibrium, heterogeneous cellular environment, allowing a high degree of adaptation and differentiation. However, new cell fates arising from a classic bistable switch without rewiring the circuitry have not been experimentally observed. By developing a new, dual single-molecule gene-expression reporting system in live E. coli cells, we investigated the expression dynamics of two mutually repressing transcription factors, CI and Cro, in the classic genetic switch of bacteriophage {lambda}. We found that in addition to the two expected high-Cro and high-CI production states, there existed two new ones, in which neither CI nor Cro was produced, or both CI and Cro were produced. We constructed the corresponding potential landscape and mapped the transition kinetics between the four production states, providing insight into possible state-switching rates and paths. These findings uncover new cell fate potentials beyond the classical picture of {lambda} switch, and open a new window to explore the genetic and environmental origins of the cell fate decision-making process in gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Cell Fate Potentials and Switching Kinetics Uncovered in a Classic Bistable Genetic Switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain of patients with symptomatic and aysmptomatic Alzheimer’s disease and healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONThree of the four treatments for Alzheimers disease are cholinesterase inhibitors targeting the pathological reduction of acetylcholine levels. Here we aimed to determine the role of other neurotransmitter pathways in AD pathology.nnMETHODSTissue samples were obtained from three groups, controls, AD and  asymptomatic AD i.e. cognitively normal individuals that had significant AD neuropathology. Three brain areas were studied, the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and the cerebellum.nnRESULTS11 of 15 measured metabolites were shown to be associated with disease. Decreases in dopamine were seen in the ASYMAD group in the MFG when compared to control and AD patients (FC=0.78, p=4.1x10-3). In AD patients changes were mainly seen in the ITGs inhibitory GABAergic system.nnDISCUSSIONThese results indicate that dopamine could be depleted in brains with Alzheimers pathology but intact cognition, while and imbalance of several neurotransmitters is evident in the brain of AD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snowden, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebshiana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristina, L.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain of patients with symptomatic and aysmptomatic Alzheimer’s disease and healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial organization of single mRNPs at different stages of the gene expression pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNAs form ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) by association with proteins that are crucial for mRNA metabolism. While the mRNP proteome has been well characterized, little is known about mRNP organization. Using a single molecule approach, we show that mRNA conformation changes depending on its cellular localization and translational state. Compared to nuclear mRNPs and lncRNPs, association with ribosomes decompacts individual mRNAs, while their sequestration into stress-granules leads to increased compaction. Moreover, translating mRNAs rarely show co-localizing 5 and 3 ends, indicating that mRNAs are either not translated in a closed-loop configuration, or that mRNA circularization is transient, suggesting that a stable closed-loop conformation is not a universal state for all translating mRNAs.nnOne Sentence SummarySingle mRNA studies in cells show RNA compaction changes depending on translational state, but mRNAs are not translated in closed-loop conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adivarahan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenklusen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial organization of single mRNPs at different stages of the gene expression pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid-like P granules require ATP hydrolysis to avoid solidification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corrected version -This version can be cited. RNA granules are dynamic sub-cellular compartments that lack enveloping membranes. RNA granules have been proposed to form by liquid-liquid phase separation, a thermodynamic process that partitions molecules between dilute and condensed liquid phases 1. P granules are archetypal RNA granules in C. elegans that display liquid-like behaviors 2. Here we describe in vivo and ex vivo approaches to analyze the material properties of P granules. We find that the liquid phase of P granules is stabilized by a molecularly-distinct, enveloping shell that is intrinsically non-dynamic. Consistent with a gel phase, the shell is resistant to dilution, high salt, and aliphatic alcohols, and dissolves in SDS. Solidification of RNA granules has been linked to neuronal degeneration 3. Our findings suggest that gel-like polymers are essential components of RNA granules that help stabilize liquid phases in the cellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid-like P granules require ATP hydrolysis to avoid solidification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP-dependent force generation and membrane scission by ESCRT-III and Vps4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRTs catalyze reverse-topology scission from the inner face of membrane necks in HIV budding, multivesicular endosome biogenesis, cytokinesis, and other pathways. We encapsulated a minimal ESCRT module consisting of ESCRT-III subunits Snf7, Vps24, and Vps2, and the AAA+ ATPase Vps4 such that membrane nanotubes reflecting the correct topology of scission could be pulled from giant vesicles. Upon ATP release by photo-uncaging, this system was capable of generating forces within the nanotubes in a manner dependent upon Vps4 catalytic activity, Vps4 coupling to the ESCRT-III proteins, and membrane insertion by Snf7. At physiological concentrations, single scission events were observed that correlated with forces of ~6 pN, verifying predictions that ESCRTs are capable of exerting forces on membranes. Imaging of scission with subsecond resolution revealed Snf7 puncta at the sites of membrane cutting, directly verifying longstanding predictions for the ESCRT scission mechanism.nnOne Sentence SummaryESCRT-III and Vps4 were reconstituted from within the interior of nanotubes pulled from giant vesicles, revealing that this machinery couples ATP-dependent force production for membrane scission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Righini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remec Pavlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrami, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP-dependent force generation and membrane scission by ESCRT-III and Vps4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse progenitor cells preserve salivary gland ductal architecture after radiation induced damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ductal system of the salivary gland has long been postulated to be resistant to radiation-induced damage, a common outcome incurred by head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Yet, whether the ducts are capable of regenerating after genotoxic injury, or if damage to ductal cells induces lineage plasticity, as has been reported in other organ systems, remains unknown. Here, we show that two ductal progenitor populations marked by KRT14 and KIT exclusively maintain non-overlapping ductal compartments after radiation exposure but do so through distinct cellular mechanisms. KRT14+ progenitor cells are fast cycling cells that proliferate in response to radiation-induced damage in a sustained manner and divide asymmetrically to produce differentiated cells of the larger granulated ducts. Conversely, KIT+ cells are long lived progenitors for the intercalated ducts that undergo few cell divisions either during homeostasis or after gamma radiation, thus maintaining ductal architecture in the near absence of cell turnover. Together, these data illustrate the regenerative capacity of the salivary ducts and highlight the heterogeneity in the damage responses used by salivary progenitor cells to maintain tissue architecture.nnSummary StatementThe salivary gland ductal network is maintained during homeostasis and after genotoxic injury by diverse progenitors that respond differentially to radiation induced damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz Pacheco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siedel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muench, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse progenitor cells preserve salivary gland ductal architecture after radiation induced damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Human Volume Regulated Anion Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SWELL1 (LRRC8A) is the only essential subunit of the Volume Regulated Anion Channel (VRAC), which regulates cellular volume homeostasis and is activated by hypotonic solutions. SWELL1, together with four other LRRC8 family members, forms a vastly heterogeneous cohort of VRAC channels with different properties; however, SWELL1 alone is also functional. Here, we report a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of full-length human homo-hexameric SWELL1. The structure reveals a trimer of dimers assembly with symmetry mismatch between the pore-forming domain and the cytosolic leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. Importantly, mutational analysis demonstrates that a charged residue at the narrowest constriction of the homomeric channel is an important pore determinant of heteromeric VRAC. This structure provides a scaffold for further dissecting the heterogeneity and mechanism of activation of VRAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kefauver, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saotome, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahalan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitwam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patapoutian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Human Volume Regulated Anion Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutathione shapes glutamatergic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter, present at the bulk of cortical synapses, and participating in many physiologic and pathologic processes ranging from learning and memory to stroke. The tripeptide, glutathione, is one third glutamate and present at up to low millimolar intracellular concentrations in brain, mediating antioxidant defenses and drug detoxification. Because of the substantial amounts of brain glutathione and its rapid turnover under homeostatic control, we hypothesized that glutathione is a relevant reservoir of glutamate, and could influence synaptic excitability. We find that drugs which inhibit generation of glutamate by the glutathione cycle elicit decreases in cytosolic glutamate and decreased miniature excitatory post synaptic potential (mEPSC) frequency. In contrast, pharmacologically decreasing the biosynthesis of glutathione leads to increases in cytosolic glutamate and enhanced mEPSC frequency. The glutathione cycle can compensate for decreased excitatory neurotransmission when the glutamate-glutamine shuttle is inhibited. Glutathione may be a physiologic reservoir of glutamate neurotransmitter.nnSignificanceGlutathione is the principal antioxidant and redox regulator in cells. In addition to its essential roles in redox homeostasis it functions as cofactors for a multitude of enzymes. We show here that glutathione is a reservoir for synaptic glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Deficits in glutathione have been linked to multiple neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Accordingly, agents that restore glutathione-glutamate homeostasis may afford therapeutic benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Y, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutathione shapes glutamatergic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Column and Whole Brain Imaging of Neural Circuits with Molecular Contrast and Nanoscale Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical and electron microscopy have made tremendous inroads in understanding the complexity of the brain, but the former offers insufficient resolution to reveal subcellular details and the latter lacks the throughput and molecular contrast to visualize specific molecular constituents over mm-scale or larger dimensions. We combined expansion microscopy and lattice light sheet microscopy to image the nanoscale spatial relationships between proteins across the thickness of the mouse cortex or the entire Drosophila brain, including synaptic proteins at dendritic spines, myelination along axons, and presynaptic densities at dopaminergic neurons in every fly neuropil domain. The technology should enable statistically rich, large scale studies of neural development, sexual dimorphism, degree of stereotypy, and structural correlations to behavior or neural activity, all with molecular contrast.nnOne Sentence SummaryCombined expansion and lattice light sheet microscopy enables high speed, nanoscale molecular imaging of neural circuits over large volumes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisarev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zugates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosaliganti, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Column and Whole Brain Imaging of Neural Circuits with Molecular Contrast and Nanoscale Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Planar cell polarity pathway and development of the human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The radial unit hypothesis provides a framework for global (proliferation) and regional (distribution) expansion of the primate cerebral cortex. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we have identified cortical regions with shared variance in their surface area and cortical thickness, respectively, segmented from magnetic resonance images obtained in 23,800 participants. We then carried out meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies of the first two principal components for each phenotype. For surface area (but not cortical thickness), we have detected strong associations between each of the components and single nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of gene loci. The first (global) component was associated mainly with loci on chromosome 17 (9.5e-32 [&le;] p [&le;] 2.8e-10), including those detected previously as linked with intracranial volume and/or general cognitive function. The second (regional) component captured shared variation in the surface area of the primary and adjacent secondary visual cortices and showed a robust association with polymorphisms in a locus on chromosome 14 containing Disheveled Associated Activator of Morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1; p=2.4e-34). DAAM1 is a key component in the planar-cell-polarity signaling pathway. In follow-up studies, we have focused on the latter finding and established that: (1) DAAM1 is highly expressed between 12th and 22nd post-conception weeks in the human cerebral cortex; (2) genes co-expressed with DAAM1 in the primary visual cortex are enriched in mitochondria-related pathways; and (3) volume of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which projects to regions of the visual cortex staining for cytochrome oxidase (a mitochondrial enzyme), correlates with the surface area of the visual cortex in major-allele homozygotes but not in carriers of the minor allele. Altogether, we speculate that, in concert with thalamocortical input to cortical subplate, DAAM1 enables migration of neurons to cytochrome-oxidase rich regions of the visual cortex, and, in turn, facilitates regional expansion of this set of cortical regions during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshchupkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirpamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion-Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardlaw, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikrum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/404558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Planar cell polarity pathway and development of the human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High Avidity Biosensor Reveals PI(3,4)P2 is Predominantly a Class I PI3K Signaling Product 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class I PI 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is central to animal growth and metabolism, and disruption of this pathway occurs frequently in cancer and diabetes. However, the specific spatial/temporal dynamics and signaling roles of its minor lipid messenger, phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2], are not well understood. This owes principally to a lack of tools to study this scarce lipid. Here, we developed a high sensitivity genetically encoded biosensor for PI(3,4)P2, demonstrating high selectivity and specificity of the sensor for the lipid. We show that despite clear evidence for class II PI3K in PI(3,4)P2-driven function, the overwhelming majority of the lipid accumulates through degradation of class I PI3K-produced PIP3. However, we show that PI(3,4)P2 is also subject to hydrolysis by the tumor suppressor lipid phosphatase PTEN. Collectively, our results show that PI(3,4)P2 is potentially an important driver of class I PI3K-driven signaling, and provides powerful new tools to begin to resolve the biological functions of this lipid downstream of class I and II PI3K.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goulden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dull, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zewe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deiters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High Avidity Biosensor Reveals PI(3,4)P2 is Predominantly a Class I PI3K Signaling Product]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A second generation IL-2 receptor-targeted diphtheria fusion toxin exhibits anti-tumor activity and synergy with anti-PD-1 in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Denileukin diftitox (DAB1-389-IL-2, Ontak(R)) is a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein that depletes CD25-positive cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and was approved for the treatment of persistent or recurrent cutaneous T cell lymphoma. However, the clinical use of denileukin diftitox was limited by vascular leak toxicity and production issues related to drug aggregation and purity. We found that a single amino acid substitution (V6A) in a motif associated with vascular leak induction yields a fully active, second-generation biologic, s-DAB1-386-IL-2(V6A), which elicits 50-fold less HUVEC monolayer permeation and is 3.7-fold less lethal to mice by LD50 analysis than s-DAB1-386-IL-2 Additionally, to overcome aggregation problems, we developed a novel production method for the fusion toxin using Corynebacterium diphtheriae that secretes fully-folded, biologically active, monomeric s-DAB1-386-IL-2 into the culture medium. Using the poorly immunogenic mouse B16F10 melanoma model, we initiated treatment 7 days after tumor challenge and observed that, while both s-DAB1-386-IL-2(V6A) and s-DAB1-386-IL-2 are inhibitors of tumor growth, the capacity to treat with higher doses of s-DAB1-386-IL-2(V6A) could provide a superior activity window. In a sequential dual therapy study in tumors that have progressed for 10 days both s-DAB1-386-IL-2(V6A) and s-DAB1-386-IL-2 given prior to checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD-1 antibodies inhibited tumor growth, while either drug given as monotherapy had less effect. s-DAB1-386-IL-2(V6A), a fully monomeric protein with reduced vascular leak, is a second-generation diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein with promise as a cancer immunotherapeutic both alone and in conjunction with PD-1 blockade.nnSignificance StatementRegulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate tumors in various cancers and promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment that hinders anti-tumor immunity. Denileukin diftitox, a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein that depletes Tregs, was approved for the treatment of T cell malignancies, but its clinical use was limited due to the presence of protein aggregates and toxicity associated with vascular leakage. Here we report the production of a second generation IL-2 receptor-targeted, fully-folded, monomeric diphtheria fusion toxin, and a V6A mutant variant which showed reduced vascular leak in vitro and reduced lethality in mice. In a mouse model of melanoma, we found significant decrease in tumor growth associated with reduction in Tregs when the protein was tested as monotherapy or in combination with checkpoint blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihms, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A second generation IL-2 receptor-targeted diphtheria fusion toxin exhibits anti-tumor activity and synergy with anti-PD-1 in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS-driven Pathway Analyses and Functional Validation Suggest GLIS1 as a Susceptibility Gene for Mitral Valve Prolapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsyndromic Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common degenerative valvular heart disease with severe health consequences, including arrhythmia, heart failure and sudden death. MVP is characterized by excess extracellular matrix secretion and cellular disorganization which leads to bulky valves that are unable to co-apt properly during ventricular systole. However, the triggering mechanisms of this process are mostly unknown. Using pathway enrichment tools applied to GWAS we show that genes at risk loci are involved in biological functions relevant to cell adhesion and migration during cardiac development and in response to shear stress. Through genetic, in silico and in vivo experiments we demonstrates the presence of several genes involved in gene regulation, including GLIS1, a transcription factor that regulates Hedgehog signaling. Our findings define genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying non-syndromic MVP and implicate disrupted endothelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration as a potential common cause to this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyryachenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schott, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delling, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaugenhaupt, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagege, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeunemaitre, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouatia-Naji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS-driven Pathway Analyses and Functional Validation Suggest GLIS1 as a Susceptibility Gene for Mitral Valve Prolapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factors Affecting Electroconvulsive Therapy Ictal Outcomes: Duration and Postictal Suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and rapid treatment for severe depression, however predictors of therapeutic outcomes remain insufficiently understood. Ictal duration and postictal suppression are two outcomes that may be correlated with patient response, yet patient and treatment variables which may influence these outcomes have not been thoroughly explored. We collected ECT stimulus metrics, EEG parameters, patient demographics, primary diagnosis, and anesthesia type for retrospective ECTs. Univariate and multivariate mixed-effects linear regression models were used to identify variables associated with ictal duration and postictal suppression index. For both outcomes, multivariate models which included all variables resulted in the best fit, reflecting the complex influences of a variety of factors on the ictal response. These results are an important step forward in elucidating patterns in retrospective ECT clinical data which may lead to new clinical knowledge of modifiable factors to optimize ECT treatment outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingram, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahi, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factors Affecting Electroconvulsive Therapy Ictal Outcomes: Duration and Postictal Suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating brain methylome with GWAS for psychiatric risk gene discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (DNAm) is heritable and plays a role in brain development and function through transcriptional regulation. Aberrant DNAm in human brain has been linked to psychiatric disorders, potentially as mediators of common genetic risk variants. In this study, we hypothesize that common risk variants for psychiatric disorders may act through affecting DNAm level in human brain. We first aimed to investigate the heritability pattern of DNAm levels in the human prefrontal cortex. Secondly, through imputation-driven methylome-wide association study (MWAS), we aimed to identify CpG sites whose methylation levels are genetically associated and that show methylation-trait associations in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Our heritability analysis showed that, of ~370,000 CpG sites measured with the Illumina HumanMethylation450 microarray, 17% were heritable (p < 0.05), with a mean heritability of 0.22. Heritable CpG sites were enriched in intergenic regions, CpG shore, and regulatory regions in prefrontal cortex. Our MWAS approach identified known and potentially novel risk genes harboring CpG sites of methylation-trait associations for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, which were not detectable using three alternative strategies (blood-based methylome reference, transcriptome-wide association study, and two gene-based association tests). Gene set enrichment analysis for genes with methylation-trait association evidence revealed pathways clearly related to neuronal functions, but also highlighted additional biological mechanisms that may underlie psychiatric disorders, such as microRNA-related regulation. In conclusion, our results showed the power of integrating brain methylation data with GWAS for psychiatric risk gene discovery, with potential applications in brain-related disorders or traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goes, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potash, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating brain methylome with GWAS for psychiatric risk gene discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A machine learning approach to predicting autism risk genes: Validation of known genes and discovery of new candidates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic basis. The role of de novo mutations in ASD has been well established, but the set of genes implicated to date is still far from complete. The current study employs a machine learning-based approach to predict ASD risk genes using features from spatiotemporal gene expression patterns in human brain, gene-level constraint metrics, and other gene variation features. The genes identified through our prediction model were enriched for independent sets of ASD risk genes, and tended to be differentially expressed in ASD brains, especially in the frontal and parietal cortex. The highest-ranked genes not only included those with strong prior evidence for involvement in ASD (for example, TCF20 and FBOX11), but also indicated potentially novel candidates, such as DOCK3, MYCBP2 and CAND1, which are all involved in neuronal development. Through extensive validations, we also showed that our method outperformed state-of-the-art scoring systems for ranking ASD candidate genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of our predicted risk genes revealed biological processes clearly relevant to ASD, including neuronal signaling, neurogenesis, and chromatin remodeling, but also highlighted other potential mechanisms that might underlie ASD, such as regulation of RNA alternative splicing and ubiquitination pathway related to protein degradation. Our study demonstrates that human brain spatiotemporal gene expression patterns and gene-level constraint metrics can help predict ASD risk genes. Our gene ranking system provides a useful resource for prioritizing ASD candidate genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajadhyaksha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potash, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A machine learning approach to predicting autism risk genes: Validation of known genes and discovery of new candidates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional suppression from KMT2D loss disrupts cell cycle and hypoxic responses in neurodevelopmental models of Kabuki syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin modifiers act to coordinate gene expression changes critical to neuronal differentiation from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) encodes a histone methyltransferase that promotes transcriptional activation, and is frequently mutated in cancers and in the majority (>70%) of patients diagnosed with the congenital, multisystem intellectual disability (ID) disorder Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1). Critical roles for KMT2D are established in various non-neural tissues, but the effects of KMT2D loss in brain cell development have not been described. We conducted parallel studies of proliferation, differentiation, transcription, and chromatin profiling in KMT2D-deficient human and mouse models to define KMT2D-regulated functions in neurodevelopmental contexts, including adult-born hippocampal NSPCs in vivo and in vitro. We report cell-autonomous defects in proliferation, cell cycle, and survival, accompanied by early NSPC maturation in several KMT2D-deficient model systems. Transcriptional suppression in KMT2D-deficient cells indicated strong perturbation of hypoxia-responsive metabolism pathways. Functional experiments confirmed abnormalities of cellular hypoxia responses in KMT2D-deficient neural cells, and accelerated NSPC maturation in vivo. Together, our findings support a model in which loss of KMT2D function suppresses expression of oxygen-responsive gene programs important to neural progenitor maintenance, resulting in precocious neuronal differentiation in a mouse model of KS1.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=91 SRC="FIGDIR/small/484410v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (22K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@55dd1aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1270c80org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a5bda2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@144df37_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carosso, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional suppression from KMT2D loss disrupts cell cycle and hypoxic responses in neurodevelopmental models of Kabuki syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The integrated stress response mediates type I interferon driven necrosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrosis in the tuberculous granuloma is a hallmark of tuberculosis that enables pathogen survival and transmission. Susceptibility to tuberculosis and several other intracellular bacteria is controlled by a mouse genetic locus, sst1, and mice carrying the sst1-suscepible (sst1S) genotype develop necrotic inflammatory lung lesions, similar to human TB granulomas. Our previous work established that increased disease severity in sst1S mice reflects dysfunctional macrophage effector or tolerance mechanisms, but the molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. Here we demonstrate that sst1S macrophages develop aberrant, biphasic responses to TNF characterized by super-induction of stress and type I interferon pathways after prolonged TNF stimulation with this late-stage response being initiated by oxidative stress and Myc activation and driven via a JNK - IFN{beta} - PKR circuit. This circuit leads to induction of the integrated stress response (ISR) mediated by eIF2 phosphorylation and the subsequent hyper-induction of ATF3 and ISR-target genes Chac1, Trib3, Ddit4. The administration of ISRIB, a small molecule inhibitor of the ISR, blocked the development of necrosis in lung granulomas of M. tuberculosis-infected sst1S mice and concomitantly reduced the bacterial burden revealing that induction of the ISR and the locked-in state of escalating stress driven by type I IFN pathway in sst1S macrophages plays a causal role in the development of necrosis. Our data support a generalizable paradigm in intracellular pathogen-host interactions wherein host susceptibility emerges within inflammatory tissue due to imbalanced macrophage responses to growth, differentiation, activation and stress stimuli. Successful pathogens such as M. tuberculosis may exploit this aberrant response in susceptible hosts to induce necrotic lesions that favor long-term pathogen survival and transmission. Interruption of the aberrant stress response with inhibitors such as ISRIB may offer novel therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihms, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrahari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichugin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, B.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The integrated stress response mediates type I interferon driven necrosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteasome inhibitor-induced modulation reveals the spliceosome as a specific therapeutic vulnerability in multiple myeloma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors is a central goal in myeloma therapy. We proposed that signaling-level responses after PI would reveal new mechanisms of action that could be therapeutically exploited. Unbiased phosphoproteomics after the PI carfilzomib surprisingly demonstrated the most prominent phosphorylation changes on splicing related proteins. Spliceosome modulation was invisible to RNA or protein abundance alone. Transcriptome analysis after PI demonstrated broad-scale intron retention, suggestive of spliceosome interference, as well as specific alternative splicing of protein homeostasis machinery components. These findings led us to evaluate direct spliceosome inhibition in myeloma, which synergized with carfilzomib and showed potent anti-tumor activity. Functional genomics and exome sequencing further supported the spliceosome as a specific vulnerability in myeloma. Our results propose splicing interference as an unrecognized modality of PI mechanism, reveal additional modes of spliceosome modulation, and suggest spliceosome targeting as a promising therapeutic strategy in myeloma.

SignificanceNew ways to enhance PI efficacy are of major interest. We combine systems-level analyses to discover that PIs specifically interfere with splicing and that myeloma is selectively vulnerable to spliceosome inhibition. We reveal a new approach to advance myeloma therapy and uncover broader roles of splicing modulation in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H. H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, C. Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcoulis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malato, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phojanakong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/508549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteasome inhibitor-induced modulation reveals the spliceosome as a specific therapeutic vulnerability in multiple myeloma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/511675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying small proteins by ribosome profiling with stalled initiation complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/511675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small proteins consisting of 50 or fewer amino acids have been identified as regulators of larger proteins in bacteria and eukaryotes. Despite the importance of these molecules, the true prevalence of small proteins remains unknown because conventional annotation pipelines usually exclude small open reading frames (smORFs). We previously identified several dozen small proteins in the model organism Escherichia coli using theoretical bioinformatic approaches based on sequence conservation and matches to canonical ribosome binding sites. Here, we present an empirical approach for discovering new proteins, taking advantage of recent advances in ribosome profiling in which antibiotics are used to trap newly-initiated 70S ribosomes at start codons. This approach led to the identification of many novel initiation sites in intergenic regions in E. coli. We tagged 41 smORFs on the chromosome and detected protein synthesis for all but three. The corresponding genes are not only intergenic, but are also found antisense to other genes, in operons, and overlapping other open reading frames (ORFs), some impacting the translation of larger downstream genes. These results demonstrate the utility of this method for identifying new genes, regardless of their genomic context.nnIMPORTANCEProteins comprised of 50 or fewer amino acids have been shown to interact with and modulate the function of larger proteins in a range of organisms. Despite the possible importance of small proteins, the true prevalence and capabilities of these regulators remain unknown as the small size of the proteins places serious limitations on their identification, purification and characterization. Here, we present a ribosome profiling approach with stalled initiation complexes that led to the identification of 38 new small proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weaver, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/511675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying small proteins by ribosome profiling with stalled initiation complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Toxoplasma Vacuolar H+-ATPase regulates intracellular pH, and impacts the maturation of essential secretory proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vacuolar-proton ATPases (V-H+-ATPases) are conserved complexes that couple the hydrolysis of ATP to the pumping of protons across membranes. V-H+-ATPases are known to play diverse roles in cellular physiology. We studied the Toxoplasma gondii V-H+-ATPase complex and discovered a novel dual role of the pump in protecting parasites against ionic stress and in the maturation of secretory proteins in endosomal-like compartments. Toxoplasma V-H+-ATPase subunits localize to the plasma membrane and to acidic vesicles and characterization of conditional mutants of the a1 subunit highlighted the functionality of the complex at both locations. Microneme and rhoptry proteins are required for invasion and modulation of host cells and they traffic via endosome-like compartments in which proteolytic maturation occurs. We show that the V-H+-ATPase supports the maturation of rhoptry and microneme proteins, and their maturases, during their traffic to their corresponding organelles. This work underscores a novel role for V-H+-ATPases in regulating virulence pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stasic, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykes, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starai, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/515296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Toxoplasma Vacuolar H+-ATPase regulates intracellular pH, and impacts the maturation of essential secretory proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of SLC7A5 (LAT1) in endocrine therapy resistant breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to endocrine therapies remains a major challenge for the successful management of patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers. Central to the development of resistance is the adaptive reprogramming of cellular metabolism in response to treatment. Solute carriers (SLCs) play a key role in metabolic reprogramming by transporting sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients and regulating their abundance within the cell and its subcellular organelles. We found 109 SLC mRNAs to be differentially expressed between endocrine sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells. In univariate analyses, 55 of these SLCs were associated with poor outcome in ER+ breast cancer patients. Data from TMT and SILAC studies then led us to focus on SLC7A5 (LAT1). In complex with SLC3A2 (CD98), LAT1 is the primary transporter of large, neutral amino acids including leucine and tyrosine. LAT1 expression is estrogen-regulated in endocrine sensitive cells but this regulation is lost in resistant cells. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic depletion of LAT1 each suppressed growth in two models of endocrine resistant breast cancer. Autophagy was activated with LAT1 inhibition, but cells failed to degrade p62 showing that flux was blocked. Overexpression of the LAT1 cDNA increased protein synthesis and high LAT1 expression correlated with poor disease-free survival in ER+ breast cancer patients. This study uncovers a novel LAT1 mediated adaptive response that contributes to the development of endocrine resistance. Blocking LAT1 function may offer a new avenue for effective therapeutic intervention against endocrine resistant ER+ breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sevigny, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shajahan-Haq, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of SLC7A5 (LAT1) in endocrine therapy resistant breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human cortical neural stem cells generate regional organizer states in vitro before committing to excitatory neuronal fates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Better understanding the progression of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing cerebral cortex is important for modeling neurogenesis and defining the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we used RNA-sequencing, cell imaging and lineage tracing of mouse and human in vitro NSCs to model the generation of cortical neuronal fates. We show that conserved signaling mechanisms regulate the acute transition from proliferative NSCs to committed glutamatergic excitatory neurons. As human telencephalic NSCs developed from pluripotency in vitro, they first transitioned through organizer states that spatially pattern the cortex before generating glutamatergic precursor fates. NSCs derived from multiple human pluripotent lines varied in these early patterning states leading differentially to dorsal or ventral telencephalic fates. This work furthers systematic analysis of the earliest patterning events that generate the major neuronal trajectories of the human telencephalon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Micali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Bustamante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rash, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arellano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeppner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human cortical neural stem cells generate regional organizer states in vitro before committing to excitatory neuronal fates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum Flt3 ligand is a biomarker of progenitor cell mass and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) is a hematopoietic growth factor receptor expressed on lymphomyeloid progenitors and frequently, by AML blasts. Its ligand, Flt3L, has non-hematopoietic and lymphoid origins, is detectable during homeostasis and increases to high levels in states of hypoplasia due to genetic defects or treatment with cytoreductive agents. Measurement of Flt3L by ELISA reveals that Flt3+AML, is associated with depletion of Flt3L to undetectable levels. After induction chemotherapy, Flt3L is restored in patients entering CR, but remains depressed in those with refractory disease. Weekly sampling reveals marked differences in the kinetics of Flt3L response during the first 6 weeks of treatment, proportionate to the clearance of blasts and cellularity of the BM. In the UK NCRI AML17 trial, Flt3L was measured at day 26 in a subgroup of 135 patients with Flt3 mutation randomized to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lestaurtinib. In these patients, attainment of CR was associated with higher Flt3L at day 26 (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001). Day 26 Flt3L was also associated with survival: Flt3L [&le;] 291pg/ml was associated with inferior event-free survival; and, Flt3L >1185pg/ml was associated with higher overall survival (p = 0.0119). Serial measurement of Flt3L in patients who had received a hematopoietic stem cell transplant for AML further illustrated the potential value of declining Flt3L to identify relapse. Together these observations suggest that measurement of Flt3L provides a non-invasive estimate of progenitor cell mass in most patients with AML, with the potential to inform clinical decisions.nnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=151 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/588319_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (21K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@132f3f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2e033eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d70598org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b0648a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm-Benartzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Publicover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/588319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum Flt3 ligand is a biomarker of progenitor cell mass and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precocious Chondrocyte Differentiation Disrupts Skeletal Growth in Kabuki Syndrome Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1) is a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery caused by mutations in the gene encoding KMT2D, which methylates lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4). KS1 is characterized by intellectual disability, postnatal growth retardation, and distinct craniofacial dysmorphisms. A mouse model (Kmt2d+/ {beta} Geo) exhibits features of the human disorder and has provided insight into other phenotypes; however, the mechanistic basis of skeletal abnormalities and growth retardation remains elusive. Using high-resolution micro-computed tomography we show that Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo mice have shortened long bones and ventral bowing of skulls. In vivo expansion of growth plates within both the skull and long bones suggests disrupted endochondral ossification as a common disease mechanism. Stable chondrocyte cell lines harboring inactivating mutations in Kmt2d exhibit increased proliferation and differentiation, which further supports this mechanism. A known inducer of chondrogenesis, SOX9, and its targets show markedly increased expression in Kmt2d-/- chondrocytes. By transcriptome profiling, we identify Shox2 as a putative KMT2D target. We propose that decreased KMT2D-mediated H3K4me3 at Shox2 releases Sox9 inhibition and thereby leads to enhanced chondrogenesis, providing a novel and plausible explanation for precocious chondrocyte differentiation. Our findings not only provide insight into the pathogenesis of growth retardation in KS1, but also suggest novel therapeutic targets to rescue growth retardation in KS1 and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precocious Chondrocyte Differentiation Disrupts Skeletal Growth in Kabuki Syndrome Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete blood count with differential: An effective diagnostic for IBS subtype in the context of BMI? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Complete Blood Count with Differential hematological assay is a mainstay diagnostic for point-of-care clinical diagnoses for a spectrum of diseases including infection, inflammation, anemia, and leukemia, and CBC-D profiles are under investigation as early prognostic biomarkers for leukemias and other diseases. Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are prevalent gastrointestinal disorders in the United States, with obesity among the most common comorbidities. Often, IBS-like gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms persist after resolution of known inflammation and/or enteropathogenic infection, and current literature contains significant discussion of the extent to which IBS is within the biological spectrum of inflammatory disease. Obesity is also associated with generalized signatures of inflammation and may confound accurate diagnoses. We performed ANOVA, multiple means comparisons, statistical analyses of CBC data from our "Brain-Gut Natural History" (BGNH) clinical cohort, with additional ELISA assays for lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), IL-10, cortisol, and ACTH, signatures of immune-inflammatory response and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis activity, respectively. BGNH cohort includes healthy and overweight individuals diagnosed with IBS diarrhea-(IBS-D) and constipation-predominant (IBS-C) subtypes. We identified several potentially significant markers for IBS-D and IBS-C, notably IL-10, mean platelet volume (MPV), with LBP and monocyte percent also showing some statistical significance. Weight also showed significant results for overweight vs. normal weight, regardless of IBS subtype, particularly for Cortisol. CBC-D predictive profiles for IBS subtype and weight were identified using discriminant functions analysis and show that predictivity of marker profiles have poor performance relative to their normal weight subsets. Further refinement of this analysis will be performed utilizing increased sample size, additional molecular profiles, and enhanced statistical analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulineaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pocock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkington, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete blood count with differential: An effective diagnostic for IBS subtype in the context of BMI?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The kynurenine pathway is essential for rhodoquinone biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key metabolic adaptation for some species that face hypoxia as part of their life-cycle involves an alternative electron transport chain in which rhodoquinone (RQ) is required for fumarate reduction and ATP production. RQ biosynthesis in bacteria and protists requires ubiquinone (Q) as a precursor. In contrast, Q is not a precursor for RQ biosynthesis in animals such as parasitic helminths, and this pathway has remained elusive. We used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal to elucidate several key steps in RQ biosynthesis. Through RNA interference and a series of mutants, we found that arylamine metabolites from the kynurenine pathway are essential precursors for RQ biosynthesis de novo. Deletion of kynu-1, which encodes a kynureninase that converts L-kynurenine (KYN) into anthranilic acid (AA), and 3-hydroxykynurenine (HKYN) into 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), completely abolishes RQ biosynthesis, but does not affect Q levels. Deletion of kmo-1, which encodes a kynurenine 3-monooxygenase that converts KYN to HKYN, drastically reduces RQ, but not Q levels. Knockdown of the Q biosynthetic genes, coq-5 and coq-6, affects both Q and RQ levels demonstrating that common enzymes are used in both biosynthetic pathways. Our study reveals that two pathways for RQ biosynthesis have independently evolved. In contrast to bacteria, where amination is the last step in RQ biosynthesis, worms begin with the arylamine precursor, AA or 3HAA. Since RQ is absent in mammalian hosts of helminths, inhibition of RQ biosynthesis may have broad implications for targeting parasitic infections which cause important neglected tropical diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts Buceta, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanelli-Cedrez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babcock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VonPaige, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlatter, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexelius, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/645929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The kynurenine pathway is essential for rhodoquinone biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ethnic analysis shows genetic risk and environmental predictors interact to influence 25(OH)D concentration and optimal vitamin D intake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVitamin D inadequacy affects almost 50% of adults in the United States and is associated with numerous adverse health effects. Vitamin D concentration [25(OH)D] is a complex trait with genetic and environmental predictors that work in tandem to influence 25(OH)D and may determine how much vitamin D intake is required to reach an optimal 25(OH)D concentration. To date, there has been little investigation into how genetics and environment interact to affect 25(OH)D.nnObjectiveInteractions between continuous measures of a polygenic score (PGS) and vitamin D intake (PGS*intake) or available ultra-violet (UV) radiation (PGS*UV) were evaluated separately in individuals of African or European ancestry.nnMethodsMega-analyses were performed using three independent cohorts (N=9,668; African ancestry n=1,099; European ancestry n=8,569). Interaction terms and joint effects (main and interaction terms) were tested using one-degree of freedom (DF) and 2-DF models, respectively. All models controlled for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cohort, and dietary intake/available UV. Additionally, in participants achieving Institute of Medicine (IOM) vitamin D intake recommendations, 25(OH)D was evaluated by level of genetic risk of 25(OH)D deficiency.nnResultsThe 2-DF PGS*intake, 1-DF PGS*UV and 2-DF PGS*UV results were statistically significant in participants of European ancestry (p=3.3x10-18, 2.1x10-2, and 2.4x10-19, respectively), but not in those of African ancestry. In European-ancestry participants who reached IOM vitamin D intake guidelines, the percent of participants achieving adequate 25(OH)D (>20ng/ml) increased as genetic risk decreased (72% vs 89% in the highest vs lowest risk categories; p=0.018).nnConclusionsAvailable UV radiation and vitamin D intake interact with genetics to influence 25(OH)D. Individuals with higher genetic risk of deficiency may require more vitamin D exposure to maintain optimal 25(OH)D concentrations. Overall, the results showcase the importance of incorporating both environmental and genetic factors into analyses, as well as the potential for gene-environment interactions to inform personalized dosing of vitamin D.nnSources of SupportO_ST_ABSARICC_ST_ABSThe Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C). The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions.nnFunding for GENEVA was provided by National Human Genome Research Institute grant U01HG004402 (E. Boerwinkle).nnMESAMESA and the MESA SHARe project are conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-001420, UL1-TR-001881, and DK063491.nnThe MESA CARe data used for the analyses described in this manuscript were obtained through Genetics (accession numbers). Funding for CARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N01-HC-65226.nnFunding support for the Vitamin D dataset was provided by grant HL096875nnWHIThe WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts HHSN268201600018C, HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, and HHSN268201600004C. This manuscript was not prepared in collaboration with investigators of the WHI, has not been reviewed and/or approved by the Womens Health Initiative (WHI), and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of the WHI investigators or the NHLBI.nnWHI PAGE is funded through the NHGRI Population Architecture Using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) network (Grant Number U01 HG004790). Assistance with phenotype harmonization, SNP selection, data cleaning, meta-analyses, data management and dissemination, and general study coordination, was provided by the PAGE Coordinating Center (U01HG004801-01).nnFunding support for WHI GARNET was provided through the NHGRI Genomics and Randomized Trials Network (GARNET) (Grant Number U01 HG005152). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GARNET Coordinating Center (U01 HG005157). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Funding support for genotyping, which was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, was provided by the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative [GEI] (U01 HG004424). The datasets used for the analyses described in this manuscript were obtained from dbGaP at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gap through dbGa Paccession phs000200.v11.p3.nnFunding for WHI SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02-HL-64278.nnOtherKEH was supported by an NLM training grant to the Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine Training Program (NLM 5T15LM007359). Computational resources were supported by a core grant to the Center for Demography and Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (P2C HD047873).nnJM was supported by the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and by an unrestricted grant to the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences from the Research to Prevent Blindness, and by National Institutes of Health, National Eye Institute grants R01 EY016686, R01 EY025292.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatchell, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mares, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michos, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ethnic analysis shows genetic risk and environmental predictors interact to influence 25(OH)D concentration and optimal vitamin D intake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of sex and underlying disease on the genetic association of QT interval and sudden cardiac death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for ~300,000 deaths annually in the US. Men have a higher risk of SCD and are more likely to have underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) than women. In contrast, women are more likely to have arrhythmic events in the setting of inherited or acquired QT prolongation. Moreover, there is evidence of sex differences in the underlying genetics of QT interval duration. Using sex- and CAD-stratified analyses, we assess differences in genetic association between prolonged QT interval and SCD risk.nnMethodsWe examined 2,282 SCD subjects with autopsy-confirmed underlying disease from the Fingesture cohort and 3,561 Finnish controls. The SCD subjects were stratified by underlying disease (ischemic vs. non-ischemic) and by sex. We used logistic regression to test for association between the top QT interval associated SNP, rs12143842 (in the NOS1AP locus), and SCD risk. We also performed Mendelian randomization to test for causal association of QT interval in the various subgroups.nnResultsFemale SCD victims with underlying non-ischemic disease had the strongest association between rs12143842 and SCD risk (OR=1.37; 95% CI, 1.07-1.75) and the strongest causal association, established using Mendelian randomization, between prolonged QT interval and SCD (OR in SCD risk per SD increase in QT, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.22-10.49). Ischemic SCD victims, irrespective of sex, did not show an association between rs12143842 and SCD risk or a causal association for QT interval.nnConclusionsThis study provides evidence that the causal effect of QT prolongation on SCD risk differs by sex and underlying disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashar, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvelin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froguel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huikuri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rioux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junttila, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/664300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of sex and underlying disease on the genetic association of QT interval and sudden cardiac death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tenocytes serve to synthesize and maintain collagen fibrils and other matrix proteins in tendon. The underlying biological mechanisms of postnatal tendon growth and repair are not well understood. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays an important role in the growth and remodeling of numerous tissues, but less is known about IGF1 in tendon. We hypothesized that IGF1 signaling is required for proper tendon growth in response to mechanical loading through regulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. We conditionally deleted the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in scleraxis (Scx) expressing tenocytes, and compared to control Scx:IGF1R+ mice, Scx:IGF1R{Delta} mice demonstrated reduced tenocyte proliferation and smaller tendons in response to mechanical loading. Additionally, we identified that both the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways are activated downstream of IGF1 and interact in a coordinated manner to regulate cell proliferation and protein synthesis. These studies indicate that IGF1 signaling is required for proper postnatal tendon growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Disser, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talarek, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rourke, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendias, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the Subcellular Distribution of Phosphatidylinositol Reveals a Surprising Lack at the Plasma Membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polyphosphoinositides (PPIn) are central regulatory lipids that direct membrane function in eukaryotic cells. Understanding how their synthesis is regulated is crucial to revealing these lipids role in health and disease. PPIn are derived from the major structural lipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI). However, although the distribution of most PPIn have been characterized, the subcellular localization of PI available for PPIn synthesis is not known. Here, we have used several orthogonal approaches to map the subcellular distribution of PI, including localizing exogenous fluorescent PI, as well as detecting lipid conversion products of endogenous PI after acute chemogenetic activation of PI-specific phospholipase and 4-kinase. We report that PI is broadly distributed throughout intracellular membrane compartments. However, there is a surprising lack of PI in the plasma membrane compared to the PPIn. These experiments implicate regulation of PI supply to the plasma membrane, as opposed to regulation of PPIn-kinases, as crucial to the control of PPIn synthesis and function at the PM.

SummaryZewe et al develop approaches to map the subcellular distribution of the major phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI), revealing that the lipid is present in most membranes except for plasma membrane, where it is mainly found as PI4P and PI(4,5)P2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zewe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangappa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the Subcellular Distribution of Phosphatidylinositol Reveals a Surprising Lack at the Plasma Membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new data-driven cell population discovery and annotation method for single-cell data, FAUST, reveals correlates of clinical response to cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-dimensional single-cell cytometry is routinely used to characterize patient responses to cancer immunotherapy and other treatments. This has produced a wealth of datasets ripe for exploration but whose biological and technical heterogeneity make them difficult to analyze with current tools. We introduce a new interpretable machine learning method for single-cell mass and flow cytometry studies, FAUST, that robustly performs unbiased cell population discovery and annotation. FAUST processes data on a per-sample basis and returns biologically interpretable cell phenotypes that can be compared across studies, making it well-suited for the analysis and integration of complex datasets. We demonstrate how FAUST can be used for candidate biomarker discovery and validation by applying it to a flow cytometry dataset from a Merkel cell carcinoma anti-PD-1 trial and discover new CD4+ and CD8+ effector-memory T cell correlates of outcome co-expressing PD-1, HLA-DR, and CD28. We then use FAUST to validate these correlates in an independent CyTOF dataset from a published metastatic melanoma trial. Importantly, existing state-of-the-art computational discovery approaches as well as prior manual analysis did not detect these or any other statistically significant T cell sub-populations associated with anti-PD-1 treatment in either data set. We further validate our methodology by using FAUST to replicate the discovery of a previously reported myeloid correlate in a different published melanoma trial, and validate the correlate by identifying it de novo in two additional independent trials. FAUSTs phenotypic annotations can be used to perform cross-study data integration in the presence of heterogeneous data and diverse immunophenotyping staining panels, enabling hypothesis-driven inference about cell sub-population abundance through a multivariate modeling framework we call Phenotypic and Functional Differential Abundance (PFDA). We demonstrate this approach on data from myeloid and T cell panels across multiple trials. Together, these results establish FAUST as a powerful and versatile new approach for unbiased discovery in single-cell cytometry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amico, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morishima, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramchurren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nghiem, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheever, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fling, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new data-driven cell population discovery and annotation method for single-cell data, FAUST, reveals correlates of clinical response to cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recommendations for application of the functional evidence PS3/BS3 criterion using the ACMG/AMP sequence variant interpretation framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)/Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) clinical variant interpretation guidelines established criteria (PS3/BS3) for functional assays that specified a "strong" level of evidence. However, they did not provide detailed guidance on how functional evidence should be evaluated, and differences in the application of the PS3/BS3 codes is a contributor to variant interpretation discordance between laboratories. This recommendation seeks to provide a more structured approach to the assessment of functional assays for variant interpretation and guidance on the use of various levels of strength based on assay validation.nnMethodsThe Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Sequence Variant Interpretation (SVI) Working Group used curated functional evidence from ClinGen Variant Curation Expert Panel-developed rule specifications and expert opinions to refine the PS3/BS3 criteria over multiple in-person and virtual meetings. We estimated odds of pathogenicity for assays using various numbers of variant controls to determine the minimum controls required to reach moderate level evidence. Feedback from the ClinGen Steering Committee and outside experts were incorporated into the recommendations at multiple stages of development.nnResultsThe SVI Working Group developed recommendations for evaluators regarding the assessment of the clinical validity of functional data and a four-step provisional framework to determine the appropriate strength of evidence that can be applied in clinical variant interpretation. These steps are: 1. Define the disease mechanism; 2. Evaluate applicability of general classes of assays used in the field; 3. Evaluate validity of specific instances of assays; 4. Apply evidence to individual variant interpretation. We found that a minimum of eleven total pathogenic and benign variant controls are required to reach moderate-level evidence in the absence of rigorous statistical analysis.nnConclusionsThe recommendations and approach to functional evidence evaluation described here should help clarify the clinical variant interpretation process for functional assays. Further, we hope that these recommendations will help develop productive partnerships with basic scientists who have developed functional assays that are useful for interrogating the function of a variety of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brnich, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Tayoun, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanavy, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNulty, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starita, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavtigian, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesecker, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recommendations for application of the functional evidence PS3/BS3 criterion using the ACMG/AMP sequence variant interpretation framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans evades pulmonary immunity by modulating xylose transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that kills almost 200,000 people each year and is distinguished by abundant and unique surface glycan structures that are rich in xylose. A mutant strain of C. neoformans that cannot transport xylose precursors into the secretory compartment is severely attenuated in virulence in mice, yet surprisingly is not cleared. We found that this strain failed to induce the non-protective T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses characteristic of wild-type infection, instead promoting sustained Interleukin (IL)-12p40 induction and increased IL-17A (IL-17) production. It also stimulated dendritic cells to release high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a behavior we linked to xylose expression. We further discovered that inducible bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) forms in response to infection with either wild-type cryptococci or the mutant strain with reduced surface xylose; although iBALT formation is slowed in the latter case, the tissue is better organized. Finally, our temporal studies suggest that lymphoid structures in the lung restrict the spread of mutant fungi for at least 18 weeks after infection, in contrast to ineffective control of the pathogen after infection with wild-type cells. These studies demonstrate the role of xylose in modulation of host response to a fungal pathogen and show that cryptococcal infection triggers iBALT formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hole, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khader, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doering, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans evades pulmonary immunity by modulating xylose transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genetic determinants of telomere length from a multi-ethnic analysis of 75,000 whole genome sequences in TOPMed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres shorten in replicating somatic cells, and telomere length (TL) is associated with age-related diseases 1,2. To date, 17 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 25 loci for leukocyte TL 3-19, but were limited to European and Asian ancestry individuals and relied on laboratory assays of TL. In this study from the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) of whole blood for variant genotype calling and the bioinformatic estimation of TL in n=109,122 trans-ethnic (European, African, Asian and Hispanic/Latino) individuals. We identified 59 sentinel variants (p-value <5x10-9) from 36 loci (20 novel, 13 replicated in external datasets). There was little evidence of effect heterogeneity across populations, and 10 loci had >1 independent signal. Fine-mapping at OBFC1 indicated the independent signals colocalized with cell-type specific eQTLs for OBFC1 (STN1). We further identified two novel genes, DCLRE1B (SNM1B) and PARN, using a multi-variant gene-based approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genetic determinants of telomere length from a multi-ethnic analysis of 75,000 whole genome sequences in TOPMed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERR agonism reverses mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA gradual decline in renal function occurs even in healthy aging individuals. In addition to aging per se, concurrent metabolic syndrome and hypertension, which are common in the aging population, can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation, which collectively contribute to age-related kidney dysfunction and disease. Here we studied the role of the nuclear hormone receptors, the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) in regulation of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. ERRs were decreased in aging human and mouse kidneys and were preserved in aging mice with lifelong caloric restriction (CR).

MethodsA pan-ERR agonist was used to treat 21-month-old mice for 8-weeks. In addition, 21-month-old mice were treated with a STING inhibitor for 3 weeks.

ResultsRemarkably, only an 8-week treatment with a pan-ERR agonist reversed the age-related increases in albuminuria, podocyte loss, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory cytokines, including the cGAS-STING and STAT3 signaling pathways. A 3-week treatment of 21-month-old mice with a STING inhibitor reversed the increases in inflammatory cytokines and the senescence marker p21 but also unexpectedly reversed the age-related decreases in PGC-1, ERR, mitochondrial complexes and MCAD expression.

ConclusionsOur studies identified ERRs as important modulators of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. These findings highlight novel druggable pathways that can be further evaluated to prevent progression of age-related kidney disease.

Significance StatementThere is an increasing need for prevention and treatment strategies for age-related kidney disease. The hallmarks of aging kidneys are decreased mitochondrial function and increased inflammation. The expression of the nuclear hormone receptors estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are decreased in aging human and mouse kidneys. This paper investigates the role of ERRs in the aging kidney. Treatment of aging mice with a pan-ERR agonist reversed the age-related increases in albuminuria and podocyte loss, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory cytokines, including the cGAS-STING signaling pathways. Treatment of aging mice with a STING inhibitor decreased inflammation and increased mitochondrial gene expression. These findings identify ERRs as important modulators of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhasin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krausz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerfas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>velenosi, t. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>patel, d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshpajouhnejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titievsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostretsov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERR agonism reverses mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-10 Promotes Endothelial Progenitor Cell Driven Wound Neovascularization and Enhances Healing via STAT3. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence from prior studies of cutaneous trauma, burns, and chronic diabetic wound repair demonstrates that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to de novo angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory reactions, tissue regeneration, and remodeling. We have shown that IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, promotes regenerative tissue repair in an adult model of dermal scar formation via the regulation of fibroblast-specific hyaluronan synthesis in a STAT3 dependent manner. While it is known that IL-10 drives EPC recruitment and neovascularization after myocardial infarction, its specific mode of action, particularly in dermal wound healing and neovascularization in both control and diabetic wounds remains to be defined. Here we show that IL-10 promotes EPC recruitment into the dermal wound microenvironment to facilitate neovascularization and wound healing of control and diabetic (db/db) wounds via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal-cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) signaling. Inducible skin-specific STAT3 knockout (KO) mice were studied to determine whether the impact of IL-10 on the neovascularization and wound healing is STAT3 dependent. We found that IL-10 treatment significantly promotes dermal wound healing with enhanced wound closure, robust granulation tissue formation and neovascularization. This was associated with elevated wound EPC counts as well as increased VEGF and high SDF-1 levels in control mice, an effect that was abrogated in STAT3 KO transgenic mice. These findings were supported in vitro, wherein IL-10-enhanced VEGF and SDF-1 synthesis in primary murine dermal fibroblasts. IL-10-conditioned fibroblast media was shown to promote sprouting and network formation in aortic ring assays. We conclude that overexpression of IL-10 in the wound-specific milieu recruits EPCs and promote neovascularization, which occurs in a STAT3-dependent manner via regulation of VEGF and SDF-1 levels. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that IL-10 increases EPC recruitment leading to enhanced neovascularization and healing of dermal wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>steen, e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangapandu, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Templeman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moles, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>narmoneva, d. a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombleholme, T. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>butte, m. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bollyky, p. l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>keswani, s. g.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-10 Promotes Endothelial Progenitor Cell Driven Wound Neovascularization and Enhances Healing via STAT3.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandin D2 Signaling is Not Involved in Rat Hindlimb Tendon Healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injured tendons heal through the formation of a fibrovascular scar that has inferior mechanical properties compared to native tendon tissue. Reducing inflammation that occurs as a result of the injury could limit scar formation and improve functional recovery of tendons. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays an important role in promoting inflammation in some injury responses and chronic disease processes, and the inhibition of PGD2 has improved healing and reduced disease burden in animal models and early clinical trials. Based on these findings, we sought to determine the role of PGD2 signaling in the healing of injured tendon tissue. We tested the hypothesis that a potent and specific inhibitor of hematopoietic PGD synthase (HPGDS), GSK2894631A, would improve the recovery of tendons of adult male rats following an acute tenotomy and repair. To test this hypothesis, we performed a full-thickness plantaris tendon tenotomy followed by immediate repair and treated rats twice daily with either 0mg/kg, 2mg/kg, or 6mg/kg of GSK2894631A. Tendons were collected either 7 or 21 days after surgical repair, and mechanical properties of tendons were assessed along with RNA sequencing and histology. While there were some differences in gene expression across groups, the targeted inhibition of HPGDS did not impact the functional repair of tendons after injury as HPGDS expression was surprisingly low in injured tendons. These results indicate that PGD2 signaling does not appear to be important in modulating the repair of injured tendon tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talarek, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinken, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendias, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandin D2 Signaling is Not Involved in Rat Hindlimb Tendon Healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EAGLE: an algorithm that utilizes a small number of genomic features to predict tissue/cell type-specific enhancer-gene interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-range regulation by distal enhancers is crucial for many biological processes. The existing methods for enhancer-target gene prediction often require many genomic features. This makes them difficult to be applied to many cell types, in which the relevant datasets are not always available. Here, we design a tool EAGLE, an enhancer and gene learning ensemble method for identification of Enhancer-Gene (EG) interactions. Unlike existing tools, EAGLE used only six features derived from the genomic features of enhancers and gene expression datasets. Cross-validation revealed that EAGLE outperformed other existing methods. Enrichment analyses on special transcriptional factors, epigenetic modifications, and eQTLs demonstrated that EAGLE could distinguish the interacting pairs from non- interacting ones. Finally, EAGLE was applied to mouse and human genomes and identified 7,680,203 and 7,437,255 EG interactions involving 31,375 and 43,724 genes, 138,547 and 177,062 enhancers across 89 and 110 tissue/cell types in mouse and human, respectively. The obtained interactions are accessible through an interactive database enhanceratlas.org. The EAGLE method is available at https://github.com/EvansGao/EAGLE and the predicted datasets are available in http://www.enhanceratlas.org/.nnAuthor summaryEnhancers are DNA sequences that interact with promoters and activate target genes. Since enhancers often located far from the target genes and the nearest genes are not always the targets of the enhancers, the prediction of enhancer-target gene relationships is a big challenge. Although a few computational tools are designed for the prediction of enhancer-target genes, its difficult to apply them in most tissue/cell types due to a lack of enough genomic datasets. Here we proposed a new method, EAGLE, which utilizes a small number of genomic features to predict tissue/cell type-specific enhancer-gene interactions. Comparing with other existing tools, EAGLE displayed a better performance in the 10-fold cross-validation and cross-sample test. Moreover, the predictions by EAGLE were validated by other independent evidence such as the enrichment of relevant transcriptional factors, epigenetic modifications, and eQTLs.nnFinally, we integrated the enhancer-target relationships obtained from human and mouse genomes into an interactive database EnhancerAtlas, http://www.enhanceratlas.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EAGLE: an algorithm that utilizes a small number of genomic features to predict tissue/cell type-specific enhancer-gene interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counteracting resistance to targeted therapy in melanoma by inhibiting discoidin domain receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-BRAF plus anti-MEK are used as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic melanomas harboring BRAF V600E mutation. The main issue with targeted therapy is acquired cellular resistance. In 70% of acquired resistance, melanoma cells switch their phenotype and become more aggressive and invasive. The molecular signature of this phenotype is MITF low, AXL high associated with actin cytoskeleton reorganization. After this switch, resistant cells present an anarchic cell proliferation due to MAP kinase pathway hyper-activation. We demonstrate that resistant cell lines presenting phenotype switching overexpress DDR1 and DDR2. We show that DDR2 inhibition induces a decrease in AXL and reduces actin stress fiber formation. Once this phenotype switching is acquired, we report that both DDRs promotes tumor cell proliferation, but only DDR2 can over-activate the MAP kinase pathway in resistant invasive cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, DDRs inhibition could be a promising strategy for countering this resistance mechanism.

SignificanceOur results show that DDR2 is a relevant target in melanoma resistance. DDR2 is required at the beginning of resistance for melanoma cell phenotype switching to occur. After phenotype switching, DDRs promote tumor cell proliferation of resistant invasive melanoma cells, but only DDR2 is able to over-activate the MAP kinase pathway. We put forward dasatinib (a DDR inhibitor) as a potential second-line treatment after targeted dual therapy for resistant patients overexpressing DDRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di-Tommaso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugot-Senant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlio, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham-Ledart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counteracting resistance to targeted therapy in melanoma by inhibiting discoidin domain receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Association Study of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Traits: Shared Genetic Risk between Traits and Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo identify genetic variants associated with obsessive-compulsive (OC) traits and test for sharing of genetic risks between OC traits and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

MethodsWe conducted a genome-wide association analysis of OC traits using the Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (TOCS) in 5018 unrelated Caucasian children and adolescents from the community (Spit for Science sample). We tested the hypothesis that genetic variants associated with OC traits from the community would be associated with clinical OCD using a meta-analysis of three OCD case-controls samples (cases=3384, controls=8363). Shared genetic risk was examined between OC traits and OCD in the respective samples using polygenic risk score and genetic correlation analyses.

ResultsA locus tagged by rs7856850 in an intron of PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase {delta}) was significantly associated with OC traits at the genome-wide significance level (p=2.48x10-8). The rs7856850 locus was also associated with OCD in a meta-analysis of three independent OCD case/control genome-wide datasets (p=0.0069). Polygenic risk scores derived from OC traits were significantly associated with OCD in a sample of childhood-onset OCD and vice versa (ps<0.01). OC traits were highly but not significantly genetically correlated with OCD (rg=0.83, p=0.07).

ConclusionsWe report the first validated genome-wide significant variant for OC traits. OC traits measured in the community sample shared genetic risk with OCD case/control status. Our results demonstrate the importance of the type of measure used to measure traits as well as the feasibility and power of using trait-based approaches in community samples for genetic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corfield, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelmans, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaheen, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OCD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soreni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strug, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schachar, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/858241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Association Study of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Traits: Shared Genetic Risk between Traits and Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase that enables glycosylation of full-length IgG antibodies in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are one of the most important classes of biotherapeutic agents and undergo glycosylation at the conserved N297 site in the CH2 domain, which is critical for IgG Fc effector functions and anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, technologies for producing authentically glycosylated IgGs are in high demand. While attempts to engineer Escherichia coli for this purpose have been described, they have met limited success due in part to the lack of available oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) enzymes that can install N-linked glycans within the QYNST sequon of the IgG CH2 domain. Here, we identified a previously uncharacterized single-subunit OST (ssOST) from the bacterium Desulfovibrio marinus that exhibited greatly relaxed substrate specificity and, as a result, was able to catalyze glycosylation of native CH2 domains in the context of both a hinge-Fc fragment and a full-length IgG. Although the attached glycans were bacterial in origin, conversion to a homogeneous, asialo complex-type G2 N-glycan at the QYNST sequon of the E. coli-derived hinge-Fc was achieved via chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling. Importantly, the resulting G2-hinge-Fc exhibited strong binding to human Fc{gamma}RIIIa (CD16a), one of the most potent receptors for eliciting antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Taken together, the discovery of a unique ssOST from D. marinus provides previously unavailable biocatalytic capabilities to the bacterial glycoprotein engineering toolbox and opens the door to using E. coli for the production and glycoengineering of human IgGs and fragments derived thereof.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taw, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulbert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidstrup, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owitipana, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alabi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisa, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase that enables glycosylation of full-length IgG antibodies in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous calcium transients in hair cell stereocilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hair bundle of auditory and vestibular hair cells converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals through mechanoelectrical transduction (MET). The MET apparatus is built around a tip link that connects neighboring stereocilia that are aligned in the direction of mechanosensitivity of the hair bundle. Upon stimulation, the MET channel complex responds to changes in tip-link tension and allows a cation influx into the cell. Ca2+ influx in stereocilia has been used as a signature of MET activity. Using genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors (GCaMP3, GCaMP6s) and high-performance fluorescence confocal microscopy, we detect spontaneous Ca2+ transients in individual stereocilia in developing and fully formed hair bundles. We demonstrate that this activity is abolished by MET channel blockers and thus likely originates from putative MET channels. We observe Ca2+ transients in the stereocilia of mice in tissue explants as well as in vivo in zebrafish hair cells, indicating this activity is functionally conserved. Within stereocilia, the origin of Ca2+ transients is not limited to the canonical MET site at the stereocilia tip but is also present along the stereocilia length. Remarkably, we also observe these Ca2+ transients in the microvilli-like structures on the hair cell surface in the early stages of bundle development, prior to the onset of MET. Ca2+ transients are also present in the tallest rows of stereocilia in auditory hair cells, structures not traditionally thought to contain MET channels. We hypothesize that this newly described activity may reflect stochastic and spontaneous MET channel opening. Localization of these transients to other regions of the stereocilia indicates the presence of a pool of channels or channel precursors. Our work provides insights into MET channel assembly, maturation, function, and turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlacek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Hooks, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous calcium transients in hair cell stereocilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of mitochondrial complex I in the proinflammatory response to polylactide implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the foreign body response, immune cells are metabolically rewired after exposure to breakdown products of various biomaterials, including polylactide (PLA) and polyethylene. Particles of polyethylene interact with Toll-like receptor 4 on macrophages, resulting in increased oxygen consumption that forms reactive oxygen species at complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC). However, PLA degradation products bind to monocarboxylate transporters for downstream signaling with elevated oxygen consumption rates, whose functional implication is unclear and remains inferred from cellular responses to polyethylene biomaterials. By chemically probing the function of the mETC, we show that proinflammatory macrophages activated by exposure to amorphous PLA (aPLA) breakdown products rely on mitochondrial respiration for ATP production, independent of oxygen consumption rates. In contrast, macrophages activated by semi-crystalline PLA (cPLA) breakdown products exhibit a metabolic phenotype wherein ATP levels are unaffected by changing oxygen consumption rates. In subcutaneous implants, the incorporation of metformin in aPLA or cPLA to chemically inhibit complex I did not effectively modulate the proinflammatory response to biomaterials, suggesting that PLA degradation products elicit a distinct metabolic program, thus providing an alternative perspective on the role of mitochondrial respiration in the inflammatory response to biomaterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maduka, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makela, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tundo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ural, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashammakhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankenson, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contag, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of mitochondrial complex I in the proinflammatory response to polylactide implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.605506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating extracellular microRNAs in the blood promote sociability in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.605506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived small membrane vesicles and circulate throughout the body, but the impact of circulating EVs on brain function and behavior remains elusive. Here, we report that wild-type (WT) mouse blood, particularly EVs, increases sociability in socially impaired immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, mimicking the effects of WT T cell transfer. These EVs localized to neurons and regulated PKC{varepsilon} expression, GABAA receptor synaptic localization, and inhibitory postsynaptic signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFC) pyramidal neurons. Injection of Rag1-/- EVs supplemented with miR-23a-3p and miR-103-3p enhanced synaptic function and sociability in Rag1-/- mice. T cells secreted miR-23a-3p via EVs, and Mir23a-/- T cells failed to increase sociability. Similar beneficial effects of WT blood EVs were observed in additional mouse models with sociability deficits, Cntnap2-/- and Shank3-/- mice. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized role of EV miRNAs in mediating immune modulation of synaptic function and social behavior, revealing a novel molecular pathway for immune-neuron communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dohi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis-Oliveira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguiano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrani, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossman, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.605506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating extracellular microRNAs in the blood promote sociability in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genome sequences of two new strains of the shipworm endosymbiont, Teredinibacter turnerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the complete genome sequences of two strains of Teredinibacter turnerae, SR01903 and SR02026, shipworm endosymbionts isolated from the gills of Lyrodus pedicellatus and Teredo bartschi, respectively, and derived from Oxford Nanopore sequencing. These sequences will aid in the comparative genomics of shipworm endosymbionts and understanding of host-symbiont selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gasser, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filone, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genome sequences of two new strains of the shipworm endosymbiont, Teredinibacter turnerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by phase contrast MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a critical hemodynamic marker for natural aging and pathological conditions. It can be assessed non-invasively by the phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Although the technical principle of PC MRI is straightforward, related experimental settings, e.g., spatial resolution, partial volume effect, slice positioning angle, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), require deliberate considerations to ensure measurement accuracy. In this study, we performed simulations to systematically investigate the dependence of measurement accuracy of PC MRI on the spatial resolution, extent of partial volume effect, slice imperfection angle, and SNR. It has been found that at least 6 voxels along the vessel diameter are required to ensure accurate CBF measurements. Partial volume effect acts to underestimate CBF measurements. The tolerance against slice imperfection angle is [&le;]15 degree for the commonly seen artery in mice under isoflurane anesthesia. A normalized SNR of 25.47 dB is required to ensure the accuracy of CBF measurement. Our study will promote the utilization of CBF as a pathophysiological marker for future studies by delineating the factors affecting measurement accuracy in PC MRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yang, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by phase contrast MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.606810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scatterbar: an R package for visualizing proportional data across spatially resolved coordinates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.606810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryDisplaying proportional data across many spatially resolved coordinates is a challenging but important data visualization task, particularly for spatially resolved transcriptomics data. Scatter pie plots are one type of commonly used data visualization for such data but present perceptual challenges that may lead to difficulties in interpretation. Increasing the visual saliency of such data visualizations can help viewers more accurately identify proportional trends and compare proportional differences across spatial locations. We developed scatterbar, an open-source R package that extends ggplot2, to visualize proportional data across many spatially resolved coordinates using scatter stacked bar plots. We apply scatterbar to visualize deconvolved cell-type proportions from a spatial transcriptomics dataset of the adult mouse brain to demonstrate how scatter stacked bar plots can enhance the distinguishability of proportional distributions compared to scatter pie plots.

Availability and implementationScatterbar is available at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/scatterbar with additional documentation and tutorials at https://jef.works/scatterbar/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.606810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scatterbar: an R package for visualizing proportional data across spatially resolved coordinates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium tunneling through the entoplasmic reticulum and transfer to other organelles for optimal signaling in Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ signaling in cells begins with the opening of Ca2+ channels in either the plasma membrane (PM) or endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to a sharp increase of the physiologically low (<100 nM) cytosolic Ca2+ level. The temporal and spatial regulation of Ca{superscript 2} is crucial for the precise activation of key biological processes. In the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately one-third of the global population, Ca{superscript 2} signaling governs essential aspects of the parasites infection cycle. T. gondii relies on Ca{superscript 2} signals to regulate pathogenic traits, with several Ca{superscript 2}-signaling components playing critical roles. Ca2+ entry from the extracellular environment has been demonstrated in T. gondii for both, extracellular parasites, exposed to high Ca2+, and intracellular parasites, which acquire Ca{superscript 2} from host cells during host Ca{superscript 2} signaling events. Active egress, an essential step of the parasites infection cycle, is preceded by a large increase in cytosolic Ca2+, most likely initiated by release from intracellular stores. However, extracellular Ca2+ is also necessary to reach a cytosolic Ca2+ threshold required for timely egress. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of Ca{superscript 2} intracellular store replenishment and identified a central role for the SERCA-Ca2+-ATPase in maintaining Ca{superscript 2} homeostasis not only within the ER but also in other organelles. We demonstrate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, which occurs by transfer of Ca2+ from the ER, likely through membrane contact sites. Our findings suggest that the T. gondii ER plays a key role in sequestering and redistributing Ca{superscript 2} to intracellular organelles following Ca{superscript 2} influx at the PM.

HIGHLIGHTSThe T. gondii ER takes up Ca2+ that enters the cytosol from the extracellular milieu.

Filling of acidic stores in T. gondii depends on ER Ca{superscript 2} content.

The mitochondrion of T. gondii has no direct access to extracellular Ca{superscript 2} but can take it up via transfer from the ER and/or acidic stores.

The absence of SERCA activity results in reduced Ca{superscript 2} levels in the ER as well as in other organelles
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hortua Triana, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium tunneling through the entoplasmic reticulum and transfer to other organelles for optimal signaling in Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum Amyloid P Secreted by Bone Marrow Adipocytes Drives Skeletal Amyloidosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of amyloid fibrils has been identified in tissues outside the brain, yet little is understood about the formation of extracerebral amyloidosis and its impact on the aging process of these organs. Here, we demonstrate that both transgenic mice modeling Alzheimers disease (AD) and naturally aging mice exhibit accumulated senescent bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds), accompanied by amyloid deposits surrounding the BMAds. Senescent BMAds acquire a secretory phenotype, resulting in a marked increase in the secretion of serum amyloid P component (SAP), also known as pentraxin 2 (PTX2). SAP/PTX2 colocalizes with amyloid deposits around senescent BMAds in vivo and is sufficient to promote the formation of insoluble amyloid deposits from soluble A{beta} peptides in in vitro and ex vivo 3D BMAd-based culture experiments. Additionally, Combined treatment with SAP/PTX2 and A{beta} peptides promotes osteoclastogenesis but inhibits osteoblastogenesis of the precursor cells. Transplantation of senescent BMAds into the bone marrow cavity of healthy young mice is sufficient to induce bone loss. Finally, pharmacological depletion of SAP/PTX2 from aged mice abolishes bone marrow amyloid deposition and effectively rescues the low bone mass phenotype. Thus, senescent BMAds, through the secretion of SAP/PTX2, contribute to the age-associated development of skeletal amyloidosis and resultant bone deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum Amyloid P Secreted by Bone Marrow Adipocytes Drives Skeletal Amyloidosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WheresWalker: a pipeline for rapid mutation mapping using whole genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forward genetic screening is a powerful approach to assign functions to genes and can be used to elucidate the many genes whose functions remain unknown. Chemical mutagenesis is an unbiased and efficient method for generating point mutations in the founding generation of animals in a forward genetic screening experiment. Missense and nonsense mutations induced by chemical mutagenesis can lead to the generation of partial function, gain-of-function, or null alleles that underlie compelling phenotypes, but positional cloning of the underlying causative single base pair changes can be laborious and time-consuming, especially in large polymorphic genomes. Current methods use a bioinformatic mapping-by-sequencing approach which often identifies large genomic regions which contain an intractable number of candidate genes for testing. Here, we describe WheresWalker, a modern mapping-by-sequencing algorithm that identifies a mutation-containing interval and then supports positional cloning to refine the interval which drastically reduces the number of potential candidates allowing for extremely rapid mutation identification. We validated this method using mutants from a forward genetic mutagenesis screen in zebrafish for modifiers of ApoB-lipoprotein metabolism. WheresWalker correctly maps and identifies novel zebrafish mutations in mttp, apobb.1, and mia2 genes, as well as a previously published mutation in maize. Further, we use WheresWalker to identify a previously unappreciated ApoB-lipoprotein metabolism-modifying locus, slc3a2a.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feltes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pansari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginde, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WheresWalker: a pipeline for rapid mutation mapping using whole genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of test-retest reproducibility of DESPOT and 3D-QALAS for water T1 and T2 mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeRelaxometry, specifically T1 and T2 mapping, has become an essential technique for assessing the properties of biological tissues related to various physiological and pathological conditions. Many techniques are being used to estimate T1 and T2 relaxation times, ranging from the traditional inversion or saturation recovery and spin-echo sequences to more advanced methods. Choosing the appropriate method for a specific application is critical since the precision and accuracy of T1 and T2 measurements are influenced by a variety of factors including the pulse sequence and its parameters, the inherent properties of the tissue being examined, the MRI hardware, and the image reconstruction. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the test-retest reproducibility of two advanced MRI relaxometry techniques (Driven Equilibrium Single Pulse Observation of T1 and T2, DESPOT, and 3D Quantification using an interleaved Look-Locker acquisition Sequence with a T2 preparation pulse, QALAS), for T1 and T2 mapping in a healthy volunteer cohort.

Methods10 healthy volunteers underwent brain MRI at 1.3 mm3 isotropic resolution, acquiring DESPOT and QALAS data ([~]11.8 and [~]5 minutes duration, including field maps, respectively), test-retest with subject repositioning, on a 3.0 Tesla Philips Ingenia Elition scanner. To reconstruct the T1 and T2 maps, we used an equation-based algorithm for DESPOT and a dictionary-based algorithm that incorporates inversion efficiency and B1-field inhomogeneity for QALAS. The test-retest reproducibility was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CoV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots.

ResultsOur results indicate that both the DESPOT and QALAS techniques demonstrate good levels of test-retest reproducibility for T1 and T2 mapping across the brain. Higher whole-brain voxel-to-voxel ICCs are observed in QALAS for T1 (0.84 {+/-} 0.039) and in DESPOT for T2 (0.897 {+/-} 0.029). The Bland-Altman plots show smaller bias and variability of T1 estimates for QALAS (mean of -0.02 s, and upper and lower limits of -0.14 and 0.11 s, 95% CI) than for DESPOT (mean of -0.02 s, and limits of -0.31 and 0.27 s). QALAS also showed less variability (mean 1.08 ms, limits -1.88 to 4.04 ms) for T2 compared to DESPOT (mean of 2.56 ms, and limits -17.29 to 22.41 ms). The within-subject CoVs for QALAS range from 0.6% (T2 in CSF) to 5.8% (T2 in GM), while for DESPOT they range from 2.1% (T2 in CSF) to 6.7% (T2 in GM). The between-subject CoVs for QALAS range from 2.5% (T2 in GM) to 12% (T2 in CSF), and for DESPOT they range from 3.7% (T2 in WM) to 9.3% (T2 in CSF).

ConclusionOverall, QALAS demonstrated better reproducibility for T1 and T2 measurements than DESPOT, in addition to reduced acquisition time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simegn, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagoski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfelda, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkinsa, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowskij, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavallia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of test-retest reproducibility of DESPOT and 3D-QALAS for water T1 and T2 mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying unmeasured heterogeneity in microbiome data via quantile thresholding (QuanT) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicrobiome data, like other high-throughput data, suffer from technical heterogeneity stemming from differential experimental designs and processing. In addition to measured artifacts such as batch effects, there is heterogeneity due to unknown or unmeasured factors, which lead to spurious conclusions if unaccounted for. With the advent of large-scale multi-center microbiome studies and the increasing availability of public datasets, this issue becomes more pronounced. Current approaches for addressing unmeasured heterogeneity in high-throughput data were developed for microarray and/or RNA sequencing data. They cannot accommodate the unique characteristics of microbiome data such as sparsity and over-dispersion.

ResultsHere, we introduce Quantile Thresholding (QuanT), a novel non-parametric approach for identifying unmeasured heterogeneity tailored to microbiome data. QuanT applies quantile regression across multiple quantile levels to threshold the microbiome abundance data and uncovers latent heterogeneity using thresholded binary residual matrices. We validated QuanT using both synthetic and real microbiome datasets, demonstrating its superiority in capturing and mitigating heterogeneity and improving the accuracy of downstream analyses, such as prediction analysis, differential abundance tests, and community-level diversity evaluations.

ConclusionsWe present QuanT, a novel tool for comprehensive identification of unmeasured heterogeneity in microbiome data. QuanTs distinct non-parametric method markedly enhances downstream analyses, serving as a valuable tool for data integration and comprehensive analysis in microbiome research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satten, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.16.608281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying unmeasured heterogeneity in microbiome data via quantile thresholding (QuanT)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Astrocyte Morphological Dynamics Using Optical Diffraction Tomography and Shape-based Trajectory Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes, integral components of the central nervous system, are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles beyond mere support cells. Despite their acknowledged importance, understanding the intricacies of astrocyte morphology and dynamics remains limited. Our study marks the first exploration of astrocytes using optical diffraction tomography (ODT), aiming to establish a solid foundation for their detailed characterization. It offers valuable insights into the morphological changes in postnatal rat cortical astrocytes over a 7-day in vitro period in a label-free manner. Through comprehensive analysis of 3D refractive index maps and shape characterization techniques, we elucidate the developmental trajectory and dynamic morphological transformations of astrocytes in culture. Specifically, our observations revealed increased area and transition to larger, flattened shapes, and alterations in cell volume and density, indicating shifts in cellular composition. Furthermore, by employing unsupervised clustering and pseudotime trajectory analysis, we tracked the morphological evolution of astrocytes from highly directional to evenly spread shapes. These results emphasize the dynamic nature of astrocytes. In addition, this analysis marks the first use of trajectory inference based solely on morphology for neural cell types. Future studies could employ ODT to examine the morphological dynamics and interactions of various neural cell types on other types of substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anantha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saracino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Convertino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.16.608356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Astrocyte Morphological Dynamics Using Optical Diffraction Tomography and Shape-based Trajectory Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Regrowth of Norepinephrine Axons in the Adult Mouse Brain Following Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely believed that axons in the central nervous system of adult mammals do not regrow following injury. This failure is thought, at least in part, to underlie the limited recovery of function following injury to the brain or spinal cord. Some studies of fixed tissue have suggested that, counter to dogma, norepinephrine (NE) axons regrow following brain injury. Here, we have used in vivo two-photon microscopy in layer 1 of the primary somatosensory cortex in transgenic mice harboring a fluorophore selectively expressed in NE neurons. This protocol allowed us to explore the dynamic nature of NE axons following injury with the selective NE axon toxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). Following DSP4 treatment, NE axons were massively depleted and then slowly and partially recovered their density over a period of weeks. This regrowth was dominated by new axons entering the imaged volume. There was almost no contribution from local sprouting from spared NE axons. Regrown axons did not appear to use either the paths of previously lesioned NE axons nor NE axons that were spared and survived DSP4 treatment as a guide. To measure NE release, GCaMP8s was selectively expressed in neocortical astrocytes and startle-evoked, NE receptor-mediated Ca2+ transients were measured. These Ca2+ transients were abolished soon after DSP4 lesion but returned to pre-lesion values after 3-5 weeks, roughly coincident with NE axon regrowth, suggesting that the regrown NE axons are competent to release NE in response to a physiological stimulus in the awake mouse.

Significance StatementIt is widely believed that axons in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals are incapable of regrowth following injury. Counter to this notion, we describe the structural and functional regrowth of norepinephrine axons following brain injury in the adult mouse. These results extend previous studies describing the regenerative capacity of serotonin axons in the CNS by demonstrating axon regrowth of another neuronal subtype and the capacity of these regrown axons to respond normally to an external physiological stimulus. Taken together, these findings suggest that monoaminergic neurons share a common program for axon regrowth. Elucidation of this molecular and genetic program could inform therapies to promote axon regrowth and functional recovery following injury to the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooke, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Regrowth of Norepinephrine Axons in the Adult Mouse Brain Following Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.607983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Dynamics of Sleep Deprivation and Subsequent Recovery Sleep in the Male Mouse Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.607983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is an essential, tightly regulated biological function. Sleep is also a homeostatic process, with the need to sleep increasing as a function of being awake. Acute sleep deprivation (SD) increases sleep need, and subsequent recovery sleep (RS) discharges it. SD is known to alter brain gene expression in rodents, but it remains unclear which changes are linked to sleep homeostasis, SD-related impairments, or non-sleep-specific effects. To investigate this question, we analyzed RNA-seq data from adult wild-type male mice subjected to 3 and 5-6 hours of SD and 2 and 6 hours of RS after SD. We hypothesized molecular changes associated with sleep homeostasis mirror sleep pressure dynamics as defined by brain electrical activity, peaking at 5-6 hours of SD, and are no longer differentially expressed after 2 hours of RS. We report 5-6 hours of SD produces the largest effect on gene expression, affecting approximately half of the cortical transcriptome, with most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) downregulated. The majority of DEGs normalize after 2 hours of RS and are involved in redox metabolism, chromatin regulation, and DNA damage/repair. Additionally, RS affects gene expression related to mitochondrial metabolism and Wnt-signaling, potentially contributing to its restorative effects. DEGs associated with cholesterol metabolism and stress response do not normalize within 6 hours and may be non-sleep-specific. Finally, DEGs involved in insulin signaling, MAPK signaling, and RNA-binding may mediate the impairing effects of SD. Overall, our results offer insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis and the broader effects of SD.

New & NoteworthyThis study investigates different time points of sleep deprivation and recovery sleep to better understand the molecular processes influenced by sleep and lack of sleep. This study highlights redox metabolism, chromatin regulation, and DNA damage/repair as molecular mechanisms linked to sleep homeostasis while showing the effects of stress are probably non-sleep-specific based on transcriptional dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottaway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingiosi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singletary, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.607983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Dynamics of Sleep Deprivation and Subsequent Recovery Sleep in the Male Mouse Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.609011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ActSort: An active-learning accelerated cell sorting algorithm for large-scale calcium imaging datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.609011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in calcium imaging enable simultaneous recordings of up to a million neurons in behaving animals, producing datasets of unprecedented scales. Although individual neurons and their activity traces can be extracted from these videos with automated algorithms, the results often require human curation to remove false positives, a laborious process called cell sorting. To address this challenge, we introduce ActSort, an active-learning algorithm for sorting large-scale datasets that integrates features engineered by domain experts together with data formats with minimal memory requirements. By strategically bringing outlier cell candidates near the decision boundary up for annotation, ActSort reduces human labor to about 1-3% of cell candidates and improves curation accuracy by mitigating annotator bias. To facilitate the algorithms widespread adoption among experimental neuroscientists, we created a user-friendly software and conducted a first-of-its-kind benchmarking study involving about 160,000 annotations. Our tests validated ActSorts performance across different experimental conditions and datasets from multiple animals. Overall, ActSort addresses a crucial bottleneck in processing large-scale calcium videos of neural activity and thereby facilitates systems neuroscience experiments at previously inaccessible scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akengin, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslihak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaidar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco-Pozo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ActSort: An active-learning accelerated cell sorting algorithm for large-scale calcium imaging datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.609017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering Pre-existing and Induced 3D Genome Architecture Changes involved in Constricted Melanoma Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.609017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic cancer cells traverse constricted spaces that exert forces on their nucleus and the genomic contents within. Cancerous tumors are highly heterogeneous and not all cells within them can achieve such a feat. Here, we investigated what initial genome architecture characteristics favor the constricted migratory ability of cancer cells and which arise only after passage through multiple constrictions. We identified a cell surface protein (ITGB4) whose expression correlates with increased initial constricted migration ability in human melanoma A375 cells. Sorting out this subpopulation allowed us to identify cellular and nuclear features that pre-exist and favor migration, as well as alterations that only appear after cells have passed through constrictions. We identified specific genomic regions that experienced altered genome spatial compartment profiles only after constricted migration. Our study reveals 3D genome structure contributions to both selection and induction mechanisms of cell fate change during cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Playter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golloshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garretson, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olajide, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCord, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering Pre-existing and Induced 3D Genome Architecture Changes involved in Constricted Melanoma Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the relationship between serotype, chemotype and genotype for Cryptococcus spp. including a method for including polysaccharide structure in strain characterization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past eight decades the classification of cryptococcal strains has relied on the technologies available to discriminate among isolates, such as serology, exopolysaccharide (EPS) NMR, and most recently multi-locus sequencing, which yielded serotypes, chemotypes, and genotypes, respectively. However, as one method superseded the other, the relationship between classification schemes became uncertain, resulting in assumptions that have not been rigorously validated. Here we compared the serotype, chemotype, and genotype as defined by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of 63 strains for which both serotype and chemotype characterization was available. None of the three strain typing methods were correlative with each other, although for about 50% of the strains there was correlation between chemotype and genotype. To address this, we updated the methodology of GXM motif categorization for cryptococcal strains through analyzing filter-isolated EPS by 1D [1H] NMR and assigning GXM motifs along with the O-acetylation level. The result is a facile method using minimally processed EPS material coupled with simple cryptococcal strain classification by GXM motif expression. While this method increases the correlation between MLST genotype and GXM motif expression, further studies to establish the polysaccharide regulatory genes in cryptococcus will be necessary to understand the polysaccharide differences. In summary, none of the current classification methods correlated with each other, indicating a dissociation between genotype and phenotype, which poses a challenge to the cryptococcal field for explaining how phenotypic characteristics arise and are maintained.

Author SummaryThis work examines the relationship between methods of cryptococcal strain classification and the primary structure of the predominant polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). We find no strong correlation between the expression of trimannose repeat motifs of GXM by a strain and serotype, MLST genotype, or the previous polysaccharide classification system, chemotyping. With an understanding that none of these classification systems accurately represent the GXM sequences in cryptococcal polysaccharides, we describe a new, facile, rapid method of polysaccharide isolation and GXM motif expression characterization. Application of this method reveals a strong association between high levels of GXM O-acetylation, necessary for antibody binding, and the expression of a single motif of GXM. Additionally, the association between MLST genotype and GXM motif expression is higher when utilizing this new method. While much remains to be understood about this complex system, this work provides a new method to include GXM motif expression in cryptococcal strain expression allowing for more accurate strain descriptions in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the relationship between serotype, chemotype and genotype for Cryptococcus spp. including a method for including polysaccharide structure in strain characterization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyploid cancer cells reveal signatures of chemotherapy resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic resistance in cancer significantly contributes to mortality, with many patients eventually experiencing recurrence after initial treatment responses. Recent studies have identified therapy-resistant large polyploid cancer cells in patient tissues, particularly in late-stage prostate cancer, linking them to advanced disease and relapse. Here, we analyzed bone marrow aspirates from 44 advanced prostate cancer patients and found the presence of circulating tumor cells with increased genomic content (CTC-IGC) was significantly associated with poorer progression- free survival. Single cell copy number profiling of CTC-IGC displayed clonal origins with typical CTCs, suggesting complete polyploidization. Induced polyploid cancer cells from PC3 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines treated with docetaxel or cisplatin were examined through single cell DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, and protein immunofluorescence. Novel RNA and protein markers, including HOMER1, TNFRSF9, and LRP1, were identified as linked to chemotherapy resistance. These markers were also present in a subset of patient CTCs and associated with recurrence in public gene expression data. This study highlights the prognostic significance of large polyploid tumor cells, their role in chemotherapy resistance, and their expression of markers tied to cancer relapse, offering new potential avenues for therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naghdloo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabakar, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadaneanu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garraway, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyploid cancer cells reveal signatures of chemotherapy resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solving the "Blind men and the elephant problem": Additive deep learning of complex high dimensional models from partial faceted datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems are complex networks involving tens of thousands of interacting molecular components, and measurable biological functions are emerging properties of these complex networks. Many quantitative studies in biology attempt to connect biological function with molecular components and genes, in the process developing mechanistic understanding. However, it is challenging to quantify the contribution of all components to the biological function simultaneously, especially at the single cell level. Instead, in typical experiments, only a subset of the variables (or facet) is measured. This makes it difficult to obtain a complete and unbiased understanding of the network and how different components of the network cooperatively contribute to the biological function. In this paper, we explore a machine learning approach to combine different facets of data and obtain a complete picture of the biological system based on conditional distributions from faceted data subsets. Both a polynomial regression approach and a neural network approach are developed and examined with two set of concrete examples: A mechanical spring network system deforming under external forces and a small (8-dimensions) biological network including the cellular senescence marker P53. In the later example, single cell data is collected to validate the machine learning approach. We find that the full system is successfully reconstructed from faceted data in both examples. We further discuss the additive property of the model, where the model predictive accuracy increases with increasing number of simultaneously measured variables (dimension of subsets). Our model provides a systematic and novel approach to integrate different pieces of experimental information to reconstruct complex high dimensional systems, arriving at an unbiased and wholistic model of biological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambliss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solving the "Blind men and the elephant problem": Additive deep learning of complex high dimensional models from partial faceted datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.609194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tactile Mechanisms and Afferents Underlying the Rat Pup Transport Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.609194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Juvenile rodents and other altricial mammals react with calming, immobility and folding up of feet to parental pickup, a set of behaviors referred to as transport response. Here we investigate sensory mechanisms underlying the rat transport response. Grasping rat pups in anterior neck positions evokes strong immobility and folding up of feet, whereas more posterior grasping positions have lesser effects on immobility and foot position. Transport responses are enhanced by slow (1Hz) and even more so by fast (4Hz) gentle shaking and translation of the pup, features consistent with parental transport. In response to lateral grasping, the forepaw below the grasping position points downwards and the forepaw lateral to the grasping position points upwards and medially. Such forepaw adjustments put the pups center of gravity below the grasping point, optimizing pup transportability along with folding up of feet and tail lifting. Tactile stimuli on the back, belly, tail, whisker, dorsal forepaws and dorsal hind-paws do not significantly affect the behaviour of anterior-neck-held pups. Instead, ground contact or paw stimulation consistent with ground contact disrupts transport responses. We identify afferents mediating the transport response by examining membrane labelling with FM1-43 following anterior neck grasping. We observe a dense innervation of the anterior neck skin region ([~]30 terminals/ mm2). We also observed an age-related decrease of cytochrome oxidase reactivity in the rat somatosensory cortical neck representation, a possible correlate to the developmental decrease in the pup transport response. We conclude anterior neck grasping and loss of ground contact trigger calming and postural adjustments for parental transport in rat pups, responses putatively driven from the densely innervated anterior neck skin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neifert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosete, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeely, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.609194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tactile Mechanisms and Afferents Underlying the Rat Pup Transport Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.608519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic evaluation of highly variable gene selection methods for single-cell RNA-sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.608519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSelecting highly variable features is a crucial step in most analysis pipelines of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Despite numerous methods proposed in recent years, a systematic understanding of the best solution is still lacking.

ResultsHere, we systematically evaluate 47 highly variable gene (HVG) selection methods, consisting of 21 baseline methods developed based on different data transformations and mean-variance adjustment techniques and 26 hybrid methods developed based on mixtures of baseline methods. Across 19 diverse benchmark datasets, 18 objective evaluation criteria per method, and 5,358 analysis settings, we observe that no single baseline method consistently outperforms the others across all datasets and criteria. However, hybrid methods as a group robustly outperform individual baseline methods. Based on these findings, a new HVG selection approach, mixture HVG selection (mixHVG), that incorporates top-ranked features from multiple baseline methods is proposed as a better solution to HVG selection. An open source R package mixhvg is developed to enable convenient use of mixHVG and its integration into users data analysis pipelines.

ConclusionOur benchmark study not only provides a systematic comparison of existing methods, leading to a better HVG selection solution, but also creates a pipeline and resource consisting of diverse benchmark data and criteria for evaluating new methods in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.608519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic evaluation of highly variable gene selection methods for single-cell RNA-sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of connectivity hyperalignment (CHA) on estimated brain network properties: from coarse-scale to fine-scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent gains in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have been driven by increasingly sophisticated statistical and computational techniques and the ability to capture brain data at finer spatial and temporal resolution. These advances allow researchers to develop population-level models of the functional brain representations underlying behavior, performance, clinical status, and prognosis. However, even following conventional preprocessing pipelines, considerable inter-individual disparities in functional localization persist, posing a hurdle to performing compelling population-level inference. Persistent misalignment in functional topography after registration and spatial normalization will reduce power in developing predictive models and biomarkers, reduce the specificity of estimated brain responses and patterns, and provide misleading results on local neural representations and individual differences. This study aims to determine how connectivity hyperalignment (CHA)--an analytic approach for handling functional misalignment--can change estimated functional brain network topologies at various spatial scales from the coarsest set of parcels down to the vertex-level scale. The findings highlight the role of CHA in improving inter-subject similarities, while retaining individual-specific information and idiosyncrasies at finer spatial granularities. This highlights the potential for fine-grained connectivity analysis using this approach to reveal previously unexplored facets of brain structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farahani, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of connectivity hyperalignment (CHA) on estimated brain network properties: from coarse-scale to fine-scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory feedback effect of self-pacing treadmill walking in comparison to overground walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-pacing treadmills provide advantages for assessing locomotion, but there are differences between gait patterns in overground and treadmill paradigms. A potential explanation could be that the variable auditory sound from the treadmill belt motors when changing speed provides artificial sensory feedback to walkers that may influence their motor output while on the self-pacing treadmill. We hypothesized that there would be significantly different temporal measures between the sound and no-sound conditions, and these same measures from the no-sound condition would be similar to overground walking. Participants (n=29) walked under three different conditions for five-minute periods each: on the self-pacing treadmill with sound inclusion, on the self-pacing treadmill with sound exclusion, and overground walking. Significant differences were found in the variability of all temporal walking measurements between the overground and both treadmill conditions (p < 0.05). Effects of sound on temporal walking measurements were not observed. The lack of difference between the two treadmill conditions suggests that self-pacing treadmill walkers may not utilize the variable belt motor sounds available to them. Additionally, overground walking still has different gait patterns compared to self-pacing treadmill walking, so other potential sources of differences should be explored in future work. Given that both treadmill conditions had different temporal gait patterns from overground, considerations for using the self-pacing treadmill as an alternative for overground walking should be taken when studying human locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelhamer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, A. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory feedback effect of self-pacing treadmill walking in comparison to overground walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integer topological defects provide a new way to quantify and classify cell sheets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sheets of confluent cells are often considered as active nematics, with accumulation at [Formula] topological defects and escape from [Formula] defects being widely recognized. However, collective dynamics surrounding integer-charge defects remain poorly understood, despite its biological importance. By using microfabricated patterns, we induce diverse +1 topological defects (aster, spirals, and target) within monolayers of neural progenitor cells. Remarkably, cells are consistently attracted to the core of +1 defects regardless of their type, challenging existing theories and the conventional extensile/contractile dichotomy. We trace back the origin of this accumulation behavior to previously overlooked nonlinear active forces using a combination of experiments and a continuous theory derived from a cell-level model. Our findings demonstrate that +1 topological defects can reveal key features of active nematic systems and offer a new way to characterize and classify cell layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chate, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integer topological defects provide a new way to quantify and classify cell sheets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, cognitive, and social behaviors to humans, serves as an ideal NHP model. This study aimed to create normative growth charts for brain structure across the macaque lifespan, enhancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and aging, and facilitating cross-species translational research. Leveraging data from the PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) and other sources, we aggregated 1,522 MRI scans from 1,024 rhesus macaques. We mapped non-linear developmental trajectories for global and regional brain structural changes in volume, cortical thickness, and surface area over the lifespan. Our findings provided normative charts with centile scores for macaque brain structures and revealed key developmental milestones from prenatal stages to aging, highlighting both species-specific and comparable brain maturation patterns between macaques and humans. The charts offer a valuable resource for future NHP studies, particularly those with small sample sizes. Furthermore, the interactive open resource (https://interspeciesmap.childmind.org) supports cross-species comparisons to advance translational neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esper, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambrink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drzewiecki, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroenke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Molecule Studies of Cognate and Near-Cognate Elongation in an in vitro Eukaryotic Translation System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome plays a central role in translation of the genetic code into amino acid sequences during synthesis of polypeptides. During each cycle of peptide elongation, the ribosome must discriminate between correct and incorrect aminoacyl-tRNAs according to the codon present in its A-site. Ribosomes rely on a complex sequence of proofreading mechanisms to minimize erroneous selection of incorrect aminoacyl-tRNAs that would lead to mistakes in translation. These mechanisms have been studied extensively in prokaryotic organisms, but eukaryotic elongation is less well understood. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) with an in vitro eukaryotic translation system to investigate tRNA selection and subsequent steps during peptide elongation. We compared accommodation of a tryptophan-aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosomal A-site containing either a cognate or near-cognate codon and unexpectedly found that, following an initial slow sampling event, subsequent near-cognate sampling events proceeded more rapidly than the initial event. Further, we found a strong negative correlation between the concentration of near-cognate aminoacyl-tRNA and the efficiency of tRNA accommodation. These novel characteristics of near-cognate interaction with the eukaryotic ribosome suggest that rejection of a near-cognate tRNAs leads to formation of an altered ribosomal conformation that assists in rejecting subsequent incorrect tRNA interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooperman, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.609187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Molecule Studies of Cognate and Near-Cognate Elongation in an in vitro Eukaryotic Translation System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable White Matter Structure in the First Three Years after Psychosis Onset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhite matter alterations observed using diffusion weighted imaging have become a hallmark of chronic schizophrenia, but it is unclear when these changes arise over the course of the disease. Nearly all studies thus far have been cross-sectional, so despite their large sample sizes, they cannot determine if changes accumulate as a degenerative process, or if patients with pre-existing white matter damage are predisposed to more chronic forms of schizophrenia.

MethodsWe examined 160 scans comprising two years of annual follow-up data from n=42 controls and n=28 schizophrenia patients recruited in the first two years since their diagnosis, totalling two to three scans per subject. We additionally examined six-month follow-up data obtained from an ultra-high field (7 Tesla) scanner (n=68 scans; n=19 first-episode schizophrenia patients; n=15 controls) as a validation dataset. A longitudinal model was used to compare the trajectory of diffusion tenor parameters between patients and controls. Positive and negative symptom scores were correlated with diffusion parameters using ROI- and clustering-based approaches.

ResultsWe failed to observe any longitudinal differences in any diffusion tensor imaging parameters between patients and controls in either dataset. We did, however, observe consistent associations between white matter alterations and negative symptoms in both datasets.

ConclusionsWhite matter does not appear susceptible to schizophrenia-linked degeneration in the early stages of disease, but pre-existing pathology may be linked to disease severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Dyken, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniyappan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable White Matter Structure in the First Three Years after Psychosis Onset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreasing ZAP Poly(ADP-ribose) Binding Enhances Antiviral Activity Against Alphaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP), also known as PARP13, is an antiviral factor effective against several virus families. ZAP contains three major protein domains: N-terminal zinc fingers, central WWE domains, and a C-terminal inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase domain, which is present only in the longer isoform ZAPL. While both the zinc finger and ADP-ribosyltransferase domains inhibit viral replication, the role of the WWE domains remains unclear. WWE domains bind poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). In this study, we focus on ZAPS, the shorter isoform comprised of the minimal unit that confers antiviral activity and lacking the ADP-ribosyltransferase domain, to investigate how PAR-binding contributes to antiviral defense against alphaviruses. We identified the Y659 residue on the second WWE domain as essential for PAR-binding both in vitro and in cells. When infected with Chikungunya or Sindbis virus, cells with the Y659A mutant of ZAPS had reduced formation of replication complexes, decreased levels of viral genomic and subgenomic transcripts, and fewer infectious virions released compared to cells with the unmutated ZAPS, suggesting enhanced antiviral activity of the PAR-binding mutant. These findings suggest that inhibiting PAR-binding in ZAPS could potentiate host antiviral functions, offering a novel therapeutic strategy against alphavirus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreasing ZAP Poly(ADP-ribose) Binding Enhances Antiviral Activity Against Alphaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis growth arrest during type-III secretion system expression is associated with altered ribosomal protein expression and decreased gentamicin susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been long appreciated that expression of the Yersinia type-III secretion system (T3SS) in culture is associated with growth arrest. Here we sought to understand whether this impacts expression of ribosomal protein genes, which were among the most highly abundant transcripts in exponential phase Yersinia pseudotuberculosis based on RNA-seq analysis. To visualize changes in ribosomal protein expression, we generated a fluorescent transcriptional reporter with the promoter upstream of rpsJ/S10 fused to a destabilized gfp variant. We confirmed reporter expression significantly increases in exponential phase and decreases as cells transition to stationary phase. We then utilized a mouse model of systemic Y. pseudotuberculosis infection to compare T3SS and S10 reporter expression during clustered bacterial growth in the spleen, and found that cells expressing high levels of the T3SS had decreased S10 levels, while cells with lower T3SS expression retained higher S10 expression. In bacteriological media, growth inhibition with T3SS induction and a reduction in S10 expression were observed in subsets of cells, while cells with high expression of both T3SS and S10 were also observed. Loss of T3SS genes resulted in rescued growth and heightened S10 expression. To understand if clustered growth impacted bacterial gene expression, we utilized droplet-based microfluidics to encapsulate bacteria in spherical agarose droplets, and also observed growth inhibition with high expression of T3SS and reduced S10 levels that better mirrored phenotypes observed in the mouse spleen. Finally, we show that T3SS expression is sufficient to promote tolerance to the ribosome-targeting antibiotic, gentamicin. Collectively, these data indicate that the growth arrest associated with T3SS induction leads to decreased expression of ribosomal protein genes, and this results in reduced antibiotic susceptibility.

Author SummarySlow-growing bacterial cells have reduced antibiotic susceptibility, rendering them very difficult to eliminate during antibiotic treatment. However, for many key virulence factors (bacterial factors required to promote infection), it remains unclear whether expression is sufficient to slow bacterial growth and impact antibiotic susceptibility. Using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, we found ribosomal protein expression fluctuated based on growth rate, and we generated a fluorescent reporter construct to detect altered ribosomal protein expression within individual bacterial cells. We then asked if expression of a key virulence factor in Yersinia, the type-III secretion system (T3SS), is sufficient to lower ribosomal protein expression, since it has been well established that T3SS induction results in growth arrest. We found high levels of T3SS expression promotes slowed growth and antibiotic tolerance, and bacterial cells that survive treatment with a ribosome-targeting antibiotic, gentamicin, have heightened levels of T3SS and lower levels of S10 expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotten, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huiszoon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braza, R. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghodssi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis growth arrest during type-III secretion system expression is associated with altered ribosomal protein expression and decreased gentamicin susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A FUCCI sensor reveals complex cell cycle organization of Toxoplasma endodyogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we report the atypical cell cycle organization of the unicellular eukaryotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. The remarkably flexible cell division of T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites differs considerably from the cell division modes employed by other model eukaryotes. Additionally, there is a lack of recognizable cell cycle regulators, which have contributed to the difficulties in deciphering the order of events in the apicomplexan cell cycle. To aid in studies of the cell cycle organization of the T. gondii tachyzoite, we have created the Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) probes, ToxoFUCCIS and ToxoFUCCISC. We introduced a DNA replication factor TgPCNA1 tagged with NeonGreen that can be used alone or in conjunction with an mCherry-tagged budding indicator TgIMC3 in the auxin-induced degradation (AID) parental strain. The varied localization and dynamic cell cycle oscillation have confirmed TgPCNA1 to be a suitable T. gondii FUCCI probe. The ToxoFUCCIS analysis showed that tachyzoite DNA replication starts at or near centromeric regions, has a bell-shaped dynamic and a significant degree of the cell cycle asynchrony within the vacuoles. Quantitative live and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses of ToxoFUCCIS and its derivatives co-expressing epitope-tagged cell cycle markers have revealed an unusual composite cell cycle phase that incorporates overlapping S, G2, mitosis and cytokinesis (budding). We identified five intervals of the composite phase and their approximate duration: S (19%), S/G2/C (3%), S/M/C (9%), M/C (18%) and C/G1 (<1%). The ToxoFUCCIS probe efficiently detected G2/M and Spindle Assembly Checkpoints, as well as the SB505124-induced TgMAPK1 dependent block. Altogether, our findings showed an unprecedented complexity of the cell cycle in apicomplexan parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsilia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awshah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaput, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvorova, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A FUCCI sensor reveals complex cell cycle organization of Toxoplasma endodyogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression as A Hallmark of Fatty Liver Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is known that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms control the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Compared to transcriptional regulations, our understanding of how post-transcriptional regulations adapt during fatty liver progression at the whole transcriptome level is unclear. While traditional RNA-seq analysis uses only reads mapped to exons to determine gene expression, recent studies support that intron-mapped reads can be reliably used to estimate gene transcription. In this study, we analyzed differential gene expression at both exon and intron levels using two liver RNA-seq datasets from mice that were fed a high-fat diet for seven weeks (mild fatty liver) or thirty weeks (severe fatty liver). We found the correlation between gene transcription and mature mRNA levels was much lower in mice with mild fatty liver as compared with mice with severe fatty liver. This result indicates broad post-transcriptional regulations for early fatty liver and such regulations are comprised for severe fatty liver. Specifically, Gene Ontology analysis revealed that genes involved in synapse organization and cell adhesion were transcriptionally upregulated, while their mature mRNAs were unaffected in the mild fatty liver. Further characterization of post-transcriptionally suppressed genes at early fatty liver revealed that their mRNAs harbor significantly longer 3 UTR, one of the major features that may subject RNA transcripts to non-sense mediated RNA decay (NMD). We further show that the expression of representative genes that were post-transcriptionally suppressed were upregulated in mice with hepatocyte-specific defect of NMD. Finally, we provide data supporting a time-dependent decrease in NMD activity in the liver of a diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease mouse model. In summary, our study supports that NMD is essential in preventing unwanted/harmful gene expression at the early stage of fatty liver and such a mechanism is lost due to decreased NMD activity in mice with severe fatty liver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takaoka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaso-Vera, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression as A Hallmark of Fatty Liver Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sweet science: Exploring the impact of fructose and glucose on brown adipocyte differentiation using optical diffraction tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has garnered much attention for its potential to regulate systemic energy balance. BAT depot size and function need to be tightly to prevent loss of metabolic homeostasis due to energy dissipation via non-shivering thermogenesis. While adipocyte-intrinsic mechanisms controlling thermogenesis are critical, an increasing appreciation for the role of the BAT microenvironment is emerging. For example, changes in circulating hexoses due to dietary intake have shown to impact BAT function. Here, we show that murine BAT preadipocytes metabolism is impacted when fructose is used as the sole carbon source. Similarly differentiation medium containing only fructose yield mature adipocytes with fewer lipid droplets, with a concomitant decrease in adipogenic genes. These deficiencies are also observed in human BAT preadipocytes, where cutting-edge optical imaging modalities show a decrease in total cell mass and lipid mass in fructose-only medium. Taken together, the metabolic microenvironment significantly impacts BAT growth and function, with implications for the role of diets potentially mitigating the efficacy of BAT-targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anantha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsaid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sweet science: Exploring the impact of fructose and glucose on brown adipocyte differentiation using optical diffraction tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.610850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotype inference from aggregated chromatin accessibility data reveals genetic regulatory mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.610850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnderstanding the genetic causes for variability in chromatin accessibility can shed light on the molecular mechanisms through which genetic variants may affect complex traits. Thousands of ATAC-seq samples have been collected that hold information about chromatin accessibility across diverse cell types and contexts, but most of these are not paired with genetic information and come from diverse distinct projects and laboratories.

ResultsWe report here joint genotyping, chromatin accessibility peak calling, and discovery of quantitative trait loci which influence chromatin accessibility (caQTLs), demonstrating the capability of performing caQTL analysis on a large scale in a diverse sample set without pre-existing genotype information. Using 10,293 profiling samples representing 1,454 unique donor individuals across 653 studies from public databases, we catalog 23,381 caQTLs in total. After joint discovery analysis, we cluster samples based on accessible chromatin profiles to identify context-specific caQTLs. We find that caQTLs are strongly enriched for annotations of gene regulatory elements across diverse cell types and tissues and are often strongly linked with genetic variation associated with changes in expression (eQTLs), indicating that caQTLs can mediate genetic effects on gene expression. We demonstrate sharing of causal variants for chromatin accessibility and diverse complex human traits, enabling a more complete picture of the genetic mechanisms underlying complex human phenotypes.

ConclusionsOur work provides a proof of principle for caQTL calling from previously ungenotyped samples, and represents one of the largest, most diverse caQTL resources currently available, informing mechanisms of genetic regulation of gene expression and contribution to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voight, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.610850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotype inference from aggregated chromatin accessibility data reveals genetic regulatory mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensing by Piezo1 regulates osteoclast differentiation via PP2A-Akt axis in periodontitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical stimulus to the multicellular bone unit (MBU) plays a key role in normal bone remodeling, whereas disuse osteoporosis, for example, represents loss of bone owing to lack of mechanical stresses. The analogy can be applied to a variety of pathogenic bone lytic complications, including periodontitis, in which local mechanical stress appears to be diminished. The activation of mechanosensitive Piezo1 Ca2+ channel expressed by osteoblasts and osteocytes in the MBU elicits the osteogenic signals in those cells. However, since osteoclast (OC)-specific Piezo1-gene knockout mice showed no skeletal phenotype, it has been assumed that Piezo1 might not play any role in OC-mediated bone remodeling. Here, however, we showed that mechanical stimulation of Piezo1 expressed on preosteoclasts (pre-OCs) downmodulates OC formation and, hence, bone resorptive activity in periodontitis, accompanied by significantly reduced expression of NFATc1, a master transcription factor for RANKL-induced OC-genesis. We know that the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT axis upregulates NFATc1 activation in pre-OCs. Interestingly, Piezo1-elicited Ca2+ influx did not affect NFATc1 expression. Instead, PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of Akt downregulated NFATc1 in Piezo1-activated pre-OCs. However, systemic administration with Yoda1, a Piezo1 chemical agonist, or local injection of PP2A agonist, significantly downregulated the bone resorption induced in a mouse model of periodontitis, together with reduced numbers of TRAP+/phospho-Akt+ pre-OCs in local bone. These results suggest that mechanosensing by Piezo1 expressed on pre-OCs can downmodulate the RANKL-induced OC-genesis via the PP2A/Akt-dephosphorylation pathway, but that such Piezo1-mediated downregulation of bone resorption is attenuated in periodontitis.

Significance StatementThe mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel Piezo1 plays important regulatory roles in a variety of cellular activities. RANKL-mediated OC-genesis requires permissive co-stimulatory signal from ITAM receptors, such as OSCAR and TREM2, to trigger the calcineurin/calmodulin signaling axis via Ca2+ oscillation, thereby upregulating NFATc1 expression. Activation of Piezo1 remarkably suppressed RANKL-induced NFATc1 activation which, in turn, reduced OC-genesis. Such mechanical activation of Piezo1 expressed on pre-OCs induced intracellular Ca2+ influx. Nonetheless, PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of Akt, not the calcineurin/calmodulin pathway, suppressed NFATc1 in RANKL-elicited OC-genesis and resultant bone resorption, both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that mechanostress applied to pre-OCs can downregulate pathogenic OC-genesis and that Piezo1, as the mediator, is a novel molecular target for the development of anti-osteolytic therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shindo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawthorne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontempo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayabyab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardigan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensing by Piezo1 regulates osteoclast differentiation via PP2A-Akt axis in periodontitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The small MAF transcription factor MAFG co-opts MITF to promote melanoma progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor deregulation potently drives melanoma progression by dynamically and reversibly controlling gene expression programs. We previously identified the small MAF family transcription factor MAFG as a putative driver of melanoma progression, prompting an in-depth evaluation of its role in melanoma. MAFG expression increases with human melanoma stages and ectopic MAFG expression enhances the malignant behavior of human melanoma cells in vitro, xenograft models, and genetic mouse models of spontaneous melanoma. Moreover, MAFG induces a melanoma phenotype switch from a melanocytic state to a more dedifferentiated state. Mechanistically, MAFG interacts with the lineage transcription factor MITF which is required for the pro-tumorigenic effects of MAFG. MAFG and MITF co-occupy numerous genomic sites and MAFG overexpression influences the expression of genes harboring binding sites for the MAFG[~]MITF complex. These results establish MAFG as a potent driver of melanomagenesis through dimerization with MITF and uncover an unappreciated mechanism of MITF regulation.

Significance statementMITF is critically involved in melanoma progression and phenotype switching. We discovered that MAFG interacts with MITF to influence expression of MITF target genes and facilitate a shift toward a dedifferentiated melanoma cell state. This study demonstrates that MAFG promotes melanomagenesis by influencing MITF activity, an unappreciated mechanism of MITF regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vera, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Vargas, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Buceta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mecozzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadourne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posorske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angarita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bok, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murikipudi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messina, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez-de-Caceres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karreth, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The small MAF transcription factor MAFG co-opts MITF to promote melanoma progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial morphodynamics are modulated by physiological range of temperature and influence host cell outcomes during influenza infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses replicate in both the cooler, upper portions of the airway and the warmer, lower portions of the respiratory tract. This study investigates how physiological ranges of temperature, specifically 33{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C, impact host cell biology and how temperature-dependent differences in host cells influence outcomes during influenza A virus infection. This study prioritizes describing mitochondrial networks due to their importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis and mediating immune responses to viral infection. The temperature at which cells are incubated significantly influences mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial function. Moreover, temperature-dependent changes to mitochondrial networks prior to infection result in temperature-specific changes to host cell outcomes during infection. These findings indicate that mitochondrial structure alone can modulate host cell outcomes during viral infection and that both the form and function of mitochondria directly impact influenza A virus production. While not all mitochondrial processes were shown to be affected by temperature or infection, these results highlight the importance of using physiologically relevant temperatures in respiratory pathogen research and elucidate how mitochondrial dynamics contribute to host cell outcomes during influenza A virus infection.

ImportanceRespiratory viruses infect the upper and lower respiratory tract but rarely is the impact of physiological ranges of temperature (33{degrees}C to 37{degrees}C) considered. Mitochondria are central mediators of numerous physiological pathways, and their functions are often modified by virus infection. Physiological ranges of temperature can alter mitochondrial form and function, which is further impacted by virus infection. The study sheds light on how temperature can impact mitochondrial form and function in concert with virus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLoughlin, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial morphodynamics are modulated by physiological range of temperature and influence host cell outcomes during influenza infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Study of the Excitation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have proven to be a revolutionary advance for tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug testing and discovery. Computational modeling enables a detailed electrophysiological analysis that is otherwise difficult or impossible to achieve under strictly experimental settings. Action potential characteristics of hiPSC-CMs measured in our lab at four different pacing rates were used it to modify the computational Kernik-Clancy hiPSC-CM model. The modified model was used to compare the excitation of single hiPSC-CMs with that of single human ventricular cardiomyocytes (hV-CMs) under varying conditions, including at stimulation at different strengths, rates and pulse durations. The physiological stimulation of both hiPSC-CMs and hV-CMs embedded within a tissue strand involves a biphasic waveform during which time excitatory currents (particularly INa, but also ICaT and ICaL for hiPSC-CMs and INaL and ICaL for hV-CMs) are activated during both phases of the waveform. INa in particular activated more slowly and with diminished amplitude under conditions of increasing pacing rate or increasing intracellular resistance. Lastly, histograms characterizing the relative amounts of excitatory currents in a population of hiPSC-CMs become broader with increasing levels of INa block, with ICaT and ICaL working in tandem to excite cells where INa has failed to activate. In general, hiPSC-CMs were found to be more excitable from rest compared with hV-CMs owing to their more depolarized resting potential and intrinsic automaticity despite a lower sodium channel density. Such a mismatch should be taken into consideration for applications using these cells, particularly for cardiac repair.

Key PointsO_LICardiomyocytes (CMs) generated from human stem cells derived from blood or skin have great potential for cardiac repair, safety pharmacology and disease modeling, but understanding their excitability is crucial for their proper application.
C_LIO_LIComputational modeling reveals greater excitability of these cells in terms of various metrics compared with that of human adult ventricular CMs at multiple pacing rates.
C_LIO_LIThe excitation of CMs within a strand differs substantially from that usually used to study single isolated CMs and is dissected in terms of the underlying ionic currents.
C_LIO_LIComputational modeling also predicts how a heterogeneous population of stem cell-derived CMs and their underlying ionic currents could respond to varying levels of reduced sodium current.
C_LIO_LIOur study presents a cautionary note for applications using these cells, particularly for cardiac repair.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shetty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samurkashian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Study of the Excitation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature Sensitive Glutamate Gating of AMPA-subtype iGluRs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission1. iGluRs are gated by glutamate, where upon glutamate binding, they open their ion channels to enable cation influx into post-synaptic neurons, initiating signal transduction2. The structural mechanism of iGluR gating by glutamate has been extensively studied in the context of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)3-15. A fundamental question has remained - are the PAM activated states of iGluRs representative of glutamate gating in the absence of PAMs? Here, using the -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid subtype iGluR (AMPAR) we show that glutamate gating is unique from gating in the presence of PAMs. We demonstrate that glutamate gating is temperature sensitive, and through temperature-resolved cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), capture all major glutamate gating states. Physiological temperatures augment channel activation and conductance. Activation by glutamate initiates ion channel opening that involves all ion channel helices hinging away from the pores axis in a motif that is conserved across all iGluRs. Desensitization occurs when the local dimer pairs decouple and enables closure of the ion channel below through restoring the channel hinges and refolding the channel gate. Our findings define how glutamate gates iGluRs, provide foundations for therapeutic design, and point to iGluR gating being temperature sensitive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar Mondal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature Sensitive Glutamate Gating of AMPA-subtype iGluRs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.610116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC plus class IIa HDAC inhibition potentiates mitochondrial dysfunction in non-small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.610116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MYC is frequently activated in cancer, leading to significant efforts to develop MYC inhibitors. While much progress has been made in targeting MYC, combination treatment strategies are needed to exploit this molecular vulnerability. To this end, we interrogated transcriptome data from cancer cell lines treated with MYC inhibitors and identified HDAC5 and HDAC9, both class IIa HDACs, as therapeutic targets to inhibit concurrently. Notably, these HDAC isoforms, which can be specifically targeted by small molecules, are known augmenters of several hallmarks of cancer. The combination of MYC and class IIa HDAC inhibition induces a significant reduction in viability for NSCLC cell lines with high MYC and mitochondrial pathway activation. Additionally, combination treatment induces a robust reduction of MYC with concomitant elevation of mitochondrial ROS, both of which have a causal relationship with therapeutic efficacy. Confirmation of in vivo efficacy was pursued in several animal model systems, with subsequent molecular correlate derivation confirming the importance of MYC depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction in driving drug efficacy. Ultimately, we define a therapeutic approach combining MYCi and class IIa HDACi to potentiate anti-tumor efficacy in NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, R.-W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.610116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC plus class IIa HDAC inhibition potentiates mitochondrial dysfunction in non-small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.610346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calibration of FRET-based biosensors using multiplexed biosensor barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.610346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent proteins (FPs) is widely used in the design of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, which are powerful tools for monitoring the dynamics of biochemical activities in live cells. FRET ratio, defined as the ratio between acceptor and donor signals, is often used as a proxy for the actual FRET efficiency, which must be corrected for signal crosstalk using donor-only and acceptor-only samples. However, the FRET ratio is highly sensitive to imaging conditions, making direct comparisons across different experiments and over time challenging. Inspired by a method for multiplexed biosensor imaging using barcoded cells, we reasoned that calibration standards with fixed FRET efficiency can be introduced into a subset of cells for normalization of biosensor signals. Our theoretical analysis indicated that the FRET ratio of high-FRET species relative to non-FRET species slightly decreases at high excitation intensity, suggesting the need for calibration using both high and low FRET standards. To test these predictions, we created FRET donor-acceptor pairs locked in "FRET-ON" and "FRET-OFF" conformations and introduced them into a subset of barcoded cells. Our results confirmed the theoretical predictions and showed that the calibrated FRET ratio is independent of imaging settings. We also provided a strategy for calculating the FRET efficiency. Together, our study presents a simple strategy for calibrated and highly multiplexed imaging of FRET biosensors, facilitating reliable comparisons across experiments and supporting long-term imaging applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chern, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.610346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calibration of FRET-based biosensors using multiplexed biosensor barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited O-specific polysaccharide (OSP)-specific functional antibody responses in young children with Shigella infection in Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shigellosis is the second leading cause of diarrheal death in children younger than five years of age globally. At present, there is no broadly licensed vaccine against shigella infection. Previous vaccine candidates have failed at providing protection for young children in endemic settings. Improved understanding of correlates of protection against Shigella infection and severe shigellosis in young children living in endemic settings is needed. Here, we applied a functional antibody profiling approach to define Shigella-specific antibody responses in young children versus older individuals with culture-confirmed shigellosis in Bangladesh, a Shigella endemic area. We analyzed Shigella-specific antibody isotypes, FcR binding and antibody-mediated innate immune cell activation in longitudinal serum samples collected at clinical presentation and up to 1 year later. We found that higher initial Shigella O-specific polysaccharide (OSP)-specific and protein-specific IgG and Fc{gamma}R binding levels correlated with less severe disease regardless of patient age, but that individuals under 5 years of age developed a less prominent class switched, FcR-binding, functional and durable antibody response against both OSP and protein Shigella antigens than older individuals. Focusing on the largest cohort, we found that functional S. flexneri 2a OSP-specific responses were significantly induced only in individuals over age 5 years, and that these responses promoted monocyte phagocytosis and activation. Our findings suggest that in a Shigella endemic region, young children with shigellosis harbor a functional antibody response that fails to maximally activate monocytes; such a response may be important in facilitating subsequent innate cell clearance of Shigella, especially via recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear cells capable of directly killing Shigella.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernshtein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhiteneva, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janardhanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basher, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahamud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajib, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited O-specific polysaccharide (OSP)-specific functional antibody responses in young children with Shigella infection in Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide mapping of oligodendrocyte organization and oligodendrogenesis across the murine lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulating sheaths of myelin accelerate neuronal signaling in complex networks of the mammalian brain. In the CNS, myelin sheaths are exclusively produced by oligodendrocytes, which continue to be generated throughout life to change patterns of myelination. However, a brain-wide analysis of oligodendrocyte dynamics across the lifespan has not been performed. We developed a rapid, robust cellular mapping pipeline involving tissue clearing, lightsheet microscopy, atlas alignment, and automated segmentation to define the location of all oligodendrocytes in the mouse brain. This analysis demonstrated the remarkable consistency of oligodendrocyte patterns between hemispheres, individuals, and sexes, and established that oligodendrocyte maps estimate myelin coverage. We trained a vision transformer to identify newly generated oligodendrocytes from millions of mature cells, highlighting age- and region-specific differences in oligodendrogenesis, and revealing areas of enhanced oligodendrocyte resilience and regenerative capacity following demyelination, demonstrating the utility of this pipeline for uncovering brain-wide oligodendrocyte dynamics in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musheyev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugenin von Bernhardi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide mapping of oligodendrocyte organization and oligodendrogenesis across the murine lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.08.611895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimerization-dependent gel-like condensation with dsDNA underpins the activation of human cGAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.08.611895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic G/AMP Synthase (cGAS) initiates inflammatory responses against pathogenic double-stranded (ds)DNA. Although it is well established that cGAS forms phase-separated condensates with dsDNA, their function remains poorly defined. We report here that the dimerization of cGAS on dsDNA creates a mesh-like network, leading to gel-like condensate formation. Although cGAS binds to and forms condensates with various nucleic acids, only dsDNA permits the dimerization necessary for activation and gelation. cGAS co-condenses dsDNA and other nucleic acids but retains a distinct dsDNA-mediated gel-like substate, which single-stranded RNA can dissolve and deactivate the enzyme. Moreover, gel-like, but not liquid-like, condensation not only protects bound dsDNA from exonucleases, but also limits the mobility of NTPs and the dinucleotide intermediate for efficient cGAMP synthesis. Together, our results show that enzymes can finetune surrounding microenvironments to regulate their signaling activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lueck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendorff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.08.611895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimerization-dependent gel-like condensation with dsDNA underpins the activation of human cGAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fluid droplet harvests the force generated by shrinking microtubules in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The energy-consuming dynamic instability of microtubules generates significant forces which are thought to be harnessed to move large cargos in cells. However, identification of mechanisms which can capture the force released during microtubule depolymerization to move large loads has been elusive. In this work we show that a biomolecular condensate provides an elegant solution to this problem. Using live cell super-resolution microscopy, we directly observe that budding yeast +TIP bodies are nanoscale droplets with classic fluid-like behaviors which accumulate type V myosin (Myo2) at their surfaces. We find that conserved self-oligomerization interfaces in the protein Kar9 tune the biophysical properties of the viscoelastic +TIP body and its ability to e]iciently move the mitotic spindle. Our findings introduce a paradigm for how forces generated by microtubule dynamics are harnessed in cells and open a frontier of research on nanoscale biomolecular condensates in their native environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morelli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barral, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fluid droplet harvests the force generated by shrinking microtubules in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Desmoplakin mutations in cardiac fibroblasts cause TGF?1-mediated pathological fibrogenesis in desmoplakin cardiomyopathy via beclin-1 regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPathological fibrosis is a major finding in cardiovascular diseases and can result in arrhythmia and heart failure. Desmosome gene mutations can lead to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Among ACM, pathogenic desmoplakin (DSP) variants cause a distinctive cardiomyopathy with excessive cardiac fibrosis that could precede ventricular dysfunction. DSP variants are also linked to other fibrotic diseases. Whether DSP plays any role in pathological fibrosis remain unknown.

MethodsMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are resident fibroblast-like cells that are responsible for fibrogenesis in most organs, including hearts. We first used unbiased genome-wide analyses to generate cardiac fibroblasts-like, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs from normal donors and ACM patients with DSP mutations. We then studied the fibrogenic responses of cardiac MSCs to transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-{beta}1) using Western/Co-IP, autophagy assay, gene knockdowns/over-expressions, genomic analyses, mouse DSP knockdown models, immunostaining, and qPCR.

ResultsTGF{beta}1 induced excessive accumulations of vimentin (VIM)/fibrillar collagens, and over-activated fibrotic genes in DSP-mutant MSCs when compared to normal MSCs. In normal MSCs, VIMs bind to wild-type DSP during normal fibrogenesis after TGF{beta}1. DSP-mutant MSCs exhibited a haplo-insufficient phenotype with increased DSP-unbound VIMs that sequestered beclin-1 (BECN1) from activating autophagy and caveolin-1 (CAV1)-mediated endocytosis. Decreased autophagy caused collagen accumulations and diminished CAV1 endocytosis resulted in abnormal CAV1 plaque formation that over-activated fibrotic genes [COL1A1, COL3A1, and fibronectin (FN)] via heightened p38 activities after TGF{beta}1. Genome-wide analysis and DSP knockdown in mouse fibroblasts confirmed this novel role of DSP mutations in pathological fibrosis. Overexpression of VIM-binding domains of DSP could suppress pathological fibrosis by increasing collagen autophagic degradation and decreasing fibrotic gene expressions.

ConclusionsOur data reveal that DSP deficiency in MSCs/fibroblasts leads to exaggerated fibrogenesis in DSP-cardiomyopathy by decreasing BECN1 availability for autophagy and CAV1-endocytosis. Overexpression of VIM binding domains of DSP could be a new strategy to treat pathological fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saguner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunckhorst, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duru, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marine, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Desmoplakin mutations in cardiac fibroblasts cause TGF?1-mediated pathological fibrogenesis in desmoplakin cardiomyopathy via beclin-1 regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Immunoregulation by Human Surfactant Protein A Variants Determines Severity of SARS-CoV-2-induced Lung Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractCOVID-19 remains a significant threat to public health globally. Infection in some susceptible individuals causes life-threatening acute lung injury (ALI/ARDS) and/or death. Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a C-type lectin expressed in the lung and other mucosal tissues, and it plays a critical role in host defense against various pathogens. The human SP-A genes (SFTPA1 and SFTPA2) are highly polymorphic and comprise several common genetic variants, i.e., SP-A1 (variants 6A2, 6A4) and SP-A2 (variants 1A0, 1A3). Here, we elucidated the differential antiviral and immunoregulatory roles of SP-A variants in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Six genetically-modified mouse lines, expressing both hACE2 (SARS-CoV-2 receptor) and individual SP-A variants: (hACE2/6A2 (6A2), hACE2/6A4 (6A4), hACE2/1A0 (1A0), and hACE2/1A3(1A3), one SP-A knockout (hACE2/SP-A KO (KO) and one hACE2/mouse SP-A (K18) mice, were challenged intranasally with 103 PFU SARS-CoV-2 or saline (Sham). Infected KO and 1A0 mice had more weight loss and mortality compared to other mouse lines. Relative to other infected mouse lines, a more severe ALI was observed in KO, 1A0, and 6A2 mice. Reduced viral titers were generally observed in the lungs of infected SP-A mice relative to KO mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an upregulation in genes that play central roles in immune responses such as MyD88, Stat3, IL-18, and Jak2 in the lungs of KO and 1A0 mice. However, Mapk1 was significantly downregulated in 6A2 versus 1A0 mice. Analysis of biological pathways identified those involved in lung host defense and innate immunity, including pathogen-induced cytokine, NOD1/2, and Trem1 signaling pathways. Consistent with the transcriptomic data, levels of cytokines and chemokines such as G-CSF, IL-6 and IL-1{beta} were comparatively higher in the lungs and sera of KO and 1A0 mice with the highest mortality rate. These findings demonstrate that human SP-A variants differentially modulate SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury and disease severity by differentially inhibiting viral infectivity and regulating immune-related gene expressions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawal, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopsack, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Immunoregulation by Human Surfactant Protein A Variants Determines Severity of SARS-CoV-2-induced Lung Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solanum pan-genomics and pan-genetics reveal paralogs as contingencies in crop engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-genomics and genome editing technologies are revolutionizing the breeding of globally cultivated crops. A transformative opportunity lies in the reciprocal exchange of genotype-to-phenotype knowledge of agricultural traits between these major crops and hundreds of locally cultivated indigenous crops, thereby enhancing the diversity and resilience of our food system. However, species-specific genetic variants and their interactions with desired natural or engineered mutations pose barriers to achieving predictable phenotypic effects, even between closely related crops or genotypes. Here, by establishing a pan-genome of the crop-rich genus Solanum and integrating functional genomics and genetics, we show that gene duplication and subsequent paralog diversification are a major obstacle to genotype-phenotype predictability. Despite broad conservation of gene macrosynteny among chromosome-scale references for 22 species, including 13 indigenous crops, hundreds of global and lineage-specific gene duplications exhibited dynamic evolutionary trajectories in paralog sequence, expression, and function, including among members of key domestication gene families. Extending our pan-genome with 10 cultivars of African eggplant and leveraging quantitative genetics and genome editing, we uncovered an intricate history of paralog emergence and evolution within this indigenous crop. The loss of an ancient redundant paralog of the classical regulator of stem cell proliferation and fruit organ number, CLAVATA3 (CLV3), was compensated by a lineage-specific tandem duplication. Subsequent pseudogenization of the derived copy followed by a cultivar-specific structural variant resulted in a single fused functional copy of CLV3 that modifies locule number alongside a newly identified gene controlling the same trait. Our findings demonstrate that paralog diversifications over short evolutionary periods are critical yet underexplored contingencies in trait evolvability and independent crop domestication histories. Unraveling these contingencies is crucial for translating genotype-to-phenotype relationships across related species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benoit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalacqua, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orejuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornaguera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizito, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solanum pan-genomics and pan-genetics reveal paralogs as contingencies in crop engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven determination of 1H-MRS basis set composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMetabolite amplitude estimates derived from linear combination modeling of MR spectra depend upon the precise list of constituent metabolite basis functions used (the "basis set"). The absence of clear consensus on the "ideal" composition or objective criteria to determine the suitability of a particular basis set contributes to the poor reproducibility of MRS. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate a novel, data-driven approach for deciding the basis-set composition using Akaike information criteria (AIC).

MethodsWe have developed an algorithm that iteratively adds metabolites to the basis set using iterative modeling, informed by AIC scores. We investigated two quantitative "stopping conditions", referred to as max-AIC and zero-amplitude, and whether to optimize the selection of basis set on a per-spectrum basis or at the group level. The algorithm was tested using two groups of synthetic in-vivo-like spectra representing healthy brain and tumor spectra, respectively, and the derived basis sets (and metabolite amplitude estimates) were compared to the ground truth.

ResultsAll derived basis sets correctly identified high-concentration metabolites and provided reasonable fits of the spectra. At the single-spectrum level, the two stopping conditions derived the underlying basis set with 84-88% accuracy. When optimizing across a group, basis set determination accuracy improved to 89-92%.

ConclusionData-driven determination of the basis set composition is feasible. With refinement, this approach could provide a valuable data-driven way to derive or refine basis sets, reducing the operator bias of MRS analyses, enhancing the objectivity of quantitative analyses, and increasing the clinical viability of MRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcicek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven determination of 1H-MRS basis set composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virally-Mediated Enhancement of Efferent Inhibition Reduces Acoustic Trauma in Wild Type Murine Cochleas. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) poses an emerging global health problem with only ear protection or sound avoidance as preventive strategies. In addition, however, the cochlea receives some protection from medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent neurons, providing a potential target for therapeutic enhancement. Cholinergic efferents release ACh (Acetylycholine) to hyperpolarize and shunt the outer hair cells (OHCs), reducing sound-evoked activation. The (9)2(10)3 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) on the OHCs mediates this effect. Transgenic knock-in mice with a gain-of-function nAChR (9L9T) suffer less NIHL. 9 knockout mice are more vulnerable to NIHL but can be rescued by viral transduction of the 9L9T subunit. In this study, an HA-tagged gain-of-function 9 isoform was expressed in wildtype mice in an attempt to reduce NIHL. Synaptic integration of the virally-expressed nAChR subunit was confirmed by HA-immunopuncta in the postsynaptic membrane of OHCs. After noise exposure, 9L9T-HA injected mice had less hearing loss (auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and threshold shifts) than did control mice. ABRs of 9L9T-HA injected mice also had larger wave1 amplitudes and better recovery of wave one amplitudes post noise exposure. Thus, virally-expressed 9L9T combines effectively with native 9 and 10 subunits to mitigate NIHL in wildtype cochleas.

One Sentence SummaryViral transduction of a gain-of-function nAChR enhances the native cholinergic inhibition to protect the cochlea from noise-induced hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slika, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beers Wood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virally-Mediated Enhancement of Efferent Inhibition Reduces Acoustic Trauma in Wild Type Murine Cochleas.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle spindles provide flexible sensory feedback for movement sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory feedback is essential for motor performance and must adapt to task demands. Muscle spindle afferents (MSAs) are a major primary source of feedback about movement, and their responses are readily modulated online by gain-controller fusimotor neurons and other mechanisms. They are therefore a powerful site for implementing flexible sensorimotor control. We recorded from MSAs innervating the jaw musculature during performance of a directed lick sequence task. Jaw MSAs encoded complex jaw-tongue kinematics. However, kinematic encoding alone accounted for less than half of MSA spiking variability. MSA coding of kinematics changed based on sequence progression (beginning, middle, or end of the sequence, or reward consumption), suggesting that MSAs are flexibly tuned across the task. Dynamic control of incoming feedback signals from MSAs may be a strategy for adaptable sensorimotor control during performance of complex behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chokshi, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle spindles provide flexible sensory feedback for movement sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-Dependent Stimulation of the Hippocampus: A Computational Modeling Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between brain oscillations of different frequencies plays a fundamental role in neural processing, and phase-dependent neuromodulation has emerged as a promising strategy to modulate PAC. In the hippocampus, theta-gamma PAC is critically involved in memory-related functions and information propagation. Computational models provide a valuable platform for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying phase- dependent effects, bypassing the limitations of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In this study, we extended a previously published computational model of the hippocampal CA3 region using the NEURON and Python environments. A closed-loop autoregressive (AR) forward prediction model was employed to sample the networks local field potential (LFP) in real time, enabling the precise calculation of phase-locked stimulus time points. Our results demonstrated the successful delivery of phase-locked current injections to all neuronal populations at both the peak and trough of theta oscillations. Phase-specific alterations in the theta band were observed during stimulation, along with enhanced theta-gamma coupling induced by peak-phase stimulation. Single neuron activity analysis highlighted the critical role of oriens lacunosum- moleculare (OLM) cells in modulating phase-dependent network dynamics. These findings underscore the potential of closed-loop stimulation systems to modulate PAC, with significant implications for the treatment of neurological disorders characterized by abnormal oscillatory activity, such as Alzheimers disease and other memory-related disorders.

Significance StatementBy employing a computational model of the hippocampal CA3 region, we reveal the ability of the phase-dependent stimulation technique to modulate phase-amplitude coupling, a critical mechanism in memory and information processing. Our findings highlight the importance of precise phase-locked stimulation and the key role of specific interneurons in regulating network dynamics. These insights lay the groundwork for developing targeted neuromodulation therapies to restore normal oscillatory patterns in the brain, with promising implications for treating memory-related neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arginteanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>salimpour, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-Dependent Stimulation of the Hippocampus: A Computational Modeling Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIP5K-Ras bistability initiates plasma membrane symmetry breaking to regulate cell polarity and migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symmetry breaking is a fundamental process that underlies key cellular behaviors such as cell polarity and migration, but the mechanism - how a uniform plasma membrane spontaneously transitions to an asymmetric state - is still unknown. Here in this study, using a combination of Dictyostelium amoeba, multiple mammalian leukocytes, and human cancer cells and 3D organoid systems, we monitored the localization dynamics of RasGTP and PIP5K, dissected the effects of eliminating, conditionally increasing, or optogenetically manipulating membrane PIP5K levels, screened for key regulators of Ras activation, and tracked single-molecules of PIP5K. Our data converge on a core biochemical circuit involving mutually inhibitory interactions between PIP5K and RasGTP that is both necessary and sufficient for symmetry breaking. The process is initiated by stochastic, localized Ras activation coupled with a decrease in the lifetime of the association of PIP5K with the membrane. A resulting localized reduction in PI(4,5)P2 facilitates the recruitment of a RasGEF to the corresponding domain, amplifying RasGTP production through a positive feedback loop. Dissociated PIP5K relocates to other membrane regions, where it suppresses Ras activation. These events separate the membrane into distinct active and inactive zones, even when receptor inputs or cytoskeletal activities are absent. This same core biochemical circuit controls the spatial organization of downstream PI3K/Akt/Rac signaling and actin/actomyosin activities, which generate the localized protrusions to define polarity and migration mode. While many models have been forwarded to explain polarity or symmetry breaking, the PIP5K-Ras mutually inhibitory bistable circuit we present here is the first universal molecular mechanism to explain the initiation of asymmetry as well as subsequent polarity and migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borleis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIP5K-Ras bistability initiates plasma membrane symmetry breaking to regulate cell polarity and migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pattern and Staging of Brain Atrophy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2): MRI Volumetrics from ENIGMA-Ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSpinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive deterioration in both motor coordination and cognitive function. Atrophy of the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord are core features of SCA2, however the evolution and pattern of whole-brain atrophy in SCA2 remain unclear. We undertook a multi-site, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study to comprehensively characterize the neurodegeneration profile of SCA2.

MethodsVoxel-based morphometry analyses of 110 participants with SCA2 and 128 controls were undertaken to assess groupwise differences in whole-brain volume. Correlations with clinical severity and genotype, and cross-sectional profiling of atrophy patterns at different disease stages, were also performed.

ResultsAtrophy in SCA2 relative to controls was greatest (Cohens d>2.5) in the cerebellar white matter (WM), middle cerebellar peduncle, pons, and corticospinal tract. Very large effects (d>1.5) were also evident in the superior cerebellar, inferior cerebellar, and cerebral peduncles. In cerebellar grey matter (GM), large effects (d>0.8) mapped to areas related to both motor coordination and cognitive tasks. Strong correlations (|r|>0.4) between volume and disease severity largely mirrored these groupwise outcomes. Stratification by disease severity showed a degeneration pattern beginning in cerebellar and pontine WM in pre-clinical subjects; spreading to the cerebellar GM and cerebro-cerebellar/corticospinal WM tracts; then finally involving the thalamus, striatum, and cortex in severe stages.

InterpretationThe magnitude and pattern of brain atrophy evolves over the course of SCA2, with widespread, non-uniform involvement across the brainstem, cerebellar tracts, and cerebellar cortex; and late involvement of the cerebral cortex and striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adanyeguh, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocozza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutinho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deistung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diciotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Ruiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Göricke, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grisoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariotti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascalchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachbauer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ono, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyike, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanzetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Synofzik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teive, H. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Castillo, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pattern and Staging of Brain Atrophy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2): MRI Volumetrics from ENIGMA-Ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized CRISPR inhibition and activation opens key avenues for systematic biological exploration in zebrafish. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technologies in zebrafish has the potential to expand its capacity for the study of gene function significantly. We report proof-of-principle data evaluating transient expression of a codon optimized CRISPRi/a system for zebrafish across established pigmentary and growth phenotypes. A codon-optimized and catalytically inactive cas9 gene (dcas9) was cloned upstream of codon-optimized Kruppel associated box (KRAB) and methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) for CRISPRi, and VP64 for CRISPRa. To validate CRISPRi, we targeted key genes in melanocyte differentiation (sox10 and mitfa); and melanin production (tyrosinase; tyr). Microinjection of CRISPRi mRNA and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting the tyr promoter or 5-UTR resulted in larvae with hypopigmented epidermal melanocytes. Similarly, CRISPRi targeting of the sox10 or mitfa promoters results in hypopigmentation of epidermal melanocytes consistent with their roles upstream of tyr, and the role of sox10 in activation of mitfa. Finally, we tested both CRISPRi/a to modulate a single gene to yield hypomorphic and hypermorphic effects, selecting mrap2a as our target. This gene regulates energy homeostasis and somatic growth via inhibition of the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (mc4r). We show that inactivating or activating mrap2a with CRISPRi/a significantly decreases or increases larval body length, respectively. We demonstrate that CRISPRi/a can modulate control of zebrafish gene expression, facilitating efficient assay of candidate gene function and disease relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrientos, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoppell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotta, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized CRISPR inhibition and activation opens key avenues for systematic biological exploration in zebrafish.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Neural Organoid Microphysiological Systems Show the Building Blocks Necessary for Basic Learning and Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain Microphysiological Systems including neural organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells offer a unique lens to study the intricate workings of the human brain. This paper investigates the foundational elements of learning and memory in neural organoids, also known as Organoid Intelligence by quantifying immediate early gene expression, synaptic plasticity, neuronal network dynamics, and criticality to demonstrate the utility of these organoids in basic science research. Neural organoids showed synapse formation, glutamatergic and GABAergic receptor expression, immediate early gene expression basally and evoked, functional connectivity, criticality, and synaptic plasticity in response to theta-burst stimulation. In addition, pharmacological interventions on GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors, and input specific theta-burst stimulation further shed light on the capacity of neural organoids to mirror synaptic modulation and short-term potentiation, demonstrating their potential as tools for studying neurophysiological and neurological processes and informing therapeutic strategies for diseases.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=169 SRC="FIGDIR/small/613333v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50a256org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d1f8c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@24688borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4ba3b4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Overview of the main components of the experiments conducted. Figure created using BioRender.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alam El Din, D.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moenkemoeller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibollahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenkman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Molen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Neural Organoid Microphysiological Systems Show the Building Blocks Necessary for Basic Learning and Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIPK1 is essential for Herpes Simplex Virus-triggered ZBP1-dependent necroptosis in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necroptosis initiated by the host sensor Z-NA Binding Protein-1 (ZBP1) is essential for host defense against a growing number of viruses, including Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1). Studies with HSV-1 and other necroptogenic stimuli in murine settings have suggested that ZBP1 triggers necroptosis by directly complexing with the kinase RIPK3. Whether this is also the case in human cells, or whether additional co-factors are needed for ZBP1-mediated necroptosis, is unclear. Here, we show that ZBP1-induced necroptosis in human cells requires RIPK1. We have found that RIPK1 is essential for forming a stable and functional ZBP1-RIPK3 complex in human cells, but is dispensable for the formation of the equivalent murine complex. The RIP Homology Interaction Motif (RHIM) in RIPK3 is responsible for this difference between the two species, because replacing the RHIM in human RIPK3 with the RHIM from murine RIPK3 is sufficient to overcome the requirement for RIPK1 in human cells. These observations describe a critical mechanistic difference between mice and humans in how ZBP1 engages in necroptosis, with important implications for treating human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amusan, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liu, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>seong, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poorbaghi, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIPK1 is essential for Herpes Simplex Virus-triggered ZBP1-dependent necroptosis in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting Cognitive, Behavioral, and Physiological Responses to Breathwork vs. Naturalistic Stimuli in Reflective Chamber and VR Headset Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MindGym, a novel immersive technology utilizing a reflective chamber environment, was developed to create standardized experiential content, including anxiolytic experiences. This study examined whether therapeutic experiences originally created in the MindGym could maintain their efficacy when delivered via 360-degree recordings through virtual reality (VR) headsets. A randomized controlled trial (N=126) compared anxiety reduction, cognitive performance, and physiological responses across four conditions: MindGym and VR platforms, each delivering either breathwork or rain stimuli. Results demonstrated significant improvements across all conditions in cognitive performance (Trail Making Test RTACC, p.fdr<.001; Architex Total Speed, p.fdr<.001) and anxiety reduction (STAI, p.fdr<.001). Breathwork conditions produced greater decreases in breath rate compared to rain stimuli (p.fdr=.002). Treatment responses were moderated by individual differences, with absorption (MODTAS) predicting both awe (p.fdr=.004) and ego dissolution (p.fdr=.015), while openness to experience interacted with stimuli type to influence anxiety reduction (p.fdr=.038). The anxiolytic effects originally generated in the MindGym maintained full efficacy when translated to VR delivery, with no significant differences in effectiveness or immersion between the original environment and its virtual reproduction. These findings establish the MindGym as a viable content creation platform for immersive, anxiety-reducing experiences that can be successfully adapted to more accessible delivery systems, while highlighting the potential for personalization based on individual differences. Future research should investigate the translation of more complex MindGym-generated experiences to expand accessible anxiety management tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaravel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reggente, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting Cognitive, Behavioral, and Physiological Responses to Breathwork vs. Naturalistic Stimuli in Reflective Chamber and VR Headset Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral-mediated Oct4 overexpression and inhibition of Notch signaling synergistically induce neurogenic competence in mammalian Muller glia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal Muller glia in cold-blooded vertebrates can reprogram into neurogenic progenitors to replace neurons lost to injury, but mammals lack this ability. While recent studies have shown that transgenic overexpression of neurogenic bHLH factors and glial-specific disruption of NFI family transcription factors and Notch signaling induce neurogenic competence in mammalian Muller glia, induction of neurogenesis in wild-type glia has thus far proven elusive. Here, we report that viral-mediated overexpression of the pluripotency factor Oct4 (Pou5f1) induces transdifferentiation of mouse Muller glia into bipolar neurons, and synergistically stimulates glial-derived neurogenesis in parallel with Notch loss of function. Single cell multiomic analysis shows that Oct4 overexpression leads to widespread changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility, inducing activity of both the neurogenic transcription factor Rfx4 and the Yamanaka factors Sox2 and Klf4. This study demonstrates that viral-mediated overexpression of Oct4 induces neurogenic competence in retinal Muller glia, identifying mechanisms that could be used in cell-based therapies for treating retinal dystrophies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral-mediated Oct4 overexpression and inhibition of Notch signaling synergistically induce neurogenic competence in mammalian Muller glia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global remodeling of ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 suppresses influenza A virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation is a highly dynamic and fully reversible post-translational modification performed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) that modulates protein function, abundance, localization and turnover. Here we show that influenza A virus infection causes a rapid and dramatic upregulation of global ADP-ribosylation that inhibits viral replication. Mass spectrometry defined for the first time the global ADP-ribosylome during infection, creating an infection-specific profile with almost 4,300 modification sites on [~]1,080 host proteins, as well as over 100 modification sites on viral proteins. Our data indicate that the global increase likely reflects a change in the form of ADP-ribosylation rather than modification of new targets. Functional assays demonstrated that modification of the viral replication machinery antagonizes its activity and further revealed that the anti-viral activity of PARPs and ADP-ribosylation is counteracted by the influenza A virus protein NS1, assigning a new activity to the primary viral antagonist of innate immunity. We identified PARP1 as the enzyme producing the majority of poly(ADP-ribose) present during infection. Influenza A virus replicated faster in cells lacking PARP1, linking PARP1 and ADP-ribosylation to the anti-viral phenotype. Together, these data establish ADP-ribosylation as an anti-viral innate immune-like response to viral infection antagonized by a previously unknown activity of NS1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledwith, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global remodeling of ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 suppresses influenza A virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing nuclear pore complex plasticity with Pan-Expansion Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exploration of cell-type and environmentally-responsive nuclear pore complex (NPC) plasticity requires new, accessible tools. Using pan-Expansion Microscopy (pan-ExM), NPCs were identified by machine learning-facilitated segmentation with resolved cytoplasmic rings (CR), inner rings (IR) and nuclear rings (NR). They exhibited a large range of diameters with a bias for dilated NPCs at the basal nuclear surface in clusters suggestive of local islands of nuclear envelope (NE) tension. Whereas hyperosmotic shock constricted NPCs analogously to those found in annulate lamellae (AL), depletion of LINC complexes specifically eliminated the modest nuclear surface diameter biases. Therefore, LINC complexes may contribute locally to nuclear envelope tension to toggle NPC diameter between dilated, but not constricted, states. Lastly, POM121 shifts from the NR to the IR specifically in induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons (iPSNs) from a patient with C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Thus, pan-ExM is a powerful tool to visualize NPC plasticity in physiological and pathological contexts at single NPC resolution.

SummaryMorgan et al. demonstrate that pan-Expansion Microscopy is an exceptional tool for probing the molecular composition and structural plasticity of individual NPCs: they reveal LINC-complex dependent NPC diameter biases across the nuclear surface and changing nucleoporin positions in an ALS model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing nuclear pore complex plasticity with Pan-Expansion Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered development and network connectivity in a human neuronal model of 15q11.2 deletion-related neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromosome 15q11.2 locus is deleted in 1.5% of patients with genetic epilepsy and confers a risk for intellectual disability and schizophrenia. Individuals with this deletion demonstrate increased cortical thickness, decreased cortical surface area and white matter abnormalities. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPC) from 15q11.2 deletion individuals exhibit early adhesion junction and migration abnormalities, but later neuronal development and function have not been fully assessed. Imaging studies indicating altered structure and network connectivity in the anterior brain regions and the cingulum suggest that in addition to alterations in progenitor dynamics, there may also be structural and functional changes within discrete networks of mature neurons. To explore this, we generated human forebrain cortical neurons from iPSCs derived from individuals with or without 15q11.2 deletion and used longitudinal imaging and multielectrode array analysis to evaluate neuronal development over time. 15q11.2 deleted neurons exhibited fewer connections and an increase in inhibitory neurons. Individual neurons had decreased neurite complexity and overall decreased neurite length. These structural changes were associated with a reduction in multiunit action potential generation, bursting and synchronization. The 15q11.2 deleted neurons also demonstrated specific functional deficits in glutamate and GABA mediated network activity and synchronization with a delay in the maturation of the inhibitory response to GABA. These data indicate that deletion of the 15q11.2 region is sufficient to impair the structural and functional maturation of cortical neuron networks which likely underlies the pathologic changes in humans with the 15q11.2 deletion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habela, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered development and network connectivity in a human neuronal model of 15q11.2 deletion-related neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating DNA Polα Enhances Cell Reprogramming Across Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a fundamental biological process, DNA replication ensures the accurate copying of genetic information. However, the impact of this process on cellular plasticity in multicellular organisms remains elusive. Here, we find that reducing the level or activity of a replication component, DNA Polymerase  (Pol), facilitates cell reprogramming in diverse stem cell systems across species. In Drosophila male and female germline stem cell lineages, reducing Pol levels using heterozygotes significantly enhances fertility of both sexes, promoting reproductivity during aging without compromising their longevity. Consistently, in C. elegans the pola heterozygous hermaphrodites exhibit increased fertility without a reduction in lifespan, suggesting that this phenomenon is conserved. Moreover, in male germline and female intestinal stem cell lineages of Drosophila, pol heterozygotes exhibit increased resistance to tissue damage caused by genetic ablation or pathogen infection, leading to enhanced regeneration and improved survival during post-injury recovery, respectively. Additionally, fine tuning of an inhibitor to modulate Pol activity significantly enhances the efficiency of reprogramming human embryonic fibroblasts into induced pluripotent cells. Together, these findings unveil novel roles of a DNA replication component in regulating cellular reprogramming potential, and thus hold promise for promoting tissue health, facilitating post-injury rehabilitation, and enhancing healthspan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating DNA Polα Enhances Cell Reprogramming Across Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and extensive sequencing of a broadly-consented Genome in a Bottle matched tumor-normal pair for somatic benchmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genome in a Bottle Consortium (GIAB), hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is developing new matched tumor-normal samples, the first to be explicitly consented for public dissemination of genomic data and cell lines. Here, we describe a comprehensive genomic dataset from the first individual, HG008, including DNA from an adherent, epithelial-like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor cell line and matched normal cells from duodenal and pancreatic tissues. Data for the tumor-normal matched samples comes from seventeen distinct state-of-the-art whole genome measurement technologies, including high depth short and long-read bulk whole genome sequencing (WGS), single cell WGS, and Hi-C, and karyotyping. In future publications, these data will be used by the GIAB Consortium to develop matched tumor-normal benchmarks for somatic variant detection. We expect these data to facilitate innovation for whole genome measurement technologies, de novo assembly of tumor and normal genomes, and bioinformatic tools to identify small and structural somatic mutations. This first-of-its-kind broadly consented open-access resource will facilitate further understanding of sequencing methods used for cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikkink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doddapaneni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhangiani, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulin, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akeson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinsnyder, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingan, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayabyan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wescott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNul</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and extensive sequencing of a broadly-consented Genome in a Bottle matched tumor-normal pair for somatic benchmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMoRe GloS: An efficient and flexible framework for inferring global sensitivity of agent-based model parameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agent-based models (ABMs) have become essential tools for simulating complex biological, ecological, and social systems where emergent behaviors arise from the interactions among individual agents. Quantifying uncertainty through global sensitivity analysis is crucial for assessing the robustness and reliability of ABM predictions. However, most global sensitivity methods demand substantial computational resources, making them impractical for highly complex models. Here, we introduce SMoRe GloS (Surrogate Modeling for Recapitulating Global Sensitivity), a novel, computationally efficient method for performing global sensitivity analysis of ABMs. By leveraging explicitly formulated surrogate models, SMoRe GloS allows for comprehensive parameter space exploration and uncertainty quantification without sacrificing accuracy. We demonstrate our methods flexibility by applying it to two biological ABMs: a simple 2D cell proliferation assay and a complex 3D vascular tumor growth model. Our results show that SMoRe GloS is compatible with simpler methods like the Morris one-at-a-time method, and more computationally intensive variance-based methods like eFAST. SMoRe GloS accurately recovered global sensitivity indices in each case while achieving substantial speedups, completing analyses in minutes. In contrast, direct implementation of eFAST amounted to several days of CPU time for the complex ABM. Remarkably, our method also estimates sensitivities for ABM parameters representing processes not explicitly included in the surrogate model, further enhancing its utility. By making global sensitivity analysis feasible for computationally expensive models, SMoRe GloS opens up new opportunities for uncertainty quantification in complex systems, allowing for more in depth exploration of model behavior, thereby increasing confidence in model predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMoRe GloS: An efficient and flexible framework for inferring global sensitivity of agent-based model parameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau P301S Transgenic Mice Develop Gait and Eye Movement Impairments That Mimic Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated prevalence of 5-7 people in 100,000. Clinically characterized by impairments in gait, balance, and eye movements, as well as aggregated Tau pathology, PSP leads to death in approximately 5-8 years. No disease-modifying treatments are currently available. The contribution of Tau pathology to the symptoms of patients with PSP is poorly understood, in part due to lack of a rodent model that recapitulates characteristic aspects of PSP. Here, we assessed the hTau.P301S mouse for key clinical features of PSP, finding progressive impairments in balance and gait coordination. Additionally, we found impairments in fast vertical eye movements, one of the most distinctive features of PSP. Across animals, we found that Tau pathology in motor control regions correlated with motor deficits. These findings highlight the utility of the hP301S mouse in modeling key aspects of PSP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creed, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Lac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau P301S Transgenic Mice Develop Gait and Eye Movement Impairments That Mimic Progressive Supranuclear Palsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread brain activity increases in frontal lobe seizures with impaired consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired consciousness is a serious clinical manifestation of epilepsy with negative consequences on quality of life. Little work has investigated impaired consciousness in frontal lobe seizures, a common form of focal epilepsy. In temporal lobe seizures, previous studies showed widespread cortical slow waves associated with depressed subcortical arousal and impaired consciousness. However, in frontal lobe epilepsy, it is not known whether cortical slow waves are present, or whether a very different cortical activity pattern may be related to impaired consciousness.

We used intracranial EEG recordings of 65 frontal lobe seizures in 30 patients for quantitative analysis of ictal cortical activity and its relationship to impaired consciousness. Behavioral changes based on blinded review of seizure videos were used to classify focal aware, focal impaired awareness, and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Changes in intracranial EEG power from preictal baseline were analyzed in different cortical regions and across frequency ranges in these three categories.

We found that frontal lobe focal aware seizures showed approximately 40% increases in intracranial EEG power localized to the frontal lobe of seizure onset across frequency ranges, with relatively smaller changes in other cortical regions. Frontal lobe focal impaired awareness seizures showed approximately 50% increases in intracranial EEG power, not significantly different from focal aware seizures in the frontal lobe of seizure onset (P = 1.038), but significantly greater than focal aware seizures in other broad cortical regions (P < 0.001). Importantly, the widespread cortical increases in EEG power observed in focal impaired awareness versus focal aware seizures were seen not just in the frequency range of slow waves, but were also observed across other frequencies including fast activity. However, the widespread cortical increases in focal impaired awareness seizures differed from focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures where intracranial EEG power increased to a much higher level by approximately 600%. The large power increases in focal to bilateral tonic-clonic were significantly greater than in focal impaired awareness seizures both in the frontal lobe of seizure onset and in other cortical regions (P < 0.001).

Our findings contrast with focal temporal lobe epilepsy, where impaired consciousness is associated with cortical slow waves. We can speculate that different focal seizure types produce impaired consciousness by impacting widespread cortical regions but through different physiological mechanisms. Insights gained by studying mechanisms of impaired consciousness may be the first step towards developing novel treatments to prevent this important negative consequence of epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salardini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddiparti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebere, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arencibia, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakar, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaveri, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gober, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerrard, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread brain activity increases in frontal lobe seizures with impaired consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.613714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial multi-omics reveal intratumoral humoral immunity niches associated with tertiary lymphoid structures in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy pathologic responders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.613714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a rapidly progressing cancer that responds poorly to immunotherapies. Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) have been associated with rare long-term PDAC survivors, but the role of TLS in PDAC and their spatial relationships within the context of the broader tumor microenvironment remain unknown. We generated a spatial multi-omics atlas encompassing 26 PDAC tumors from patients treated with combination immunotherapies. Using machine learning-enabled H&E image classification models and unsupervised gene expression matrix factorization methods for spatial transcriptomics, we characterized cellular states within TLS niches spanning across distinct morphologies and immunotherapies. Unsupervised learning generated a TLS-specific spatial gene expression signature that significantly associates with improved survival in PDAC patients. These analyses demonstrate TLS-associated intratumoral B cell maturation in pathological responders, confirmed with spatial proteomics and BCR profiling. Our study also identifies spatial features of pathologic immune responses, revealing TLS maturation colocalizing with IgG/IgA distribution and extracellular matrix remodeling.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=188 SRC="FIGDIR/small/613714v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (69K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d5e1a5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d14012org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c57c6corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16baa56_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIIntegrated multi-modal spatial profiling of human PDAC tumors from neoadjuvant immunotherapy clinical trials reveal diverse spatial niches enriched in TLS.
C_LIO_LITLS maturity is influenced by tumor location and the cellular neighborhoods in which TLS immune cells are recruited.
C_LIO_LIUnsupervised machine learning of genome-wide signatures on spatial transcriptomics data characterizes the TLS-enriched TME and associates TLS transcriptomes with survival outcomes in PDAC.
C_LIO_LIInteractions of spatially variable gene expression patterns showed TLS maturation is coupled with immunoglobulin distribution and ECM remodeling in pathologic responders.
C_LIO_LIIntratumoral plasma cell and immunoglobin gene expression spatial dynamics demonstrate trafficking of TLS-driven humoral immunity in the PDAC TME.
C_LI

SignificanceWe report a spatial multi-omics atlas of PDAC tumors from a series of immunotherapy neoadjuvant clinical trials. Intratumorally, pathologic responders exhibit mature TLS that propagate plasma cells into malignant niches. Our findings offer insights on the role of TLS-associated humoral immunity and stromal remodeling during immunotherapy treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perikala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dequiedt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogurtsova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lvovs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.613714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial multi-omics reveal intratumoral humoral immunity niches associated with tertiary lymphoid structures in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy pathologic responders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SGLT2 inhibitors protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation through a CaMKII independent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been implicated as an important mediator of the increasingly evident cardioprotective benefits exerted by sodium- glucose transport protein 2 channel inhibitors (SGLT2i). However, the exact nature of the relationship between CaMKII and SGLT2i remains unclear. Here, we find that empagliflozin but not dapagliflozin attenuated susceptibility to atrial fibrillation (AF) in a type 2 diabetic (T2D) mouse model. However, both empagliflozin and dapagliflozin protected from diabetic cardiomyopathy in T2D mice. We then used real-time microscopy of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) with the CaMKII biosensor - CaMKAR to demonstrate that direct inhibition of CaMKII is not essential for the effects of SGLT2i in these cells. Therefore, we conclude that the benefits of SGLT2i in heart disease likely occur through indirect modulation of CaMKII activity, or possibly through an alternative pathway altogether.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkarim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SGLT2 inhibitors protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation through a CaMKII independent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular responses of hypercapnia challenge in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypercapnia challenge with a few percent of carbon dioxide is popularly used in physiological studies to investigate the dynamic vascular properties. A typical hypercapnia experiment can be divided into four phases: baseline (regular air), transition (CO2 enriched), hypercapnia (CO2 enriched), and recovery (regular air). Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), denoting the percentage of functional changes between baseline and hypercapnia phases, can be measured to assess vascular health. In this study, we focus on the transition and recovery phases to track the built-up of cerebral blood flow (CBF) increase induced by CO2-enriched gas and recovery of CBF after returning to regular air. Dynamic features were compared with those of another potent vasodilatory agent, acetazolamide. Our results reveal that 5 min is sufficiently long to ensure 95% built-up of CBF increase under 5% CO2, but it takes much longer to recover to baseline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular responses of hypercapnia challenge in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognition-Associated Protein Structural Changes in a Rat Model of Aging are Related to Reduced Refolding Capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive decline during aging represents a major societal burden, causing both personal and economic hardship in an increasingly aging population. There are a few well-known proteins that can misfold and aggregate in an age-dependent manner, such as amyloid {beta} and -synuclein. However, many studies have found that the proteostasis network, which functions to keep proteins properly folded, is impaired with age, suggesting that there may be many more proteins that incur structural alterations with age. Here, we used limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry (LiP-MS), a structural proteomic method, to globally interrogate protein conformational changes in a rat model of cognitive aging. Specifically, we compared soluble hippocampal proteins from aged rats with preserved cognition to those from aged rats with impaired cognition. We identified several hundred proteins as having undergone cognition-associated structural changes (CASCs). We report that CASC proteins are substantially more likely to be nonrefoldable than non-CASC proteins, meaning they typically cannot spontaneously refold to their native conformations after being chemically denatured. The potentially cofounding variable of post-translational modifications is systematically addressed, and we find that oxidation and phosphorylation cannot significantly explain the limited proteolysis signal. These findings suggest that noncovalent, conformational alterations may be general features in cognitive decline, and more broadly, that proteins need not form amyloids for their misfolded states to be relevant to age-related deterioration in cognitive abilities.

TEASERUp to 10% of rat hippocampal proteins can undergo structural changes that associate with age-related decline in spatial learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarbox, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognition-Associated Protein Structural Changes in a Rat Model of Aging are Related to Reduced Refolding Capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What has AlphaFold3 learned about antibody and nanobody docking, and what remains unsolved? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody therapeutic development is a major focus in healthcare. To accelerate drug development, significant efforts have been directed towards the in silico design and screening of antibodies for which high modeling accuracy is necessary. To probe AlphaFold3s (AF3) capabilities and limitations, we tested AF3s ability to capture the fine details and interplay between antibody structure prediction and antigen docking accuracy. With one seed, AF3 achieves an 11.0% and 11.4% high-accuracy docking success rate for antibodies and nanobodies, respectively, and a median unbound CDR H3 RMSD accuracy of 2.73 [A] and 2.30 [A]. CDR H3 accuracy boosts complex prediction accuracy, with antigen context improving CDR H3 accuracy, particularly for loops longer than 15 residues. Combining I-pLDDT with {Delta}GB improves discriminative power for correctly docked complexes. However, AF3s 60% failure rate for antibody and nanobody docking (with single seed sampling) demonstrates necessary refinement to improve antibody design endeavors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hitawala, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.21.614257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What has AlphaFold3 learned about antibody and nanobody docking, and what remains unsolved?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturally occurring variation in a cytochrome P450 modifies thiabendazole responses independent of beta-tubulin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread anthelmintic resistance has complicated the management of parasitic nematodes. Resistance to the benzimidazole (BZ) drug class is nearly ubiquitous in many species and is associated with mutations in beta-tubulin genes. However, mutations in beta-tubulin alone do not fully explain all BZ resistance. We performed a genome-wide association study using a genetically diverse panel of Caenorhabditis elegans strains to identify loci that contribute to resistance to the BZ drug thiabendazole (TBZ). We identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome V independent of all beta-tubulin genes and overlapping with two promising candidate genes, the cytochrome P450 gene cyp-35d1 and the nuclear hormone receptor nhr-176, identified by another mapping technique. Both genes were previously demonstrated to play a role in TBZ metabolism. NHR-176 binds TBZ and induces the expression of CYP-35D1, which metabolizes TBZ. We generated single gene deletions of nhr-176 and cyp-35d1 and found that both genes play a role in TBZ response. A predicted high-impact lysine-to-glutamate substitution at position 267 (K267E) in CYP-35D1 was identified in a sensitive parental strain, and reciprocal allele replacement strains in both genetic backgrounds were used to show that the lysine allele conferred increased TBZ resistance. Using competitive fitness assays, we found that neither allele is deleterious, but the lysine allele is selected in the presence of TBZ. Additionally, we found that the lysine allele significantly increased the rate of TBZ metabolism compared to the glutamate allele. Moreover, yeast expression assays showed that the lysine version of CYP-35D1 had twice the enzymatic activity of the glutamate allele. To connect our results to parasitic nematodes, we analyzed four Haemonchus contortus cytochrome P450 orthologs but did not find variation at the 267 position in fenbendazole-resistant populations. Overall, we confirmed that variation in this cytochrome P450 gene is the first locus independent of beta-tubulin to play a role in BZ resistance.

Author SummaryBenzimidazoles (BZs) are the most common drug class used to control parasitic nematodes, but because of overuse, resistance is widespread. The known genetic causes of BZ resistance are associated with mutations in beta-tubulin and are the most well understood of any anthelmintic class. However, BZ response varies significantly and differential levels of resistance likely require mutations in genes independent of beta-tubulin. We used the free-living model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to identify and characterize a novel cytochrome P450 gene, cyp-35d1, associated with natural resistance to the BZ drug thiabendazole (TBZ). We demonstrated that a lysine at position 267 confers TBZ resistance and is selected over multiple generations after TBZ treatment. This allele significantly increased the rate of TBZ metabolism in both C. elegans and yeast. In conclusion, we have characterized the role of variation in a cytochrome P450 that contributes to TBZ resistance, independent of mutations in beta-tubulin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilks, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahnel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sihuta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilleard, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturally occurring variation in a cytochrome P450 modifies thiabendazole responses independent of beta-tubulin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global diversity of soil-transmitted helminths reveals population-biased genetic variation that impacts diagnostic targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are intestinal pathogens affecting over a billion people worldwide. STH control relies on microsopy-based diagnostics to monitor parasite prevalence and enable post-treatment surveillance, however, molecular diagnostics are rapidly being developed due to increased sensitivity, particularly in low-STH-prevalence settings. The genetic diversity of helminths and its potential impact on molecular diagnostics remains unclear. Using low-coverage genome sequencing, we assessed the presence of STHs in worm, faecal and purified egg samples from 27 countries, identifying differences in the genetic connectivity and diversity of STH-positive samples across regions and cryptic diversity between closely related human- and pig-infective species. We defined substancial copy number and sequence variants in current diagnostic targets and validated the impact of genetic variants on qPCR diagnostics using in vitro assays. Our study provides insights into the diversity and genomic epidemiology of STHs, highlighting challenges and opportunities for developing molecular diagnostics needed to support STH control efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papaiakovou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waeschenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajibola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajjampur, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambra Pelleja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caro, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimino, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandasegui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau Pujol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibikounle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjetland, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krolewiecki, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levecke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luty, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandomando, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Valladares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekonnen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mpairwe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchisse, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwinzi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novela, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odiere, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacoor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witek</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global diversity of soil-transmitted helminths reveals population-biased genetic variation that impacts diagnostic targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolving organogenesis in space and time via spatial transcriptomics in thick tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ development is guided by a space-time landscape that constraints cell behavior. This landscape is challenging to characterize for the hair follicle - the most abundant mini organ - due to its complex microscopic structure and asynchronous development. We developed 3DEEP, a tissue clearing and spatial transcriptomic strategy for characterizing tissue blocks up to 400 {micro}m in thickness. We captured 371 hair follicles at different stages of organogenesis in 1 mm3 of skin of a 12-hour-old mouse with 6 million transcripts from 81 genes. From this single time point, we deconvoluted follicles by age based on whole-organ molecular pseudotimes to animate a stop-motion 3D atlas of follicle development along its trajectory. We defined molecular stages for hair follicle organogenesis and characterized the order of emergence for its structures, differential signaling dynamics at its top and bottom, morphogen shifts preceding and accompanying structural changes, and series of structural changes leading to the formation of its canal and opening. We further found that hair follicle stem cells and their niche are established and stratified early in organogenesis, before the formation of the hair bulb. Overall, this work demonstrates the power of increased depth of spatial transcriptomics to provide a four-dimensional analysis of organogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolving organogenesis in space and time via spatial transcriptomics in thick tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why do we have so many excitatory neurons? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emerging electron microscopy connectome datasets provides connectivity maps of the brains at single cell resolution, enabling us to estimate various network statistics, such as connectedness. We desire the ability to assess how the functional complexity of these networks depends on these network statistics. To this end, we developed an analysis pipeline and a statistic, XORness, which quantifies the functional complexity of these networks with varying network statistics. We illustrate that actual connectomes have high XORness, as do generated connectomes with the same network statistics, suggesting a normative role for functional complexity in guiding the evolution of connectomes, and providing clues to guide the development of artificial neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why do we have so many excitatory neurons?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting CCRL2 enhances therapeutic outcomes in a tuberculosis mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the leading infectious causes of death. Due to the limited number of antimicrobials in the TB drug discovery pipeline, interest has developed in host-directed approaches to improve TB treatment outcomes. C-C motif chemokine-like receptor 2 (CCRL2) is a unique seven-transmembrane domain receptor that is upregulated by inflammatory signals and mediates leucocyte migration. However, little is known about its role in the setting of TB infection. Here, we show that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection increases CCRL2 protein expression in macrophages and in mouse lungs. To target selectively CCRL2-expressing cells in vivo, we developed a novel mouse anti-CCRL2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) linked with the cytotoxic drug SG3249. We tested its adjunctive therapeutic efficacy against TB when combined with the first-line regimen for drug-susceptible TB (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol; RHZE). The anti-CCRL2 ADC treatment potentiated RHZE efficacy in Mtb-infected mice and decreased gross lung inflammation. CCRL2 expression in lung dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages was lower in mice receiving anti-CCRL2 ADC treatment + RHZE compared to those receiving RHZE alone or the control group, although the total innate cell populations did not differ across treatment groups. Interestingly, neutrophils were completely absent in the anti-CCRL2 ADC treatment + RHZE group, unlike in the other treatment groups. IFN-{gamma}+ and IL17-A+ T-cell responses, which are associated with optimal TB control, were also elevated in the anti-CCRL2 ADC treatment + RHZE group. Collectively, our findings suggest that CCRL2-targeting approaches may improve TB treatment outcomes, possibly through selective killing of Mtb-infected innate immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmenda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karantanos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting CCRL2 enhances therapeutic outcomes in a tuberculosis mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.615072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetically encoded fluorescent sensor enables sensitive and specific detection of IDH mutant associated oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.615072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) is an oncometabolite that accumulates due to mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2). D-2-HG may be used as a surrogate marker for IDH1/2 mutant cancers, yet simple and specific methods for D-2-HG detection are limited. Here, we present the development and characterization of a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor of D-2-HG (D2HGlo). D2HGlo responds to clinically relevant concentrations of D-2-HG, demonstrates exceptional selectivity and can quantify D-2-HG in various body fluids and glioma tumor supernatants. Additionally, analysis of tumor lysates using D2HGlo accurately predicted the IDH mutational status of gliomas. Collectively, these results suggest that D2HGlo may be an in vitro diagnostic device for the detection and monitoring of IDH mutant cancers through liquid biopsies. In addition to D2HGlos clinical utility, we also present preliminary findings for its adaptation to the cellular environment. To assess D-2-HG production in living immortalized glioma cells, we engineered D2HGlo sensors that localize to subcellular compartments, which yielded findings of elevated D-2-HG in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nucleus of IDH1 mutant cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konickson, W. W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamson, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, E. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.615072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetically encoded fluorescent sensor enables sensitive and specific detection of IDH mutant associated oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.615085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gestational arsenite exposure alters maternal postpartum heart size and induces Ca2+ handling dysregulation in cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.615085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the US. Studies suggest a role for environmental exposures in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, including exposure to arsenic through drinking water. Arsenic exposure during pregnancy has been shown to have effects on offspring, but few studies have examined impacts on maternal cardiovascular health. While our prior work documented the detrimental effect of arsenic on the maternal heart during pregnancy, our current study examines the effect of gestational arsenic exposure on the maternal heart postpartum. Timed-pregnant wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice were exposed to 0, 100 or 1000 {micro}g/L sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) via drinking water from embryonic day 2.5 (E2.5) until parturition. Postpartum heart structure and function was assessed via transthoracic echocardiography and gravimetric measurement. Hypertrophic markers were probed via qRT-PCR and western blot. Isolated cardiomyocyte Ca2+-handling and contraction were also assessed, and expression of proteins associated with Ca2+ handling and contraction. Interestingly, we found that exposure to either 100 or 1000 {micro}g/L sodium arsenite increased postpartum heart size at P12 vs. non-exposed postpartum controls. At the cellular level, we found altered cardiomyocyte Ca2+-handling and contraction. We also found altered expression of key contractile proteins, including -Actin and cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-c). Together, these findings suggest that gestational arsenic exposure impacts the postpartum maternal heart, possibly inducing long-term cardiovascular changes. Furthermore, these findings highlight the importance of reducing arsenic exposure during pregnancy, and the need for more research on the impact of arsenic and other environmental exposures on maternal heart health and adverse pregnancy events.

New & NoteworthyGestational exposure to sodium arsenite at environmentally relevant doses (100 and 1000 {micro}g/L) increases postpartum heart size, and induces dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis and impaired shortening in isolated cardiomyocytes. This is the first study to demonstrate that gestational arsenic exposure impacts postpartum heart structure and function beyond the exposure period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taube, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenebe-Kasonde, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbus-Grant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam El Din, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.615085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gestational arsenite exposure alters maternal postpartum heart size and induces Ca2+ handling dysregulation in cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal therapies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Systematic review, synthesis, and implications for global accessibility to care 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of neurodevelopmental morbidity in term infants worldwide. Incidence of HIE is highest in low and middle-income communities with minimal access to neonatal intensive care and an underdeveloped infrastructure for advanced neurologic interventions. Moreover, therapeutic hypothermia, standard of care for HIE in high resourced settings, is shown to be ineffective in low and middle-income communities. With their low cost, ease of administration, and capacity to potently target the central nervous system, intranasal therapies pose a unique opportunity to be a more globally accessible treatment for neonatal HIE. Intranasal experimental therapeutics have been studied in both rodent and piglet models, but no intranasal therapeutics for neonatal HIE have undergone human clinical trials. Additional research must be done to expand the array of treatments available for use as intranasal therapies for neonatal HIE thus improving the neurologic outcomes of infants worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollinger, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbill, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northington, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal therapies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Systematic review, synthesis, and implications for global accessibility to care]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HuBMAPR: an R Client for the HuBMAP Data Portal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) constructs the worldwide available platform to research the human body at the cellular level. The HuBMAP Data Portal encompasses a wide range of data resources measured on emerging experimental technologies at a spatial resolution. To broaden access to the HuBMAP Data Portal, we introduce an R client called HuBMAPR available on Bioconductor. This gives an efficient and programmatic interface, enabling researchers to discover and retrieve HuBMAP data easier and faster.

AvailabilityThis package is available on GitHub (https://github.com/christinehou11/HuBMAPR) and has been submitted to Bioconductor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazanfar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HuBMAPR: an R Client for the HuBMAP Data Portal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified Sampling and Ranking for Protein Docking with DFMDock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent diffusion-based approaches to protein-protein docking typically decouple structure generation from decoy ranking. We introduce DFMDock (Denoising Force Matching for Docking), a unified diffusion model that integrates generative sampling and energy-based ranking through physically motivated supervision. DFMDock predicts both denoising forces and a scalar energy, trained using force matching and energy contrastive objectives. The predicted forces guide the reverse diffusion process, while the energy enables decoy ranking without relying on a separately trained confidence model. On the Docking Benchmark 5, DFMDock achieves a 32.8% Oracle success rate and 5.3% Top-1 success rate, outperforming DiffDock-PP (16.2% and 4.3%, respectively). Unlike co-folding models, DFM-Dock does not require MSAs and generalizes to unseen targets. In decoy ranking, its learned energy function outperforms Rosetta energy and model-derived confidence scores, producing funnel-shaped energy landscapes enriched for near-native structures. These results suggest DFMDock as an efficient and physically grounded approach to diffusion-based protein docking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified Sampling and Ranking for Protein Docking with DFMDock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Water Relaxation Atlas for Age and Region specific Metabolite Concentration Correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolite concentration estimates from Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) are typically quantified using water referencing, correcting for relaxation-time differences between metabolites and water. One common approach is to correct the water reference signal for differential relaxation within three tissue compartments (gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid) using fixed literature values. However, water relaxation times (T1 and T2) vary between brain locations, in pathology, and with age. MRS studies, even those measuring metabolite levels across the lifespan, often ignore these effects, because of a lack of reference data. The purpose of this study is to develop a water relaxometry atlas and to integrate location- and age-appropriate relaxation values into the MRS analysis workflow. 101 volunteers (51 men, 50 women; [~]10 male and 10 female participants per decade (from the 20s to 60s), were recruited. T1-weighted MPRAGE images ((1-mm)3 isotropic resolution) were acquired. Whole-brain water T1 and T2 measurements were made with DESPOT ((1.4 mm)3 isotropic resolution). T1 and T2 maps were registered to the JHU MNI-SS/EVE atlas using affine and LDDMM transformation. The atlass 268 parcels were reduced to 130 by combining homologous parcels. Mean T1 and T2 values were calculated for each parcel in each subject. Linear models of T1 and T2 as functions of age were computed, using age - 30 as the predictor. Reference atlases of "age-30-intercept" and age-slope for T1 and T2 were generated. The atlas-based workflow was integrated into Osprey, which co-registers MRS voxels to the atlas and calculates location- and age-appropriate water relaxation parameters for quantification.

The water relaxation aging atlas revealed significant regional and tissue differences in water relaxation behavior across adulthood. Using location- and subject-appropriate reference values in the MRS analysis workflow removes a current methodological limitation and is expected to reduce quantification biases associated with water-referenced tissue correction, especially for studies of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simegn, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musaka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceritoglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnanather, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Water Relaxation Atlas for Age and Region specific Metabolite Concentration Correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosomal hyper-acidification via proton-activated chloride channel deletion in neurons impairs AMPA receptor endocytosis and LTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosomal homeostasis is critical for neuronal function, including the post-synaptic trafficking of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). Dynamic AMPAR trafficking is a major component of synaptic plasticity, such as hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) and is thought to be required for learning and memory. Dramatic alteration of endosomal pH has been reported to negatively affect synaptic transmission and neural development, but the underlying mechanisms by which pH is involved in AMPAR trafficking are unclear. Here, we show that the proton-activated chloride (PAC) channel localizes to early and recycling endosomes along neuronal dendrites and prevents hyper-acidification of endosomes. To directly measure AMPAR endocytosis, we used a new method to assess LTD using HaloTag-GluA2 and found that the loss of PAC reduces AMPAR internalization during chemical LTD in primary neurons, while AMPAR trafficking in unstimulated cells or during chemical LTP is unaffected. Consistently, pyramidal neuron-specific PAC knockout mice had impaired hippocampal LTD, but not LTP, and performed poorly in the Morris water maze reversal test, exhibiting an inability to adapt to changing environments (also referred to as behavioral flexibility). We conclude that proper maintenance of pH by PAC is important during LTD to regulate AMPAR trafficking in a manner critical for animal physiology and behavior.

SummaryThe ability to adapt to changing environments stems from the plasticity of neurons, which can modulate their synaptic strength in response to neural activity. We discovered a novel mechanism by which an endosomal proton-activated chloride channel (PAC) is involved in synaptic weakening, or long-term depression (LTD). To improve tools used to study LTD, we developed a live-cell imaging assay to directly observe -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. PAC-deficient neurons have hyper-acidified endosomes and fail to endocytose AMPARs during LTD. Neuron-specific PAC knockout mice have impaired hippocampal LTD and fail to adapt to changes in their environment. The role of endosomal pH in synaptic function is understudied, and our results provide a novel mechanism whereby PAC can affect synaptic LTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koylass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosomal hyper-acidification via proton-activated chloride channel deletion in neurons impairs AMPA receptor endocytosis and LTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.28.615606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early hominin arrival in Southeast Asia triggered the evolution of major human malaria vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.28.615606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolution of anthropophily, the preference of mosquitoes to feed on humans, offers insights into current and future human disease transmission. Some species of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes in Southeast Asia are highly anthropophilic and efficient vectors of human malaria parasites, while others primarily feed on non-human primates and transmit non-human primate malaria parasites. Through phylogenomic analysis of 11 out of 20 recognized species, we studied the biogeography and evolutionary history of anthropophily in this group. Molecular dating and ancestral state reconstruction revealed that anthropophily evolved during the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene in Sundaland, likely in response to early hominins. This finding provides independent non-archaeological evidence supporting the limited fossil record of early hominin colonization in Southeast Asia around 1.8 million years ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbach, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hii, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somboon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomfield, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.28.615606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early hominin arrival in Southeast Asia triggered the evolution of major human malaria vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) augments cuticular melanization in Anopheles mosquitos while reducing their lifespan and malaria parasite burden 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a naturally occurring tyrosine derivative, is prevalent in environments that include mosquito habitats, potentially serving as part of their diet. Given its role as a precursor for melanin synthesis we investigate the effect of dietary L-DOPA on mosquito physiology and immunity to Plasmodium falciparum and Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Dietary L-DOPA is incorporated into mosquito melanin via a non-canonical pathway and has a profound transcriptional effect associated with enhanced immunity, increased pigmentation, and reduced lifespan. Increased melanization results in an enhanced capacity to absorb electromagnetic radiation that affects mosquito temperatures. Bacteria in the mosquito microbiome act as sources of dopamine, a substrate for melanization. Our results illustrate how an environmentally abundant amino acid analogue can affect mosquito physiology and suggest its potential usefulness as an environmentally friendly vector control agent to reduce malaria transmission, warranting further research and field studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraiva, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartshorn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino-Medina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) augments cuticular melanization in Anopheles mosquitos while reducing their lifespan and malaria parasite burden]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative sacrificial 3D printing and polymer casting to create complex vascular grafts and multi-compartment bioartificial organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several emerging strategies to engineer artificial organs employ 3D printing to create vascular templates to provide nutrients and oxygen to immobilized cells. Significant challenges emerge when considering clinical implementation such as immune rejection of allogeneic cell sources, as well as achieving adequate perfusion and integration with endogenous vasculature. We propose a method by which cell-laden hydrogels are molded around ready-made polymeric vascular templates created via 3D printing to create human-scale artificial organs with internal vasculature. We applied this technique to create bioartificial pancreas systems with up to 9 internal flow channels via sacrificial carbohydrate glass 3D printing, porogen-loaded polycarbonate polyurethane dip-coating, followed by casting cell-laden hydrogels around the vascular templates. We optimized porogen size and concentration to maximise the porosity of our scaffolds without compromising mechanical properties, resulting in suture retention strength and compliance respectively matching commercial vascular grafts and native vessels. Bioreactor perfusion studies showed survival and maturation of stem cell derived pancreatic islets without significant differences to traditional suspension culture protocols. Insulin response dynamics were rapid in response to a glucose challenge at the perfusion inlet. Transplantation of the devices as iliac arteriovenous shunts in nondiabetic pigs confirmed safety and patency. These results show promise for the development of an implantable vascularized pancreas for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and demonstrate how bioartificial organs with engineered vascular geometries can be designed for translational applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brassard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidharthan, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orimi, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vdovenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rioux, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeun, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieffer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchervenkov, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begin-Drolet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leask, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraskevas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoesli, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative sacrificial 3D printing and polymer casting to create complex vascular grafts and multi-compartment bioartificial organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of ligand binding on VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 localization in human endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) bind to cognate ligands to facilitate signaling pathways critical for angiogenesis, the growth of new capillaries from existing vasculature. Intracellular trafficking regulates the availability of receptors on the cell surface to bind ligands, which regulate activation, and the movement of activated receptors between the surface and intracellular pools, where they can initiate different signaling pathways. Using experimental data and computational modeling, we recently demonstrated and quantified the differential trafficking of three VEGF receptors, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and coreceptor Neuropilin-1 (NRP1). Here, we expand that approach to quantify how the binding of different VEGF ligands alters the trafficking of these VEGF receptors and demonstrate the consequences of receptor localization and ligand binding on the localization and dynamics of signal initiation complexes. We include simulations of four different splice isoforms of VEGF-A and PLGF, each of which binds to different combinations of the VEGF receptors, and we use new experimental data for two of these ligands to parameterize and validate our model. We show that VEGFR2 trafficking is altered in response to ligand binding, but that trafficking of VEGFR1 is not; we also show that the altered trafficking can be explained by a single mechanistic process, increased internalization of the VEGFR2 receptor when bound to ligand; other processes are unaffected. We further show that even though the canonical view of receptor tyrosine kinases is of activation on the cell surface, most of the ligand-receptor complexes for both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 are intracellular. We also explore the competition between the receptors for ligand binding, the so-called  decoy effect, and show that while in vitro on the cell surface minimal such effect would be observed, inside the cell the effect can be substantial and may influence signaling. We term this location dependence the  reservoir effect as the size of the local ligand reservoir (large outside the cell, small inside the cell) plays an integral role in the receptor-receptor competition. These results expand our understanding of receptor-ligand trafficking dynamics and are critical for the design of therapeutic agents to regulate ligand availability to VEGFR1 and hence VEGF receptor signaling in angiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinghorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs-Kasa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of ligand binding on VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 localization in human endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Branched actin polymerization drives invasive protrusion formation to promote myoblast fusion during skeletal muscle regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a multistep process involving the activation, proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells. The fusion of satellite cell-derived mononucleated muscle cells (SCMs) is indispensable for the generation of multinucleated, contractile myofibers during muscle repair. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying SCM fusion during muscle regeneration remain poorly understood. In this study, we uncovered an essential role for branched actin polymerization in SCM fusion. Using conditional knockouts of the Arp2/3 complex and its actin nucleation-promoting factors, N-WASP and WAVE, we demonstrated that branched actin polymerization is required for the SCM fusion, but not for satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. We showed that the N-WASP and WAVE complexes have partially redundant functions in regulating SCM fusion. Furthermore, we revealed that branched actin polymerization is essential for generating invasive protrusions at the fusogenic synapses in SCMs. Taken together, our study has identified new components of the myoblast fusion machinery in skeletal muscle regeneration and demonstrated a critical role for branched actin-propelled invasive protrusions in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habela, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Branched actin polymerization drives invasive protrusion formation to promote myoblast fusion during skeletal muscle regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced kinase translocation reporters for simultaneous real-time measurement of PKA, ERK, and Ca2+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinase translocation reporters (KTRs) are powerful tools for single-cell measurement of time-integrated kinase activity but suffer from restricted dynamic range and limited sensitivity, particularly in neurons. To address these limitations, we developed enhanced KTRs (eKTRs) for protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) that display high sensitivity, rapid response kinetics, broad dynamic range, cell type-specific tuning, and an ability to detect PKA and ERK activity in primary sensory neurons. Moreover, co-expression of optically separable eKTRs for PKA and ERK revealed the kinetics of expected and unexpected crosstalk between PKA, ERK, protein kinase C, and calcium signaling pathways, demonstrating the utility of eKTRs for live cell monitoring of diverse and interacting signaling pathways. These results open the door to improved live-cell and in vivo measurements of key signaling pathways in neurons, while at the same time demonstrating the importance of KTR size and NLS strength to KTR dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabbs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geske, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced kinase translocation reporters for simultaneous real-time measurement of PKA, ERK, and Ca2+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age dependency of neurometabolite T1 relaxation times 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo measure T1 relaxation times of metabolites at 3T in a healthy aging population and investigate age dependence.

MethodsA cohort of 101 healthy adults were recruited with approximately 10 male and 10 female participants in each  decade band: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60+ years old. Inversion-recovery PRESS data (TE/TR: 30/2000 ms) were acquired at 8 inversion times (TIs) (300, 400, 511, 637, 780, 947, 1148 and 1400 ms) from voxels in white-matter-rich centrum semiovale (CSO) and gray-matter-rich posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Modeling of TI-series spectra was performed in Osprey 2.5.0. Quantified metabolite amplitudes for total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA2.0), total creatine at 3.0 ppm (tCr3.0) and 3.9 ppm (tCr3.9), total choline (tCho), myo-inositol (mI), and the sum of glutamine and glutamate (Glx) were modeled to calculate T1 relaxation times of metabolites.

ResultsT1 relaxation times of tNAA2.0 in CSO and tNAA2.0, tCr3.0, mI and Glx in PCC decreased with age. These correlations remained significant when controlling for cortical atrophy. T1 relaxation times were significantly different between PCC and CSO for all metabolites except tCr3.0. We also propose linear models for predicting metabolite T1s at 3T to be used in future aging studies.

ConclusionMetabolite T1 relaxation times change significantly with age, an effect that will be important to consider for accurate quantitative MRS, particularly in studies of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simegn, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age dependency of neurometabolite T1 relaxation times]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MORC-1 is a key component of the C. elegans CSR-1 germline gene licensing mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Argonaute CSR-1 is essential for germline development in C. elegans. Mutation of csr-1 downregulates thousands of germline-expressed genes, leading to the model that the CSR-1-mediated small RNA pathway promotes, or "licenses," gene expression by an unknown mechanism. CSR-1 also silences a limited number of genes through its canonical endonucleolytic "slicer" activity. We show that the GHKL-type ATPase MORC-1, a CSR-1 slicing target, over-accumulates at CSR-1 "licensed" target genes in csr-1(-), which correlates with ectopic gain of H3K9me3, H3K36me3 loss, and gene downregulation. Loss of morc-1 rescues csr-1(-) defects, while overexpressing MORC-1 in the germline of wild-type worms is sufficient to cause sterility and downregulate CSR-1 targets. These results show that MORC-1 overexpression in csr-1(-) is a primary driver of the CSR-1-mediated gene licensing mechanism.

One-Sentence SummaryMORC-1 acts downstream of CSR-1 to regulate germline chromatin states and is a key component of the gene licensing mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirshner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakhnovetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Mouridi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frokjaer-Jensen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MORC-1 is a key component of the C. elegans CSR-1 germline gene licensing mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.614851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the clinical manifestation of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.614851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONSex differences are apparent in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not been comprehensively characterized in frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

METHODSParticipants included 337 adults with autosomal dominant FTD enrolled in the ALLFTD Consortium. Clinical assessments and plasma were collected annually for up to six years. Linear mixed-effects models investigated how sex and disease stage associated with longitudinal trajectories of cognition, function, and neurofilament light chain (NfL).

RESULTSWhile sex differences were not apparent at asymptomatic stages, females showed more rapid declines across all outcomes in symptomatic stages compared to males. In asymptomatic participants, the association between baseline NfL and clinical trajectories was weaker in females versus males, a difference that attenuated in symptomatic participants.

DISCUSSIONIn genetic FTD, females show cognitive resilience in early disease stages followed by steeper clinical declines later in disease. Baseline NfL may be a less sensitive prognostic tool for clinical progression in females with FTD-causing mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Memel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staffaroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan-Gala, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Castro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeBunte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwallader, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorno-Tempini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff-Radford, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayram, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleby, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrucelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forseberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeve, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brushaber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domoto-Reilly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademakers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masdeu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.614851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the clinical manifestation of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A three-country analysis of the gut microbiome indicates taxon associations with diet vary by location and strain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging research suggests that diet plays a vital role in shaping the composition and function of the gut microbiota. While significant efforts have been made to identify general patterns linking diet to the gut microbiome, much of this research lacks representation from low- and middle-income countries such as Mexico. Additionally, both diet and the gut microbiome have highly complex and individualized configurations, and there is growing evidence that tailoring diets to individual gut microbiota profiles may optimize the path toward improving or maintaining health and preventing disease. Using fecal metagenomic data from 1,291 individuals across three countries, we examine two bacterial genera prevalent in the human gut, Prevotella and Faecalibacterium, which have gained significant attention due to their potential roles in human health. We find that they show significant associations with many aspects of diet, but that these associations vary in scale and direction, depending on the level of metagenomic resolution and the contextual population. These results highlight the growing importance of assembling metagenomic datasets that are standardized, comprehensive, and representative of diverse populations to increase our ability to tease apart the complex relationship between diet and the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khatib, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilmore, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birmingham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowinski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribelhorn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders-Bodai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeselers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veiga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tap, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derrien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutnikova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotillard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovar, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arteaga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A three-country analysis of the gut microbiome indicates taxon associations with diet vary by location and strain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the deep phylogeny of the MAPK signaling network: functional specialization via multi-tier coevolutionary expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling network is a three-tier cascade that regulates key cellular responses in eukaryotes. However, the evolutionary origins of its complex interactions and functional diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of MAPK components across Eukarya to delineate divergences of non-human orthologs of human paralogs along the human evolutionary backbone. We identified two major pulses of coevolutionary expansion: one predating the divergence of fungi and animals, and another predating the origin of animals. Our reconstruction also infers a polyphyletic origin for the atypical MAPKs. Integrating functional literature across eukaryotic taxa with our reconstructed trees reveals that the two clades of MAP3K, Sterile-like (STE) and tyrosine kinase-like (TKL), had distinct evolutionary trajectories and influences on downstream pathway diversification. STEs that function as MAP3Ks are conserved across extant eukaryotes. Despite the absence of TKL MAP3Ks in many early diverging eukaryotes, the expansion of TKL MAP3Ks aligns phylogenetically and functionally with that of the downstream MAP2Ks and MAPKs. We thus propose that the MAPK network originated as a STE-regulated pathway, and that subsequent radiations of the TKLs drove the diversification of downstream components and top-down finetuning of pathway specificity. We thus provide an evolutionary framework for generating novel hypotheses on the functional diversity of this key signaling network, including potential insights into the evolution of animal multicellularity. Our study demonstrates that phylogenetics can offer new perspectives towards understanding complex cellular physiology.

SignificanceThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling network responds to various signals and regulates basic cell physiology including proliferation and apoptosis. This three-tier network is universal in eukaryotes, but there is great functional diversity among different homologs as well as different taxa. Here we compared amino acid sequences to reconstruct MAPK evolutionary history as a network. We found that the three levels expand in parallel, showcasing a special case of coevolution. Two distinct pulses of network expansion predate the origin of animals, indicating that the functional diversity of human MAPK network proteins originate from ancient evolutionary radiations. Together, our study provides a critical look at the deep history of this important network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parksong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bever, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the deep phylogeny of the MAPK signaling network: functional specialization via multi-tier coevolutionary expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inducible and reversible system to regulate unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In animals, these lipids are synthesized from saturated fatty acids through the action of delta 9 ({Delta}9) desaturases. In C. elegans, three {Delta}9 desaturases are encoded by the genes fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. The presence of multiple {Delta}9 desaturases has posed a significant challenge in developing a rapid and efficient approach to control UFA production in C. elegans and other model organisms. Utilizing the auxin-inducible degradation system, we specifically targeted the C. elegans fat-7 gene, responsible for the major stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), while deleting fat-5 and fat-6. This design resulted in a strain that can be reversibly depleted of UFAs in the cells of interest. Conditional depletion in all somatic cells exhibited a pronounced auxin-dependent defect in UFA production. Using this system, we uncovered an essential requirement for de novo UFA production during L1 and L2 stage. Moreover, our results support a direct connection between UFA levels, fat storage and increased lipid turnover. This system will enable further studies exploring the cellular and physiological consequences of impairing UFA biosynthesis at different developmental stages or in specific tissues.

SummaryUnsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are essential for life. In animals, UFAs are synthesized by {Delta}9 desaturase enzymes. Caenorhabditis elegans possesses three {Delta}9 desaturase genes: fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. We engineered a strain where fat-7 can be reversibly switched off while fat-5 and fat-6 are deleted, allowing precise control of UFA levels throughout the life cycle. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of UFA biosynthesis in early development and its direct link to fat storage and lipid turnover. This strain enables the study of UFA-related physiological and pathological processes in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Battista, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cravero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaiacovo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochella, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mendoza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inducible and reversible system to regulate unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fully Hyperbolic Neural Networks: A Novel Approach to Studying Aging Trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing age-related alterations in brain networks is crucial for understanding aging trajectories and identifying deviations indicative of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers disease. In this study, we developed a Fully Hyperbolic Neural Network (FHNN) to embed functional brain connectivity graphs derived from magnetoencephalography (MEG) data into low dimensions on a Lorentz model of hyperbolic space. Using this model, we computed hyperbolic embeddings of the MEG brain networks of 587 individuals from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) dataset. Notably, we leveraged a unique metric--the radius of the node embeddings--which effectively captures the hierarchical organization of the brain, to characterize subtle hierarchical organizational changes in various brain subnetworks attributed to the aging process. Our findings revealed that a considerable number of subnetworks exhibited a reduction in hierarchy during aging, with some showing gradual changes and others undergoing rapid transformations in the elderly. Moreover, we demonstrated that hyperbolic features outperform traditional graph-theoretic measures in capturing age-related information in brain networks. Overall, our study represents the first evaluation of hyperbolic embeddings in MEG brain networks for studying aging trajectories, shedding light on critical regions undergoing significant age-related alterations in the large cohort of the Cam-CAN dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabarelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancaccio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardinelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fully Hyperbolic Neural Networks: A Novel Approach to Studying Aging Trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning sparse reaction-diffusion models from stochastic dynamics and spatiotemporal patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pattern-forming stochastic systems arise throughout biology, with dynamic molecular waves observed in biochemical networks regulating critical cellular processes. Modeling these reaction-diffusion systems using handcrafted stochastic partial differential equations (PDEs) requires extensive trial-and-error tuning. Data-driven approaches for improved modeling are needed but have been hindered by data scarcity and noise. Here, we present a solution to the inverse problem of learning stochastic reaction-diffusion models from limited data by optimizing two spatiotemporal features: (1) stochastic dynamics and (2) spatiotemporal patterns. Combined with sparsity enforcement, this method identifies novel activator-inhibitor models with interpretable structure. We demonstrate robust learning from simulations of excitable systems with varying data scarcity, as well as noisy live-cell imaging data with low temporal resolution and a single observed biomolecule. This generalizable approach to learning governing stochastic PDEs enhances our ability to model and understand complex spatiotemporal systems from limited, real-world data.

TeaserThis machine learning approach estimates stochastic PDE models using noisy, scarce data from simulations and live-cell imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abubaker-Sharif, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning sparse reaction-diffusion models from stochastic dynamics and spatiotemporal patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female-germline specific protein Sakura interacts with Otu and is crucial for germline stem cell renewal and differentiation and oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During oogenesis, self-renewal and differentiation of germline stem cells (GSCs) must be tightly regulated. The Drosophila female germline serves as an excellent model for studying these regulatory mechanisms. Here, we report that a previously uncharacterized gene CG14545, which we named sakura, is essential for oogenesis and female fertility in Drosophila. Sakura is predominantly expressed in the ovaries, particularly in the germline cells, including GSCs. sakura null mutant female flies display rudimentary ovaries with germline-less and tumorous phenotypes, fail to produce eggs, and are completely sterile. The germline-specific depletion of sakura impairs Dpp/BMP signaling, leading to aberrant bag-of-marbles (bam) expression, resulting in faulty differentiation and loss of GSCs. sakura is also necessary for normal levels of piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) levels and for female-specific splicing of sex-lethal (sxl), a master regulator of sex identity determination. We identified Ovarian Tumor (Otu) as a protein binding partner of Sakura and found that loss of otu phenocopies loss of sakura in ovaries. Thus, we identify Sakura as a crucial factor for GSC renewal and differentiation and oogenesis, and propose that Sakura and Otu function together in these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukunaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female-germline specific protein Sakura interacts with Otu and is crucial for germline stem cell renewal and differentiation and oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.616993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separate timescales for spatial and anatomical information processing during action observation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.616993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Observing different body stimuli can influence the speed and accuracy of our responses. Prior work indicates this effect is influenced by factors such as spatial congruence and perspective. We hypothesized that the influence of these factors would vary depending on the amount of time that participants had to process visual stimuli. Experiment 1 was a reaction time task (n=29) with stimuli varying in spatial congruence (congruent, incongruent, neutral), perspective (first- or third-person) and stimulus type (body or control). Experiment 2 (n=50) used the same stimuli in a "Forced Response" paradigm, which controlled the time participants had to prepare a response. This allowed us to assess responses as a function of preparation time. Experiment 1 showed effects of spatial congruence, with longer reaction times and more errors for spatially incongruent stimuli. This effect was greater for body stimuli. Experiment 2 showed that spatial information was processed faster than anatomical information, inducing incorrect responses at short preparation times for spatially incongruent body stimuli. There was little-to-no corresponding effect for control stimuli. Both experiments also showed weak-to-no effects of perspective, which appear to have been driven by spatial congruence. Our results indicate that spatial information is processed faster than anatomical information during observation of body stimuli. These data are consistent with the dual visual streams hypothesis, whereby spatial information would be processed rapidly via the dorsal stream, while anatomical processing would occur later via the ventral stream. These data also indicate differences in processing between body and control stimuli.

Public significance statementsThis study provides novel insight into the time-course of information processing, showing that spatial information is processed faster than anatomical information for body stimuli. The results also challenge the established view that visual perspective is critical to process body stimuli, demonstrating that this may instead result from lower-level effects of spatial congruence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baptiste, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAteer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Verdu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Caenegem, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.616993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separate timescales for spatial and anatomical information processing during action observation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.614155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry-induced competitive release in a meta-population model of range expansions in disordered environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.614155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRare evolutionary events, such as the rise to prominence of deleterious mutations, can have drastic impacts on the evolution of growing populations. Heterogeneous environments may reduce the influence of selection on evolutionary outcomes through various mechanisms, including pinning of genetic lineages and of the population fronts. These effects play significant roles in enabling competitive release of otherwise trapped mutations. In this work we show that environments containing random arrangements of "hotspot" patches, where locally abundant resources enhance growth rates equally for all sub-populations, give rise to massively enriched deleterious mutant clones. We derive a geometrical optics description of mutant bubbles, which result from interactions with hotspots, that successfully predicts the observed increase in mutant survival. This prediction requires no fitting parameters and holds well in scenarios of rare mutations and of adaptation from standing variation. In addition, we find that the influence of environmental noise in shaping the fate of rare mutations is maximal near a percolation transition of overlapping discs, beyond which mutant survival decreases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.614155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry-induced competitive release in a meta-population model of range expansions in disordered environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death by an infectious disease globally, with no efficacious vaccine. Antibodies are implicated in Mtb control, but the mechanisms of antibody action remain poorly understood. We assembled a library of TB monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and screened for the ability to restrict Mtb in mice, identifying protective antibodies targeting known and novel antigens. To dissect the mechanism of mAb-mediated Mtb restriction, we optimized a protective lipoarabinomannan-specific mAb through Fc-swapping. In vivo analysis of these Fc-variants revealed a critical role for Fc-effector function in Mtb restriction. Restrictive Fc-variants altered distribution of Mtb across innate immune cells. Single-cell transcriptomics highlighted distinctly activated molecular circuitry within innate immune cell subpopulations, highlighting early activation of neutrophils as a key signature of mAb-mediated Mtb restriction. Therefore, improved antibody-mediated restriction of Mtb is associated with reorganization of the tissue-level immune response to infection and depends on the collaboration of antibody Fab and Fc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grace, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenderson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slein, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKitrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Källenius, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reljic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Odorant receptors tuned to isothiocyanates in Drosophila melanogaster and their evolutionary expansion in herbivorous relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants release defense volatile compounds that can deter herbivores. Among them are electrophilic toxins, such as isothiocyanates from mustard plants, that activate pain receptors by contact (i.e. taste) in many animals, including Drosophila melanogaster. While specialist insects have evolved strategies to tolerate toxicity and use mustard plants as hosts, it is unclear whether non-specialist insects detect and avoid electrophilic toxins via olfaction. To address this, and to understand if specialized insects co-opted these toxic compounds as hostplant olfactory cues, we leveraged closely related drosophilid species, including the microbe-feeding D. melanogaster and Scaptomyza pallida, and the mustard-feeding specialist S. flava. In olfactory assays, D. melanogaster exposed to allyl isothiocyanate volatiles were rapidly immobilized, demonstrating the high toxicity of this wasabi-derived compound to non-specialists. Through single sensillum electrophysiological recordings from olfactory organs and behavioral assays, we identified an Olfactory receptor (Or) necessary for volatile detection and behavioral aversion to allyl isothiocyanate in D. melanogaster. RNA sequencing and heterologous expression revealed that S. flava possess lineage-specific, triplicated homologs of this Or, and that each paralog exhibited broadened and distinct sensitivity to isothiocyanate compounds. Using AlphaFold2 modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and electrophysiological recordings, we identified two critical amino acid substitutions that changed the sensitivity of these paralogs from fruit-derived odors to isothiocyanates in the mustard specialist S. flava. Our findings show that non-specialists can detect electrophiles via olfaction, and that their olfactory systems can rapidly adapt to toxic hostplant niches through co-option and duplication of ancestral chemosensory genes with few amino acid changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Huertas, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajshekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadres, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Odorant receptors tuned to isothiocyanates in Drosophila melanogaster and their evolutionary expansion in herbivorous relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CREB3 gain of function variants protect against ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly evolving neurodegenerative disease that arises from the loss of glutamatergic corticospinal neurons (CSN) and cholinergic motoneurons (MN). The disease is mostly sporadic, but genetics is expected to highly contribute to disease onset and progression. Genome wide association studies identified a few genetic disease modifiers, mostly associated with a negative outcome, and demonstrated that ALS is primarily a disease of excitatory glutamatergic neurons. Here, we reasoned that at least a subpart of genetic disease modifiers may directly modulate the molecular pathways selectively activated in vulnerable neurons as the disease progresses, and concentrated on CSN for their selective vulnerability and glutamatergic identity. We implemented comparative cross-species transcriptomics using snRNAseq data from postmortem motor cortex of ALS patients and controls, and longitudinal RNAseq data from anatomically defined CSN purified from the Sod1G86R mouse model of ALS. We report that disease vulnerable neuronal populations undergo ER stress and altered mRNA translation, and identify the transcription factor CREB3 and its regulatory network as a resilience marker of neuronal dysfunction in ALS. Using genetic and epidemiologic analyses we further identify the rare variant CREB3R119G (rs11538707) as a new disease modifier in ALS. Through gain of function, CREB3R119G decreases both the risk of developing ALS and the progression rate of ALS patients. This study reveals novel genetic variants that protect against ALS and highlights the benefice of combining transcriptomics and genetics to identify new disease modifiers and therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Megat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernan Godoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart-Lopez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirrig-Grosch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keime, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Parra, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludolph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CREB3 gain of function variants protect against ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer Model Integrates Super-Resolution Imaging and Epigenomic Sequencing to Elucidate the Role of Epigenetic Reactions in Shaping 4D Chromatin Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin, with its complex spatial and temporal organization, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Recent advancements in super-resolution microscopy have revealed that nanoscale domains of heterochromatin (repressed segments) embedded within a euchromatin (active segments) background are fundamental units of 3D chromatin organization. In tissue-resident cells, the size of these heterochromatin domains varies with the microenvironment, particularly its stiffness, and chromatin organization is also influenced by pharmacological and epigenetic drugs. However, the mechanisms governing heterochromatin domain size under various conditions and their impact on gene expression remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we have developed a dynamic, next-generation sequencing informed chromatin copolymer model. Our model simulates the spatiotemporal evolution of chromatin, driven by passive diffusion and active epigenetic reactions, which interconvert euchromatin and heterochromatin. By integrating chromatin-chromatin interaction energetics and diffusion-reaction dynamics, we predict the formation of nanoscale heterochromatin-rich domains and establish a scaling relationship between their size and the modulation of epigenetic reaction rates. Additionally, our model predicts that epigenetic and chromatin compaction changes in response to changes in global reaction rates occur predominantly at domain boundaries. We validated these predictions via Hi-C contact map analysis and super-resolution imaging of hyperacetylated melanoma cells. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis suggested a pivotal role of these epigenetic shifts in influencing the metastatic potential of these cells. We further validated our mesoscale findings against chromatin rearrangement in hMSCs, which exhibit sensitivity of epigenetic reaction rates to changes in microenvironmental stiffness. Finally, we evaluated the effects of cycling of epigenetic reaction rates in silico, mimicking the cellular transition to different extracellular conditions, and back again. This finding reveals a cell-type invariant mechanism driven by domain boundaries, whereby chromatin organization guides epigenetic memory formation. Our findings show that chromatin reorganization in response to changes in epigenetic reaction rates resulting from alterations in the microenvironment, drug exposure and disease progression impacts both immediate cellular responses and long-term epigenetic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinayak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golloshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sant'Anna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakadamyali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCord, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer Model Integrates Super-Resolution Imaging and Epigenomic Sequencing to Elucidate the Role of Epigenetic Reactions in Shaping 4D Chromatin Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expectation generation and its effect on subsequent pain and visual perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian accounts of perception, such as predictive processing, suggest that perceptions integrate expectations and sensory experience, and thus assimilate to expected values. Furthermore, more precise expectations should have stronger influences on perception. We tested these hypotheses in a paradigm that manipulates both the mean value and the precision of cues within-person. Forty-five participants observed cues-presented as ratings from 10 previous participants-with varying cue means, variances (precision), and skewness across trials. Participants reported expectations regarding the painfulness of thermal stimuli or the visual contrast of flickering checkerboards. Subsequently, similar cues were each followed by a visual or noxious thermal stimulus. While perceptions assimilated to expected values in both modalities, cues precision mainly affected visual ratings. Furthermore, behavioral and computational models revealed that expectations were biased towards extreme values in both modalities, and towards low-pain cues specifically. fMRI analysis revealed that the cues affected systems related to higher-level affective and cognitive processes-including assimilation to the cue mean in a neuromarker of endogenous contributions to pain and in the nucleus accumbens, and activity consistent with aversive prediction-error-like encoding in the periaqueductal gray during pain perception-but not systems related to early perceptual processing. Our findings suggest that predictive processing theories should be combined with mechanisms such as selective attention to better fit empirical findings, and that expectation generation and its perceptual effects are mostly modality-specific and operate on higher-level processes rather than early perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expectation generation and its effect on subsequent pain and visual perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific effects of intensity and dose of physical activity on BOLD-fMRI cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral pulsatility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and cerebral pulsatility (CP) are important indicators of cerebrovascular health and have been shown to be associated with physical activity (PA). Sex differences have been shown to influence the impact of PA on cerebrovascular health. However, the sex-specific effects of PA on CP and CVR, particularly in relation to intensity and dosage of PA, remains unknown. Thus, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the sex-specific effects of different intensities and doses of PA on CVR and CP. The Human Connectome - Aging dataset was used, including 626 participants (350 females, 276 males) aged 36-85 (mean age: 58.8 {+/-} 14.1 years). Females were stratified into premenopausal and postmenopausal groups to assess the potential influence of menopausal status. Novel tools based solely on resting state fMRI data were used to estimate both CVR and CP. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to quantify weekly self-reported PA as metabolic equivalent of task. Results indicated that both sexes and menopausal subgroups revealed negative linear relationships between relative CVR and PA. Furthermore, females presented a unique non-linear relationship between relative CVR and total PA in the cerebral cortex. In females, there were also relationships with total and walking PA in occipital and cingulate regions. In males, we observed relationships between total or vigorous PA and CVR in parietal and cingulate regions. Sex-specific effects were also observed with CP, whereby females benefited across a greater number of regions and intensities than males, especially in the postmenopause group. Overall, males and females appear to benefit from different amounts and intensities of PA, with menopause status significantly influencing the effect of PA on cerebrovascular outcomes, underscoring the need for sex-specific recommendations in promoting cerebrovascular health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Potvin-Jutras, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Intzandt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific effects of intensity and dose of physical activity on BOLD-fMRI cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral pulsatility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light modulates glucose and lipid homeostasis via the sympathetic nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is an important environmental factor for vision, and for diverse physiological and psychological functions. Light can also modulate glucose metabolism. Here, we show that in mice, light is critical for glucose and lipid homeostasis by regulating the sympathetic nervous system, independent of circadian disruption. Light deprivation from birth elicits insulin hypersecretion, glucagon hyposecretion, lower gluconeogenesis, and reduced lipolysis by 6- 8 weeks, in male, but not, female mice. These metabolic defects are consistent with blunted sympathetic activity, and indeed, sympathetic responses to a cold stimulus are significantly attenuated in dark-reared mice. Further, long-term dark rearing leads to body weight gain, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Notably, metabolic dysfunction can be partially alleviated by 5 weeks exposure to a regular light-dark cycle. These studies provide insight into circadian-independent mechanisms by which light directly influences whole-body physiology and inform new approaches for understanding metabolic disorders linked to aberrant environmental light conditions.

TeaserLight exerts direct circadian-independent effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghighatian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light modulates glucose and lipid homeostasis via the sympathetic nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bond-centric modular design of protein assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a modular bond-centric approach to protein nanomaterial design inspired by the rich diversity of chemical structures that can be generated from the small number of atomic valencies and bonding interactions. We design protein building blocks with regular coordination geometries and bonding interactions that enable the assembly of a wide variety of closed and opened nanomaterials using simple geometrical principles. Experimental characterization confirms successful formation of more than twenty multi-component polyhedral protein cages, 2D arrays, and 3D protein lattices, with a high (10-50 %) success rate and electron microscopy data closely matching the corresponding design models. Because of the modularity, individual building blocks can assemble with different partners to generate distinct regular assemblies, resulting in an economy of parts and enabling the construction of reconfigurable systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coudray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzo, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bond-centric modular design of protein assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepPaint: A deep-learning package for Cell Painting Image Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in the high-content imaging (HCI) space have allowed for the production of large Cell Painting datasets. These datasets are typically derived from cells exposed to a set of biological perturbants including proteins, small molecules, or even pathogens. While the method of Cell Painting has shown utility for drug discovery and hazard evaluation purposes, traditional analyses pipelines applied Cell Painting datasets typically require the segmentation of single cells from thousands to millions of images, a process that is time-consuming and subject to noise and experimental variability. Here we present DeepPaint, a Python package that uses a deep learning framework to perform image analysis of cell painting images including treatment classification and latent space analysis, circumventing the need for image segmentation. DeepPaint is easily tunable to different HCI setups and datasets and can be applied to classify broad types of biological perturbations. Here we demonstrate that DeepPaint can generate highly accurate neural networks for binary and multiclass classification of cell painting images. The DeepPaint package and example notebooks are freely available at https://github.com/jhuapl-bio/DeepPaint.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunphy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepPaint: A deep-learning package for Cell Painting Image Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fentanyl reinforcement history has sex-specific effects on multi-step decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is commonly thought that drug addiction involves a transition to habitual control of action, where the choice to consume drugs becomes automatized and reflects a failure to deliberate over possible negative outcomes. Determining whether the pursuit of addictive drugs is habitual is hampered by a lack of behavior assessments suitable for use during a bout of actual drug seeking. Therefore, to understand how variable histories of drug reinforcement might affect goal-directed and habitual pursuit of drug, we trained rats to perform a multi-step decision-making task to earn oral fentanyl and sucrose rewards following extensive pretraining with either fentanyl or sucrose. Importantly, this task allowed for independent measurements of goal-directed and habitual choice characteristics during online pursuit of rewards, and habitual choice could be further categorized into perseverative and reward-guided components. Chronic fentanyl led to a bias for reward-guided habitual choice specifically in females, and a high degree of perseveration in both sexes. These behavioral changes after chronic fentanyl pretraining generalized across fentanyl and sucrose seeking. In contrast, acute fentanyl selectively increased perseveration in females, and blunted the gradual within-session improvement in goal-directed choice in both sexes. These results show that chronic fentanyl reinforcement promotes habits that generalize across drug and non-drug reward seeking, and that female rats are especially susceptible to habitual control induced by both chronic and acute fentanyl reinforcement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camhi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malloy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fentanyl reinforcement history has sex-specific effects on multi-step decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.617543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-guided actin polymerization drives directed motility in protocells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.617543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motility is a hallmark of lifes dynamic processes, enabling cells to actively chase prey, repair wounds, and shape organs. Recreating these intricate behaviors using well-defined molecules remains a major challenge at the intersection of biology, physics, and molecular engineering. Although the polymerization force of the actin cytoskeleton is characterized as a primary driver of cell motility, building a minimal platform to test this process in protocellular systems has proven elusive. The difficulty lies in the daunting task of distilling key components from motile cells and integrating them into model membranes in a physiologically relevant manner. To address this, we developed a method to optically control actin polymerization with high spatiotemporal precision within cell-mimetic lipid vesicles known as giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Within these active protocells, the reorganization of actin networks triggered outward membrane extensions as well as the unidirectional movement of GUVs at speeds of up to 0.43 {micro}m/min, within the range of adherent mammalian cells. Notably, our findings reveal the requirements of both branched and linear actin networks for efficient membrane protrusions. This approach offers a powerful platform for unraveling the intricacies of cell migration, designing synthetic cells with active morphodynamics, and advancing bioengineering applications, such as self-propelled delivery systems and autonomous tissue-like materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakajima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, S.-i. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.617543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-guided actin polymerization drives directed motility in protocells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human high-fidelity DNA polymerase holoenzyme has a wide range of lesion bypass activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During replication, lagging strand lesions are initially encountered by high-fidelity DNA polymerase (pol) holoenzymes comprised of pol {delta} and the PCNA sliding clamp. To proceed unhindered, pol {delta} holoenzymes must bypass lesions without stalling. This entails dNMP incorporation opposite the lesion (insertion) and the 5 template nucleotide (extension). Historically, it was viewed that high-fidelity pol holoenzymes stall upon encountering lesions, activating DNA damage tolerance pathways that are ultimately responsible for lesion bypass. Our recent study of 4 prominent lesions revealed that human pol {delta} holoenzymes support insertion and/or bypass for multiple lesions and the extents of these activities depends on the lesion and pol {delta} proofreading. In the present study, we expand these analyses to other prominent lesions. Collectively, analyses of 10 lesions from both studies reveal that the insertion and bypass efficiencies of pol {delta} holoenzymes each span a complete range (0 - 100%). Consequently, the fates of pol {delta} holoenzymes upon encountering lesions are quite diverse. Furthermore, pol {delta} proofreading promoted holoenzyme progression at 7 of the 10 lesions and did not deter progression at any. Altogether, the results significantly alter our understanding of the replicative capacity of high-fidelity pol holoenzymes and their functional role(s) in lesion bypass.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dannenberg, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedglin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human high-fidelity DNA polymerase holoenzyme has a wide range of lesion bypass activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illumination mediates a switch in both active sensing and control in weakly electric fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To execute sensory-guided behavior, the nervous system must manage uncertainty within multiple streams of information. There are two highly nonlinear mechanisms for achieving this: 1) sensory reweighting, an internal neural computation which places more emphasis on sensory information that exhibits the least uncertainty, e.g. in a Bayesian framework, and 2) active sensing, an overt behavior that seeks to improve the quality of sensory information before it enters the nervous system. Here we show that animals solve both of these nonlinear problems concurrently. We studied how the weakly electric glass knifefish Eigenmannia virescens alters its movement dynamics under parametric manipulations of illumination. We hypothesized a concomitant switch in both overt active sensing and internal multisensory reweighting. To test this, we varied illumination levels from 0.1 to 210 lx as fish tracked a moving refuge. We discovered that in a neighborhood of a critical threshold (on the order of 1 to 10 lx), small increases in illumination led to dramatic changes in both active sensing and multisensory control, specifically in 1) steep reductions in fish head and tail movements and 2) decreased refuge tracking phase lag. Outside of this threshold, large changes in illumination only caused small changes in active sensing and control. A control-theoretic model that dynamically modulates the weights of vision and electrosense due to illumination changes corroborates our findings. These findings underscore the complex, multipartite, nonlinear nature of locomotor control and the remarkable ability of the nervous system to execute multiple parallel strategies for managing sensory uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illumination mediates a switch in both active sensing and control in weakly electric fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of dopamine in reward expectation and predictability during execution of action sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons are central to cue guided reward seeking and action sequence learning. Yet, the mechanisms by which cue-induced DA neural activity drives goal-directed or habitual sequence execution remain unknown.

MethodsWe designed two novel tasks to isolate the effect of sequence-delineating cues on DA-driven behavioral strategies and learning. In the lever insertion fixed-ratio 5 task (LI5), the lever insertion marked sequence initiation. In the lever retraction fixed-ratio 5 task (LR5), the lever retraction served as both sequence termination and reward-predictive cue.

ResultsWe found that sequence initiation and termination cues differentially affect reward expectation during action sequences, with only the termination cue contributing to greater outcome devaluation insensitivity, automaticity and behavioral chunking. Mesolimbic fiber photometry recording revealed that this habit-like behavior was associated with a rapid backpropagation in DA signals from the reward to the immediately preceding cue and with attenuated DA reward prediction error signals, which reflected greater behavioral inflexibility. Finally, in absence of external cues, brief optogenetic stimulation of VTA DA neurons at sequence termination was sufficient to drive automaticity and, to some extent, behavioral chunking.

ConclusionOur results highlight the critical role of cue-evoked DA signals at sequence termination in mediating credit assignment and driving the development of habitual action sequence execution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiriet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandaele, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of dopamine in reward expectation and predictability during execution of action sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering locomotor learning dynamics in people with Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotor learning is important for improving gait and balance impairments in people with Parkinsons disease (PD). While PD disrupts neural networks involved in motor learning, there is a limited understanding of how PD influences the time course of locomotor learning and retention. Here, we used a virtual obstacle negotiation task to investigate whether the early stages of PD affect the acquisition and retention of locomotor skills. On Day 1, 15 participants with PD and 20 age-matched controls were instructed to achieve a specified level of foot clearance while repeatedly stepping over two different virtual obstacles on a treadmill. We assessed online performance improvement on Day 1 and overnight retention after at least 24 hours on Day 2. We used a hierarchical Bayesian state-space model to estimate the learning rate and the degree of interference between the two obstacles. There was a 93% probability that people with PD learned the locomotor skill faster than controls, but there was limited evidence of group differences in interference between the two heights of obstacles. Both groups improved their performance to a similar magnitude during skill acquisition and performed similarly during retention on Day 2. Notably, a slower learning rate was associated with greater online performance improvement, while lower interference was linked to better overnight retention, and this effect was strongest for the control group. These results highlight that people with early-stage PD retain the ability to use multisensory information to acquire and retain locomotor skills. In particular, our finding that people with early-stage PD learned faster than age-matched controls may reflect the emergence of compensatory motor learning strategies used to offset early motor impairments in people with PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweighofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzinger, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering locomotor learning dynamics in people with Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin Buffers Torsional Stress During Transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription through chromatin under torsion represents a fundamental problem in biology. Pol II must overcome nucleosome obstacles and, because of the DNA helical structure, must also rotate relative to the DNA, generating torsional stress. However, there is a limited understanding of how Pol II transcribes through nucleosomes while supercoiling DNA. In this work, we developed methods to visualize Pol II rotation of DNA during transcription and determine how torsion slows down the transcription rate. We found that Pol II stalls at {+/-} 9 pN{middle dot}nm torque, nearly sufficient to melt DNA. The stalling is due to extensive backtracking, and the presence of TFIIS increases the stall torque to + 13 pN{middle dot}nm, making Pol II a powerful rotary motor. This increased torsional capacity greatly enhances Pol IIs ability to transcribe through a nucleosome. Intriguingly, when Pol II encounters a nucleosome, nucleosome passage becomes more efficient on a chromatin substrate than on a single-nucleosome substrate, demonstrating that chromatin efficiently buffers torsional stress via its torsional mechanical properties. Furthermore, topoisomerase II relaxation of torsional stress significantly enhances transcription, allowing Pol II to elongate through multiple nucleosomes. Our results demonstrate that chromatin greatly reduces torsional stress on transcription, revealing a novel role of chromatin beyond the more conventional view of it being just a roadblock to transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubkowska, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashlev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin Buffers Torsional Stress During Transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Topoisomerase IIα Promotes Chromatin Condensation Via a Phase Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II (topo II) enzymes are essential enzymes known to resolve topological entanglements during DNA processing. Curiously, while yeast expresses a single topo II, humans express two topo II isozymes, topo II and topo II{beta}, which share a similar catalytic domain but differ in their intrinsically disordered C-terminal domains (CTDs). During mitosis, topo II and condensin I constitute the most abundant chromosome scaffolding proteins essential for chromosome condensation. However, how topo II enables this function is poorly understood. Here, we discovered a new and functionally distinct role for human topo II - it condenses DNA and chromatin at a low topo II concentration (100 pM or less) during a polymer-collapse phase transition. The removal of the topo II CTDs effectively abolishes its condensation ability, indicating that the condensation is mediated by the CTDs. Although topo II{beta} can also perform condensation, it is about 4-fold less effective. During the condensation, topo II-DNA condensates form along DNA, working against a DNA tension of up to 1.5 pN, greater than that previously reported for yeast condensin. In addition, this condensation does not require ATP and thus is independent of topo IIs catalytic activity. We also found that condensation and catalysis can concurrently proceed with minimal mutual interference. Our findings suggest topo II may directly participate in chromosome condensation during mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhouse, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Topoisomerase IIα Promotes Chromatin Condensation Via a Phase Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why do bats fly into cave doors? Inattentional blindness in echolocating animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Echolocating bats can navigate complex 3D environments by integrating prior knowledge of spatial layouts and real-time sensory cues. This study demonstrates that inattentional blindness to sensory information undermines successful navigation in Egyptian fruit bats, Rousettus aegyptiacus, a species that has access to vision and echolocation to traverse natural environments. Bats flew over repeated trials to a perch at a fixed location in the light, allowing them to navigate using both vision and echolocation. The experiment was then repeated in the dark to exclude the bats use of vision. The perch was subsequently displaced by either 15 or 30 cm in one of six different directions (up, down, left, right, front, back). Echolocation behavior was recorded using a 25-channel microphone array, while flight paths were tracked using 13 motion capture cameras. The directional aim of echolocation clicks served as a metric for the bats spatial attention to locations in their environment. In the light, bats modified their flight paths to successfully land on a perch that was moved 15 cm but surprisingly, often failed to land on it when displaced by 30 cm. In the dark, bats often failed to land on the perch after it was moved by only 15 cm. Landing failures suggest that learned spatial priors invoked inattentional blindness to changes in the environment, which interfered with successful navigation. In both the light and dark, when bats failed to land on the perch at its new location, they directed their attention toward the original perch position. Performance differences in the light and dark suggest that the bats attentional spotlight may be narrower when it relies on echolocation than vision. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first evidence of inattentional blindness in a flying echolocating animal, demonstrating that spatial priors can dominate sensory processing during navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finger, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveland, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why do bats fly into cave doors? Inattentional blindness in echolocating animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent and Convergent TMEM106B Pathology in Murine Models of Neurodegeneration and Human Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMEM106B is a lysosomal/late endosome protein that is a potent genetic modifier of multiple neurodegenerative diseases as well as general aging. Recently, TMEM106B was shown to form insoluble aggregates in postmortem human brain tissue, drawing attention to TMEM106B pathology and the potential role of TMEM106B aggregation in disease. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, TMEM106B has been studied in vivo using animal models of neurodegeneration, but these studies rely on overexpression or knockdown approaches. To date, endogenous TMEM106B pathology and its relationship to known canonical pathology in animal models has not been reported. Here, we analyze histological patterns of TMEM106B in murine models of C9ORF72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9-ALS/FTD), SOD1-related ALS, and tauopathy and compare these to postmortem human tissue from patients with C9-ALS/FTD, Alzheimers disease (AD), and AD with limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (AD/LATE). We show that there are significant differences between TMEM106B pathology in mouse models and human patient tissue. Importantly, we also identified convergent evidence from both murine models and human patients that links TMEM106B pathology to TDP-43 nuclear clearance specifically in C9-ALS. Similarly, we find a relationship at the cellular level between TMEM106B pathology and phosphorylated Tau burden in Alzheimers disease. By characterizing endogenous TMEM106B pathology in both mice and human postmortem tissue, our work reveals considerations that must be taken into account when analyzing data from in vivo mouse studies and elucidates new insights supporting the involvement of TMEM106B in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerman, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidensky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamedova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent and Convergent TMEM106B Pathology in Murine Models of Neurodegeneration and Human Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glioblastoma Treatment by Systemic Actinium-225 alpha-particle Dendrimer-radioconjugates is Improved by Chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALEThe poor prognosis of glioblastoma is largely due to drug resistance and tumor location that, together, make it difficult to treat aggressively without affecting the rest of the brain.

METHODOLOGYHigh-energy, short-range (40-80{micro}m) dendrimer-delivered -particles could address both challenges, because (1) they cause complex, highly cytotoxic double-strand DNA breaks, and (2) irradiation of the neighboring brain is minimal, since dendrimers selectively delivers them to tumors. Since cancer cells that are not directly hit by -particles will likely not be killed, the patterns of tumor irradiation affect efficacy. Systemically injected dendrimers extensively accumulate in glioblastomas, where they are taken up by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), which tend to infiltrate tumors. We hypothesized that dendrimers labeled with -particle emitters, when being carried by TAMs, could more evenly irradiate glioblastomas, improving survival. In this study, the efficacy of dendrimers radiolabeled with the -particle emitter actinium-225 (dendrimer-radioconjugates) was evaluated when administered alone and/or after temozolomide, in a syngeneic immune-competent orthotopic GL261-C57BL/6 mouse model.

RESULTSSystemically-administered dendrimer-radioconjugates, at activities that did not result in long-term toxicities, prolonged survival of mice with orthotopic GL261 tumors, compared to standard-of-care temozolomide (39 vs 31 days mean survival, p=0.0061) and non-treated animals (30 days, p=0.0009). Importantly, injection of temozolomide 24 hours before administration of dendrimer-radioconjugates further improved survival remarkably (44 days). This improvement in efficacy was attributed to: (1) the significant increase (by 33%) in tumor absorbed doses delivered by dendrimer-radioconjugates when injected after chemotherapy, without altering normal organ dosimetry, while sparing the tumor-surrounding healthy brain; (2) the potentially deeper tumor penetration of dendrimer-radioconjugates, suggested by the enhancement of dendrimer penetration within GL261-spheroids, employed as model tumor-avascular regions and/or TAM-free regions; and/or (3) the formation of a more lethal cocktail when both modalities acted on same cancer cells, that was correlated with increased levels of dendrimer-radioconjugates associating with GL261 cells in vitro and with greater incidences of karyomegaly in vivo.

CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates the potential of a  brain tumor targeted systemic actinium-225 radiopharmaceutical therapy that inhibits growth of glioblastoma cells and prolongs survival of mice with orthotopic brain tumors, further improved by standard-of-care temozolomide, without notable toxicities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhujwalla, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidaver, M.-F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glioblastoma Treatment by Systemic Actinium-225 alpha-particle Dendrimer-radioconjugates is Improved by Chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM24 directs replicative stress responses to maintain ALT telomeres via chromatin signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An inability to replicate the genome can cause replication stress and genome instability. Here, we develop BLOCK-ID, a proteomic method to identify and visualize proteins at stressed replication forks. This approach successfully identified novel mediators of the replication stress response, including the chromatin acetylation reader protein TRIM24. In validating TRIM24 function, we uncovered its crucial role in coordinating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT), a cancer-specific telomere extension pathway involving replication stress. Our data reveal that TRIM24 is directed to telomeres via a p300/CBP-dependent acetylation chromatin signaling cascade, where it organizes ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs) to promote telomere DNA synthesis. Strikingly, we demonstrate that when artificially tethered at telomeres, TRIM24 can stimulate new telomere DNA synthesis in a SUMO-dependent manner, independently of p300/CBP or PML-dependent APBs. Thus, this study identifies a TRIM24 chromatin signaling pathway required for ALT telomere maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.618947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM24 directs replicative stress responses to maintain ALT telomeres via chromatin signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabidiol (CBD) potentiates physiological and behavioral markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsivity in female and male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleClinical literature indicates there may be a therapeutic use of cannabidiol (CBD) for stress-related disorders. Preclinical literature remains conflicted regarding the underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms, reporting mixed effects of CBD (increased, decreased, or no effect) on anxiety- and fear-related behaviors. Preclinical data demonstrated that CBD modulates hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis gene expression; it is unknown whether CBD changes HPA axis responsivity and how this relates to altered behavior.

ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate whether acute or chronic CBD administration would alter physiological and behavioral measures of HPA axis responsivity in male or female mice.

MethodsC57BL/6 mice of both sexes were injected with vehicle or CBD (30 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 26 days. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were evaluated following dexamethasone suppression and adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulation tests after acute and chronic CBD exposure. After chronic CBD, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior using an elevated plus maze (EPM) and associative fear learning and memory using a trace fear conditioning (FC) protocol.

ResultsCompared to vehicle, CBD induced a state of HPA axis hyperactivation, an effect which was significant in males; it also normalized anxiety-like behavior in female mice classified as having HPA axis hypofunction and primed all female mice for enhanced conditioned responding. Significant sex differences were also detected: females had greater plasma CORT levels and HPA axis responsivity than males, exhibited less EPM anxiety-like behavior, and were more responsive during FC.

ConclusionsCBD potentiated physiological and behavioral markers of HPA axis function and normalized anxiety-like behavior in a sex-specific manner. This observation has implications for cannabinoid-based drug development targeting individuals with stress-related disorders involving HPA axis hypofunction pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokhar, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabidiol (CBD) potentiates physiological and behavioral markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsivity in female and male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZNFX1 is a Novel Master Regulator in Epigenetically-induced Pathogen Mimicry and Inflammasome Signaling in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methyltransferase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (DNMTis, PARPis) induce a stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING)-dependent pathogen mimicry response (PMR) in ovarian (OC) and other cancers. We now show that combining DNMTis and PARPis upregulates expression of a little-studied nucleic-acid sensor, NFX1-type zinc finger-containing 1 protein (ZNFX1). We demonstrate that ZNFX1 is a novel master regulator for PMR induction in mitochondria, serving as a gateway for STING-dependent PMR. In patient OC databases, high ZNFX1 expression levels correlate with advanced stage disease. ZNFX1 expression alone significantly correlates with an increase in overall survival in a phase 3 trial for therapy-resistant OC patients receiving bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy. In correlative RNA-seq data, inflammasome signaling through ZNFX1 correlates with abnormal vasculogenesis. ZNFX1 controls PMR signaling through the mitochondria and may serve as a biomarker to facilitate offering personalized therapy in OC patients, highlighting the strong translational significance of our findings.

Significance statementDNA methyltransferase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors upregulate expression of a novel nucleic-acid sensor, ZNFX1 that serves as a mitochondrial gateway to STING-dependent interferon/inflammasome signaling with tumor suppressor properties in ovarian cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stojanovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbotts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi Farid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostetter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calendo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohari, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inayatullah, M. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kader, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santagata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kommoss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfisterer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konecny, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coopergard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winterhoff, B. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandusky, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephew, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rassool, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.618659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZNFX1 is a Novel Master Regulator in Epigenetically-induced Pathogen Mimicry and Inflammasome Signaling in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural and behavioral reinstatement jointly reflect retrieval of narrative events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When recalling past events, patterns of gaze position and neural activity resemble those observed during the original experience. We hypothesized that these two phenomena, known as gaze reinstatement and neural reactivation, are linked through a common process that underlies the reinstatement of past experiences during memory retrieval. Here, we tested this proposal based on the viewing and recall of a narrative movie, which we assessed through fMRI, deep learningbased gaze prediction, and language modeling of spoken recall. In line with key predictions, gaze behavior adhered to the same principles as neural activity; it was event-specific, robust across individuals, and generalized across viewing and recall. Additionally, gaze-dependent brain activity overlapped substantially across tasks. Collectively, these results suggest that retrieval engages mechanisms that direct our eyes during natural vision, reflecting common constraints within the functional organization of the nervous system. Moreover, they highlight the importance of considering behavioral and neural reinstatement together in our understanding of remembering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lossio-Ventura, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural and behavioral reinstatement jointly reflect retrieval of narrative events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-laboratory harmonization of microsphere immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in dried blood spots and oral fluids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dried blood spots (DBS) and oral fluids (OF) are easily attainable biospecimen types that have enabled population scale antibody monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 exposure and vaccination. However, the degree to which the two different biospecimen types can be used interchangeably remains unclear. To begin to address this question, we generated contrived DBS (cDBS) and OF (cOF) from serum panels from SARS-CoV-2 infected, vaccinated, and uninfected individuals. The contrived samples were evaluated using SARS-CoV-2 multiplexed microsphere immunoassays (MIAs) at two different institutions. Intra-laboratory tests revealed near perfect agreement between cDBS and cOF for N and S antigens, as evidenced by {kappa} = 0.97-1 and 98%-100% agreement. Inter-laboratory comparisons were equally robust for both N ({kappa} = 0.94-0.96; 97.5%-98 % agreement) and S ({kappa} = 0.98 -1.0; 99.0%-100%). Furthermore, assays were transferred between labs, including methods and reagents, and a subset of cDBS and cOF samples (n = 52) were tested. Qualitative concordance remained high ({kappa} = 0.94-1.0; 97.5%-100% agreement), confirming that integrity of the assays is retained upon transfer. In summary, our results provide evidence that DBS and OF can be used interchangeably across laboratories and institutions for the qualitative assessment of SARS-CoV-2 antibody determinations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeRosa, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruczynski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaney, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANTIS, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-laboratory harmonization of microsphere immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in dried blood spots and oral fluids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fission controls astrocyte morphogenesis and organization in the cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics are a hallmark of devastating neurodevelopmental disorders such as childhood refractory epilepsy. However, the role of glial mitochondria in proper brain development is not well understood. We show that astrocyte mitochondria undergo extensive fission while populating astrocyte distal branches during postnatal cortical development. Loss of mitochondrial fission regulator, Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), decreases mitochondrial localization to distal astrocyte processes, and this mitochondrial mislocalization reduces astrocyte morphological complexity. Functionally, astrocyte-specific conditional deletion of Drp1 induces astrocyte reactivity and disrupts astrocyte organization in the cortex. These morphological and organizational deficits are accompanied by loss of perisynaptic astrocyte process (PAP) proteins such as gap junction protein Connexin 43. These findings uncover a crucial role for mitochondrial fission in coordinating astrocytic morphogenesis and organization, revealing the regulation of astrocytic mitochondria dynamics as a critical step in neurodevelopment.

SummaryDuring cortical astrocyte morphogenesis, mitochondria fragment and decrease in size to populate distal astrocyte processes. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission is necessary for peripheral astrocyte process formation. Astrocyte-specific Drp1 loss induces astrocyte reactivity, disrupts cortical astrocyte organization, and dysregulates PAP proteins including gap-junction protein Connexin 43 abundance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salazar, M. P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolanukuduru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejourne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial fission controls astrocyte morphogenesis and organization in the cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-biased effect of sodium leak channel NALCN deletion in striatal Drd2 spiny projection neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium leak channel NALCN is an important modulator of neuronal excitability, yet its specific role in striatal medium-sized spiny neurons remains largely unexplored. In this study, considering that Nalcn transcripts are enriched in the dorsal and ventral striatum of Drd2-SPNs, we investigated the functional impact of NALCN deletion in Drd2-expressing SPNs in both male and female mice. Electrophysiological recordings revealed significant sex differences, with male SPNs exhibiting altered membrane properties and increased excitability, while females showed more subtle changes. Interestingly, eticlopride-induced intracellular signaling was selectively enhanced in female SPNs lacking NALCN. Behaviorally, male mice exhibited reduced motivation in food-seeking tasks and impaired discrimination of threat cues. Our findings uncover an important, sex-specific role for NALCN in regulating striatal function and behavior and underscore its significance in maintaining normal striatal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogliardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avrillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lory, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bouju, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valjent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-biased effect of sodium leak channel NALCN deletion in striatal Drd2 spiny projection neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein Strain Dynamics Correlate with Cognitive Shifts in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Synuclein (-syn) strains can serve as discriminators between Parkinsons disease (PD) and related -synucleinopathies. The relationship between -syn strain dynamics and clinical performance as patients transition from normal cognition (NC) to cognitive impairment (CI) is not known. Here, we show that the biophysical properties and neurotoxicity of -syn strains change as PD cognitive status transitions from NC to mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and dementia (PD-D). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses reveal distinct -syn strains in PD patients correlating to their level of cognitive impairment. Machine learning (ML) was employed to achieve high classification accuracy. The combination of thioflavin T (ThT) maximal fluorescence intensity (mfi), max slope of rise curve (forming rate), lag time (tlag), 20% time (t20), and half-time (t50), dynamic light scattering (DLS) (peak number, [1/2] peak size, [1/2] peak intensity) and neurotoxicity together with demographic variables for model training yielded superior performance (89[~]99% accuracy in the 4- and 2- classification schema) compared to individual features alone in classifying cognitive status. For the longitudinal study, DLS peak number emerged as the strongest predictor of cognitive transition (HR = 0.12, P = 0.002), with the optimal predictive model combining DLS peak number, sex, education, DLS peak 1 size, and DLS peak 2 polydispersity achieving high accuracy (C-index of [~]93%). This study presents evidence that individuals with PD have different -syn strains correlating to their cognitive status and highlights the potential of -syn strain dynamics to guide future diagnosis, management, and stratification of PD patients.

One Sentence SummaryDistinct features of -syn strains change with cognitive decline in Parkinsons disease and AI-based analysis incorporating these combined characteristics serves as a powerful tool for PD clinical stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gadhave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein Strain Dynamics Correlate with Cognitive Shifts in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic control of Topoisomerase 1 activity presents a cancer vulnerability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA transactions introduce torsional constraints that pose an inherent risk to genome integrity. While topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) activity is essential for removing DNA supercoiling, aberrant stabilization of TOP1:DNA cleavage complexes (TOP1ccs) can result in cytotoxic DNA lesions. What protects genomic hot spots of topological stress from aberrant TOP1 activity remains unknown. Here, we identify chromatin context as an essential means to coordinate TOP1cc resolution. Through its ability to bind poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a protein modification required for TOP1cc repair, the histone variant macroH2A1.1 establishes a TOP1-permissive chromatin environment, while the alternatively spliced macroH2A1.2 isoform is unable to bind PAR or protect from TOP1ccs. By visualizing transcription-induced topological stress in single cells, we find that macroH2A1.1 facilitates PAR-dependent recruitment of the TOP1cc repair effector XRCC1 to protect from ssDNA damage. Impaired macroH2A1.1 splicing, a frequent cancer feature, was predictive of increased sensitivity to TOP1 poisons in a pharmaco-genomic screen in breast cancer cells, and macroH2A1.1 inactivation mirrored this effect. Consistent with this, low macroH2A1.1 expression correlated with improved survival in cancer patients treated with TOP1 inhibitors. We propose that macroH2A1 alternative splicing serves as an epigenetic modulator of TOP1-associated genome maintenance and a potential cancer vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanaranayan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corujo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschbeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberdoerffer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic control of Topoisomerase 1 activity presents a cancer vulnerability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRB2 Depletion Induces YAP Signaling and Disrupts Mechanosensing in Podocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histologic lesion caused by a variety of injurious stimuli that lead to dysfunction/loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e. podocytes). Pathogenic mutations in CRB2, encoding the type 1 transmembrane protein Crumb 2 Homolog Protein, have been shown to cause early-onset corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)/FSGS. Here, we identified a 2-generation East Asian kindred (DUK40595) with biopsy-proven SRNS/FSGS caused by a compound heterozygous mutation in CRB2 comprised of the previously described truncating mutation p.Gly1036_Alafs*43 and a rare 9-bp deletion mutation p.Leu1074_Asp1076del. Because compound heterozygous mutations involving the truncating p.Gly1036_Alafs*43 variant have been associated with reduced CRB2 expression in podocytes and autosomal recessive SRNS/FSGS, we sought to define the pathogenic effects of CRB2 deficiency in podocytes. We show that CRB2 knockdown induces YAP activity and target gene expression in podocytes. It upregulates YAP-mediated mechanosignaling and increases the density of focal adhesion and F-actin. Using Elastic Resonator Interference Stress Microscopy (ERISM), we demonstrate that CRB2 knockdown also enhances podocyte contractility in a substrate stiffness-dependent manner. The knockdown effect decreases with increasing substrate stiffness, indicating impaired mechanosensing in CRB2 knockdown cells at low substrate stiffness. While the mechanical activation of CRB2 knockdown cells is associated with increased YAP activity, the enhanced cell contractility is not significantly reduced by the selective YAP inhibitors K-975 and verteporfin, suggesting that multiple pathways may be involved in mechanosignaling downstream of CRB2. Taken together, these studies provide the first evidence that CRB2 deficiency may impair podocyte mechanotransduction via disruption of YAP signaling in podocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalik, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sempowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperati, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishibe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gather, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRB2 Depletion Induces YAP Signaling and Disrupts Mechanosensing in Podocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated segmentation of synchrotron-scanned fossils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computed tomography has revolutionised the study of the internal three-dimensional structure of fossils. Historically, fossils typically spent years in preparation to be freed from the enclosing rock. Now, X-ray and synchrotron tomography reveal structure that is otherwise invisible and data acquisition can be fast. However, manual segmentation of these 3D volumes can still take months to years. This is especially challenging for resource-poor teams, as scanning may be free, but the computing power and (AI-assisted) segmentation software required to handle the resulting large data sets are complex to use and expensive.

Here we present a free, browser-based segmentation tool that reduces computational overhead by splitting volumes into small chunks, allowing processing on low-memory, inexpensive hardware. Our tool also speeds up collaborative ground-truth generation and 3D visualization, all in-browser. We developed and evaluated our pipeline on various open-data scans of differing contrast, resolution, textural complexity, and size. Our tool successfully isolated the Thrinaxodon and Broomistega pair from an Early Triassic burrow. It isolated cranial bones from the Cretaceous acipenseriform Parapsephurus willybemisi on both 45.53 {micro}m and 13.67 {micro}m resolution scanning data. We also isolated bones of the Middle Triassic sauropterygian Nothosaurus and a challenging scan of a squamate embryo inside an egg dating back to the Early Cretaceous. Our tool reliably reproduces expert-supervised segmentation at a fraction of the time and cost, offering greater accessibility than existing tools. Beyond the online tool, all our code is open source, enabling contributions from the palaeontology community to further this emerging machine learning ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>During, M. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voeten, D. F. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlberg, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schön, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated segmentation of synchrotron-scanned fossils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high throughput single molecule platform to study DNA supercoiling effect on protein-DNA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA supercoiling significantly influences DNA metabolic pathways. To examine its impact on DNA-protein interactions at the single-molecule level, we developed a highly efficient and reliable protocol to modify plasmid DNA at specific sites, allowing us to label plasmids with fluorophores and biotin. We then induced negative and positive supercoiling in these plasmids using gyrase and reverse gyrase, respectively. Comparing supercoiled DNA with relaxed circular DNA, we assessed the effects of supercoiling on CRISPR-Cas9 and mismatch repair protein MutS. We found that negative DNA supercoiling exacerbates off-target effects in DNA unwinding by Cas9. For MutS, we observed both negative and positive DNA supercoiling enhances the binding interaction between MutS and a mismatched base pair but does not affect the rate of ATP-induced sliding clamp formation. These findings not only underscore the versatility of our protocol but also opens new avenues for exploring the intricate dynamics of protein-DNA interactions under the influences of supercoiling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high throughput single molecule platform to study DNA supercoiling effect on protein-DNA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Proteomic and Transcriptomic Characterization of Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Reveals Molecular Signatures Associated with Morphological Changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study delves into the proteomic intricacies of drug-resistant cells (DRCs) within prostate cancer, which are known for their pivotal roles in therapeutic resistance, relapse, and metastasis. Utilizing single-cell proteomics (SCP) with an optimized high-throughput Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) approach with the throughput of 60 sample per day, we characterized the proteomic landscape of DRCs in comparison to parental PC3 cells. This optimized DIA method allowed for robust and reproducible protein quantification at the single-cell level, enabling the identification and quantification of over 1,300 proteins per cell on average. Distinct proteomic sub-clusters within the DRC population were identified, closely linked to variations in cell size. The study uncovered novel protein signatures, including the regulation of proteins critical for cell adhesion and metabolic processes, as well as the upregulation of surface proteins and transcription factors pivotal for cancer progression. Furthermore, by integrating SCP and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data, we identified six upregulated and ten downregulated genes consistently altered in drug-treated cells across both SCP and scRNA-seq platforms. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of DRCs and their unique molecular signatures, providing valuable insights into their biological behavior and potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loycano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanullah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Proteomic and Transcriptomic Characterization of Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Reveals Molecular Signatures Associated with Morphological Changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoring the Multiple Sclerosis Associated Imbalance of Gut Indole Metabolites Promotes Remyelination and Suppresses Neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multiple sclerosis (MS) the circulating metabolome is dysregulated, with indole lactate (ILA) being one of the most significantly reduced metabolites. We demonstrate that oral supplementation of ILA impacts key MS disease processes in two preclinical models. ILA reduces neuroinflammation by dampening immune cell activation as well as infiltration; and promotes remyelination and in vitro oligodendrocyte differentiation through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Supplementation of ILA, a reductive indole metabolite, restores the gut microbiomes oxidative/reductive metabolic balance by lowering circulating indole acetate (IAA), an oxidative indole metabolite, that blocks remyelination and oligodendrocyte maturation. The ILA-induced reduction in circulating IAA is linked to changes in IAA-producing gut microbiota taxa and pathways that are also dysregulated in MS. Notably, a lower ILA:IAA ratio correlates with worse MS outcomes. Overall, these findings identify ILA as a potential anti-inflammatory remyelinating agent and provide insights into the role of gut dysbiosis-related metabolic alterations in MS progression.

One Sentence SummaryIndole lactate, a postbiotic metabolite reduced in MS, corrects gut microbiome metabolic imbalances associated with remyelination and neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhukhwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siavoshi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minney, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeps, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladakis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borkowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waubant, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoring the Multiple Sclerosis Associated Imbalance of Gut Indole Metabolites Promotes Remyelination and Suppresses Neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional profiles of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells across the lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are highly dynamic, widely distributed glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are responsible for generating myelinating oligodendrocytes during development. By also generating new oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS, OPCs allow formation of new myelin sheaths in response to environmental and behavioral changes and play a crucial role in regenerating myelin following demyelination (remyelination). However, the rates of OPC proliferation and differentiation decline dramatically with aging, which may impair homeostasis, remyelination, and adaptive myelination during learning. To determine how aging influences OPCs, we generated a novel transgenic mouse line that expresses membrane-anchored EGFP under the endogenous promoter/enhancer of Matrilin-4 (Matn4-mEGFP) and performed high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing, providing enhanced resolution of transcriptional changes during key transitions from quiescence to proliferation and differentiation across the lifespan. Comparative analysis of OPCs isolated from mice aged 30 to 720 days, revealed that aging induces distinct inflammatory transcriptomic changes in OPCs in different states, including enhanced activation of HIF-1 and Wnt pathways. Inhibition of these pathways in acutely isolated OPCs from aged animals restored their ability to differentiate, suggesting that this enhanced signaling may contribute to the decreased regenerative potential of OPCs with aging. This Matn4-mEGFP mouse line and single-cell mRNA datasets of cortical OPCs across ages help to define the molecular changes guiding their behavior in various physiological and pathological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironova, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional profiles of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells across the lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNMT3AR882H Is Not Required for Disease Maintenance in Primary Human AML, but Is Associated With Increased Leukemia Stem Cell Frequency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic mutations are being thoroughly mapped in human cancers, yet a fundamental question in cancer biology is whether such mutations are functionally required for cancer initiation, maintenance of established cancer, or both. Here, we study this question in the context of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where DNMT3AR882 missense mutations often arise early, in pre-leukemic clonal hematopoiesis, and corrupt the DNA methylation landscape to initiate leukemia. We developed CRISPR-based methods to directly correct DNMT3AR882 mutations in leukemic cells obtained from patients. Surprisingly, DNMT3AR882 mutations were largely dispensable for disease maintenance. Replacing DNMT3AR882 mutants with wild-type DNMT3A did not impair the ability of AML cells to engraft in vivo, and minimally altered DNA methylation. Taken together, DNMT3AR882 mutations are initially necessary for AML initiation, but are largely dispensable for disease maintenance. The notion that initiating oncogenes differ from those that maintain cancer has important implications for cancer evolution and therapy.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEUnderstanding which driver mutations are required for cancer initiation, maintenance, or both phases remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover that highly prevalent pre-leukemic DNMT3A mutations are only required during disease initiation, but become dispensable after leukemic transformation, uncovering the context-specific role of this driver mutation with important therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehnke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karigane, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilgart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayamori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyauchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchy, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangavajhula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakauchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Montes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakauchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNMT3AR882H Is Not Required for Disease Maintenance in Primary Human AML, but Is Associated With Increased Leukemia Stem Cell Frequency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation memory of pancreatic acinar-ductal metaplasia transition state altering Kras-downstream PI3K and Rho GTPase signaling in the absence of Kras mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical area of recent cancer research is the emergence of transition states between normal and cancer that exhibit increased cell plasticity which underlies tumor cell heterogeneity. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can arise from the combination of a transition state termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and a gain-of-function mutation in the proto-oncogene KRAS. During ADM, digestive enzyme-producing acinar cells acquire a transient ductal epithelium-like phenotype while maintaining their geographical acinar organization. One route of ADM initiation is the overexpression of the Kruppel-like factor 4 gene (KLF4) in the absence of oncogenic driver mutations. Here, we asked to what extent cells acquire and retain an epigenetic memory of the ADM transition state in the absence of oncogene mutation. We identified differential DNA methylation at Kras-downstream PI3K and Rho/Rac/Cdc42 GTPase pathway genes during ADM, as well as a corresponding gene expression increase in these pathways. Importantly, differential methylation persisted after gene expression returned to normal. Caerulein exposure, which induces widespread digestive system changes in addition to ADM, showed similar changes in DNA methylation in ADM cells. Regions of differential methylation were enriched for motifs of KLF and AP-1 family transcription factors, as were those of human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) samples, demonstrating the relevance of this epigenetic transition state memory in human carcinogenesis. Finally, single-cell spatial transcriptomics revealed that these ADM transition cells were enriched for PI3K pathway and AP1 family members, linking epigenetic memory to cancer cell plasticity even in the absence of oncogene mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation memory of pancreatic acinar-ductal metaplasia transition state altering Kras-downstream PI3K and Rho GTPase signaling in the absence of Kras mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation stochasticity is linked to transcriptional variability and identifies convergent epigenetic disruption across genetically-defined subtypes of AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of the epigenetic landscape is of particular interest in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) due to its relatively low mutational burden and frequent occurrence of mutations in epigenetic regulators. Here, we applied an information-theoretic analysis of methylation potential energy landscapes, capturing changes in mean methylation level and methylation entropy, to comprehensively analyze DNA methylation stochasticity in subtypes of AML defined by mutually exclusive genetic mutations. We identified AML subtypes with CEBPA double mutation and those with IDH mutations as distinctly high-entropy subtypes, marked by methylation disruption over a convergent set of genes. We found a core program of epigenetic landscape disruption across all AML subtypes, with discordant methylation stochasticity and transcriptional dysregulation converging on functionally important leukemic signatures, suggesting a genotype-independent role of stochastic disruption of the epigenetic landscape in mediating leukemogenesis. We further established a relationship between methylation entropy and gene expression variability, connecting the disruption of the epigenetic landscape to transcription in AML. This approach identified a convergent program of epigenetic dysregulation in leukemia, clarifying the contribution of specific genetic mutations to stochastic disruption of the epigenetic and transcriptional landscapes of AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilgart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Montes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondek, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation stochasticity is linked to transcriptional variability and identifies convergent epigenetic disruption across genetically-defined subtypes of AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the adhesion properties of extracellular vesicles for functional assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "stickiness" of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can pose challenges for EV processing and storage, but adhesive properties may also be exploited to immobilize EVs directly on surfaces for various measurement techniques, including super-resolution microscopy. Direct adhesion to surfaces may allow examination of broader populations of EVs than molecular affinity approaches, which can also involve specialized, expensive affinity reagents. Here, we report on the interaction of EVs with borosilicate glass and quartz coverslips and on the effects of pre-coating coverslips with poly-L-lysine (PLL), a reagent commonly used to facilitate interactions between negatively charged surfaces of cells and amorphous surfaces. Additionally, we compared two mounting media conditions for super-resolution microscopy (SRM) imaging and used immobilized EVs for a B-cell interaction test. Our findings suggest that borosilicate glass coverslips immobilize EVs better than quartz glass coverslips. We also found that PLL is not strictly required for EV retention but contributes to the uniform distribution of EVs on borosilicate glass coverslips. Overall, these findings suggest that standard lab materials like borosilicate glass coverslips, with or without PLL, can be effectively used for the immobilization of EVs in specific imaging techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pachane, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selistre-de-Araujo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the adhesion properties of extracellular vesicles for functional assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity of Cerebellar Reaching Ataxia to Kinematic and Dynamic Demands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with cerebellar ataxia face significant challenges in controlling reaching, especially when multi-joint movements are involved. This study investigated the effects of kinematic and dynamic demands on reaching using a home-based virtual reality task. Participants with and without cerebellar ataxia reached to target locations designed to elicit a range of coordination strategies between shoulder and elbow joint movements. Compared with control subjects, cerebellar subjects presented greater initial reaching direction errors, larger hand trajectory curvatures, and more variability. Kinematic simulations indicated that early hand movement errors were sensitive to the required onset times and rates of joint movements and were most impaired when opposite direction joint movements were required (e.g., elbow extension with shoulder flexion). Dynamic analysis revealed that cerebellar participants movements were more impaired in reaching directions where interaction torques would normally assist the desired elbow and shoulder movements. These reach directions were also those that required joint movements in opposite directions. Overall, our data suggest that reaching deficits in cerebellar ataxia result from 1) the early-phase motion planning deficits that are exacerbated by stringent timing coordination requirements and 2) the inability to compensate for interaction torques, particularly when they assist the intended movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity of Cerebellar Reaching Ataxia to Kinematic and Dynamic Demands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell profiling of trabecular meshwork identifies mitochondrial dysfunction in a glaucoma model that is protected by vitamin B3 treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the trabecular meshwork (TM) is central to intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation and glaucoma, a deeper understanding of its genomic landscape is needed. We present a multimodal, single-cell resolution analysis of mouse limbal cells (includes TM). In total, we sequenced 9,394 wild-type TM cell transcriptomes. We discovered three TM cell subtypes with characteristic signature genes validated by immunofluorescence on tissue sections and whole-mounts. The subtypes are robust, being detected in datasets for two diverse mouse strains and in independent data from two institutions. Results show compartmentalized enrichment of critical pathways in specific TM cell subtypes. Distinctive signatures include increased expression of genes responsible for 1) extracellular matrix structure and metabolism (TM1 subtype), 2) secreted ligand signaling to support Schlemms canal cells (TM2), and 3) contractile and mitochondrial/metabolic activity (TM3). ATAC-sequencing data identified active transcription factors in TM cells, including LMX1B. Mutations in LMX1B cause high IOP and glaucoma. LMX1B is emerging as a key transcription factor for normal mitochondrial function and its expression is much higher in TM3 cells than other limbal cells. To understand the role of LMX1B in TM function and glaucoma, we single-cell sequenced limbal cells from Lmx1bV265D/+mutant mice (2,491 TM cells). In V265D/+ mice, TM3 cells were uniquely affected by pronounced mitochondrial pathway changes. Mitochondria in TM cells of V265D/+ mice are swollen with a reduced cristae area, further supporting a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the initiation of IOP elevation in these mice. Importantly, treatment with vitamin B3 (nicotinamide), to enhance mitochondrial function and metabolic resilience, significantly protected Lmx1b mutant mice from IOP elevation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell profiling of trabecular meshwork identifies mitochondrial dysfunction in a glaucoma model that is protected by vitamin B3 treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Insights Into The Melanin Structure Of Lomentospora prolificans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lomentospora prolificans is a filamentous fungus with a global distribution, manifesting particularly higher prevalence in human-impacted environments. This organism is associated with a wide spectrum of human infections, especially in immunosuppressed individuals, for whom it causes severe and debilitating illnesses with high morbidity and mortality that are compounded by its pan-resistant profile with respect to antifungal drugs. Melanin is a ubiquitous pigment among fungi with a broad range of actions that include promoting fungal virulence. Although melanin is one of the most studied virulence factors in pathogenic fungi, relatively little is known about the chemistry of this pigment in L. prolificans. In the current study we characterized L. prolificans-associated melanin using chemical, biological, biophysical and structural techniques, also assessing the impact of inhibitors of distinct melanization pathways. Our results reveal that this pathogenic fungus makes multiple types of melanin pigments and suggests the possibility of a new type of melanin, which is synthesized together with a mixture of DHN-, DOPA- and pyomelanin types. These insights enhance our understanding of L. prolificans virulence mechanisms, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liporagi Lopes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Insights Into The Melanin Structure Of Lomentospora prolificans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved pangenomic classification accuracy with chain statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compressed full-text indexes enable efficient sequence classification against a pangenome or tree-of-life index. Past work on compressed-index classification used matching statistics or pseudo-matching lengths to capture the fine-grained co-linearity of exact matches. But these fail to capture coarse-grained information about whether seeds appear co-linearly in the reference. We present a novel approach that additionally obtains coarse-grained co-linearity ("chain") statistics. We do this without using a chaining algorithm, which would require superlinear time in the number of matches. We start with a collection of strings, avoiding the multiple-alignment step required by graph approaches. We rapidly compute multi-maximal unique matches (multi-MUMs) and identify BWT sub-runs that correspond to these multi-MUMs. From these, we select those that can be "tunneled," and mark these with the corresponding multi-MUM identifiers. This yields an [order](r + n/d)-space index for a collection of d sequences having a length-n BWT consisting of r maximal equal-character runs. Using the index, we simultaneously compute fine-grained matching statistics and coarse-grained chain statistics in linear time with respect to query length. We found that this substantially improves classification accuracy compared to past compressed-indexing approaches and reaches the same level of accuracy as less efficient alignmentbased methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved pangenomic classification accuracy with chain statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GeneCover: A Combinatorial Approach for Label-free Marker Gene Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selection of marker gene panels is critical for capturing the cellular and spatial hetero-geneity in the expanding atlases of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics data. Most current approaches to marker gene selection operate in a label-based framework, which is inherently limited by its dependency on predefined cell type labels or clustering results. In contrast, existing label-free methods often struggle to identify genes that characterize rare cell types or subtle spatial patterns, and they frequently fail to scale efficiently with large datasets. Here, we introduce geneCover, a label-free combinatorial method that selects an optimal panel of minimally redundant marker genes based on gene-gene correlations. Our method demonstrates excellent scalability to large datasets and identifies marker gene panels that capture distinct correlation structures across the transcriptome. This allows geneCover to distinguish cell states in various tissues of living organisms effectively, including those associated with rare or otherwise difficult-to-identify cell types. We evaluate the performance of geneCover across various scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics datasets, comparing it to other label-free algorithms to highlight its utility and potential in diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GeneCover: A Combinatorial Approach for Label-free Marker Gene Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) with Verteporfin Enhances Radiosensitivity in Chordoma by Inducing G2M Arrest and Inhibiting the DNA Damage Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chordomas are locally invasive cancers that are highly resistant to radiotherapy. The Brachyury and Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) regulatory axis has been implicated as the primary driver of tumorigenicity in chordoma. Here, we aimed to enhance chordoma radiosensitivity by repurposing the FDA-approved YAP inhibitor, Verteporfin. We used five patient-derived chordoma cell lines and generated two YAP1 knockdown cell lines to validate the YAP-targeting phenotype in chordoma. Verteporfin treatment reduced the expression of DNA damage repair proteins and genes. YAP inhibition with either verteporfin or YAP knockdown resulted in enhanced DNA double-stranded breaks after radiation via inhibition of the DNA damage repair pathway and accumulation of cells in the G2M phase. Verteporfin inhibited chordoma tumor growth alone and in combination with radiation in a xenograft mouse model treated with verteporfin loaded microparticles, resulting in sensitization of chordoma tumors to radiation. YAP inhibition with verteporfin renders chordoma more sensitive to radiation via inhibition of the DNA damage repair cascade and accumulation of cells in G2M when they are most susceptible to radiation damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akinduro, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiapparelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzeng, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokaslan, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinojosa, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.03.621728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) with Verteporfin Enhances Radiosensitivity in Chordoma by Inducing G2M Arrest and Inhibiting the DNA Damage Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A consensus definition for deep layer 6 excitatory neurons in mouse neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand neocortical function, we must first define its cell types. Recent studies indicate that neurons in the deepest cortical layer play roles in mediating thalamocortical interactions and modulating brain state and are implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. However, understanding the functions of deep layer 6 (L6b) neurons has been hampered by the lack of agreed upon definitions for these cell types. We compared commonly used methods for defining L6b neurons, including molecular, transcriptional and morphological approaches as well as transgenic mouse lines, and identified a core population of L6b neurons. This population does not innervate sensory thalamus, unlike layer 6 corticothalamic neurons (L6CThNs) in more superficial layer 6. Rather, single L6b neurons project ipsilaterally between cortical areas. Although L6b neurons undergo early developmental changes, we found that their intrinsic electrophysiological properties were stable after the first postnatal week. Our results provide a consensus definition for L6b neurons, enabling comparisons across studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matney, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulteis, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coye, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proskurin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A consensus definition for deep layer 6 excitatory neurons in mouse neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
xIV-LDDMM Toolkit: A Suite of Image-Varifold Based Technologies for Representing and Mapping 3D Imaging and Spatial-omics Data Simultaneously Across Scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in imaging and molecular techniques enable the collection of subcellular-scale data. Diversity in measured features, resolution, and physical scope of capture across technologies and experimental protocols pose numerous challenges to integrating data with reference coordinate systems and across scales. This paper describes a collection of technologies that we have developed for mapping data across scales and modalities, such as genes to tissues, specifically in a 3D setting. Our collection of technologies include (i) an explicit censored data representation for the partial matching problem mapping whole brains to subsampled subvolumes, (ii) a multi, scale-space optimization technology for generating resampling grids optimized to represent spatial geometry at fixed complexities, and (iii) mutual-information based functional feature selection. We integrate these technologies with our cross-modality mapping algorithm through the use of image-varifold measure norms to represent universally data across scales and imaging modalities. Collectively, these methods afford efficient representations of peta-scale imagery providing the algorithms for mapping from the nano to millimeter scales, which we term cross-modality image-varifold LDDMM (xIV-LDDMM).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[xIV-LDDMM Toolkit: A Suite of Image-Varifold Based Technologies for Representing and Mapping 3D Imaging and Spatial-omics Data Simultaneously Across Scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.621943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrical Coordinated Reset Stimulation Induces Network Desynchronization in an in Vivo Model of Status Epilepticus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.621943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, profoundly impacts individuals worldwide. Various electrical stimulation protocols have been investigated to mitigate epileptic seizures, among which Coordinated Reset (CR) stimulation may have potential for inducing long-lasting neural desynchronization. This study explores the acute effects of CR stimulation on synchronization dynamics during Status Epilepticus (SE) in an in vivo animal model. An electrographically sustained seizure-state was induced via 4-aminopyridine (4AP) administration to CA3. Custom-designed electrode probes were implanted to facilitate simultaneous recording and electrical stimulation. Analytical univariate and bivariate features were constructed from the LFP time-series recording. Feature metrics focused on spike synchronization metrics and continuous signal analysis of amplitude, spectral power and phase synchronization across electrode pairs and frequency bands. Significance of modulation was assessed through permutation testing of the observed differences between the CR-stimulated group (N=5) compared to the control (no stimulation) group (N=3) during SE. Results showed overall decrease in amplitude and power univariate features, and a significant modulation of bivariate synchronization and connectivity measures across the spectrum between the CR stimulation and control group. Our findings underscore the potential effectiveness of CR stimulation in attenuating excessive neural synchronization, paving the way for further exploration of CR stimulation as a viable intervention for network desynchronization of epileptiform activity and subsequently treatment of seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aeed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tass, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.621943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrical Coordinated Reset Stimulation Induces Network Desynchronization in an in Vivo Model of Status Epilepticus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIA1 Mediates Divergent Inflammatory Responses to Tauopathy in Microglia and Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA binding protein TIA1 is known to regulate stress responses. Here we show that TIA1 plays a much broader role in inflammatory cells, being required for the microglial sensome. We crossed TIA1 cKO mice (using a CX3CR1 driven cre element) to PS19 MAPT P301S tauopathy mice. The peripheral macrophages of TIA1 cKO mice exhibited a hyper-inflammatory phenotype with increased cytokine signaling, as expected. Surprisingly, the brains of these mice showed striking reductions in inflammation, including decreases in microglial inflammatory cytokines (TNF and IL-1{beta}) and sensome markers (CLEC7A, TREM2, ITGAX); these reductions were accompanied by corresponding decreases in tau pathology. Analysis of the brain TIA1 protein interactome identified brain selective TIA1 protein mediated pathways, including strong interactions with the microglial protein C1q, which directs pruning of dystrophic neurons. These results uncover a previously unknown regulatory role for TIA1 in microglial activation in the context of neurodegenerative disease and highlights the divergent regulation of two mononuclear phagocytic lineages: microglia and macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webber, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Der Spek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, A. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aw, J. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, G.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolozin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIA1 Mediates Divergent Inflammatory Responses to Tauopathy in Microglia and Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rad52 sorts and stacks Rad51 at the DNA junction to promote homologous recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) repairs double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). The DSBs are resected to yield single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that are coated by Replication Protein A (RPA). Rad51 is a recombinase and catalyzes strand invasion and the search for homology. However, it binds to ssDNA with lower affinity than RPA. Thus, mediator proteins such as Rad52/BRCA2 are required to promote Rad51 binding to RPA-coated ssDNA, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad52 interacts with Rad51 through two distinct binding modes. We here uncover that the Rad51-binding site in the disordered C-terminus of Rad52 (mode-1) sorts polydisperse Rad51 into discrete monomers. The second Rad51 binding site resides in the ordered N-terminal ring of Rad52 (mode-2), but this interaction occurs at only one position on the ring. In single molecule confocal fluorescence microscopy combined with optical tweezer analysis, we directly visualize filament formation using fluorescent-Rad51. Rad52 catalyzes Rad51 loading onto RPA-coated ssDNA, with a distinct preference for junctions, but no filament growth is observed. Deletion of the C-terminus of Rad52 results in loss of Rad51 sorting and abrogates Rad51 binding to RPA-coated DNA. While BRCA2 and Rad52 are structurally unrelated, many of these functional features are conserved. We describe a concerted Sort & Stack mechanism for mediator proteins in promoting HR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deveryshetty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoneim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokmina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bothner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rad52 sorts and stacks Rad51 at the DNA junction to promote homologous recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.05.622105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sticky enzymes: increased metabolic efficiency via substrate-dependent enzyme clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.05.622105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coclustering of subsequent enzymes in a pathway can accelerate the processing of metabolic intermediates, with benefits including increased pathway fluxes, reduced toxicity, and sensitive branch-point regulation. While the optimal organization of such clusters has been explored theoretically, little is known about how to achieve such organization inside cells. Here we propose that phase-separating enzymes can self-organize into nearly-optimally sized and spaced clusters, provided that their "stickiness" is regulated by local substrate availability. In a nutshell, enzyme clusters only form when and where they are needed to process substrate. We study a mathematical model that implements this scheme for simple metabolic pathways, including all thermodynamic constraints. We find that pathway fluxes can be increased by 50 to 1000-fold and toxic metabolites can be decreased by 10 to 100-fold, at realistic enzyme densities. Finally, we discuss how enzyme "stickiness" could be allosterically regulated. This study presents a self-organization strategy that goes beyond current paradigms for natural and engineered enzyme clusters, and thus represents a motivating challenge to the fields of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.622105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sticky enzymes: increased metabolic efficiency via substrate-dependent enzyme clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A consensus variant-to-function score to functionally prioritize variants for disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying and functionally characterizing causal disease variants in genome-wide association studies remains a pressing challenge. Here, we construct a consensus variant-to-function (cV2F) score that assigns a single value to each common single-nucleotide variant in the genome, and helps to predict and characterize causal disease variants. The cV2F score leverages features reflecting variant-level experimentally and computationally predicted function (e.g. allelic imbalance and sequence-based deep learning models) and element-level function (e.g. predicted enhancers), and learns optimal combinations of features by training a gradient boosting model on GWAS fine-mapping results. The cV2F-annotated variants attained an AUPRC of 0.822 at identifying held-out fine-mapped variants. Variants with high cV2F scores are highly enriched for heritability (14.2x, s.e. 0.5) across 66 diseases/traits, are uniquely informative for disease heritability, and are highly predictive of variants implicated by reporter assays; cV2F substantially outperforms previous variant-to-function scores using all of these metrics. GWAS fine-mapping of 110 diseases/traits informed by cV2F identified 14.3% more confidently fine-mapped (PIP > 0.95) variants than non-functionally informed fine-mapping. We further constructed tissue/cell line-specific cV2F scores that prioritize variants based on regulatory potential in specific tissues/cell lines, attaining high heritability enrichment for tissue-related diseases/traits (15.6x, s.e. 2.3) while providing independent information (average correlation of 0.27 with the primary cV2F score). We highlight examples of GWAS loci for which cV2F pinpoints causal variants with high confidence and elucidates their functional role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabiha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raine, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boytsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gschwind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulirsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierstra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewhey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A consensus variant-to-function score to functionally prioritize variants for disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commonalities and differences in the Cryptococcus neoformans response to ingestion by protozoal and mammalian phagocytic cells suggests host cell metabolism as a target for intracellular survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outcome of the interaction between Cryptococcus neoformans and infected hosts can be determined by whether the fungal cell survives ingestion by phagocytic cells. This applies to both unicellular and multicellular hosts such as amoeba and animals, respectively. Ingestion by phagocytic cells results in the formation of the cryptococcal phagosome but this structure has proved difficult to isolate. In this study, we report the successful isolation of cryptococcal phagosomes from murine and human phagocytes, followed by their characterization using proteomic and transcriptional analysis. Comparison of cryptococcal proteins from Acanthamoeba castellanii, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens phagocytes revealed the existence of a shared set suggesting a conserved fungal response to ingestion by phagocytic cells. Given that the cryptococcal intracellular pathogenic strategy is ancient, dating to at least to the cretaceous epoch, these results are consistent with the notion that the fungal response to ingestion reflects the result of selection pressures by environmental ameboid predators over eons of evolutionary time. We propose the existence of a conserved cryptococcal toolkit for intracellular survival that includes metabolic enzymes. We propose that host cell metabolic disruption provides a common strategy for the cryptococcal survival after ingestion by phylogenetically distant phagocytic hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commonalities and differences in the Cryptococcus neoformans response to ingestion by protozoal and mammalian phagocytic cells suggests host cell metabolism as a target for intracellular survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MOSAIC: A Pipeline for MicrobiOme Studies Analytical Integration and Correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale and consortium microbiome studies have enabled identification of reliable population-level biomedical signals, wherein integration is essential to eliminate unwanted variations between batches or studies and retain biological signals. Many strategies, each with distinct advantages and limitations, have been adapted or developed for microbiome data. The optimal strategy for a given study needs to be determined on a data-specific, case-by-case basis. Here, we develop the first-of-its-kind MicrobiOme Studies Analytical Integration and Correction (MOSAIC) pipeline to enable a convenient, fair, and comprehensive comparison of integration strategies. It includes modules for pre-processing, integration, and evaluation of artifact removal and signal preservation, using metrics relevant to common microbiome analyses, including alpha and beta diversities, disease prediction, and differential abundance analysis. We applied MOSAIC to extensive real-world and simulated data and found that though no single strategy excels in all aspects, yet certain strategies, the ComBat and ConQuR families, perform better overall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MOSAIC: A Pipeline for MicrobiOme Studies Analytical Integration and Correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bone marrow microenvironment signatures associate with patient survival after guadecitabine and atezolizumab therapy in HMA-resistant MDS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Almost 50% of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are refractory to first-line hypomethylating agents (HMAs), which presents a significant clinical challenge considering the lack of options for salvage. Past work revealed that immune checkpoint molecules on peripheral myeloblasts and immune cells are up-regulated after HMA treatment. Therefore, we conducted a Phase I/II clinical trial combining guadecitabine (an HMA) and atezolizumab (an immune checkpoint inhibitor) to treat HMA-relapsed or refractory (HMA-R/R) MDS patients. This combination therapy showed median overall survival of 15.1 months relative to historical controls (4-6 months). Here, we profiled the cell composition and gene expression signatures of cells from bone marrow aspirates from trial participants with short-term (<15 months) or long-term (>15 months) survival at single-cell resolution. Long-term survivors showed a significant reduction of immunosuppressive monocytes, and an expansion of effector lymphocytes after combination therapy. Further immune profiling suggests that gamma delta T cell activation through primed dendritic cells was associated with global interferon activation in the bone marrow microenvironment of long-term survivors. Short-term survivors exhibited elevated inflammation and senescence-like gene signatures that were not resolved by combination therapy. We propose that distinct bone marrow microenvironment features, such as senescence-associated inflammation or immunosuppressive monocyte presence, could improve patient stratification for HMA and immunotherapy combinations in HMA-R/R MDS patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orskov, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgos, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramjan, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zebley, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblood, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triche, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronbaek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bone marrow microenvironment signatures associate with patient survival after guadecitabine and atezolizumab therapy in HMA-resistant MDS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamics of Bivalent Heterotrimer Association in the Notch Signaling Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch signaling pathway regulates cellular differentiation by activating transcription through an unusual heterotrimeric complex comprising the Notch receptors intracellular domain (NICD), the DNA-binding protein CSL, and the coactivator MAML. NICD has two binding sites for CSL, a short motif in the RAM region and an ankyrin domain (ANK), connected by an intrinsically disordered linker and which form a bivalent ternary complex with CSL and MAML. Although bivalency is required for maximal transcription activation, the energetic contributions of bivalency and heterotrimer formation within this essential complex are unknown. To elucidate the energetics of bivalency we first determine the free energy of the CSL-ANK-MAML heterotrimer, using isothermal titration calorimetry and developing an obligate heterotrimer model to analyze the data. By comparing this heterotrimerization reaction with binding reactions involving different regions of RAMANK, we determine the energetic contribution of bivalency to heterotrimer assembly. We show that bivalency through the disordered linker increases the effective concentration of ANK, and that the bivalent interaction enhances occupancy of RAM and ANK at their binding sites on CSL by about three orders of magnitude. By redefining the standard state to a lower, more physiological protein concentration, we reveal the importance of the RAMANK intrinsically disordered linker for assembly of the Notch transcription activation complex. This work provides a framework whereby the energetic contributions of intrinsically disordered linkers to higher-order multivalent assembly may be analyzed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamics of Bivalent Heterotrimer Association in the Notch Signaling Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous Effects of Src Inhibition on Determinants of Metastasis in Preclinical Models of Human Bladder Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPast work in preclinical models of solid tumors have implicated SRC in invasion and metastasis, but also demonstrated it inhibited bladder cancer metastasis.

ObjectiveDetermine if the role of SRC in metastasis is dependent on bladder cancer molecular subtype membership.

MethodsWe analyzed large public datasets, performed in vitro invasion and migration assays using small-molecule and doxycycline inducible SRC knock-down constructs, and in vivo experimental metastasis assays.

ResultsLooking at large public datasets, we found SRC is upregulated in luminal papillary muscle invasive bladder cancer. Using the consensus classifier on RNA expression from 30 cell lines, we demonstrated that chemical SRC antagonists inhibited migration in luminal papillary cells but had little effect in basal/squamous lines. Conditional SRC knockdown inhibited migration in luminal papillary RT112 cells, whereas it increased migration and reduced proliferation in luminal papillary UM-UC6 cells. Regardless, these effects did not affect levels or sites of experimental metastasis in vivo.

ConclusionsThe results support the conclusion that SRCs biological effects in bladder cancer are not primarily involved in promoting invasion and metastasis. Further work is required to define SRCs roles in luminal papillary bladder cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aragaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous Effects of Src Inhibition on Determinants of Metastasis in Preclinical Models of Human Bladder Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Gene Expression in Fetal Liver, Heart, Lung, and Placenta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prenatal arsenic exposure has been linked to a myriad of negative health effects. There is relatively little insight into the mechanisms and signaling alterations across different fetal organs that drive long-term immune-related issues following prenatal arsenic exposure. Therefore, the effects of this exposure window on gene expression in the liver, placenta, heart, and lung of gestation day (GD) 18 C57BL/6 mouse fetuses were investigated. From two weeks prior to mating until tissue collection at GD18, mice were exposed to 0 or 100 ppb sodium (meta) arsenite in drinking water. Genes of interest were analyzed by RT-qPCR, complemented with untargeted Agilent 44K microarray analysis. Data cleanup and analysis was performed in RStudio. Differentially expressed mRNAs were queried in the String Database and using Cytoscape to create interaction networks and identify significantly enriched biological pathways. A total of 251, 165, 158, and 41 genes were significantly altered in the liver, placenta, heart, and lung, respectively, when treated samples were compared to controls. Many altered pathways were immune-related, supporting prior research. Most notably, gene expression of Gbp3, a key player in the cellular response to interferon gamma, was found to be reduced in placentas of female fetuses exposed to arsenic compared to controls (p=0.0762).

ImpactThis is the first study comparing alterations in gene expression across multiple organs following prenatal exposure to environmentally relevant levels of arsenic. These findings, elucidating the multi-organ impact of prenatal arsenic exposure on predominantly immune-related pathways, further our mechanistic understanding of the long-term health effects observed in early-life arsenic-exposed populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rychlik, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashiwagi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleensang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.10.622821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Gene Expression in Fetal Liver, Heart, Lung, and Placenta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Evaluation of AlphaFold-Multimer, AlphaFold3 and ColabFold, and Scoring Functions in Predicting Protein-Peptide Complex Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the three-dimensional structures of protein-peptide complexes is crucial for elucidating biological processes and designing peptide-based drugs. Protein-peptide docking has become essential for predicting complex structures. AlphaFold-Multimer, ColabFold and AlphaFold3 provided groundbreaking tools to enhance the protein-peptide docking accuracy. This study evaluates these three tools for predicting protein-peptide complex structures using Template-Based (TB) and Template-Free (TF) methods. AlphaFold-Multimer excels in TB predictions and performs moderately in TF scenarios in the prediction pool, but TF outperforms TB in the first-ranked models. ColabFold demonstrates versatility in both TB and TF settings. AlphaFold3 generates high-quality structures for more proteins, but the medium accuracy is not as good as AlphaFold-Multimer using a large model pool. We also assessed the performance of various scoring functions in ranking predicted protein-peptide complex structures. While the scoring function built in AlphaFold demonstrates the best performance, some other scoring functions, e.g., FoldX-Stability and HADDOCK-mdscore, provide complementary values. The findings suggest the potential for enhancing scoring functions targeting AlphaFold-based predictions by combining multiple scoring functions or using a consensus approach from many prediction models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manshour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmaili, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.622992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Evaluation of AlphaFold-Multimer, AlphaFold3 and ColabFold, and Scoring Functions in Predicting Protein-Peptide Complex Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subjected to carbon starvation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of infectious-disease related deaths worldwide. TB infections present as a spectrum from active to latent disease. In the human host, Mtb faces hostile environments, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and low pH. Under these conditions, Mtb can enter a dormant, but viable, state characterized by a lack of cell replication and increased resistance to antibiotics. These dormant Mtb pose a major challenge to curing infections and eradicating TB globally. In the current study, we subjected Mtb to carbon starvation (CS), a culture condition that induces growth stasis and mimics nutrient-starved conditions associated with dormancy in vivo. We provide a detailed analysis of the proteome in CS compared to replicating samples. We observed extensive proteomic reprogramming, with 36% of identified proteins significantly altered in CS. Many enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and lipid metabolism were retained or upregulated in CS. The cell wall biosynthetic machinery was present in CS, although numerous changes in the abundance of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycolic acid biosynthetic enzymes likely result in pronounced remodeling of the cell wall. Many clinically approved anti-TB drugs target cell wall biosynthesis, and we found that these enzymes were largely retained in CS. Lastly, we compared our results to those of other dormancy models and propose that CS produces a physiologically-distinct state of stasis compared to hypoxia in Mtb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subjected to carbon starvation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse matrix factorization of GWAS summary statistics robust to sample sharing improves detection and interpretation of factors with diverse genetic architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex trait-associated genetic variation is highly pleiotropic. This extensive pleiotropy implies that multi-phenotype analyses are informative for characterizing genetic associations, as they facilitate the discovery of trait-shared and trait-specific variants and pathways ("genetic factors"). Previous efforts have estimated genetic factors using matrix factorization (MF) applied to numerous GWAS. However, existing methods are susceptible to spurious factors arising from residual confounding due to sample-sharing in biobank GWAS. Furthermore, MF approaches have historically estimated dense factors, loaded on most traits and variants, that are challenging to map onto interpretable biological pathways. To address these shortcomings, we introduce "GWAS latent embeddings accounting for noise and regularization" (GLEANR), a MF method for detection of sparse genetic factors from summary statistics. GLEANR accounts for sample sharing between studies and uses regularization to estimate a data-driven number of interpretable factors. GLEANR is robust to confounding induced by shared samples and improves the replication of genetic factors derived from distinct biobanks. We used GLEANR to evaluate 137 diverse GWAS from the UK Biobank, identifying 58 factors that decompose the genetic architecture of input traits and have distinct signatures of negative selection and degrees of polygenicity. These sparse factors can be interpreted with respect to disease, cell-type, and pathway enrichment. We highlight three such factors capturing platelet measure phenotypes and enriched for disease-relevant markers corresponding to distinct stages of platelet differentiation. Overall, GLEANR is a powerful tool for discovering both trait-specific and trait-shared pathways underlying complex traits from GWAS summary statistics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omdahl, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse matrix factorization of GWAS summary statistics robust to sample sharing improves detection and interpretation of factors with diverse genetic architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
International multi-cohort analysis identifies novel framework for quantifying immune dysregulation in critical illness: results of the SUBSPACE consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in the management of critical care syndromes such as sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and trauma has slowed over the last two decades, limited by the inherent heterogeneity within syndromic illnesses. Numerous immune endotypes have been proposed in sepsis and critical care, however the overlap of the endotypes is unclear, limiting clinical translation. The SUBSPACE consortium is an international consortium that aims to advance precision medicine through the sharing of transcriptomic data. By evaluating the overlap of existing immune endotypes in sepsis across over 6,000 samples, we developed cell-type specific signatures to quantify dysregulation in these immune compartments. Myeloid and lymphoid dysregulation were associated with disease severity and mortality across all cohorts. This dysregulation was not only observed in sepsis but also in ARDS, trauma, and burn patients, indicating a conserved mechanism across various critical illness syndromes. Moreover, analysis of randomized controlled trial data revealed that myeloid and lymphoid dysregulation is linked to differential mortality in patients treated with anakinra or corticosteroids, underscoring its prognostic and therapeutic significance. In conclusion, this novel immunology-based framework for quantifying cellular compartment dysregulation offers a valuable tool for prognosis and therapeutic decision-making in critical illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasin-Brumshtein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddali, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Poll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scicluna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Loeches, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garduno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevransky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atreya, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldawer, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efron, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcela, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karvunidis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannini, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[International multi-cohort analysis identifies novel framework for quantifying immune dysregulation in critical illness: results of the SUBSPACE consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining the spliceosomal introns of the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and its close relatives in columbid birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trichomonas vaginalis infects the urogenital tract of men and women and causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis. Since the publication of its draft genome in 2007, the genome has drawn attention for several reasons, including its unusually large size, massive expansion of gene families, and high repeat content. The fragmented nature of the draft assembly made it challenging to obtain accurate metrics of features, such as spliceosomal introns. The number of introns identified varied over the years, ranging from 41 when first characterized in 2005, to 32 in 2018 when the repertoire was revised. In both cases, the results suggested that more introns could be present in the genome. In this study, we exploited our new T. vaginalis G3 chromosome-scale assembly and annotation and high-coverage transcriptome datasets to provide a definitive analysis of the complete repertoire of spliceosomal introns in the species. We developed a custom pipeline that distinguishes true splicing events from chimeric alignments by utilizing the extended motifs required by the splicing machinery and experimentally verified the results using transcript evidence. We identified a total of 63 active introns and 34 putative "inactive" intron sequences in T. vaginalis, enabling an analysis of their length distribution, extended consensus motifs, intron phase distribution (including an unexpected expansion of UTR introns), and functional annotation. Notably, we found that the shortest intron in T. vaginalis, at only 23 nucleotides in size, is one of the shortest introns known to date. We tested our pipeline on a chromosome-scale assembly of the bird parasite Trichomonas stableri, the closest known relative to T. vaginalis. Our results revealed some conservation of the main features (total intron count, sequence, length distribution, and motifs) of these two closely related species, although differences in their functional annotation and duplication suggest more specialized splicing machinery in T. vaginalis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callejas-Hernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiratori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining the spliceosomal introns of the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and its close relatives in columbid birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A whole-animal phenotypic drug screen identifies suppressors of atherogenic lipoproteins. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipoproteins are essential for lipid transport in all bilaterians. A single Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) molecule is the inseparable structural scaffold of each ApoB-containing lipoprotein (B-lps), which are responsible for transporting lipids to peripheral tissues. The cellular mechanisms that regulate ApoB and B-lp production, secretion, transport, and degradation remain to be fully defined. In humans, elevated levels of vascular B-lps play a causative role in cardiovascular disease. Previously, we have detailed that human B-lp biology is remarkably conserved in the zebrafish using an in vivo chemiluminescent reporter of ApoB (LipoGlo) that does not disrupt ApoB function. Thus, the LipoGlo model is an ideal system for identifying novel mechanisms of ApoB modulation and, due to the ability of zebrafish to generate many progeny, is particularly amenable to large-scale phenotypic drug screening. Here, we report a screen of roughly 3000 compounds that identified 49 unique ApoB-lowering hits. Nineteen hits passed orthogonal screening criteria. A licorice root component, enoxolone, significantly lowered B-lps only in animals that express a functional allele of the nuclear hormone receptor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 (HNF4). Consistent with this result, inhibitors of HNF4 also reduce B-lp levels. These data demonstrate that mechanism(s) of action can be rapidly determined from a whole animal zebrafish phenotypic screen. Given the well documented role of HNF4 in human B-lp biology, these data validate the LipoGlo screening platform for identifying small molecule modulators of B-lps that play a critical role in a leading cause of worldwide mortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelpsch, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lectka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A whole-animal phenotypic drug screen identifies suppressors of atherogenic lipoproteins.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal Instability in Human Trophoblast Stem Cells and Placentas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human placenta, a unique tumor-like organ, is typically thought to exhibit rare aneuploidy associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Discrepancies in reported aneuploidy prevalence in placenta likely stem from limitations in modeling and the resolution of detection methods. Here, we used isogenic trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) derived from both naive and primed human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to reveal the spontaneous occurrence of aneuploidy, suggesting chromosomal instability (CIN) as an inherent feature of the trophoblast lineage. We identified potential pathways contributing to the occurrence and tolerance of CIN. These findings were further validated using single cell multiome data from human placentas, where we observed a high prevalence of heterogeneous aneuploidy across trophoblast cells. Despite extensive chromosomal abnormalities, TSCs maintained their proliferative and differentiation capacities, suggesting that CIN is a typical aspect of placental development. Our study challenges the traditional view of aneuploidy in the placenta and provides new insights into the role of CIN in normal placental function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cearlock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal Instability in Human Trophoblast Stem Cells and Placentas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.17.624021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quiescent Infections of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses and Elephant Gammaherpesviruses in African Elephants in Botswana, Gabon, Kenya, South Africa and USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.17.624021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This novel study detected persistent low-level infection of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses (EEHV), that can cause highly pathogenic Elephant Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) in Loxodonta and Elephas, and co-infection of presumed less pathogenic Elephant Gammaherpesviruses (EGHV), in skin nodule biopsies, saliva and tissues collected from 43 wild L. africana (savannah elephant) in Botswana, Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe; in saliva from 25 wild L. cyclotis (forest elephant) in Gabon and 7 wild-born L.africana at Six Flags Safari Park, USA, over an extended period of seven years; and in saliva, blood and tissues from an additional 200 L. africana and 100 Elephas maximus in USA zoos. DNA from these samples was extracted in our USA laboratories and amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction using three-round nested primer sets designed specifically to screen for known EEHV and EGHV genes loci and to discover new species and subtypes. Sanger sequencing of purified DNA from nearly all samples yielded unambiguous positive genetic matches to previously known Loxodonta-associated EEHV2, EEHV3A, EEHV3B, EEHV6, EEHV7A, and EGHV1B, EGHV2, EGHV3B, EGHV4B, EGHV5B and discovered novel types EEHV3C-H and EEHV7B and the prototype EGHV1B. Many of the primer sets used could also have detected known Elephas-associated EEHV1A, EEHV1B, EEHV4, and EEHV5 if present, but they did not. This extensive EEHV and EGHV sequence library will be a significant contribution to the elephant virology community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearson, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.17.624021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quiescent Infections of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses and Elephant Gammaherpesviruses in African Elephants in Botswana, Gabon, Kenya, South Africa and USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proposed framework for evaluating meat alternatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concerns surrounding the environmental, economic, and ethical consequences of meat production and industrial agriculture have prompted substantial research and capital investment into the production of meat alternatives. Alternative meat production encompasses a variety of technological approaches including plant-based meats, cell-based or cultivated meats, meat alternatives relying on fungal protein sources, and hybrids thereof; each of which offers unique advantages and disadvantages and has been associated with a myriad of claims supporting it as the preferred alternative to animal-derived meats. As part of XPRIZE Foundations Feed the Next Billion competition, we developed a framework for evaluating meat alternatives by measuring their structural, nutritional, and organoleptic properties while also assessing safety and their purported environmental and economic benefits compared to animal-derived meats. The framework is technologically agnostic and can be used to evaluate meat alternatives of all types. The output of the framework enables a data-driven comparison to animal-derived meat and/or other alternative meats, allowing a range of stakeholders (e.g., food startups, investors, government) to assess technological readiness, competitive advantage, and impact potential. This framework can assist this nascent industry as it moves towards standardizing approaches to evaluating the quality, safety and proposed benefits of meat alternatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Semper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giali, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaustein-Rejto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowat, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogilvie, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutmacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domigan, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proposed framework for evaluating meat alternatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Cardiac p38 Highlights the Role of the Phosphoproteome in Heart Failure Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart failure (HF) is a complex condition characterized by the inability of the heart to pump sufficient oxygen to the organs to meet their metabolic needs. Among the altered signal transduction pathways associated with HF pathogenesis, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway--activated in response to stress-- has attracted considerable attention for its potential role in HF progression and cardiac hypertrophy. However, the exact mechanisms by which p38 MAPK influences HF remain unclear. Addressing knowledge gaps may provide insight on why p38 inhibition has yielded inconsistent outcomes in clinical trials. Here we investigate the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition via SB203580 on cardiac remodeling in a guinea pig model of HF and sudden cardiac death. Using a well-established HF model with ascending aortic constriction and daily isoproterenol (ACi) administration, we assessed proteomic changes across three groups: sham-operated controls, untreated ACi, and ACi treated with SB203580 (ACiSB). Cardiac function was evaluated by M-mode echocardiography, while proteome and phosphoproteome profiles were analyzed using multiplexed tandem mass tag labeling and LC-MS/MS. Our findings demonstrate that chronic SB203580 treatment offers protection against progressive decline in cardiac function in HF. The proteomic data indicate that SB203580-treatment exerts broad protection of the cardiac phosphoproteome, beyond inhibiting maladaptive p38-dependent phosphorylation, extending to PKA and AMPK networks among others, ultimately protecting the phosphorylation status of critical myofibrillar and Ca2+-handling proteins. Though SB203580 had a more restricted impact on widespread protein changes in HF, its biosignature was consistent with preserved mitochondrial energetics as well as reduced oxidative and inflammatory stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedighi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OMeally, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Cardiac p38 Highlights the Role of the Phosphoproteome in Heart Failure Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the parameters for sorting of different RNA cargo into Extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are released by cells and mediate cell-cell communication by transferring bioactive molecules. RNA cargo of EVs, including coding and non-coding RNAs, can change the behavior of recipient cells, affecting processes like gene expression, proliferation, and apoptosis. Circular RNAs (CircRNA) are a newly appreciated class of regulatory RNAs that are stable, resistant to degradation and have been shown to be enriched in EVs. They play key roles in gene regulation and are also emerging as promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most well studied RNA cargo of EVs, very little is known about the mechanisms of enrichment of circRNAs as well as long linear RNAs. Here, we take a comprehensive genome-wide approach to investigate the role of GC%, size, exon count, structuredness and coding potential, in the sorting and enrichment of circular and long linear RNAs into EVs. We found that size and structuredness had a significant role in enriching RNAs into EVs which was consistent across all classes of RNAs. Furthermore, we found that structuredness could explain the relative enrichment of circRNAs over their linear counterparts. These results were validated on existing public databases of circular and linear RNAs in EVs. By identifying and analyzing these factors, we aim to better understand the complex mechanisms behind EV-mediated RNA transfer and its impact on cell communication in both health and disease. This mechanistic understanding of RNA enrichment in EVs is crucial for engineering EVs with selective RNA cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelgawad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parashar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the parameters for sorting of different RNA cargo into Extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep neural network to de-noise single-cell RNAsequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), a powerful technique for investigating the transcriptome of individual cells, enables the discovery of heterogeneous cell populations, rare cell types, and transcriptional dynamics in separate cells. Yet, scRNA-seq data analysis is limited by the problem of measurement dropouts, i.e., genes displaying zero expression levels. We introduce ZiPo, a deep artificial neural network for rate estimation and library size prediction in scRNA-seq data which incorporates adjustable zero inflation in the distribution to capture the dropouts. ZiPo builds upon established concepts, including using deep autoencoders and adopting the Poisson and negative binomial distributions, by taking advantage of novel strategies, including library size prediction and residual connections, to improve the overall performance. A significant innovation of ZiPo is the introduction of a scale-invariant loss term, making the weights sparse and, hence, the model biologically more interpretable. ZiPo quickly handles vast singular and mixed datasets, with the processing time directly proportional to the number of cells. In this paper, we demonstrate the power of ZiPo on three datasets and show its advantages over other current techniques. The code used to produce the results in this manuscript is available at https://bitbucket.org/habilzare/alzheimer/src/master/code/deep/ZiPo/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharifitabar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazempour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solhjoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep neural network to de-noise single-cell RNAsequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SFPQ-TFE3 gene fusion reciprocally regulates mTORC1 activity and induces lineage plasticity in a novel mouse model of renal tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MiT/TFE family gene fusion proteins, such as SFPQ-TFE3, drive both epithelial (eg, translocation renal cell carcinoma, tRCC) and mesenchymal (eg, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor, PEComa) neoplasms with aggressive behavior. However, no prior mouse models for SFPQ-TFE3-related tumors exist and the mechanisms of lineage plasticity induced by this fusion remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that constitutive murine renal expression of human SFPQ-TFE3 using Ksp Cadherin-Cre as a driver disrupts kidney development leading to early neonatal renal failure and death. In contrast, post-natal induction of SFPQ-TFE3 in renal tubular epithelial cells using Pax8 ERT-Cre induces infiltrative epithelioid tumors, which morphologically and transcriptionally resemble human PEComas. As seen in MiT/TFE fusion-driven human tumors, SFPQ-TFE3 expression is accompanied by the strong induction of mTORC1 signaling, which is partially amino acid-sensitive and dependent on increased SFPQ-TFE3-mediated RRAGC/D transcription. Remarkably, SFPQ-TFE3 expression is sufficient to induce lineage plasticity in renal tubular epithelial cells, with rapid down-regulation of the critical PAX2/PAX8 nephric lineage factors and tubular epithelial markers, and concomitant up-regulation of PEComa differentiation markers in transgenic mice, human cell line models and human tRCC. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of mTOR signaling downregulates expression of the SFPQ-TFE3 fusion protein and rescues nephric lineage marker expression and transcriptional activity in vitro. These data provide evidence of a potential epithelial cell-of-origin for TFE3-driven PEComas and highlight a reciprocal role for SFPQ-TFE3 and mTOR in driving lineage plasticity in the kidney, expanding our understanding of the pathogenesis of MiT/TFE-driven tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asrani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadchi, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidotto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasbe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oike, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outeda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SFPQ-TFE3 gene fusion reciprocally regulates mTORC1 activity and induces lineage plasticity in a novel mouse model of renal tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structure of AAA + ATPase Thorase Reveals Novel Helical Filament Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) ATPase, Thorase, also known as ATAD1, plays multiple roles in synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial quality control and mTOR signaling through disassembling protein complexes like AMPAR and mTORC1 in an ATP-dependent manner. The Oligomerization of Thorase is crucial for its disassembly and remodeling functions. We show that wild-type Thorase forms long helical filaments in vitro, dependent on ATP binding but not hydrolysis. We report the Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Thorase filament at a resolution of 4 [A], revealing the dimeric arrangement of the basic repeating unit that is formed through a distinct interface compared to the hexameric MSP1/ATAD1E193Q assembly. Structure-guided mutagenesis confirms the role of critical amino acid residues required for filament formation, oligomerization and disassembly of mTORC1 protein complex. Together, our data reveals a novel filament structure of Thorase and provides critical information that elucidates the mechanism underlying Thorase filament formation and Thorase-mediated disassembly of the mTORC1 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umanah, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structure of AAA + ATPase Thorase Reveals Novel Helical Filament Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated airway epithelial antiviral immunity in Down Syndrome impairs type III IFN response and amplifies airway inflammation during RSV infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trisomy 21 (TS21), also known as Down syndrome (DS), increases pediatric mortality risk from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by nine-fold, yet its underlying immunological basis remains unclear. Here, we investigated RSV-induced immunological responses in TS21 airway epithelial cells (AECs), the primary site of respiratory virus entry and host defense. TS21 AECs exhibit hyperactive interferon (IFN) signaling and reduced RSV infectivity, but they also show impaired type-III IFN responses during viral infection. Furthermore, TS21 AECs demonstrate heightened production of proinflammatory mediators CXCL5 and CXCL10 both before and after RSV exposure. Infants with DS suffering from severe viral bronchiolitis demonstrate dysregulated airway immune responses in vivo, characterized by diminished type-III IFN levels and increased CXCL5/CXCL10 secretion. Our results indicate that RSV severity in DS is not due to impaired viral control but to dysregulated airway proinflammatory responses, offering new therapeutic opportunities to mitigate the severity of RSV infection in children with DS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chorvinsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welham, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain Ismat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preciado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Villalobos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morizono, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated airway epithelial antiviral immunity in Down Syndrome impairs type III IFN response and amplifies airway inflammation during RSV infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation in Areas of Fibrosis Precedes Loss of Kidney Function in Lupus Nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInterstitial fibrosis in lupus nephritis (LN) is often infiltrated by immune cells but typically regarded as nonspecific "scar reaction." This study aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammatory fibrosis and kidney disease progression in LN.

MethodsInterstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) were scored in 124 LN kidney biopsies. Inflammation in areas of IFTA (i-IFTA) was graded 0-3 according to the Banff Classification of Allograft Pathology. Significant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss was defined as a decline of >15 ml/min at 3 years from biopsy. Immune cell phenotype was defined by serial immunohistochemistry (13-plex).

ResultsIFTA was observed in 88/124 (71%) biopsies, and i-IFTA was identified in 76/88 (86%) cases. The distribution of i-IFTA grades was heterogenous across all IFTA grades. In patients with moderate-to-severe IFTA (>25%), the degree of i-IFTA was associated with a higher risk of significant GFR loss: 0/2 (0%), 1/3 (33%), 3/4 (75%), and 7/9 (78%) for i-IFTA grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p = 0.028). Multiplexed histology revealed that i-IFTA was mostly composed of CD163+ macrophages and CD4 T cells, followed by CD8 T cells and granulocytes.

ConclusionI-IFTA is frequently observed in LN and is dominated by macrophages and T cells. For patients with baseline IFTA >25%, the degree of i-IFTA emerged as a predictor of GFR loss. These data support the routine scoring of i-IFTA in LN due to its prognostic implications and nominate i-IFTA as a potential therapeutic target.

LAY SUMMARYScar tissue often contains immune cells, but we still do not fully understand their role. In lupus nephritis (LN), this is typically dismissed as "nonspecific inflammation". However, our study analyzed kidney biopsies from 124 people with LN and found that inflammation in scarred areas may predict future kidney function loss. Specifically, we identified a type of immune cell, CD163+ macrophages, that may contribute to scarring and kidney damage. Our findings suggest that routinely assessing inflammation in scarred areas could help predict kidney health in LN patients and highlight a possible new target for therapies to prevent kidney damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malvica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenaroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celia, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnasco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership: RA/SLE Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation in Areas of Fibrosis Precedes Loss of Kidney Function in Lupus Nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.624872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MULTIPLE, REDUNDANT CARBOXYLIC ACID TRANSPORTERS SUPPORT MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.624872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrion of the deadliest human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is an essential source of cellular acetyl-CoA during the asexual blood-stage of the parasite life cycle. Blocking mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthesis leads to a hypoacetylated proteome and parasite death. We previously determined that mitochondrial acetyl-CoA is primarily synthesized from glucose-derived pyruvate by -ketoacid dehydrogenases. Here, we asked if inhibiting the import of glycolytic pyruvate across the mitochondrial inner membrane would affect acetyl-CoA production and, thus, could be a potential target for antimalarial drug development. We selected the two predicted mitochondrial pyruvate carrier proteins (PfMPC1 and PfMPC2) for genetic knockout and isotopic metabolite tracing via HPLC-MS metabolomic analysis. Surprisingly, we observed that asexual blood-stage parasites could survive the loss of either or both PfMPCs with only minor growth defects, despite a substantial reduction in the amount of glucose-derived isotopic labelling into acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, genetic deletion of two additional mitochondrial carboxylic acid transporters - DTC (di/tricarboxylic acid carrier) and YHM2 (a putative citrate/-ketoglutarate carrier protein) - only mildly affected asexual blood-stage replication, even in the context of PfMPC deficiency. Although we observed no added impact on the incorporation of glucose carbon into acetyl-CoA in these quadruple knockout mutants, we noted a large decrease in glutamine-derived label in tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, suggesting that DTC and YHM2 both import glutamine derivatives into the mitochondrion. Altogether, our results expose redundant routes used to fuel the blood-stage malaria parasite mitochondrion with imported carbon from two major sources - glucose and glutamine.

SIGNIFICANCEThe mitochondrion of malaria parasites generates key molecules, such as acetyl-CoA, that are required for numerous cellular processes. To support mitochondrial biosynthetic pathways, the parasites must transport carbon sources into this organelle. By studying how the mitochondrion obtains pyruvate, a molecule derived from glucose, we have uncovered redundant carbon transport systems that ensure parasite survival in red blood cells. This metabolic redundancy poses a challenge for drug development, as it enables the parasite to adapt and survive by relying on alternative pathways when one is disrupted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.624872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MULTIPLE, REDUNDANT CARBOXYLIC ACID TRANSPORTERS SUPPORT MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying information stored in synaptic connections rather than in firing patterns of neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cornerstone of our understanding of both biological and artificial neural networks is that they store information in the strengths of connections among the constituent neurons. However, in contrast to the well-established theory for quantifying information encoded by the firing patterns of neural networks, little is known about quantifying information encoded by its synaptic connections. Here, we develop a theoretical framework using continuous Hop-field networks as an exemplar for associative neural networks, and data that follow mixtures of broadly applicable multivariate log-normal distributions. Specifically, we analytically derive the Shannon mutual information between the data and singletons, pairs, triplets, quadruplets, and arbitrary n-tuples of synaptic connections within the network. Our framework corroborates well-established insights about storage capacity of, and distributed coding by, neural firing patterns. Strikingly, it discovers synergistic interactions among synapses, revealing that the information encoded jointly by all the synapses exceeds the  sum of its parts. Taken together, this study introduces an interpretable framework for quantitatively understanding information storage in neural networks, one that illustrates the duality of synaptic connectivity and neural population activity in learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying information stored in synaptic connections rather than in firing patterns of neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How sturdy is your memory palace? Reliable room representations predict subsequent reinstatement of placed objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the neural properties that make spatial contexts effective scaffolds for storing and accessing memories? We hypothesized that spatial locations with stable and distinctive (i.e., reliable) neural representations would best support memory for new experiences. To test this, participants learned the layout of a custom-built 23-room virtual reality (VR) "memory palace" that they explored using a head-mounted display. The next day, participants underwent whole-brain fMRI while watching videos of the rooms, allowing us to measure the reliability of the neural activity pattern associated with each room. Participants then returned to VR to encode 23 objects placed in each of the 23 rooms and later recalled the rooms and objects during fMRI. We found that our room reliability measure (computed prior to encoding) predicted object reinstatement during recall across cortex; this was driven not only by group-level reliability across participants, but also idiosyncratic reliability within participants. Moreover, this effect did not arise through enhanced retrieval of reliable rooms during recall, since the relationship between reliability and object reinstatement remained significant when controlling for room reinstatement during retrieval; this suggests that, instead, room reliability promotes improved binding of rooms to objects at encoding. Together, these results showcase how the quality of the neural repre-sentation of a spatial context can be quantified and used to  audit its utility as a memory scaffold for future experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masis-Obando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How sturdy is your memory palace? Reliable room representations predict subsequent reinstatement of placed objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in interlimb coordination induced by within-stride changes in treadmill speed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human walking involves tightly coordinated movements of the right and left legs. We recently developed and tested a  dynamic treadmill walking paradigm that changes the treadmill speed within a single step to provide asymmetric training for persons with gait dysfunction. We previously demonstrated that this approach could induce changes in human gait symmetry; however, if this approach is to be used in rehabilitation, we also need to understand how movements of the legs are coordinated to produce these asymmetric gait changes. The goal of this study was to examine the temporal (phase shift) and spatial (center of oscillation difference) aspects of interlimb coordination during dynamic treadmill walking in ten young adults without gait impairment. We found that dynamic treadmill walking drove significant changes in phase shift and center of oscillation difference that were dependent on the timing of the treadmill speed change within the gait cycle. For example, slowing the treadmill during the stance phase extended the double limb support period, and these changes were strongly correlated with a phase shift between the two legs. Accelerating the treadmill late in stance led to extensions in the trailing limb angle that were strongly correlated with changes in the center of oscillation difference. Overall, dynamic treadmill walking can be configured to drive changes in many spatiotemporal, kinematic, and interlimb coordination parameters, creating a variety of options for restoring gait symmetry and targeting aspects of spatial and temporal interlimb coordination in clinical populations with heterogenous patterns of gait asymmetry.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYDynamic treadmill walking has been previously shown to drive asymmetric gait changes, but little is known about its effect on interlimb coordination. Here, we find that this approach induces significant changes in interlimb coordination (relative to normal walking) in both spatial and temporal domains. Altogether, dynamic treadmill walking offers a customizable gait rehabilitation strategy for asymmetric gait training that can induce changes in interlimb coordination using only a single-belt treadmill.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in interlimb coordination induced by within-stride changes in treadmill speed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable amplification of highly repetitive or low complexity sequence DNA enabled by superhelicase-mediated isothermal amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires thermal cycling to melt DNA and proceed through the subsequent cycles of DNA synthesis needed for exponential amplification. Previously, we engineered a superhelicase, with enhanced processivity and speed, to replace this traditional PCR melting step with enzymatic DNA unwinding while retaining desired PCR characteristics, such as multi-kb amplicon size and applicability to cloning and gene editing outcome assessment. This isothermal amplification method is named SHARP (SSB-Helicase Assisted Rapid PCR) because single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) and superhelicases are added to standard PCR reagents. Here, we show that SHARP can be effective for DNA sequences that PCR is unable to amplify or that produce side products of. SHARP is demonstrated to be capable of amplifying up to six identical repeats of the Widom 601 nucleosome positioning sequence and up to 35 identical repeats of ankyrin sequence. We also show that a sequence with 91% AT-content can be amplified using SHARP and that the amplification product can be validated using single-molecule optical tweezers experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino-Urteaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable amplification of highly repetitive or low complexity sequence DNA enabled by superhelicase-mediated isothermal amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust characterization of selectivity of individual neurons to distinct task-relevant behavioral states using calcium imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigations into the neural basis of behavior have recently employed fluorescence imaging of calcium dynamics in a variety of brain areas to measure neural responses. However, across studies, diverse and seemingly subjective methodological choices have been made in assessing the selectivity of individual neurons to task-relevant behavioral states. Here, we examine systematically the effect of different choices in the values of key parameters from data acquisition through statistical testing on the inference of the selectivity of individual neurons for task states. We do so by using as an experimental testbed, neuronal calcium dynamics imaged in the medial prefrontal cortex of freely behaving mice engaged in a classic exploration-avoidance task involving spontaneous (animal-controlled) state transitions - navigation in the elevated zero maze (EZM). We report that a number of key variables in this pipeline substantially impact the selectivity label assigned to neurons, and do so in distinct ways. By quantitatively comparing newly defined accuracy and robustness metrics for all the 128 possible combinations of levels of the key parameters, we discover in a data-driven manner, two optimal combinations that reliably characterize neuronal selectivity - one using discrete calcium events and another using continuous calcium traces. This work establishes objective and standardized parameter settings for reliable, calcium imaging-based investigations into the neural encoding of task-states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adwanikar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust characterization of selectivity of individual neurons to distinct task-relevant behavioral states using calcium imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a Highly Functional Effector CD8+ T Cell Program After Transplantation in Mice and Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell mediated allograft rejection leads to early graft loss for kidney transplant patients. To better understand the mechanism by which T cells mediate rejection, we investigated the fate and function of graft-specific CD8+ T cells expressing the activated isoform of CD43 in mice and humans. Agonism of CD43 1B11 in vitro induced CD8+ T cell proliferation in the presence of sub-threshold antigen stimulation, and CD43 1B11 mAb treatment in vivo overcame costimulation-blockade induced tolerance to skin grafts. Relative to CD43 1B11- populations, CD43 1B11+ CD8+ T cells maintained high T-bet expression along with stem-like molecules IL-7R and TCF-1 at both effector and memory timepoints, and were more persistent following adoptive transfer. In kidney transplant patients, graft-infiltrating CD8+ T cells that expressed CD43 and the glycosyltransferase GCNT1 had an effector phenotype that includes high expression of IFNG, ICOS, and perforins/granzymes. In healthy human donors and transplant candidates, the CD43 1D4 mAb clone defined antigen-experienced cytokine-producing CD8+ T cells. In sum, these data support a progressive differentiation model by which highly proliferative effector CD43 1B11+ CD8+ T cells infiltrate allografts also efficiently persist into memory after antigen clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freibaum, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leathem, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummey, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a Highly Functional Effector CD8+ T Cell Program After Transplantation in Mice and Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Approximate Bayesian computation supports a high incidence of chromosomal mosaicism in blastocyst-stage human embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome mis-segregation is common in human meiosis and mitosis, and the resulting aneuploidies are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) prioritizes chromosomally normal embryos for transfer based on analysis of a biopsy of approximately five trophectoderm cells from blastocyst-stage in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. While modern PGT-A platforms classify these biopsies as aneuploid, euploid, or mosaic (a mixture of normal and aneuploid cells), the underlying incidences of aneuploid, euploid, and mosaic embryos and the rates of meiotic and mitotic error that produced them remain largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we paired a method for embryo simulation with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to infer rates of meiotic and mitotic error that explain published PGT-A data. Using simulation, we also evaluated the chromosomal status of entire embryos. For a published clinical sample, we estimated a 40-58% probability of meiotic error per meiosis and a 1.5-6.3% probability of mitotic error per mitosis, depending on assumptions about spatial organization. In addition, our analyses suggest that less than 1% of blastocysts are fully euploid and that many embryos possess low-level mosaic clones that are not captured during biopsy. These conclusions were relatively insensitive to misclassification of mosaic biopsies. Together, our findings imply that low-level mosaicism is a normal feature of embryogenesis and are consistent with clinical data demonstrating the developmental potential of mosaic-testing embryos. More broadly, our work helps overcome the limitations of embryo biopsies to estimate fundamental rates of chromosome mis-segregation in human development.

SummaryChromosome errors are the main cause of human pregnancy loss. Researchers used computer simulations and statistics to estimate the rates of these errors based on published clinical data from in vitro fertilized embryos. To explain data, the researchers estimated that 40-58% of cell divisions that produced the egg or sperm were affected by an error, along with 1.5-6.3% of cell divisions after fertilization. Their results also showed that fewer than 1% of embryos are completely normal in all cells and that many embryos contain small groups of abnormal cells that testing often misses. These findings improve understanding of early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carioscia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Approximate Bayesian computation supports a high incidence of chromosomal mosaicism in blastocyst-stage human embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of spatial multiplexed protein imaging and transcriptomics in the human kidney tracks the regenerative potential timeline of proximal tubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organizational principles of nephronal segments are based on longstanding anatomical and physiological attributes that are closely linked to the homeostatic functions of the kidney. Novel molecular approaches have recently uncovered layers of deeper signatures and states in tubular cells that arise at various timepoints on the spectrum between health and disease. For example, a dedifferentiated state of proximal tubular cells with mesenchymal stemness markers is frequently seen after injury. The persistence of such a state is associated with failed repair. Here, we introduce a novel analytical pipeline applied to highly multiplexed spatial protein imaging to characterize proximal tubular subpopulations and neighborhoods in reference and disease human kidney tissue. The results were validated and extended through integration with spatial and single cell transcriptomics. We demonstrate that, in reference tissue, a large proportion of S1 and S2 proximal tubular epithelial cells express THY1, a mesenchymal stromal and stem cell marker that regulates differentiation. Kidney disease is associated with loss of THY1 and transition towards expression of PROM1, another stem cell marker shown recently to be linked to failed repair. We demonstrate that the trajectory of proximal tubular cells to THY1 expression is clearly distinct from that of PROM1, and that a state with PROM1 expression is associated with niches of inflammation. Our data support a model in which the interplay between THY1 and PROM1 expression in proximal tubules associates with their regenerative potential and marks the timeline of disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asghari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gisch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbronson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palevsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waikar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Boer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of spatial multiplexed protein imaging and transcriptomics in the human kidney tracks the regenerative potential timeline of proximal tubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Study design and the sampling of deleterious rare variants in biobank-scale datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One key component of study design in population genetics is the "geographic breadth" of a sample (i.e., how broad a region across which individuals are sampled). How the geographic breadth of a sample impacts observations of rare, deleterious variants is unclear, even though such variants are of particular interest for biomedical and evolutionary applications. Here, in order to gain insight into the effects of sample design on ascertained genetic variants, we formulate a stochastic model of dispersal, genetic drift, selection, mutation, and geographically concentrated sampling. We use this model to understand the effects of the geographic breadth of sampling effort on the discovery of negatively selected variants. We find that samples which are more geographically broad will discover a greater number variants as compared geographically narrow samples (an effect we label "discovery"); though the variants will be detected at lower average frequency than in narrow samples (e.g. as singletons, an effect we label "dilution"). Importantly, these effects are amplified for larger sample sizes and moderated by the magnitude of fitness effects. We validate these results using both population genetic simulations and empirical analyses in the UK Biobank. Our results are particularly important in two contexts: the association of large-effect rare variants with particular phenotypes and the inference of negative selection from allele frequency data. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of considering geographic breadth when designing and carrying out genetic studies, especially at biobank scale.

SignificanceAs genetic studies grow, researchers are increasingly seeking to identify rare genetic variants with large impacts on traits. In this paper, we combine theoretical methods and data analysis to show how differences in sampling with respect to geographic location can influence the number and frequency of genetic variants that are found. Our results suggest that geographically broad samples will include more distinct genetic variants, though each variant will be found at a lower frequency, as compared to geographically narrow samples. Our results can help researchers to consider the implications of study design on expected results when constructing new genetic samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steiner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianni-Ravn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Study design and the sampling of deleterious rare variants in biobank-scale datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method for authenticating the fidelity of Cryptococcus neoformans knockout collections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene knockout strain collections are important tools for discovery in microbiology. Cryptococcus neoformans is the only human pathogenic fungus with an available genome-wide deletion collection, and this resource is widely used by the research community. We uncovered mix-ups in the assembly of the commercially available C. neoformans deletion collection of [~]6,000 unique strains acquired by our lab. While pursuing the characterization of a gene-of-interest, the corresponding deletion strain from the C. neoformans KO collection displayed several interesting phenotypes associated with virulence. However, RNAseq analysis identified transcripts for the putative knockout gene, and the absence of transcripts for a different knockout strain found in the same plate position in an earlier partial knockout collection, raising the possibility that plates from one collection were substituted for the other. This was supported by determining the size of the nourseothricin (NAT)-resistance cassette used to generate the two separate knockout libraries and was confirmed by RNAseq and genome sequencing. Here we report that our KN99 collection is comprised of mixed plates from two independent KO libraries and present a simple authentication method that other investigators can use to distinguish the identities of these KO collections.

ImportanceGene knockout strain collections are important tools for discovery in microbiology. Cryptococcus neoformans is the only human pathogenic fungus with an available genome-wide deletion collection, and this resource is widely used by the research community. Here we report that our KN99 collection is comprised of mixed plates from two independent KO libraries and present a simple authentication method that other investigators can use to distinguish the identities of these KO collections. Above all, this article serves as a reminder to 2015 library collection strains before undertaking large phenotyping experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method for authenticating the fidelity of Cryptococcus neoformans knockout collections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic modulation of IRE1α-XBP1 signaling by adenovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abundant production of foreign proteins and nucleic acids during viral infection elicits a variety of stress responses in host cells. Viral proteins that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR), a coordinated signaling program that culminates in the expression of downstream genes that collectively restore protein homeostasis. The model pathogen adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV5) activates the UPR via the signaling axis formed by inositol-requiring enzyme type 1 (IRE1) and the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor required for immune function. Recent studies have suggested that IRE1-XBP1 activity supports adenovirus replication. Here, we show that HAdV5 exerted opposing effects on IRE1 and XBP1. IRE1 was activated in response to HAdV5 but the production of the XBP1 isoform, XBP1s, was post-transcriptionally blocked. The tumor suppressor p53, which is eliminated by HAdV5 after infection, inhibited IRE1 activation. The de-repression of IRE1 following the degradation of p53 conceivably reflects a novel antiviral mechanism, which HAdV5 ultimately evades by suppressing XBP1s. Our findings highlight the defective antiviral defenses in cancer cells and further illustrate the opposing mechanisms used by adenoviruses and their host cells to exert control over the UPR, a critical determinant of cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic modulation of IRE1α-XBP1 signaling by adenovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.624804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitin Ligase ITCH Regulates Life Cycle of SARS-CoV-2 Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.624804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a major threat to public health, and understanding the mechanism of viral replication and virion release would help identify therapeutic targets and effective drugs for combating the virus. Herein, we identified E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog (ITCH) as a central regulator of SARS-CoV-2 at multiple steps and processes. ITCH enhances the ubiquitination of viral envelope and membrane proteins and mutual interactions of structural proteins, thereby aiding in virion assembly. ITCH-mediated ubiquitination also enhances the interaction of viral proteins to the autophagosome receptor p62, promoting their autophagosome-dependent secretion. Additionally, ITCH disrupts the trafficking of the protease furin and the maturation of cathepsin L, thereby suppressing their activities in cleaving and destabilizing the viral spike protein. Furthermore, ITCH exhibits robust activation during the SARS-CoV-2 replication stage, and SARS-CoV-2 replication is significantly decreased by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ITCH. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and identify a potential target for developing treatments for the virus-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wouters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.624804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitin Ligase ITCH Regulates Life Cycle of SARS-CoV-2 Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Dynamics of the Dengue Virus Non-structural 5 (NS5) Interactions with Promoter Stem Loop A (SLA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dengue virus (DENV) NS5 protein plays a central role in dengue viral RNA synthesis which makes it an attractive target for antiviral drug development. DENV NS5 is known to interact with the stem-loop A (SLA) promoter at the 5-untranslated region (5-UTR) of the viral genome as a molecular recognition signature for the initiation of negative strand synthesis at the 3 end of the viral genome. However, the conformational dynamics involved in these interactions are yet to be fully elucidated. Our study explores the structural dynamics of NS5 from DENV serotype 2 (DENV2 NS5) in complex with SLA, employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR), hydrogen - deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), computational modeling, and cryoEM single particle analysis to delineate the molecular details of their interaction. Our findings indicate that DENV2 NS5 binds SLA in a closed conformation with significant interdomain cooperation between the methyltransferase (MTase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains, a feature integral to the interaction. Our HDX-MS studies reveal SLA-induced conformational changes in both domains of DENV2 NS5, reflecting a potential mechanism for dengue NS5s multifunctional role in viral replication. Lastly, our cryoEM structure provides the first visualization of the DENV2 NS5-SLA complex, confirming a conserved SLA binding mode across DENV serotypes. These insights obtained from our study enhance our understanding of dengue NS5s complex conformational landscape, supporting the potential development of antiviral strategies targeting dengue NS5s conformational states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obi, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deredge, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Dynamics of the Dengue Virus Non-structural 5 (NS5) Interactions with Promoter Stem Loop A (SLA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts in untreated and ART-treated individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural antisense transcripts are expressed in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses and can possess regulatory functions at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels. In vitro studies have shown that HIV-1 antisense transcripts (AST) promote viral latency through epigenetic silencing of the proviral 5' long terminal repeat (LTR). However, expression of HIV-1 AST in vivo have not been convincingly demonstrated. Here, we used single RNA template amplification, detection, and sequencing to demonstrate expression of AST in unstimulated PBMC collected from people with HIV-1 (PWH). We found that AST had high genetic diversity that matched proviruses in cells from blood and lymph nodes. We measured a median of 26 copies of AST per 100 infected cells in PWH on ART and a median of 2 copies per 100 infected cells in PWH not on ART. The expression of HIV-1 AST in vivo is consistent with a potential regulatory role in regulation of HIV-1 expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capoferri, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklutuis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Famuyiwa, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellors, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groebner, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romerio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts in untreated and ART-treated individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.626685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of cellular iron predisposes chemotherapy resistant cancer cells to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.626685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite centuries of research, metastatic cancer remains incurable due to resistance against all conventional cancer therapeutics. Alternative strategies leveraging non-proliferative vulnerabilities in cancer are required to overcome cancer recurrence. Ferroptosis is an iron dependent cell death pathway that has shown promising pre-clinical activity in several contexts of therapeutic resistant cancer. However, ferroptosis sensitivity is highly variable across tissue types and cell state posing a challenge for clinical translation.

We describe a convergent phenotype induced by chemotherapy where cells surviving chemotherapy have similar transcriptomic signatures and dysregulated iron homeostasis, regardless of initial cell type or chemotherapy used. Elevated labile iron levels are counteracted by NRF2 signaling that does not alleviate the amount of labile iron. Selectively inhibiting GPX4 leads to uniform susceptibility to ferroptosis in surviving cells, highlighting the common reliance on lipid peroxidation defenses. Cellular iron dysregulation is a vulnerability of chemoresistant cancer cells that can be leveraged by triggering ferroptosis.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe show that cells surviving chemotherapy are uniformly sensitive to ferroptosis, despite different sensitivity in untreated cells. Ferroptosis sensitivity surprisingly occurs alongside NRF2 signaling, likely due to loss of PCBP1 and accumulated labile iron. Labile iron accumulation as a driver of ferroptosis sensitivity constitutes another starting point for translation of ferroptosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loftus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, L. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzolek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.626685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of cellular iron predisposes chemotherapy resistant cancer cells to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investing in Open Science: Key Considerations for Funders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The open science movement aims to transform the research landscape by promoting research transparency in order to enable reproducibility and replicability, lower the barriers for collaboration, and reduce unnecessary duplication. Recently, in recognition of the value of open science, funding agencies have begun to mandate open science policies as a condition in grantee awards. However, operationalization and implementation of an open science policy can have unanticipated costs and logistical barriers, which can impact both the funder, as well as the grantee. These factors should be considered when implementing an open science policy.

The Aligning Science Across Parkinsons (ASAP) initiative utilizes a comprehensive open science policy, which, in addition to requiring immediate free online access to all publications, also requires all newly-generated datasets, protocols, code, and key lab materials be shared by the time of publication. Moreover, preprints must be posted to a preprint repository by the time of manuscript submission to a journal for review.

Here, we outline the potential costs associated with implementing and enforcing this open science policy. We recommend that funders take these considerations into account when investing in open science policies within the biomedical research ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobb-Lewis, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marebwa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St.Clair, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durborow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, E. A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investing in Open Science: Key Considerations for Funders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of cognitive fatigue on physical effort-based decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatigue is a state of exhaustion that influences our willingness to engage in effortful tasks. While both physical and cognitive exertion can cause fatigue, there is a limited understanding of how fatigue in one exertion domain (e.g., cognitive) affects decisions to exert in another (e.g., physical). We use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity while human participants make decisions to exert prospective physical effort before and after engaging in a cognitively fatiguing working memory task. Using computational modeling of choice behavior, we show that fatiguing cognitive exertion increases participants subjective costs of physical effort compared to a baseline rested state. We describe how signals related to fatiguing cognitive exertion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex influence physical effort value computations instantiated by the insula, thereby increasing an individuals subjective valuation of prospective physical effort while cognitively fatigued. Our results support the idea of a general fatigue signal that integrates exertion-specific information to guide effort-based choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dryzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of cognitive fatigue on physical effort-based decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of DKK-1 by WAY262611 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in childhood. Patients who present with metastatic disease at diagnosis or relapse have a very poor prognosis, and this has not changed over the past four decades. The Wnt signaling pathway plays a role in regulating osteogenesis and is implicated in OS pathogenesis. DKK-1 inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, causing inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and disordered bone repair. Our lab previously demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody against DKK-1 prevented metastatic disease in a mouse model. This study expands upon those findings by demonstrating similar results with a small molecule inhibitor of DKK-1, WAY262611, both in vitro and in vivo. WAY262611 was evaluated in vitro on osteosarcoma cell lines, including proliferation, caspase activation, cell cycle analysis, and signaling pathway activation. We utilized our orthotopic implantation-amputation model of osteosarcoma metastasis in vivo to determine the impact of WAY262611 on primary tumor progression and metastatic outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells. Differentiation status was determined using single cell RNA sequencing. We show here that WAY262611 activates canonical Wnt signaling, enhances nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of beta-catenin, and slows proliferation of OS cell lines. We also show that WAY262611 induces osteoblastic differentiation of an OS patient-derived xenograft in vivo, as well as inhibiting metastasis. This work credentials DKK-1 as a therapeutic target in OS, allowing for manipulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and providing preclinical justification for the development of new biologics for prevention of osteosarcoma metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardana-Zeigler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offenbacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of DKK-1 by WAY262611 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regimen comprising clarithromycin, clofazimine and bedaquiline is more efficacious than monotherapy in a mouse model of chronic Mycobacterium avium lung infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium avium, a leading non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) pathogen, causes chronic pulmonary infections, particularly in individuals with underlying lung conditions or immunosuppression. Current treatments involve prolonged multi-drug regimens with poor outcomes and significant side effects, highlighting the urgent need for improved therapies. Using a BALB/c mouse model of chronic M. avium pulmonary disease, we evaluated the efficacy of individual antibiotics-- clarithromycin, clofazimine, and rifabutin--and combination regimens including clarithromycin+bedaquiline and clarithromycin+clofazimine+bedaquiline. Clarithromycin demonstrated potent bactericidal activity, reducing lung bacterial burden by 2.2 log10 CFU, while clofazimine transitioned from bacteriostatic to bactericidal, achieving a 1.7 log10 CFU reduction. Rifabutin was bacteriostatic against M. avium MAC 101 but ineffective against MAC 104. The triple-drug regimen of clarithromycin+clofazimine+bedaquiline was the most effective, achieving a 3.3 log10 CFU reduction in bacterial load, with 98% clearance within the first week and continued efficacy over eight weeks. Gross pathology confirmed these results, with granulomatous lesions observed only in untreated or rifabutin-treated mice. Combination therapy demonstrated enhanced efficacy compared to monotherapy. The findings underscore the potential of oral clarithromycin+clofazimine+bedaquiline or clarithromycin+clofazimine regimen as a promising therapeutic strategy for M. avium pulmonary disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rimal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panthi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.627976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regimen comprising clarithromycin, clofazimine and bedaquiline is more efficacious than monotherapy in a mouse model of chronic Mycobacterium avium lung infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual choice and motor signals in mouse somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatosensory cortex activity relates both to sensation and movement, reflecting their intimate relationship, but the extent and nature of sensory-motor interactions in the somatosensory cortex remain unclear. Here, we investigated perception-related sensory and motor signals in the whisker areas of mouse primary (wS1) and secondary (wS2) somatosensory cortices. We recorded neuronal activity while mice performed a whisker detection task using two alternative lickports, one each to indicate the presence or absence of a whisker deflection on a given trial. One group of mice reported the presence of the whisker stimulus by licking at the port on the same ("congruent") side of the animal as the stimulated whisker, whereas a second group of mice did so by licking at the opposite ("incongruent") side. Activity of single neurons in wS1 and wS2 correlated with perceptual choice. This choice-related activity was enhanced when responding to the congruent side. wS2 neurons projecting along two output pathways--to wS1 or to whisker secondary motor cortex, wM2--also showed choice-related activity, but differed in their dependence on congruence and in the effects of optogenetic manipulation. Thus, somatosensory cortex contains pathway- and action-specific choice-related activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minamisawa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual choice and motor signals in mouse somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells Prioritize the Regulation of Cell Mass Density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cells global physical state is characterized by its volume and dry mass. The ratio of cell mass to volume is the cell mass density (CMD), which is also a measure of macromolecular crowding and concentrations of all proteins. Using the Fluorescence eXclusion method (FXm) and Quantitative Phase Microscopy (QPM), we investigate CMD dynamics after exposure to sudden media osmolarity change. We find that while the cell volume and mass exhibit complex behavior after osmotic shock, CMD follows a straightforward monotonic recovery in 48 hours. The recovery is cell-cycle independent and relies on a coordinated adjustment of protein synthesis and volume growth rates. Surprisingly, we find that the protein synthesis rate decreases when CMD increases. This result is explained by CMD-dependent nucleoplasm-cytoplasm transport, which serves as negative regulatory feedback on CMD. The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE plays a role in regulating CMD by affecting both protein synthesis and volume change. Taken together, we reveal that cells possess a robust control system that actively regulates CMD during environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afrida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells Prioritize the Regulation of Cell Mass Density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.627852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoREST Complex Inhibition Alters RNA Splicing to Promote Neoantigen Expression and Enhance Tumor Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.627852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTEpigenetic complexes tightly regulate gene expression and colocalize with RNA splicing machinery; however, the consequences of these interactions are uncertain. Here, we identify unique interactions of the CoREST repressor complex with RNA splicing factors and their functional consequences in tumorigenesis. Using mass spectrometry, in vivo binding assays, and cryo-EM we find that CoREST complex-splicing factor interactions are direct and perturbed by the CoREST complex inhibitor, corin, leading to extensive changes in RNA splicing in melanoma and other malignancies. Using predictive machine learning models and MHC IP-MS, we identify thousands of corin-induced neopeptides derived from unannotated splice sites which generate immunogenic splice-neoantigens. Furthermore, corin reactivates the response to immune checkpoint blockade and promotes dramatic expansion of cytotoxic T cells in an immune cold melanoma model. CoREST complex inhibition thus represents a unique therapeutic opportunity in cancer which creates tumor-associated neoantigens that enhance the immunogenicity of current therapeutics.

Statement of SignificanceWe identify a novel role of the CoREST transcriptional repressor complex in regulating pre-mRNA splicing and find that the small molecule inhibitor, corin, promotes alternative splicing events in cancer leading to neoantigen expression and T cell-mediated immunity. This represents a potential approach to promote immunoreactive neoantigen expression in immune-cold tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fisher, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinjusic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficcaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke-Cohan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geethadevi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alani, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.627852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoREST Complex Inhibition Alters RNA Splicing to Promote Neoantigen Expression and Enhance Tumor Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A core set of neural states underlying memory reactivation of naturalistic events in the posterior medial cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the posterior midline default mode network, spatial activity patterns similar to those during the initial experience are reactivated during the successful recall of past events. Prior studies have shown that these event-specific activity patterns are consistent across individuals recalling a shared experience, suggesting that common functional responses underlying episodic recall do exist. However, the spatial organization of function during episodic encoding and subsequent recall, especially in the absence of external stimuli, remains poorly understood. To address this, we leverage fMRI data collected during the encoding and recall of naturalistic movies to identify a core set of neural states in the posterior medial cortex. These states are stimulus-locked, reactivated during recall, and have a shared spatial organization across brains (i.e., individuals). We show that a surprisingly small number of these states (16 states across hemispheres) is sufficient to achieve the same levels of reactivation in the posterior medial cortex as when using the standard methods of the field. Additionally, these states are linked to actions and social-affective features of events in the movies. Our findings elucidate the properties of a common, spatially organized code within the posterior default mode network which appears during natural recollection of memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.627957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A core set of neural states underlying memory reactivation of naturalistic events in the posterior medial cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing of hundreds of diverse brains provides insight into the impact of structural variation on gene expression and DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) drive gene expression in the human brain and are causative of many neurological conditions. However, most existing genetic studies have been based on short-read sequencing methods, which capture fewer than half of the SVs present in any one individual. Long-read sequencing (LRS) enhances our ability to detect disease-associated and functionally relevant structural variants (SVs); however, its application in large-scale genomic studies has been limited by challenges in sample preparation and high costs. Here, we leverage a new scalable wet-lab protocol and computational pipeline for whole-genome Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing and apply it to neurologically normal control samples from the North American Brain Expression Consortium (NABEC) (European ancestry) and Human Brain Collection Core (HBCC) (African or African admixed ancestry) cohorts. Through this work, we present a publicly available long-read resource from 351 human brain samples (median N50: 27 Kbp and at an average depth of [~]40x genome coverage). We discover approximately 234,905 SVs and produce locally phased assemblies that cover 95% of all protein-coding genes in GRCh38. Utilizing matched expression datasets for these samples, we apply quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses and identify SVs that impact gene expression in post-mortem frontal cortex brain tissue. Further, we determine haplotype- specific methylation signatures at millions of CpGs and, with this data, identify cis-acting SVs. In summary, these results highlight that large-scale LRS can identify complex regulatory mechanisms in the brain that were inaccessible using previous approaches. We believe this new resource provides a critical step toward understanding the biological effects of genetic variation in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Jerez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarreau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marenco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auluck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-read sequencing of hundreds of diverse brains provides insight into the impact of structural variation on gene expression and DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linkage-based ortholog refinement in bacterial pangenomes with CLARC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial genomes exhibit significant variation in gene content and sequence identity. Pangenome analyses explore this diversity by classifying genes into core and accessory clusters of orthologous groups (COGs). However, strict sequence identity cutoffs can misclassify divergent alleles as different genes, inflating accessory gene counts. CLARC (Connected Linkage and Alignment Redefinition of COGs) [https://github.com/IndraGonz/CLARC] improves pangenome analyses by condensing accessory COGs using functional annotation and linkage information. Through this approach, orthologous groups are consolidated into more practical units of selection. Analyzing 8,000+ Streptococcus pneumoniae genomes, CLARC reduced accessory gene estimates by more than 30% and improved evolutionary predictions based on accessory gene frequencies. By refining COG definitions, CLARC offers critical insights into bacterial evolution, aiding genetic studies across diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palace, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azarian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanage, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linkage-based ortholog refinement in bacterial pangenomes with CLARC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syngap1 and the development of murine neocortical progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SYNGAP1 is a major regulator of synaptic plasticity through its interaction with synaptic scaffold proteins and modulation of Ras and Rap GTPase signaling pathways. SYNGAP1 mutations in humans are often associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. Syngap1 heterozygous loss-of-function results in impaired LTP, premature maturation of dendritic spines, learning disabilities and seizures in mice. More recently, SYNGAP1 was shown to influence cortical neurogenesis and the proliferation of progenitors in human organoids. Here, we show that the absence or haploinsufficiency of Syngap1 does not influence the properties of neocortical progenitors and their cellular output in mice. This discrepancy highlights potential species-specific or methodological differences and raises important questions about the broader applicability of SYNGAP1s role in neurogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syngap1 and the development of murine neocortical progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) project is a large-scale, multi-site initiative aimed at identifying biomarkers and biosignatures that predict the transition from acute to chronic pain. The project is collecting multimodal, longitudinal data from over 2,500 individuals at risk for developing chronic pain after surgery. Here we describe the neuroimaging component of A2CPS, including the acquisition protocols, processing pipelines, and contents of the initial data release. The imaging protocol includes structural, diffusion, resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Data are collected across multiple clinical sites using different scanner manufacturers, with attention to protocol harmonization and quality control. The processing pipeline integrates several established neuroimaging tools to extract potential biomarkers, including measures of brain structure, connectivity, and pain-related neural signatures. The first data release includes pre-surgical imaging data for 595 participants, with high quality ratings across modalities (98.7% of sMRI, 99.8% of dMRI, and 94.6% of fMRI images were rated as acceptable or better). Initial analyses demonstrate expected relationships between brain-derived measures and clinical variables, such as associations between brain age and psychological factors. This dataset represents a valuable resource for both pain research and neuroimaging methods development, with future releases planned to include additional participants and expanded analysis pipelines and processed data derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauw, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichesco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloudas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulderink, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.627509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.628993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common and distinct neural correlates of social interaction perception and theory of mind 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.628993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social interaction perception and theory of mind (ToM) frequently co-occur, but their commonalities and distinctions at behavioral and neural levels remain unclear. Participants (N = 231) provided moment-by-moment ratings of four text and four audio narratives on social interactions and ToM engagement, which were reliable (split-half r = .98 and .92, respectively) but only modestly correlated (r = .32). In a second sample (N = 90), we analyzed the co-variation between social interaction and ToM ratings and fMRI activity during text and audio narratives. Social interaction and ToM activity maps generalized across modalities (spatial r = .83 and .57, respectively), both with significant, overlapping clusters in canonical mentalizing regions (FDR q < .01). ToM uniquely engaged the lateral occipitotemporal cortex, left anterior intraparietal sulcus, and right premotor cortex. These results suggest that perceiving social interactions automatically involves mentalizing, and ToM additionally engages brain regions for action understanding and executive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.628993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common and distinct neural correlates of social interaction perception and theory of mind]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ongoing loss of viable neurons for weeks after mild perinatal hypoxia-ischemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is common in neonates with no evidence-based therapies, and 30-40% of patients experience adverse outcomes. The nature and progression of mild injury is poorly understood. Thus, we studied the evolution of mild perinatal brain injury using longitudinal two-photon imaging of transgenic fluorescent proteins as a novel readout of neuronal viability and activity at cellular resolution. In vitro, perinatal murine organotypic hippocampal cultures underwent 15-20 minutes of oxygen-glucose deprivation. In vivo, mild hypoxia-ischemia was completed in post-natal day 10 mouse pups of both sexes with carotid ligation and 15 minutes of hypoxia. Consistent with a mild injury, minimal immediate neuronal death was seen and there was no volumetric evidence of injury by ex vivo MRI 2.5 weeks after injury. In both the hippocampus and neocortex, these mild injuries resulted in a significantly delayed and progressive neuronal loss in the second week after injury, measured by fluorophore quenching. Mild hypoxia-ischemia transiently suppressed cortical network activity followed by normal maturation. No post-injury seizures were seen. The participation in network activity of individual neurons destined to die was indistinguishable from those that survived for 4 days post-injury. In conclusion, our results showed that mild perinatal brain injury resulted in a prolonged increase of neuronal death. Neurons that died late were functioning normally for days after injury, suggesting a new pathophysiology of neuronal death. Critically, the neurons destined to die late demonstrated multiple biomarkers of viability long after mild injury, suggesting their later death may be modified with neuroprotective interventions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeonatal encephalopathy due to peripartum hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Of these infants, most are categorized as having mild HI. Infants with mild HI have significant long-term disabilities. There are currently no evidence-based therapies, largely because the progression and pathophysiology of mild injury is poorly understood. We have identified, for the first time, that mild perinatal HI results in a delayed and prolonged increase in neuronal death. The cortical and hippocampal neurons that die over a week after injury participate normally in neural network activity and exhibit robust viability for many days after injury, indicating a novel pathophysiology of neuronal death. Clinically, these data suggest an extended therapeutic window for mild perinatal HI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNally, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hike, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibnik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northington, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ongoing loss of viable neurons for weeks after mild perinatal hypoxia-ischemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Test-retest reliability of TMS-evoked potentials over fMRI-based definitions of non-motor cortical targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThis study assessed the test-retest reliability of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) across two cortical regions--dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and angular gyrus-- in comparison to motor cortex (M1), using individualized and literature-based targeting approaches. The study compared the reliability of single-pulse TMS, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) protocols to evaluate TEP consistency in these regions.

MethodsSeventeen healthy participants underwent two TMS-EEG sessions spaced by at least one week, with targets for DLPFC and angular gyrus identified using resting-state functional connectivity (RS) and Neurosynth-based functional overlays. Motor cortex was targeted using resting motor threshold (RMT). Early TEPs were quantified as peak-to-peak amplitude, in dBV. Test-retest reliability of early TEPs was calculated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for each region and protocol.

ResultsM1 demonstrated the highest TEP reliability (CCCmean = 0.59), while DLPFC (CCCmean = 0.40) and angular gyrus (CCCmean = 0.45) showed lower reliability, particularly for anterior DLPFC targets. Neurosynth-based DLPFC targets exhibited slightly higher CCC values (mean CCC = 0.57) compared to RS-based targets (mean CCC = 0.30), but the difference was not statistically significant. No significant differences in reliability were found across single pulse and paired pulse protocols. Lateral targets, DLPFC and angular gyrus, showed lower reliability in comparison to motor cortex which might have been caused by muscle artifacts.

ConclusionWhile individualized functional targeting methods provide advantages in engaging specific brain networks, their reliability for TEP measurements remains lower than the RMT-based approach for motor cortex. Future studies should integrate neuroimaging-based targeting with real-time TEP monitoring to enhance reliability in non-motor regions. This approach could enhance the precision of TMS-EEG protocols, especially for clinical applications targeting cortical regions like the DLPFC and angular gyrus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogulski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lioumis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Test-retest reliability of TMS-evoked potentials over fMRI-based definitions of non-motor cortical targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Clinically Relevant Topological Structures in Multiplexed Spatial Proteomics Imaging Using TopKAT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel multiplexed spatial proteomics imaging platforms expose the spatial architecture of cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The diverse cell population in the TME, including its spatial context, has been shown to have important clinical implications, correlating with disease prognosis and treatment response. The accelerating implementation of spatial proteomic technologies motivates new statistical models to test if cell-level images associate with patient-level endpoints. Few existing methods can robustly characterize the geometry of the spatial arrangement of cells and also yield both a valid and powerful test for association with patient-level outcomes. We propose a topology-based approach that combines persistent homology with kernel testing to determine if topological structures created by cells predict continuous, binary, or survival clinical endpoints. We term our method TopKAT (Topological Kernel Association Test) and show that it can be more powerful than statistical tests grounded in the spatial point process model, particularly when cells arise along the boundary of a ring. We demonstrate the properties of TopKAT through simulation studies and apply it to two studies of triple negative breast cancer where we show that TopKAT recovers clinically relevant topological structures in the spatial distribution of immune and tumor cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samorodnitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.628976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Clinically Relevant Topological Structures in Multiplexed Spatial Proteomics Imaging Using TopKAT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison and evaluation of methods to infer gene regulatory networks from multimodal single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells regulate their functions through gene expression, driven by a complex interplay of transcription factors and other regulatory mechanisms that together can be modeled as gene regulatory networks (GRNs). The emergence of single-cell multi-omics technologies has driven the development of several methods that integrate transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility data to infer GRNs. While these methods provide examples of their utility in discovering new regulatory interactions, a comprehensive benchmark evaluating their mechanistic and predictive properties as well as their ability to recover known interactions is lacking. To address this, we built a comprehensive framework, Gene Regulatory nETwork Analysis (GRETA), available as a Snakemake pipeline, that includes state of the art methods decomposing their different steps in a modular manner. With it, we found that the GRNs were highly sensitive to methods choices, such as changes in random seeds, or replacing steps in the inference pipelines, as well as whether they use paired or unpaired multimodal data. Although the obtained networks performed well in predictive evaluation tasks and partially recovered known interactions, they struggled to capture causal relationships from perturbation assays. Our work brings attention to the challenges of inferring GRNs from single-cell omics, offers guidelines, and presents a flexible framework for developing and testing new approaches.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/629764v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badia-i-Mompel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casals-Franch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessels, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller-Dott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimbour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Flores, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison and evaluation of methods to infer gene regulatory networks from multimodal single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRS-Sim: Open-Source Framework for Simulating Realistic In Vivo-like MR Spectroscopy Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Realistic, in vivo-like synthetic data is increasingly needed to develop and validate methods in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MRS-Sim is a powerful, open-source framework for simulating such data while providing known ground truth values. Its modularity enables modeling the complexities of MRS data for various in vivo scenarios. The underlying physical equations include both commonly used spectral components of linear-combination fitting routines and two novel components. The first is a 3D B0 field map simulator that models B0 field inhomogeneities, ranging from slight variations to severe distortions. The second is a novel semi-parametric generator that mimics signals from poorly characterized residual water regions and spectral baseline contributions. This framework can simulate scenarios ranging from raw multi-coil transients to preprocessed, coil-combined multi-average data.

Simulating realistic in vivo-like datasets requires appropriate model parameter ranges and distributions, best determined by analyzing the fitting parameters from existing in vivo data. Therefore, MRS-Sim includes tools for analyzing the ranges and statistical distributions of those parameters from in vivo datasets fitted with Osprey, allowing simulations to be tailored to specific datasets. Additionally, the accompanying repository of supplemental information assists non-expert users with general simulations of MRS data.

The modularity of this framework facilitates easy customization various in vivo scenarios and promotes continued community development. Using a single framework for diverse applications addresses the inconsistencies in current protocols. By simulating in vivo-like data, MRS-Sim supports many MRS tasks, including verifying spectral fitting protocols and conducting reproducibility analyses. Readily available synthetic data also benefits deep learning research, particularly when sufficient in vivo data is unavailable for training. Overall, MRS-Sim will promote reproducibility and make MRS research more accessible to a wider audience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaMaster, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRS-Sim: Open-Source Framework for Simulating Realistic In Vivo-like MR Spectroscopy Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined inhibition of SHP2 overcomes adaptive resistance to type 1 BRAF inhibitors in BRAF V600E-driven high-grade glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRAF-mutant gliomas can be therapeutically targeted with BRAF mutant-selective inhibitors, yet responses are often transient due to short-term adaptive or long-term treatment-emergent resistance. We hypothesized that vertical inhibition of multiple signaling nodes could improve the durability of BRAF inhibition and prevent or overcome adaptive resistance. Using human tissue samples, we identified frequent RAS pathway reactivation in gliomas resistant to BRAF inhibitors, suggesting a common escape mechanism. Using patient-derived cell lines, we observed that upregulation of RAS activity was an adaptive response to BRAFi and that knockdown of SHP2, a central regulator of RAS activity, resulted in enhanced sensitivity to BRAF or MEK inhibition. Moreover, combined small molecule inhibition with SHP2 and BRAF or MEK inhibitors increased the depth and durability of ERK pathway inhibition, as well as prevented paradoxical upregulation of RAS activity. RNA sequencing analysis revealed deeper suppression of ERK transcriptional output with combined therapy, along with decreased reactivation of EGFR. Combined SHP2/BRAF small molecule inhibitors prevented growth and induced cell death in some cell line models. In cell lines with treatment-emergent resistance, moreover, combined SHP2 and BRAF inhibition overcame resistance to BRAF inhibitor monotherapy. In vivo orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft models confirmed enhanced tumor growth inhibition with combined therapy. Together, our findings demonstrate the critical role of RAS/ERK signaling reactivation in driving resistance to BRAF inhibition in glioma, and demonstrate the potential utility for adding SHP2 inhibitors to overcome resistance in BRAF V600E mutant glioma.

SignificanceThe addition of a SHP2i to BRAFi in BRAF-V600E glioma cells prevents tumor growth and can overcome resistance to BRAFi in preclinical models in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayanlaja, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalwani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagtap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartrell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined inhibition of SHP2 overcomes adaptive resistance to type 1 BRAF inhibitors in BRAF V600E-driven high-grade glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H4 limits transcription of the histone locus in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In all eukaryotes DNA replication is coupled to histone synthesis to coordinate chromatin packaging of the genome. Canonical histone genes coalesce in the nucleus into the Histone Locus Body (HLB), where gene transcription and 3 mRNA processing occurs. Both histone gene transcription and mRNA stability are reduced when DNA replication is inhibited, implying that the Histone Locus Body senses the rate of DNA synthesis. In Drosophila melanogaster, the S-phase-induced histone genes are tandemly repeated in an [~]100 copy array, whereas in humans, these histone genes are scattered. In both organisms these genes coalesce into Histone Locus Bodies. We used a transgenic histone gene reporter and RNAi in Drosophila to identify canonical H4 histone as a unique repressor of histone synthesis during the G2 phase in germline cells. Using cytology and CUT&Tag chromatin profiling, we find that histone H4 uniquely occupies histone gene promoters in both Drosophila and human cells. Our results suggest that repression of histone genes by soluble histone H4 is a conserved mechanism that coordinates DNA replication with histone synthesis in proliferating cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takushi, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidaurre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H4 limits transcription of the histone locus in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics of the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis reveals relaxed and convergent evolution and genes involved in spillover from birds to humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of the venereal disease trichomoniasis which infects men and women globally and is associated with serious outcomes during pregnancy and cancers of the human reproductive tract. Trichomonads parasitize a range of hosts in addition to humans including birds, livestock, and domesticated animals. Recent genetic analysis of trichomonads recovered from columbid birds has provided evidence that these parasite species undergo frequent host-switching, and that a current epoch spillover event from columbids likely gave rise to T. vaginalis in humans. We undertook a comparative evolutionary genomics study of seven trichomonad species, generating chromosome-scale reference genomes for T. vaginalis and its avian sister species Trichomonas stableri, and assemblies of five other species that infect birds and mammals. Human-infecting trichomonad lineages have undergone recent and convergent genome size expansions compared to their avian sister species, and the major contributor to their increased genome size is increased repeat expansions, especially multicopy gene families and transposable elements, with genetic drift likely a driver due to relaxed selection. Trichomonads have independently host-switched twice from birds to humans, and genes implicated in the transition to the human host include those associated with host tissue adherence and phagocytosis, extracellular vesicles, and CAZyme virulence factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orosco, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callejas-Hernandez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranallo-Benavidez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raidal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangelson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liachko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics of the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis reveals relaxed and convergent evolution and genes involved in spillover from birds to humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of Xanthophyll Cycle Genes Leads to Faster NPQ Acclimation in the C4 Monocot Setaria viridis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow relaxation and induction of Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ) limits plant productivity under fluctuating light in C3 plants but it is unknown if this trait extends to C4 plants. Three genes have been implicated in determining NPQ induction and relaxation rates under intermittent leaf shading; VDE and ZEP interconvert the xanthophyll pigments violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, and PsbS regulates the overall level of NPQ. Here we report the overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana VDE, ZEP, and PsbS in the NADP-Malic Enzyme C4 monocot Setaria viridis. We demonstrate these transgenic plants have faster NPQ induction and relaxation under fluctuating light but observe no impact on Photosystem II photochemistry yield. Under illumination, faster NPQ induction resulted in higher transient NPQ levels and a lower overall chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Together this introduces the potential for lower productivity due to over-quenching of chlorophyll during light fluctuation. Although we observed faster NPQ acclimation rates in our transgenic lines, hyperspectral imaging and pigment analysis suggest that there is little photosynthetic advantage to increasing NPQ acclimation over wildtype due to naturally fast C4 acclimation rates. These results indicate that further work is necessary in evaluating the role of NPQ acclimation in C4 growth dynamics towards the goal of improving crop productivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of Xanthophyll Cycle Genes Leads to Faster NPQ Acclimation in the C4 Monocot Setaria viridis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.25.630315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nectin-4 PET For Optimizing Enfortumab Vedotin Dose-Response In Urothelial Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.25.630315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optimization of dosing strategies is critical for maximizing efficacy and minimizing toxicity in drug development, particularly for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This study demonstrates the utility of Nectin-4-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using [68Ga]AJ647 as a non-invasive tool for real-time assessment of target engagement in enfortumab vedotin (EV) therapy for urothelial carcinoma (UC). By leveraging the specificity of [68Ga]AJ647 for Nectin-4, we quantified dynamic changes in target engagement across preclinical models and established its correlation with therapeutic outcomes. PET imaging revealed dose-dependent variations in Nectin-4 engagement, with suboptimal EV doses resulting in incomplete Nectin-4 engagement and reduced tumor growth. Importantly, target engagement measured by PET emerged as a more reliable predictor of therapeutic efficacy than dose or baseline Nectin-4 expression alone. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis identified a target engagement threshold that is determinant of response, providing a quantitative benchmark for dose optimization. Furthermore, PET imaging measures provide a promising framework to account for key challenges in ADC development, including tumor heterogeneity, declining drug-to-antibody ratios over time, and limitations of systemic pharmacokinetic measurements to account for tumor-drug interactions. These findings underscore the transformative potential of integrating PET pharmacodynamic measures as early biomarkers to refine dosing strategies, improve patient outcomes, and accelerate the clinical translation of next-generation targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman-Censits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.25.630315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nectin-4 PET For Optimizing Enfortumab Vedotin Dose-Response In Urothelial Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.629296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Expanded Registry of Candidate cis-Regulatory Elements for Studying Transcriptional Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.629296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian genomes contain millions of regulatory elements that control the complex patterns of gene expression. Previously, The ENCODE consortium mapped biochemical signals across many cell types and tissues and integrated these data to develop a Registry of 0.9 million human and 300 thousand mouse candidate cis-Regulatory Elements (cCREs) annotated with potential functions1. We have expanded the Registry to include 2.35 million human and 927 thousand mouse cCREs, leveraging new ENCODE datasets and enhanced computational methods. This expanded Registry covers hundreds of unique cell and tissue types, providing a comprehensive understanding of gene regulation. Functional characterization data from assays like STARR-seq, MPRA, CRISPR perturbation, and transgenic mouse assays now cover over 90% of human cCREs, revealing complex regulatory functions. We identified thousands of novel silencer cCREs and demonstrated their dual enhancer/silencer roles in different cellular contexts. Integrating the Registry with other ENCODE annotations facilitates genetic variation interpretation and trait-associated gene identification, exemplified by discovering KLF1 as a novel causal gene for red blood cell traits. This expanded Registry is a valuable resource for studying the regulatory genome and its impact on health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phalke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shedd, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacadie, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wattenberg, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.26.629296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Expanded Registry of Candidate cis-Regulatory Elements for Studying Transcriptional Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.629959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pro-cognitive reshaping of neuronal dynamics by a human CSF-based factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.629959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal connection dysfunction is a convergent cause of cognitive deficits in mental disorders. Cognitive processes are finely regulated at the synaptic level by membrane proteins, some of which are shed and detectable in patients cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, whether these soluble synaptic proteins can harnessed as innovative pro-cognitive factors to treat brain disorders remains unclear. Here, we use quantitative proteomics to identify shed synaptic proteins dysregulated in the CSF of subjects with schizophrenia (SCZ), a mental disorder characterized by cognitive and synaptic dysfunction. The level of a yet uncharacterized soluble form of the voltage-gated calcium channel auxiliary subunit, 2{delta}-1, is robustly reduced in SCZ CSF. Remarkably, soluble 2{delta}-1 is convergently downregulated across several brain disorder CSF proteomes. We show that the brain releases soluble 2{delta}-1 in an activity-dependent manner, which can reorganize neuronal network dynamics by binding to synaptic targets and promoting inhibitory neuron plasticity. A single brain injection of a synthetic soluble 2{delta}-1 improved interneuron and cognitive deficits in a mutant mouse model of SCZ and cortical dysfunction. These findings underscore the potential of shed synaptic proteins as novel therapeutic agents capable of enhancing brain function in diverse brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dos Santos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomba-Warczak, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edassery, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckman, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-de-Saavedra, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbolina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.26.629959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pro-cognitive reshaping of neuronal dynamics by a human CSF-based factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.630393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural membrane dynamics of mouse and human cortical synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.630393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live human brain tissues provide unique opportunities for understanding synaptic transmission. Investigations have been limited to anatomy, electrophysiology, and protein localization--while crucial parameters such as synaptic vesicle dynamics were not visualized. Here we utilize zap-and-freeze time-resolved electron microscopy to overcome this hurdle. First, we validate the approach with acute mouse brain slices to demonstrate that slices can be stimulated to produce calcium signaling. Next, we show that synaptic vesicle endocytosis is induced in both mouse and human brain slices. Crucially, clathrin-free endocytic pits appear immediately next to the active zone, where ultrafast endocytosis normally occurs, and can be trapped at this location by a dynamin inhibitor. In both species a protein essential for ultrafast endocytosis, Dynamin 1xA, localizes to the region peripheral to the active zone, the putative endocytic zone, indicating a possible conserved mechanism between mouse and human. This approach has the potential to reveal dynamic, high-resolution information about synaptic membrane trafficking in intact human brain slices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eddings, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauen, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.26.630393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural membrane dynamics of mouse and human cortical synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.629682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
microGalaxy: A gateway to tools, workflows, and training for reproducible and FAIR analysis of microbial data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.629682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The explosion of microbial omics data has outpaced the ability of many researchers to analyze it, with complex tools and limited computational resources creating barriers to discovery. To address this gap, we present the Microbiology Galaxy Lab: a free, globally accessible, community-supported platform that combines state-of-the-art analytical power with user-friendly accessibility. Supported by the Galaxy and global microbiology communities, this platform integrates over 315 tool suites and 115 curated workflows, enabling comprehensive metabarcoding, (meta)genomic, (meta)transcriptomic, and (meta)proteomic data analysis within a FAIR-aligned environment. It also supports research in the health and infectious disease sectors, as well as in environmental microbiology. The platforms utility is exemplified through various use cases, including antimicrobial resistance tracking, biomarker prediction, microbiome classification, and functional annotation of key microbes. Built on reproducibility and community engagement, it supports creation, sharing, and updating of best-practice workflows. Over 35 tutorials and learning paths empower scientists, fostering an ecosystem that keeps resources at the forefront of microbial science. The Microbiology Galaxy Lab enables collective analysis, democratising research, thereby accelerating discovery across the global microbiology community (microbiology.usegalaxy.org, microbiology.usegalaxy.eu, microbiology.usegalaxy.org.au, microbiology.usegalaxy.fr).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brites, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumbo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruening, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagtap, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metris, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavloudi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechlivanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peguilhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psomopoulos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiml, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siguret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Heusden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>microGalaxy Community,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zierep, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.629682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[microGalaxy: A gateway to tools, workflows, and training for reproducible and FAIR analysis of microbial data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huntingtin interactome reveals huntingtin role in regulation of double strand break DNA damage response (DSB/DDR), chromatin remodeling and RNA processing pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons Disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying therapies, is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HD gene encoding polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (HTT) protein. Mechanisms of HD cellular pathogenesis and cellular functions of the normal and mutant HTT proteins are still not completely understood. HTT protein has numerous interaction partners, and it likely provides a scaffold for assembly of multiprotein complexes many of which may be altered in HD. Previous studies have implicated DNA damage response in HD pathogenesis. Gene transcription and RNA processing has also emerged as molecular mechanisms associated with HD. Here we used multiple approaches to identify HTT interactors in the context of DNA damage stress. Our results indicate that HTT interacts with many proteins involved in the regulation of interconnected DNA repair/remodeling and RNA processing pathways. We present evidence for a role for HTT in double strand break repair mechanism. We demonstrate HTT functional interaction with a major DNA damage response kinase DNA-PKcs and association of both proteins with nuclear speckles. We show that S1181 phosphorylation of HTT is regulated by DSB, and can be carried out (at least in vitro) by DNA-PK. Furthermore, we show HTT interactions with RNA binding proteins associated with nuclear speckles, including two proteins encoded by genes at HD modifier loci, TCERG1 and MED15, and with chromatin remodeling complex BAF. These interactions of HTT may position it as an important scaffolding intermediary providing integrated regulation of gene expression and RNA processing in the context of DNA repair mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratovitski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meally, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevelkin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huntingtin interactome reveals huntingtin role in regulation of double strand break DNA damage response (DSB/DDR), chromatin remodeling and RNA processing pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for distinct networks underlying symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundClinical and psychometric evidence has long supported a multidimensional model of PTSD, with symptom subcategories derived from factor analytic methods. Although research on the biological bases of PTSD as a unitary construct is profuse, comparatively few studies have examined the neural mechanisms underlying subcategories of PTSD symptoms. The present study aimed to provide the first evidence of causal relationships between brain structure and PTSD symptom subcategories, using a lesion-behavior mapping approach.

MethodsUsing a group of male combat veterans with focal penetrating traumatic brain injuries (n = 177), we determined the effects of focal damage on the PTSD symptom subcategories of hyperarousal, avoidance, and re-experiencing.

ResultsOur findings revealed two distinct networks that underlie symptom subcategories of PTSD: (1) an amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex network underlying hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms, in which amygdala damage acts as a risk factor for the development of these symptoms, while vmPFC damage acts as a protective factor against the same symptoms; and (2) a hippocampal network underlying re-experiencing and avoidance, in which hippocampal damage acts as a protective factor against these symptoms.

ConclusionsThe present study provides novel insights regarding the causal role of key brain regions in the heterogeneous expression of PTSD symptoms. Results not only contribute to a more complete picture of the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD, but may also aid in the future development of individualized therapeutic strategies that target specific symptom profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauner, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for distinct networks underlying symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusobacterium nucleatum is enriched in invasive biofilms in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an oral bacterium known to colonize colorectal tumors, where it is thought to play an important role in cancer progression. Recent advances in sequencing and phenotyping of F. nucleatum have revealed important differences at the subspecies level, but whether these differences impact the overall tumor ecology, and tumorigenesis itself, remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to characterize Fusobacteria in the tumor microbiome of a cohort of individuals with CRC through a combination of molecular, spatial, and microbiologic analyses. We assessed for relative abundance of F. nucleatum in tumors compared to paired normal tissue, and correlated abundance with clinical and pathological features. We demonstrate striking enrichment of F. nucleatum and the recently discovered subspecies animalis clade 2 (Fna C2) specifically in colon tumors that have biofilms, highlighting the importance of complex community partnerships in the pathogenesis of this important organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Queen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southward, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyadorai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadivelu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roslani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanyiri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusobacterium nucleatum is enriched in invasive biofilms in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual experience contributes to separation of face and language responses in the ventral stream 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) contains specialized regions that support visual recognition of behaviorally-relevant categories, including faces, written language and places (e.g., 1-4). An open question is how experience interacts with innate constraints to enable functional specialization. We investigate this question by comparing vOTC function across sighted and congenitally blind adults. In sighted adults, a region in lateral vOTC called the fusiform face area (FFA) responds preferentially to faces, whereas distinct left-lateralized portions of vOTC respond to written language 1,2,5-12. In blind people, lateral vOTC responds to face touching, braille and speech, but their functional co-localization has not been tested 13-16. The same group of congenitally blind adults (n=20) touched faces and spatial layouts (Experiment 1) and performed a reading (braille) and spoken language task (Experiment 2). Sighted adults performed analogous tasks in the visual modality (n=28). Using within subject analyses, we replicate the separation of faces and written language in sighted adults: written language responses are found only in left vOTC and within that hemisphere they are separate from faces. By contrast, left and right vOTC responds to language in people born blind and in the left hemisphere face and language responses overlap. These findings suggest that visual experience contributes to segregating responses to face and language in vOTC. Co-localization of face and language responses suggests an innate predisposition for communication-relevant processing in lateral vOTC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saccone, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LNU, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murty, N. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KANWISHER, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual experience contributes to separation of face and language responses in the ventral stream]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effect of supercoiling on bacterial transcription in topological domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA supercoiling (SC), the over- and under-winding of DNA, is generated by transcription as described in the twin-domain model. Conversely, SC also impacts transcription through torsional stress. SC therefore regulates transcription independent of transcription factor binding, the classic protein-based transcription regulatory mechanism, particularly in the context of chromosomal topological domains and the actions of topoisomerases. SC-coupled transcription has inspired several computational models, but a systematic and quantitative assessment of the parameters controlling this complex interplay is missing. There is also a lack of comparison to various experimental results regarding the effects of topological variables such as topoisomerase binding rates and domain size on transcription strength and noise. In this work we developed a quantitative model to describe SC-coupled transcription. We analyzed the effects of topoisomerase activities on the transcription of a single isolated gene with varying promoter strengths and in a topological domain of varying sizes. These simulations revealed qualitatively different roles of the two topoisomerases. Topoisomerase I is specifically required for strongly expressed genes that may be hindered by stalled RNAP, whereas gyrase activity favors the expression of all genes by enhancing transcription initiation and modulating the burstiness of transcription. A new analysis of transcriptomics data in several bacterial species showed that these simulations replicate a global relationship between promoters strength and response to variations in topoisomerase activities. Our work demonstrates how SC contributes to differential gene regulation and transcriptional bursting in mechanistic details and unites computational and experimental work.

Author SummaryWe are interested in understanding how bacteria regulate the expression of their genes. One mechanism by which bacteria can do so is through the over- and under-winding of their DNA, termed DNA supercoiling. Because bacteria can use enzymes called topoisomerases to regulate the supercoiling level of their DNA, these enzymes can serve as gene regulators. It is difficult, however, to understand how topoisomerases act as gene regulators through experiments alone. Currently, there is no method of measuring the supercoiling level along a stretch of DNA over an extended period of time in living cells. We therefore developed a computational model of gene transcription coupled to supercoiling dynamics. Unlike some previously existing models, we consider continuous response curves of topoisomerases activities in response to the local supercoiling level and the ability of gyrase to perform several catalytic cycles per binding event. We also perform extensive comparisons between our model and existing gene expression and transcriptomics data, which is essential to ensuring the biological relevance of computational modeling efforts. We replicate and provide detailed explanations for several experimental observations, including the connection between supercoiling and transcriptional bursts and the selective gene expression modulation by topoisomerase inhibition that is based on the promoter strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effect of supercoiling on bacterial transcription in topological domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Searching for Sequence Features that Control DNA Cyclizability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanical properties of DNA molecules are crucial in many biological processes, from DNA packaging to transcription regulation. While the mechanics of long DNA typically follow the worm-like chain polymer model, multiple studies have shown that the mechanics of short DNA - at the length scale of DNA-protein interactions - depend strongly on its sequence content. Motivated by recent high-throughput measurements of sequence-dependent DNA cyclizability - the DNAs tendency to mechanically bend and form a loop, we developed a statistical mechanics approach to systematically explore how cyclizability depends on interactions between individual nucleotides in the sequence. By applying this method to datasets of randomly generated and biologically derived sequences, we identified characteristic sequence features that control DNA cyclizability and extracted the most and least cyclizable sequences, the behavior of which we validated through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We found that while highly cyclizable sequences share the same periodic features across datasets, distinct sequence patterns can result in low cyclizability. This work contributes to our understanding of the sequence dependence of DNA mechanics and its role in various biological processes, and has implications for the growing field of DNA nanofabrication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordiychuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialek, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Searching for Sequence Features that Control DNA Cyclizability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The atypical filament assembly underpins the inflammasome-independent functions of IFI16. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes trigger cell death upon sensing various intracellular maladies. These supra-structures relay upstream signals by sequentially assembling architecturally congruent filaments via their pyrin domains (PYDs). Interferon Inducible Protein 16 (IFI16) is an innate immune sensor that detects dysregulated nucleic acids. Once presumed as an inflammasome receptor due to its PYD, the role of IFI16 has been much more appreciated in other innate immune pathways such as regulating interferon production and viral replication restriction. Here, a cryo-EM structure of the filament assembled by the PYD of IFI16(PYD) shows a helical architecture distinct from inflammasome PYD filaments. In silico Rosetta interaction energy calculations suggest that the helical architecture of the IFI16PYD filament is incompatible with those assembled by the central inflammasome adaptor ASC and its interacting partners. Cellular experiments further support that IFI16 fails to interact with ASC. Together, we provide the structural basis for the inflammasome-independent functions of IFI16.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedzialkowska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The atypical filament assembly underpins the inflammasome-independent functions of IFI16.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal LAG3 facilitates pathogenic α-synuclein neuron-to-neuron propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) is a key receptor involved in the propagation of pathological proteins in Parkinsons disease (PD). This study investigates the role of neuronal LAG3 in mediating the binding, uptake, and propagation of -synuclein (Syn) preformed fibrils (PFFs). Using neuronal LAG3 conditional knockout mice and human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons, we demonstrate that LAG3 expression is critical for pathogenic Syn propagation. Our results show that the absence of neuronal LAG3 significantly reduces Syn pathology, alleviates motor dysfunction, and inhibits neurodegeneration in vivo. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that Syn PFFs induce pronounced neuronal hyperactivity in wild-type (WT) neurons, increasing firing rates in cell-attached and whole-cell configurations, and reducing miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. In contrast, neurons lacking LAG3 resisted these electrophysiological effects. Moreover, treatment with an anti-human LAG3 antibody in human DA neurons inhibited Syn PFFs binding and uptake, preventing pathology propagation. These findings confirm the essential function of neuronal LAG3 in mediating Syn propagation and associated disruptions, identifying LAG3 as a potential therapeutic target for PD and related -synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkentli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal LAG3 facilitates pathogenic α-synuclein neuron-to-neuron propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Noise Exposure and Changes in Medial Olivocochlear Strength Alters Auditory Pathway Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early onset of peripheral deafness significantly alters the proper development of the auditory system. Likewise, exposure to loud noise during early development produces a similar disruptive effect. Before hearing onset in altricial mammals, cochlear inner hair cells exhibit spontaneous electrical activity that drives auditory circuit development. This activity is modulated by medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent feedback through 910 nicotinic cholinergic receptors in inner hair cells. In adults, these receptors are restricted to outer hair cells, where they mediate MOC feedback to regulate cochlear amplification. Although the MOC systems protective role to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in adulthood is well-established, its influence during early developmental stages-especially in response to exposure to loud noise-remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the role of MOC feedback during early postnatal development using 9 knockout (KO) and 9 knock-in (KI) mice of either sex, which respectively lack or exhibit enhanced cholinergic activity. Our findings reveal that both increased and absent olivocochlear activity result in altered auditory sensitivity at the onset of hearing, along with long- range alterations in the number and morphology of ribbon synapses. Early noise exposure caused lasting auditory damage in both wild-type and 9KO mice, with deficits persisting into adulthood. In contrast, 9KI mice were protected from noise-induced damage, with no long-term effects on auditory function. These results highlight the increased susceptibility of the auditory system during early postnatal development. Moreover, they indicate that an enhanced MOC feedback shields the auditory system from noise damage during this period.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEarly development represents a sensitive window for shaping auditory function. We show that the medial olivocochlear system is critical for establishing normal ribbon synapse density and size; key features for proper hearing onset. We also show that the developing auditory system is especially vulnerable to loud noise, with early exposure causing more severe and lasting effects than similar noise later in life. Notably, enhancing 910 nAChR receptor activity during this early stage offers protection against noise-induced damage, revealing a time-sensitive opportunity to safeguard auditory development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castagna, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boero, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Guilmi, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgoyhen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Casati, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Noise Exposure and Changes in Medial Olivocochlear Strength Alters Auditory Pathway Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.05.631388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mumemto: efficient maximal matching across pangenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.05.631388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aligning genomes into common coordinates is central to pangenome analysis and construction, but it is also computationally expensive. Multi-sequence maximal unique matches (multi-MUMs) are guideposts for core genome alignments, helping to frame and solve the multiple alignment problem. We introduce Mumemto, a tool that computes multi-MUMs and other match types across large pangenomes. Mumemto allows for visualization of synteny, reveals aberrant assemblies and scaffolds, and highlights pangenome conservation and structural variation. Mumemto computes multi-MUMs across 320 human genome assemblies (960GB) in 25.7 hours with under 800 GB of memory, and over hundreds of fungal genome assemblies in minutes. Mumemto is implemented in C++ and Python and available open-source at https://github.com/vikshiv/mumemto.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.05.631388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mumemto: efficient maximal matching across pangenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward a privacy-preserving predictive foundation model of single-cell transcriptomics with federated learning and tabular modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to pre-train on vast amounts of data to build foundation models (FMs) has achieved remarkable success in numerous domains, including natural language processing, computer vision, and, more recently, single-cell genomics--epitomized by GeneFormer, scGPT, and scFoundation. However, as single-cell FMs begin to train on increasingly large corpora, significant privacy and ethical concerns arise. Moreover, unlike text data, single-cell data is unordered and exhibits a unique tabular structure that most existing single-cell FMs overlook. In this study, we propose Tabula, a privacy-preserving and tabular-structure aware FM designed with federated learning (FL) and tabular modeling. Tabula combines the advantages of FMs and FL, enabling collaborative model training across multiple clients without compromising data privacy. In contrast to earlier single-cell FMs--which treat single-cell data like natural language (viewing cells as "words" defined by genes)--Tabula introduces a novel pretraining strategy that explicitly models the tabular structure of single-cell data. Extensive experimental results show that Tabula outperforms state-of-the-art methods in various downstream tasks (including cell type annotation, gene imputation, gene perturbation, multi-batch integration, and multi-omics integration) while requiring only half the data for pretraining and preserving data privacy. Furthermore, Tabula accurately reveals pairwise and even combinatorial regulatory logic across diverse biological systems, including hematopoiesis, pancreatic endogenesis, neurogenesis, and cardiogenesis. Thus, Tabula provides a new foundation model that explicitly incorporates the tabular nature of single-cell data alongside FL, paving the way for creating a "virtual cell" for human health under critical privacy preservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward a privacy-preserving predictive foundation model of single-cell transcriptomics with federated learning and tabular modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and flexible minimizer digestion with digest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimizer digestion is an increasingly common component of bioinformatics tools, including tools for De Bruijn-Graph assembly and sequence classification. We describe a new open source tool and library to facilitate efficient digestion of genomic sequences. It can produce digests based on the related ideas of minimizers, modimizers or syncmers. Digest uses efficient data structures, scales well to many threads, and produces digests with expected spacings between digested elements. Digest is implemented in C++17 with a Python API, and is available open-source at https://github.com/VeryAmazed/digest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and flexible minimizer digestion with digest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neural sound classification: Insights from natural and synthetic sounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the course of a day, human listeners encounter an immense variety of sounds in their environment. These are quickly transformed into mental representations of objects and events that guide subsequent cognition and behavior in the world. Previous studies using behavioral and temporally resolved neuroimaging methods have demonstrated the importance of certain acoustic qualities for distinguishing among different classes of sounds during the early time period following sound onset (noisiness, spectral envelope, spectrotemporal change over time, and change in fundamental frequency over time). However, this evidence is largely based on correlational studies of natural sounds. Thus, two additional behavioral (Experiment 1) and EEG (Experiment 2) studies further tested these results using a set of synthesized stimuli (interspersed among a new set of natural sounds) that explicitly manipulated previously identified acoustic dimensions. In addition to finding similar correlational results as previous work (using new natural stimuli and tasks), classification results for the synthesized acoustic feature manipulations reinforced the importance of aperiodicity, spectral envelope, spectral variability and fundamental frequency change for representations of superordinate sound-categories. Analyses of the synthesized stimuli suggest that aperiodicity is a particularly robust cue in distinguishing some categories and that speech is difficult to characterize within this framework (i.e., using these acoustic dimensions and synthetic feature manipulations). These results provide a deeper understanding of the neural and perceptual dynamics that support the recognition of behaviorally important categories of sound in the time windows soon after sound onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neural sound classification: Insights from natural and synthetic sounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGFBR2-High mesenchymal glioma stem cells phenocopy regulatory T cells to suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attempts to activate an anti-tumor immune response in glioblastoma (GBM) have been met with many challenges due to its inherently immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The degree and mechanisms by which molecularly and phenotypically diverse tumor-propagating glioma stem cells (GSCs) contribute to this state are poorly defined. In this study, our multifaceted approach combining bioinformatics analyses of clinical and experimental datasets, single-cell sequencing, and molecular and pharmacologic manipulation of patient-derived cells identified GSCs expressing immunosuppressive effectors mimicking regulatory T cells (Tregs). We show that this Immunosuppressive Treg-Like (ITL) GSC state is specific to the mesenchymal GSC subset and is associated with and driven specifically by TGF-{beta} type II receptor (TGFBR2) in contrast to TGFBR1. Transgenic TGFBR2 expression in patient-derived GBM neurospheres promoted a mesenchymal transition and induced a 6-gene ITL signature consisting of CD274 (PD-L1), NT5E (CD73), ENTPD1 (CD39), LGALS1 (galectin-1), PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2), and TGFB1. This TGFBR2-driven ITL signature was identified in clinical GBM specimens, patient-derived GSCs and systemic mesenchymal malignancies. TGFBR2High GSCs inhibited CD4+ and CD8+ T cell viability and their capacity to kill GBM cells, effects reversed by pharmacologic and shRNA-based TGFBR2 inhibition. Collectively, our data identify an immunosuppressive GSC state that is TGFBR2-dependent and susceptible to TGFBR2-targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khela, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korleski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Connor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bertoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laterra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGFBR2-High mesenchymal glioma stem cells phenocopy regulatory T cells to suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer associated fibroblasts drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition and classical to basal change in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells with loss of IL-8 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries an extremely poor prognosis, in part resulting from cellular heterogeneity that supports overall tumorigenicity. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) are key determinants of PDAC biology and response to systemic therapy. While CAF subtypes have been defined, the effects of patient-specific CAF heterogeneity and plasticity on tumor cell behavior remain unclear. Here, multi-omics was used to characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) in tumors from patients undergoing curative-intent surgery for PDAC. In these same patients, matched tumor organoid and CAF lines were established to functionally validate the impact of CAFs on the tumor cells. CAFs were found to drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a switch in tumor cell classificiaton from classical to basal subtype. Furthermore, we identified CAF-specific interleukin 8 (IL-8) as an important modulator of tumor cell subtype. Finally, we defined neighborhood relationships between tumor cell and T cell subsets.

Statement of SignificanceThis multidimensional analysis highlights the diverse role CAFs have in influencing other cell types in the TME, including epithelial-derived tumor and infiltrating immune cells. Our methods provide a platform for evaluating emerging therapeutic approaches and for studying mechanisms that dictate tumor behavior in a manner that reflects patient-specific heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandurella, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabransky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartalia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlomke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charmsaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaro, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer associated fibroblasts drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition and classical to basal change in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells with loss of IL-8 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing hidden knowledge in amnestic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a form of dementia in which memory and cognitive decline is thought to arise from underlying neurodegeneration. These cognitive impairments, however, are transient when they first appear and can fluctuate across disease progression. Here, we investigate the neural mechanisms underlying fluctuations of performance in amnestic mice. We trained APP/PS1+ mice on an auditory go/no-go task that dissociated learning of task contingencies (knowledge) from its more variable expression under reinforcement (performance). APP/PS1+ exhibited significant performance deficits compared to control mice. Using large-scale two-photon imaging of 6,216 excitatory neurons in 8 mice, we found that auditory cortical networks were more suppressed, less selective to the sensory cues, and exhibited aberrant higher-order encoding of reward prediction compared to control mice. A small sub-population of neurons, however, displayed the opposite phenotype, reflecting a potential compensatory mechanism. Volumetric analysis demonstrated that deficits were concentrated near A{beta} plaques. Strikingly, we found that these cortical deficits were reversed almost instantaneously on probe (non-reinforced) trials when APP/PS1+ performed as well as control mice, providing neural evidence for intact stimulus-action knowledge despite variable ongoing performance. A biologically-plausible reinforcement learning model recapitulated these results and showed that synaptic weights from sensory-to-decision neurons were preserved (i.e. intact stimulus-action knowledge) despite poor performance that was due to inadequate contextual scaling (i.e. impaired performance). Our results suggest that the amnestic phenotype is transient, contextual, and endogenously reversible, with the underlying neural circuits retaining the underlying stimulus-action associations. Thus, memory deficits commonly observed in amnestic mouse models, and potentially at early stages of dementia in humans, relate more to contextual drivers of performance rather than degeneration of the underlying memory traces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogelson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing hidden knowledge in amnestic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid "recycling" of logical algorithm representations in fronto-parietal reasoning systems following computer programming instructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programming is a cornerstone of modern society, yet its cognitive and neural basis remains poorly understood. In this study, we test the hypothesis that programming "recycles" pre-existing neural mechanisms and representations in fronto-parietal reasoning networks. Using fMRI, we scanned programming-naive undergraduates (n=22) before (PRE) and after (POST) an introductory Python course. During the PRE scan, participants viewed pseudocode (plain English descriptions of algorithms), and during the POST scan, they read Python code. We found that a left-lateralized fronto-parietal network, previously implicated in programming experts, distinguished between "for" loops and "if" conditionals across both pseudocode and Python code. Representational similarity analysis revealed consistent representations of algorithms across formats (code/pseudocode) and learning stages. Furthermore, such representations encode abstract meanings rather than superficial features. Our findings demonstrate that programming not only recycles pre-existing neural resources evolved for logical reasoning, but the recycling takes place rapidly with only a single semester of training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid "recycling" of logical algorithm representations in fronto-parietal reasoning systems following computer programming instructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Gene Networks Controlling Hypothalamic and Prethalamic Neuron Development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal subtypes derived from the embryonic hypothalamus and prethalamus regulate many essential physiological processes, yet the gene regulatory networks controlling their development remain poorly understood. Using single-cell RNA- and ATAC-sequencing, we analyzed mouse hypothalamic and prethalamic development from embryonic day 11 to postnatal day 8, profiling 660,000 cells in total. This identified key transcriptional and chromatin dynamics driving regionalization, neurogenesis, and differentiation. This identified multiple distinct neural progenitor populations, as well as gene regulatory networks that control their spatial and temporal identities, and their terminal differentiation into major neuronal subtypes. Integrating these results with large-scale genome-wide association study data, we identified a central role for transcription factors controlling supramammillary hypothalamic development in a broad range of metabolic and cognitive traits. Recurring cross-repressive regulatory relationships were observed between transcription factors that induced prethalamic and tuberal hypothalamic identity on the one hand and mammillary and supramammillary hypothalamic identity on the other. In postnatal animals, Dlx1/2 was found to severely disrupt GABAergic neuron specification in both the hypothalamus and prethalamus, resulting in a loss of inhibition of thalamic neurons, hypersensitivity to cold, and behavioral hyperactivity. By identifying core gene regulatory networks controlling the specification and differentiation of major hypothalamic and prethalamic neuronal cell types, this study provides a roadmap for future efforts aimed at preventing and treating a broad range of homeostatic and cognitive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrillin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Place, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Gene Networks Controlling Hypothalamic and Prethalamic Neuron Development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AUTO-SP: automated sample preparation for analyzing proteins and protein modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is one of the widely used proteomic techniques to study the alterations occurred at protein expression level as well as post-translation modifications (PTMs) of proteins that are relevant to different physiological or pathological statuses. The mass spectrometric analysis of peptides fragmented from proteins (bottom-up proteomics) has emerged as one of the major approaches for proteomics. In this approach, proteins are first cleaved into peptides for mass spectrometric analysis and peptides with PTMs are further enriched followed by the LC-MS/MS analysis. To achieve a reproducible and quantitative proteomic characterization, a well-established protease digestion and PTM peptide enrichment protocol is critical. In this study, we developed an automated sample preparation (AUTO-SP) for analyzing proteins and protein modifications utilizing Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) breast cancer tumors (basal-like and luminal subtypes). The protein amount was quantified and proteins were further digested by using AUTO-SP for each PDX sample. Based on the data-independent acquisition (DIA)-MS data, we observed samples of the same breast cancer subtypes were highly correlated (>0.98). Additionally, >14,000 ubiquitinated peptides were identified in the PDX samples when using AUTO-SP for ubiquitin enrichment, while unique pathways were enriched from the basal-like and luminal subtypes. AUTO-SP demonstrated its efficacy to provide reliable and reproducible sample preparation procedure for MS-based proteomic and PTM analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lih, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AUTO-SP: automated sample preparation for analyzing proteins and protein modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OcuPair, a novel photo-crosslinkable dendrimer-hyaluronic acid hydrogel bandage/bioadhesive for corneal injuries and temporary corneal repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic corneal injuries are a leading cause of blindness among military personnel. These injuries need immediate attention at the combat zone, but treatment options are limited as life-saving measures are often prioritized. To address this critical gap, we have developed OcupairTM, a two-component hydrogel system that consists of (i) an injectable viscoelastic filler that stabilizes the ocular cavity and prevents hypotony. (ii) An in-situ photo-curable adhesive hydrogel comprising of methacrylated PAMAM dendrimer and hyaluronic acid engineered to form a transparent, flexible and robust bandage within 90 seconds, adhering to corneal surface and ensuring a water-tight seal securing full-thickness corneal wounds. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that the adhesive hydrogel is mechanically robust and withstands intraocular pressures beyond physiological range. In a rabbit corneal injury model, OcuPair effectively seals complex full thickness wounds and preserves the eye with favorable clinical outcomes for 5 days with no toxicity over 30 days. In this study, we have validated the pilot scale synthesis, formulation optimization, GMP scale-up and IDE-enabling GLP toxicity, essential for clinical translation as a battlefield-ready solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleland, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiu, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaramanujam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.632042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OcuPair, a novel photo-crosslinkable dendrimer-hyaluronic acid hydrogel bandage/bioadhesive for corneal injuries and temporary corneal repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microscopic Control of Cortical Flows in Polarized C. elegans Zygotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell polarization, migration, and cytokinesis rely on flows of the cell cortex, a network of actin filaments, cross-linkers, and motors beneath the plasma membrane of animal cells. While actin network architecture, assembly dynamics, and motor activity are known to be important for cortical flows, how their modulation tunes macroscopic flow dynamics remains poorly quantified in vivo. Here, we use quantitative microscopy to constrain agent-based simulations that account for filament assembly, crosslinking, and motor activity. We calibrate the model to reproduce steady-state flows in polarized C. elegans zygotes and then challenge it to predict the results of RNA interference (RNAi) experiments. Our model predicts, and experiments largely confirm, a biphasic dependence of flow speed on microscopic rates of actin filament assembly and crosslinking. This biphasic dependence reflects a competition between the tendencies of perturbations to disrupt both transmission of and resistance to cortical forces. Our results provide new insights into how variations in microscopic features shape the emergent dynamics of the cell cortex. By establishing a well-calibrated model of cortical flow in a highly tractable model cell, we also provide a foundation for future studies of microscopic origins and biological control of cortical contractility and flow in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadzik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microscopic Control of Cortical Flows in Polarized C. elegans Zygotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolyl isomerase FKBP12 reduces axon growth and negatively regulates microtubule polymerization by inhibiting CRMP2A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolyl isomerases are enzymes catalyzing conformational change of the peptide bond between proline and the preceding amino acid, regulating the function and stability of their substrates. We have previously identified CRMP2A - the longer isoform of a microtubule-associated protein Collapsin response mediator protein 2 - as a substrate of the phospho-specific prolyl isomerase Pin1. CRMP2A is negatively regulated and destabilized by CDK5 phosphorylation in the distal axons and growth cones. Pin1 specifically binds to phosphorylated CRMP2A and stabilizes it by inducing conformational changes. However, the conformational regulation of unphosphorylated CRMP2 remains unknown. Here, we show that the prolyl isomerase FKBP12 specifically binds to unphosphorylated CRMP2A and regulates its activity. Using in vitro microtubule polymerization assays we demonstrate that CRMP2A promotes microtubule growth and that this function is inhibited by FKBP12. Next, using GFP-EB3 microtubule plus-end tracking assay, we demonstrate that FKBP12 inhibits CRMP2A-mediated microtubule polymerization also in cells. Furthermore, we show that FKBP12 co-localizes with unphosphorylated CRMP2A in growth cones and that expression of FKBP12 reduces axon growth in microfluidic chambers, while FKBP12 knockdown enhances it. Together, we demonstrate that FKBP12 is a negative regulator of microtubule dynamics and axon growth. Moreover, we show that two prolyl isomerases can differentially (positively or negatively) regulate activity of a common substrate depending on its phosphorylation. This provides an additional layer of phosphorylation-dependent or -independent control of protein activity, microtubule dynamics, and neuronal growth. Given the broad substrate specificity of FKBP12 and Pin1, this regulatory mechanism likely contributes to the modulation of diverse proteins and cellular processes in the nervous system and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weissova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chafai, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodakuntla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansky, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balastik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolyl isomerase FKBP12 reduces axon growth and negatively regulates microtubule polymerization by inhibiting CRMP2A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modification of Non-photochemical Quenching Pathways in the C4 Model Plant Setaria viridis Revealed Shared and Unique Photoprotection Mechanisms as Compared to C3 Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is essential for photosynthesis; however, excess light can increase the accumulation of photoinhibitory reactive oxygen species that reduce photosynthetic efficiency. Plants have evolved photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) pathways to dissipate excess light energy. In tobacco and soybean (C3 plants), overexpression of three NPQ genes, violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), Photosystem II Subunit S (PsbS), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), hereafter VPZ, resulted in faster NPQ induction and relaxation kinetics, and increased crop yields in field conditions. NPQ is well-studied in C3 plants; however, NPQ and the translatability of the VPZ approach in C4 plants is poorly understood. The green foxtail Setaria viridis is an excellent model to study photosynthesis and photoprotection in C4 plants. To understand the regulation of NPQ and photosynthesis in C4 plants, we performed transient overexpression in Setaria protoplasts and generated (and employed) stable transgenic Setaria plants overexpressing one of the three Arabidopsis NPQ genes or all three NPQ genes (AtVPZ lines). Overexpressing (OE) AtVDE and AtZEP in Setaria produced similar results as in C3 plants, with increased or reduced zeaxanthin (thus NPQ), respectively. However, overexpressing AtPsbS appeared to be challenging in Setaria, with largely reduced NPQ in protoplasts and under-represented homozygous AtPsbS-OE lines, potentially due to competitive and tight heterodimerization of AtPsbS and SvPsbS proteins. Furthermore, Setaria AtVPZ lines had increased zeaxanthin, faster NPQ induction, higher NPQ level, but slower NPQ relaxation. Despite this, AtVPZ lines had improved growth as compared to wildtype under several conditions, especially high temperatures, which is not related to the faster relaxation of NPQ but may be attributable to increased zeaxanthin and NPQ in C4 plants. Our results identified shared and unique characteristics of the NPQ pathway in C4 model Setaria as compared to C3 plants and provide insights to improve C4 crop yields under fluctuating environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milburn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHargue, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdam, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusinow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modification of Non-photochemical Quenching Pathways in the C4 Model Plant Setaria viridis Revealed Shared and Unique Photoprotection Mechanisms as Compared to C3 Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal T cell repertoire analysis reveals dynamic clonal T cell populations in Ulcerative Colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUlcerative Colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic, relapsing and remitting inflammation in the colon and rectum. Pathogenic T cell activity is thought to play a major role in this process. T cell effector function is determined by the T cell receptor (TCR) and the antigen it recognizes. Examining the TCR repertoire can provide key insights into the adaptive immune response.

ObjectiveTo characterize the longitudinal TCR repertoire of patients with UC across disease activity to determine if recurrent antigen(s) are responsible for active inflammation.

DesignBulk TCR V{beta} sequencing was done on colon tissue of 20 patients with UC across multiple time points of disease. Corresponding clinical metadata was also obtained over the same time period for each patient to map their clinical disease course. The top ten most highly abundant clones from each time point were longitudinally tracked and correlated with disease phenotype.

ResultsSeventy-five percent of patients did not have overlapping abundant TCR clones across multiple time points of disease. The remaining 25% of patients had one to five TCR clones present in high abundance in their tissue during every time point analyzed.

ConclusionThese results demonstrate that most patients with UC do not share a similar TCR repertoire over time, indicating that times of inflammation are associated with unique antigen exposures. A smaller group of patients have persistent, private TCR clones with high abundance, 60% of whom had more unremitting, active disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Briggs, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaaban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selaru, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal T cell repertoire analysis reveals dynamic clonal T cell populations in Ulcerative Colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine gut microbiota dysbiosis via enteric infection modulates the foreign body response to a distal biomaterial implant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota influences systemic immunity and the function of distal tissues, including the brain, liver, skin, lung, and muscle. However, the role of the gut microbiota in the foreign body response (FBR) and fibrosis around medical implants is largely unexplored. To investigate this connection, we perturbed the homeostasis of the murine gut microbiota via enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) infection and implanted the synthetic polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) into a distal muscle injury. ETBF infection in mice led to increased neutrophil and {gamma}{delta} T cell infiltration into the PCL implant site. ETBF infection alone promoted systemic inflammation and increased levels of neutrophils in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow. At the PCL implant site, we found significant changes in the transcriptome of sorted fibroblasts but did not observe gross ETBF- induced differences in the fibrosis levels after 6 weeks. These results demonstrate the ability of the gut microbiota to mediate long-distance effects such as immune and stromal responses to a distal biomaterial implant.

Significance StatementThe foreign body response to implants leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis that can be highly variable in the general patient population. Here, we demonstrate that gut dysbiosis via enteric infection promoted systemic inflammation and increased immune cell recruitment to an anatomically distant implant site. These results implicate the gut microbiota as a potential source of variability in the clinical biomaterial response and illustrate that the local tissue environment can be influenced by host factors that modulate systemic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amelung, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooks, J. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderzee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine gut microbiota dysbiosis via enteric infection modulates the foreign body response to a distal biomaterial implant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native nucleosome-positioning elements for the investigation of nucleosome repositioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosome repositioning is essential for establishing nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) to initiate transcription. This process has been extensively studied using structural, biochemical, and single-molecule approaches, which require homogenously positioned nucleosomes. This is often achieved using the Widom 601 sequence, a highly efficient nucleosome positioning element (NPE) selected for its unusually strong binding to the H3-H4 histone tetramer. Due to the artificial nature of 601, native NPEs are needed to explore the role of DNA sequence in nucleosome repositioning. Here, we characterize the position distributions and nucleosome formation free energy for a set of yeast native nucleosomes (YNNs) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show these native NPEs can be used in biochemical studies of nucleosome repositioning by transcription factors (TFs) and the chromatin remodeler Chd1. TFs could directly reposition a fraction of nucleosomes containing native NPEs, but not 601-containing nucleosomes. In contrast, partial unwrapping was similar for 601 and native NPE sequences, and the rate of ATP-dependent remodeling by Chd1 was within the range of the fast and slow directions of the 601 nucleosomes. This set of native NPEs provides an alternative to the 601 NPE that can be used for probing the repositioning of nucleosomes that contain native DNA sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeber, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nodelman, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native nucleosome-positioning elements for the investigation of nucleosome repositioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomeric SUMO level influences the choices of APB formation pathways and ALT efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cancers use an alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway for telomere maintenance. ALT telomeric DNA synthesis occurs in ALT telomere-associated PML bodies (APBs). However, the mechanisms by which APBs form are not well understood. Here, we monitored the formation of APBs with time-lapse imaging employing CRISPR knock-in to track the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein at endogenous levels. We found APBs form via two pathways: telomeres recruit PML proteins to nucleate PML bodies de novo, or telomeres fuse with preformed PML bodies. Both nucleation and fusion of APBs require interactions between SUMO and SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs). Moreover, APB nucleation is associated with higher levels of SUMOs and SUMO-mediated recruitment of DNA helicase BLM, resulting in more robust telomeric DNA synthesis. Finally, further boosting SUMO levels at telomeres enhances APB nucleation, BLM enrichment, and telomeric DNA synthesis. Thus, high SUMO levels at telomeres promote APB formation via nucleation, resulting in stronger ALT activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wivagg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lackner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellaire, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomeric SUMO level influences the choices of APB formation pathways and ALT efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autoantibody hotspots reveal origin and impact of immunogenic XIST ribonucleoprotein complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Four out of five patients with autoimmune diseases are women. The XIST ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, comprising the female-specific long noncoding RNA XIST and over 100 associated proteins, may drive several autoimmune diseases that disproportionately affect women, who have elevated levels of autoantibodies against the XIST RNP. However, the structural distribution, potential origin, and clinical significance of XIST RNP autoantibodies remained unexplored. Here, we find that XIST RNP is associated with autoantigens associated with six female-biased autoimmune conditions. Mapping autoantibody targets to their occupancy sites on XIST shows that these autoantigens are concentrated at discrete "hotspots" along the XIST lncRNA, notably the A-repeat. Cell type-specific protein expression data nominated neutrophils as a predominant source of hotspot antigens, and we confirmed the presence of both XIST and hotspot antigens in neutrophil extracellular traps during NETosis, an immunogenic programmed cell death pathway triggered by neutrophil activation upon which neutrophils extrude their nuclear content. Furthermore, we found that levels of autoantibodies against a top hotspot antigen, SPEN, that binds the A-repeat, correlate with severe digital ischemia in systemic sclerosis in two independent cohorts. Together, these data show a plausible mechanism for the origin of AXA, guided by RNA structure and RNA-protein interactions, and show that antibodies to XIST RNP holds promise for disease endotyping and prognostication in female-biased autoimmune conditions.

One Sentence SummaryNovel autoantibodies target hotspots on XIST ribonucleoprotein complex in female-biased autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davuluri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandyala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reggiardo, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiam, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autoantibody hotspots reveal origin and impact of immunogenic XIST ribonucleoprotein complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycan-reactive antibodies isolated from human HIV-1 vaccine trial participants show broad pathogen cross-reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 continues to pose a significant global health challenge, requiring ongoing research into effective prevention and treatment strategies. Understanding the B cell repertoire that can be engaged upon vaccination in humans is crucial for the development of future preventive vaccines. In this study, PBMCs from HIV-negative participants in the multivalent HVTN124 human HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial were interrogated for HIV-reactive B cells using LIBRA-seq, a high-throughput B cell mapping technology. We report the discovery of glycan-reactive antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse heterologous HIV-1 virus strains. Further, isolated antibodies showed broad cross-reactivity against antigens from a variety of other pathogens, while remaining mostly negative on autoreactivity assays. The emerging class of glycan- reactive virus-neutralizing antibodies with exceptional breadth of pathogen cross- reactivity may present an effective target for vaccination at the population level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scapellato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manamela, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sornberger, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruprecht, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masaru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycan-reactive antibodies isolated from human HIV-1 vaccine trial participants show broad pathogen cross-reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding affinities for 2D protein dimerization benefit from enthalpic stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimerization underpins all macromolecular assembly processes both on and off the membrane. While the strength of dimerization, KD, is commonly quantified in solution (3D), many proteins like the soluble BAR domain-containing proteins also reversibly dimerize while bound to a membrane surface (2D). The ratio of dissociation constants, [Formula], defines a lengthscale that is essential for determining whether dimerization is more favorable in solution or on the membrane surface, particularly for these proteins that reversibly transition between 3D and 2D. While purely entropic rigid-body estimates of h apply well to transmembrane adhesion proteins, we show here using Molecular Dynamics simulations that even moderate flexibility in BAR domains dramatically alters the free energy landscape from 3D to 2D, driving enhanced selectivity and stability of the native dimer in 2D. By simulating BAR homodimerization in three distinct environments, 1) solution (3D), 2) bound to a lipid bilayer (2D), and 3) fully solvated but restrained to a pseudo membrane (2D), we show that both 2D environments induce backbone configurations that better match the crystal structure and produce more enthalpically favorable dimer states, violating the rigid-body estimates to drive h<<hRIGID. Remarkably, contact with an explicit lipid bilayer is not necessary to drive these changes, as the solvated pseudo membrane induces this same result. We show this outcome depends on the stability of the protein interaction, as a parameterization that produces exceptionally stable binding in 3D does not induce systematic improvements on the membrane. With h lengthscales calculated here that are well below a physiological volume-to-surface-area lengthscale, assembly will be dramatically enhanced on the membrane, which aligns with BAR domain function as membrane remodelers. Our approach provides simple metrics to move beyond rigid-body estimates of 2D affinities and assess whether conformational flexibility selects for enhanced stability on membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhibber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding affinities for 2D protein dimerization benefit from enthalpic stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Region Brain Organoid: Fusion Organoid with Cerebral, Endothelial and Mid-Hindbrain Components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain organoid technology has revolutionized our ability to model human neurodevelopment in vitro. However, current techniques remain limited by their reliance on simplified endothelial cell populations rather than a complete endothelial system. We engineered Multi-Region Brain Organoids (MRBOs) that integrate cerebral, mid/hindbrain, and complex endothelial organoids into one structure. Different from the earlier approaches based on isolated HUVECs, our endothelial organoids contain diverse vascular cell types, including vascular progenitors, mature endothelial cells, pericytes, proliferating angiogenic cells and stromal cells. Our strategy employs a sequential modulation of key developmental pathways to generate individual organoids, followed by optimized fusion conditions that maintain regional identities while supporting cellular integration. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing shows that MRBOs develop discrete neural populations specific to each brain region alongside specialized endothelial populations that establish paracrine signalling networks. Integration analysis with human fetal brain data shows that MRBOs contribute to 80% of cellular clusters found in human fetal brain tissue (Carnegie stages 12-16), whereas CellChat analysis identifies 13 previously uncharacterized endothelial-neural signalling interactions. Notably, we uncover endothelial-derived factors that support the persistence of intermediate progenitor populations during hindbrain development, but not during the cerebral one thereby revealing a new role for complex endothelial populations in regional brain patterning. This platform enables matching multiple developmental regions, fully incorporating the endothelial nature at the same time providing opportunities for studying neurodevelopmental disorders in which neural-endothelial interactions are disrupted. Our engineered MRBO system establishes a foundation for investigating complex neurodevelopmental processes, providing an enabling context closer to physiological relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kshirsagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mnatsakanyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohra, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathuria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Region Brain Organoid: Fusion Organoid with Cerebral, Endothelial and Mid-Hindbrain Components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinations comprising dual β-lactams and a β-lactamase inhibitor achieve optimal synergistic inhibition of Mycobacterium abscessus growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The historical model, which posits that {beta}-lactams inhibit bacterial growth while {beta}-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) merely protect {beta}-lactams from enzymatic degradation, fails to fully explain their activity against Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab). This study demonstrates that synergistic effects extend beyond the traditional one {beta}-lactam+one BLI paradigm, refuting the oversimplified mechanistic framework. First, {beta}-lactam-based BLIs such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam exhibit intrinsic antibacterial activity against Mab. These agents synergized not only with {beta}-lactams but also with one another, undermining their historical classification as mere {beta}-lactamase inhibitors. The data indicate that their activity is not limited to inhibiting {beta}-lactamases but extends to directly targeting critical bacterial processes. Second, dual {beta}-lactam combinations exhibit synergism against Mab even in the absence of BLIs. For example, despite being rapidly hydrolyzed by the native {beta}-lactamase BlaMab, amoxicillin demonstrates strong synergism with {beta}-lactams such as imipenem or ceftaroline. This suggests that the second {beta}-lactam either acts as a functional BLI surrogate or targets complementary pathways. Supporting this, experiments using penicillin- and carbapenem-based probes revealed that {beta}-lactams bind to multiple Mab proteins simultaneously, reinforcing the idea that their synergy arises from targeting complementary essential proteins. Finally, triple combinations comprising dual {beta}-lactam and one BLI, such as amoxicillin + ceftaroline + avibactam, achieved very high synergy, underscoring the complementary roles of dual {beta}-lactams and BLIs. The evidence in this study necessitates a revised model that can more accurately explain the activities of {beta}-lactams and BLIs and underscores the potential for optimizing {beta}-lactam/BLI regimens against Mab.

IMPORTANCEThis research challenges old assumptions about how antibiotics fight bacteria, particularly Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), a tough-to-treat infection. Traditionally, {beta}-lactam antibiotics were thought to stop bacterial growth, while {beta}-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) just protected them from breakdown. However, this study reveals that BLIs like clavulanic acid can work together with another BLI or {beta}-lactam antibiotics for stronger effects. Surprisingly, even combinations comprising two BLIs can be highly effective, showing they target multiple critical bacterial processes simultaneously. Triple combinations--two {beta}-lactams and one BLI--proved especially powerful. These findings overturn outdated ideas, offering a smarter way to use these drugs to combat difficult infections and save lives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rimal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panthi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinations comprising dual β-lactams and a β-lactamase inhibitor achieve optimal synergistic inhibition of Mycobacterium abscessus growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.18.633695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifunctional bending magnet beamline with a capillary optic for X-ray fluorescence studies of metals in tissue sections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.18.633695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scanning fluorescence X-ray microscopy lets one non-destructively and quantitatively map the distribution of most biologically-important metals in cells and tissues. For studies on large-scale tissues and organs, a spatial resolution of several micrometers is often sufficient; in this case, bending magnets at synchrotron light sources provide abundant X-ray flux. We describe here the use of bending magnet beamline 8-BM-B at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) with two distinct microscopy stations: a pre-existing one with Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror optics for slightly higher throughput and the ability to accommodate samples tens of centimeters across, and a new prototype station with an axially-symmetric, single-bounce, capillary optic with slightly less flux, but slightly higher fluence (which affects achievable resolution at low metal concentration) and higher spatial resolution. The KB station provides{delta} res = 10.5 {micro}m spatial resolution at a per-pixel exposure time of tdwell = 100 ms and a fluence per time of 5.8x 107 photons /({micro}m2 {middle dot}s), while the prototype capillary station provides{delta} res = 6.3 {micro}m at tdwell = 50 ms and a fluence per time of 6.1x 107 photons ({micro}m2 {middle dot}s). We used image power spectral density to estimate the achieved spatial resolution{delta} res from individually acquired images, with{delta} res depending-on the optic, the fluorescence signal strength of the sample being imaged, and the method used to process raw fluorescence spectral data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowacki, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxey, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotta, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildeman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Halloran, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.18.633695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifunctional bending magnet beamline with a capillary optic for X-ray fluorescence studies of metals in tissue sections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping brain function underlying naturalistic motor observation and imitation using high-density diffuse optical tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition defined by deficits in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors, is associated with early impairments in motor imitation that persist through childhood and into adulthood. Alterations in the mirror neuron system (MNS), crucial for interpreting and imitating actions, may underlie these ASD-associated differences in motor imitation. High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) overcomes logistical challenges of functional magnetic resonance imaging to enable identification of neural substrates of naturalistic motor imitation.

ObjectiveWe aim to investigate brain function underlying motor observation and imitation in autistic and non-autistic adults. We hypothesize that HD-DOT will reveal greater activation in regions associated with the MNS during motor imitation than motor observation, and that MNS activity will negatively correlate with autistic traits and motor fidelity.

MethodsWe imaged brain function using HD-DOT in N = 100 participants as they engaged in observing or imitating a sequence of arm movements. Additionally, during imitation, participant movements were simultaneously recorded with 3D cameras for computer-vision-based assessment of motor imitation (CAMI). Cortical responses were estimated using general linear models, and multiple regression was used to test for associations with autistic traits, assessed via the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS), and imitation fidelity, assessed via CAMI.

ResultsBoth observing and imitating motor movements elicited significant activations in higher-order visual and MNS regions, including the inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Imitation additionally exhibited greater activation in the superior parietal lobule, primary motor cortex, and supplementary motor area. Notably, the right temporal-parietal junction exhibited activation during observation but not during imitation. Higher autistic traits were associated with increased activation during motor observation in the right superior parietal lobule. No significant correlation between brain activation and CAMI scores was observed.

ConclusionsOur findings provide robust evidence of shared and task-specific cortical responses underlying motor observation and imitation, emphasizing the differential engagement of MNS regions during motor observation and imitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolewski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochowiak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels-Day, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidstone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuncgenc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrus, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggebrecht, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping brain function underlying naturalistic motor observation and imitation using high-density diffuse optical tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three annotated chromosome-level de novo genome assemblies of Lomentospora prolificans provide evidence for a chromosomal translocation event 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lomentospora prolificans is a fungal pathogen responsible for serious, often fatal, illness in patients with compromised immune systems. Treatment is rarely successful because L. prolificans is inherently resistant to all major classes of antifungal drugs. In this study we publish three chromosome-level de novo genome assemblies, including the first complete-level assembly of L. prolificans, along with genome annotations. The L. prolificans genome is packaged in 11 nuclear chromosomes and one mitochondrial chromosome, has 36.7-37.1 Mb, and encodes for a putative 7357-7640 genes. The length and composition of contigs in one stain varied from those of the other two strains, supporting the hypothesis that a chromosomal translocation took place. These assemblies were confirmed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The availability of more complete genomes will hopefully help the search for new antifungal drugs and provides insights into the evolutionary history of this pathogenic fungus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liporagi-Lopes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three annotated chromosome-level de novo genome assemblies of Lomentospora prolificans provide evidence for a chromosomal translocation event]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic detection of fluorescently labeled synapses in volumetric in vivo imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are submicron structures that connect and enable communication between neurons. Many forms of learning are thought to be encoded by synaptic plasticity, wherein the strength of specific synapses is regulated by modulating expression of neurotransmitter receptors. For instance, regulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors is a central mechanism controlling the formation and recollection of long-term memories. A critical step in understanding how synaptic plasticity drives behavior is thus to directly observe, i.e., image, fluorescently labeled synapses in living tissue. However, due to their small size and incredible density -- with one [~]0.5 {micro}m diameter synapse every cubic micron -- accurately detecting individual synapses and segmenting each from its closely abutting neighbors is challenging. To overcome this, we trained a convolutional neural network to simultaneously detect and separate densely labeled synapses. These tools significantly increased the accuracy and scale of synapse detection, enabling segmentation of hundreds of thousands of individual synapses imaged in living mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic detection of fluorescently labeled synapses in volumetric in vivo imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mef2c Controls Postnatal Callosal Axon Targeting by Regulating Sensitivity to Ephrin Repulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical connectivity is contingent on ordered emergence of neuron subtypes followed by the formation of subtype-specific axon projections. Intracortical circuits, including long-range callosal projections, are crucial for information processing, but mechanisms of intracortical axon targeting are still unclear. We find that the transcription factor Myocyte enhancer factor 2-c (Mef2c) directs the development of somatosensory cortical (S1) layer 4 and 5 pyramidal neurons during embryogenesis. During early postnatal development, Mef2c expression shifts to layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (L2/3 CPNs), and we find a novel function for Mef2c in targeting homotopic contralateral cortical regions by S1-L2/3 CPNs. We demonstrate, using functional manipulation of EphA-EphrinA signaling in Mef2c-mutant CPNs, that Mef2c downregulates EphA6 to desensitize S1-L2/3 CPN axons to EphrinA5-repulsion at their contralateral targets. Our work uncovers dual roles for Mef2c in cortical development: regulation of laminar subtype specification during embryogenesis, and axon targeting in postnatal callosal neurons.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=163 SRC="FIGDIR/small/634300v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (51K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@108c788org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@163c6c3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e6d8borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b9f9e4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIMef2c is required for the development of L4 and L5 neurons in the embryonic neocortex
C_LIO_LIPostnatally, Mef2c is enriched in L2/3 neurons and is required for axon targeting
C_LIO_LIL2/3-specific Mef2c deletion leads to EphA6 upregulation
C_LIO_LIMef2c deletion in L2/3 neurons sensitizes them to EfnA5 repulsion in the contralateral cortex
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sudarsanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Clavel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mef2c Controls Postnatal Callosal Axon Targeting by Regulating Sensitivity to Ephrin Repulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microbiome of the human facial skin is unique compared to that of other hominids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human facial skin microbiome is remarkably similar across all people sampled to date, dominated by facultative anaerobe Cutibacterium. The origin of this genus is unknown, with no close relatives currently described from samples of primate skin. This apparent human-specific bacterial taxon could reflect the unique nature of human skin, which is significantly more oily than that of our closest primate relatives. However, previous studies have not sampled the facial skin microbiome of our closest primates. Here, we profiled the skin microbiome of zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), alongside their human care staff, using both 16S and shotgun sequencing. We showed that facial skin microbiomes differ significantly across host species, with humans having the lowest diversity and most unique community among the three species. We were unable to find a close relative of Cutibacterium on either chimpanzee or gorilla facial skin, consistent with human-specificity. Hominid skin microbiome functional profiles were more functionally similar compared to their taxonomic profiles. However, we still found notable functional differences including lower proportions of fatty acid biosynthesis on humans, consistent with microbes reliance on host-derived lipids. Our study highlights the uniqueness of the human facial skin microbiome and supports a horizontal acquisition of its dominant resident from a yet unknown source.

ImportanceUnderstanding how and why human skin bacteria differ from our closest animal relatives provides crucial insights into human evolution and health. While we have known that human facial skin hosts distinct bacteria--particularly Cutibacterium acnes--we did not know if these bacteria and their associated genes were also present on the faces of our closest relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas. Our study shows that human facial skin hosts markedly different bacteria than other primates, with C. acnes being uniquely abundant on human faces. This finding suggests that this key bacterial species may have adapted specifically to human skin, which produces more oils than other primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Degregori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microbiome of the human facial skin is unique compared to that of other hominids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual Probe Ligation In Situ Hybridization with Rolling-Circle Amplification for High-Plex Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New biological insights are increasingly dependent upon a deeper understanding of tissue architectures. Critical to such studies are spatial transcriptomics technologies, especially those amenable to analysis of the most widely available human tissue type, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical specimens. Here we build on our previous oligonucleotide probe ligation-based approach to accurately analyze FFPE mRNA, which suffers from variable levels of degradation. Ligation In Situ Hybridization followed by rolling circle amplification (LISH-LocknRoll or LISH-LnR), provides a streamlined method to detect the spatial location of specific mRNA isoforms within FFPE tissue architectures. Iterative fluorescent probe hybridization and imaging enables highly multiplexed spatial transcriptomic studies, as demonstrated herein for fixed specimens from inclusion body myositis patients and pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma patients. We additionally demonstrate a system of molecular rheostats that can be used to fine tune the performance of the LISH-LnR assay. Combined with LISH-seq and LISH-QC, the LISH-LnR methodology provides a powerful approach to spatial transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Credle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maalouf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikenaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llosa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual Probe Ligation In Situ Hybridization with Rolling-Circle Amplification for High-Plex Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous spatial sorting by cell shape in growing colonies of rod-like bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical interactions among cells in a growing microbial colony can significantly influence the colonys spatial genetic structure and, thus, evolutionary outcomes such as the fates of rare mutations. Here, we computationally investigate how this spatial genetic structure changes as a result of heritable phenotypic variations in cell shape. By modeling rod-like bacterial cells as lengthening and dividing circo-rectangles in a 2D Brownian dynamics framework, we simulate the growth of a colony containing two populations with different aspect ratios. Compared to monodisperse colonies, such bidisperse colonies exhibit diminished intermixing between sub-populations when the less elongated cells are too short to nematically order, instead forming large clusters. We find that the cells with longer aspect ratio gradually segregate to the colony periphery. We present evidence that this demixing is related to nematic order in the bulk and to active nematic mixing dynamics near the periphery. These findings are qualitatively robust across different growth rate protocols and initial conditions. Because the periphery is often an advantageous position when nutrients are limited, our results suggest a possible evolutionary selective pressure of mechanical origin that favors large cell aspect ratio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Nunez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous spatial sorting by cell shape in growing colonies of rod-like bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attenuated adenosine mediated immune-dampening increases natural killer cell activity in early age-related macular degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and has been linked to altered intraocular immunity. Our investigation focuses on immune cell subsets and inflammation-associated factors in the eyes with early and intermediate AMD. We observed elevated levels of activated natural killer (NK) cells and interferon-{gamma}, concurrent with reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and adenosine in AMD eyes. Aqueous humor from AMD patients had diminished ability to dampen NK cell activation, an effect rescued by adenosine supplementation. The Cryba1 cKO mouse model recapitulated these immune alterations, and single-cell RNA-sequencing identified NK cell-related genes and NK cell-RPE interactions. Co-culture of activated NK cells with RPE cells induced barrier dysfunction and Gasdermin-E driven pyroptosis providing a functional link relevant to AMD. These findings suggest a double-hit model where elevated immune activation and loss of immune dampening mechanisms drive AMD progression. Resetting the intraocular immune balance may be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing early and intermediate AMD.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=198 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/634301v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1516bfaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@87f505org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e725caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@622717_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO Illustra tion of pro posed mechanism underlying NK cell-RPE interaction in early AMD pathogenesis. Dysregulated NK cell communicate s with stressed RPE in early AMD immunopathology. Aberrant AMD aqueous humor and retina shows increased NK cells and NK effector molecules like IFN{gamma} with reduced MDSC and adenosine in human subjects, don or eye and animal model. Activated NK cells interaction with RPE causes dysfunction and pyroptotic cell death via Gasdermin-E pathway in AMD.. Created with BioRender.com

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praveen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debnath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadde, S. G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MB, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attenuated adenosine mediated immune-dampening increases natural killer cell activity in early age-related macular degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An anti-amyloidogenic approach to specifically block memory consolidation in mice for therapeutic intervention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder triggered by the exposure to a traumatic event, which manifests with anguish, intrusive memories, and negative mood changes. So far, there is no efficient treatment for PTSD other than symptomatic palliative care. However, the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein-3 (CPEB3) has been recently associated to a potential risk gene for PTSD. Considering that CPEB3 protein is a functional amyloid whose importance for long-term memory consolidation in mammals is well established, we propose the active (amyloid) state of CPEB3 as a promising therapeutic target to block the consolidation of traumatic memories through by the anti-amyloidogenic polyglutamine binding peptide 1 (QBP1).

Here we report a preclinical development in mice of this pharmacological treatment for PTSD based on the action of the QBP1 peptide. We first characterized the human CPEB3 (hCPEB3) protein in vitro, showing how its amyloid aggregation is inhibited by the active core of QBP1 (QBP1-M8) without affecting other self-assembly processes such as phase separation. Then, we generated and characterized a novel transgenic mouse that constitutively expresses QBP1 in tandem (TgQBP1). TgQBP1 mice have shown that the consolidation of simple learning is impaired after 24 h for both hippocampal-dependent and aversive memories and that it is limited to new learned memories and has no effect on short-term memory. Furthermore, fear induced anxiety was reduced in comparison to WT mice, suggesting that PTSD-like symptoms are also being ameliorated. Intriguingly, we found that aversive memories seem to be more strongly affected in younger mice. Finally, the analysis of CPEB3 amyloid presence in hippocampal extracted samples showed a correlative decrease in murine CPEB3 oligomerization in the TgQBP1 mice. Taking together, these results strongly suggest that the amyloidogenic blockage of CPEB3 by QBP1 peptide is a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGreevy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaquero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez de Mingo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popiel, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion-Vazquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An anti-amyloidogenic approach to specifically block memory consolidation in mice for therapeutic intervention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cigarette smoke and biological age induce degenerative heterogeneity in retinalpigment epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposure such as cigarette smoke induces epigenetic changes that can induce degenerative heterogeneity and accelerate aging. In early age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading worldwide cause of blindness among the elderly, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell heterogeneity is a key change. Since smoking is the strongest environmental risk factor for AMD, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke induces degenerative RPE heterogeneity through epigenetic changes that are distinct from aging, and that with aging, the RPE becomes vulnerable to cigarette smoke insult. We administered cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) intravitreally to young and aged mice and performed snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq on the RPE/choroid. This analysis identified separate cell clusters corresponding to healthy and abnormal, dedifferentiated RPE in both aged vehicle-treated and young CSC-treated mice. The dedifferentiated RPE were characterized by a global decrease in chromatin accessibility and decreased expression of genes in functional categories that were linked to hallmarks of aging. Notably, young, dedifferentiated RPE also exhibited a compensatory upregulation of hallmarks of aging-related genes, specifically those related to mitochondrial function and proteostasis. In contrast, aged dedifferentiated RPE did not express these compensatory changes, and did not survive CSC treatment, as experimentally verified with TUNEL labeling. These changes are relevant to early AMD because we identified through scRNA-seq, similar dedifferentiated and healthy macular RPE clusters in a donor who smoked and another with early AMD, but not from a nonsmoker. Degenerative cellular heterogeneity can include an abnormal cluster that jeopardizes cell survival and may represent an additional hallmark of ocular aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jin, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallazo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cano,, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhutto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cigarette smoke and biological age induce degenerative heterogeneity in retinalpigment epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.633179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA lipid nanoparticle-incorporated nanofiber-hydrogel composite generates a local immunostimulatory niche for cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.633179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrogel materials have emerged as versatile platforms for various biomedical applications. Notably, the engineered nanofiber-hydrogel composite (NHC) has proven effective in mimicking the soft tissue extracellular matrix, facilitating substantial recruitment of host immune cells and the formation of a local immunostimulatory microenvironment. Leveraging this feature, here we report an mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-incorporated NHC microgel matrix, termed LiNx, by incorporating LNPs loaded with mRNA encoding tumour antigens. Harnessing the potent transfection efficiency of LNPs in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), LiNx demonstrates remarkable immune cell recruitment, antigen expression and presentation, and cellular interaction. These attributes collectively create an immunostimulating milieu and yield a potent immune response achievable with a single dose, comparable to the conventional three-dose LNP immunization regimen. Further investigations reveal that the LiNx not only generates heightened Th1 and Th2 responses but also elicits a distinctive Type 17 T helper cell-mediated response pivotal for bolstering antitumour efficacy. Our findings elucidate the mechanism underlying LiNxs role in potentiating antigen-specific immune responses, presenting a new strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzel, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B. Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Batavia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodier, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneck, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doloff, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.633179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA lipid nanoparticle-incorporated nanofiber-hydrogel composite generates a local immunostimulatory niche for cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning-Powered Colloidal Digital SERS for Precise Monitoring of Cell Culture Media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining consistent quality in biopharmaceutical manufacturing is essential for producing high-quality complex biologics. Yet, current process analytical technologies (PAT) struggle to achieve rapid and highly accurate monitoring of small molecule critical process parameters and critical quality attributes. While Raman spectroscopy holds great promise as a highly sensitive and specific bioanalytical tool for PAT applications, its conventional implementation, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), is constrained by considerable temporal and spatial intensity fluctuations, limiting the achievable reproducibility and reliability. Herein, we introduce a deep learning-powered colloidal digital SERS platform to address these limitations. Rather than addressing the intensity fluctuations, the approach leverages their very stochastic nature, arising from highly dynamic analyte-nanoparticle interactions. By converting the temporally fluctuating SERS intensities into digital binary "ON/OFF" signals using a predefined intensity threshold by analyzing the characteristic SERS peak, this approach enables digital visualization of single-molecule events and significantly reduces false positives and background interferences. By further integrating colloidal digital SERS with deep learning, the applicability of this platform is significantly expanded and enables detection of a broad range of analytes, unlimited by the lack of characteristic SERS peaks for certain analytes. We further implement this approach for studying AMBIC 1.1, a chemically-defined, serum-free complete media for mammalian cell culture. The obtained highly accurate and reproducible results demonstrate the unique capabilities of this platform for rapid and precise cell culture media monitoring, paving the way for its widespread adoption and scaling up as a new PAT tool in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and biomedical diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning-Powered Colloidal Digital SERS for Precise Monitoring of Cell Culture Media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CD25-CCR7 complex initiates non-canonical IL-2 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IL-2, a central regulator of immune function, binds to its receptor subunit CD25 (IL-2R), promoting IL-2 interaction with {beta} and {gamma} subunits to trigger the canonical IL-2 signaling pathway. An anti-mouse CD25 antibody, PC61, triggers alternative IL-2 signaling, leading to integrin activation. PC61 induces a complex formed by the IL-2-dependent association of CD25 with CCR7, suggesting that the formation of this complex initiates alternative IL-2 signaling. Here, we used structure-based design together with combinatorial screening to identify an IL-2 mutant (denoted IL-2(E52K)) that spares canonical IL-2 signaling but disrupts both PC61-induced complex formation and integrin activation while retaining the full CD25 affinity of the parent molecule. We also report that heparan sulfate (HS), a physiological ligand of IL-2 that triggers alternative signaling, induced IL-2-dependent CD25-CCR7 association, whereas IL-2(E52K) failed to support both HS-induced CD25-CCR7 complex formation and integrin activation. Thus, both anti-CD25 antibody and HS require common features of IL-2 needed for CD25-CCR7 complex assembly and resulting integrin activation. Collectively, these data show that IL-2 promotes CD25 interaction with CCR7, thereby forming the signal initiating complex. Furthermore, canonical and alternative IL-2 signaling can be decoupled by an IL-2 mutation, creating a tool to specify the biological role of alternative IL-2 signaling in immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CD25-CCR7 complex initiates non-canonical IL-2 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia-induced histone methylation and NF-κB activation in pancreas cancer fibroblasts promote EMT-supportive growth factor secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor microenvironment contains hypoxic tissue subdomains and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of multiple subtypes that play tumor-promoting and -restraining roles. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia promotes an inflammatory-like CAF phenotype and that hypoxic CAFs selectively promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PDAC cancer cells through growth factor-mediated cell crosstalk. By analyzing patient tumor single-cell transcriptomics and conducting an inhibitor screen, we identified IGF-2 and HGF as specific EMT-inducing growth factors produced by hypoxic CAFs. We further found that reactive oxygen species-activated NF-{kappa}B cooperates with hypoxia-dependent histone methylation to promote IGF-2 and HGF expression in hypoxic CAFs. In lineage-traced autochthonous PDAC mouse tumors, hypoxic CAFs resided preferentially near hypoxic, mesenchymal cancer cells. However, in subcutaneous tumors engineered with hypoxia fate-mapped CAFs, once-hypoxic re-oxygenated CAFs lacked a spatial correlation with mesenchymal cancer cells. Thus, hypoxia promotes reversible CAF-malignant cell interactions that drive EMT through druggable signaling pathways.

One-sentence summaryWe show that hypoxic fibroblasts in pancreas cancer leverage histone methylation and ROS-mediated NF-{kappa}B activation to produce growth factors that drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition in malignant cells, demonstrating how tumor stromal features cooperate to initiate a signaling process for disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kowalewski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adair, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Vale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolatshahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanger, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzara, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia-induced histone methylation and NF-κB activation in pancreas cancer fibroblasts promote EMT-supportive growth factor secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partially differentiated enterocytes in ileal and distal-colonic human F508del-CF-enteroids 1 secrete fluid in response to forskolin and linaclotide. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constipation causes significant morbidity in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. Using CF patient (F508del) derived ex vivo ileal and distal colonic/rectal enteroids as a model and the Forskolin Induced Swelling Assay (FIS), we compared CFTR mediated fluid secretion in human enterocytes across the crypt-villus axis. CFTR expression and FIS decreased as enterocytes differentiated from crypt to become partially differentiated and then mature villus cells. While there was no FIS response in undifferentiated (crypt enterocytes) F508del-CF enteroids, partially differentiated F508del-CF enteroids had a swelling response to forskolin (cAMP) and linaclotide (cGMP) which was [~]48%, and [~]67% of the response in healthy enteroids, respectively and was prevented by a CFTR inhibitor. Also, linaclotide and a general PDE inhibitor independently enhanced combined CFTR-modulator-induced FIS response from partially differentiated F508del-CF enteroids. These findings demonstrate that partially differentiated ileal and distal colonic F508del-CFTR enteroids can be stimulated to secrete fluid by cAMP and cGMP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partially differentiated enterocytes in ileal and distal-colonic human F508del-CF-enteroids 1 secrete fluid in response to forskolin and linaclotide.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.637327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feedback and feedforward control are differentially delayed in cerebellar ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.637327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia, a condition associated with impaired movement coordination. Typically, coordinated movement relies on a combination of anticipatory mechanisms (specifically, feedforward control) and corrective mechanisms (embodied by feedback control). Here, we show that in 3D reaching in VR, ataxia preserves the visuomotor feedforward and feedback control structure compared to the control group. However, the ataxia group exhibits a small increase in feedback delay (~ 20 ms) and a substantial increase in feedforward delay (~ 70 ms) together with a reduced feedback gain (~25 % lower). Our results suggest that the feedforward and feedback pathways remain largely intact in ataxia, but that time delay deficits and temoral discoordination amongst these control pathways may contribute to the disorder. We also find that providing a preview--analogous to driving on a clear night and seeing the road ahead vs. driving in the fog-- improves tracking performance in the ataxia group, although the control group was significantly better able to exploit this preview information. Overall, our results indicate that the feedforward control and preview utilization are relatively well-preserved in individuals with cerebellar ataxia, and that preview could potentially be leveraged to enhance the feedforward performance of those with ataxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.637327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feedback and feedforward control are differentially delayed in cerebellar ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cethromycin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for Single Dose Cure of Plasmodium berghei Liver Stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cethromycin combines a quinoline nucleus and a macrolide for broad spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoan activity. Here we characterized the murine pharmacokinetics and Plasmodium berghei lifecycle stage pharmacodynamics for the cethromycin base. Liver pharmacokinetic studies in mice show peak mM drug levels in the liver with 20 hour sustained levels above 10 M. Peak concentrations in the liver were double the lung and about 440 times that of plasma. Immunofluorescence imaging of in vitro cethromycin-treated infected hepatocytes shows complete ablation of the apicoplast. We observed complete cure of P. berghei liver stage infection by single oral dose of 60 mg/kg in mice which is equivalent to the 5 mg/kg human dose of 300 mg a day used in bacterial pneumonia studies. Cethromycin at 60 mg/kg daily for 7 days was curative in the high parasitemic P. berghei mouse model. Both mosquito membrane feeding of P. falciparum gametocytes incubated with 20 M cethromycin and oral dosing in mice demonstrated no decrease in oocyst numbers. Cethromycin has been evaluated for efficacy against bacterial pneumonia in more than 5,000 patients with good safety profiles. Cethromycin has potential for rapid clinical development for casual malaria prophylaxis and possibly radical cure of dormant liver P. vivax.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaludov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cethromycin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for Single Dose Cure of Plasmodium berghei Liver Stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High density probes reveal medullary seizure and rapid medullary shutdown in a model of fatal apnea in seizure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is suggested to be a cardiorespiratory collapse that occurs shortly after a seizure. Prior work in rats suggests that reflexive apneas (produced by stimulation of trigeminal or vagal peripheral sensory targets) is highly fatal during seizure but well tolerated otherwise. These reflexes share network connectivity in the medulla, particularly the caudal solitary nucleus (NTS) and ventral respiratory column (VRC), and possibly other intermediate structures. We sought to observe the electrographic activity in these regions.

MethodsWe use urethane anesthetized long evans rats. We utilized either 125 m silver wire in the caudal NTS or a Neuropixel 1.0 probe along a dorsoventral trajectory that spanned the caudal NTS to the VRC. We additionally recorded cardiorespiratory activity via several methods. We induced a reflexive apnea - the diving reflex - by nasal irrigation of cold water for several seconds, which produces a period of apnea, then gasping, and then a gradual return to eupnea. We repeated several trials while the animal was healthy and subsequently induced continuous seizure activity with kainate and repeated the reflexes, which are ultimately fatal during seizure.

ResultsSeizure activity confounds many established methods of analyzing high-density single unit data such as provided by Neuropixels probes, and so our analyses focus on averaging responses over larger anatomical regions (120 m) covering small populations of neurons. Seizure produces broad increases in neuronal activity across the medullary tract, which by itself is not dangerous. Ictal reflexive apneas were broadly more inhibitory (producing a reduction in firing rate) than they were preictally, and fatal ictal responses resulted in a very rapid shutdown of all medullary activity. We only rarely observed ictal central apneas (apneas with no apparent stimuli), but when we did they were apparently safe, always survived, and produced no significant change in network activity (neither increase nor decrease).

ConclusionsThese data support the theory that central apnea events in seizure are relatively safe as we observed they produce little change in the medullary tract network, while stimuli-induced-reflexive-apneas are dangerous because they produce profound quieting across respiratory centers. Our data suggest that seizure spreads to this medullary tract at approximately the same rate and intensity as forebrain, as previously described in this model. These data are supportive of SUDEP mechanisms involving brainstem inhibition as a primary cause, such as spreading depolarization waves. These findings likely extend beyond nasal irrigation to any sensory reflexive apnea caused by airway irritation of any kind, and may bear relevance to similar deaths seen in infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budde, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RoaFiore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High density probes reveal medullary seizure and rapid medullary shutdown in a model of fatal apnea in seizure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Stasis Leads to Liver Injury and Tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsMitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in aging and various cancer development. As highly dynamic organelles, mitochondria constantly undergo fission, mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1, gene name Dnm1l), and fusion, regulated by mitofusin 1 (MFN1), MFN2, and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). However, whether and how dysregulation of mitochondria dynamics would be involved in liver pathogenesis and tumorigenesis is unknown.

MethodsDnm1l Flox/Flox (Dnm1lF/F), Mfn1F/F and Mfn2F/F mice were crossed with albumin-Cre mice to generate liver-specific Dnm1l knockout (L-Dnm1l KO), L-Mfn1 KO, L-Mfn2 KO, L-Mfn1, Mfn2 double KO (DKO), and L-Mfn1, Mfn2, Dnm1l triple KO (TKO) mice. These mice were housed for various periods up to 18 months. Some mice also received hydrodynamic tail vein injections of a Sleeping Beauty transposon-transposase plasmid system with c-MYC and YAP. Blood and liver tissues were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis.

ResultsL-Dnm1l KO mice had elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels and increased hepatic fibrosis as early as two months of age. By 12 to 18 months, male L-Dnm1l KO mice developed spontaneous liver tumors, primarily hepatocellular adenomas. While female L-Dnm1l KO mice also developed liver tumors, their incidence was much lower.

In contrast, neither L-Mfn1 KO nor L-Mfn2 KO mice had notable liver injury or tumorigenesis. However, a small portion of DKO mice developed tumors at 15-18 month-old. Increased DNA damage, senescence and compensatory proliferation were observed in L-Dnm1l KO mice but were less evident in L-Mfn1 KO, L-Mfn2 KO or DKO mice, indicating that mitochondrial fission is more important to maintain hepatocyte homeostasis and prevent liver tumorigenesis. Interestingly, further deletion of Mfn1 and Mfn2 in L-Dnm1l KO mice markedly abolished liver injury, fibrosis, and both spontaneous and oncogene-induced tumorigenesis. RNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis revealed significant activation of the cGAS-STING-interferon pathway and alterations in the tumor microenvironment pathways, alongside increased pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism in the livers of L-Dnm1l KO mice. Notably, the changes in gene expression and pyrimidine metabolism were considerably corrected in the TKO mice.

ConclusionsMitochondrial dynamics and stability are essential for maintaining hepatic mitochondrial homeostasis and hepatocyte functions. Loss of hepatic DRP1 promotes liver tumorigenesis by increasing pyrimidine metabolism and activating the cGAS-STING-mediated innate immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Stasis Leads to Liver Injury and Tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ex vivo and in vitro investigation of extracellular vesicle interactions with B cells of Macaca nemestrina and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractExtracellular vesicles may modify recipient cell behavior through multiple mechanisms, including interacting with the cell surface or internal membrane components and delivering luminal cargo to the cytoplasm. Here, we use a previously established ex vivo approach to investigate the cellular fate of EVs spiked into whole blood samples from nonhuman primate (NHP) and human donors and contrast these findings with results from in vitro assays. We report that EVs are internalized by NHP and human B cells while also associating to some degree with other PBMCs. EVs exhibit greater association with B cells in ex vivo whole blood compared to isolated B cells, suggesting that blood components may promote EV interactions or that cell isolation factors may inhibit this association. Cellular uptake of EVs involves clathrin-dependent endocytosis and may be aided by other pathways, including direct EV-cell membrane fusion. Overall, our data suggest that EV association, including uptake, by B cells occurs in at least two primate species. These findings highlight the potential to develop new strategies to either enhance or inhibit EV tropism toward B cells.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/637883v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bd28e3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c76b28org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4c2e44org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1719771_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pachane, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selistre-de-Araujo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ex vivo and in vitro investigation of extracellular vesicle interactions with B cells of Macaca nemestrina and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.638204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic and Biphasic Regulation of Cell Migration by Ras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.638204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ras has traditionally been regarded as a positive regulator and therapeutic target due to its role in cell proliferation, but recent findings indicate a more nuanced role in cell migration, where suppressed Ras activity can unexpectedly promote migration. To clarify this complexity, we systematically modulate Ras activity using various RasGEF and RasGAP proteins and assess their effects on migration dynamics. Leveraging optogenetics, we assess the immediate, non-transcriptional effects of Ras signaling on migration. Local RasGEF recruitment to the plasma membrane induces protrusions and new fronts to effectively guide migration, even in the absence of GPCR/G-protein signaling whereas global recruitment causes immediate cell spreading halting cell migration. Local RasGAP recruitment suppresses protrusions, generates new backs, and repels cells whereas global relocation either eliminates all protrusions to inhibit migration or preserves a single protrusion to maintain polarity. Consistent local and global increases or decreases in signal transduction and cytoskeletal activities accompany these morphological changes. Additionally, we performed cortical tension measurements and found that RasGEFs generally increase cortical tension while RasGAPs decrease it. Our results reveal a biphasic relationship between Ras activity and cellular dynamics, reinforcing our previous findings that optimal Ras activity and cortical tension are critical for efficient migration.

SignificanceThis study challenges the traditional view of Ras as solely a positive regulator of cell functions by controlling of gene expression. Using optogenetics to rapidly modulate Ras activity in Dictyostelium, we demonstrate a biphasic relationship between Ras activity and migration: both excessive and insufficient Ras activity impair cell movement. Importantly, these effects occur rapidly, independent of transcriptional changes, revealing the mechanism by which Ras controls cell migration. The findings suggest that optimal Ras activity and cortical tension are crucial for efficient migration, and that targeting Ras in cancer therapy should consider the cells initial state, aiming to push Ras activity outside the optimal range for migration. This nuanced understanding of the role of Ras in migration has significant implications for developing more effective cancer treatments, as simply inhibiting Ras might inadvertently promote metastasis in certain contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parajon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borleis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyfman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.638204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic and Biphasic Regulation of Cell Migration by Ras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic computational modeling of sFLT1 secretion dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constitutively secreted by endothelial cells, soluble FLT1 (sFLT1 or sVEGFR1) binds and sequesters extracellular vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), thereby reducing VEGF binding to VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream signaling. In doing so, sFLT1 plays an important role in vascular development and in the patterning of new blood vessels in angiogenesis. Here, we develop multiple mechanistic models of sFLT1 secretion and identify a minimal mechanistic model that recapitulates key qualitative and quantitative features of temporal experimental datasets of sFLT1 secretion from multiple studies. We show that the experimental data on sFLT1 secretion is best represented by a delay differential equation (DDE) system including a maturation term, reflecting the time required between synthesis and secretion. Using optimization to identify appropriate values for the key mechanistic parameters in the model, we show that two model parameters (extracellular degradation rate constant and maturation time) are very strongly constrained by the experimental data, and that the remaining parameters are related by two strongly constrained constants. Thus, only one degree of freedom remains, and measurements of the intracellular levels of sFLT1 would fix the remaining parameters. Comparison between simulation predictions and additional experimental data of the outcomes of chemical inhibitors and genetic perturbations suggest that intermediate values of the secretion rate constant best match the simulation with experiments, which would completely constrain the model. However, some of the inhibitors tested produce results that cannot be reproduced by the model simulations, suggesting that additional mechanisms not included here are required to explain those inhibitors. Overall, the model reproduces most available experimental data and suggests targets for further quantitative investigation of the sFLT1 system.

Author SummaryProteins that are typically found outside cells are initially made inside cells, and later secreted into extracellular space. Many of these secreted proteins have important functions outside the cell that are well-studied; however, usually much less is known about the pre-secretion life of these molecules. Many computational models only represent the extracellular versions of secreted proteins, reducing all production and secretion steps into a single modeled process. Here, we develop a mechanistic model of the production and secretion of a specific secreted protein, sFLT1, which inhibits blood vessel growth by acting as an extracellular sponge for another set of secreted proteins, the vascular endothelial growth factors. We compare several models to existing experimentally-measured sFLT1 data, and we show that the data are most simply explained by including a delay between intracellular sFLT1 production and sFLT1 transport or degradation. This is consistent with the biology of the cells secretory pathway, where immature proteins are gradually processed into mature forms over minutes to hours. Our approach could be incorporated into improved models for any pathway involving secreted proteins, including sFLT1-regulated models of blood vessel biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinghorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic computational modeling of sFLT1 secretion dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.637980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hip stabilization in an australopithecine-like hip: the influence of shape on muscle activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.637980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hip stabilization through muscular activation of the gluteals is a key feature of hominin walking, but the role of pelvic shape on muscular activation remains uncertain. Coupled with this is the uncertainty regarding whether or not the kinematics and kinetics of modern humans are appropriate proxies for the patterns in extinct hominins. In this work we treat modern human kinematics and kinetics as a null hypothesis by applying them to musculoskeletal models with modern human-like and australopithecine-like hips and examine the resulting joint reaction and muscle forces. We test the prediction that the hip functional complex that includes biacetabular breadth, femoral neck length, and iliac blade flare produces hip abductor muscle activations and hip joint reactions that are similar in the modern human- and australopithecine-like forms.

Using previously developed musculoskeletal models that approximate gluteus maximus with twelve muscle elements, gluteus medius with twelve, and gluteus minimus with three, we calculated joint reaction and muscle forces using inverse dynamics analyses and a muscle redundancy algorithm. We used data from ten individuals who walked at their normal velocity. We found that the shape of the australopithecine-like pelvis produces absolutely higher muscle activations in gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, but lower muscle activations across a long period of stance in gluteus maximus compared to the modern human-like pelvis when kinematics and size are held constant. Hip joint reaction forces are similarly heterogeneous: the australopithecine-like hip exhibits lower forces in the direction of travel but higher in the vertical. These results suggest that, while the australopithecine-like pelvis is compatible with human walking patterns, influences on pelvic shape other than accommodating muscle and joint reaction forces during walking are present.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvester, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.637980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hip stabilization in an australopithecine-like hip: the influence of shape on muscle activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning-Enhanced Extraction of Protein Signatures of Renal Cell Carcinoma from Proteomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we generated label-free data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics data from 261 renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and 195 normal adjacent tissues (NAT). The RCC tumors included 48 non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas (non-ccRCC) and 213 ccRCC. A total of 219,740 peptides and 11,943 protein groups were identified with 9,787 protein groups per sample on average. We adopted a comprehensive approach to select representative samples with different mutation sites, considering histopathological, immune, methylation, and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF)-based subtypes, along with clinical characteristics (gender, grade, and stage) to capture the complexity and diversity of ccRCC tumors. We used machine learning identified 55 protein signatures that distinguish RCC tumors from NATs. Furthermore, 39 protein signatures that differentiate different RCC tumor subtypes were also identified. Our findings offer an extensive perspective of the proteomic landscape in RCC, illuminating specific proteins that serve to distinguish RCC tumors from NATs and among various RCC tumor subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning-Enhanced Extraction of Protein Signatures of Renal Cell Carcinoma from Proteomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMO2 Promotes Histone Pre-mRNA Processing by Stabilizing Histone Locus Body Interactions and Facilitating U7 snRNP Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone mRNAs are the only non-polyadenylated mRNAs in eukaryotic cells and require specialized processing in the histone locus body (HLB), a nuclear body where essential processing factors, including the U7 snRNP, are concentrated. Recent studies have revealed that misregulation of histone pre-mRNA processing can lead to polyadenylation of histone mRNAs and disruption of histone protein homeostasis. Despite links to human disease, the factors contributing to polyadenylation of histone mRNAs and the mechanisms underlying HLB assembly and U7 snRNP biogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report novel functions of the small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO2) in promoting histone pre-mRNA processing. Using a SUMO2 knockout osteosarcoma cell line, we identified a defect in 3 end cleavage and a global increase in histone mRNA polyadenylation. Subsequent analysis of HLBs revealed increased dynamics and reduced levels of the U7 snRNP complex. By over-expressing U7 snRNP-specific components, Lsm11 and U7 snRNA, we rescued U7 snRNP levels and processing defects in SUMO2 knockout cells. Through analysis of Lsm11, we identified a SUMO-interacting motif in its N-terminus required for efficient formation of U7 snRNP. Collectively, we demonstrate that SUMO2 promotes histone pre-mRNA 3 end processing by stabilizing HLB interactions and facilitating U7 snRNP assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desotell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaig, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzluff, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMO2 Promotes Histone Pre-mRNA Processing by Stabilizing Histone Locus Body Interactions and Facilitating U7 snRNP Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.637712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromodulation in neural organoids with shell MEAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.637712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural organoids (NOs) have emerged as important tissue engineering models for brain sciences and biocomputing. Establishing reliable relationships between stimulation and recording traces of electrical activity is essential to monitor the functionality of NOs, especially as it relates to realizing biocomputing paradigms such as reinforcement learning or stimulus discrimination. While researchers have demonstrated neuromodulation in NOs, they have primarily used 2D microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with limited access to the entire 3D contour of the NOs. Here, we report neuromodulation using tiny mimics of macroscale EEG caps or shell MEAs. Specifically, we observe that stimulating current within a specific range (20 to 30 {micro}A) induced a statistically significant increase in neuron firing rate when comparing the activity five seconds before and after stimulation. We observed neuromodulatory behavior using both three- and 16-electrode shells and could generate 3D spatiotemporal maps of neuromodulatory activity around the surface of the NO. Our studies demonstrate a methodology for investigating 3D spatiotemporal neuromodulation in organoids of broad relevance to biomedical engineering and biocomputing.

One-Sentence SummaryNeuromodulation, an essential intelligence feature, was observed using 3D stimulation and recording from neural organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam El Din, D.-M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surlekar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayasam, P. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.637712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromodulation in neural organoids with shell MEAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel peptidoglycan deacetylase modulates daughter cell separation in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptidoglycan hydrolases facilitate bacterial cell wall growth by creating space for insertion of new material and allowing physical separation of daughter cells. In Escherichia coli, three peptidoglycan amidases, AmiA, AmiB and AmiC, cleave septal peptidoglycan during cell division. The LytM-domain proteins EnvC and NlpD activate these amidases either from inside the cell or the outer membrane: EnvC binds to the cytoplasmic membrane-anchored divisome components FtsEX, and NlpD and ActS are outer membrane lipoproteins. Here we report the identification of a novel periplasmic deacetylase called SddA that removes acetyl groups from denuded peptidoglycan glycan strands, the products of amidases. SddA is a substrate for the periplasmic protease Prc, suggesting regulation via protein degradation. The sddA gene is co-expressed with the gene encoding EnvC, linking SddA function to amidase activation. Consistent with this link, the deletion of sddA alleviates phenotypes associated with lack of amidase activation, while overexpression of sddA alleviates phenotypes related to a defective Tol-Pal system and causes cell chaining due to reduced septum peptidoglycan cleavage unless envC is co-expressed. We present a model according to which SddA modulates the activation of the septum-splitting amidases during cell division.

AUTHOR SUMMARYBacteria surround their cell membrane by the essential peptidoglycan (cell wall) layer to prevent bursting open due to their turgor. During cell division, bacteria produce a septum at midcell, which must be cleaved for daughter cells to separate. Here, we report the identification of a new enzyme, SddA, that modifies a particular type of peptidoglycan material, denuded glycan chains released during the splitting of septal peptidoglycan for daughter cell separation, in the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. We propose a model in which SddA modulates a switch in the septal peptidoglycan splitting, ensuring splitting is activated from the cell membrane in the early stages of cell division and from the outer membrane in the late stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Rocamora, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martorana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belloso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaccaria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breukink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polissi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.638797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel peptidoglycan deacetylase modulates daughter cell separation in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of enhanced or impaired DNA target selectivity driven by protein dimerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful DNA transcription demands coordination between proteins that bind DNA while simultaneously binding to one another to form dimers or higher-order complexes. For proteins with numerous DNA targets throughout the genome, measurements that report on their dwell time or occupancy thus represent a convolution over a population interacting with specific DNA, nonspecific DNA, or protein partners on DNA. Dimerization is known to add contacts that can help a single protein to stably bind DNA. However, we show here that dimerization can also impair measured dwell times and occupancy on target sequences because the population redistributes across DNA. We combine mass-action kinetic models of pairwise reversible reactions between proteins and DNA with theory and spatial stochastic simulations to isolate the role of dimerization on observed DNA dwell times, occupancy, and spatial distribution of proteins on DNA. Three key themes emerge: (i) Protein-protein interactions, in addition to protein-DNA interactions, can localize a protein to DNA, and relative binding rates can thus widely tune dwell times. (ii) Dimensional reduction achieved through nonspecific binding and subsequent 1D diffusion controls the order-of-magnitude of enhancements despite nucleosome barriers. (iii) Dimerization enhances selectivity for locally clustered targets and often impairs binding to widely-spaced targets by sequestration. Compared with ChIP-seq data, our model explains how the distribution of the essential GAF protein throughout the genome is highly selective for clustered targets due to protein interactions. This model framework predicts when even weak dimerization can redistribute and stabilize proteins on DNA as a necessary part of transcription.

SignificanceTranscription of DNA into RNA relies on a globally orchestrated but microscopically stochastic recruitment of multiple proteins to targeted DNA sequences. DNA binding is only a first step. Here we show how proteins with many targets throughout the genome can use protein-protein dimerization to not only help proteins bind DNA, but also to redistribute the population genome-wide, significantly enhancing or impairing dwell times and target occupancies dependent on target spacing. Using theory and simulations along with experimental comparison, outcomes depend on protein-to-target ratios, dimensional gains of 1D searchers, and relative binding rates. Our relatively simple formulas predict how these factors yield negligible or dramatic changes in target selection, with direct mapping to experimental measurements on essential transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.638941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of enhanced or impaired DNA target selectivity driven by protein dimerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase provides protection from experimental acute kidney injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases mortality risk and predisposes individuals to chronic kidney disease. Metabolic pathways play a crucial role in AKI pathophysiology. Here, we investigate the potential of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) inhibition as a novel renoprotective strategy in AKI. Using AKI mouse models, we demonstrate that a small molecule MTAP inhibitor significantly reduces kidney injury markers and improves renal histology. RNA sequencing reveals that MTAP inhibition modulates pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative phosphorylation, and cell survival. Additionally, analysis of human single-cell RNA sequencing data links MTAP expression to kidney injury marker in AKI. This study provides evidence of MTAP inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for AKI, highlighting metabolic dysregulation as a target for future clinical interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saliba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetcha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase provides protection from experimental acute kidney injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.22.638514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S. pombe telomerase RNA: secondary structure and flexible-scaffold function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.22.638514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The telomerase RNA-protein enzyme is critical for most eukaryotes to complete genome copying by extending chromosome ends, thus solving the end-replication problem and postponing senescence. Despite the importance of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to biomedical research, very little is known about the structure of its 1212 nt telomerase RNA. We have determined the secondary structure of this large RNA, TER1, based on phylogenetics and bioinformatic modeling, as well as genetic and biochemical analyses. We find that several conserved regions of the rapidly evolving TER1 RNA are important for the ability of telomerase to maintain telomeres, based on testing truncation mutants in vivo, whereas, overall, many other large regions are dispensable. This is similar to budding yeast telomerase RNA, TLC1, and consistent with functioning as a flexible scaffold for the RNP. We tested if the essential three-way junction works from other locations in TER1, finding that indeed it can, supporting that it is flexibly scaffolded. Furthermore, we find that a half-sized Mini-TER1 allele, built from the catalytic core and the three-way junction, reconstitutes catalytic activity with TERT in vitro. Overall, we provide a secondary structure model for the large fission-yeast telomerase lncRNA based on phylogenetics and molecular-genetic testing in cells and insight into the RNPs physical and functional organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMurdie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeney, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mefford, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappulla, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.22.638514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S. pombe telomerase RNA: secondary structure and flexible-scaffold function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.23.639716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EvANI benchmarking workflow for evolutionary distance estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.23.639716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Advances in long-read sequencing technology has led to a rapid increase in high-quality genome assemblies. These make it possible to compare genome sequences across the Tree of Life, deepening our understanding of evolutionary relationships. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) is a distance measure that has been applied to species delineation, building of guide trees, and searching large sequence databases. Since computing ANI is computationally expensive, the field has increasingly turned to sketch-based approaches that use assumptions and heuristics to speed this up. We propose a suite of simulated and real benchmark datasets, together with a rank-correlation-based metric, to study how these assumptions and heuristics impact distance estimates. We call this evaluation framework EvANI. With EvANI, we show that ANIb is the ANI estimation algorithm that best captures tree distance, though it is also the least efficient. We show that k-mer based approaches are extremely efficient and have consistently strong accuracy. We also show that some clades have inter-sequence distances that are best computed using multiple values of k, e.g. k = 10 and k = 19 for Chlamydiales. Finally, we highlight that approaches based on maximal exact matches may represent an advantageous compromise, achieving an intermediate level of computational efficiency while avoiding over-reliance on a single fixed k-mer length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majidian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.23.639716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EvANI benchmarking workflow for evolutionary distance estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Metabolite-Based Resistance Mechanism Against Malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether jaundice, a common presentation of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum malaria (1-3) arising from the accumulation of circulating bilirubin, represents an adaptive or maladaptive response to Plasmodium spp. infection is not understood (1-3). We found that asymptomatic P. falciparum infection was associated with a >10-fold higher ratio of unconjugated bilirubin over parasite burden, compared to symptomatic malaria. Genetic suppression of bilirubin synthesis by biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) (4) increased parasite virulence and malaria mortality in mice. Accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in plasma, via genetic inhibition of hepatic conjugation by UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (UGT1A1) (5), was protective against malaria in mice. Unconjugated bilirubin inhibited P. falciparum proliferation in red blood cells (RBC) via a mechanism that suppressed mitochondrial pyrimidine synthesis. Moreover, unconjugated bilirubin inhibited hemozoin (Hz) crystallization and compromised the parasites food vacuole. In conclusion, jaundice represents a metabolic response to Plasmodium spp. infection that limits malaria severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trikha Rastogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Villiers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves de Sousa, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Votborg-Novel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Wedel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tober-Lau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagnotta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesquita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolussi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranfield, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitoko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mombo-Ngoma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischlinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junttila, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenquer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosma, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drotleff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portugal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.639306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Metabolite-Based Resistance Mechanism Against Malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A T2T-CHM13 recombination map and globally diverse haplotype reference panel improves phasing and imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The T2T-CHM13 complete human reference genome contains [~]200 Mb of newly resolved sequence, improving read mapping and variant calling compared to GRCh38. However, the benefits of using complete reference genomes in other contexts are unclear. Here, we present a reference T2T-CHM13 recombination map and phased haplotype panel derived from 3202 samples from the 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP). Using published long-read based assemblies as a reference-neutral ground truth, we compared our T2T-CHM13 1KGP panel to the previously released GRCh38 1KGP phased callset. We find that alignment to T2T-CHM13 resulted in 38% fewer assembly-discordant genotypes and 16% fewer switch errors. The largest gains in panel accuracy are observed on chromosome X and in the regions flanking disease-causing CNVs. Simons Genome Diversity Project samples were more accurately imputed when using the T2T-CHM13 panel. Our study demonstrates that use of a T2T-native phased haplotype panel improves statistical phasing and imputation for samples from diverse human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lalli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werling, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A T2T-CHM13 recombination map and globally diverse haplotype reference panel improves phasing and imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive identification of β-lactam antibiotic polypharmacology in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cause tuberculosis (TB), which requires at least six months of treatment with multiple antibiotics. There is emergent interest in using {beta}-lactam antibiotics to improve treatment outcomes for patients. These drugs target cell wall biosynthesis, but a comprehensive list of enzymes inhibited by {beta}-lactams in Mtb is lacking. In the current study, we sought to identify and characterize Mtb enzymes inhibited by {beta}-lactam antibiotics using physiological conditions representative of both acute and chronic TB disease. We used new activity-based probes based on the {beta}-lactam antibiotic meropenem due to its approval by the World Health Organization for TB treatment. Activity-based probes label enzymes based on both substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism, enabling precise identification of drug targets. We identified previously undiscovered targets of meropenem in addition to known cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. We validated {beta}-lactam binding and hydrolysis for six newly identified targets: Rv1723, Rv2257c, Rv0309, DapE (Rv1202), MurI (Rv1338), and LipD (Rv1923). Our results demonstrate that there are at least 30 enzymes in Mtb vulnerable to inhibition by meropenem. This is many more {beta}-lactam targets than historically described, suggesting that efficacy in Mtb is a direct result of polypharmacology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dearing, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griggs, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomas, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive identification of β-lactam antibiotic polypharmacology in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cerebrospinal fluid virome in people with HIV: links to neuroinflammation and cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite effective HIV suppression, neuroinflammation and neurocognitive issues are prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) yet poorly understood. HIV infection alters the human virome, and virome perturbations have been linked to neurocognitive issues in people without HIV. Once thought to be sterile, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hosts a recently discovered virome, presenting an unexplored avenue for understanding brain and mental health in PWH. This cross-sectional study analyzed 85 CSF samples (74 from PWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, and 11 from controls without HIV, CWH) through shotgun metagenomics for DNA/RNA viruses. Taxonomic composition (reads and contigs),  and {beta} diversity, and relative abundance (RA) of prokaryotic (PV), human eukaryotic (hEV), and non-human eukaryotic viruses (nhEV) were evaluated in relation to HIV infection, markers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, cognitive functions, and depressive symptoms. Sensitivity analyses and post-hoc cluster analysis on the RA of viral groups and blood-brain barrier permeability were also performed.

Of 46 read-positive CSF samples, 93.5% contained PV sequences, 47.8% hEV, and 45.6% nhEV. Alpha diversity was lower in PWH versus CWH, although p>0.05. At {beta} diversity analysis, HIV status explained 3.3% of the variation in viral composition (p=0.016). Contigs retained 13 samples positive for 8 hEV, 2 nhEV, and 6 PV. Higher RA of PV was correlated with higher CSF S100{beta} (p=0.002) and {beta}-Amyloid 1-42 fragment ({beta}A-42, p=0.026), while higher RA of nhEV with poorer cognitive performance (p=0.022). Conversely, higher RA of hEV correlated with better cognition (p=0.003) and lower {beta}A-42 (p=0.012). Sensitivity analyses in virome-positive samples only confirmed these findings. Three CSF clusters were identified and showed differences in astrocytosis, {beta}A-42, tau protein, and cognitive functions. Participants with hEV-enriched CSF showed better cognitive performance compared to those with virus-devoid and nhEV-enriched CSF (modelsp<0.05).

This study provides the first comprehensive description of the CSF virome in PWH, revealing associations with neuroinflammation and cognition. These findings highlight the potential involvement of the CSF virome in brain health and inform about its composition, origin, and potential clinical implications in people with and without HIV.

Author SummaryHIV can affect brain health and mental well-being, even in people on successful antiretroviral therapy. The reasons behind this are still unclear. HIV also influences the communities of microbes and viruses living in the human body, and recent research suggests that the human virome, the collection of all viruses within the body, may play a role in cognitive functions, mood, and brain health. For a long time, scientists believed that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which surrounds the brain, was sterile, while robust evidence has shown that the CSF hosts its own unique virome. Via advanced genetic sequencing (shotgun metagenomics), we analyzed the CSF virome in people with and without HIV looking for possible links to neuroinflammation, cognitive performance, and depression. We found that while HIV infection does affect the composition of CSF viral communities, there were no remarkable differences in the CSF virome of individuals with and without HIV. Most viral sequences appeared to come outside the brain. A higher abundance of non-human viral sequences, such as viruses of bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals, was associated with neuroinflammation and poorer cognitive performance. On the other hand, a higher abundance of human viruses correlated with better cognitive function and healthier signature of neuromarkers. These findings provide new insights into the presence and characteristics of the human CSF virome and how it might influence brain health. They also suggest new potential mechanisms of HIV-associated neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trunfio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scutari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuaran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granaglia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balbo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortarolo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perno, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Perri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcagno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cerebrospinal fluid virome in people with HIV: links to neuroinflammation and cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an image-guided non-vitrectomy subretinal access approach for trans-scleral cell and gene therapy delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeRegenerative therapies for retinal diseases include cell and gene therapy modalities that are targeted to the subretinal space. Several recent clinical trials have shown that the morbidity of surgical access is the major limitation of safe subretinal space delivery. We aimed to develop an image-guided procedure for minimally invasive subretinal access (MISA) as a platform to deliver therapeutic agents for the treatment of degenerative retinal diseases.

MethodsWe engineered prototypes of a novel common-path swept source optical coherence tomography (CP-SSOCT)-enabled needle, coaxial guide (COG), and subretinal access cannula (SAC). We pilot tested the MISA procedure in ex vivo bovine eyes and in vivo porcine ocular surgery.

ResultsA- and M-mode scan recordings of ex vivo and in vivo animal eye models demonstrated that CP-SSOCT imaging from the scleral side (ab externo) was capable of identifying the retinal laminae and the sub-retinal space. We show results from in vivo porcine MISA surgeries (N=4) using the novel CP-SSOCT-enabled sub-retinal injection needle, COG, and SAC through the transscleral approach. The MISA approach enabled subretinal device placement in the posterior pole, however, cases of retinal incarceration and retinal perforation were encountered.

ConclusionsWe describe a novel CP-SSOCT-guided subretinal access approach that, with further optimization, may be useful in regenerative retinal surgery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris-Bookman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agakishiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an image-guided non-vitrectomy subretinal access approach for trans-scleral cell and gene therapy delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phagosome-mediated anti-bacterial immunity is governed by the proton-activated chloride channel in peritoneal macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of phagosome degradation relies on the ability of phagocytes to regulate the maturation of phagosomes. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the proton-activated chloride (PAC) channel as a key negative regulator of phagosome maturation. PAC deletion enhanced phagosomal acidification and protease activities, leading to augmented bacterial killing in large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs) upon Escherichia coli infection in mice. Surprisingly, phagosome degradation also stimulated STING-IRF3-interferon responses and inflammasome activation in LPMs, both of which are enhanced upon PAC deletion. The increased inflammasome activation induced the release of cleaved gasdermin D, which localized to the surface of bacteria in the peritoneum and further contributed to their killing. Finally, enhanced bacterial clearance by PAC-deficient LPMs reduced proinflammatory immune cell infiltration and peritoneal inflammation, resulting in improved survival in mice. Our study thus provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of phagosome maturation and the dynamics of host defense response following phagosome-mediated bacterial degradation in peritoneal macrophages.

SummaryThe PAC channel mediates phagosome maturation during bacterial infection in macrophages. PAC deletion promotes phagosome-mediated STING-interferon signaling and inflammasome-mediated gasdermin D secretion during bacterial infection in peritoneal macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koylass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phagosome-mediated anti-bacterial immunity is governed by the proton-activated chloride channel in peritoneal macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical functional connectome in congenitally blind humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human cortex is organized along continuous functional gradients that capture systematic transitions in functional connectivity across the brain. These gradients describe large-scale organizational principles, including hierarchical transitions from unimodal to transmodal regions. Here, we provide the first characterization of cortical gradients in a large sample of congenitally blind (n = 41) and sighted (n = 44) adults to assess the relative contributions of intrinsic (genetic) and experiential factors to cortical gradient organization. Using resting-state fMRI, we compared functional connectome gradients and their association with cortical structure. Both groups exhibited similar principal gradients: unimodal to transmodal, somatosensory to visual, and frontoparietal segregation, demonstrating that the fundamental scaffold of cortical organization emerges largely independently of visual experience. However, blindness altered specific features of the functional connectome: the visual network was more segregated from the sensorimotor network and more integrated with transmodal and frontoparietal networks. Moreover, blind individuals showed reduced canonical hierarchical ordering within early visual areas, weaker structure-function coupling in visual and temporal regions, and altered functional areal boundaries in V1. These findings suggest that the development of large-scale cortical gradients reflects a genetically guided scaffold that is subsequently refined by sensory experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco-Roget, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collignon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szwed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroh, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical functional connectome in congenitally blind humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimum biomechanical energy expenditure predicts upper-limb motor strategies in individuals with limb loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional models of upper-limb motion represent observed motor behaviors as the solution to an optimization problem defined over a cost function. However, these traditional formulations are computationally expensive and it is unclear if they extend to individuals with non-standard anatomy (such as those with upper-limb loss). Goal: We propose an optimal path planning framework that leverages musculoskeletal modeling to generate motor strategies during unconstrained, upper-limb movement. Methods: We validate this framework against upper-limb trajectories measured from a 3D target acquisition task and compare performance against multiple models of upper-limb motion previously presented in literature. Results: When compared to measured upper-limb trajectories, the proposed method generates upper-limb paths with significantly less geometric error than alternative methods (p < 0.001). Significance: Our approach provides a method for upper-limb motion planning that is easily adaptable to non-standard anatomies and computationally efficient enough for prosthesis control applications. Conclusions: The proposed path planning framework provides accurate motor strategy prediction for individuals both with and without upper-limb loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunt, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaliki, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimum biomechanical energy expenditure predicts upper-limb motor strategies in individuals with limb loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effectiveness of Digital Dispersion Compensation in OCT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dispersion mismatch in optical coherence tomography (OCT) is typically addressed through either physical or digital compensation. In this study, we investigate the impact of dispersion on OCT detection sensitivity and compare the effectiveness of physical and digital compensation across varying degrees of dispersion mismatch. Our results demonstrate that while digital dispersion compensation can effectively restore detection sensitivity, its efficacy is constrained by the severity of the dispersion mismatch. Beyond a certain threshold, digital compensation fails to fully recover image information, leading to degradation in image quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effectiveness of Digital Dispersion Compensation in OCT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective Multiple Scattering Correction for Accurate Quantitative OCT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an effective approach to compensate for multiple scattering effects in Quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography (qOCT) imaging, with the goal of accurately extracting tissue attenuation coefficients, which is crucial for precise clinical diagnosis. In clinical practice, especially for intra-operative imaging, an increased working distance is often necessary to avoid interference with surgical instruments and workflow. However, this increased working distance corresponds to an increased beam spot size, leading to more multiply scattered photons in the OCT signal and thereby underestimating the optical attenuation. To address this challenge, we investigated errors in attenuation coefficient quantification under different beam spot sizes. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to generate virtual OCT signals for two distinct beam spot sizes, enabling us to quantify the errors induced by multiple scattering across a range of true optical attenuation coefficients. Based on this analysis, we developed a compensation function to correct these errors. The proposed method was validated through experimental measurements using tissue-mimicking phantoms and demonstrated a significant improvement in the accuracy of attenuation coefficient quantification. Our results underscore the potential of this easy-to-implement technique to enhance the diagnostic reliability of qOCT, facilitating its broader application in clinical settings for accurate tissue characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective Multiple Scattering Correction for Accurate Quantitative OCT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.641040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetically Labeled iPSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enable MRI/MPI-Guided Regenerative Therapy for Myocardial Infarction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.641040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a promising cell-free approach for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. In this study, we developed magnetically labeled induced pluripotent stem cell-derived EVs (magneto-iPSC-EVs) encapsulated with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles for image-guided regenerative treatment of myocardial infarction, in which EVs that can be detected by both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). iPSC-EVs were isolated, characterized per MISEV2023 guidelines, and loaded with SuperSPIO20 nanoparticles using optimized electroporation conditions (300 V, 2 x 10 ms pulses), achieving a high loading efficiency of 1.77 ng Fe/106 EVs. In vitro results show that magneto-iPSC-EVs can be sensitively detected by MPI and MRI, with a detectability of approximately 107 EVs. In a mouse myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model, intramyocardially injected magneto-iPSC-EVs (2 x 109) were imaged non-invasively by in vivo MPI for 7 days and ex vivo MRI, with the presence of magneto-iPSC-EVs confirmed by Prussian blue staining. Therapeutically, both native and magneto-iPSC-EVs significantly improved cardiac function, with a 37.3% increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and 61.0% reduction in scar size. This study highlights the potential of magneto-iPSC-EVs as a cell-free approach for cardiovascular regenerative medicine, offering both non-invasive imaging capabilities and therapeutic benefits for myocardial repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aafreen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felder-Flesch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulte, J. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.641040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetically Labeled iPSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enable MRI/MPI-Guided Regenerative Therapy for Myocardial Infarction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artery-on-chip demonstrates smooth muscle function comparable to both healthy and diseased living tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arterial diseases affect the mechanical properties of blood vessels, which then alter their function via complex mechanisms. To develop and test effective treatments, microphysiological systems replicating the function and mechanics of a human artery are needed. Here, we establish an artery-on-chip (ARTOC) using vascular derivatives of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) cultured with pulsatile flow on an electrospun fibrin hydrogel. ARTOCs have mature, laminated smooth muscle that expresses robust extracellular matrix and contractile proteins, contracts in response to intraluminal pressure and vasoagonists, and exhibits tissue mechanics comparable to those of human small-diameter arteries. Using real-time monitoring of radial distention and luminal pressure to inform computational fluid dynamics modeling, we show that we can effectively tune biomechanical cues using fibrin scaffold thickness and luminal flow rate. We successfully tune these cues to promote the survival and function of both endothelial and smooth muscle cells simultaneously in the ARTOC. To test the ARTOC as a disease modeling platform, we first use non-isogenic iPSC-derived smooth muscle cells from a polycythemia patient, and we find significantly altered cell phenotype and increased vessel wall stiffness compared to controls. We then test a novel isogenic disease model in ARTOCs from iPSCs CRISPR-edited with the LMNA Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria Syndrome (LMNA G608G; LMNAHGPS) mutation. LMNAHGPS ARTOCs show extracellular matrix accumulation, medial layer loss, premature senescence, and loss of tissue elasticity and ductility. With this work, we establish the ARTOC as a platform for basic and translational studies of arterial diseases, bridging the current gap in linking protein expression and cell phenotype to tissue mechanics and function in small-diameter arteries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ataam, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amelung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakikes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artery-on-chip demonstrates smooth muscle function comparable to both healthy and diseased living tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.08.642174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial-pericyte interactions regulate angiogenesis via VEGFR2 signaling during retinal development and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.08.642174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pericytes stabilize the microvasculature by enhancing endothelial barrier integrity, resulting in functional networks. During retinal development, pericyte recruitment is crucial for stabilizing nascent angiogenic vasculature. However, in adulthood, disrupted endothelial-pericyte interactions lead to vascular dropout and pathological angiogenesis in ocular microvascular diseases, and strategies to stabilize the retinal vasculature are lacking. We demonstrate that direct endothelial-pericyte contact downregulates pVEGFR2 in endothelial cells, which enhances pericyte migration and promotes endothelial cell barrier function. Intravitreal injection of a VEGFR2 inhibitor in mouse models of the developing retina and oxygen-induced retinopathy increased pericyte recruitment and aided vascular stability. The VEGFR2 inhibitor further rescued ischemic retinopathy by enhancing vascularization and tissue growth while reducing vascular permeability. Our findings offer a druggable target to support the growth of functional and mature microvasculature in ocular microvascular diseases and tissue regeneration overall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.08.642174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial-pericyte interactions regulate angiogenesis via VEGFR2 signaling during retinal development and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychedelics Align Brain Activity with Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychedelics can profoundly alter consciousness by reorganising brain connectivity; however, their effects are contextsensitive. To understand how this reorganisation depends on the context, we collected and comprehensively analysed the largest psychedelic neuroimaging dataset to date. Sixty-two adults were scanned with functional MRI and EEG during rest and naturalistic stimuli (meditation, music, and visual), before and after ingesting 19 mg of psilocybin. Half of the participants ranked the experience among the five most meaningful of their lives. Under psilocybin, functional MRI and EEG signals recorded during eyes-closed conditions became similar to those recorded during an eyes-open condition. This change manifested as an increase in global functional connectivity in associative regions and a decrease in sensory areas. We used machine learning to directly link the subjective effects of psychedelics to neural activity patterns characterised by low-dimensional embeddings. We show that psilocybin reorganised these low-dimensional trajectories into structured patterns of brain activity that reflected the context and quality of subjective experience, revealing an organisation that was missed by conventional analyses. Stronger self- and boundary-dissolving effects were linked to next-day mindset changes and associated with more distinct and cohesive neural representations. This reorganisation induces a state we represent as  embeddedness that arises when brain networks that usually segregate internal and external processing coherently integrate, aligning neural dynamics with context. This state corresponded to the felt experience of being part of the environment. Embeddedness serves as a bridging framework for understanding both the subjective and therapeutic effects of psychedelics, demonstrating that psychedelics introduce context- and quality-dependent reorganisation in neural dynamics. These findings reveal that the organisation of brain activity covaries with the experiential coherence of the psychedelic state, providing a new framework for understanding how psychedelics shape neurobiology and behaviour through context-sensitive brain dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoliker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khajehnejad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biabani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhart-Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychedelics Align Brain Activity with Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monkey See, Model Knew: Large Language Models Accurately Predict Visual Brain Responses in Humans and Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRecent progress in multimodal AI and  language-aligned visual representation learning has rekindled debates about the role of language in shaping the human visual system. In particular, the emergent ability of  language-aligned vision models (e.g. CLIP) - and even pure language models (e.g. BERT) - to predict image-evoked brain activity has led some to suggest that human visual cortex itself may be  language-aligned in comparable ways. But what would we make of this claim if the same procedures could model visual activity in a species without language? Here, we conducted controlled comparisons of pure-vision, pure-language, and multimodal vision-language models in their prediction of human (N=4) and rhesus macaque (N=6, 5:IT, 1:V1) ventral visual activity to the same set of 1000 captioned natural images (the  NSD1000). The results revealed markedly similar patterns in model predictivity of early and late ventral visual cortex across both species. This suggests that language model predictivity of the human visual system is not necessarily due to the evolution or learning of language perse, but rather to the statistical structure of the visual world that is reflected in natural language.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conwell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMahon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadeesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinken, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monkey See, Model Knew: Large Language Models Accurately Predict Visual Brain Responses in Humans and Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomic analyses of human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a poorly understood, multi-system disease with high morbidity and mortality. To improve our understanding of its underlying biology, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to characterize cell-specific gene expression patterns in human HFpEF myocardium.

MethodsSeptal myocardial biopsies (2-3 mg) from 30 HFpEF patients and 29 non-failing donor controls were analyzed using the 10X Genomics platform, with nuclei isolated from combined samples (6 patients/pool). Genotype-based demultiplexing was performed with souporcell, and gene expression quantified with CellRanger and CellBender. After quality control, nuclei were clustered and annotated by cell types based on specific marker genes. Differential expression (DE) by cell-type in HFpEF vs controls was performed using limma-voom and functional analysis performed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Data were compared to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using prior snRNA-seq in DCM vs respective controls.

ResultsWe successfully demultiplexed pooled myocardial biopsies, assigning >75% of droplets to individual patients. From eight pooled samples (19 HFpEF, 24 controls), we recovered 48,886 nuclei and identified 14 cell types. Cardiomyocytes (5159 differentially expressed [DE] genes, 36%) and fibroblasts (5905 DE genes, 49%) showed the most DE genes, while endothelial cells (2143), pericytes (1812), and macrophages (1405) had fewer. Enriched pathways common to multiple cell types included transcription/translation, immune activation, metabolism, and protein quality control. Of 7848 DE genes identified via pseudo-bulk snRNA-seq, 51% were DE in fibroblasts and 47% in cardiomyocytes, compared to <20% in other cell types. Unlike dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), sub-clustering fibroblasts did not reveal an activated fibroblast population in HFpEF. Comparative analysis between HFpEF and DCM identified transcriptional differences primarily in cardiomyocytes.

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the power of genotype-based demultiplexing for single-cell transcriptomic analyses of small endomyocardial biopsies and identifies cardiomyocytes as the principal cell type with distinct transcriptional changes in HFpEF versus DCM. These findings, coupled with differential gene expression and functional pathway analyses, illuminate HFpEF pathways and may nominate compelling targets for future mechanistic studies and therapeutic efforts for HFpEF.

Clinical PerspectiveWhat is new?

We successfully used genotype-based demultiplexing to perform single nucleus RNA-seq from myocardial biopsies.

The snRNA-seq analysis revealed distinct enrichment of pathways related to transcription/translation, immune activation, metabolism, and protein quality control across multiple cell types in HFpEF.

In contrast to DCM, HFpEF is distinguished by the absence of an activated fibroblast population and a predominance of transcriptional differences within cardiomyocytes, highlighting a distinct disease mechanism.

What are the clinical implications?

The cell-selective HFpEF myocardial transcriptional landscape highlights altered metabolism, protein translation and quality control, immune activation and growth/matrix organization.

These pathways provide compelling new targets for developing effective treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klattenhoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomic analyses of human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gold Nanocages with a Long SPR Peak Wavelength as Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging at 1060 nm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been growing interest in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging at a wavelength of 1060 nm. However, potential contrast agents for OCT imaging at this specific wavelength has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we present the synthesis and optical characterization of gold nanocages with a small edge length ([~]65 nm) and a surface plasmon resonance peak around 1060 nm. These nanocages represent a class of potential contrast agents for OCT at 1060 nm. OCT imaging experiments were conducted on phantoms and in vivo mouse tissues using a 1060-nm swept-source OCT system, demonstrating significant enhancement in imaging contrast due to the presence of the gold nanocages.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTGold nanocages with a long SPR peak wavelength as OCT imaging contrast agents at 1060 nm



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/642209v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramella-Roman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gold Nanocages with a Long SPR Peak Wavelength as Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging at 1060 nm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of oviposition and adult trapping to monitor wMel introgression for Wolbachia-based vector control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia introgression into Aedes aegypti mosquito populations has been shown to be effective in preventing dengue and is being evaluated for WHO prequalification. Monitoring the long-term introgression of Wolbachia (wMel)-positive Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, however, requires labor-intensive and costly BG-Sentinel traps (BG-traps). More affordable alternatives, such as using oviposition traps (ovitraps), have not been fully evaluated.

Ae. aegypti eggs and adults were collected from 124 ovitraps and 237 BG-traps, respectively, across 12 clusters in Belo Horizonte, Brazil from March to May 2023 as part of the EVITA Dengue trial. We used a qPCR assay to detect wMel in a sample of L3-L4 stage larvae (up to 29) that were reared from eggs in ovitraps and adults from BG-traps (up to 10 per BG-trap). We used mixed effects models to compare estimates of cluster-level wMel introgression from ovitrap and BG-trap data over time.

Among 3,675 larvae reared from ovitraps, wMel prevalence was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.48-0.51). Among 1,244 adult Ae. aegypti tested from BG-traps, wMel prevalence was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.42-0.48). Cluster-level wMel introgression in larvae and adults was highly correlated (Spearmans r = 0.70, p = 6.71e-06). Multivariate analysis found that ovitrap estimates of introgression were associated with BG-trap estimates in the same month when models incorporated the previous months ovitrap wMel-positive count, the proportion of wMel in ovitraps in the current and previous month, and Ae. aegypti abundance. Leveraging this model, predicted wMel introgression from ovitrap data were highly correlated with observed introgression from BG-trap data (rs,counts=0.98, p=1.53e-14; rs,prevalences=0.82, p=0.11e-05) and provided greater precision than crude ovitrap-based estimates.

These findings indicate that ovitrap-based monitoring represents a low cost, more efficient approach to evaluating introgression as the Wolbachia-based interventions are scaled up and implemented broadly in high burden regions for dengue and other arboviral diseases.

Author SummaryDengue fever is a major global health burden, and one promising way to control it is by releasing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with a bacteria called Wolbachia. This bacteria reduces the mosquitoes ability to spread dengue. However, monitoring the success of Wolbachia in mosquito populations over time requires expensive and labor-intensive traps.

Our study explored a more affordable alternative: using oviposition traps (ovitraps), which collect mosquito eggs instead of adults. In Belo Horizonte, Brazil, we compared data from eggs collected in ovitraps with data from standard mosquito traps (BG-traps) that catch adult mosquitoes. By analyzing the mosquitoes for Wolbachia, we found that the egg-based method provided reliable estimates of Wolbachia levels in the mosquito population.

These results suggest that ovitraps could be a cost-effective and efficient way to monitor Wolbachias spread. This approach could help improve dengue prevention efforts, making it easier for public health programs to track and expand this control strategy in areas where dengue is a major concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, E. M. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafra e Silva, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues da Costa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of oviposition and adult trapping to monitor wMel introgression for Wolbachia-based vector control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal changes in functional connectivity networks in the first year following stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional organization of the brain consists of multiple subsystems, or modules, with dense functional communication within modules (i.e., visual, attention) and relatively sparse but vital communications between them. The two hemispheres also have strong functional communications, which presumably supports hemispheric lateralization and specialization. Subsequent to stroke, the functional organization undergoes neuroplastic changes over time. However, empirical longitudinal studies of human subjects are lacking. Here we analyzed three large-scale, whole-brain resting-state functional MRI connectivity measures: modularity, hemispheric symmetry (based on system segregation), and homotopic connectivity in a group of 17 participants at 1-month, 3-months, and 12-months after a single left-hemisphere stroke. These measures were also compared to a group of 13 age-matched healthy controls. The three measures exhibited different trajectories of change: (1) modularity steadily decreased across the 12-month period and became statistically inferior to control values at 12 months, indicating a less modular organization; (2) hemispheric symmetry values were abnormally low at 1-month and then increased significantly in the first 6 months, leveling off at levels not significantly below control levels by 12 months, suggesting that the two hemispheres diverged initially after the unilateral damage, but improved over time; and (3) homotopic connectivity exhibited a U-shaped function with a significant decrease from 1-6 months and then an increase from 6-12 months, to levels that were not significantly different from controls. The results revealed a complex picture of the dynamic changes the brain undergoes as it responds to abrupt onset damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnur, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal changes in functional connectivity networks in the first year following stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-second Fluctuation between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Modes Distinguishes Diverse Human Brain States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information continuously flows between regions of the human brain, exhibiting distinct patterns that dynamically shift across states of consciousness, cognitive modes, and neuropsychiatric conditions. In this study, we introduce Relative Phase Analysis (RPA), a method that leverages phase-lead/lag relationships to reveal the real-time dynamics of dominant directional patterns and their rapid transitions. We demonstrate that the human brain switches on a sub-second timescale between a top-down mode-where anterior regions drive posterior activity-and a bottom-up mode, characterized by reverse directionality. These dynamics are most pronounced during full consciousness and gradually become less distinct as awareness diminishes. Furthermore, we find from simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings that the top-down mode is expressed when higher-order cognitive networks are more active while the bottom-up mode is expressed when sensory systems are more active. Moreover, comparisons of an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattentive cohort with typically developing individuals reveal distinct imbalances in these transition dynamics, highlighting the potential of RPA as a diagnostic biomarker. Complementing our empirical findings, a coupled-oscillator model of the structural brain network recapitulates these emergent patterns, suggesting that such directional modes and transitions may arise naturally from inter-regional neural interactions. Altogether, this study provides a framework for understanding whole-brain dynamics in real-time and identifies sub-second fluctuations in top-down versus bottom-up directionality as a fundamental mechanism underlying human information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashour, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-second Fluctuation between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Modes Distinguishes Diverse Human Brain States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific T Cell Adaptation and Clonal Distribution Across the Human Gut-Liver-Blood Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding T cell clonal relationships and tissue-specific adaptations is crucial for deciphering human immune responses, particularly within the gut-liver axis. We performed paired single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing on matched colon (epithelium, lamina propria), liver, and blood T cells from the same human donors. This approach tracked clones across sites and assessed microenvironmental impacts on T cell phenotype. While some clones were shared between blood and tissues, colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) exhibited limited overlap with lamina propria T cells, suggesting a largely resident population. Furthermore, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the colon and liver displayed distinct transcriptional profiles. Notably, our analysis suggested that factors enriched in the liver microenvironment may influence the phenotype of colon lamina propria TRM. This integrated single-cell analysis maps T cell clonal distribution and adaptation across the gut-liver-blood axis, highlighting a potential liver role in shaping colonic immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uslu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brubaker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapecar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific T Cell Adaptation and Clonal Distribution Across the Human Gut-Liver-Blood Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-6 underlies microenvironment immunosuppression and resistance to therapy in glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The glioblastoma tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is an immunosuppressive barrier to therapy that encumbers glioblastoma responses to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Immunosuppressive cytokines, pro-tumor myeloid cells, and exhausted T-cells are hallmarks of the glioblastoma TIME. Here we integrate spatial and single-cell analyses of patient-matched human glioblastoma samples before and after ICI with genetic, immunologic, single-cell, and pharmacologic studies in preclinical models to reveal that interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibition reprograms the glioblastoma TIME to sensitize mouse glioblastoma to ICI and radiotherapy. Rare human glioblastoma patients who achieve clinical responses to ICI have lower pre-treatment IL-6 levels compared to glioblastomas who do not respond to ICI. Immune stimulatory gene therapy suppresses IL-6 tumor levels in preclinical murine models of glioblastoma. Furthermore, survival was longer in Il-6 knockout mice with orthotopic SB28 glioblastoma relative to wild-type mice. IL-6 blockade with a neutralizing antibody transiently sensitizes mouse glioblastoma to anti-PD-1 by increasing MHCII+ monocytes, CD103+ migratory dendritic cells (DCs), CD11b+ conventional DCs, and effector CD8+ T cells, and decreasing immunosuppressive Tregs. To translate these findings to a combination treatment strategy for recurrent glioblastoma patients, we show that IL-6 blockade plus ICI durably sensitizes mouse glioblastoma to high-dose radiotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.-H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirchia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakimi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daggubati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey-Clyde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimberger, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raleigh, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-6 underlies microenvironment immunosuppression and resistance to therapy in glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent mechanisms of benzimidazole resistance across Caenorhabditis nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benzimidazoles, a widely used class of anthelmintic drugs, target beta-tubulin, disrupt microtubule formation, and delay nematode development. In parasitic nematodes, mutations in beta-tubulin genes are predicted to inhibit benzimidazole binding and are associated with resistance. In the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, loss-of-function mutations in the beta-tubulin gene ben-1 cause benzimidazole resistance. Although several beta-tubulin mutations serve as established markers of resistance, the prediction of the effects of novel variants in different nematode species remains challenging. Here, we identified novel beta-tubulin variants predicted to confer benzimidazole resistance across wild strains in three Caenorhabditis species: C. elegans, Caenorhabditis briggsae, and Caenorhabditis tropicalis. The three Caenorhabditis species are experimentally tractable, have characterized beta-tubulin gene complements, and defined natural niches, which allowed us to identify variants in beta-tubulin genes and test which variants are associated with resistance. We hypothesized that, if these species experienced similar selective pressures, they would evolve resistance to benzimidazoles by mutations in a beta-tubulin gene (tbb-1, tbb-2, mec-7, tbb-4, and ben-1). In the three Caenorhabditis species, we tested all strains harboring variants in the five conserved beta-tubulin genes for benzimidazole resistance. In C. elegans, we found that a heterogeneous set of variants in ben-1 were associated with resistance. By contrast, only two variants in C. briggsae ben-1 (W21stop and Q134H) were associated with resistance. C. tropicalis was distinct from the other two species, where no strains with variants in any beta-tubulin gene were resistant. We generated deletions of ben-1 in C. briggsae and C. tropicalis and confirmed that loss of ben-1 confers resistance in both species. Our findings reveal species-specific patterns of beta-tubulin-mediated benzimidazole resistance and emphasize that prediction of variants in beta-tubulin genes alone is not sufficient to predict resistance, especially across diverse nematode species.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMutations in beta-tubulin genes have been associated with benzimidazole resistance across nematode species, yet predicting novel resistance variants remains challenging. Using wild strains from three Caenorhabditis species, we identified strains with variants in beta-tubulin genes and tested each strain for benzimidazole resistance. In C. elegans, a diverse set of loss-of-function variants in ben-1 were associated with resistance. Whereas in C. briggsae, only two ben-1 alleles were associated with resistance, suggesting selection acts differently in this species despite a similar niche as C. elegans. C. tropicalis had no strains with beta-tubulin variants that were resistant. Our results highlight species-specific patterns of benzimidazole resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKeown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Otero, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent mechanisms of benzimidazole resistance across Caenorhabditis nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Analysis of PTEN-Deficient Cells Reveals Src-Mediated Upregulation of EphA2 and Therapeutic Potential of Dual Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN is frequently observed in various cancers and promotes tumorigenesis by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. However, the effectiveness of therapies targeting this pathway is limited by complex signaling crosstalk and compensatory mechanisms. Here, we employed quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses using MCF10A PTEN knockout models to comprehensively map the signaling alterations induced by PTEN loss. Our analyses revealed that PTEN deficiency not only activates canonical PI3K-AKT signaling but also induces widespread changes in cytoskeleton organization, cell cycle regulation, and central carbon metabolism. PTEN loss also substantially elevates the activity of a variety of tyrosine kinases, including Src kinase and EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) implicated in cancer progression. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that Src activation, rather than the canonical AKT signaling pathway, drives the upregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2. The activation of the noncanonical tyrosine kinase signaling renders AKT inhibition alone insufficient in PTEN-deficient cancers. Importantly, combined treatment with the FDA-approved AKT inhibitor capivasertib and the Src inhibitor dasatinib synergistically induced apoptosis and suppressed the tumor cell growth in various PTEN-deficient cell lines as well as in three-dimensional cultures of endometrial cancer patient-derived xenograft models. Our study reveals that PTEN loss drives oncogenic signaling via dual activation of PI3K-AKT and tyrosine kinase pathways. Specifically, Src-mediated upregulation of EphA2 in PTEN-deficient cells highlights a therapeutic vulnerability that can be exploited by combined AKT and Src inhibition. This approach addresses the resistance associated with AKT inhibition alone and enhances therapeutic efficacy in PTEN-deficient cancers, supporting its potential application in targeted combination therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weroha, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Analysis of PTEN-Deficient Cells Reveals Src-Mediated Upregulation of EphA2 and Therapeutic Potential of Dual Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tetraspanin positivity as a function of extracellular vesicle size measured by a modified immuno-TEM protocol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of surface markers that correlate with specific subpopulations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is important for EV identification, classification, purification, sorting, and functional analysis. Tetraspanins such as CD9, CD63 and CD81 were once considered to be universal markers of exosomes: small EVs released into the extracellular space when late endosomes / multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. In contrast, plasma membrane-derived ectosomes (also called microvesicles) have a different biogenesis, were often regarded as being larger than exosomes, and display a different surface proteome. However, recent studies have shown that tetraspanins such as CD9 and CD81 are highly enriched on ectosomes derived from various sources. Thus, it is currently unclear how tetraspanin content correlates with specific EV subpopulations. Here, we present a modified immuno-TEM protocol that can be easily applied to heterogeneous EV populations comprising both small and large EVs (and presumably also a collection of exosomes and ectosomes). In EVs purified from U-2 OS cells by size-exclusion chromatography, we show that the percentage of particles positive for CD9 and CD81 is significantly higher in the subpopulation of EVs [&le;] 100 nm (i.e., small EVs). These results also explain discrepancies in the size distribution profiles that we obtained using the same EV preparations by alternative single-vesicle characterization platforms such as nano flow cytometry and SP-IRIS / ExoView. The latter, when used to capture tetraspanin-positive particles, returns a population that is relatively small in size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fagundez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Calzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tetraspanin positivity as a function of extracellular vesicle size measured by a modified immuno-TEM protocol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressively reduced cerebral oxygen metabolism and elevated plasma NfL levels in the zQ175DN mouse model of Huntington disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG-repeat expansion in exon-1 of the huntingtin gene. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies are available, with a significant challenge in evaluating therapeutic efficacy before clinical symptoms emerge. This highlights the need for early biomarkers and intervention strategies. Therefore, it is essential to develop and characterize accurate mouse models and identify early biomarkers for preclinical therapeutic development. In this study, we characterized the pathological progression of the heterozygous zQ175 neo-deleted knock in (zQ175DN) mouse model across four age groups: 3, 6, 10, and 16 months to identify human translatable outcome measures. T2-relaxation-under-spin-tagging (TRUST) MRI was used to assess global CMRO2, while T2-weighted MRI was used to analyze brain volumes. Significant brain volume loss was detected as early as 6 months of age, worsening progressively with age in the zQ175 DN mice, resembling HD brain volumetric changes. A decline in CMRO2 was observed in 6-month-old zQ175 DN mice, with significant and progressive reductions in 10- and 16-months old HD mice. Additionally, PHP1-positive mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregates were present in the striatum of zQ175 DN mice at all four age groups, with intranuclear localization prior to 6 months, transitioning to both intranuclear and neuropil aggregates in older zQ175 DN mice, suggesting that the localization of mHTT aggregates may reflect the severity of HD pathogenesis. Interestingly, plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein concentrations were significantly elevated at 6 months of age and older zQ175DN mice. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting outcome measures in preclinical evaluations of HD therapies using the zQ175 DN mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakazu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surasinghe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerochi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.16.643551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressively reduced cerebral oxygen metabolism and elevated plasma NfL levels in the zQ175DN mouse model of Huntington disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gold Nanocages as Scattering Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a scattering-dominant agent that significantly enhances optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging contrast. The agent is based on gold nanocages, which exhibit a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak around 780 nm and a scattering cross-section that exceeds the absorption cross-section. The synthesis protocol for these nanocages is provided in detail. The optical properties of the gold nanocages were characterized using OCT imaging and further validated with integrating sphere measurements. OCT contrast enhancement was demonstrated through imaging of tissue phantoms containing embedded nanocages, as well as ex vivo imaging of mouse tissues and in vivo imaging of a mouse tumor following intravenous administration of PEGylated gold nanocages. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first demonstration of scattering-dominant OCT contrast agents utilizing structured gold nanoparticles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramella-Roman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gold Nanocages as Scattering Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.644013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Setdb2 Regulates Inflammatory Trigger-Induced Trained Immunity of Macrophages Through Two Different Epigenetic Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.644013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Trained immunity" of innate immune cells occurs through a sequential two-step process where an initial pathogenic or sterile inflammatory trigger is followed by an amplified response to a later un-related secondary pathogen challenge. The memory effect is mediated at least in part through epigenetic modifications of the chromatin landscape. Here, we investigated the role of the epigenetic modifier Setdb2 in microbial ({beta}-glucan) or sterile trigger (Western-diet-WD/oxidized-LDL-oxLDL)-induced trained immunity of macrophages. Using genetic mouse models and genomic analysis, we uncovered a critical role of Setdb2 in regulating proinflammatory and metabolic pathway reprogramming. We further show that Setdb2 regulates trained immunity through two different complementary mechanisms: one where it positively regulates glycolytic and inflammatory pathway genes via enhancer-promoter looping, and is independent of its enzymatic activity; while the second mechanism is associated with both increased promoter associated H3K9 methylation and repression of interferon response pathway genes. Interestingly, while both mechanisms occur in response to pathogenic training, only the chromatin-looping mechanism operates in response to the sterile inflammatory stimulus. These results reveal a previously unknown bifurcation in the downstream pathways that distinguishes between pathogenic and sterile inflammatory signaling responses associated with the innate immune memory response and may provide potential therapeutic opportunities to target cytokine vs. interferon pathways to limit complications of chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.644013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Setdb2 Regulates Inflammatory Trigger-Induced Trained Immunity of Macrophages Through Two Different Epigenetic Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.643702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immortalization and Characterization of Schwann Cell Lines Derived from NF1 Associated Cutaneous Neurofibromas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.643702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition in which patients are heterozygous for a disruptive pathogenic variant in the NF1 gene. The most characteristic feature of the condition NF1 is the neurofibroma, a benign, multi-cellular tumor which initiates when a cell of the Schwann cell lineage gains a somatic pathogenic variant of the other NF1 allele. Neurofibromas developing at nerve termini in the skin are termed "cutaneous" neurofibromas (cNFs), while those developing within larger nerves are termed "plexiform." Most patients develop cNFs beginning in late childhood or early adulthood, continuing throughout life at variable rates. Some patients may develop only a few cNFs, while others suffer from thousands. There are no reliably effective physical or pharmaceutical therapies besides surgical removal. Although these are not life-threatening, they are disfiguring and can interfere with normal life functions. To provide a resource for research, we developed short-term cNF Schwann cell cultures from NF1 patients, from which we subsequently established the first semi-immortalized cNF cell lines through transduction with wild-type human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and murine cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (mCdk4) genes. Here we present molecular, cellular, and functional characterization of these cell lines, which will be of utility for investigating and developing NF1 cNF therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pemov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazuelas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachnis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.643702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immortalization and Characterization of Schwann Cell Lines Derived from NF1 Associated Cutaneous Neurofibromas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel enterococcus phage endolysin Lys22 with a wide host range against mixed biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global surge in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens has created an urgent imperative for innovative antimicrobial strategies. Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii demonstrate remarkable antibiotic resistance and dominate hospital-acquired infections. These bacteria often form biofilms, a complex community structure that shields them from immune system phagocytosis, resists antibiotic penetration, and enhances their survival in harsh environments. In clinical cases, these bacteria often form mixed biofilms and lead to treatment failures. Phages and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria. Lys22, an endolysin derived from an enterococcus phage, has been cloned and demonstrated to possess a broad host range, effectively targeting E. faecalis, various Staphylococcus species, and A. baumannii. When applied to the biofilms formed by these bacteria, Lys22 was found to significantly inhibit both simple and complex biofilms in vitro. Virulent genes, including agrA, sarA, and icaA in S. aureus; asa1, cylA, and hyl in E. faecalis; and OmpA and lpsB in A. baumannii were also downregulated by Lys22. Notably, Lys22 also exhibited a robust protective effect against dual or triple infections involving E. faecalis, S. aureus, and A. baumannii in a zebrafish eggs model, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in combatting multi-bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel enterococcus phage endolysin Lys22 with a wide host range against mixed biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical analysis of human eIF4E-DCP2 interaction: Implications for the relationship between translation initiation and decapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All eukaryotic mRNAs bear a 7-methylguanosine cap on their 5 end. The 5 cap enables mRNA translation by binding directly to eIF4E; which further recruits other factors and the 40S ribosome. Additionally, the 5 cap maintains transcript stability; removal of the cap by the enzyme Dcp2 is necessary to degrade the mRNA. An a priori conclusion, therefore, has been that cap binding by eIF4E and DCP2 are antithetical to each other as both need access to the same substrate, i.e. the 5 cap. In this study, we purified native full-length human eIF4E and Dcp2 and utilize biophysical and biochemical approaches to examine the in vitro interplay between Dcp2 and eIF4E. We confirm that Dcp2 is sufficient to remove the 5 cap. Moreover, we demonstrate that Dcp2 binds RNA with nanomolar affinity. We discovered that, unexpectedly, eIF4E does not interfere with Dcp2s decapping function, contradicting previous mechanistic models. Moreover, eIF4E binding appears to increase the affinity of Dcp2 for RNA. Although limited to in vitro conditions, our findings warrant a reevaluation of the proposed relationship between these mRNA cap-binding proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical analysis of human eIF4E-DCP2 interaction: Implications for the relationship between translation initiation and decapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenSpliceAI: An efficient, modular implementation of SpliceAI enabling easy retraining on non-human species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SpliceAI deep learning system is currently one of the most accurate methods for identifying splicing signals directly from DNA sequences. However, its utility is limited by its reliance on older software frameworks and human-centric training data. Here we introduce OpenSpliceAI, a trainable, open-source version of SpliceAI implemented in PyTorch to address these challenges. OpenSpliceAI supports both training from scratch and transfer learning, enabling seamless retraining on species-specific datasets and mitigating human-centric biases. Our experiments show that it achieves faster processing speeds and lower memory usage than the original SpliceAI code, allowing large-scale analyses of extensive genomic regions on a single GPU. Additionally, OpenSpliceAIs flexible architecture makes for easier integration with established machine learning ecosystems, simplifying the development of custom splicing models for different species and applications. We demonstrate that OpenSpliceAIs output is highly concordant with SpliceAI. In silico mutagenesis (ISM) analyses confirm that both models rely on similar sequence features, and calibration experiments demonstrate similar score probability estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenSpliceAI: An efficient, modular implementation of SpliceAI enabling easy retraining on non-human species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of miniprotein agonists and antagonists targeting G protein-coupled receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in physiology and are central targets for drug discovery and development, yet the design of protein agonists and antagonists has been challenging as GPCRs are integral membrane proteins and conformationally dynamic. Here we describe computational de novo design methods and a high throughput "receptor diversion" microscopy-based screen for generating GPCR binding miniproteins with high affinity, potency and selectivity, and the use of these methods to generate MRGPRX1 agonists and CXCR4, GLP1R, GIPR, GCGR and CGRPR antagonists. Cryo-electron microscopy data reveals atomic-level agreement between designed and experimentally determined structures for CGRPR-bound antagonists and MRGPRX1-bound agonists, confirming precise conformational control of receptor function. Our de novo design and screening approach opens new frontiers in GPCR drug discovery and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratspahic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratovianu, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sanchez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belousoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motmaen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinzadeh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindegaard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltenspühl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deibler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostdyk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krumm, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wootten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of miniprotein agonists and antagonists targeting G protein-coupled receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.643984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.643984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the input-output operations of neurons requires measurements of synaptic transmission simultaneously at many of a neurons thousands of inputs in the intact brain. To facilitate this goal, we engineered and screened 3365 variants of the fluorescent protein glutamate indicator iGluSnFR3 in neuron culture, and selected variants in the mouse visual cortex. Two variants have high sensitivity, fast activation (< 2 ms) and deactivation times tailored for recording large populations of synapses (iGluSnFR4s, 153 ms) or rapid dynamics (iGluSnFR4f, 26 ms). By imaging action-potential evoked signals on axons and visually-evoked signals on dendritic spines, we show that iGluSnFR4s/4f primarily detect local synaptic glutamate with single-vesicle sensitivity. The indicators detect a wide range of naturalistic synaptic transmission, including in the vibrissal cortex layer 4 and in hippocampal CA1 dendrites. iGluSnFR4 increases the sensitivity and scale (4s) or speed (4f) of tracking information flow in neural networks in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palutla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLennan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagihara, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsey, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsegaye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiblot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leippe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarnawski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vevea, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnerth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasseman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.643984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translating the Post-Mortem Brain Multi-Omics Molecular Taxonomy of Alzheimer's Dementia to Living Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) dementia is characterized by significant molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity, which confounds its mechanistic understanding, diagnosis, and effective treatment. In this study, we harness the most comprehensive dataset of paired ante-mortem blood omics, clinical, psychological, and post-mortem brain multi-omics data and neuroimaging to extensively characterize and translate the molecular taxonomy of AD dementia to living individuals. First, utilizing a comprehensive integration of eight complementary molecular layers from brain multi-omics data (N = 1,189), we identified three distinct molecular AD dementia subtypes exhibiting strong associations with cognitive decline, sex, psychological traits, brain morphology, and characterized by specific cellular and molecular drivers involving immune, vascular, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Next, in a significant translational effort, we developed predictive models to convert these advanced brain-derived molecular profiles (AD dementia pseudotimes and subtypes) into blood-, MRI- and psychological traits-based markers. The translation results underscore both the promise of these models and the opportunities for further enhancement. Our findings enhance the understanding of AD heterogeneity, underscore the value of multi-scale molecular approaches for elucidating causal mechanisms, and lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapies in living persons that target multi-level brain molecular subtypes of AD dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paiva Lopes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geddes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaider Beeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddurah-Daouk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Neto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translating the Post-Mortem Brain Multi-Omics Molecular Taxonomy of Alzheimer's Dementia to Living Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIO3 coordinates photoreceptor development timing and fate stability in human retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms governing the generation of neuronal subtypes at distinct times and proportions during human retinal development are poorly understood. While thyroid hormone (TH) signaling specifies cone photoreceptor subtypes, how this regulation changes over time remains unclear. To address this question, we studied the expression and function of type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3), an enzyme that degrades TH, in human retinal organoids. We show that DIO3 is a master regulator of human photoreceptor developmental timing and cell fate stability. DIO3 is highly expressed in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and decreases as these cells asynchronously differentiate into neurons, progressively reducing TH degradation and increasing TH signaling. DIO3 mutant organoids display precocious development of S cones, L/M cones, and rods, increased photoreceptor (PR) density, and adoption of L/M cone fate characteristics by S cones and rods. Our multiomics and chimeric organoid experiments show that cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms locally coordinate and maintain DIO3 expression and TH signaling levels among cells. Computational modeling reveals a mechanism that couples TH levels and fate specification, providing robustness to photoreceptor development as compared to a probabilistic, cell-intrinsic mechanism. Based on our findings, we propose an  hourglass hypothesis, in which the proportion of progenitors to neurons decreases over time to relieve TH degradation, which triggers development of PR subtypes at specific times. Our study identifies how local regulation of thyroid hormone signaling influences neural cell fate specification, which may be a consideration for designing regenerative therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNerney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIO3 coordinates photoreceptor development timing and fate stability in human retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies arise during affinity maturation of germline antibodies to carbamylated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) primarily target physiologically modified proteins, called citrullinated proteins, is unknown. Recognizing the inciting event in the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may shed light on the origin of RA. Here, we demonstrate that ACPAs originate from germline-encoded antibodies targeting a distinct but structurally similar modification, called carbamylation, which is pathogenic and environmentally driven. The transition from anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies to ACPAs results from somatic hypermutations, indicating that the change in reactivity is acquired via antigen-driven affinity maturation. During this process, a single germline anti-CarP antibody transitions from anti-CarP to double positive (anti-CarP/ACPA) to ACPA according to the pattern and number of somatic hypermutations, explaining their coexistence and diverse specificity in RA. Artificial intelligence-based structural modeling revealed that an ACPA and its germline precursor exhibit distinct structural and biophysical properties, and pointed to heavy-chain tryptophan 48 (H-W48) as a critical residue in the differential recognition of citrullinated vs. carbamylated proteins. Indeed, a single methionine substitution in H-W48 changes the antibody specificity from ACPA to anti-CarP. These data indicate that the existence of germline-encoded anti-CarP antibodies is most likely the first event in the production of ACPAs during the early stages of RA development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escarra-Senmarti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chungyoun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies arise during affinity maturation of germline antibodies to carbamylated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lignature: A Comprehensive Database of Ligand Signatures to Predict Cell-Cell Communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ligand-receptor interactions mediate intercellular communication, inducing transcriptional changes that regulate physiological and pathological processes. Ligand-induced transcriptomic signatures can be used to predict active ligands; however, the absence of a comprehensive set of ligand-response signatures has limited their practical application in predicting ligand-receptor interactions. To bridge this gap, we developed Lignature, a curated database encompassing intracellular transcriptomic signatures for 362 human ligands, significantly expanding the repertoire of ligands with available intracellular response signatures. Lignature compiles signatures from published transcriptomic datasets and established resources such as CytoSig and ImmuneDictionary, generating both gene- and pathway-based signatures for each ligand. We applied Lignature to predict active ligands driving transcriptomic changes in controlled in vitro experiments and real-world single-cell sequencing datasets. Lignature outperformed existing methods such as NicheNet, achieving higher accuracy in identifying active ligands at both the gene and pathway levels. These results establish Lignature as a robust platform for ligand signaling inference, providing a powerful tool to explore ligand-receptor interactions across diverse experimental and physiological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanullah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lignature: A Comprehensive Database of Ligand Signatures to Predict Cell-Cell Communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.644749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Random Forests to Infer Nonlinear Step Selection Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.644749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIStep selection functions (SSFs) examine the factors that motivate animal movement by pairing observed steps with unobserved "comparison steps" and quantifying the effects of covariates corresponding to the values of the factors at each observed step. Traditionally, SSFs are fit with conditional logistic regression (CLR) models, which explicitly reflect how an animal must decide between an observed step and other available steps. These models, however, cannot infer nonlinear effects unless the specific parametric form (e.g., quadratic) of the nonlinear effect is specified.
C_LIO_LITo enable more general inference of nonlinear effects, we propose replacing CLR with random forests (RFs). Using a fitted model, we also describe how to plot the relationship between changes in the value of a covariate upon the likelihood that the animal will select a given step with those covariate values (an "effect curve").
C_LIO_LITo evaluate our models and their corresponding effect curves, we simulated tracks with various nonlinear effects. RFs yield effect curves that closely resemble the specified nonlinear effect curves, achieving mean R2 = 0.953 and outperforming a CLR model with quadratic terms and spline-based generalized additive models. Additionally, we applied our best-performing RF to real wolf data (Barry et al., 2020). The resulting effect curves confirm the authors assumptions that their covariates affect wolf movement according to a step function.
C_LIO_LIThese results suggest that RFs may be used either to discover unknown nonlinear step selection effects or to confirm previously hypothesized nonlinear effects. Going forward, we envision the use of RFs as an approach that complements existing SSF approaches, providing insights about nonlinear relationships between covariate values and the effects that they have on animal movement decisions.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koshute, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.644749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Random Forests to Infer Nonlinear Step Selection Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elimination of senescent cells with senolytic host-directed therapy reduces tuberculosis progression in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By eliciting lung necrosis, which enhances aerosol transmission, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) sustains its long-term survival as a human pathogen. In studying the human-like necrotic granuloma lesions characteristic of Mtb-infected B6.Sst1S mice, we found that lung myeloid cells display elevated senescence markers: cell cycle arrest proteins p21 and p16, the DNA damage marker {gamma}H2A.X, senescence-associated {beta}-galactosidase activity, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These markers were also elevated in Mtb-infected aged wild type (WT) mice but not in young WT mice. Global transcriptomics data revealed upregulation of pro-survival (PI3K, MAPK) and anti-apoptotic pathways in Mtb-infected B6.Sst1S macrophages. As senescent cells are terminally growth-arrested yet metabolically active cells that release tissue-damaging, immunosuppressive SASP, we treated Mtb-infected mice with a cocktail of three senolytic drugs (dasatinib, quercetin, and fisetin) designed to kill senescent cells. Senolytic drug treatment prolonged survival and reduced Mtb lung counts in B6.Sst1S and aged WT mice to a greater degree than young WT mice and concomitantly reduced lung senescence markers. These findings indicate that (1) Mtb infection may induce lung myeloid cells to enter a senescent state and that these cells may promote disease progression, and (2) senolytic drugs merit consideration for human clinical trials against tuberculosis (TB).

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/645957v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (65K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ce7eeeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ef55d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ebef03org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@98b61f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIMtb lung infection results in recruitment of both restrictive and permissive myeloid cells to the nascent granuloma.
C_LIO_LIMtb infection induces certain permissive myeloid cells to enter a senescent state, characterized by cell cycle arrest and they promote local immunosuppression.
C_LIO_LITreatment with a Senolytic drug cocktail, which kills senescent cells, augments host resistance against Mtb proliferation, lethality and immunopathology.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Martinez, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabaji, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elimination of senescent cells with senolytic host-directed therapy reduces tuberculosis progression in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Wnt signaling pathways direct epithelial tubule interconnection in the regenerating zebrafish kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial tubule fusion is fundamental for kidney morphogenesis. Differentiating nephron tubules interconnect with collecting system epithelia to generate a lumenal pathway for fluid excretion. In the adult zebrafish kidney, nephrogenesis occurs as a regenerative response to injury and provides a model to explore cell signaling pathways required for tubule interconnection. We show that canonical Wnt signaling at the junction between two tubules induces a mesenchymal, invasive cell phenotype and is required, along with Src kinase and rac1, to generate basal cell protrusions. The Wnt ligands wnt9b and wnt4 are both required for new nephron formation after injury. Mutation in wnt4 or treatment with the canonical Wnt inhibitor IWR1 blocks formation of basal protrusions in forming nephrons. Mutation in the Wnt receptor frizzled9b reveals a fusion-associated non-canonical Wnt pathway that acts to 1) restrict canonical Wnt gene expression, 2) drive Rho kinase-dependent apical constriction of epithelial cells, and 3) position basal protrusions and generate orthogonal tubule lumenal connections. As a result, frizzled9b mutant nephrons fail to fully interconnect with target distal tubules. Our results indicate that canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling interact in the same cells to orient and drive tubule interconnection in the regenerating zebrafish kidney.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamei, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, W. G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aries, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draper, B. B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCracken, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oxburgh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Wnt signaling pathways direct epithelial tubule interconnection in the regenerating zebrafish kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of Droplet Digital PCR for Consistent Detection of TMPRSS2:ERG Gene Fusion Transcripts Initiated In Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene fusions are hybrid genes that arise from chromosomal rearrangements linking two independent genes. The most common gene fusion in prostate cancer involves the 5 androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter fused with the 3 ETS transcription factor ERG. TMPRSS2:ERG (T:E) gene fusions occur in about half of all prostate cancers and are considered an early event in oncogenesis. Investigations into the mechanism behind T:E gene fusion initiation using in vitro systems are hindered by the technical limitations posed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and suboptimal sensitivity of reverse transcription quantitative PCR. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable, user-friendly method of detecting low abundance T:E gene fusion transcripts as a read-out for putative T:E gene fusions generated in cells. We identified droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as a sensitive method for detecting rare T:E gene fusion transcripts and observed consistent detection in reactions containing a single T:E gene fragment, or 1 fusion positive cell per 10,000 fusion negative cells. Next, we evaluated dihydrotestosterone (DHT), genotoxic insults (irradiation, etoposide), and inflammatory agents tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as initiators of T:E fusions in a fusion negative prostate cell line (LNCaP). Consistent with prior studies, we identified DHT combined with etoposide as potent, synergistic initiators of T:E gene fusion transcript expression in LNCaP cells. We did not detect T:E gene fusion transcripts after LNCaP exposure to irradiation, TNF, or H2O2. We determined that TNF and H2O2 exposure led to global downregulation of androgen receptor signaling, which may have limited the formation or expression of treatment-initiated genomic T:E fusions. Therefore, one limitation of the ddPCR assay is the requirement for T:E fusion mRNA expression. Our proposed method significantly improves the feasibility of testing novel initiators of the T:E gene fusion and can be applied to additional studies investigating mechanisms of gene fusion initiation in prostate and other cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Check, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of Droplet Digital PCR for Consistent Detection of TMPRSS2:ERG Gene Fusion Transcripts Initiated In Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and Spatial Scales of Resting-state Human Cortical Activity Throughout Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor and cognitive abilities undergo substantial changes throughout the human lifespan, but the corresponding changes in the functional properties of cortical networks remain poorly understood. This can be studied using temporal and spatial scales of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, which provide a robust description of the topological structure and temporal dynamics of neural activity. For example, timescales of resting-state fMRI signals parsimoniously predict a significant amount of the individual variability in functional connectivity networks identified in adult human brains. In the present study, we quantified and compared temporal and spatial scales in resting-state fMRI data collected from 2,352 subjects between the ages of 5 and 100 in Developmental, Young Adult, and Aging datasets from the Human Connectome Project. For most cortical regions, we found that both temporal and spatial scales decreased with age throughout the lifespan, with the visual cortex and the limbic network consistently showing the largest and smallest scales, respectively. For some prefrontal regions, however, these two scales displayed non-monotonic trajectories and peaked around the same time during adolescence and decreased throughout the rest of the lifespan. We also found that cortical myelination increased monotonically throughout the lifespan, and its rate of change was significantly correlated with the changes in both temporal and spatial scales across different cortical regions in adulthood. These findings suggest that temporal and spatial scales in fMRI signals, as well as cortical myelination, are closely coordinated during both development and aging.

Significance StatementTemporal and spatial scales of resting-state cortical activity in humans measured by fMRI largely decreased throughout the lifespan, except that for some regions in the prefrontal cortex they peaked similarly during adolescence. In addition, whereas cortical myelination consistently increased throughout the lifespan, its variation across different cortical networks and the rate of age-related changes were correlated with the dynamics of temporal and spatial scales of rs-fMRI activity, suggesting that the spatio-temporal scales of cortical activity and cortical myelination might be co-regulated during development and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and Spatial Scales of Resting-state Human Cortical Activity Throughout Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts in murine pancreatic tumors differentially control regulatory T cell phenotype and function via CXCL9 and CCL22 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) including stromal cells that influence resistance to therapy. Recent studies have revealed that stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are heterogeneous in origin, gene expression, and function. Antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs), are defined by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II expression and can activate effector CD4+ T cells that have the potential to contribute to the anti-cancer immune response, but also can induce regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. Whether apCAFs promote or restrain the antitumor response remains uncertain. Using tumor clones of the KPC murine PDAC model differing in sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), we found that immunosensitive (sKPC) tumors were characterized by higher immune cell and apCAF infiltration than resistant (rKPC) tumors. IMC analysis showed proximity of apCAFs and CD4+ T cells in both sKPC and rKPC tumors implicating interaction within the TME. apCAF-depleted sKPC tumor-bearing mice had diminished sensitivity to ICB. apCAFs from both sKPC and rKPC tumors activated tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and induced Treg differentiation. However, transcriptomic analysis showed that Tregs induced by apCAFs were overexpressed for immunosuppressive genes in rKPCs relative to sKPCs, and that this is associated with differential chemokine signaling from apCAFs depending on tumor origin. Together these data implicate apCAFs as important mediators of the antitumor immune response, modulation of which could facilitate the development of more effective anti-tumor immune based approaches for PDAC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maru, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andaloori, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartalia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts in murine pancreatic tumors differentially control regulatory T cell phenotype and function via CXCL9 and CCL22]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.643995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights into direct DNA and RNA strand transfer and dynamic protein exchange of SSB and RPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.643995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are essential for genome stability, facilitating replication, repair, and recombination by binding ssDNA, recruiting other proteins, and dynamically relocating in response to cellular demands. Using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) assays, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying direct strand transfer from one locale to another, protein exchange, and RNA interactions at high resolution. Both bacterial SSB and eukaryotic replication protein A (RPA) exhibited direct strand transfer to competing ssDNA, with rates strongly influenced by ssDNA length. Strand transfer proceeded through multiple failed attempts before a successful transfer, forming a ternary intermediate complex with transient interactions, supporting a direct transfer mechanism. Both proteins efficiently exchanged DNA-bound counterparts with freely diffusing molecules, while hetero-protein exchange revealed that SSB and RPA could replace each other on ssDNA in a length-dependent manner, indicating that protein exchange does not require specific protein-protein interactions. Additionally, both proteins bound RNA and underwent strand transfer to competing RNA, with RPA demonstrating faster RNA transfer kinetics. Competitive binding assays confirmed a strong preference for DNA over RNA. These findings provide critical insights into the dynamic behavior of SSB and RPA in nucleic acid interactions, advancing our understanding of their essential roles in genome stability, regulating RNA metabolism, and orchestrating nucleic acid processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.643995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights into direct DNA and RNA strand transfer and dynamic protein exchange of SSB and RPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compact lens-based dual-channel adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for in-vivo three-dimensional retinal imaging in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive optics (AO) enables cellular-resolution retinal imaging, yet mirror-based AOSLO systems are constrained by off-axis aberrations that restrict high-quality imaging to narrow fields of view, limiting in vivo studies of dynamic, large-scale retinal processes. Clinical translation of regenerative cell therapy to neurologic disease is hampered by attrition of donor neurons following transplantation. We hypothesized that early innate neuroinflammatory responses to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) transplantation underlie early death of donor cells and that next-generation imaging technologies would provide evidence for microglial attack of grafted neurons. We present a compact refractive lens-based AOSLO system that achieves two-color fluorescence imaging across up to a 16{degrees} field of view in mouse retina. Dual-wavelength excitation (488 nm and 552 nm) enables visualization of two fluorescence labels, while AO correction improves axial resolution and depth fidelity, allowing robust separation of structures through anatomical layers in retina. Using this platform, we performed 3D time-lapse imaging of microglia and longitudinal imaging in an optic nerve crush model, revealing layer-dependent differences in microglial motility, early activation signatures, and large-scale redistribution longitudinally. The system enabled widefield visualization of injury-associated vascular changes and spatial coupling between microglia and vasculature. Finally, depth-resolved two-color imaging captured immune responses to intravitreally transplanted RGCs, including host-cell recruitment, rapid neurite retraction following local immune-cell contact, and microglial phagocytosis of donor RGCs. Together, these results demonstrate that refractive AOSLO enables in vivo observations of microvascular organization, neuroimmune dynamics, injury responses, and transplanted-cell behavior with spatiotemporal resolution. Our data also suggests that modulation of microglial reactivity may improve outcomes of RGC transplantation.

Significance StatementWide-field, depth-resolved imaging is essential for understanding how different cell types interact across a large retinal area, yet existing AOSLO systems retain limited imaging fields due to a conventional optical design using reflective spherical mirrors. Our refractive large-FOV AOSLO overcomes this limitation, enabling simultaneous two-color, diffraction-limited 3D imaging across an up to 16{degrees} field in vivo. This platform reveals previously inaccessible biological phenomena--including layer-specific microglial dynamics after optic nerve injury, microvascular remodeling, and rapid microglial rejection of transplanted RGCs--providing critical insight into neuroimmune behavior and retinal repair mechanisms at single-cell and subcellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.645335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compact lens-based dual-channel adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for in-vivo three-dimensional retinal imaging in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Artificial Neural Network Models to Predict Brain-Age from Functional MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large MRI datasets combined with deep learning methods have realized a new state of the art for brain-age prediction. Age prediction may serve as a valuable biomarker for brain health and disease given that over-estimated age based on MRI (usually as predicted by a machine learning model; sometimes called a "brain-age gap") has been associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, most of these results have been achieved via the use of high-resolution structural (T1w) MRI scans. Brain-age prediction via deep learning over large volumes of functional MRI (fMRI) data is less well studied, but could help form a bridge between neural health biomarkers observed in MRI and more portable platforms like functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which measure a hemodynamic signal similar to fMRI. In this work, we studied how to optimize deep learning model architectures and training pipelines to predict brain-age from resting state fMRI connectivity data. A wide set of pre-processing and model hyperparameters was explored that included varying the number of nodes and the composition of the input functional connectivity matrices, the size, depth and objective functions of the neural network models, and a time series sub-sampling method as a data augmentation strategy. Model performance was evaluated on both an internal validation set of held-out participants (from the multi-study corpus compiled for training), as well as numerous external corpora not seen during training, which comprised healthy controls and clinical participants. Neural network models with a variety of hyperparameter configurations supported accurate brain-age prediction using fMRI and many models generalized effectively to predict the age of healthy individuals among data sets not seen during training (< 8 years mean absolute error on the external validation dataset). However, we report mixed results regarding a brain-age gap for held out clinical populations using these methods, with a gap observed only among neurodegenerative disorders (here, Alzheimers disease), and not among psychiatric disorders or patients with traumatic brain injury. This work constitutes a valuable step towards scalable, portable brain-age prediction but highlights a number of areas where additional work and improvements are needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Artificial Neural Network Models to Predict Brain-Age from Functional MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.30.646188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying potential biomarkers of response to CCR5Δ32 HSCT in HIV infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.30.646188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While HIV can be effectively suppressed to a chronic, mostly asymptomatic infection with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a cure is still needed. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from HIV-resistant donors has shown promise and has resulted in HIV remission in five patients. However, this treatment strategy does not guarantee HIV remission; six other patients who received a similar transplant had poor outcomes and died within a year of treatment. These different outcomes may be due to inter-individual differences in HIV infection dynamics that result in heterogeneity of therapeutic responses to HSCT. Using a previously published mechanistic model of HIV infection and virtual populations calibrated from patient data, we performed simulations to understand how different parameters in the model can influence the observed heterogeneity in therapeutic outcomes across virtual patient populations. Our simulations confirmed that discontinuation of cART, without HSCT, always leads to viral rebound, and that time to rebound differs across patients due to the interindividual variability (IIV) in underlying infection dynamics. Extending the duration of cART only slightly increased the predicted median time to rebound and its variance. By contrast, HSCT followed by cART cessation led to HIV remission, but only for a subset of the virtual patients. The proportion of patients predicted to go into remission depends directly on the ratio of donor to host cell immune cells in the post-HSCT chimeric immune system. Of the mechanistic model parameters, no single parameter determined whether a patient was a responder or a non-responder; rather, the interactions between multiple model parameters were crucial in driving treatment responses. In contrast, virtual equivalents of clinically accessible observations, e.g. viral load and cell populations at specific times, were shown to be better predictors than mechanistic model parameters in separating patients into non-responding (viral rebound) and responding (no rebound) clusters.

One Sentence SummarySimulations using a mechanistic HIV model suggest that interindividual variability (IIV) in infection dynamics drives differential responses to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), with HIV remission being largely dependent on donor-to-host immune cell ratios in the post-HSCT chimeric immune system and better predicted by clinically accessible observations than individual model parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabhann, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.30.646188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying potential biomarkers of response to CCR5Δ32 HSCT in HIV infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing a zebrafish xenograft model of diffuse midline glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a highly aggressive brain tumor that predominantly affects children. Conventional treatments such as radiation therapy can control progression for a time, but DMG kills nearly 100 percent of patients. Although murine models have provided critical insights into the biology of DMG and in assessing new therapeutic strategies, they are not suitable for high-throughput screening to identify and profile novel therapies due to technical challenges, ethical considerations and high cost. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an established vertebrate model for large-scale drug screening, and zebrafish have demonstrated the ability to replicate the key biological and pathlogical aspects of human malignancies.

Here, we developed a novel method for transplanting human DMG cells into large numbers of zebrafish embyros to speed the assessment of anti-tumor drug efficacy in vivo and thereby facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for clinical translation. We transplanted red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled, patient-derived DMG cell lines into zebrafish blastulas. Remarkably, many DMG cells migrate into the developing brain and are present in the midline of the brain 24 hours after blastula injection. Tumor cell burden was monitored by measuring RFP fluorescence intensity changes over time. Time-course images of transplanted tumor cell volumes were acquired, and the interactions between transplanted DMG cells and microglial cells were further analyzed using Imaris software. We have developed a simple and rapid transplantation protocol to establish a zebrafish xenograft model of DMG. Our method involves transplanting DMG cells into the blastula stage (1000 cell stage) of zebrafish embryos, which does not require complex surgical techniques. This approach allows for the transplantation of hundreds of embryos per hour, significantly increasing the efficiency of creating DMG zebrafish xenografts that are suitable for high-throughput drug and gene discovery screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graziano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceisel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanternik, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing a zebrafish xenograft model of diffuse midline glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of off-target probe binding in the 10x Genomics Xenium v1 Human Breast Gene Expression Panel compromises accuracy of spatial transcriptomic profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accuracy of spatial gene expression profiles generated by probe-based in situ spatially-resolved transcriptomic technologies depends on the specificity with which probes bind to their intended target gene. Off-target binding, defined as a probe binding to something other than the target gene, can distort a genes true expression profile, making probe specificity essential for reliable transcriptomics. Here, we investigated off-target binding affecting the 10x Genomics Xenium technology. We developed a software tool, Off-target Probe Tracker (OPT), to identify putative off-target binding via alignment of probe sequences and assessing whether mapped loci corresponded to the intended target gene across multiple reference annotations. Applying OPT to a Xenium human breast gene panel, we identified at least 14 out of the 313 genes in the panel potentially impacted by off-target binding to protein-coding genes. To substantiate our predictions, we leveraged a Xenium breast cancer dataset generated using this gene panel and compared results to orthogonal spatial and single-cell transcriptomic profiles from Visium CytAssist and 3' single-cell RNA-seq derived from the same tumor block. Our findings indicate that for some genes, the expression patterns detected by Xenium demonstrably reflect the aggregate expression of the target and predicted off-target genes based on Visium and single-cell RNA-seq rather than the target gene alone. We further applied OPT to identify potential off-target binding in custom gene panels and integrate tissue-specific RNA-seq data to assess effects. Overall, this work enhances the biological interpretability of spatial transcriptomics data and improves reproducibility in spatial transcriptomics research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallinan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of off-target probe binding in the 10x Genomics Xenium v1 Human Breast Gene Expression Panel compromises accuracy of spatial transcriptomic profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and therapeutic exploitation of Master Regulatory miRNAs in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor, with an average survival of only 15 months despite surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Due to the concurrent deregulation of numerous genes in glioblastoma, molecular monotherapies have not improved clinical outcomes. Evidence suggests that effectively targeting multiple deregulated molecules is essential for better therapies; however, this is limited by the lack of suitable drugs and the increased toxicity of combination therapies. To address this, we hypothesized that miRNAs, small gene-regulatory RNAs that suppress multiple target genes via sequence complementarity, could be developed to inhibit multiple deregulated genes simultaneously, leading to more effective treatments. We identified master regulatory miRNAs--those that target several deregulated genes in glioblastoma--using PAR-CLIP screenings in glioblastoma cells and analyzed TCGA tumor data to find which targets were deregulated. An algorithm ranked these targets based on their significance in glioblastoma malignancy. We selected two tumor suppressor master regulatory miRNAs, miR-340 and miR-382, and one oncogenic miRNA, miR-17. Validation showed that these miRNAs target critical glioblastoma pathways and significantly inhibit cell growth, survival, invasion, and tumor growth in vivo. We developed an innovative therapeutic delivery approach using Brain Penetrating Nanoparticles in combination with MRI-guided focused ultrasound and microbubbles, resulting in reduced tumor volume and extended survival in glioblastoma-bearing mice. This strategy offers a promising pathway for translating miRNA-based therapies into clinical trials for glioblastoma and other cancers.

One Sentence SummaryWe developed and used new computational, experimental, and therapeutic approaches to identify and therapeutically deliver master regulatory miRNAs to inhibit the growth of glioblastoma, the most common and deadly primary brain tumor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abounader, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibert, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanif, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bednarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewicz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guessous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruickshanks, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell'Olio, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anbu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klibanov, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and therapeutic exploitation of Master Regulatory miRNAs in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated Discovery of Cell Migration Regulators Using Label-Free Deep Learning-Based Automated Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration plays a key role in normal developmental programs and in disease, including immune responses, tissue repair, and metastasis. Unlike other cell functions, such as proliferation which can be studied using high-throughput assays, cell migration requires more sophisticated instruments and analysis, which decreases throughput and has led to more limited mechanistic advances in our understanding of cell migration. Current assays either preclude single-cell level analysis, require tedious manual tracking, or use fluorescently labeled cells, which greatly limit the number of extracellular conditions and molecular manipulations that can be studied in a reasonable amount of time. Using the migration of cancer cells as a testbed, we established a workflow that images large numbers of cells in real time, using a 96-well plate format. We developed and validated a machine-vision and deep-learning analysis method, DeepBIT, to automatically detect and track the migration of individual cells from time-lapsed videos without cell labeling and user bias. We demonstrate that our assay can examine cancer cell motility behavior in many conditions, using different small-molecule inhibitors of known and potential regulators of migration, different extracellular conditions such as different contents in extracellular matrix and growth factors, and different CRISPR-mediated knockouts. About 1500 cells per well were tracked in 840 different conditions, for a total of ~1.3M tracked cells, in 70h (5 min per condition). Manual tracking of these cells by a trained user would take ~5.5 years. This demonstration reveals previously unidentified molecular regulators of cancer cell migration and suggests that collagen content can change the sign of how cytoskeletal molecules can regulate cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>wu, p.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lim, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated Discovery of Cell Migration Regulators Using Label-Free Deep Learning-Based Automated Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging reduces excitatory bandwidth, alters spectral tuning curve diversity, and reduces sideband inhibition in L2/3 of primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, is caused by changes in both the peripheral and the central auditory system. Many of the peripheral structures that degrade with age have been identified and characterized, but there is still a dearth of information pertaining to what changes occur in the aging central auditory pathway that are independent of peripheral degradation. The primary auditory cortex (A1) of aging mice shows reduced suppressive responses and reduced diversity of temporal responses suggesting alteration of inhibitory processing. To gain a better understanding of how tuning features of the auditory cortex change with age, we performed in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging on L2/3 of the auditory cortex of both adult (n=14, 11-24 weeks old) and aging (n=12, 12-17 months old) mice that retain peripheral hearing in old age. To reveal inhibitory inputs to L2/3 neurons we characterized spectral receptive fields with pure tones and two tone complexes. We find that in contrast to adult mice, L2/3 excitatory neurons from aging mice showed fewer distinct categories of spectral receptive fields, though in a subset of FRA types, we found increased diversity. We also noted a decrease in excitatory bandwidth with age among broadly tuned neurons, but that sideband inhibition became weaker across all FRA types due to a reduced amplitude in inhibitory responses. These results suggest that aging causes changes in circuit organization leading to more homogenous spectrotemporal receptive fields and that the lack of response diversity contributes to a decreased encoding capacity observed in aging A1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maximov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O. Kanold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging reduces excitatory bandwidth, alters spectral tuning curve diversity, and reduces sideband inhibition in L2/3 of primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-ethynyluridine perturbs nuclear RNA metabolism to promote the nuclear accumulation of TDP-43 and other RNA binding proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43, an essential nucleic acid binding protein and splicing regulator, is broadly disrupted in neurodegeneration. TDP-43 nuclear localization and function depend on the abundance of its nuclear RNA targets and its recruitment into large ribonucleoprotein complexes, which restricts TDP-43 nuclear efflux. To further investigate the interplay between TDP-43 and nascent RNAs, we aimed to employ 5-ethynyluridine (5EU), a widely used uridine analog for  click chemistry labeling of newly transcribed RNAs. Surprisingly, 5EU induced the nuclear accumulation of TDP-43 and other RNA-binding proteins and attenuated TDP-43 mislocalization caused by disruption of the nuclear transport apparatus. RNA FISH demonstrated 5EU-induced nuclear accumulation of polyadenylated and GU-repeat-rich RNAs, suggesting increased retention of both processed and intronic RNAs. TDP-43 eCLIP confirmed that 5EU preserved TDP-43 binding at predominantly GU-rich intronic sites. RNAseq revealed significant 5EU-induced changes in alternative splicing, accompanied by an overall reduction in splicing diversity, without any major changes in RNA stability or TDP-43 splicing regulatory function. These data suggest that 5EU may impede RNA splicing efficiency and subsequent nuclear RNA processing and export. Our findings have important implications for studies utilizing 5EU and offer unexpected confirmation that the accumulation of endogenous nuclear RNAs promotes TDP-43 nuclear localization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaepfel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starner, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothacher, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-ethynyluridine perturbs nuclear RNA metabolism to promote the nuclear accumulation of TDP-43 and other RNA binding proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycolysis-enhancing alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists are neuroprotective in Alzheimers disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terazosin (TZ) is an 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist that enhances glycolysis by activating the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Epidemiological data suggest that TZ may be neuroprotective in Parkinsons disease and in dementia with Lewy bodies and that glycolysis-enhancing drugs might be protective in other neurodegenerative diseases involving protein aggregation, such as Alzheimers disease (AD). We investigated TZ in AD and report four main results. First, we found that TZ increased ATP levels in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with impaired energy homeostasis and reduced the aggregation of the AD-associated protein, amyloid beta (A{beta}) 42. Second, in an AD transgenic mouse model (5xFAD) we found that TZ attenuated amyloid pathology in the hippocampus and rescued cognitive impairments in spatial memory and interval timing behavioral assays. Third, using the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, we found that AD patients newly started on TZ or related glycolysis-enhancing drugs had a slower progression of both cognitive dysfunction and neuroimaging biomarkers, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), a measure of brain metabolism. Finally, in a large human administrative dataset, we found that patients taking TZ or related glycolysis-enhancing drugs had a lower hazard of being diagnosed with AD compared to those taking tamsulosin or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. These data further implicate metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases and suggest that glycolysis-enhancing drugs may be neuroprotective in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmering, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skuodas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangavel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerholz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycolysis-enhancing alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists are neuroprotective in Alzheimers disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of nuclear morphology and 3D imaging to profile cellular neighborhoods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear morphology is an indicator of cellular function and disease states, as changes in nuclear size, shape, and texture often reflect underlying disease-related genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental alterations. For disease diagnosis, nuclear segmentation performed in 2D hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections has long represented the gold standard. However, recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) histology, which provide a more biologically accurate representation of the spatial heterogeneity of human microanatomy, has led to improved understandings of disease pathology. Yet challenges remain in the development of scalable and computationally efficient pipelines for extracting and interpreting nuclear features in 3D space. 2D histology neglects crucial spatial information, such as 3D connectivity, morphology, and rare events missed by sparser sampling. Here, through extension of the CODA platform, we integrate 3D imaging with nuclear segmentation to analyze nuclear morphological features in human tissue. Analysis of 3D tissue microenvironments uncovered critical changes in 3D morphometric heterogeneity. Additionally, it enables the spatial characterization of immune cell distribution in relation to tissue structures, such as variations in leukocyte density near pancreatic ducts and blood vessels of different sizes. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of tissue and nuclear structures, revealing spatial patterns and interactions that are critical for disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bea, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapatsis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusmartseva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of nuclear morphology and 3D imaging to profile cellular neighborhoods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JACUZI-SD: An automated, high-throughput, minimally stressful approach to sleep depriving larval zebrafish. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While sleep deprivation broadly disrupts health and well-being, the neural and molecular mechanisms that signal increased sleep pressure remain poorly understood. A key obstacle to progress is the fact that traditional methods for inducing sleep deprivation (SD) in animal models often introduce confounding stress or disrupt circadian rhythms. Here, we present JACUZI-SD (Jetting Automated Currents Under Zebrafish to Induce Sleep Deprivation), a fully automated, high-throughput system designed to induce sleep deprivation in larval zebrafish with minimal stress. By delivering randomized water pulses via a custom milli-fluidic device integrated with a 96-well plate and controlled by an Arduino, JACUZI-SD promotes wakefulness during the natural dark cycle without the stress associated with existing SD methods. Our results demonstrate that JACUZI-SD reduces total sleep time by 41-64% and elicits a robust rebound sleep characterized by increased sleep bout length following deprivation. Importantly, this method avoids activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) stress axis, as evidenced by reduced stress marker expression compared to other deprivation methods. Additionally, the system reliably activates established sleep pressure pathways, including the upregulation of galanin in the neurosecretory preoptic area, while also revealing biologically relevant inter-individual variability in homeostatic rebound responses. JACUZI-SD provides a powerful, minimally invasive platform for dissecting the neural and molecular underpinnings of sleep homeostasis in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elias, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rihel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JACUZI-SD: An automated, high-throughput, minimally stressful approach to sleep depriving larval zebrafish.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superinfection with intact HIV-1 results in conditional replication of defective proviruses and nonsuppressible viremia in people living with HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During replication of some RNA viruses, defective particles can spontaneously arise and interfere with wild-type (WT) virus replication. Recently, engineered versions of these defective interfering particles (DIPs) have been proposed as an HIV-1 therapeutic. However, DIPs have yet to be reported in people with HIV-1 (PWH). Here, we find DIPs in PWH who have a rare, polyclonal form of non-suppressible viremia (NSV). While antiretroviral therapy (ART) rapidly reduces viremia to undetectable levels, some individuals experience sustained viremia due to virus production from cell clones harboring intact or defective proviruses. We characterized the source of NSV in two PWH who never reached undetectable viral load despite ART adherence. Remarkably, in each participant, we found a diverse set of defective viral genomes all sharing the same fatal deletions. We found that this paradoxical accumulation of mutations by viruses with fatal defects was driven by superinfection with intact viruses, resulting in mobilization of defective genomes and accumulation of additional mutations during untreated infection. We show that these defective proviruses interfere with WT virus replication, conditionally replicate, and, in one case, have an R0 > 1, enabling in vivo spread. Despite this, clinical outcomes show no evidence of a beneficial effect of these DIPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathoulas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliams, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keruly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superinfection with intact HIV-1 results in conditional replication of defective proviruses and nonsuppressible viremia in people living with HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.647390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear integration of sensory and motor inputs by a single neuron in C. elegans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.647390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context is important for sensory integration. Rather than simply considering sensory information independently, the brain integrates this information to inform behavior, however identifying this property at the single-neuron level is not trivial. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the paired interneurons AIBL and AIBR (AIB) have a compartmentalized organization of presynapses along its singular process. Sensory and sensory interneurons primarily synapse along the proximal process, while motor and motor interneurons synapse along the distal process. Since this neuron has graded potentials, the simplest model for AIB integration is simply a convolution of its presynaptic inputs. Through a series of experiments to manipulate sensory and motor input onto AIB, we find that while AIB activity is primarily a convolution of motor inputs, its sensory responses are not integrated independently. Instead, the gain in sensory input is a function of the temporal dynamics of motor input. Sensory information is reinforced when it matches the expected behavioral response. We find this property is also observed in other whole-brain datasets. Context-dependent behavioral responses to sensory input is well-documented. Here, we show this property can be localized to single neurons in the worm nervous system. This integration property likely plays an important role in context-dependent decision-making, as well as the highly variable dynamics of the worm nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.05.647390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear integration of sensory and motor inputs by a single neuron in C. elegans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical Compensation to Mechanical Loss in CellMechanosensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian cells sense and respond to environmental changes using a complex and intelligent system that integrates chemical and mechanical signals. The transduction of mechanical cues into chemical changes modulates cell physiology, allowing a cell to adapt to its microenvironment. Understanding how the chemical and mechanical regulatory modules interact is crucial for elucidating mechanisms of mechanosensation and cellular homeostasis. In this study, we find that cells exhibit non-monotonic changes in cell volume and intracellular pH when subjected to physical stimuli and varying degrees of actomyosin cytoskeleton disruption. We discover that these non-monotonic responses are mediated by a chemical compensation mechanism, where the attenuation of actomyosin activity stimulates the activity of PI3K/Akt pathway. This, in turn, activates sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), resulting in elevated intracellular pH and increased cell volume. Furthermore, we identify a competitive interaction between the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways - two major regulators of cell proliferation and motility. This competition modulates the chemical compensation based on the relative activities of these pathways. Our mathematical modeling reveals the network structure that is essential for establishing the non-monotonic response. Interestingly, this regulatory system is altered in HT1080 fibrosarcoma, highlighting a potential mechanistic divergence in cancer cells in contrast to their normal-like counterpart, such as NIH 3T3 and HFF-1 fibroblasts. Overall, our work reveals a compensatory mechanism between chemical and mechanical signals, providing a novel infrastructure to elucidate the integrated mechanochemical response to environmental stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ni, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical Compensation to Mechanical Loss in CellMechanosensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein diffusion controls how single cells respond to electric fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells sense and respond to electric fields, using these fields as a guidance cue in wound healing and development. This sensing is done by redistribution of charged membrane proteins on the cells surface ("sensors") via electrophoresis and electroosmotic flow. If membrane proteins have to physically rearrange on the cells surface, how quickly can a cell respond to an applied signal? What limits the cells ability to respond? Are galvanotaxing cells, like chemotaxing cells, limited by stochasticity from the finite number of molecules? Here, we develop a model for the response dynamics of galvanotaxing cells and show that, for weak enough field strengths, two relevant timescales emerge: the time for the cells sensors to rearrange, which depends on their diffusion across the cell, and the time for the cells orientation to respond to an applied field, which may be very different. We fit this model to experimental measurements on the recently-identified sensor galvanin (TMEM154) in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, finding that given the dynamics of a cell responding to an applied field, we can predict the dynamics of the cell after the field is turned off. This fit constrains the noise of the galvanotaxis process, demonstrating that HL-60 is not limited by the stochasticity of finite sensor number. Our model also allows us to explain the effect of media viscosity on cell dynamics, and predict how cells respond to pulsed DC fields. These results place constraints on the ability to guide cells with pulsed fields, predicting that a field on half of the time is no better than a field that is always on with half the magnitude.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nwogbaga, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belliveau, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulenga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein diffusion controls how single cells respond to electric fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the ESX-5 secretion locus in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reshapes the mycomembrane and enhances ESX-1 substrate secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESX-5 secretion system, uniquely found in slow-growing mycobacteria, is predicted to secrete over 150 proteins across the inner membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Although many of these substrates are believed to promote M.tb virulence, most remain poorly characterized. Here, we use a complete locus deletion strain of ESX-5 in M.tb to examine the molecular changes caused by a broad loss in ESX-5 secretory substrates. We confirmed the selective loss of PE/PPE proteins secreted by ESX-5 into both the culture filtrate (CF) and outer mycomembrane (OMM) fractions of the M.tb {Delta}esx5 mutant. In examining other ESX systems, we found that ESX-1 substrate levels were increased in both the CF and OMM fractions of the {Delta}esx5 mutant. Conversely, the ESX-3 locus was transcriptionally repressed upon ESX-5 deletion. We noted that the {Delta}esx5 mutant had altered morphology in the form of wrinkled distortions of the bacterial surface. Likewise, we identified increased susceptibility of the {Delta}esx5 mutant to a variety of large (molecular weight >550 g/mol) antimicrobial compounds, suggesting that an intact ESX-5 system is required for M.tb to exclude such molecules. Our findings suggest that removing the ESX-5 system from M.tb fundamentally alters the properties of the mycobacterial OMM and impacts the expression and secretion activity of other ESX systems.

Significance StatementMycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) uses the ESX-5 secretion system to export numerous proteins that shape host-pathogen interactions. Here, we found that deleting ESX-5 from M.tb not only prevented the secretion of many ESX-5 substrates but also impacted other ESX systems. The M.tb {Delta}esx5 mutant had increased ESX-1 substrate secretion but reduced ESX-3 expression. In addition, the M.tb {Delta}esx5 mutant displayed altered cell surface morphology and increased vulnerability to large antibiotic drugs, suggesting a critical role for ESX-5 for maintaining outer membrane integrity. These findings highlight ESX-5 as a central modulator of secretion and cell envelope composition with implications for drug targeting and vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koleske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilcheze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Martinez, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the ESX-5 secretion locus in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reshapes the mycomembrane and enhances ESX-1 substrate secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbes regulate glomerular filtration rate in health and chronic kidney disease in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes are implicated in a variety of host physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that microbes modulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Microbiota were depleted in mice using oral antibiotics (ABX; a mixture of ampicillin, neomycin, and vancomycin). GFR was significantly increased in ABX-treated mice. To confirm that the increase in GFR was due to decreased microbes, we also measured GFR in germ-free (GF) mice. GFR was increased in GF mice as compared to both conventional and conventionalized GF (CGF) mice. We next used the murine adenine diet model to ask if suppressing gut microbes with ABX also increases GFR in a setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD), where GFR is impaired. In females on an adenine diet, ABX increased GFR versus adenine alone on weeks 4 and 6. In males, ABX elevated GFR on week 2. Adenine diet significantly increased plasma creatinine and kidney fibrosis; this was suppressed by ABX in both sexes. To explore the mechanism of this increase, we tested the hypothesis that altered tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) contributes to elevated GFR using the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA); EMPA impairs Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule, altering TGF. We found that EMPA impaired ABX-induced GFR increases on week 3 but not week 5, suggesting that altered TGF contributes to the initial increase in GFR. In conclusion, the microbiome plays a key role in  setting baseline GFR by a mechanism which partially involves TGF, and, suppressing gut microbes can elevate GFR even in CKD.

Translational StatementThis study reports that GFR is elevated when gut microbes are absent or suppressed in mice, indicating a role for commensal microbes to help establish baseline GFR in health. Likewise, suppressing gut microbes also elevates GFR in a chronic kidney disease model. These data suggest a future possibility of modulating the commensal microbes to elevate GFR in a clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharaie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbes regulate glomerular filtration rate in health and chronic kidney disease in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CODAvision: best practices and a user-friendly interface for rapid, customizable segmentation of medical images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image-based machine learning tools have emerged as powerful resources for analyzing medical images, with deep learning-based semantic segmentation commonly utilized to enable spatial quantification of structures in images. However, customization and training of segmentation algorithms requires advanced programming skills and intricate workflows, limiting their accessibility to many investigators. Here, we present a protocol and software for automatic segmentation of medical images guided by a graphical user interface (GUI) using the CODAvision algorithm. This workflow simplifies the process of semantic segmentation of microanatomical structures by enabling users to train highly customizable deep learning models without extensive coding expertise. The protocol outlines best practices for creating robust training datasets, configuring model parameters, and optimizing performance across diverse biomedical image modalities.

CODAvision enhances the usability of the CODA algorithm (Nature Methods, 2022) by streamlining parameter configuration, model training, and performance evaluation, automatically generating quantitative results and comprehensive reports. We expand beyond the original implementation of CODA to serial histology by demonstrating robust performance across numerous medical image modalities and diverse biological questions. We provide sample results in data types including histology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT). We demonstrate the diverse use of this tool in applications including quantification of metastatic burden in in vivo models and deconvolution of spot-based spatial transcriptomics datasets. This protocol is designed for researchers with interest in rapid design of highly customizable semantic segmentation algorithms and a basic understanding of programming and anatomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matos-Romero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Becerril, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dequiedt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivasubramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasse-Opsahl, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenbergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasca di Magliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CODAvision: best practices and a user-friendly interface for rapid, customizable segmentation of medical images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.648264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial distribution of cytoskeleton-mediated feedback controls cell polarization: a computational study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.648264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the social amoeba Dictyostelium, cell motility is regulated through a signal transduction excitable network that interfaces with the cytoskeleton to control actin polymerization patterns. In turn, the cytoskeleton influences the signaling machinery via several feedback loops, but the nature and function of this feedback remain poorly understood. In this study, we use computational models to discern the essential role of complementary positive and negative feedback loops in polarizing cells. We contrast two potential mechanisms for the negative feedback: local inhibition and global inhibition. Our results indicate that both mechanisms can stabilize the leading edge and inhibit actin polymerization in other sites, preventing multipolarity. While some experimental perturbations align more closely with the local inhibition model, statistical analyses reveal its limited polarization potential within a wide excitability range. Conversely, global inhibition more effectively suppresses secondary and tertiary leading-edge formation, making it a more robust polarization mechanism. This raises an intriguing question: if local inhibition better replicates experimental observations but is less effective for polarization than local excitation and global inhibition, could there be a supplementary mechanism enhancing its polarization potential? To address this, we propose a novel mechanism involving the dynamic partitioning of back molecules which enhances communication between the front and back of the cell and can be leveraged by local feedback interactions between the cytoskeleton and signal transduction to improve polarization efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.12.648264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial distribution of cytoskeleton-mediated feedback controls cell polarization: a computational study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.648511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Essential Adaptor for Apicoplast Fission and Inheritance in Malaria Parasites 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.648511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites rely on a non-photosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast, for survival, making it an attractive target for antimalarial intervention. Like the mitochondrion, the apicoplast cannot be generated de novo and must be inherited by daughter parasites during cell division. This inheritance relies on coordinated apicoplast positioning and fission, but the molecular mechanisms controlling these processes remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized P. falciparum protein (Pf3D7_0613600), which we name PfAnchor, as a key regulator of apicoplast fission. Using Ultrastructure Expansion Microscopy (U-ExM), we show that PfAnchor localizes to the apicoplast throughout the asexual blood-stage. Conditional depletion disrupts apicoplast fission, leading to incomplete cytokinesis and parasite death. Notably, loss of the apicoplasts elongated branched structure via azithromycin treatment rescues these defects, underscoring Anchors specific role in apicoplast fission. Immunoprecipitation identified an interaction with the dynamin-like GTPase PfDyn2, a key mediator of both apicoplast and mitochondrial fission, establishing PfAnchor as the first apicoplast-specific dynamin adaptor protein. Our findings define PfAnchor as an essential factor for apicoplast fission and inheritance in P. falciparum blood-stage parasites, highlighting parasite-specific organelle division as a potential vulnerability for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauwkamp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staggers, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doud, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absalon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.12.648511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Essential Adaptor for Apicoplast Fission and Inheritance in Malaria Parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unpacking similarity effects in visual memory search: categorical, semantic, and visual contributions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual memory search involves comparing a probe item against multiple memorized items. Previous work has shown that distractor probes from a different object category than the objects in the memory set are rejected more quickly than distractor probes from the same category. Because objects belonging to the same superordinate category usually share both visual and semantic features compared with objects of different categories, it is unclear whether the category effects reported in previous studies reflected visual and/or semantic target-distractor similarity. Here, we employed old/new recognition tasks to examine the role of categorical, semantic, and visual similarity in short- and long-term memory search. Participants (N=64) performed visual long-term memory (LTM) or short-term memory (STM) search tasks involving animate and inanimate objects. Trial-wise RT variability to distractor probes in LTM and STM search was modelled using regression analyses that included predictors capturing categorical target-distractor similarity (same or different category), semantic target-distractor similarity (from a distributional semantic model), and visual target-distractor similarity (from a deep neural network). We found that categorical, semantic, and visual similarity all explained unique variance in trial-wise memory search performance. However, their respective contributions varied with memory set size and task, with STM performance being relatively more strongly influenced by visual and categorical similarity and LTM performance being relatively more strongly influenced by semantic similarity. These results clarify the nature of the representations used in memory search and reveal both similarities and differences between search in STM and LTM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unpacking similarity effects in visual memory search: categorical, semantic, and visual contributions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal titration of Snca via enhancer disruption mitigates disease onset in a Parkinson's disease mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-synuclein (SNCA) is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Parkinsons Disease (PD). Misfolding and overexpression of SNCA underlie pathognomonic features of PD, including SNCA aggregates and midbrain dopaminergic (mbDA) neurodegeneration. We recently identified an SNCA intronic sequence that harbors variation associated with PD risk and demonstrated its role as a neuronal cis-regulatory element (CRE). Here, we engineered a mouse model lacking this sequence, which exhibits significantly reduced Snca transcription in mbDA neurons. Employing a battery of motor, molecular, and histological assays in an established mouse model of PD, we demonstrate that mice lacking this Snca enhancer are protected against PD-relevant histopathology and motor impairments. By targeting a cell-dependent CRE to diminish PD onset/progression in mice, we introduce a potentially powerful therapeutic avenue for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.648026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal titration of Snca via enhancer disruption mitigates disease onset in a Parkinson's disease mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Maternal Effect of SKN-1B and DAF-7 on Intergenerational Pathogen Avoidance Learning in C. elegans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parental health strongly influences the development of embryos, and can ultimately influence behavior post-birth. When exposed to pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14), C. elegans produces a robust immune response, as well as a learned behavior to avoid PA14 in the future. This learned avoidance of PA14 can be inherited by the F1 generation. An important trigger of the worms immune response to infection is the Nrf2 homologue, SKN-1. We find that the SKN-1B isoform strongly influences the intergenerational inheritance of PA14 avoidance in F1 animals via DAF-7 (TGF-{beta}) signaling from ASI. Functional SKN-1B is required in both the P0 and F1 generations to facilitate F1 avoidance of PA14 due to parental exposure. While inherited avoidance of PA14 was not observed in F2+ generations, the single generation learning investigated here may provide a parallel pathway to improve the fitness of F1 animals in a dynamic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paisner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Maternal Effect of SKN-1B and DAF-7 on Intergenerational Pathogen Avoidance Learning in C. elegans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophagy-Dependent Regulation of YAP1 by STK38 Governs Recruitment of Differentiated Cells as Progenitor Cells During Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paligenosis is a conserved cellular plasticity program that allows mature cells to reenter the cell cycle in response to tissue injury. Paligenosis progresses via three stages: autodegradation (with dramatic increase in autophagy and lysosomes), induction of metaplastic or fetal-like genes, and cell cycle entry. Hippo signaling, particularly the downstream effector YAP1, regulates cellular plasticity, but its role in paligenosis has not been studied. Here we first examine paligenosis in digestive-enzyme-secreting chief cells in mouse stomach. We identify Serine/Threonine Kinase 38 (STK38) as a non-canonical YAP1 kinase that phosphorylated and deactivated YAP1 in uninjured chief cells. During paligenosis, STK38 was degraded by autophagy in stage 1, dephosphorylating and activating YAP1. YAP1 activation was necessary and sufficient for the paligenosis that converts chief cells into metaplastic, proliferating progenitors. Additionally, we show STK38, like canonical Hippo kinases, interact with NF2. We also observed the same pattern of YAP1 induction via autophagic destruction of STK38 in other tissues and cell types, suggesting a universal logic model for how the massive autophagy activated in differentiated cells during tissue damage can consequently activate Hippo effectors to induce plasticity for tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bark, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willet, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophagy-Dependent Regulation of YAP1 by STK38 Governs Recruitment of Differentiated Cells as Progenitor Cells During Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-consensus reconstruction of Chinese Hamster metabolism enables structural systems biology analyses to decipher metabolic rewiring in lactate-free CHO cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are indispensable for studying and engineering cellular metabolism. Here, we present iCHO3K, a community-consensus, manually-curated reconstruction of the Chinese Hamster metabolic network. In addition to accounting for 11004 reactions associated with 3597 genes, iCHO3K includes 3489 protein structures and structural descriptors for >70% of its 7377 metabolites, enabling deeper exploration of the link between molecular structure and cellular metabolism. We used iCHO3K to contextualize transcriptomics and metabolomics data from a CHO cell line in which lactate secretion is abolished. We found the reduced glycolytic flux and enhanced TCA cycle flux were accompanied by an elevated NADH and PEP levels in these cells, consistent with experimental measurements. Leveraging iCHO3Ks structural annotations, we identified candidate binding interactions of NADH and PEP with glycolytic enzymes showing model-predicted differential flux, suggesting novel allosteric regulation associated with the observed decrease in glucose uptake and glycolysis. Overall, iCHO3K offers a valuable framework for systematic integration of omics data, improved flux predictions, and structure-guided insights, thus advancing CHO cell engineering and enhancing biomanufacturing efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Giusto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonakoudis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duraikannan, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craveur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowie, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavidez-Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin de Mas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez-Cruz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo-Roldan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzluf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehetner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamirano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Letter, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enuh, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angione, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanghellini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontoravdi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.647063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-consensus reconstruction of Chinese Hamster metabolism enables structural systems biology analyses to decipher metabolic rewiring in lactate-free CHO cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gliomas organize as liquid crystals: three-dimensional nematic order, disclinations and quasi-long-range order 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active nematic liquid crystals are the main structural phase of gliomas, promoting collective migration and aggression. We establish the existence of nematic order and topological defect lines and loops in 3D in vivo mouse and human glioma brain tumors. As predicted by theory, sections through the disclination lines in 3D appear as {+/-}1/2 topological defects in 2D. In 3D, these defects either persist along disclination lines or twist as they interconvert from -1/2 to +1/2. Cell alignment exhibits quasi-long-range order, spreading throughout the tumor over distances between 300-3000 m. In vitro -1/2 and +1/2 defects display changes in apoptosis levels, suggesting topological defects regulate glioma cell density. The large scale order of gliomas correlates with tumors aggressive behavior. The organization of gliomas as active nematic liquid crystals provides a novel physical foundation of complex solid tumors; their deconstruction signposts potential treatments for deadly cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Argento, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visnuk, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobovitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaboche, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orringer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanch-Mercader, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowenstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gliomas organize as liquid crystals: three-dimensional nematic order, disclinations and quasi-long-range order]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Aggressive Mesenchymal Glioblastoma by Mannose-Weighted CEST MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) contain mesenchymal cancer stem cells that drive tumor aggressiveness and recurrence and exhibit aberrant glycosylation during proneural-to-mesenchymal transition. A comprehensive analysis of human GBM transcriptomic datasets revealed an upregulation of 13 genes involved in mannosylation. Histopathological staining of a tissue array representing 35 GBM cases revealed elevated mannose, correlating with increased expression of the mesenchymal marker CD44. Mannose-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (MANw CEST MRI) detected elevated mannose levels in aggressive mesenchymal GBM neurospheres in vitro and in vivo, but not in less aggressive non-mesenchymal phenotype. To establish causation, inhibiting the expression of the mannose binding lectins LMAN1/2 that regulate intracellular processing of mannosylated proteins decreased the glioma cell MANw CEST MRI signal. Our findings indicate that MANw CEST MRI can visualize high mannose levels in mesenchymal GBM cells, which may serve as a surrogate imaging biomarker for predicting and assessing tumor aggressiveness and recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaemi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bertoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuddannaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laterra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Aggressive Mesenchymal Glioblastoma by Mannose-Weighted CEST MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Shared and Tissue-Specific Molecular Adaptations to Intermittent Fasting in Liver, Brain, and Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a powerful dietary intervention with profound metabolic benefits, yet the tissue-specific molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics analysis to investigate the systemic and organ-specific adaptations to IF in male C57BL/6 mice. Following a 16-hour daily fasting regimen (IF16) over four months, IF reduced blood glucose, HbA1c, and cholesterol levels while increasing ketone bodies, indicative of enhanced metabolic flexibility. Proteomic profiling of the liver, skeletal muscle, and cerebral cortex revealed tissue-specific responses, with the liver exhibiting the most pronounced changes, including upregulation of pathways involved in fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and glycan degradation, and downregulation of steroid hormone and cholesterol metabolism. In muscle, IF enhanced pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and AMPK signaling, while suppressing oxidative phosphorylation and thermogenesis. The cerebral cortex displayed unique adaptations, with upregulation of autophagy, PPAR signaling, and metabolic pathways, and downregulation of TGF-beta and p53 signaling, suggesting a shift toward energy conservation and stress resilience. Notably, Serpin A1c emerged as the only protein commonly upregulated across all three tissues, highlighting its potential role in systemic adaptation to IF. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed partial concordance between mRNA and protein expression, underscoring the complexity of post-transcriptional regulation. Shared biological signaling processes were identified across tissues, suggesting unifying mechanisms linking metabolic changes to cellular communication. Our findings reveal both conserved and tissue-specific responses by which IF may optimize energy utilization, enhance metabolic flexibility, and promote cellular resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabassum, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathivanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, M. K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.13.648650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Shared and Tissue-Specific Molecular Adaptations to Intermittent Fasting in Liver, Brain, and Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photodisruption of the inner limiting membrane promotes retinal engraftment of stem-cell derived retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, driven by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Stem cell-derived RGC transplantation could revolutionize glaucoma treatment, but the inner limiting membrane (ILM) remains a major obstacle by hindering cell migration into the retina. Interestingly, the ILM represents a double-edged sword for RGC engraftment: on the one hand, it greatly hinders cell migration, whereas on the other hand, its presence during retinal development is necessary for neuronal migration and retinal lamination. As an alternative to current invasive and harmful strategies to disrupt the ILM, we introduce ILM photodisruption, a minimally invasive biophotonic method that can manipulate the integrity of the ILM with unprecedented precision. In this study, we have finetuned the technology in bovine and human organotypic retinal explants to create templated ILM pores, creating entryways for donor RGCs to enter the retina while preserving most of the membrane to confer guidance cues for their engraftment. Applying this technology, we were able to promote donor RGC survival, enhance cell spreading and facilitate integration into the retina. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ILM photodisruption effectively addresses a key barrier in RGC replacement, paving the way for advancing retinal regeneration toward clinical application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Coster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Clerck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Clercq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanmeerhaeghe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Smedt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braeckmans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadady, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remaut, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peynshaert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photodisruption of the inner limiting membrane promotes retinal engraftment of stem-cell derived retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Write and read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An exciting feature of nanopore sequencing is its ability to record multi-omic information on the same sequenced DNA molecule. Well-trained models allow the detection of nucleotide-specific molecular signatures through changes in ionic current as DNA molecules translocate through the nanopore. Thus, naturally occurring DNA modifications, such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, may be recorded simultaneously with the genetic sequence. Additional genomic information, such as chromatin state or the locations of bound transcription factors, may also be recorded if their locations are chemically encoded into the DNA. Here, we present a versatile "write-and-read" framework, where chemo-enzymatic DNA labeling with unnatural synthetic tags results in predictable electrical fingerprints in nanopore sequencing. As a proof-of-concept, we explore a DNA glucosylation approach that selectively modifies 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with glucose or glucose-azide adducts. We demonstrate that these modifications generate distinct and reproducible electrical shifts, enabling the direct detection of chemically altered nucleotides. We further demonstrate that enzymatic alkylation, such as the enzymatic transfer of azide residues to the N6 position of adenines, also produces characteristic nanopore signal shifts relative to the native adenine and 6-methyladenine. Beyond direct nucleotide detection, this approach introduces new possibilities for bio-orthogonal DNA labeling, enabling an extended alphabet of sequence-specific detectable moieties. The future use of programmable chemical modifications for simultaneous analysis of multiple omics features on individual molecules opens new avenues for genetic research and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Write and read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Decay to Rhythm: Sustained Biological Oscillators Require More Than Chemistry Alone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biological systems exhibit sustained, coherent oscillations despite substantial noise. In contrast, chemical reaction systems governed by Markovian dynamics cannot sustain coherent ensemble oscillations, as the stochastic nature of state transitions inevitably causes the oscillation period to drift. To overcome this limitation, we propose a general mechanism that couples a Markovian system to at least one other degree of freedom, such as a mechanical system, to achieve noiseresistant coherent oscillations with a desired frequency. We introduce two approaches, targeting different dynamical modes in the Markovian system, and derive a governing principle for the non-Markovian system by analyzing the eigenvalues of the coupled dynamics. This principle is validated using a trimolecular reaction system, successfully producing sustained and coherent oscillations. Our study provides theoretical insights into how any chemical system can be coupled to another non-Markovian system to produce sustained and coherent oscillations with a precise period. We also make a fundamental observation that stability and control of stable limit cycles must arise from the non-Markovian part of the coupled system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Decay to Rhythm: Sustained Biological Oscillators Require More Than Chemistry Alone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accessible morphology-free functional fluorescence imaging analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical calcium imaging is a powerful tool for recording neural activity across a wide range of spatial scales, from dendrites and spines to whole-brain imaging through two-photon and widefield microscopy. Traditional methods for analyzing functional calcium imaging data rely heavily on spatial features, such as the compact shapes of somas, to extract regions of interest and their associated temporal traces. This spatial dependency can introduce biases in time trace estimation and limit the applicability of these methods across different neuronal morphologies and imaging scales. To address these limitations, the Graph Filtered Temporal Dictionary Learning (GraFT) uses a graph-based approach to identify neural components based on shared temporal activity rather than spatial proximity, enhancing generalizability across diverse datasets. Here we present significant advancements to the GraFT algorithm, including the integration of a more efficient solver for the L1 least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) problem and the application of compressive sensing techniques to reduce computational complexity. By employing random projections to reduce data dimensionality, we achieve substantial speedups while maintaining analytical accuracy. These advancements significantly accelerate the GraFT algorithm, making it more scalable for larger and more complex datasets. Moreover, to increase accessibility, we developed a graphical user interface to facilitate running and analyzing the outputs of GraFT. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of GraFT to imaging data beyond meso-scale imaging, including vascular and axonal imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estrada Berlanga, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broggini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleninfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accessible morphology-free functional fluorescence imaging analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Injury Detection Through Harmonizing Multi-Site Neuroimaging Data after Experimental TBI: A Translational Outcomes Project in NeuroTrauma (TOP-NT) Consortium Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-site neuroimaging studies have become increasingly common in order to generate larger samples of reproducible data to answer questions associated with smaller effect sizes. The data harmonization model NeuroCombat has been shown to remove site effects introduced by differences in site-related technical variance while maintaining group differences, yet its effect on improving statistical power in pre-clinical models of CNS disease is unclear. The present study examined fractional anisotropy data computed from diffusion weighted imaging data at 3 and 30 days post-controlled cortical impact injury from 184 adult rats across four sites as part of the Translational-Outcome-Project-in-Neurotrauma (TOP-NT) Consortium. Findings confirmed prior clinical reports that NeuroCombat fails to remove site effects in data containing a high proportion-of-outliers (>5%) and skewness, which introduced significant variation in non-outlier sites. After removal of one outlier site and harmonization using a global sham population, harmonization displayed an increase in effect size in data that displayed group level effects (p<0.01) in both univariate and voxel-level volumes of pathology. This was characterized by movement toward similar distributions in voxel measurements (Kolmogorov-Smirnov p<<0.001 to >0.01) and statistical power increases within the ipsilateral cortex. Harmonization improved statistical power and frequency of significant differences in areas with existing group differences, thus improving the ability to detect regions affected by injury rather than by other confounds. These findings indicate the utility of NeuroCombat in reproducible data collection, where biological differences can be accurately revealed to allow for greater reliability in multi-site neuroimaging studies.

Significance StatementThis project demonstrates the utility of NeuroCombat in reducing site effects in multi-site rodent imaging. We also demonstrate that harmonization improves the ability to distinguish between sham and injured rats at the voxel level and increase statistical power and effect size in areas of injury. Multi-center studies are becoming more common to allow for increased efficiency in data collection, and with conservative approaches and analysis into the datasets, NeuroCombat can be utilized to improve study reliability and reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kislik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotcov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Febo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebayo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huie, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The TOP-NT Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.649026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Injury Detection Through Harmonizing Multi-Site Neuroimaging Data after Experimental TBI: A Translational Outcomes Project in NeuroTrauma (TOP-NT) Consortium Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold Quad-Modal Nanocomplex for Precise and Quantitative in Vivo Stem Cell Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current single imaging modalities typically lack the ability to simultaneously offer detailed anatomical visualization and quantitative cellular information, which is crucial for evaluating and improving therapeutic efficacy. We developed a quad-modal imaging nanocomplex for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), computed tomography (CT), and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) within a single nanoplatform. The chemically engineered complex is composed of bovine serum albumin as biocompatible matrix, superparamagnetic iron oxide as MRI and MPI agents, and optoradiopaque bismuth sulfide as CT and MSOT agents. We demonstrate here its use for high-resolution, real-time, and quantitative in vivo imaging of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in mouse brain. This versatile nanocomplex may find applications for monitoring cell transfer and cell transplantation in vivo using multiple imaging approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakeri-Zadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuddannaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold Quad-Modal Nanocomplex for Precise and Quantitative in Vivo Stem Cell Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of USP21 autoinhibition and histone H2AK119 deubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoubiquitinated histone H2A lysine 119 (H2AK119ub) is a signature modification associated with transcriptional silencing and heterochromatin formation. Ubiquitin-specific protease 21 (USP21), one of four major deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that target H2AK119ub, plays critical roles in diverse cellular processes1-4. The molecular mechanisms by which USP21 specifically deubiquitinates H2AK119ub and is regulated is unknown. USP21 contains a C-terminal USP catalytic domain, preceded by an N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR). We determined the cryo-EM structure of the USP21 catalytic domain bound to an H2AK119ub nucleosome, which reveals a recognition mode that differs from that of two other H2AK119-specific DUBs, Polycomb repressive complex5 and USP166. We unexpectedly discovered that the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of USP21 inhibits the enzymes activity. Using AlphaFold-Multimer to perform a virtual screen of USP21 interactors, we identified kinases that phosphorylate the USP21 IDR and thereby relieve autoinhibition. Modeling of USP21 using AlphaFold3 suggests a structural model explaining the mechanism of autoinhibition. AlphaFold analysis of other ubiquitin-specific proteases suggests that phosphorylation-regulated autoinhibition may be a feature of multiple USP enzymes. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of H2AK119 deubiquitination and reveal a novel mode of phosphorylation-dependent DUB autoregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gwizdala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.649347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of USP21 autoinhibition and histone H2AK119 deubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV IMPAIRS AND EXPLOITS PULMONARY TH17 AND TH22 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) kills an estimated 1.25 million people annually and is the leading cause of death in people with HIV (PWH) (1). The CD4+ T helper (Th) populations play significant roles in protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and are essential hosts for HIV pathogenesis. Emerging evidence in blood and gastrointestinal mucosa of PWH suggests that, among Th cells, Th17 and Th22 may be preferentially depleted during HIV infection. Targeting of Th17 and Th22 cells by HIV could pose important and poorly understood risks for Mtb containment in those with co-infection. Mtb-driven activation of Th17 and Th22 immunity may also contribute to HIV proliferation and persistence. We employed a humanized mouse model of co-infection to assess changes in Th17 and Th22 frequency and function due to infection with HIV, Mtb, or both. In infected mice, Th17 cells were the predominant host for HIV in spleen and shown to be a source of HIV replication in pulmonary TB granulomas. Th17 cells were increased in lung of mice with TB or TB-HIV. Conversely, Th22 cells were reduced in mice with HIV or TB-HIV. Mtb infection increased the viral load in lung of co-infected mice while HIV suppressed the pulmonary Th17 family cytokine response to Mtb including IL-6, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-1{beta}. Differential transcriptome assessment demonstrated that HIV co-infection disrupted Th17 pathways activated by Mtb in lung. Overall, these results suggest that HIV may compromise Th22 immunity and exploit Th17 cells to promote viral pathogenesis in the setting of Mtb and HIV co-infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Martinez, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huante, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisinicchia, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Files, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelman, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endsley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endsley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV IMPAIRS AND EXPLOITS PULMONARY TH17 AND TH22 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Privacy-Preserving Generative AI Framework for Synthetic Multimodal Eye Movement Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye movements, such as nystagmus, saccades, and smooth pursuit, provide valuable information about neurological function but have limited publicly accessible datasets due to patient privacy concerns. To address this, we leverage generative AI to create realistic videos of artificial eye movement, eliminating the need for real patient data. These synthetic datasets have shown performance comparable to actual patient data in clinical tasks. Our generated videos will be openly shared, facilitating broader research and advancement in neurologic and neuro-ophthalmic AI applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Privacy-Preserving Generative AI Framework for Synthetic Multimodal Eye Movement Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-Life Environmental Exposures Reprogram Epigenomic Aging to Alter Gene Expression Trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand how early-life environmental exposures shape health and disease risk across the lifecourse, the TaRGET II Consortium exposed mice to diverse toxicants from pre-conception through weaning, and followed individual animals into adulthood, generating over 800 epigenomic and transcriptomic profiles. These profiles revealed that early-life exposures induced persistent epigenomic reprogramming and significantly disrupted the adult transcriptome. Notably, despite their diverse mechanisms of action, the exposure signatures of the xenoestrogen BPA, obesogen TBT, dioxin TCDD, and air pollutant PM2.5, were all largely comprised of genes normally differentially expressed during liver aging. Epigenetic histone modifications at enhancers--and, to a lesser extent, promoters--emerged as key targets for this reprogramming. Despite differing mechanisms of action, these four toxicants imparted similar "fingerprints" on the adult liver, characterized by direction-and cell type-specific polarization of the transcriptome. Hepatocyte genes that typically increase with age, particularly those in metabolic pathways, were downregulated, while conversely, non-parenchymal cell genes that typically decrease with age, such as those involved in extracellular matrix production, were upregulated. A similar signature of anti-correlation with programmed aging aging was also found in the transcriptome of patients with liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and was effective at distinguishing healthy from diseased human livers. These findings demonstrate that the plasticity of epigenomic aging is vulnerable to early-life environmental exposures, which can reprogram the epigenome with lasting impacts on the transcriptome, and disease risk, later in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomei, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolinoy, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TaRGET II Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-Life Environmental Exposures Reprogram Epigenomic Aging to Alter Gene Expression Trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.19.649587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proviruses in CD4+ T cells reactive to autologous antigens contribute to nonsuppressible HIV-1 viremia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.19.649587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) halts HIV-1 replication, reducing plasma virus levels to below the limit of detection, but it is not curative due to a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells. In some people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), plasma HIV-1 RNA becomes persistently detectable despite optimal ART. This nonsuppressible viremia (NSV) is characterized by identical, non-evolving HIV-1 RNA variants expressed from infected CD4+ T cell clones. The mechanisms driving persistent virus production from a specific population of infected cells are poorly understood. We hypothesized that proviruses in cells responding to chronic immunologic stimuli, including self-associated antigens, may drive viral gene expression and NSV. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of CD4+ T cells with autologous cell lysates induces virus production in an MHC-II-dependent manner. In 7 of 8 participants with NSV, we recovered viral RNA released ex vivo in response to autologous cell lysates that matched plasma virus. This process involves both defective and replication-competent proviruses residing in conventional T cells, and is also observed in PLWH with undetectable viremia. These findings suggest that recognition of self-associated antigens is an important cause of HIV-1 reservoir expression, which can contribute to persistent systemic inflammation and potential rebound upon ART interruption.

One sentence summaryHIV-1 viremia not suppressed by effective ART can be caused by proviruses in CD4+ T cells reactive to autologous antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovjlevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Board, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilo-Contreras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.19.649587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proviruses in CD4+ T cells reactive to autologous antigens contribute to nonsuppressible HIV-1 viremia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short Report: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Cortical Transcriptome in Animal Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation (SD) causes large disturbances in mood and cognition. The molecular basis for these effects can be explored using transcriptional profiling to quantify brain gene expression. In this report, we used a meta-analysis of public transcriptional profiling data to discover SD effects on gene expression that are consistent across studies and paradigms. To conduct the meta-analysis, we used pre-specified search terms related to rodent SD paradigms to identify relevant studies within Gemma, a database containing >19,000 re-analyzed microarray and RNA-Seq datasets. Eight studies met our systematic inclusion/exclusion criteria. These studies characterized the effect of 18 SD interventions on gene expression in the mouse cerebral cortex (collective n=293). For each gene with sufficient data (n=16,290), we fit a random effects meta-analysis model to the SD effect sizes (log(2) fold changes). Our meta-analysis revealed 182 differentially expressed genes in response to SD (false discovery rate: FDR<0.05), most of which (115/182) showed similar effects (FDR<0.05) in an independent large dataset (GSE114845: n=86 RNA-Seq samples from n=222 mice). Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed down-regulation in pathways related to stress response (e.g., glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1), vasculature, growth and development, and upregulation related to stress, inflammation, and neuropeptide signalling. Exploratory analyses suggested that recovery sleep (included in six contrasts: range: 1-18 hrs), could reverse the impact of SD on gene expression. Our meta-analysis provides a useful reference database illustrating the diverse molecular impact of SD on the rodent cerebral cortex.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenauer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flandreau, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.648791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short Report: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Cortical Transcriptome in Animal Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Proteome Screening and Multi-Modal Profiling of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells at Single-Cell Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic whole-proteome screening and comprehensive profiling of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells are crucial for advancing our understanding of CD4+ T cell immunity, yet such efforts remain technically challenging. Here, we present a high-throughput platform that employs large-scale class II single-chain trimer libraries to detect antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, while simultaneously profiling their antigen specificity, TCR/{beta} sequences, MHC restriction, whole transcriptomes, and patient/timepoint origins at single-cell resolution. We benchmarked SCTs against conventional pMHCs and validated the SCT library-based approach in direct ex vivo identification of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy donors. We then applied the platform to screen the entire SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain in a longitudinal patient cohort, identifying 2,188 antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and revealing key features that define antigen immunogenicity. Extending to cancer, we performed whole-proteome screening of HPV-16 E6/E7 for TCR repertoire profiling in a precancerous cohort, uncovering functional heterogeneity of HPV-specific TCRs. By integrating high-throughput antigen screening with high-dimensional, multi-modal cellular characterization, our approach offers an unprecedented window into CD4+ T cell immunity across diverse disease contexts and empowers the development of new therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chour, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasheed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narwaly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duven, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priceman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig-Saus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimble, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Proteome Screening and Multi-Modal Profiling of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells at Single-Cell Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.19.649648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type- and chromosome-specific chromatin landscapes and DNA replication programs of Drosophila testicular stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.19.649648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells have the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histones and their post-translational modifications, play a crucial role in regulating programs integral to a cells identity, like gene expression and DNA replication. However, the transcriptional, chromatin, and replication timing profiles of adult stem cells in vivo remain poorly understood. Containing germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs), the Drosophila testis provides an excellent in vivo model for studying adult stem cells. However, the small number of stem cells and cellular heterogeneity of this tissue have limited comprehensive genomic studies.

In this study, we developed cell type-specific genomic techniques to analyze the transcriptome, histone modification patterns, and replication timing of GSC-like and CySC-like cells. Single cell RNA sequencing validated previous findings on GSC-CySC intercellular communication and revealed high expression of chromatin regulators in GSC-like cells. To characterize chromatin landscapes, we developed a cell-type-specific chromatin profiling assay to map H3K4me3-, H3K27me3-, and H3K9me3- enriched regions, corresponding to euchromatic, facultative heterochromatic, and constitutive heterochromatic domains, respectively. Finally, we determined cell type-specific replication timing profiles, integrating our in vivo datasets with published data using cultured cell lines. Our results reveal that GSC-like cells display a distinct replication program compared to somatic lineages, that aligns with chromatin state differences. Collectively, our integrated transcriptomic, chromatin, and replication datasets provide a comprehensive framework for understanding genome regulation differences between these in vivo stem cell populations, demonstrating the power of multi-omics in uncovering cell type- specific regulatory features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringwalt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.19.649648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type- and chromosome-specific chromatin landscapes and DNA replication programs of Drosophila testicular stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic trafficking of mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine following intramuscular injection generates potent tissue-specific T cell response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent a new generation of vaccine carriers designed to elicit potent immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer. Despite the clinical success and rapid advancements in mRNA LNP technologies, the trafficking patterns of LNPs after intramuscular (i.m.) administration and the subsequent tissue-specific immunological effects have not been systematically characterized. Here, we report that trafficking of mRNA LNPs to different organs following i.m. injection is crucial for the induction of tissue-specific immunity beyond systemic immune response, particularly in tissue-resident CD8+ T cell generation, which is important for localized defense. By fine-tuning the composition of mRNA LNPs, trafficking patterns to systemic organs can be modulated, which can alter the resulting tissue-specific immune response. Formulations with a greater ability to enter the bloodstream can preferentially localize and transfect cells in specific organs like the liver, elicit stronger tissue-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses, and achieve enhanced efficacy in a liver tumor model. These findings highlight the potential to tailor mRNA LNP compositions to modulate trafficking following i.m. injection, thereby providing novel strategies for designing tissue-specific vaccines. Such strategies are particularly valuable for organ-specific diseases like cancer and infectious diseases, where tissue targeting and long-lasting immunity are essential for therapeutic success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodier, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellez Calderon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneck, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic trafficking of mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine following intramuscular injection generates potent tissue-specific T cell response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.650010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The representation of mood in primate anterior insular cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.650010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the brain reflects and shapes mood requires resolving the disconnect between behavioral measures of mood that can only be made in humans (typically based on subjective reports of happiness) and detailed measures of brain activity only available in animals. To achieve this, we developed a mood model to predict behavioral fluctuations in human subjective happiness as individuals experienced wins and losses during a gambling task. Next, we investigated how this operationalization of mood was reflected behaviorally and in the brains of two monkeys engaged in the same gambling task. We found a remarkable alignment between human mood model signatures, the impact of estimated mood on monkey choice, and the persistent responses of units in monkey anterior insular cortex -- including a matched timescale of integration across events. In comparison, the same signatures were only weakly reflected in lateral prefrontal cortex, suggesting that insular mood representations do not trivially follow from a signal broadcast to all higher brain areas. These results are consistent with a model in which the brain transforms experiences into mood by integrating events through a recurrently connected network of excitatory and inhibitory pools of neurons. These are among the first detailed insights into the nature of putative mood representations in the primate brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rust, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.650010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The representation of mood in primate anterior insular cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific contributions to impaired blood-brain barrier and cerebral metabolism in presymptomatic 5XFAD mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered cerebral metabolism and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are emerging as critical contributors to the preclinical phase of Alzheimers disease (AD), underscoring their role in early pathogenesis. To identify sensitive biomarkers before irreversible neuronal loss and cognitive decline, we examined 5XFAD mice at 3 months of age by applying multiple advanced MRI techniques. Arterial spin tagging based MRI revealed increased BBB permeability and water extraction fraction, indicating compromised BBB integrity at the early stage of pathogenesis in 5xFAD mice. Despite preserved cerebral blood flow, a decreased unit mass cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was evident in the same cohorts of 5XFAD mice. Interestingly, a region-specific decrease of tissue pH values was detected in the hippocampus of these 5XFAD mice by creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. Elevated neuronal H4K12 lactylation in the hippocampus supports the reduced pH values. To further dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these MRI-detectable changes in 5XFAD mice, we conducted single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) with optimized blood vessel enrichment protocols. Our results revealed cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in the hippocampus of 3-month-old 5XFAD mice, including downregulation of synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission genes in the CA1 and dentate gyrus excitatory neurons, impaired endothelial gene expression linked to brain barrier function and angiogenesis, altered innate immune response genes in astrocytes, as well as upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism genes in the CA1 excitatory neurons. These findings underlie the intricate interplay between BBB disruption and metabolic dysregulation before the onset of cognitive decline in AD. Our study demonstrates that BBB dysfunction and cerebral metabolic alterations preceded brain hypoperfusion and cognitive decline, emphasizing potential molecular pathways for early intervention. These findings, once validated in human studies, could significantly enhance early diagnosis and inform novel therapeutic strategies targeting early AD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linville, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakazu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific contributions to impaired blood-brain barrier and cerebral metabolism in presymptomatic 5XFAD mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex cooperativity in DNA origami revealed via design dependent defectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA origami has become a ubiquitous platform for nanostructure fabrication because it enables straightforward design of structures that self-assemble with high yield. The interactions between the cooperative effects involved in its assembly are currently not well understood. Fortunately, the nearly infinite number of choices available to the origami designer provide a rich environment in which to explore cooperativity in a complex system. The DNA domains comprising origami have predictable energetics and the sources of cooperativity are conceptually straightforward. While the assembly of these systems is difficult to predict because of the large number of cooperative interactions, it can be measured. We are thus able to probe cooperativity by using design variations and measuring their effect on assembly yield. We employ an accelerated assembly protocol that increases the sensitivity of structural perfection, or lack thereof, to design variation, and apply this approach to survey a broad set of design features. Using the resulting dataset, we develop metrics to correlate thermal stability, beneficial cooperativity from short folds, and detrimental cooperativity from long folds, with defectivity. Surprisingly, these metrics can be combined to create a single parameter with a clear correlation to yield that serves as a useful starting place for a predictive understanding of the interplay between cooperativity and design. In doing so, we also identify qualitative trends that provide useful insight into design best practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majikes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwolak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liddle, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex cooperativity in DNA origami revealed via design dependent defectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterochronic transcription factor expression drives cone-dominant retina development in 13-lined ground squirrels. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary adaptation to diurnal vision in ground squirrels has led to the development of a cone-dominant retina, in stark contrast to the rod-dominant retinas of most mammals. The molecular mechanisms driving this shift remain largely unexplored. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and chromatin accessibility profiling (scATAC-Seq) across developmental retinal neurogenesis in the 13-lined ground squirrel (13LGS) to uncover the regulatory basis of this adaptation. We find that 13LGS cone photoreceptors arise not only from early-stage neurogenic progenitors, as seen in rod-dominant species like mice, but also from late-stage neurogenic progenitors. This extended period of cone generation is driven by a heterochronic shift in transcription factor expression, with cone-promoting factors such as Onecut2, Pou2f1, and Zic3 remaining active in late-stage progenitors, and factors that promote cone differentiation such as Thrb, Rxrg, and Mef2c expressed precociously in late-stage neurogenic progenitors. Functional analyses reveal that Zic3 and Mef2c are sufficient to promote cone and repress rod photoreceptor-specific gene expression, and act through species-specific regulatory elements that drive their expression in late-stage progenitors. These results demonstrate that modifications to gene regulatory networks underlie the development of cone-dominant retinas, and provide insight into mechanisms of sensory adaptation and potential strategies for cone photoreceptor regeneration in vision disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandoi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaxxo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVries, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterochronic transcription factor expression drives cone-dominant retina development in 13-lined ground squirrels.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backpropagation through time training of an unrolled Hodgkin Huxley model for automatic conductance estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise estimation of biophysical parameters such as ion channel conductances in single neurons is essential for understanding neuronal excitability and for building accurate computational models. However, inferring these parameters from experimental data is challenging, often requiring extensive voltage-clamp measurements or laborious manual tuning. Here we present a novel approach that leverages backpropagation through time (BPTT) to automatically fit a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) conductance-based model to observed voltage traces. We unroll the HH model dynamics in time and treat the unknown maximum conductances as learnable parameters in a differentiable simulation. By optimizing the model to minimize the mean squared error between simulated and observed membrane voltage, our method directly recovers the underlying conductances (for sodium gNa, potassium gK, and leak gL) from a single voltage response. In simulations, the BPTT-trained model accurately identified conductance values across different neuron types and remained robust to typical levels of measurement noise. Even with a single current-clamp recording as training data, the approach achieved precise fits, highlighting its efficiency. This work demonstrates a powerful automated strategy for biophysical system identification, opening the door to rapid, high-fidelity neuron model customization from electro-physiological recordings. The code is availible at https://github.com/skysky2333/HH_BPTT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.27.650871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backpropagation through time training of an unrolled Hodgkin Huxley model for automatic conductance estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MPI-Guided Photothermal Therapy of Prostate Cancer using Stem Cell Delivery of Magnetotheranostic Nanoflowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumoral nanoparticle (NP) injection is a commonly used for local hyperthermia. A limitation of this delivery route is the limited NP dispersion and retainment within the tumor, with undesired leakage leading to off-target toxicity. By exploiting their inherent tumor tropism, we have used human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as delivery vehicles for magnetic theranostic gold-iron oxide nanoflowers (GIONF) to improve their overall intratumoral distribution and retention. GIONF-loaded hMSCs exhibited excellent heating properties for laser photothermal therapy and high tracer performance for visualization and quantification by magnetic particle imaging (MPI). In contrast to naked GIONF, GIONF-hMSCs remained within the prostate tumors one week post-injection, with MPI-guided PTT completely ablating tumors without recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghamei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuddannaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakeri-Zadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.27.650870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MPI-Guided Photothermal Therapy of Prostate Cancer using Stem Cell Delivery of Magnetotheranostic Nanoflowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatix: a differentiable, GPU-accelerated wave-optics library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern microscopy methods incorporate computational modeling as an integral part of the imaging process, either to solve inverse problems or optimize the optical system design itself. These methods often depend on differentiable optics simulations, yet no standardized framework exists--forcing computational optics researchers to repeatedly and independently implement simulations with limited reusability and performance. These common problems limit the potential impact of computational optics as a field. Here we present Chromatix: an open-source, GPU-accelerated, differentiable wave optics simulation library. Chromatix builds on JAX to democratize fast, parallelized simulation of diverse optical systems and expand the design space in computational optics. Chromatix standardizes a growing collection of optical elements and propagation methods allowing a broad range of applications, which we demonstrate here for snapshot microscopy, holography, and phase retrieval. We demonstrate speed improvements of 2-6x on a single GPU and up to 22x on 8 GPUs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezzam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaware, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eybposh, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sanchez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tormes-Vaquerano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugavel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruvada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diederich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegard, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horstmeyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatix: a differentiable, GPU-accelerated wave-optics library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of Meis factors in late-stage retinal progenitors yields complex effects on temporal patterning and neurogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate retina serves as a model for studying neurogenesis and cell fate specification, with retinal progenitor cells following a tightly regulated temporal sequence to generate distinct cell types. Meis1 and Meis2 are transcription factors implicated in early retinal development, but their role in late-stage RPCs remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate whether Meis1 and Meis2 overexpression in postnatal mouse RPCs can alter temporal identity and induce early-born cell types. Using electroporation and single-cell RNA sequencing, we find that while these factors modestly upregulate early-stage gene regulatory network components, they do not repress late-stage transcription factors or induce early-born retinal cells. Meis1 overexpression reduces proliferation and inhibits neurogenesis, whereas Meis2 overexpression accelerates neurogenic progression without altering fate commitment. Our findings suggest that overexpression of Meis1 and Meis2 modulate largely non-overlapping aspects of temporal identity and neurogenic competence but are insufficient to fully reprogram late-stage progenitors. These results have implications for regenerative strategies aimed at reprogramming retinal cells for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leavey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of Meis factors in late-stage retinal progenitors yields complex effects on temporal patterning and neurogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesenchymal WNT2B is Required for the Development and Function of the Human Intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsWNT2B mutations result in Diarrhea-9 (DIAR9), a congenital diarrhea syndrome with an extreme phenotype and unique histological defects. Attempts to model DIAR9 in rodents and study patient epithelial tissue have not been able to fully reproduce the human phenotype, making understanding this condition challenging. Here, we aimed to interrogate the mechanisms and the specific cellular compartment contributing to DIAR9 using a human intestinal organoid model.

MethodsHuman intestinal organoids (HIOs) generated from both a patient-derived WNT2BR69*iPSC line and a control line were transplanted into immunocompromised mice for 10 weeks. Grafts were harvested and histologically compared. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on both organoid groups and on patient-biopsy derived enteroids. In vitro recombination experiments were performed to describe the causative cellular compartment.

ResultsLive and histological imaging revealed partial epithelial delamination in WNT2BR69*HIOs, which was absent in controls. A significant number of crypts in WNT2BR69* HIOs lacked OLFM4, a surrogate marker of stem cell activity. Key transcriptomic pathways altered between groups included trafficking of apical digestion proteins, which was confirmed via immunofluorescence. Patient derived enteroid proteomic analysis revealed similar results. Recombination experiments in HIOs revealed that while both epithelial and mesenchymal WNT2B are important for stem cell function, lack of mesenchymal WNT2B was sufficient to elicit the phenotype.

ConclusionWe demonstrated that mesenchymal WNT2B is critical for supporting human intestinal epithelial development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poling, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulke-Abel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Reza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elseht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivasta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krutko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayhew, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiagarajah, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmrath, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesenchymal WNT2B is Required for the Development and Function of the Human Intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential cell signaling testing for cell-cell communication inference from single-cell data by dominoSignal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Algorithms for ligand-receptor network inference have emerged as commonly used tools to estimate cell-cell communication from reference single-cell data. Many studies employ these algorithms to compare signaling between conditions and lack methods to statistically identify signals that are significantly different. We previously developed the cell communication inference algorithm Domino, which considers ligand and receptor gene expression in association with downstream transcription factor activity scoring. We developed the dominoSignal software to innovate upon Domino and extend its functionality to test statistically differential cellular signaling. This new functionality includes compilation of active signals as linkages from multiple subjects in a single-cell data set and testing condition-dependent signaling linkage. The software is applicable for analysis of single-cell data sets with multiple subjects as biological replicates as well as with bootstrapped replicates from data sets with few or pooled subjects. We use simulation studies to benchmark the number of subjects in compared groups and cells within an annotated cell type sufficient to accurately identify differential linkages. We demonstrate the application of the Differential Cell Signaling Test (DCST) in the dominoSignal software to investigate consequences of cancer cell phenotypes and immunotherapy on cell-cell communication in tumor microenvironments. These applications in cancer studies demonstrate the ability of differential cell signaling analysis to infer changes to cell communication networks from therapeutic or experimental perturbations, which is broadly applicable across biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lvovs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poissonnier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential cell signaling testing for cell-cell communication inference from single-cell data by dominoSignal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TEAD1 condensates are transcriptionally inactive storage sites on the pericentromeric heterochromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1), a Hippo pathway transcription factor important in cellular homeostasis and development, is increasingly implicated in cancer biology. Here, we reveal a novel role for TEAD1 in organizing nuclear condensates, independent of active transcription. Using high-resolution imaging, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and proximity-based proteomics, we demonstrate that in patient-derived renal cell carcinoma cells, TEAD1 forms micron-sized condensates by binding to the heterochromatic pericentromeric regions using its DNA-binding domain. TEAD-specific MCAT motifs selectively enrich and cluster in the pericentromeric region, specifically seeding TEAD1 condensates. TEAD1 condensates do not activate transcription but instead serve as depots for excess TEAD1, and disrupting TEAD1 condensates leads to increases in YAP/TEAD target gene expression. This organization of TEAD1 contrasts with that observed in other genomic regions of both RCC and normal kidney cells, in which TEAD1 associates with markers of active transcription. Our findings provide a mechanistic framework for TEAD1s dual regulatory roles, offering new insights into its contribution to transcriptional dysregulation and tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demmerle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linehan, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TEAD1 condensates are transcriptionally inactive storage sites on the pericentromeric heterochromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonized Protocol for Subfield Segmentation in the Hippocampal Body on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfields differentially develop and age, and they vary in vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases. Innovation in high-resolution imaging has accelerated clinical research on human hippocampal subfields, but substantial differences in segmentation protocols impede comparisons of results across laboratories. The Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) is an international organization seeking to address this issue by developing a histologically-valid, reliable, and freely available segmentation protocol for high-resolution T2-weighted 3 tesla MRI (http://www.hippocampalsubfields.com). Here, we report the first portion of the protocol focused on subfields in the hippocampal body; protocols for the head and tail are in development. The body protocol includes definitions of the internal boundaries between subiculum, Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1-3 subfields, and dentate gyrus, in addition to the external boundaries of the hippocampus apart from surrounding white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. The segmentation protocol is based on a novel histological reference data set labeled by multiple expert neuroanatomists. With broad participation of the research community, we voted on the segmentation protocol via online survey, which included detailed protocol information, feasibility testing, demonstration videos, example segmentations, and labeled histology. All boundary definitions were rated as having high clarity and reached consensus agreement by Delphi procedure. The harmonized body protocol yielded high inter- and intra-rater reliability. In the present paper we report the procedures to develop and test the protocol, as well as the detailed procedures for manual segmentation using the harmonized protocol. The harmonized protocol will significantly facilitate cross-study comparisons and provide increased insight into the structure and function of hippocampal subfields across the lifespan and in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustinack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amunts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burggren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insausti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keresztes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malykhin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palombo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saifullah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichting, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Hippocampal Subfields Gro</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonized Protocol for Subfield Segmentation in the Hippocampal Body on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-associated loci share properties with response eQTLs under common environmental exposures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many of the genetic loci associated with disease are expected to have context-dependent regulatory effects that are underrepresented in the transcriptomes of healthy, steady-state adult tissues. To understand gene regulation across diverse environmental conditions and cellular contexts, we treated a broad array of human cell types with three environmental exposures in vitro. With single-cell RNA-sequencing data from 1.4 million cells across 51 individuals, we identified hundreds of response expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) that are associated with inter-individual differences in regulatory changes following treatment with nicotine, caffeine, or ethanol in diverse cell types. We also identified dynamic regulatory effects that vary across differentiation trajectories in response to exposure. In contrast to steady-state eQTLs, and similar to disease risk loci, response eQTLs are enriched in distal enhancers and are regulating genes that experienced strong selective constraint, contain complex regulatory landscapes, and display diverse biological functions. We identified response eQTLs that coincide with disease-associated loci not explained by steady-state eQTLs. Our results highlight the complexity of genetic regulatory effects and suggest that our ability to interpret disease-associated loci will benefit from the pursuit of studies of gene-by-environment interactions in diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-associated loci share properties with response eQTLs under common environmental exposures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven feedback augments ultrasound nanotheranostics in brain tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) renders the delivery of nanomedicine in the brain ineffective and the detection of circulating disease-related DNA from the brain unreliable. Here, we show that the acoustic emission content of focused ultrasound-controlled microbubble dynamics (MB-FUS) incorporates precursor signals that allow large-data models to predict sonication regimens for safe and effective BBB opening. Crucially, closed-loop MB-FUS controller augmented by machine learning (ML-CL) expands the treatment window (4-fold), as compared to conventional controllers, by persistently and proactively maximizing the BBB permeability while preventing tissue damage. By successfully scaling up from mice to rats and from healthy to diseased brains (glioma), ML-CL rendered the BBB permeable to large nanoparticles and markedly improved the release and detection of tumor DNA in plasma. Together, our findings reveal the potential of data-driven feedback to support the development of next-generation AI-powered ultrasound systems for safe, robust, and efficient nanotheranostic targeting of brain diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baseman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premdas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djeddar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryksin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasiadis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodworth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven feedback augments ultrasound nanotheranostics in brain tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive learning of a naturalistic bimanual task in virtual reality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most purposeful movements require the coordinated control of both hands, yet motor adaptation studies rely on highly constrained tasks that bear little resemblance to everyday bimanual actions. Here, we investigated how task demands shape control strategies during adaptation in a naturalistic bimanual object manipulation task. We tested 73 participants who lifted a virtual plate while we systematically distorted visual feedback of their right hands movement, creating a sensory conflict between arms. Compared to unimanual, bimanual lifting shifted learning away from feedforward adaptation toward use of feedback control--participants moved more slowly with gradual speed scaling, developed compensatory hand adjustments, and showed smaller aftereffects. Relaxing precision demands improved success and reduced feedback reliance, while minimizing interlimb sensory conflict diminished compensatory adjustments and restored plate aftereffects to unimanual levels. Bimanual contexts create distinct learning environments where precision demands and interlimb sensory conflict independently shape control strategy; this may inform bimanual training protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varghese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive learning of a naturalistic bimanual task in virtual reality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of HIV SMRTcap for the characterization of HIV-1 reservoirs across tissues and subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) is responsible for the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and the establishment of an integrated HIV-1 reservoir remains the primary obstacle to cure. Upon therapy interruption, reactivation of the persistent HIV-1 reservoir propagates viral rebound and mediates continued immunological decline. While furthering understanding of the HIV-1 reservoir is essential for HIV-1 cure, commonly used sequencing strategies are often limited by the reliance on short-read sequencing across separate assays to determine integration sites and proviral integrity - something that does not always adequately resolve complex human genomic repeats or low complexity regions. Simultaneous identification of proviral integration sites and proviral integrity at the single molecule level would enable HIV-1 reservoir characterization with minimal imputation or bioinformatic reconstruction. Here we present HIV Single Molecule Real Time Capture (HIV SMRTcap), a novel molecular and computational pipeline that directly and simultaneously identifies HIV-1 integration sites, defines proviral integrity, and characterizes clonal expansion of HIV-1 provirus-containing cells with single molecule resolution. In combination with long-read, single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing and custom analytic pipelines, HIV SMRTcap enables a highly comprehensive characterization of HIV-1 reservoirs. Moreover, we demonstrate here that HIV SMRTcap performs robustly across the major global subtypes (HIV-1 subtype A, B, C, D and A/D recombinant viruses), and can use both cell- and tissue-derived inputs, including samples from antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated individuals with undetectable viral loads. Our results demonstrate that HIV SMRTcap serves as a comprehensive, robust method for unbiased HIV-1 reservoir characterization. Used alone, or in combination with single-cell based methods, HIV SMRTcap will enable novel exploration of viral reservoirs across subtypes and in tissue-specific compartments, providing critical information needed to inform HIV-1 cure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadakal, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warburton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deikus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galiwango, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prodger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomusange, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kityamuweesi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redd, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouchka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of HIV SMRTcap for the characterization of HIV-1 reservoirs across tissues and subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting neuroplastic effects induced by ketamine in healthy human subjects: a multimodal approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated ketamines neuroplastic effects in healthy human subjects using integrated Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures before and 1-8 days after a single psychedelic dose of ketamine (1 mg/kg, intravenous). Eleven participants underwent two PET/MRI scans with [11C]-UCBJ (synaptic density/plasticity), 1H-MRS (Glutamate and GABA), and resting-state fMRI (intrinsic brain activity, functional connectivity, graph-theoretic metrics), before and after ketamine. While group-level analyses showed only trend-level increases in PET synaptic markers, we observed significantly elevated Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) glutamate levels post-ketamine. Functional connectivity analyses revealed decreased within-network integrity, particularly in high-order networks like the default mode network (DMN), alongside increased low-to-high-order network integration. Our multimodal analysis showed that increased [11C]-UCBJ volume distribution (VT), a putative index of synaptic plasticity, correlated with reduced intrinsic activity in DMN regions and decreased influence of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in global network dynamics. By linking molecular and network-level changes, our results point to the PCC as a central hub where ketamine may reshape brain hierarchies in the long term, providing new directions for understanding its therapeutic mechanisms and developing targeted treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agnorelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatalina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagiolini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhart-Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabiner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erritzoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting neuroplastic effects induced by ketamine in healthy human subjects: a multimodal approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved and lineage-restricted gene regulatory programs modulate developmental cnidocyte specification in Nematostella vectensis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cnidocytes are a synapomorphy of cnidarians that have evolved a range of morphologies and functions within and across extant species, which makes them an excellent model to investigate how novel cell types emerge and radiate in evolution. One way to gain insight into how cell types evolve is to investigate the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that pattern them, leading to the identification of shared and divergent programs that likely represent components of the ancestral and evolved phenotypes. Efforts to identify early acting transcription factors in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis revealed that NvfoxE-like is a lineage-restricted cnidocyte transcription factor. Expression and functional studies confirmed that NvfoxE-like and its targets are found exclusively in cnidocytes. By investigating interactions with regulators of the known cnidogenesis GRN and comparing the targets of known cnidocyte regulators, we identified at least four regulatory programs contributing to the cnidogenic GRN in Nematostella. The previously identified cnidocyte regulators Nvznf845 and NvpaxA represent two core pan-cnidarian regulatory programs, while the NvfoxE-like dependent program appears to be restricted to Hexacorallia or Actinaria, where we hypothesize it functions to pattern the unique capsule features present in those lineages. Here, we confirm the hypothesized core conserved transcriptional program, as well as demonstrate how a novel transcription factor was co-opted into cnidogenesis in a subset of cnidarians, thus contributing to the diversification and continued evolution of cnidocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danladi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havrilak, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faltine-Gonzalez, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forwood, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubuc, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved and lineage-restricted gene regulatory programs modulate developmental cnidocyte specification in Nematostella vectensis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Gut-Liver Microphysiological System Maps Donor-Specific Tissue Resident Immunity and Reveals a Conserved Metabolic Crosstalk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident immune (TRI) niches are unique to tissues and greatly vary between individuals. We built a personalized gut-liver microphysiological system (MPS) to recapitulate these profiles, combining primary colon epithelium, hepatocytes, and autologous CD45 TRI cells of two donors. Single-cell RNA-seq of colon and liver revealed distinct TRI profiles and predicted responses distinct between donors. Co-culture established organ and donor-specific immune programs: colonic epithelium induced Th1/Th17 polarization in Donor 1 but B cell differentiation in Donor 2. Gut-liver crosstalk in all donors converged on a retinoid-bile acid metabolic axis with a muted inflammatory set-point, indicating that circulating metabolites can override baseline immune differences. Microbial agonist challenges of gut compartments revealed distinct liver responses: Poly(I:C) induced a uniform type-I/III interferon burst, LPS triggered a stronger response in Donor 1, and 5-OP-RU selectively activated Donor 2. Our personalized, immune-competent gut-liver MPS demonstrates that a conserved metabolic dialogue coexists with and is modulated by TRI profiles. This work provides a blueprint for exploring immunometabolic diseases and precision therapeutics in multi-organ models reflecting human immune diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uslu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raechal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogsa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brubaker, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapecar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Gut-Liver Microphysiological System Maps Donor-Specific Tissue Resident Immunity and Reveals a Conserved Metabolic Crosstalk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE genotype confers context dependent neurovascular vulnerability in immune-vascularized human forebrain organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The APOE gene is a major genetic determinant of neurovascular and immune function, yet the mechanisms by which its isoforms modulate brain vulnerability to pathogenic stress remain incompletely understood. Here, we employ isogenic human iPSC-derived immune-vascularized--Forebrain Organoid-based Multicellular Assembled Cerebral Organoids (FORMA-COs)--to dissect isoform-specific responses to a clinically relevant viral challenge. We find that APOE2/2 and APOE4/4 FORMA-COs exhibit heightened viral RNA burden and distinct neuroinflammatory profiles compared to APOE3/3. Specifically, APOE4/4 promotes IL-1 and VEGFA induction, whereas APOE2/2 leads to elevated TNF-{beta} and VEGFA protein accumulation, indicating divergent pathways of injury. Integrated transcriptomic analyses, combined with known and predicted APOE protein-protein interaction networks, reveal genotype-dependent enrichment of cytokine signaling, angiogenic remodeling, and immune dysregulation. In vivo validation using humanized mouse models corroborates APOE genotype- specific vascular remodeling, microglial activation, and oligodendrocyte perturbation. These findings demonstrate that APOE genotype confers context-specific susceptibility to neuroimmune and vascular injury, providing insight into genetic risk mechanisms underlying infection-related and neurodegenerative brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condoleo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neifert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE genotype confers context dependent neurovascular vulnerability in immune-vascularized human forebrain organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially Organized IGF1 mTOR Signaling Controls Human Forebrain Progenitor Fate Through Coordinated Transcriptional and Translational Programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The specification and maintenance of human forebrain neural progenitor cells (NPCs) depend on both intrinsic gene networks and spatially localized niche signals, but the interplay between these cues remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify a spatially organized, paracrine IGF1 signaling architecture that regulates human FOXG1 NPCs through multilayered transcriptional and translational control. Using a pluripotent stem cell-derived forebrain model, we show that FOXG1 NPCs express IGF1 receptors but lack endogenous IGF1, instead depending on neighboring epithelial-like domains that secrete IGF1. IGF1 promotes progenitor proliferation, clonal expansion, and vertical tissue growth by activating PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MEK-ERK pathways. Ribosome profiling and 5'UTR reporter assays reveal that mTOR signaling selectively enhances translation of neurodevelopmental and biosynthetic transcripts-- including GSX1, a ventral fate determinant implicated in interneuron specification and autism. These findings uncover a human-specific regulatory mechanism in which spatially restricted IGF1-mTOR signaling integrates niche signals with translational output to support progenitor identity, biosynthetic capacity, and developmental resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eacker, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially Organized IGF1 mTOR Signaling Controls Human Forebrain Progenitor Fate Through Coordinated Transcriptional and Translational Programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A key role for Canoes intrinsically disordered region in linking cell junctions to the cytoskeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractAdherens junctions are key to tissue architecture, mediating robust yet dynamic cell-cell adhesion and, via cytoskeletal linkage, allowing cells to change shape and move. Adherens junctions contain thousands of molecules linked by multivalent interactions of folded protein domains and Intrinsically Disordered Regions (IDRs). One key challenge is defining mechanisms conferring robust linkage and mechanosensing. Drosophila Canoe and mammalian Afadin provide superb entrypoints to explore how their complex protein structures and shared IDRs enable function. We combined genetic, cell biological and biochemical tools to define how Canoes IDR functions during morphogenesis. Unlike many of Canoes folded domains, the IDR is critical for junctional localization, mechanosensing and function. We took the IDR apart, identifying two conserved stickers in the IDR that directly bind F-actin, separated by less-conserved spacers. Surprisingly, while mutants lacking the IDR die as embryos with morphogenesis defects, no sub-region of the IDR is essential for viability. Instead, IDR stickers and spacers act combinatorially to ensure localization, mechanosensing and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfsbrrg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slep, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peifer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A key role for Canoes intrinsically disordered region in linking cell junctions to the cytoskeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.651470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine auxotrophy is a targetable vulnerability driven by PSAT1 suppression in AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.651470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serine metabolism is of growing biologic and therapeutic interest in cancer. Upregulation of the serine synthesis pathway (SSP) can fuel tumor growth, and cancers with this phenotype are often sensitive to SSP inhibitors. In parallel, dietary restriction of serine and glycine (SG) can suppress some cancers, but the determinants of sensitivity to this approach are poorly understood. This is especially true in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where serine metabolism has been less explored. We report that a subset of human AML cell lines and primary samples are completely dependent on external serine, known as serine auxotrophy. These leukemias consistently suppressed the SSP enzyme PSAT1, failed to synthesize serine, responded to SG restriction in vivo, and were rescued by restoring PSAT1. We also found that AML with an SF3B1 K700E mutation showed additional dependence on the SSP enzyme PHGDH, that SG restriction synergized with venetoclax in serine auxotrophic AML, and that MECOM rearrangement was strongly associated with PSAT1 suppression and serine auxotrophy. These findings define a metabolically distinct AML subtype and nominate it for targeting by SG restriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinanidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakiroglou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foertsch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.651470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine auxotrophy is a targetable vulnerability driven by PSAT1 suppression in AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peroxisomes regulate virulence and cell density sensing in Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans, a ubiquitous environmental fungus that causes cryptococcosis, survives in diverse environments including human hosts due to metabolic flexibility. Consequently, identifying how C. neoformans connects diverse metabolic pathways and virulence factor expression is important for understanding fungal pathogenesis. Peroxisomes play an essential role in metabolic homeostasis and regulation of carbon and lipid metabolism. In this article, we report a link between nickel exposure, a known hypoxia-mimetic and mitochondrial respiration inhibitor in yeast, and peroxisomal {beta}-oxidation. Loss of the last two genes involved in the peroxisomal {beta}-oxidation pathway, MFE2 (CNAG_05721) and POT1 (CNAG_00490), resulted in cell density-dependent virulence factor defects and growth inhibition attributed to a metabolic state involving large peroxisomes. We found that increasing cell density rescued virulence factor phenotypes and growth. Our results implicate mitochondrial retrograde signaling (RTG), a previously uncharacterized pathway in C. neoformans, in cell density sensing, peroxisomal {beta}-oxidation pathway expression, and virulence, thus highlighting a critical role for metabolism in cryptococcal virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peroxisomes regulate virulence and cell density sensing in Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transcriptomic Atlas of Healthy Human Skin Links Regional Identity to Inflammatory Disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human skin is not a uniform organ but a mosaic of anatomically distinct niches, with each site finely tuned to unique environmental demands and immune pressures. Yet, the molecular determinants that define these regional identities and their relationship to site-specific vulnerability to inflammatory disease remain poorly understood. Here, we generate a high-resolution single-cell atlas of human skin, profiling 274,834 cells from 96 healthy samples across 7 anatomically distinct sites (acral, arm, axilla, back, face, leg and scalp). Our analysis reveals striking region-specific transcriptional and cellular networks, uncovering how local immune-stromal crosstalk governs tissue homeostasis and underpins anatomical susceptibility to distinct inflammatory diseases such as such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atopic dermatitis (AD), and psoriasis. These findings illuminate the tissue-intrinsic foundations of regional immune identity and provide a blueprint/resource for the development of precision therapies tailored to the distinct immunological microenvironments of specific anatomical skin sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoi, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Drongelen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahlenberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modlin, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billi, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudjonsson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transcriptomic Atlas of Healthy Human Skin Links Regional Identity to Inflammatory Disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated high-throughput patch clamp electrophysiology of hiPSC-derived neuronal models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their differentiation into neurons and brain organoids has revolutionized our ability to model brain disorders in a human context. However, current technologies to assay the electrophysiological properties of human neurons in these models remain limited by throughput, as single-cell manual patch clamp is laborious and resource intensive. Here, we provide methods to perform high-throughput automated patch-clamp (APC) on hiPSC-derived neurons. We describe how to dissociate and perform voltage-clamp recordings on human neurons from three well-established protocols - 2D directed differentiation of cortical neurons, NGN2-induced neurons, and 3D cortical organoids - using the Nanion Syncropatch 384, a commercially available high-throughput APC system. Using this approach, we investigated the biophysical properties of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and provide direct comparisons between manual and APC recordings across all three hiPSC-derived model systems. We demonstrate the capability of this automated system for pharmacological analysis of native human VGSC isoforms, which will enable compound screening approaches. Lastly, we provide methods to sort specific cellular populations within these hiPSC models using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by APC. These methods and results provide a transformative and novel high-throughput technique for quantifying passive and active membrane properties in cell-type specific and/or genetically modified hiPSC-derived neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostlund, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated high-throughput patch clamp electrophysiology of hiPSC-derived neuronal models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NvashA function reveals temporal differences in neural subtype generation in cnidarians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how cnidarians pattern their nervous systems can provide insight into the ancestral mechanisms of neurogenesis that are shared with bilaterians, shedding light on the evolution of nervous systems. While previous studies have revealed deeply conserved mechanisms for neural induction and progenitor selection between cnidarians and bilaterians, less is known about how distinct neuronal subtypes are specified over time in cnidarians. We utilized single-cell mRNA sequencing to profile NvashA-expressing cells across embryonic and planula-larva stages of Nematostella neurogenesis, and functional experiments identified a dynamic role for NvashA over time. Our analysis revealed that unique neuronal subtypes emerge at different developmental stages, providing evidence for temporal patterning in developing cnidarian nerve nets. This can provide a foundation to better our understanding of neurogenic gene regulatory networks, and to compare neurogenesis across cnidarians, and with bilaterians, to improve our knowledge of nervous system evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Havrilak, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagodich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faltine-Gonzalez, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NvashA function reveals temporal differences in neural subtype generation in cnidarians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rainbow Nucleus Charts Dynamic Interactome of Membrane-less Organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane-less organelles (MLOs) perform diverse and important functions inside cells. However, how they interact with each other to carry out these functions collectively is unknown. Here we devised a multi-spectral imaging technique called "Rainbow Nucleus" to simultaneously visualize five nuclear MLOs using live-cell imaging. We find that while some interactions are stable, such as those between the histone locus bodies and Cajal bodies, others are transient, such as those between PML bodies and Cajal bodies. Furthermore, interactions among MLOs are not random: functionally related MLOs interact more frequently than unrelated MLOs, and these interactions completely rewire when we inhibit transcription. Our study provides first glimpses into how different MLOs interact with each other under different conditions, and lays the foundation for future cellular engineering efforts that modulate MLOs interactome to treat diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamou Goldfajn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rainbow Nucleus Charts Dynamic Interactome of Membrane-less Organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early development of direction selectivity in higher visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental aspect of visual motion processing is the computation of motion direction. In ferrets, as in primates, selectivity for motion direction is found both in early cortical stages like the primary visual cortex (V1) and in higher visual areas like the middle temporal (MT) area in primates and the postero-medial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) area in ferrets. Little is known about how this critical tuning function develops in higher visual cortex. Here, by studying the development of the ferrets motion pathway, we first reveal the surprising finding that direction selectivity develops earlier in PMLS than in V1, contrary to the areas hierarchical positions. Our data, collected in animals of either sex, furthermore show that while direction selectivity is sensitive to visual experience in both areas, the sensitivity profile differs between them: Presentation of drifting gratings, containing the full complement of spatial and temporal cues generated by visual motion, can promote direction selectivity development in V1 and PMLS. In contrast, flashing stationary stimuli, which lack the spatial displacement of moving stimuli and only contain temporal changes, induce direction selectivity only in PMLS, not V1. Collectively our findings reveal significant deviations in PMLS development from that in V1, which will be important to account for in models of motion pathway development and of the developmental disorders that affect this pathway. The complex pattern of relative PMLS and V1 development also highlights the need to address interactions between areas in developmental research.

Significance StatementWhile the development of early stages of visual cortex up to primary visual cortex (V1) has received much attention throughout the years, significantly less is known about that of higher visual cortex both on its own as well as in relationship to V1. Here, we focus on a core motion function, direction selectivity, to systematically characterize the coordinated development of multiple stages of the visual motion pathway in ferrets. Crucially, our data show that this coordinated development is surprising complex, and that the developmental status of the higher areas cannot be predicted based on that in lower areas. These findings may also provide clues why motion vision is particularly vulnerable to developmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khamiss, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempel, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanfito, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early development of direction selectivity in higher visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Blood Proteomics Identifies over 12,000 Proteins Providing Valuable Information about the State of the Human Body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood is a valuable resource for clinical research, offering insight into physiological and pathological states. However, the specific proteins detectable in blood and the optimal proteomic methods for their detection have not been rigorously investigated and documented. To address this, we conducted various blood proteomic strategies, including directly blood proteomic analysis, high-abundance protein depletion, low-abundance protein enrichment, and extracellular vesicle enrichment using data-independent acquisition or targeted proteomics. These approaches identified 11,679 protein groups in plasma from healthy individuals. In 136 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma whole blood samples, 6,956 protein groups were found, including 678 not seen in healthy samples, expanding the total to 12,357 blood proteins. This represents the most comprehensive blood proteome to date. To support broader access and analysis, we developed the Human Blood Proteome (HuBP) database, detailing protein detectability, abundance, and reproducibility across workflows, sample types, and disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosevic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaerkady, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Blood Proteomics Identifies over 12,000 Proteins Providing Valuable Information about the State of the Human Body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible sensitivity to inputs during skilled tongue movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of complex goal-directed movement sequences is the ability to rapidly switch motor programs by integrating incoming sensations with action context1,2, yet the underlying neural implementation remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate a network mechanism for flexibly adjusting the sensitivity of ongoing motor execution to external inputs in different sensorimotor contexts. We trained mice to make sequences of licks directed at a moving target. In a random subset of trials, they made "backtracking" licks by abruptly switching motor programs based on tactile feedback. We divided sessions into alternating cued blocks of trials; sensory-driven backtracking was required during one block-type, but not in the other. Targeted optogenetic stimulation of tongue/jaw somatosensory cortical inputs to the tongue premotor (anterolateral motor, or ALM) cortex that were precisely timed to arrive near the motor switching point reliably induced licking movements resembling those in backtracking trials. This effect was more readily induced during blocks with sensory-driven backtracking and was accompanied by larger optically-evoked deviations in neural activity. Population activity patterns could be separated along a latent axis that discriminated between block-types. On single trials, the location of population activity along this axis correlated with the impact of optogenetic stimulation and influenced the speed of sensory-driven motor switching. Our findings provide causal evidence for how external inputs are integrated with internal context signals to achieve flexible motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible sensitivity to inputs during skilled tongue movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased vulnerability to noise exposure of low spontaneous rate type 1C spiral ganglion neuron synapses with inner hair cells (Pre-Print) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inner hair cells (IHCs) in the inner ear form synapses with auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) that send sound signals to the brain. ANFs have been grouped by their level of spontaneous firing rates (SRs) into high-, medium-, and low-SR ANFs. Based on their molecular profiles evaluated by RNAseq experiments, ANFs have been divided into three groups (1A, 1B, and 1C) that likely correspond to high-, medium-, and low-SR ANFs, respectively. In guinea pigs, the synapses between IHCs and low-SR ANFs have been shown to be more vulnerable to noise exposure compared to other ANF subtypes, but not in a study performed in CBA/CaJ mice, questioning if these results can be generalized. Here, an LYPD1 reporter mouse model on a C57Bl/6J background with specifically labeled group 1C, low-SR ANFs was used to examine whether LYPD1 positive ANF synapses are more vulnerable to noise exposure. Six-week-old mice were exposed to an 8-16 kHz octave band noise presented at 100 dBA for 2 hours. One week later, cochlear tissue was harvested to quantify ANF synapses and compare the percentage of LYPD1 positive ANF synapses in noise-exposed and unexposed animals. Auditory brainstem response measurements were performed to assess hearing function after noise exposure. The number of all ANF synapses and the percentage of LYPD1-positive ANF synapses were reduced following noise exposure, concurrent with increased ABR thresholds and decreased ABR wave 1 amplitudes. The reduction in the percentage of LYPD1-positive ANF synapses specifically indicates greater vulnerability of LYPD1 positive ANF synapses to noise exposure compared to other ANFs in C57Bl/6J mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reijntjes, D. O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased vulnerability to noise exposure of low spontaneous rate type 1C spiral ganglion neuron synapses with inner hair cells (Pre-Print)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.653559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D organoids containing endothelial and neural cells generation by serial inductions of differentiation on human iPSC-derived embryoid bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.653559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3D brain organoids have been widely used as a tool to study human brain development and disorders. Although endothelial cells play important roles in the brain development and pathogenesis in neurological disorders, most 3D brain organoids lack inherent endothelial cells and need either the addition of endothelial cells or to be transplanted to animals to reconstitute such vascular structures, likely missing the developmental interactions of endothelial cells and other cells in the human brain. In order to reconstitute a 3D organoid mimicking the in vivo neural and endothelial cells development, we cultured iPSC-derived embryoid bodies in sequentially applied endothelial and neuronal induction media along with Matrigel embedding. The resulting 3D organoid consists of both neural cells and endothelial cells with vascular like structures, as determined by immunostaining. With scRNA-Seq analysis, the brain organoid was confirmed to contain neural cell types similar with human brains, including a variety of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and glia. Furthermore, when compared with traditional cerebral organoids without endothelial cells using RNA-Seq analysis, the endothelial containing neural organoids (EC-neural organoids) showed difference in gene profiles and favored angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Of the differentially expressed genes, KRBA2 expression was found higher in neural cells and its inhibition by siRNA treatment resulted in decreased transcriptions of a variety of genes such as neuronal differentiation specific genes but not in genes specific to pluripotent stem cells such as OCT4. The EC-neural organoids also express receptors to SARS-CoV-2 similar to human brains. This 3D model provides a useful tool to study the interactions of endothelial cells and neural cells in the brain development and neural infectious disorders where endothelial cells and pericytes play pivotal roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gastfriend, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahloun, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.653559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D organoids containing endothelial and neural cells generation by serial inductions of differentiation on human iPSC-derived embryoid bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterising the association between posterior parietal metabolite levels and cortical macrostructure in a cohort spanning childhood to adulthood. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal brain development is characterised by dynamic macrostructural changes, including cortical thinning and cortical flattening during childhood and adolescence. These macro-structural changes are parallel with developmental changes in brain neurochemistry, probed in the human brain using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). This includes neurotransmitters such glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as building blocks of neuronal and associated tissue such as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and those involved in metabolism such as creatine (Cr). While previous research has linked MRS-measured neuro-metabolite levels to bulk tissue composition (e.g., gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid), the relationship between neurochemistry and more granular macrostructural metrics, such as cortical thickness, area, volume, and local gyrification, remains unexplored. This study investigates the association between MRS-measured neuro-metabolite levels in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and PPC-voxel cortical macrostructural metrics in a developmental cohort of 86 individuals aged 5-35 years. We also examine whether PPC metabolite concentrations associate with whole-brain structural metrics to determine whether associations are region-specific or more broadly generalisable. Our findings reveal significant positive associations between PPC cortical thickness, volume, local gyrification index (LGI) and Glx (glutamate + glutamine) levels, likely because differences in cortical microstructure, including dendritic arbour complexity, contributes to variation in both cortical macrostructure and Glx activity across development. Additionally, PPC Glx:GABA+ ratio negatively associated with subcortical gray matter volume, while PPC total NAA positively associated with cerebral white matter volume, suggesting a link between regional neurochemistry and broader brain structure. These results highlight the importance of accounting for macrostructural and broader brain structural characteristics when interpreting the neuroanatomical correlates of MRS-measured metabolites, beyond controlling for bulk tissue composition. This approach is particularly crucial when comparing neuro-metabolite levels across groups with known structural differences, such as developmental cohorts or individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions.

Key pointsO_LIPosterior parietal cortex (PPC) Glx levels are positively associated with PPC cortical thickness and local gyrification index, likely because differences in cortical microstructure, including dendritic arbour complexity, contributes to both cortical macrostructure and neuro-metabolic traits across development.
C_LIO_LIThe PPC Glx:GABA+ ratio is negatively associated with subcortical gray matter volume, while PPC total NAA is positively associated with cerebral white matter volume, suggesting a link between regional neurochemistry and broader brain structure.
C_LIO_LIThese findings emphasise the importance of considering more detailed macrostructural characteristics, as well as bulk tissue composition (white matter, gray matter, cerebral spinal fluid), when interpreting MRS-measured metabolite differences.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>pasanta, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arichi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterising the association between posterior parietal metabolite levels and cortical macrostructure in a cohort spanning childhood to adulthood.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intercellular communication in the brain via dendritic nanotubular network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have identified intercellular networks for material exchange by bridge-like nanotubular structures, yet their existence in neurons remains unexplored within the brain. Here, we identified long, thin dendritic filopodia that establish direct dendrite-to-dendrite contacts, forming dendritic nanotubes (DNTs) in mammalian brains. Using super-resolution microscopy, we characterized their unique molecular composition and dynamics in dissociated neurons, enabling Ca2+ propagation over distances. Utilizing imaging and machine-learning-based analysis, we confirmed the in situ presence of DNTs connecting dendrites to other dendrites whose anatomical features are distinguished from synaptic dendritic spines. DNTs mediate the active transport of small molecules or human amyloid-beta (A{beta}), implicating the role of DNT network in AD pathology. Notably, DNT levels increased prior to the onset of amyloid plaque deposits in the mPFC of APP/PS1 mice. Computational simulations predicted the progression of amyloidosis, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration through these DNTs. This study unveils a previously unrecognized nanotubular network, highlighting another dimension of neuronal connectivity beyond synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parajuli, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merodio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intercellular communication in the brain via dendritic nanotubular network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and distinct cortical mechanisms for working memory and decision-making. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) in the primate brain are critically involved in working memory during tasks that require the retention of information over a delay. These same regions have also been implicated in reinforcement learning (RL), where information about an animals choice and its outcome is retained to update future reward expectations based on past experiences. We investigated whether spatial memory, required across different behavioral contexts, relies on a shared neural mechanism. To explore this, we analyzed neural activity recorded from rhesus monkeys engaged in three distinct tasks--the oculomotor delayed response task (ODR), a visual search task, and the matching pennies game--each requiring the retention and use of similar spatial information under different cognitive demands. The ODR task demands only prospective memory, as the selection of action is dictated by the location of visual cue, and the subject must retain this intended action for execution after a temporal delay. In contrast, the matching pennies task engages both retrospective and prospective memory: retrospective memory of previous choice and its outcome to inform decision-making, while prospective memory is needed to carry out that decision. Visual search task, by comparison, does not explicitly require either retrospective or prospective memory.

Our analysis revealed that neural signals encoding retrospective memory of the animals choice in the visual search and matching pennies tasks were not correlated with the prospective working memory signals of visually cued locations in the ODR task, in either the DLPFC or LIP. Moreover, retrospective choice signals in the visual search and matching pennies tasks were not correlated with each other. In contrast, neural activity related to upcoming choices (prospective memory) in the LIP showed significant correlations across all three tasks. In the DLPFC, prospective choice signals were correlated between the visual search and ODR tasks, but not between those tasks and matching pennies. Additionally, in the DLPFC, neural signals representing previously rewarded choices were significantly correlated with working memory signals during the ODR task.

These results suggest that the LIP supports a consistent, shared mechanism for prospective memory linking a committed action to its eventual execution. In contrast, the DLPFC might mediate the transformation of retrospective memory-integrating past choices and outcomes - into a decision and its associated prospective memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and distinct cortical mechanisms for working memory and decision-making.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting Rate-Limiting Processes in Biomolecular Condensate Exchange Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasing number of biomolecules have been shown to phase-separate into biomolecular condensates -- membraneless subcellular compartments capable of regulating distinct biochemical processes within living cells. The speed with which they exchange components with the cellular environment can influence how fast biochemical reactions occur inside condensates and how fast condensates respond to environmental changes, thereby directly impacting condensate function. While Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments are routinely performed to measure this exchange timescale, it remains a challenge to distinguish the various physical processes limiting fluorescence recovery and identify each associated timescale. Here, we present a reaction-diffusion model for condensate exchange dynamics and show that such exchange can differ significantly from that of conventional liquid droplets due to the presence of a percolated molecular network, which gives rise to different mobility species in the dense phase. In this model, exchange can be limited by diffusion of either the high- or low-mobility species in the dense phase, diffusion in the dilute phase, or the attachment/detachment of molecules to/from the network at the surface or throughout the bulk of the condensate. Through a combination of analytic derivations and numerical simulations, we quantify the contributions of these distinct physical processes to the overall exchange timescale and predict an experimentally testable scaling relationship between the exchange timescale and condensate size. We discover that the exchange dynamics can be accelerated via a pore-mediated pathway in which molecules pass through the pores of the meshwork and attach/detach directly in the condensate interior. Notably, this pathway leads to a new regime in which the exchange timescale becomes independent of condensate size, which we validate through FRAP experiments on a biosynthetic DNA nanostar system. Our work offers insight into the predominant physical mechanisms driving condensate material exchange, with implications for natural and engineered systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kliegman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kengmana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting Rate-Limiting Processes in Biomolecular Condensate Exchange Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the interaction of a ParA-type ATPase with its partner separates bacterial organelle positioning from partitioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of carboxysome distribution (Mcd) system comprises the proteins McdA and McdB, which spatially organize carboxysomes to promote efficient carbon fixation and ensure their equal inheritance during cell division. McdA, a member of the ParA/MinD family of ATPases, forms dynamic gradients on the nucleoid that position McdB-bound carboxysomes. McdB belongs to a widespread but poorly characterized class of ParA/MinD partner proteins, and the molecular basis of its interaction with McdA remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the N-terminal 20 residues of H. neapolitanus McdB are both necessary and sufficient for interaction with McdA. Within this region, we identify three lysine residues whose individual substitution modulates McdA binding and leads to distinct carboxysome organization phenotypes. Notably, lysine 7 (K7) is critical for McdA interaction: substitutions at this site result in the formation of a single carboxysome aggregate positioned at mid-nucleoid. This phenotype contrasts with that of an McdB deletion, in which carboxysome aggregates lose their nucleoid association and become sequestered at the cell poles. These findings suggest that weakened McdA-McdB interactions are sufficient to maintain carboxysome aggregates on the nucleoid but inadequate for partitioning individual carboxysomes across it. We propose that, within the ParA/MinD family of ATPases, cargo positioning and partitioning are mechanistically separable: weak interactions with the cognate partner can mediate positioning, whereas effective partitioning requires stronger interactions capable of overcoming cargo self-association forces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrne, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swasthi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaldegui, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchiarelli, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the interaction of a ParA-type ATPase with its partner separates bacterial organelle positioning from partitioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening identifies NF1/RASA1/TP53 co-mutations and downstream MEK signaling as a common key mechanism of sinonasal tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic alterations driving tumorigenesis in sinonasal malignancies remain largely unexplored. Here, we perform an in vivo loss-of-function screen using a pooled custom single-guide library delivered to the sinonasal cavity by adeno-associated virus vector to identify cancer driver genes across diverse sinonasal malignancies. This approach yielded sinonasal malignancies with diverse histologies, including sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated sinonasal carcinoma, and sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors characteristic of olfactory neuroblastoma. Surprisingly, rather than observing distinct sgRNA profiles across sinonasal tumor subtypes, common recurrent mutations were identified in Nf1 (79%), Rasa1 (74%), and Trp53 (68%) across malignancies with distinct histologies. Utilizing an orthogonal approach, we confirmed that Nf1/Trp53 were required for sinonasal tumorigenesis. Given that loss-of-function in NF1 and RASA1 may lead to increased Ras activity and downstream MEK signaling, we tested small molecule targeting of the RAS-MAPK pathway in sinonasal malignancies. Indeed, both tumor cell lines derived from our loss-of-function approach as well as from human sinonasal malignancies displayed significant sensitivity to MEK inhibition in standard in vitro culture and organoid models. These findings demonstrate that loss of NF1 and RASA1-mediated Ras-GAP activity leads to Ras activation and downstream MEK signaling which is a potential common target throughout major sinonasal tumor subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramolia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A. T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallia, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floudas, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raziuddin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comoglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmondson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo CRISPR screening identifies NF1/RASA1/TP53 co-mutations and downstream MEK signaling as a common key mechanism of sinonasal tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The shape of attention: How cognitive goals sculpt cortical representation of speech. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception requires more than passive sensing--it involves prioritizing the features most relevant to ongoing cognitive goals, a process guided by selective attention. A central question is whether attention operates by enhancing all features of a selected target, or by optimizing neural encoding around the specific demands of the task--i.e., is selective attention fundamentally anchored around task targets or around task goals? Here, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) while participants performed two speech tasks--comprehension and detection--on identical auditory stimuli. Task difficulty was manipulated by introducing controlled background noise that increased cognitive demands without reducing speech intelligibility. We developed a novel EEG-based method, the Modulation Response Function (MRF), which captures cortical sensitivity to spectro-temporal features via spectrogram reconstruction. Behaviorally, comprehension performance declined with increased difficulty, with greater reliance on semantic cues, while detection performance remained near ceiling. Neurally, both envelope tracking and MRF magnitude were higher during comprehension, reflecting greater cognitive engagement. Critically, spectro-temporal tuning differed across tasks: formant-related modulations were selectively enhanced during comprehension, whereas pitch-related modulations were emphasized during detection. These findings support a discriminative model of attention, where cortical encoding is flexibly reshaped according to cognitive goals, selectively amplifying the features most relevant for successful task performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huet, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhilali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The shape of attention: How cognitive goals sculpt cortical representation of speech.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aeromonas: Genomic Insights into an Environmental Pathogen and Reservoir of Antimicrobial Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aeromonads are an ecologically versatile group of bacteria that cause infection in aquatic animals and are recognised as an emerging human pathogen. Despite this, our understanding of Aeromonas diversity, especially the relationship between clinical and environmental strains, remains limited. Here, we present a complete view of the Aeromonas genus, comprising 1,853 genomes, and a detailed comparison of clinical and environmental strains from South Asia, including 996 newly sequenced genomes from Bangladesh and India. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Aeromonas is a highly diverse genus, with no distinct clade separating clinical and environmental isolates. We identified 28 Aeromonas species and 905 novel sequence types, comprising 72.5% of the genomes. Notably, we show a high incidence of AMR genes across all isolates, including against front and last-line antibiotics. Finally, we highlight frequent misidentification of Aeromonas as Vibrio cholerae, key to cholera-endemic regions where both genera co-exist and are associated with diarrhoeal disease. Our study underscores Aeromonas as an important environmental AMR reservoir and emerging multi-species pathogen capable of spilling over into human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golicha, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beale, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M. u.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohura, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parveen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aeromonas: Genomic Insights into an Environmental Pathogen and Reservoir of Antimicrobial Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-Specific Suppression of Hepatic Fatty Acid Catabolism by RNA-Binding Protein HuR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play essential roles in all major steps of RNA processing. Genetic studies in human and mouse models support that many RBPs are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in key tissues/organs, but to what extent the function of RBPs is conserved between humans and mice is not clear. Our recent study using a chimeric humanized liver mouse model found that knocking down human HuR in human hepatocytes resulted in a broad upregulation of human genes involved in fatty acid catabolism. This regulation is human-specific, as the knocking down of mouse HuR in the liver of traditional mouse models did not show these effects. To further study this human-specific role of HuR, we co-overexpressed HuR with PPAR, a master transcription factor that promotes fatty acid catabolism, in cultured cells. We found that HuR suppressed the expression of PPAR induced fatty acid catabolism genes in human cells but not in mouse cells. We provide evidence supporting that the human-specific suppressive effect of HuR is independent of PPAR expression or location. The regulatory effects of HuR are also independent of its role in regulating mRNA stability. Using the human HMGCS2 gene as an example, we found that the suppressive effect of HuR cannot be explained by decreased promoter activity. We further provide evidence supporting that HuR suppresses the pre-mRNA processing of HMGCS2 gene, leading to accumulated intron/pre-mRNA expression of HMGCS2 gene. Furthermore, overexpression of HuR blocked and knocking down of HuR sensitized PPAR agonist-induced gene expression. By analyzing published RNA-seq data, we found compromised pre-mRNA processing for fatty acid catabolism genes in patients with fatty liver diseases, which was not observed in mouse fatty liver disease models. Our study supports the model that HuR suppresses the expression of fatty acid catabolism genes by blocking their pre-mRNA processing, which may partially explain the mild effects of PPAR agonists in treating fatty liver diseases in humans as compared with studies in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takaoka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaso-Vera, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-Specific Suppression of Hepatic Fatty Acid Catabolism by RNA-Binding Protein HuR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.654611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partitioned Multi-MUM finding for scalable pangenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.654611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenome collections are growing to hundreds of high-quality genomes. This necessitates scalable methods for constructing pangenome alignments that can incorporate newly-sequenced assemblies. We previously developed Mumemto, which computes maximal unique matches (multi-MUMs) across pangenomes using compressed indexing. In this work, we extend Mumemto by introducing two new partitioning and merging strategies. Both strategies enable highly parallel, memory efficient, and updateable computation of multi-MUMs. One of the strategies, called string-based merging, is also capable of conducting the merges in a way that follows the shape of a phylogenetic tree, naturally yielding the multi-MUM for the trees internal nodes as well as the root. With these strategies, Mumemto now scales to 474 human haplo-types, the only multi-MUM method able to do so. It also introduces a time-memory tradeoff that allows Mumemto to be tailored to more scenarios, including in resource-limited settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.654611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partitioned Multi-MUM finding for scalable pangenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StringTie3 Improves Total RNA-seq Assembly by Resolving Nascent and Mature Transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate assembly of rRNA-depleted (total) RNA-seq remains challenging because existing methods often conflate incomplete, nascent RNA with fully processed mature isoforms, leading to misassemblies and quantification errors that skew downstream analyses. Here, we present StringTie3, a major update to the widely used StringTie assembler, specifically designed for total RNA-seq. This new version introduces two key innovations: (1) a nascent mode that models co-transcriptional splicing to separate nascent from mature transcripts, and (2) a refined long-read module that distinguishes genuine polyadenylation sites from poly(A)-priming artifacts. Across short-, long-, and hybrid-read datasets, StringTie3 substantially reduces assembly errors and outperforms existing tools, boosting precision by up to 20% in short-read total RNA-seq and improving sensitivity and precision by as much as 37% and 75%, respectively, in long-read assemblies. In Argonaute knockout experiments, nascent-mode analysis shows that single knockouts predominantly alter nascent transcripts while leaving mature RNA largely unchanged, whereas double or triple knockouts disrupt both fractions. Applying this approach to breast cancer samples shows that, although nascent and mature RNA levels often correlate, certain extracellular matrix and tumor suppressor genes deviate from this pattern, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. By accurately reconstructing transcriptomes and distinguishing nascent from mature RNA, StringTie3 reveals hidden layers of RNA regulation and provides a powerful framework for investigating transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes in total RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnick, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StringTie3 Improves Total RNA-seq Assembly by Resolving Nascent and Mature Transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of intermolecular base pairing using AMT crosslinking in mammalian cells during oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular stress induces global translational repression, leading to exposure of RNA sequences that could engage in intermolecular base pairing. However, characterization of these interactions in stressed cells remains limited. Here, we coupled RNA crosslinking with biotin pulldown to probe intermolecular base pairing in mammalian cells during oxidative stress. We found that oxidative stress downregulates intermolecular base pairing of a reporter mRNA engineered to enhance detection of such interactions. Consistently, crosslinking-dependent intermolecular base pairing was not readily detected among candidate mRNAs that accumulate in stress granules - RNA-rich condensates that form during stress. Furthermore, chemical probing of base accessibility revealed that while RNA regions within these transcripts remain structured during stress, they increase in structural diversity in a manner dependent on oxidative stress and the stress granule nucleating proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2. This enhanced structural heterogeneity may help reduce a sustained exposure of interaction-prone RNA sequences during stress such as those prone to crosslinking. We propose that the combined downregulation of intermolecular base pairing and increased RNA structural diversity provides a mechanism to preserve normal function of RNAs during stress, while simultaneously enabling the reversible assembly of stress granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betances, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trcek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of intermolecular base pairing using AMT crosslinking in mammalian cells during oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movi Color: fast and accurate long-read classification with the move structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of reference genomes is rapidly increasing, thanks to advances in long-read sequencing and assembly. While these collections can improve the sensitivity and specificity of classification methods, this requires highly efficient compressed indexes. K-mer-based approaches like Kraken 2 are efficient but limit the analysis to a fixed k-mer length. This is hard for the user to set ahead of time, and suboptimal settings can harm sensitivity and specificity. Methods that use compressed full-text indexes like SPUMONI2 and Cliffy lift this constraint, but are less efficient than k-mer-based tools. Further, these methods either cannot report a full listing of genomes where a match occurs, or cannot scale to large reference databases.

We propose new methods and algorithms that use compressed full-text indexes to enable multi-class and taxonomic classification. Unlike past compressed-indexing methods for classification, ours uses the move structure, which is extremely fast thanks to its locality of reference. Our method, called Movi Color, augments the main table of the Movi index. Specifically, Movi Color assigns a "color" to each run of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform according to the subset of genomes from which the run suffixes originated. When the reference is highly repetitive - as is typical when indexing pangenomes or reference databases - only certain colors occur, creating opportunities to compress the index. For species-level classification, Movi Color achieves over 1.6x higher precision and 2x higher recall than Kraken 2 and Metabuli. At the genus level, it achieves 70% higher precision and 80% higher recall. Movi Colors read processing time is 7-20x faster than Metabuli and is a comparable to Kraken 2. Although Movi Color uses more memory than both Kraken 2 and Metabuli, its speed-accuracy trade-off makes it well-suited for real-time or high-throughput scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majidian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movi Color: fast and accurate long-read classification with the move structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.656038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
End Processing in NHEJ by Polymerase {lambda} and PNKP is coordinated during short-range synapsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.656038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a major pathway of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, capable of directly joining both damaged strands of DNA through the coordinated activities of repair factors that detect the termini, physically bridge them together, and perform the chemistry necessary to complete repair. NHEJ is capable of repairing a variety of damaged DNA, employing various accessory end-processing factors to resolve chemically blocked ends, trim overhangs, and fill gaps in order to achieve directly ligatable DNA ends. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying end-processing, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the NHEJ specific polymerase Pol {lambda} bound to the short-range synaptic complex, uncovering the mode of its recruitment to the complex as well as a putative model for its activity. Furthermore, the coordinated end-processing activities of the short-range (SR) synaptic complex simultaneously bound by both Pol {lambda} and PNKP, another accessory factor, demonstrates the ability of NHEJ to form large, multifunctional repair complexes capable of processing a variety of different DNA end structures to effect repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vogt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naila, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkinson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees-Miller, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.25.656038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[End Processing in NHEJ by Polymerase {lambda} and PNKP is coordinated during short-range synapsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.654911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal transcriptomic analysis during cold ischemic injury to the murine kidney reveals compartment-specific changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.654911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment strategy for end-stage renal disease. Deceased donor kidneys usually undergo cold storage until kidney transplantation, leading to cold ischemia injury that may contribute to poor graft outcomes. However, the molecular characterization of potential mechanisms of cold ischemia injury remains incomplete. To bridge this knowledge gap, we leveraged spatial transcriptomics technology to perform full transcriptome characterization of cold ischemia injury (0-48 hours) using a murine model. We developed a computational workflow to identify spatiotemporal transcriptomic changes that accompany the injury pathophysiology in a compartment-specific manner. We identified potential metabolic reprogramming preferentially within the kidney inner medulla displaying strong oxidative phosphorylation signature in an ischemic environment. We found commonalities between the spatiotemporal transcriptomic presentation of cold ischemia and warm ischemia- reperfusion injury, including an induction of an anti-viral like immune response throughout the renal tissue. Altogether, these systems-level biological insights enabled by our full transcriptome temporal characterization unveil a molecular basis for how cold ischemia injury may negatively affect kidney outcomes. Moreover, our spatial analyses highlight pathological developments deep within the renal tissue, suggesting potential opportunities for new insights beyond biopsy-focused superficial tissue examinations. We also developed an interactive online browser at https://jef.works/vitessce-cold-ischemia/ to facilitate exploration of our results by the broader scientific and clinical community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.25.654911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal transcriptomic analysis during cold ischemic injury to the murine kidney reveals compartment-specific changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.655341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marker genes for predicting cytokine release syndrome in vitro before CAR T cell infusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.655341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity are common adverse events of the Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Assessing the cytotoxicity associated biomarkers would be essential for therapy design to avoid developing severe toxicities. In this study, we re-analyzed previously published RNAseq results of CAR T cells before infusion and combined it with the clinical response post infusion. We observed that CAR T cells from patients who developed severe CRS displayed a higher expression of TCL6, HPCAL4, CCDC144B, and SIRPG, but lower levels of IL2, IL21, and HSPA1B when stimulated with anti-CAR19 idiotypic antibody in vitro. Interestingly, the upregulated gene SIRPG is positively correlated with CRS severity. In addition, without stimulation, CAR T cells from CRS group showed a higher levels of IFNAR1, IL7R, ZNF69, and USP32P1 but lower levels of CCL3, IL4, IL17A, IL23R, IL13, CD70, and IFNGR2. These results provided insights to evaluate the adverse events of CAR T products before treatments, which could be beneficial for designing therapy plans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.655341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marker genes for predicting cytokine release syndrome in vitro before CAR T cell infusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mt.surv: Multi-Threshold Survival Analysis for Associating Continuous Predictor Variables with Time-to-Event Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTime-to-event models are a useful and common approach to infer the importance of biological variables. Most often, the predictor variable is binarized and associated with censored time to death--a so-called Kaplan-Meier curve. However, the threshold to binarize the continuous variable is often arbitrary. We sought a rigorous way to define thresholds and evaluate the strength and consistency of association with the event of interest.

ResultsWe present {mt.surv}, an R package for multi-threshold survival analyses. The primary function performs a time-to-event analysis, where a continuous predictor variable is stratified into two groups at an arbitrary number of places, defined by the percentile of the distribution. The result can be visualized with a function that creates a custom line plot with the -log of a log-likelihood p-value against the threshold percentile. A third function operates on this plot and calculates the area above a significance threshold, creating a scalar that can be used to rank biological variables for their association with the event of interest. This framework can be broadly applied to any continuous predictor variable including, but not limited to, gene expression and microbial abundances. Several helper functions are included for structuring input data and job submission in a cluster framework. We found that this method has value in discovery-type analyses where one lacks prior information about appropriate stratification thresholds. However, we found additional biological insight is possible-- indeed, quite common--as many variables show different associations at different stratification thresholds.

AvailabilityOn CRAN as {mt.surv}.

Contactdaniel.spakowicz@osumc.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loncar, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dravillas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhrubo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mt.surv: Multi-Threshold Survival Analysis for Associating Continuous Predictor Variables with Time-to-Event Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of retinal terminal fields after traumatic brain injury: evidence of collateral sprouting and sexual dimorphism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system is characterized by its limited regenerative potential, yet striking examples of functional recovery after injury in animal models and humans highlight its capacity for repair. Little is known about repair of pathways/circuits after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which results in disruption of connectivity. Here we utilize a mouse model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury (Impact-acceleration TBI) in order to explore, for the first time, the evolution of structural and functional changes in the terminal fields of the injured visual system. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and synapses were genetically labeled via AAV transduction, while anterograde and transsynaptic tracers were used to mark terminals and postsynaptic cells. Functional connectivity and visual integrity were assessed by monitoring c-Fos expression following light stimulation and pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (pVEPs). Our findings demonstrate that, although TAI results in approximately a 50% loss of RGC axons and terminals, surviving RGCs undergo collateral sprouting, a form of compensatory branching of surviving axons, that restores terminal density to pre-injury levels. Transsynaptic tracing and c-Fos mapping confirmed the reestablishment of connectivity, which was also associated with significant improvements in visual function as measured by pVEPs. Interestingly, the recovery process exhibited sexual dimorphism, with female mice showing delayed or incomplete repair. Moreover, collateral sprouting proceeded normally in Sarm1 knockout mice, evidence of some independence from Wallerian degeneration. Our findings show that collateral sprouting may be an important mechanism of circuit repair in TAI and may represent a promising target for therapeutic interventions.

SignificanceHomotypic collateral sprouting -the process by which uninjured axons from the same neuronal source extend new branches to reinnervate targets deprived of their original connections- is a fundamental yet understudied mechanism for CNS repair following injury. Unlike heterotypic sprouting, involving sprouting from unrelated pathways, homotypic sprouting offers potential to restore circuit architecture after partial lesions. Here, we employed a model of diffuse axonal injury in the mouse visual system to examine this mechanism. Our research demonstrates surviving retinal ganglion cell axons can re-establish terminal fields, achieving structural and functional connectivity. Importantly, we discovered significant sex differences: female mice showed delayed/incomplete recovery compared to males. These findings provide evidence of repair of brain circuits perturbed by TBI and the role of homotypic sprouting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandris, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belamarich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vats, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsbie, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koliatsos, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of retinal terminal fields after traumatic brain injury: evidence of collateral sprouting and sexual dimorphism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics driving phenotypic divergence among KRAS mutants in pancreatic tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation in the pancreas drives acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), a progenitor-like state that can be hijacked by mutant Kras in the formation of pancreatic cancer (PDAC). How these cell fate decisions vary according to KRAS mutation remains poorly understood. To define mutation-specific lineage reversion and tumor initiation, we implement novel Ptf1a-TdTomato mice and multiple KRAS mutants across an array of genetic, pharmacologic, and inflammatory perturbations in vivo. Whereas KRASG12D co-opts injury to enable lineage reversion, enhancer reprogramming, and tumor initiation, KRASG12R/V can initiate but not sustain dedifferentiated and neoplastic transcriptional and epigenetic programs. We find the KRASG12R/V defects consist of a failure to invoke robust EGFR signaling and activate Rac1/Vav1, with constitutive Akt activation in vivo sufficient to rescue the tumorigenic potential of KRASG12R. As the marked heterogeneity among KRAS variants begins early in tumorigenesis, these data are crucial to understanding mutation-specific oncogenic trajectories and directing the implementation of KRAS-directed therapeutics.

SIGNIFICANCEDefining how KRAS mutants drive distinct outcomes in human pancreatic cancer is critical for developing allele-specific therapeutic approaches. This study unveils a hierarchy among KRASG12D, KRASG12V, and KRASG12R to drive tumor initiation, owing to heterogeneous activation of EGFR, PI3K/AKT, and RAC1 signaling, thus revealing mutation-specific evolutionary paths in pancreatic tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falvo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisso, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterhoudt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafra, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hissong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yantiss, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandwani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics driving phenotypic divergence among KRAS mutants in pancreatic tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal retinal imaging by visible light optical coherence tomography and phosphorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy in the mouse eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceOxygen metabolism is important to retinal disease development, but current imaging methods face challenges in resolution, throughput, and depth sectioning to spatially map microvascular oxygen.

AimTo develop a multimodal system capable of simultaneous phosphorescence lifetime imaging scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (PLIM-SLO) and visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) to capture capillary-level oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and structural volumes in rodents.

ApproachC57BL/6 mice were imaged by VIS-OCT with high-definition (10 kHz raster) and Doppler (100 kHz circular) protocols. Phosphorescent probe Oxyphor 2P was retro-orbitally injected to enable intravascular PLIM-SLO imaging (200 {micro}s pixel dwell time), while a tunable lens was used to adjust the focal depth. The extracted phosphorescence lifetimes were used for pO2 calculation. Simultaneous imaging utilized a shared imaging path and synchronized data collection.

ResultsVIS-OCT images revealed detailed anatomy and Doppler shifts, while PLIM-SLO provided capillary pO2 at multiple depths. A hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve related retinal arterial pO2 to systemic oxygen saturation as inhaled oxygen was varied. Registered simultaneous images were captured and pO2 was empirically adjusted for the combined excitation.

ConclusionsDetailed anatomical structures and capillary pO2 levels can be simultaneously imaged, providing a useful tool to study oxygen metabolism in rodent disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nolen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Khatib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinogradov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal retinal imaging by visible light optical coherence tomography and phosphorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy in the mouse eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophages Lacking TSC2 have mTORC1-dependent GPNMB Augmentation Ameliorating Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionMacrophages (M{Phi}) modulate both myocardial inflammatory and reparative phases following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is thought to play an important role in M{Phi} phenotype and functionality, but studies report conflicting net influences suggesting dependence on disease context and downstream signaling. Here, we tested the impact of M{Phi} with constitutive mTORC1 activation induced by targeted deletion of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) on cardiac responses to I/R injury.

Methods/ResultsMyeloid TSC2 depleted (M{Phi}TSC2-/-) mice were generated by crossing Lys2Cre x TSC2flx/flx. Bone-marrow derived M{Phi}TSC2-/- vs control M{Phi} had basal increased mTORC1 and reduced mTORC2 activity. M{Phi}TSC2-/- were differentially responsive to stimulation by lipopoly- saccharide/IFN-{gamma} or IL-4 in vitro, and all disparities were prevented by rapamycin confirming the model. In vivo, M{Phi}TSC2-/- mice were strongly protected against I/R injury, with minimal change in ejection fraction, less LV dilation, hypertrophy, lung edema, or activation of stress/pro fibrotic genes. Mice pre-treated with anti-LY6G Ab to deplete neutrophils were still similarly protected, suggesting that the impact was primarily related to M{Phi}. M{Phi}TSC2-/- mice had less myocardial pro- inflammatory macrophages (CCR2+MHC-IIhi), LY6C+ monocytes, neutrophils, and CD8+ T cells 5 days post-I/R, and fewer CCR2+ but more CCR2- M{Phi} 2 weeks post I/R. Both M{Phi}TSC2-/- in vitro and in vivo post I/R phenotypes were converted to WT by rapamycin, supporting mTORC1 dependence. Lastly, synthesis of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB), a principally M{Phi} anti-inflammatory secreted protein protective against myocardial infarction was enhanced in M{Phi}TSC2-/- macrophages and hearts following I/R in an mTORC1 dependent manner. Conclusion: Constitutive macrophage-specific mTORC1 activation via TSC2 deletion reduces pro-inflammatory cell infiltration, increases GPNMB protein expression and preserves heart function following I/R injury. Rapamycin eliminates these effects. These results identify a cardioprotective mTORC1-GPNMB signaling nexus in M{Phi} in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keykhaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajdini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panesar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophages Lacking TSC2 have mTORC1-dependent GPNMB Augmentation Ameliorating Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps to inhibit Colon Cancer Tumor Necrosis and Metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrosis, conventionally thought of as a passive consequence of aggressive tumor growth, is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). We recently discovered that necrosis can be caused by neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) aggregates driving vascular occlusion within the tumor vasculature in models of breast cancer. Here, we evaluated the role of NETs in inducing necrosis and metastasis in CRC. We found that the numbers of neutrophils primed to form NETs were elevated in the circulation of patients with CRC as compared to controls. CD177Low neutrophils were also elevated, and they showed reduced extravasation capacity with intact ability to form NETs. The extent of necrosis correlated with metastasis (stage IV disease), independent of tumor size, in our human cohort. In both human and murine CRC tumors, necrotic regions were characterized by neutrophil infiltration and NET accumulation, and NET aggregates were observed in the vasculature next to the necrotic regions. Single cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analysis of human CRC and liver metastases revealed that necrotic tumors activate pathways associated with increased metastatic potential, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition. Using a mouse model of DNA mismatch repair proficient CRC, we found neutrophil infiltration and NETs increased with tumor progression. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of NET formation decreased necrosis and metastasis, and importantly enhanced chemotherapy efficacy. Altogether, our findings show that NET formation in human CRC is a key feature of tumor necrosis, that it is associated with metastasis, and further suggest that preventing NET formation may offer clinical benefits to CRC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gazzara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrover, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aminzada, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirue, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shergill, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westcott, P. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egeblad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps to inhibit Colon Cancer Tumor Necrosis and Metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adhesive implant interfaces prevent fibrosis by disrupting mechanobiological feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrotic encapsulation around medical implants affects millions of patients annually. Current approaches targeting inflammation or implant material properties have failed clinically, but the mechanical origins of implant-induced fibrosis remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that directional imbalance of mechanical forces ("tension anisotropy") is the primary driver of fibroblast activation at implant-tissue interfaces, and that it can be eliminated through adhesive bonding strategies. Computational modeling reveals a mechanistic basis for successful adhesive anti-fibrotic interfaces: conventional sutured implants generate highly anisotropic stress fields between discrete suture anchor points that activate fibroblasts, while adhesive interfaces distribute forces isotropically, maintaining a mechanical environment that does not activate fibroblasts. In vivo experiments from the literature across multiple animal models confirm these predictions: as predicted, adhesive interfaces completely prevent fibrotic capsule formation for up to 12 weeks across diverse organs, while maintaining identical implant composition and geometry compared to sutured controls. Results establish tension anisotropy as a mechanical regulator of implant fibrosis and provide a mechanistic foundation explaining why adhesive interfaces succeed where all previous anti-fibrotic strategies have failed. By addressing the root mechanical cause of fibrosis, this mechanobiology-driven approach may enable a universal approach for preventing fibrosis across all categories of implantable medical devices.

Significance statementMillions of patients suffer from medical device failure due to fibrotic encapsulation, in which a surgically implanted item such as pacemaker leads or a vascular graft loses function by becoming covered with scar tissue. Implants affixed to soft tissues by sutures are especially prone to this form of failure, but implants affixed with a recently invented adhesive are not. We present the discovery that directional imbalance of forces ("tension anisotropy") drives conversion of healing tissue into scar tissue. Conventional sutured implants create highly anisotropic stress fields between anchor points that activate fibroblasts, while adhesive interfaces distribute forces isotropically, attenuating scarring. This mechanistic insight explains why adhesive implant-tissue interfaces successfully prevent fibrotic capsule formation across multiple animal models and organ systems, where all previous anti-fibrotic approaches have failed. By addressing root mechanical causes of fibrotic remodeling, this discovery provides a pathway for clinical remediation of fibrotic encapsulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jafari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aymon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakiba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alisafaei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adhesive implant interfaces prevent fibrosis by disrupting mechanobiological feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical Trypanosoma cruzi isolates share a common antigen repertoire that is absent from culture adapted strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTrypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, a poorly understood and clinically heterogeneous disease. Recent work has demonstrated that parasites adapted to laboratory conditions are genomically variable, but little is known of the extent of genomic diversity from clinically isolated specimens.

MethodsIn this retrospective observational genomic study, we isolated 15 T. cruzi specimens from three clinical studies of Chagas disease, representing different clinical contexts. We sequenced the genome of each strain and used single nucleotide variant (SNV) based analyses to estimate parasite genetic lineage, genomic population structure, regions of copy number plasticity, and to identify gene conversion events. In addition, we generated and annotated whole genome assemblies of each isolate. From these assemblies, we compared the repertoires of genes encoding for highly virulent and variable proteins that have been implicated in disease pathogenesis.

FindingsWe identified parasites from two genetic lineages in this collection of clinical isolates. Our analysis revealed evidence of genomic instability. Diversity-generating copy number variation was statistically enriched in regions encoding the virulence-associated multigene families, while diversity-eliminating gene conversion events were enriched in regions depleted of multigene family members. We also discovered a set of multigene family members that is present in all of the clinically isolated parasite genomes and absent from all of the lab adapted strains, regardless of parasite lineage. Multigene family repertoires were more conserved among field isolated specimens of the same genetic lineage than among culture adapted strains of the same genetic type.

InterpretationThis study provides whole genome sequencing data for TcV parasites isolated from naturally infected human patients with Chagas disease for the first time. Our analysis of these genomes revealed substantial genomic instability, suggesting the parasite undergoes genomic change in response to the pressures imposed by the host environment. Moreover, we observed a set of virulence-associated genes that are present exclusively within clinical isolates and absent from lab-adapted strains, indicating a potential role for these genes in parasite survival in natural hosts. These findings highlight the limitations of genetic studies focused exclusively on lab-adapted parasite strains and provide insight into the genomic features of T. cruzi that are likely to be important for clinical infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez Guarnizo, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaga-Machacha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colanzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherbuk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messenger, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Working Group on Chagas Disease in Bolivia and Peru,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical Trypanosoma cruzi isolates share a common antigen repertoire that is absent from culture adapted strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ezscore-f: A Set of Freely Available, Validated Sleep Stage Classifiers for Forehead EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing availability of wearable forehead EEG devices, such as the Hypnodyne ZMax, open-source DCM, CGX PatchEEG, and many others, has significantly expanded opportunities for convenient, at-home sleep monitoring. However, most publicly available sleep classifiers are trained on scalp EEG from traditional polysomnography (PSG) data, and thus generalize poorly to forehead EEG due to differences in electrode placement, referencing montages, and higher susceptibility to artifacts from user movements and electrode displacement. Conventional classifiers typically do not explicitly account for these artifacts, resulting in inaccurate and misleading sleep stage scoring. To address this gap, we developed a suite of artifact-aware sleep stage classifiers trained specifically using forehead EEG data, leveraging two comprehensive datasets--Wearanize+ and Donders2022--that contain concurrent forehead EEG and clinical PSG recordings. We further introduce two classifier variants: one optimized for real-time applications that operates directly on raw EEG amplitudes, and another optimized for offline analysis utilizing normalized EEG signals. Validation results indicate robust and reliable classification performance across standard sleep stages (Wake, N1, N2, N3, REM), along with effective identification of artifact epochs. Importantly, the developed classifiers generalize well to forehead EEG devices beyond the original training platform. These validated classifiers are freely available to the sleep research community through the open-source ezscore-f package, providing versatile and practical tools for forehead EEG-based sleep stage analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coon, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerr, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milsap, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ezscore-f: A Set of Freely Available, Validated Sleep Stage Classifiers for Forehead EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Vesicles from Multiple Sclerosis White Matter Exhibit Synaptic, Mitochondrial, Complement, and Aging-related Pathway Dysregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as mediators of central nervous system (CNS) function and pathologies, including multiple sclerosis (MS). While plasma-derived EVs have been explored as biomarkers in MS, little is known about EVs in CNS tissue. Here, we characterize EVs from postmortem white matter (WM) of MS and control brains. EVs were separated by differential centrifugation followed by size exclusion chromatography and characterized using nanoflow cytometry, single-particle reflectance imaging sensing (SP-IRIS), and transmission electron microscopy. EV size, yield, and morphology did not differ significantly between MS and control samples. Proteomic analyses revealed downregulation of synaptic and mitochondrial proteins and upregulation of complement and inflammatory proteins and pathways in MS WM EVs. This suggests that EVs reflect ongoing synaptic pathology, metabolic dysfunction, and CNS-compartmentalized inflammation and that they may actively contribute to these pathological processes. Deconvolution analyses suggests a shift in EV cellular origin, with an increased astrocytic and decreased neuronal EV contributions in MS. Several proteomic changes we observed in CNS-derived EVs have also been reported in circulating EVs of people with MS, establishing this CNS tissue EV study as a valuable resource for identifying biomarker candidates for brain-derived plasma EV studies.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/657509v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f88da5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b7ee9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@291d9forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@157cb73_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satheesh Kumar, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepokny, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Vesicles from Multiple Sclerosis White Matter Exhibit Synaptic, Mitochondrial, Complement, and Aging-related Pathway Dysregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally-segregated dual functions for Gfi1 in the development of retinal direction-selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is great diversity in retinal ganglion cells subtypes in the mouse retina, but little is known about the molecular factors required to generate this subtype diversity. Here, we identify the transcription factor Gfi1 as a conserved driver of differentiation specifically in two downward-tuned direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). Further, we describe a post-differentiation role for Gfi1 in regulating dendritic development of Down ON-type DSGCs crucial for their ability to detect downward motion. These results define novel temporally-segregated dual functions for Gfi1 in the development of retinal direction-selective circuits, and they provide a framework for understanding fundamental mechanisms underlying direction-selectivity in the retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Clavel, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally-segregated dual functions for Gfi1 in the development of retinal direction-selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac fibroblasts counterbalance cardiomyocytes in LMNA cardiomyopathy pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic cardiomyopathies arising from mutations in the LMNA gene, encoding nuclear intermediate filaments lamin A/C, display variable age of onset, severity, and fibrosis development. This variability suggests a fundamental element in disease pathogenesis that has yet to be elucidated. Given the central role cardiac fibroblasts play in fibrosis, we explored the relevance of lamin A/C in cardiac fibroblast function, as very little is known in this regard. Using primary cardiac fibroblasts and in vivo mouse models, we show that Lmna mutations impact various aspects of cardiac fibroblast function in response to myocyte damage. We show that both lamin A/C depletion and point-mutant variant expression impair cardiac fibroblast proliferation and contraction whereas other functions such as cell migration appears to be mutation dependent. In vivo depletion of lamin A/C simultaneously in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts significantly delayed disease progression, improved cardiac function, and prolonged survival, indicating that lamin A/C mediate an opposing balance between cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in driving disease pathogenesis. Our results elucidate previously unexplored roles of lamin A/C in cardiac fibroblasts and suggest that interactions between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes are important determinants of the rate of progression and the severity of LMNA cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhrira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac fibroblasts counterbalance cardiomyocytes in LMNA cardiomyopathy pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lack of mRNA Methylation in Schwann Cells Results in Demyelination and Regenerative Failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schwann cells are essential for peripheral nerve myelination and regeneration. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, regulated by methyltransferase-like 14 (Mettl14), is a critical post-transcriptional modification, but its role in Schwann cell biology remains unclear. Using a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model, we investigated the impact of Mettl14-mediated m6A methylation on Schwann cells. Mice born with Schwann cell-specific genetic deletion of Mettl14 developed normally but starting in young adulthood exhibited progressive motor deficits, severe demyelination, and axonal degeneration, confirmed by behavioral assessments and histological analyses. Mettl14-deficient Schwann cells displayed impaired proliferation and mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro. Following sciatic nerve injury, Mettl14 cKO mice showed defective macrophage recruitment, slowed axonal degeneration, and impaired regeneration. These findings suggest that Mettl14-mediated m6A methylation is critical for Schwann cell maintenance but not development. Given that Mettl14 cKO mice developed a demyelinating polyneuropathy, it is possible that manipulation of m6A methylation in Schwann cells is a promising therapeutic strategy targeting peripheral nerve repair and myelination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sari, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarup, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lack of mRNA Methylation in Schwann Cells Results in Demyelination and Regenerative Failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preliminary insights into salivary proteomic versus targeted biomarker profiles associated with acute physical fatigue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPhysical fatigue is a key determinant of operational readiness in the physically demanding occupations of tactical athletes. Specific hormonal, immune, and enzymatic biomarkers have been proposed for fatigue assessment, but their reliability can be affected by external factors. This study aimed to explore the predictive accuracy of targeted stress-related small molecules to proteins identified via untargeted salivary proteomics to classify physical fatigue.

MethodsTen recreationally active adults (6M, 4F) completed a fatiguing protocol designed to simulate common operational movements and intensities. Saliva samples were collected pre- and post-protocol and analyzed for targeted biomarkers using commercial immunoassays and for untargeted proteins via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Machine learning models were trained to classify pre- vs postexercise state using these biomarkers, with performance assessed through sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

ResultsTargeted small molecules achieved an overall model accuracy of 86%, with immunoglobulin A and uric acid demonstrating the highest predictive power. However, a proteomic panel of four proteins (ATP1B1, STOML2, PGLYRP2, FH) exhibited superior performance, with 95% classification accuracy and improved sensitivity. Pathway analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in mitochondrial function, immune regulation, and metabolic adaptation, suggesting their role in fatigueassociated physiological changes.

ConclusionsSalivary proteomics identified biomarkers with greater sensitivity and specificity for detecting physical fatigue than targeted stress-related molecules within this sample. These findings support the potential for non-invasive proteomic monitoring of fatigue in operational and athletic settings. Future studies should validate these findings in larger, more diverse populations and assess their applicability to chronic fatigue monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petricoin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caswell, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhammad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elayadi, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preliminary insights into salivary proteomic versus targeted biomarker profiles associated with acute physical fatigue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.658202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affordable plasmonic biosensing: democratizing SERS with scalable, field-compatible substrate fabrication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.658202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient and accurate plasmonic biosensing in the field remains a significant challenge. Despite its potential to revolutionize point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics through its unparalleled sensitivity and precise molecular fingerprinting capabilities, adoption of traditional surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in the field has not proven feasible yet. High production and material costs, complex fabrication methods, reliance on specialized equipment, and persistent issues with sensor stability and reproducibility continue to impede development for PoC use. Addressing these challenges, this study innovates a democratized and cost-effective fabrication kit that enables the production of SERS substrates using commonly available materials and straightforward electrochemistry techniques without compromising on sensitivity and reproducibility. Importantly, this method leverages commercially available bottled water and simple battery-powered fabrication, thereby eliminating reliance on a power grid and enabling the local production of biosensors in resource-restricted and conflict-affected areas. The cost of producing the fabrication kit is $39.54 with raw materials purchased at bulk retail prices, while the cost of consumables for fabricating each test is just 1.33{cents}. To ensure real-world feasibility, we conducted a comprehensive reproducibility analysis, where consistent plasmonic enhancement was observed across multiple production batches. Furthermore, we demonstrated their efficacy in two critical applications: the rapid detection of bacteria and pesticides. We detect trace levels of pesticides such as Thiram and Thiabendazole down to 0.1 ppm using a digital SERS approach. We also demonstrated the identification of bacteria isolated from culture, namely Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. We envision that this label-free, high-sensitivity substrate, when paired with portable Raman spectrometers, could open doors for a new era of field-deployable biosensing, paving the way for its adoption for a plethora of applications, from public health to food testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginde, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazli, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.658202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affordable plasmonic biosensing: democratizing SERS with scalable, field-compatible substrate fabrication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast endocytosis in mouse cortical inhibitory synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuitry depends on excitatory and inhibitory regulation of activity to yield functional outputs. However, examinations of synaptic vesicle recycling have focused heavily on excitatory synapses, leaving many questions unanswered for inhibitory synapse dynamics. Here we show that both excitatory and inhibitory cortical synapses contain depots of a protein essential for ultrafast endocytosis, Dynamin 1xA, at a region immediately next to the active zone where ultrafast endocytosis takes place. Using zap- and-freeze time-resolved electron microscopy in mouse acute cortical slices, we observe uncoated pits reminiscent of ultrafast endocytic intermediates appearing post-stimulus at putative inhibitory synapses. These findings suggest that excitatory and inhibitory synapses may perform similar modes of endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eddings, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast endocytosis in mouse cortical inhibitory synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Novel Benzodiazepine to Delineate Peripheral GABA-A Signaling Mechanisms in Visceral Pain Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsVisceral pain is a cardinal symptom of many disorders affecting the gut. Modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) such as benzodiazepines may attenuate colonic pain but the specific contribution of peripheral GABAA receptors remains unclear as these agents have prominent central effects.

MethodsUsing medicinal chemistry optimization of the benzodiazepine scaffold, we developed a novel and potent benzodiazepine-based positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of GABAA receptors, Li633, with no significant central nervous system (CNS) penetration.

ResultsThe locomotor activity of rats placed in an open field was unchanged with Li633 at doses up to 30 mg/kg, confirming its lack of a CNS effect. LI-633 produced robust potentiation of GABA-induced inward current, with EC50 values ranging from 8 nM (5{beta}2{gamma}2) to 128 nM (3{beta}2{gamma}2). In vitro electrophysiological studies confirmed its ability to reduce excitability of human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. LI-633 potentiated muscimol-induced GABAergic currents in rat DRG neurons in a dose-dependent manner, with an EC50 of 70.4 nM. In vivo, LI-633 significantly attenuated visceral hypersensitivity and pain behavior in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD). In the IBS model, administration of the drug also resulted in decreased excitability of colon-specific DRG neurons and significantly reduced the colonic afferent response to balloon distention as measured by recordings of neural activity in dorsal ganglia rootlets.

ConclusionsThese findings highlight the potential of targeting peripheral GABAA receptors for pain management in IBS and other disorders associated with visceral hypersensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poslusney, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchler, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Novel Benzodiazepine to Delineate Peripheral GABA-A Signaling Mechanisms in Visceral Pain Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIVOT: an open-source tool for multi-omic spatial data registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in spatial profiling have resulted in the generation of multi-omic atlases that span biological scales. In general, multiple workflows are required for image registration, coordinate registration, and spot deconvolution to integrate modalities. To improve the throughput of registration of multi-omic cohorts, we introduce PIVOT, a user-friendly and open-source interface for streamlined nonlinear registration. We demonstrate PIVOTs strengths through registration of three multi-omic datasets, and show comparison of its performance to existing workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reucroft, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eminizer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojdeganlou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lvovs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIVOT: an open-source tool for multi-omic spatial data registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute induction of IFNα is responsible for the attenuation of the live measles vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The live-attenuated measles vaccine (LAMV) protects against measles in a safe, efficacious and durable manner. However, the mechanism by which LAMV is attenuated is not well understood, contributing to the increased vaccine hesitancy that has caused a worldwide resurgence of measles. Here, we provide a molecular model of attenuation that implicates increased host innate immune responses and increased LAMV susceptibility to those responses. Our study leverages both in vitro and in vivo models of infection to find that acute induction of innate immunity in immune cells is the critical determinant of LAMV attenuation. We show that LAMV, in contrast to pathogenic wild type measles virus (MeV), causes a strong IFN response in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which restricts viral replication and spread in a post-entry manner. LAMV can enter, transcribe viral mRNA and translate viral proteins in immune cells, but is not able to form infectious particles and spread from cell to cell. Specifically, we find that mutations conserved across LAMV strains in the P/V/C and H genes are responsible for the induction of IFN and the restriction of infectious virus production. In PBMC cultures and in rhesus macaques, LAMV infection also results in the acute induction of proinflammatory cytokines that likely play a role in the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Overall, our study provides a virological and immunological framework for LAMV attenuation which can be leveraged in repurposing the LAMV backbone and in future vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennick, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duprex, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute induction of IFNα is responsible for the attenuation of the live measles vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural and behavioral consequences of bilateral maps in primary somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice rely heavily on their sophisticated whisker somatosensory system to explore and navigate their surroundings. The primary whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1) receives contralateral sensory input due to a complete crossover of axonal projections ascending from the brainstem to the thalamus, resulting in a somatotopic map that exclusively represents the contralateral side of the face. This axonal crossover is disrupted in mice with a conditional knockout of the Robo3 gene, leading to abnormal bilateral representations of the whiskers in wS1. We explored the brains ability to adapt to a profound alteration of its somatotopic maps by using these Robo3 mutant mice. Performance on a discrimination task, in which mice reported whether a left-side or a right-side whisker was deflected, was on par with that of wild-type littermates. Unilateral optogenetic inhibition of wS1 showed that activity in the wS1 contralateral to a stimulated whisker was required for mice to report its side correctly, despite the representation of that whisker in the uninhibited hemisphere. Single-unit recordings in wS1 and the whisker primary motor cortex (wM1), a major downstream target of wS1, showed abnormal bilateral whisker responses in wS1 but largely normal responses in wM1, suggesting that the bilateral responses in wS1 were filtered out along the sensorimotor processing stream. Our results demonstrate that the brain can adapt to fundamental alterations in tactile input to construct accurate sensorimotor representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chokshi, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ra, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erzurumlu, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural and behavioral consequences of bilateral maps in primary somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application and Characterization of the Multiple Instance Learning Framework in Flow Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, flow cytometry has allowed for single-cell profiling based on selected biomarkers and is widely used in both clinical and research settings. One major limitation of most conventional flow cytometry analyses is the dependency on a mostly manual gating process. This generally involves sequentially selecting biomarkers to isolate phenotype-associated cell populations, an approach that is both labor-intensive and prone to bias. To address this challenge, we introduce the application of a series of multi-instance learning frameworks for automated flow cytometry data analysis. Our models demonstrate strong performance across diverse biomedical applications, including cancer subtyping based on tumor-infiltrating immune cells, HIV survival stratification, AML minimal residual disease prediction, and COVID-19 severity assessment. We further examine how network architecture affects predictive performance and the detection of rare but clinically significant cell populations. Notably, our models utilize attention mechanisms to directly identify phenotype-associated cell subsets, serving as an interpretable, data-driven alternative to fully manual gating. These findings underscore the potential of multi-instance learning as a scalable and interpretable framework for flow cytometry, with broad applications in precision medicine and translational immunology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application and Characterization of the Multiple Instance Learning Framework in Flow Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer systems immunology reveals myeloid - T cell interactions and B cell activation mediate response to checkpoint inhibition in metastatic breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensitization of the immune-suppressed tumor microenvironment (TME) of breast cancer by histone deacetylase inhibition shows promise, but the mechanisms of sensitization are unknown. We investigated the TME of breast-to-lung metastases by combining experimental and clinical data with theory. Knowledge-guided subclustering of single-cell RNA-sequencing data and cell circuits analysis identified 39 cell states and salient interactions, of which myeloid, T cell and B cell subpopulations were most affected by treatment. Using functional immunologic assays, we verified that inhibition of the ICAM pathway partially recapitulated treatment effects. Mathematical modeling of tumor-immune dynamics confirmed that tumor reduction required simultaneous modulation of multiple TME interactions. We found evidence that treatment affected anti-tumor antibody production. Analysis of patient biopsies via spatial proteomics corroborated preclinical findings: in responders we observed increased B cell activation, mature tertiary lymphoid structures, and increased CD8+ T cell--macrophage distances with treatment. Overall, this study provides a framework for the discovery of cell-cell interactions that govern responses in complex TMEs.

Statement of significanceThis study provides a framework for the discovery of cell-cell interactions that control responses in complex TMEs. We not only identify impactful tumor immunologic interactions that facilitate sensitization of the metastatic TME but also demonstrate how interdisciplinary data integration fuels cancer systems immunology to accelerate discovery of mechanisms of successful immunotherapeutic response in breast cancers and other previously unresponsive solid tumor types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Zubeidy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emamaullee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos Torres, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer systems immunology reveals myeloid - T cell interactions and B cell activation mediate response to checkpoint inhibition in metastatic breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying Self-Supervised Tissue Patch Encoders to Enable Cellular Graph Encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in computation pathology have seen the development of various forms of foundational models that have enabled high-quality, generalpurpose feature extraction from tissue patches. However, most of these models are somewhat limited in their ability to capture cell-to-cell spatial relationships essential for understanding tissue microenvironments. To address this issue, self-supervised learning (SSL) applied to cellular graph models is a promising avenue of investigation as this would afford one the ability to capture cell-level interpretability of the tissue microenvironment and learn relationships from the cellular topology. Compared to SSL on tissue patches, developing cellular graph models requires considerable computation and algorithmic effort, starting with accurate cell detection/segmentation from tissue and then subsequently requiring adequate cell-level feature extraction. In this study, we demonstrate that a pretrained tissue patch encoder, originally trained in the context of the token used in conventional vision transformer frameworks can also serve effectively as a cellular graph encoder for cellbased patches. We report three key findings: 1) the pretrained tissue patch encoder acts as a powerful graph-level feature extractor for cellular graphs in tissue patches; 2) it also can function as a celllevel feature extractor, allowing each cell to be contextualized within its local tissue microenvironment environment; 3) the cell patch size and positional embeddings are critical factors for high-quality cellular graph feature extraction. To validate and support these insights, we evaluate our approach on various tissue region classification tasks from three different types of cancers. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves performance comparable to the current state-of-the-art foundation models in computational pathology. These results highlight the potential of pretrained tissue patch encoders in cellular graph modeling, which can enable insights into how the cellular features and topology are related to various biological processes and phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying Self-Supervised Tissue Patch Encoders to Enable Cellular Graph Encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Ambient Temperature During Pregnancy on Newborn Birthweight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study evaluates the association between ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy and newborn birthweight, using a penalized generalized additive model (GAM) framework with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) to identify sensitive windows of exposure. The analysis includes 238 participants from the SHIP study with complete temperature exposure and birthweight data. Weekly maximum temperatures during pregnancy were estimated using Daymet data, and the impact of temperature on birthweight was assessed, adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age, race, smoking, diabetes status, and infant biological sex. The model incorporated a crossbasis function for temperature exposure across 42 gestational weeks and allowed penalization for smoother, data-driven lag estimation. Results from the combined-sex model indicated that higher ambient temperatures during the third trimester, particularly in the final weeks of pregnancy, were associated with increased birthweight. Stratified analyses suggested that this association was more pronounced in male infants. These findings highlight the importance of considering prenatal temperature exposures and timing when evaluating determinants of newborn health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nargund, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchesoni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Sosnowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K. Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Ambient Temperature During Pregnancy on Newborn Birthweight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) dataset from a 7-day-old larval zebrafish, integrating confocal imaging of genetically labeled excitatory (vglut2a) and inhibitory (gad1b) neurons with nanometer-resolution serial section EM. The dataset spans the brain and anterior spinal cord, capturing >180,000 segmented soma, >40,000 molecularly annotated neurons, and 30 million synapses, most of which were classified as excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory. To characterize the directional flow of activity across the brain, we leverage the synaptic and cell body annotations to compute region-wise input and output drive indices at single cell resolution. We illustrate the datasets utility by dissecting and validating circuits in three distinct systems: water flow direction encoding in the lateral line, recurrent excitation and contralateral inhibition in a hindbrain motion integrator, and functionally relevant targeted long-range projections from a tegmental excitatory nucleus, demonstrating that this resource enables rigorous hypothesis testing as well as exploratory-driven circuit analysis. The dataset is integrated into an open-access platform optimized to facilitate community reconstruction and discovery efforts throughout the larval zebrafish brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petkova, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuhknecht, G. F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalek, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger-Weil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar Vohra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavarino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner-Carena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalyshkan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthukumar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernaglia, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia Carrasco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnychuck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarti</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.658946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type specific CaMKII activation patterns revealed by CaMKAR, a bioactivity reporter deployable in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.658946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An accurate and precise mechanism for measuring CaMKII activity in living cells is invaluable in the search for effective and targeted CaMKII-based therapeutics. Here, we employ our recently published CaMKII Activity Reporter (CaMKAR) biosensor in order to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of CaMKII activation in three different types of cells - cardiac myocytes, skeletal myocytes, and neurons. In doing so, we found a greater rate of CaMKII activation in skeletal muscle compared to cardiac muscle and also delineated CaMKARs ability to measure discrete CaMKII activation events in the presence of individual action potentials. By modifying the original CaMKAR sequence, we generated sensors that can be localized to subcellular compartments and thereby preferentially detect the activity of specific spatially-distributed CaMKII isoforms. Finally, we utilized the live-cell data to generate mathematical models of CaMKII activation kinetics, both as an integrated function across multiple calcium transients and as discrete on-off events following individual depolarizations. By furthering our understanding of CaMKII activity profiles across cell types and within subcellular compartments, we hope to support development of CaMKII inhibitors that are optimally precise and potent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Cecetaite, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales-Soto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ochoa, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.658946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type specific CaMKII activation patterns revealed by CaMKAR, a bioactivity reporter deployable in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DCPS modulates TDP-43 mediated neurodegeneration through P-body regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteinopathy of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43, characterized by nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic inclusion, is a hallmark of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimers disease (AD). Through CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screening in human neurons, we identified the decapping enzyme scavenger (DCPS) as a novel genetic modifier of TDP-43 loss-of-function (LOF)-mediated neurotoxicity. Our findings reveal that TDP-43 LOF leads to aberrant mRNA degradation, via disrupting the properties and function of processing bodies (P-bodies). TDP-43 interacts with P-body component proteins, potentially influencing their dynamic equilibrium and assembly into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. Reducing DCPS restores P-body integrity and RNA turnover, ultimately improving neuronal survival. Overall, this study highlights a novel role of TDP-43 in RNA processing through P-body regulation and identifies DCPS as a potential therapeutic target for TDP-43 proteinopathy-related neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Isaza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DCPS modulates TDP-43 mediated neurodegeneration through P-body regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Adaptive Optical Microscope For In Vivo Imaging from Molecules to Organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding biological systems requires observing features and processes across vast spatial and temporal scales, spanning nanometers to centimeters and milliseconds to days, often using multiple imaging modalities within complex native microenvironments. Yet, achieving this comprehensive view is challenging because microscopes optimized for specific tasks typically lack versatility due to inherent optical and sample handling trade-offs, and frequently suffer performance degradation from sample-induced optical aberrations in multicellular contexts. Here, we present MOSAIC, a reconfigurable microscope that integrates multiple advanced imaging techniques including light-sheet, label-free, super-resolution, and multi-photon, all equipped with adaptive optics. MOSAIC enables non-invasive imaging of subcellular dynamics in both cultured cells and live multicellular organisms, nanoscale mapping of molecular architectures across millimeter-scale expanded tissues, and structural/functional neural imaging within live mice. MOSAIC facilitates correlative studies across biological scales within the same specimen, providing an integrated platform for broad biological investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorlitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divekar, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugird, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacha-Garay, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourse, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achour, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercule, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killilea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo-Cordero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Adaptive Optical Microscope For In Vivo Imaging from Molecules to Organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture, Activation, and Conformational Plasticity in the GluA4 AMPA Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors (AMPARs), composed of subunits GluA1-4, mediate fast, excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. After glutamate binding, AMPAR ion channels exhibit multiple subconductance states that tune neuronal responses to glutamate. GluA4 is the rarest subunit in the brain but is enriched in interneurons. Rising evidence points to the role of GluA4 AMPARs in the development of neurological diseases, but the structural mechanisms of GluA4 function have remained enigmatic. Here, from bilayer recordings and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we report the unique features of GluA4 AMPARs that tune receptor function. We find that GluA4 AMPARs have a canonical "Y" shaped architecture where local dimer pairs are domain-swapped between the amino terminal domain (ATD) and ligand binding domain (LBD), both of which comprise the extracellular domain. All four LBDs are glutamate bound yet open the GluA4 ion channel by asymmetric hinging in all channel helices. We observe that the glutamate-saturated LBD has conformational plasticity, and the different conformations of the LBD tune the ion channel gate below. These data provide a framework for understanding how channel subconductance can occur during conditions of saturating glutamate, outline the unique properties of GluA4, expand our understanding of conformational plasticity in AMPARs, and will inform therapeutic design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hale, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture, Activation, and Conformational Plasticity in the GluA4 AMPA Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling cellular influence delineates functionally relevant cellular neighborhoods in primary and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer, with liver metastases significantly worsening outcomes. However, distinct features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) between primary and metastatic sites remain poorly defined. Cellular neighborhoods within the TME are recognized as functional units that influence tumor behavior. Conventional spatial methods, which assign equal weights to all cells in a region, fail to capture the nuances of cellular interactions. To address this, we developed Functional Cellular Neighborhood (FunCN) quantification, which integrates both the proportion and proximity of surrounding cells. Applying FunCN to PDAC imaging mass cytometry data, we identified neutrophil-enriched interactions in liver metastases compared to primary tumors, correlating with elevated VISTA expression by tumor cells. Additionally, FunCN clusters around CD8+ T cells in pancreas and liver were associated with higher TIGIT and LAG3, respectively. These findings demonstrate the importance of spatial immune landscapes in PDAC and identify potential therapeutic opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling cellular influence delineates functionally relevant cellular neighborhoods in primary and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CrebA regulation of secretory capacity: Genome-wide transcription profiling coupled with in vivo DNA binding studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA binding assays, expression analyses, and binding site mutagenesis revealed that the Drosophila CrebA transcription factor (TF) boosts secretory capacity in the embryonic salivary gland (SG) through direct regulation of secretory pathway component genes (SPCGs). The mammalian orthologues of CrebA, the Creb3L-family of leucine zipper TFs, not only activate SPCG expression in a variety of mammalian tissues but can also activate SPCG expression in Drosophila embryos, suggesting a highly conserved role for this family of proteins in boosting secretory capacity. However, in vivo assays reveal that CrebA binds far more genes than it regulates, and it remains unclear what distinguishes functional binding. It is also unclear if CrebA is the major factor driving SPCG gene expression in all Drosophila embryonic tissues and/or if CrebA also regulates other tissue-specific functions. Thus, we did single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of wild-type (WT) and CrebA null embryos to explore the relationship between CrebA binding and gene regulation. We find that CrebA binds the proximal promoters of its targets, that SPCGs are the major class of genes regulated by CrebA across tissues, and that CrebA is sufficient to activate SPCG expression even in cells that do not normally express the protein. A comparison of scRNA-Seq to other methods for capturing regulated transcripts reveals that the different methodologies identify overlapping but distinct sets of CrebA targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holenarasipura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CrebA regulation of secretory capacity: Genome-wide transcription profiling coupled with in vivo DNA binding studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell barcoding with tandem fluorescent proteins enables high-throughput signaling dynamics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell barcodes are essential for a wide array of experimental applications, including lineage tracing, genetic screening, and single-cell analysis. An optimal barcode library would provide high diversity, live-cell compatible identification, and simple readout. In this work, we introduce single chain tandem fluorescent protein (sctFP) barcodes, constructed by linking different fluorescent proteins (FPs) into a single polypeptide chain with varied copy numbers. We found that the fluorescence signal intensity ratio at different wavelengths can reliably differentiate sctFPs generated using cnidarian FPs, but not prokaryotic FPs that require exogenous cofactors. The sctFPs enable the multiplexing of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, enhancing current biosensor multiplexing methods through a simplified imaging and analysis pipeline that support high-throughput applications. Their robust spectral profiles are compatible with a broad range of biosensor types. Using sctFPs, we demonstrate simultaneous tracking of various signaling activities with biosensors of different spectral properties. Together, this strategy provides a robust and scalable method for barcoding cells across diverse experimental contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell barcoding with tandem fluorescent proteins enables high-throughput signaling dynamics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau-seed interactome analysis reveals distinct functional signatures in Alzheimer's disease across model systems. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau aggregates propagate through the brain in a prion-like manner in Alzheimers disease (AD) and other tauopathies, but the molecular identity and functional partners of the seeding-competent Tau species remain poorly defined. Here, we present an unbiased proteomic profiling of a high-molecular-weight (HMW) Tau-seed isolated from AD patient brains. We contrast this interactome with that of a biochemically similar, seeding-incompetent HMW-Tau species from age-matched healthy controls. Despite comprising less than 5% of total Tau in the brain, Tau-seed associates with a distinct set of proteins enriched in synaptic, mitochondrial, and vesicle-trafficking functions. Cross-species functional screening in Drosophila and mouse models identifies interactors that modulate Tau toxicity and seeding. Spatially resolved analysis of postmortem AD brains reveals heterogenous co-deposition of these proteins with Tau aggregates, suggesting functionally distinct Tau-seed complexes. Together, this dataset provides a framework for understanding selective Tau-seed toxicity and identifies candidate regulators of Tau propagation with therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jury-Garfe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasagna-Reeves, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau-seed interactome analysis reveals distinct functional signatures in Alzheimer's disease across model systems.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volume Control for a Cortical Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional implantable neuromodulation relies on brief electrical or optical pulses that directly evoke action potentials in targeted neurons. While powerful, such approaches primarily impose activity rather than modulate how circuits process ongoing signals. Here, we introduce ionic direct current (iDC) delivered through non-penetrating, electrolyte-filled microcatheters on the cortical surface as an alternative strategy for neuromodulation that adjusts cortical gain without directly driving spikes. In rat primary somatosensory cortex, laminar recordings showed that cathodic iDC attenuated and anodic iDC amplified spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity while preserving the temporal structure of population responses. Computational modeling implicated polarization at the axon initial segment as the mechanism underlying bidirectional gain control. In awake animals, iDC modulation altered tactile sensitivity, demonstrating behavioral relevance. These findings establish iDC as a rapidly reversible, spatially precise method for modulating cortical processing, offering a fundamentally different mode of neuromodulation that bridges circuit physiology and behavior without overriding native neural dynamics.

TEASERIonic direct current modulates cortical gain via subthreshold polarization, preserving native neural dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volume Control for a Cortical Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-State Structural Genomics Approach Enables Large-Scale, Mechanistic, and Context-Specific Classification of ABCC6 Genetic Variants Implicated in Calcification Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeGenetic variation in ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 6 (ABCC6) can cause both pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI). Despite both diseases being rare, there are already 930 distinct missense variants in ABCC6 reported, 87% of which are of uncertain clinical significance (VUS). New approaches are needed to interpret and classify these VUS mechanistically.

MethodsWe developed 3D protein models of ABCC6 in three functionally relevant conformations to calculate the structural effects of variants and identify 3D mutational hotspots. With this and additional functional information, we categorized variants in a mechanistic ontology based on which critical functions of ABCC6 they impact. We then compared PXE and GACI -associated variants.

ResultsWe identified two three-dimensional hotspots of pathogenic variants and six specific functions of ABCC6 which variants impact. From this, we propose a mechanism for pathogenicity for 41% of VUS according to their impacted function, 30 of which could be reclassified as Likely Pathogenic from our non-clinical data. Finally, we found slight differences between PXE and GACI-associated variants.

ConclusionThe mechanistic information we present will guide future research to better address calcification disorders and understand genetic variants. Further, our VUS reclassification will improve the diagnosis of ABCC6-driven diseases, shortening diagnostic odysseys. We believe that computational structural genomics approaches will soon take prominence in genomics data interpretation.

HighlightsVariant 3D hotspot detection and effect clustering, GACI and PXE Variant Comparison, consistent ability to (re)categorize known pathogenic variants, and population genetics differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagenknecht, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorge, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasinghe, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahl, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-State Structural Genomics Approach Enables Large-Scale, Mechanistic, and Context-Specific Classification of ABCC6 Genetic Variants Implicated in Calcification Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
daf-16/FOXO promotes the activity of ligand-bound DAF-12/NHR to coordinate dauer recovery and post-dauer seam cell fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which developmental pathways are modulated to accommodate periods of arrest are poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans larvae that encounter adverse environments, dauer diapause can interrupt developmental progression after the second larval molt. During continuous (non-dauer) development, a heterochronic molecular timer comprised primarily of microRNAs and their targets controls the progression of stage-specific cell fates in lateral hypodermal seam cells. In unfavorable conditions, the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor and the DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor in its ligand-free state promote dauer formation and oppose the expression of let-7 family microRNAs, thus pausing developmental progression during dauer. Surprisingly, we found that daf-16(0) post-dauer adults showed reiterative heterochronic defects including missing or gapped adult alae, lack of seam-cell fusion, and reduced expression of the adult-specific col-19p::gfp marker. Consistent with these adult cell fate defects, let-7-family microRNA expression was reduced in daf-16(0) post-dauer larvae. Addition of the DAF-12 ligand, dafachronic acid, suppressed the reiterative phenotypes in daf-16(0) post-dauer animals. Notably, addition of dafachronic acid to daf-16 mutants rescued levels of let-7 family transcriptional reporters but did not affect levels of these reporters in daf-16(+) control strains. Dafachronic acid is synthesized from cholesterol, which is normally sequestered in the intestinal lumen until dauer exit. We found that a fluorescent cholesterol analog was not retained in daf-16 mutant larvae during dauer recovery. Timed auxin-mediated depletion of DAF-16 indicated that daf-16 is required before dauer formation, rather than after dauer, to prevent reiterative seam cell fates in post-dauer larvae and adults. Furthermore, depletion of DAF-16 from the intestine partially recapitulated defects in adult cell fate. Taken together, we propose a model whereby daf-16 acts prior to dauer formation to enable dafachronic acid synthesis by retaining cholesterol during dauer recovery. Ligand-bound DAF-12 then promotes dauer recovery and expression of let-7 family microRNAs, thereby promoting adult cell fate. Thus, daf-16 and daf-12 coordinate dauer exit with the resumption of a developmental pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirick, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galagali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranke, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[daf-16/FOXO promotes the activity of ligand-bound DAF-12/NHR to coordinate dauer recovery and post-dauer seam cell fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multisensory integration for active mechanosensation in Drosophila flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To support robust behaviors in highly variable environments, animals rely on active sampling of their sensory surroundings. Here, we use tethered, flying Drosophila melanogaster and a multisensory behavioral apparatus simulating forward flight to determine how visual and mechanosensory information are integrated and control active movements of an important multimodal sensory organ, the antennae. We found that flies perform active antennal movements in response to varying airflow, and that the direction of these movements changes depending on the visual environment. Next, we found that antennal movements are amplified in the presence of visual motion, but only when the fly was flying. Through mechanical and optogenetic manipulation of mechanosensory input, we found that mechanosensory feedback is vital to antennal positioning at flight onset. Additionally, we observed unexpected changes in wingbeat frequency when the antenna was mechanically stabilized, suggesting that multiple antennal mechanosensors contribute to flight regulation. Finally, we show that integration of mechanosensory and visual cues for controlling antennal motion follows in a "winner-takes-all" paradigm dependent on the stimulus frequency, mirroring visuo-mechanosensory guided behaviors in other species. Together, these results reveal novel behavioral gating of sensory information and expand our understanding of the efferent control of active sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suver, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multisensory integration for active mechanosensation in Drosophila flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.660947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation of PGL-3 driven by structured domains that oligomerize and interact with terminal RGG motifs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.660947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation of biomolecular condensates is often assumed to be driven by interactions involving nucleic acids and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins. PGL-3 is a component of P granules, biomolecular condensates in the C. elegans germline, that contains two structured domains in tandem (D1-D2), an internal IDR, and a C-terminal IDR rich with RGG motifs. Theoretical and in vitro studies have implicated the internal IDR and RGG motifs in driving PGL-3 phase separation via self-interactions and binding to RNA. Studies in cells, however, have implicated the D1 and D2 domains. Here, we investigate the molecular basis of PGL-3 phase separation in vitro using microscopy, crosslinking mass spectrometry and biophysical measurements. We find that D1-D2 is oligomeric and necessary and sufficient for phase separation independent of RNA. D1-D2 also interacts with the terminal RGG domain in a manner that correlates with phase separation. In contrast, the internal IDR is neither necessary nor sufficient for phase separation. These findings support a new model for PGL-3 phase separation driven by oligomerization of structured domains and enhanced by RGG repeats independent of RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuroiwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.660947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation of PGL-3 driven by structured domains that oligomerize and interact with terminal RGG motifs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAPseq2: a sensitive and cost-effective barcoded connectomics method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The barcoded connectomics tool MAPseq enables highly multiplexed projection mapping of individual neurons by translating neuroanatomy into a format solvable by DNA sequencing. Here we present MAPseq2, a user-friendly protocol with up to [~]10-fold increased sensitivity and [~]10-fold decreased cost compared to the current state of the art. As MAPseq workflows are used across a range of barcoded connectomics methods, including BARseq, BRlCseq, and ConnectlD, all improvements in MAPseq2 directly transfer to these technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAPseq2: a sensitive and cost-effective barcoded connectomics method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLAy-ing oversplitting errors in high-density electrophysiology spike sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growing channel count of silicon probes has substantially increased the number of neurons recorded in electrophysiology (ephys) experiments, rendering traditional manual spike sorting impractical. Instead, modern ephys recordings are processed with automated methods that use waveform template matching to isolate putative single neurons. While scalable, automated methods are subject to assumptions that often fail to account for biophysical changes in action potential waveforms, leading to systematic errors. Consequently, manual curation of these errors, which is both time-consuming and lacks reproducibility, remains necessary. To improve efficiency and reproducibility in the spike-sorting pipeline, we introduce here the Spike-sorting Lapse Amelioration System (SLAy), an algorithm that automatically merges oversplit spike clusters. SLAy employs two novel metrics: (1) a waveform similarity metric that uses a neural network to obtain spatially informed, time-shift invariant low-dimensional waveform representations, and (2) a cross-correlogram significance metric based on the earth-movers distance between the observed and null cross-correlograms. On a diverse set of datasets with realistic simulated oversplitting, SLAy achieves high recall and near-perfect precision in identifying ground truth merges. We also demonstrate that SLAy achieves [~] 85% with human curators across a diverse set of animal models, brain regions, and probe geometries. To illustrate the impact of spike sorting errors on downstream analyses, we develop a new burst-detection algorithm and show that SLAy fixes spike sorting errors that preclude the accurate detection of bursts in neural data. SLAy leverages GPU parallelization and multithreading for computational efficiency, and is compatible with Phy and NeuroData Without Borders, making it a practical and flexible solution for large-scale ephys data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koukuntla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mildren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLAy-ing oversplitting errors in high-density electrophysiology spike sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biocatalytic Construction of a CEST MRI Nucleoside Probe: Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-Methyl-5,6-dihydrothymidine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a cornerstone of modern clinical diagnostics, often enhanced by contrast agents. Traditionally, these agents are chemically synthesized, which can involve complex, costly, and environmentally unfriendly processes. Here, we report a novel biocatalytic approach for the efficient, safe, and eco-friendly synthesis of 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrothymidine (5-MDHT), a potent Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI probe for imaging in vivo expression of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Thymidine Kinase (HSV1-TK) reporter gene. We demonstrate that 5-MDHT can be biosynthesized via one- or two-step enzymatic reactions using human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (hPNPase) and the SgvMVAV SAM-dependent methyltransferase. hPNPase catalyzed the base-exchange reaction with catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) between 138-316 s-1 M-1, while SgvMVAV methylation of 5,6-dihydrothymidine yielded 5-MDHT with a catalytic efficiency of 26 s-1 M-1. Molecular dynamics simulations supported the enzymatic binding and selectivity observed experimentally. The resulting 5-MDHT was validated using CEST-MRI, showing a distinct exchangeable imino proton signal at 5.3 ppm. These findings highlight the chemo- and regioselectivity of the biocatalysts and establish biocatalysis as a viable platform for producing clinically relevant MRI contrast agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Hilfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, E. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanta, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazayeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biocatalytic Construction of a CEST MRI Nucleoside Probe: Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-Methyl-5,6-dihydrothymidine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing Sensorimotor Timing in a Living Laboratory: Behavioral Signatures of a Neural Oscillator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythmic ability has been studied for more than a century in laboratory settings testing timed finger taps. While robust results emerged, it remains unclear whether these findings reflect behavioral limitations in realistic scenarios. This study tested the synchronization-continuation task in a museum with 455 visitors of a wide variety of ages (5-74yrs), musical experiences (0-40yrs) and educational and cultural backgrounds. Adopting a dynamic systems perspective, three metronome pacing periods were anchored around each individuals preferred tempo, and 20% faster and 20% slower. Key laboratory findings were replicated and extended: timing error and variability decreased during childhood and increased in older adults and were lower, even with moderate musical experience. Consistent with an oscillator perspective, timing at non-preferred tempi drifted toward their preferred rate. Overall, these findings demonstrate that timing limitations may reflect attractor properties of a neural oscillator and its signature is still present even in noisy, naturalistic settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing Sensorimotor Timing in a Living Laboratory: Behavioral Signatures of a Neural Oscillator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the projectional architecture of the mouse midbrain dopaminergic system using cell type-specific barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-wide neural circuits are formed by the diverse axonal branching patterns of many individual neurons. Here we introduce POlNTseq (projections of interest by sequencing), a high-throughput and user-friendly barcoded connectomics method that uses cell type specific barcoding and sequencing to rapidly map single-cell projections of a cell type of interest for thousands of neurons per animal. POlNTseq leverages pseudotyping of Sindbis virus and a specific alphavirus- cellular receptor pair to make Sindbis infections cell type specific. lt thus integrates MAPseq-style high-throughput barcoded projection mapping with the established viral-genetic neural circuit analysis toolbox. We validated POlNTseq by mapping genetically and projection-defined cell populations in the mouse motor cortex. We then applied POlNTseq to midbrain dopaminergic neurons and reconstructed the brain-wide single-cell projections of 3,813 dopaminergic neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). We define over 30 connectomic cell types, vastly exceeding the known diversity of dopaminergic cell types, and identify stereotyped projection motifs that may mediate parallel dopamine signaling. This data constitutes the anatomical substrate on which the diverse functions of dopamine in the brain are built.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIWe develop POlNTseq, which uses pseudotyped Sindbis virus and cell type-specific expression of a viral receptor for cell type-specific barcoding.
C_LIO_LIPOlNTseq enables massively multiplexed single-cell projection mapping of cell types of interest.
C_LIO_LIWe map the brain-wide projections of 3,813 individual VTA and SNc dopaminergic neurons.
C_LIO_LIVTA and SNc dopaminergic neurons form over 30 connectomic cell types.
C_LIO_LIProjections organize into stereotyped motifs that may mediate parallel dopamine signalling.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the projectional architecture of the mouse midbrain dopaminergic system using cell type-specific barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitizing Immune-Refractory Ovarian Tumors via p53 Mutation-Tailored Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-grade serous ovarian cancer demonstrates limited responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors, owing in part to immunosuppressive environments shaped by nearly universal p53 aberrations. Utilizing an immunocompetent mouse model and individual p53 mutations, we identified a dependence of the p53-R270H mutation (equivalent of human R273H) on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Analysis of patient datasets associated R273H with elevated levels of two p53 targets, PD-L1 and amphiregulin (AREG), a Tregs growth factor. In contrast to p53-R172H tumors, where there was limited activity, dual antibody therapy targeting AREG and PD-L1 selectively and effectively inhibited R270H tumors. This involved polarization toward M1 macrophages, infiltration of CD8+ T cells, diminished Ly6G+ neutrophils and downregulation of interleukin-4. In patient-derived R273C organoids, the combination treatment reduced the CD4/CD8 ratio. This study is the first to establish a mutation-tailored therapeutic approach that leverages the capacity of p53 to modulate immunosuppressive mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni-Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozmen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvadurai, B.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramarski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozmen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noronha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh-Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitizing Immune-Refractory Ovarian Tumors via p53 Mutation-Tailored Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion impairs the pro-regenerative response to a biological scaffold in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic biological scaffolds promote tissue repair primarily through the induction of type 2 immunity. However, systemic immunological factors-including aging, sex, and previous infections-can modulate this response. The gut microbiota is a well-established modulator of immune function across organ systems, yet its influence on type 2-mediated repair remains underexplored. Here, we establish a bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and biological scaffold-mediated tissue repair. Utilizing a conventionalized germ-free mouse, we demonstrate that scaffold implantation induces compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiome, particularly affecting amino acid biosynthesis. Additionally, in a model of antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion (AIMD), we show that dysbiosis disrupts key immune regulators of type 2 immunity, including reductions in eosinophils, pro-regenerative macrophages, and IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells. At 6 weeks post-scaffold implantation, we observed a significant decrease in myocytes with centrally located nuclei alongside an upregulation in pro-fibrotic gene expression with antibiotic treatment. These findings provide insights into the influence of the gut microbiota on type 2-mediated tissue repair.

Significance StatementAntibiotics are routinely administered perioperatively to prevent infection during surgeries and biomaterial implantation. Here, we demonstrate that antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion disrupts the type 2 immune response critical for biomaterial-mediated tissue repair. Our findings highlight the gut microbiota as a determinant of constructive healing and a potential contributor to inter-individual variability in responses to biologic scaffolds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion impairs the pro-regenerative response to a biological scaffold in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species proteomics quantification pipeline distinguishes donor versus host extracellular matrix in explanted biomaterials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xenogenic biomaterial durability, including bioprosthetic heart valves (BPVs), is compromised by pathological extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, resulting in progressive structural degeneration. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can help reveal BPV degeneration mechanisms; however, peptide sequence similarity between donor and host species complicates protein-level analysis. We present a cross-species proteomic analytical strategy for xenogenic biomaterials and cross-species proteomic datasets. In silico tryptic digestion of human and bovine protein databases identified over 400 overlapping proteins with a high protein percent identity. Explanted human BPV tissue was divided into macroscopically distinct regions of degeneration and analyzed by mass spectrometry. A peptide-level strategy quantified protein abundances in a species-delineated analysis. We highlighted degeneration region-specific depositions of key human ECM proteins and bovine ECM proteins whose abundance is time dependent. We demonstrated that single-species analysis of a cross-species proteome results in inaccurate quantification. This study highlights the importance of distinguishing between donor and host species proteomes for accurate protein quantification. While focused on clinically explanted biomaterials, our approach is broadly applicable to all forms of xenotransplantation and the use of xenogenic matrices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahalane, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matamalas, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickx, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeminne, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlschlegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aikawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clift, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aikawa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species proteomics quantification pipeline distinguishes donor versus host extracellular matrix in explanted biomaterials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Spatial Analysis of Ovarian Precancerous Lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying precancerous lesions is essential for improving early detection and prevention, particularly in aggressive cancers such as ovarian carcinoma. Here, we conducted integrated and spatial analyses of transcriptomes, aneuploidy, and clinic-pathological features in 166 ovarian precancerous lesions. Four pre-cancerous subtypes were identified transcriptomically: proliferative, immunoreactive, dormant, and mixed. These subtypes varied in their frequency of germline-BRCA1/2 mutations, aneuploidy, CCNE1/MYC amplification, proliferative activity, immune-regulatory gene expression, and histological features. Notably, the immunoreactive subtype upregulated immune-regulatory genes, exhibited chronic inflammation, and was enriched in cases with germline-BRCA1/2 mutations, deletions of chromosomes 17 (harboring TP53 and BRCA1) and 13 (harboring BRCA2), leading to a double "two-hit" involving TP53 and BRCA1/2. Tumor invasion was associated with the activation of interferon response pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix remodeling. In summary, our results elucidate the earliest molecular landscape of ovarian precancerous lesions, serving as the foundation for future risk stratification to identify aggressive pre-cancerous lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Numan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chui, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Spatial Analysis of Ovarian Precancerous Lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Can Adopt a Topologically Misfolded Form that is More Stable than its Native State 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The native states of globular proteins are typically viewed as being the most stable conformations on their respective proteins soluble free energy landscapes. This view, known as the Thermodynamic Hypothesis, explains why many proteins can reversibly refold after being denatured. Here we report an intriguing counterexample to this paradigm. When E. coli phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is stimulated to refold upon dilution from denaturant, instead of returning to its native state, it populates an unusual misfolded form that is monomeric and native-like, but which is even more kinetically stable than its native form, as based on its resistance to thermal and detergent-induced denaturation. Moreover, this misfolded form cannot self-correct, even for days. We show that the key structural feature of this misfolded form of PGK is topological in nature by demonstrating that kinetically stable misfolded forms do not form any longer if PGK is circularized, which prevents its termini from threading through other portions of the protein. Our findings demonstrate that a misfolded protein need not aggregate or form an amyloid to become stabilized with respect to the native state, and call attention to topologically-misfolded proteins as a potential Achilles heel to the cellular proteostasis network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillilan, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoglycerate Kinase Can Adopt a Topologically Misfolded Form that is More Stable than its Native State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Core microRNAs regulate neural crest delamination and condensation in the developing trigeminal ganglion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) undergo dynamic processes during embryonic development, including delamination from the neural tube by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration to the periphery, condensation via mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and differentiation into structures like the trigeminal ganglion. Here, we identify and characterize the function of a core set of miRNAs involved in these transitions during the formation of the trigeminal ganglion in the chick embryo. We further identify putative targets of miRNAs involved in neural crest EMT and MET. Notably, introducing MET-involved miRNAs into trunk NCCs endows these cells with the ability to condense and differentiate into neurons in vivo in a manner reminiscent of cranial rather than trunk NCCs. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulatory networks governing NCC behavior, positioning miRNAs as key regulatory elements required for migratory transitions and axial level specific differentiation capabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquez, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Vazquez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardi, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santillan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lwigale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochella, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobl-Mazzulla, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Core microRNAs regulate neural crest delamination and condensation in the developing trigeminal ganglion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.28.662092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why Meaning Survives Noise: The Spatiotemporal Abstraction Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.28.662092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain excels at extracting meaning from noisy and degraded input, yet the computational principles that underlie this robustness remain unclear. We propose a theory of spatiotemporal abstraction (STA), in which neural networks integrate inputs across space and time to produce multi-scale, concept-level representations that remain stable despite loss of detail. We demonstrate this principle using spectrograms of spoken sentences and their degraded analogs from cochlear implants, showing that as integration kernels widen, distorted input converges toward the original representation. This mechanism may explain how cochlear implant users comprehend speech despite severely scrambled afferent signals. STA provides a unified framework for understanding abstraction as an emergent property of cortical architecture, with implications for memory, neuroprosthesis design, and robust artificial systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.28.662092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why Meaning Survives Noise: The Spatiotemporal Abstraction Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying out-of-voxel echoes in edited MRS with phase cycle inversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.PurposeTo identify the origin of out-of-voxel (OOV) signals based on the coherence transfer pathway (CTP) formalism using signal phase conferred by the acquisition phase cycling scheme. Knowing the CTP driving OOV artifacts enables optimization of crusher gradients to improve their suppression without additional data acquisition.

Theory and MethodsA phase cycle systematically changes the phase of RF pulses across the transients of an experiment, encoding phase shifts into the data that can be used to suppress unwanted CTPs. We present a new approach, phase cycle inversion (PCI), which removes the receiver phase originally applied to the stored transients, replacing it with new receiver phases, matching the phase evolutions associated with each unwanted CTP, to identify the OOV signals. We demonstrated the efficacy of PCI using the MEGA-edited PRESS sequence in simulations, phantom and in vivo experiments. Based on these findings, the crusher gradient scheme was optimized.

ResultsThe simulation results demonstrated that PCI can fully separate signals originating from different CTPs using a complete phase cycling scheme. PCI effectively identified the CTP responsible for OOV signals in phantom experiments and in vivo, though with reduced specificity in vivo due to phase instabilities. Re-optimization of the gradient scheme based on the identified OOV-associated CTP to suppress these signals, resulted in cleaner spectra in six volunteers.

ConclusionPCI can be broadly applied across pulse sequences and voxel locations, making it a flexible and generalizable approach for diagnosing the CTP origin of OOV signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simegn, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying out-of-voxel echoes in edited MRS with phase cycle inversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.28.661837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of nonsense-mediated decay in TDP-43 deficient neurons reveals novel cryptic exons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.28.661837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an essential splicing repressor whose loss of function underlies the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD). Nuclear clearance of TDP-43 disrupts its function and leads to the inclusion of aberrant cryptic exons. These cryptic exons frequently introduce premature termination codons resulting in the degradation of affected transcripts through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Conventional RNA sequencing approaches thus may fail to detect cryptic exons that are efficiently degraded by NMD, precluding identification of potential therapeutic targets. We generated a comprehensive set of neuronal targets of TDP-43 in human iPSC-derived i3Neurons (i3N) by combining TDP-43 knockdown with inhibition of multiple factors essential for NMD, revealing novel cryptic targets. We then restored expression of selected NMD targets in TDP-43 deficient i3Ns and determined which genes improved neuronal viability. Our findings highlight the role of NMD in masking cryptic splicing events and identify novel potential therapeutic targets for TDP-43-related neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.28.661837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of nonsense-mediated decay in TDP-43 deficient neurons reveals novel cryptic exons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of Ion Permeation in the AMPA Receptor Ion Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitatory synaptic transmission in the human nervous system is mediated by -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels localized in the excitatory post-synaptic membrane. AMPARs are activated by the binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate (Glu), which opens the ion channel and allows the influx of Na+ and Ca2+ ions into the post-synaptic neuron, initiating signal transduction. Despite many efforts, a bona fide ion permeation pathway of both monovalent and divalent cations in AMPARs remains elusive. From analyzing our cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) map of an open calcium-permeable AMPAR (CP-AMPAR) ion channel, we identified potential sites vital to permeation of cations through the channel. To delineate mechanisms of permeation, we studied the channel with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Both Na+ and Ca2+ ions are coordinated by an entry site at the top of the channel prior to entering the selectivity filter. A mutation at the filter (Q607E), implicated in a neurodevelopmental disorder, makes the channel more susceptible to Zn2+ block but also creates a more energetically favorable environment for Na+ and Ca2+ permeation through the ion channel. These findings describe a biophysical basis for ion permeation in CP-AMPARs and how disease mutations alter the channel, which will inform therapeutic design against disease mutations in AMPARs that alter the ion channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montano Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.662003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of Ion Permeation in the AMPA Receptor Ion Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYCBP interacts with Sakura and Otu and is essential for germline stem cell renewal and differentiation and oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The self-renewal and differentiation of germline stem cells (GSCs) are tightly regulated during oogenesis. The Drosophila female germline provides a powerful model to study these regulatory mechanisms. We previously identified Sakura (also known as Bourbon/CG14545) as a crucial factor for maintenance and differentiation of GSCs and oogenesis, and demonstrated that Sakura binds to Ovarian Tumor (Otu), another essential regulator of these processes. Here, we identify MYCBP (c-Myc binding protein) as an additional essential component of this regulatory network. We show that MYCBP physically associates with itself, Sakura, and Otu, forming binary and ternary complexes including a MYCBP*Sakura*Otu complex. MYCBP is highly expressed in the ovary, and mycbp null mutant females exhibit rudimentary ovaries with germline-less and tumorous ovarioles, fail to produce eggs, and are completely sterile. Germline-specific depletion of mycbp disrupts Dpp/BMP signaling, causing aberrant expression of bag-of-marbles (bam) and leading to defective differentiation and GSC loss. In addition, mycbp is required for female-specific splicing of sex-lethal (sxl), a master regulator of sex identity determination. These phenotypes closely resemble those observed those of sakura and otu mutants. Together, our findings reveal that MYCBP functions in concert with Sakura and Otu to coordinate self-renewal and differentiation of GSCs and oogenesis in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukunaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYCBP interacts with Sakura and Otu and is essential for germline stem cell renewal and differentiation and oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tonotopically distinct OFF responses arise in the mouse auditory midbrain following sideband suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The parsing of sensory information into discrete topographic domains is a fundamental principle of sensory processing. In the auditory cortex, these domains evolve during a stimulus, with the onset and offset of tones evoking distinct spatial patterns of neural activity. However, it is not known where in the auditory system this spatial segregation occurs or how these dynamics are affected by hearing loss. Using widefield single photon neuronal Ca2+ imaging in the inferior colliculus (IC) of awake mice, we found that pure tone stimuli elicited both spatially constrained neural activity within isofrequency bands and simultaneous sideband suppression. At cessation of the stimulus, offset responses emerged within the region of sideband suppression, demonstrating that simple stimuli elicit spatiotemporally distinct neural activity patterns to represent the presence of sound and sound termination. Because sound frequency is spatially encoded in the IC, this spatial shift creates a tonotopically distinct offset (tdOFF) response relative to sound onset. Two-photon Ca2+ imaging confirmed that tdOFF neuron activity in the sideband region was suppressed during sound and elevated above baseline after stimulus termination, raising the possibility that rebound excitation could contribute to this post-stimulus activation. Loud noise exposure - a common model of hearing loss - abolished both sideband suppression and tdOFF responses. These results show that hearing loss profoundly reshapes the spatiotemporal pattern of sound processing by altering sideband activity. This preferential loss of sideband suppression and tdOFF activation after sound-induced injury in the auditory midbrain may contribute to hyperacusis and tinnitus by promoting neuronal hyperactivity.

Key PointsO_LISensory systems encode different features of stimuli by activating distinct neural networks.
C_LIO_LISound onsets and offsets elicit distinct neural patterns in the auditory cortex, although it is unclear where this separation originates or how it may change with hearing loss.
C_LIO_LIUsing in vivo widefield Ca2+ imaging in awake mice, we find that pure tone stimuli evoke spatiotemporally distinct on-and off patterns of neural activity in the auditory midbrain.
C_LIO_LINeurons active during stimulus offset were suppressed by sound in sideband regions, raising the possibility that rebound excitation contributes to this post-stimulus activation.
C_LIO_LIBoth sideband suppression and off responses were preferentially abolished following noise-induced hearing loss, raising the possibility that these changes may contribute to hearing loss-related syndromes such as tinnitus and hyperacusis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tonotopically distinct OFF responses arise in the mouse auditory midbrain following sideband suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ptbp1 is not required for retinal neurogenesis and cell fate specification. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein Ptbp1 has been proposed as a master regulator of neuronal fate, repressing neurogenesis through its effects on alternative splicing and miRNA maturation. While prior studies using RNA interference suggested that Ptbp1 loss promotes neurogenesis, recent genetic studies have failed to replicate glia-to-neuron conversion following Ptbp1 loss of function. To evaluate the role of Ptbp1 in developmental neurogenesis in vivo, we conditionally disrupted Ptbp1 in retinal progenitors. Ptbp1 was robustly expressed in both retinal progenitors and Muller glia but absent from postmitotic neurons, and efficient loss of function in mutant animals was confirmed using immunostaining for Ptbp1. Furthermore, bulk RNA-Seq at E16 revealed accelerated expression of late-stage progenitor and photoreceptor-specific genes and altered splicing patterns in Ptbp1 mutants, including increased inclusion of rod photoreceptor-specific exons. However, we observed no defects in retinal lamination, progenitor proliferation, or cell fate specification in mature retina. ScRNA-Seq of mature mutant retinas revealed only modest transcriptional changes which partially recapitulate alterations seen following selective deletion of Ptbp1 in mature glia. Our findings demonstrate that Ptbp1 is dispensable for retinal cell fate specification and suggest that its proposed role as a central repressor of neurogenesis should be reevaluated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmen-Orozco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ptbp1 is not required for retinal neurogenesis and cell fate specification.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of growth rate in induced pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have transformed biomedical research by enabling the generation of diverse cell types from accessible somatic tissues. However, certain fundamental biological properties, such as the genetic and epigenetic determinants of iPSC proliferation, remain poorly characterized. We measured the growth of iPSC lines derived from 602 unique donors using high-throughput time-lapse imaging, quantified proliferation through a growth Area-Under-the-Curve (gAUC) phenotype, and correlated gAUC with the gene expression and genotype of the cell lines. We identified 3,091 genes associated with gAUC, many of which are well established regulators of cell proliferation. We also found that rare deleterious variants in WDR54 were associated with reduced iPSC growth and that WDR54 was differentially expressed with respect to gAUC. Although no common variants showed a genome-wide association with gAUC, iPSC lines from monozygotic twins were highly correlated, and common genetic variation explained approximately 71-75% of the variance in iPSC growth rates. These results indicate a complex genetic architecture of iPSC growth rates, where rare, large-effect variants in important growth regulators, including WDR54, are layered onto a highly polygenic background. These findings have important implications for the design of pooled iPSC-based studies and disease models, which may be confounded by intrinsic growth differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipriani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narisu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnycastle, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsaud, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semrau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GENESiPS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSCORE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo-Orive, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesecker, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noggle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdos, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of growth rate in induced pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.29.662200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DTH: A nonparametric test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.29.662200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testing homogeneity across groups in multivariate data is an important scientific question in its own right, as well as well as an auxiliary step in verifying the assumptions of ANOVA. Existing methods either construct test statistics based on the distance of each observation from the group center, or as the mean of pairwise dissimilarities among observations in a group. Both approaches can fail when mean within-group distance is similar across groups but the distribution of the within-group distances are different. This is a pertinent question in high dimensional microbiome data, where outliers and overdispersion can distort the performance of a mean-dissimilarity-based test. We introduce the non-parametric Distance based Test for Homogeneity (DTH) which measures dissimilarity between groups by comparing the empirical distribution of within-group dissimilarities using a combination of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wasserstein distances. For more than two groups, pairwise group tests are combined using a permutation-based p-value. Through simulations we show that our method has higher power than existing tests for homogeneity in certain situations and comparable power in other situations. We also provide a simple framework for extending the test to a continuous covariate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satten, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.29.662200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DTH: A nonparametric test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.660701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted ablation and regeneration of enteric nervous system neurons in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.660701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the gut and regulates essential gut functions, including motility, digestion, and immune response, ensuring gut homeostasis. ENS dysfunction or loss is associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Currently, surgery is the only treatment for HSCR, but it often has lifelong, severe complications. Restoring missing ENS neurons by stimulating endogenous neuronal regeneration presents a promising therapeutic approach for ENS disease. To reveal the cellular-molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal regeneration we study a species capable of robust ENS restoration, the zebrafish. For this, we developed a chemogenetic ablation model in zebrafish using the Gal4/UAS NTR 2.0 system for targeted ENS neuron ablation. Spatially and temporally controlled neuronal death was confirmed by morphological changes, quantification of neuronal loss, and TUNEL assays. We observed an acute immune response that normalizes at 1 day of treatment. Quantification of regenerated neurons demonstrated complete restoration of ENS neuron numbers to control levels by 9 days post treatment, with recovery of gut motility. Among the regenerated neurons, nitrergic, cholinergic and VIPergic subtypes showed full recovery, whereas serotonergic neurons only displayed partial recovery, indicating subtype-specific differences in regenerative capacity and/or timing of cell replacement. Our study establishes a robust platform for dissecting the cellular-molecular mechanisms of ENS regeneration to develop potential treatment approaches for ENS-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueckert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.660701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted ablation and regeneration of enteric nervous system neurons in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics and phylogenomics of the Mustelinae lineage (Mustelidae, Carnivora) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mustelinae are among the most diverse and taxonomically complex subfamilies within the Mustelidae, yet their evolutionary history and genetic diversity remain largely unexplored at the whole-genome level. Here, we present the first comprehensive comparative and phylogenomic study of this lineage, integrating nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from ten species across the Holarctic and Indomalayan realms. Our dataset includes two novel genome assemblies (Mustela strigidorsa, M. sibirica) and an improved genome for M. nivalis, enabling robust cross-species analyses of genome size, chromosomal evolution, genetic diversity, and demographic history. We uncover striking inter-and intraspecific variation in genome-wide heterozygosity and genome size, with evidence of marked homozygosity in some Asian lineages (M. eversmanii, M. sibirica, M. strigidorsa) and remarkable genetic diversity in widespread species such as M. nivalis and M. erminea. Phylogenomic results support the previously suggested split of M. richardsonii from M. erminea, but we found no evidence for speciation within M. nivalis. Ancestral reconstruction of chromosomal rearrangements revealed key chromosomal fissions that shaped the Mustelinae radiation, including early events predating the divergence of modern Mustela species. The results confirmed the ancestral karyotype of Mustela (2n=44) and the Mustelinae (2n=42). Finally, demographic reconstructions exposed species-specific responses to Quaternary climatic cycles, ranging from long-term resilience in M. nivalis to repeated population bottlenecks in M. putorius and M. sibirica. Collectively, our findings establish a genomic foundation for future evolutionary and conservation genomic research on this emblematic Mustelidae lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Totikov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomarovsky, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perelman, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyonkova, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serdyukova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakupova, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerster, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau Jipoulou, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beklemisheva, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farelo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninnikova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhacheva, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panov, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balanovska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkasov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo-Ferreira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okhlopkov, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepfli, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics and phylogenomics of the Mustelinae lineage (Mustelidae, Carnivora)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low and high frequency signatures of impaired consciousness in temporal lobe seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired consciousness is a debilitating and unpredictable outcome of mesial temporal lobe seizures whose mechanisms to date remain unclear. Moreover, questions about the relationship between impaired consciousness and lateralization, hemispheric spread and electrophysiological characteristics of seizures are yet to be answered. To address these gaps, we conducted in-depth investigation of behavioral and intracranial EEG data from 186 mesial temporal lobe seizures of 51 patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We found that bilateral mesial temporal spread of seizures is not a necessary condition for impaired consciousness, although seizures with bilateral mesial temporal involvement were significantly more likely to have impaired consciousness than unilateral seizures. Contrary to prior belief, we found no relationship between the onset side (left vs. right temporal lobe or language dominant vs. non-dominant lobe) of seizures and the probability of impaired consciousness. Lastly, we established that widespread increases in slow-wave activity (delta band) in extratemporal cortical areas, as well as increases in fast activity (beta band) in the temporal lobes were both robust markers of seizures with impaired consciousness and could predict ictal impairment with up to 86% accuracy. Our findings shed new light on networks that underlie impaired consciousness in temporal lobe epilepsy and may help guide deep brain stimulation of such systems (e.g. via thalamic nuclei) as a potential intervention to improve consciousness during seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvinov, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culler, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkmann, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>START Clinical Trial Research Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low and high frequency signatures of impaired consciousness in temporal lobe seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtype-Specific Roles of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in Motor and Associative Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (DANs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) comprise distinct subtypes defined by unique gene expression profiles and anatomical characteristics. However, their specific contributions to motor and non-motor functions remain elusive. Using Calbindin 1 (Calb1) and Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (Aldh1a1) as molecular markers, we investigated the functions of these nigrostriatal DAN subtypes in mice. Through intersectional genetics and chemogenetic manipulation, we selectively inhibited Calb1+ or Aldh1a1+ DANs by stereotactically delivering an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV-CreOn-FlpOn-hM4Di-P2A-mCherry) into the SNc of ThFlp; Calb1IRESCre or ThFlp; Aldh1a1CreERT2 double knock-in (KI) mice. This approach enabled subtype-specific neuronal inhibition via designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD). Following DREADD ligand administration, both Calb1+ and Aldh1a1+ DAN-inhibited mice exhibited significant reduction in voluntary movement and impaired motor skill learning, demonstrating their essential roles in motor function. However, only Calb1+ DAN inhibition affected early associative-learning behavior, suggesting a unique role in reinforcement learning. These findings establish Calb1+ and Aldh1a1+ nigrostriatal DANs as key regulators of movement and motor learning, with Calb1+ neurons additionally modulating reward-based associative learning. This study advances our understanding of the functional heterogeneity of nigrostriatal DAN subtypes and identifies potential therapeutic targets for addressing motor and non-motor deficits in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccobono, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Smith, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtype-Specific Roles of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in Motor and Associative Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaMKII monomers are sufficient for GluN2B binding, co-condensation, and synaptic potentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive functions require synaptic plasticity, specifically long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is thought to require CaMKII binding to the NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluN2B, but this poses a major conundrum: Truncated CaMKII monomers (without the hub domain that forms 12meric holoenzymes) fail to bind GluN2B, but still potentiate synapses when made constitutively active. We hypothesized that CaMKII monomer binding to GluN2B has just eluded detection. Instead, even though full-length CaMKII monomers (with hub domain mutations) were found to indeed bind and even co-condensate with GluN2B, truncated monomers were not. Nonetheless, truncated monomers still potentiated synapses, even in neurons with GluN2B mutations that ablate CaMKII binding. However, potentiation occurred only with monomers that were made Ca2+-independent by artificial phosphatase-resistant thio-autophosphorylation, not by regular autophosphorylation of T286. These findings support that CaMKII binding to GluN2B is required during physiological LTP induction because it generates the phosphatase-resistant autonomous activity that mediates LTP expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coultrap, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaMKII monomers are sufficient for GluN2B binding, co-condensation, and synaptic potentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.661317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Copper-Containing ROS-Scavenging Nanozyme Paradoxically Drives Alpha-Synucleinopathy by Amplifying Nitrosative Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.661317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are implicated in neurodegeneration, but their specific pathogenic roles remain unclear. Here, we developed a pair of iridium-based nanozymes with opposing functionalities to dissect these pathways. We show that a copper-tuned iridium nanozyme (Ir{square}Cu), despite being a superior ROS scavenger, paradoxically and dramatically exacerbated -synuclein (Syn) pathology in vivo. This pathology was causally linked to its ability to amplify RNS, as pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with L-NAME completely abrogated the pathology and reversed a human Parkinsons disease (PD)-like transcriptomic signature. In contrast, a copper-free, broad-spectrum RONS-scavenging iridium (Ir) nanozyme demonstrated substantial therapeutic efficacy across diverse brain-first, body-first, and Alzheimers disease with Lewy body co-pathology models. Our findings uncover the importance of the RNS pathway in driving -synucleinopathies and establish a critical design principle for nanomedicine, mandating caution in the use of redox-active copper for neuroprotective applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joeng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.661317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Copper-Containing ROS-Scavenging Nanozyme Paradoxically Drives Alpha-Synucleinopathy by Amplifying Nitrosative Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Buffer Valency Engineering Enables High-concentration and Shelf-stable DNA Transfection Particles for Viral Vector Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cost-effective and scalable production is critical for advancing the clinical translation of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy. The widely used transient transfection method using plasmid DNA (pDNA)-loaded transfection particles for AAV production faces technical challenges due to instability of the particles and the concentration limits for particle preparation, hindering reproducibility and scalability. Here, we report a streamlined and scalable strategy to generate shelf-stable, highly concentrated pDNA/poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) transfection particles. By incorporating trivalent citrate ions in the dilution buffers, we kinetically modulate electrostatic complexation to achieve uniform nanoparticle assembly and prevent aggregation at high concentrations. This enables a tenfold increase in pDNA concentration in stabilized transfection particles from a typical range of 10-20 g/mL to 200 g/mL, while reducing the required dosing volume from 5-10% to 0.5% of the cell culture medium. The particle assembly process is robust to changes in mixing scale and timing and is compatible with standard workflows. We demonstrate equivalent AAV production efficiencies to standard methods and consistent performance in various production scales, which confirms the practical utility of this assembly method in developing robust, scalable, and cost-effective AAV manufacturing processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pial, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodier, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guise, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brailsford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi-Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korinetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Buffer Valency Engineering Enables High-concentration and Shelf-stable DNA Transfection Particles for Viral Vector Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening of a pooled library of chimeric antigen receptor T cells based on secretory function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have shown promise in treating hematologic malignancies, but challenges remain due to immune suppression, antigen heterogeneity, and insufficient functional screening platforms. Here, we present a modular nanovial-based platform for high-throughput, single-cell functional screening of pooled CAR T cell libraries. Nanovials, hydrogel microparticles with nanoliter-scale cavities, were functionalized with recombinant HER2 antigen and cytokine-capture antibodies to simulate antigen-presenting cells and capture secreted interferon-{gamma} (IFN{gamma}). This system enabled the selective capture, activation, and functional profiling of CAR T cells based on antigen engagement and cytokine secretion. We screened a 32-variant CAR library with diverse intracellular signaling domains, using nanovials to isolate IFN{gamma}-secreting cells after 3- and 12-hour CAR-specific stimulation. IL15RA-containing CARs, particularly IL15RA-CD28, were preferentially enriched in the sorted T cells after 3 hours of stimulation, consistent with early effector activation profiles. By 12 hours, IL15RA-containing constructs remained enriched while other CD40-containing domains showed delayed but substantial enrichment, suggesting prolonged signaling dynamics. The platforms high-throughput capability (>2 million cells screened), compatibility with downstream sequencing, and tunable antigen presentation make it ideal for identifying CAR constructs associated with various time-dependent secretion phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soemardy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos-Rueda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizerwetter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening of a pooled library of chimeric antigen receptor T cells based on secretory function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CASZ1 regulates the rate at which outer hair cells mature and is required for hearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional activator ATOH1 is a master regulator of the development of mechanosensory hair-cells (HCs) in the ear. We report that the ATOH1 target gene Casz1 encodes a transcription factor that regulates the rate of outer HC (OHC) maturation by gene repression. Genetic deletion of Casz1 during (but not after) development of the mouse cochlea caused: hearing loss; abnormal organization of mechanosensory stereocilia bundles in OHCs; abnormally low F-actin density in OHC cuticular plates; progressive loss of OHCs; and mild morphological alterations in inner HCs. RNA sequencing revealed that Casz1 deletion delayed downregulation of genes expressed in immature OHCs, including the actin regulator-encoding gene Coro2a, and accelerated upregulation of genes expressed in mature OHCs. Coro2a knockdown restored the density of cuticular plate F-actin in Casz1 mutant OHCs. Our data indicate that CASZ1 regulates transcriptional and morphological maturation of OHCs, and that CASZ1 in maturing HCs is necessary for hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driver, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiechert, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peguero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allamargot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CASZ1 regulates the rate at which outer hair cells mature and is required for hearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Music-evoked reactivation during continuous perception is associated with enhanced subsequent recall of naturalistic events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Music is a potent cue for recalling personal experiences, yet the neural basis of music-evoked memory remains elusive. We address this question by using the full-length film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind to examine how repeated musical themes reactivate previously encoded events in cortex and shape next-day recall. Participants in an fMRI study viewed either the original film (with repeated musical themes) or a no-music version. By comparing neural activity patterns between these groups, we found that music-evoked reactivation of neural patterns linked to earlier scenes in the default mode network was associated with improved subsequent recall. This relationship was specific to the music condition and persisted when we controlled for a proxy measure of initial encoding strength (spatial intersubject correlation), suggesting that music-evoked reactivation may play a role in making event memories stick that is distinct from what happens at initial encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulis, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.663273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Music-evoked reactivation during continuous perception is associated with enhanced subsequent recall of naturalistic events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intravital Multimodal Imaging of Human Cortical Organoids for Chronic Stroke Treatment in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stroke leads to enduring neurological deficits and remains a major clinical challenge. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical organoids (COs) offer promise for regenerative therapies, yet their application in chronic stroke remains understudied, in part due to limited tools for monitoring graft in vivo. Here, we present a Multimodal Imaging Platform for Organoid Tracking (MIPOT), which integrates MRI, bioluminescence imaging, light microscopy, and two-photon fluorescence microscopy to noninvasively track transplanted COs in the post-stroke brain over time. Using MIPOT, we verified precise delivery of COs into cleaned stroke cavities, observed progressive declines in viability within the first 10 days, and introduced labeling methods for functional in vivo tracking of COs at subcellular resolution. By 4 weeks post-transplantation, histological analysis revealed survival of COs in the cerebral cortex. Notably, COs engrafted into the hippocampus displayed enhanced maturation, underscoring the role of local microenvironments in graft integration. MIPOT enables dynamic, noninvasive evaluation of hiPSC COs in chronic stroke, providing a foundation for mechanistic studies and translational development of organoid-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.663297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intravital Multimodal Imaging of Human Cortical Organoids for Chronic Stroke Treatment in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus exhibits spatiotemporal heterogeneity in Sae activity during kidney abscess development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virulence factors are required for bacterial pathogens to establish infection, however, their expression can be energetically costly, and must be tightly controlled to avoid fitness costs. Expression can be controlled at specific stages during infection (temporal regulation) or expressed by small subsets of the bacterial population (spatial regulation). There has been a great deal of interest in developing virulence factor-targeting strategies to combat Staphylococcus aureus infection, but the spatiotemporal regulation of the virulence factor master regulatory systems (Agr, Sae) has not been explored during kidney abscess formation. This information is critical for the design of therapeutics targeting these pathways. Here, we utilized a fluorescent transcriptional reporter approach to visualize dynamics in Agr and Sae activity during abscess formation in the mouse kidney. We categorized kidney abscess formation into four stages, then defined spatiotemporal gene expression. Agr signalling appeared inactive in the kidney; consistent with this, agr mutant abscesses fully developed. In contrast, we observed heterogeneous (ON/OFF) activity of Sae at early stages where bacteria were found intracellularly within neutrophils. Sae activity increased as abscesses developed, and heterogeneity in spatial patterning was observed, but patterns varied between abscesses suggesting distinct microenvironments within individual abscesses.

Consistent with a requirement for Sae activity during abscess development, the sae mutant did not develop abscesses past early stages. These results have implications for the genes regulated by Agr and Sae, and suggest a requirement for Sae activity during kidney abscess development.

ImportanceInfections with Staphylococcus aureus pose a serious public health threat due to high levels of antibiotic resistance and limited efficacy of alternative therapeutics. There has been a great deal of interest in developing novel therapeutics that target virulence factors essential during infection. However, it remains largely unknown if these factors are required at specific stages of the infection, and whether all bacterial cells or a limited subset express them. Here we sought to examine virulence factor expression using fluorescent reporter strains that would indicate activity of two master regulators of virulence in S. aureus, Agr and Sae. While Agr appeared inactive during kidney abscess development, the Sae system exhibited heterogeneity, increased expression at later stages, and was required for abscess progression. These results provide critical information for the development of virulence factor-targeting strategies for kidney abscess treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braza, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altouma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adedeji, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Check, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irnov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.663646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus exhibits spatiotemporal heterogeneity in Sae activity during kidney abscess development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.662041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Devices with Stereolithographic 3D Printing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.662041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3D printing has become a prevalent technology in many fields such as manufacturing, architecture, and electronics. This additive manufacturing technique is also widely used for biomedical research and clinical applications to prototype or assemble biomedical devices and tools. 3D printing-based strategies for biocompatible materials offer greater design flexibility, enhanced versatility, and faster results than traditional fabrication techniques, advantages that could be especially beneficial to the development of microfluidic chips. The ability to simply and efficiently produce new chip molds from computer aided design (CAD) models would significantly transform the development process and expand its accessibility by removing the need for more complex and expensive lithography methods. However, with standard processing strategies, the use of 3D printed molds for casting functioning chips is limited by the poor quality of prints achievable with widely available 3D printers. To mitigate this issue and facilitate rapid microfluidic device prototyping, we have developed a simple procedure to print microfluidic molds using a stereolithographic (SLA) printer and produce functional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chips with height and width feature dimensions as low as 75 {micro}m. Molds printed using a commercially available liquid photopolymer-based resin and processed using our strategy exhibited high dimensional fidelity to intended designs and significantly reduced average surface roughness (< 3 {micro}m). Here, we describe a streamlined post-print processing workflow for SLA molds and its efficacy in reducing surface roughness while preserving dimensional fidelity and then demonstrate its utility by prototyping and optimizing a microfluidic extracellular vesicle (EV)-exchange platform.

Graphical AbstractRapid prototyping of microfluidic device features using stereolithographic 3D printing.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakami, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veneziano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.662041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Devices with Stereolithographic 3D Printing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of astrocyte density in the Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome mouse model of ASD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is a proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in brain development and is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. Autosomal dominant mutations in TCF4 result in a profound neurodevelopmental disorder called Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS). Germline TCF4 loss-of-function (LOF) studies using human and mouse models have identified dysregulation in neural cell proliferation, genesis, and specification which lead to disruption in neuronal, astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages. In this study, we focused on the role of TCF4 in the genesis of the astrocyte lineage, specifically in the context of modeling PTHS. We show that germline heterozygous mutations in Tcf4 had no effect on the expression of astrocyte marker genes in primary astrocyte cultures and whole brain lysates. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of pan- and subclass-specific astrocyte markers showed Tcf4 mutation had no effect on the proportions of astrocytes in the dorsal cortex and corpus callosum. Lastly, we tracked ventrally-derived astrocytes using an Nkx2.1 reporter mouse and observed that germline Tcf4 LOF did not result in misallocation of ventrally-derived astrocytes into the dorsal cortex, a phenotype previously observed when both Tcf4 alleles were conditionally deleted in the Nkx2.1 lineage. These data indicate that germline heterozygous TCF4 LOF, which models PTHS, does not appear to affect the astrocyte lineage at the cell population level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stump, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of astrocyte density in the Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome mouse model of ASD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Abstraction Theory: Re-Interpretation of Localized Cortical Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain excels at extracting meaning from noisy and degraded input, yet the computational principles that underlie this robustness remain unclear. We propose a theory of spatiotemporal abstraction (STA), in which localized cortical networks integrate inputs across space and time to produce multi-scale, concept-level representations that remain stable despite loss of detail. We demonstrate how this principle explains a long-standing paradox of how cochlear implant patients can understand speech despite severely scrambled neural patterns. STA provides a unified framework that explains fundamental questions: Why do we have so many neurons that respond very similarly in one cortical location? Why do we have different inhibitory neurons? It also forces us to re-examine long-standing explanations of memory, creativity, illusions, attractor dynamics, excitatory-to-inhibitory balance, and the structure and purpose of the ubiquitous canonical circuits seen throughout the brain. We conclude with STA implications for improving neural implants and artificial neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Abstraction Theory: Re-Interpretation of Localized Cortical Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.663905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-33 promotes transcriptional and metabolic adaptations of tissue-resident Th2 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.663905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polarization of naive CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells is initiated in lymphoid organs and completed as the cells become tissue resident, where they express ST2, the receptor for the alarmin IL-33, which may be a key signal for tissue integration. Cellular metabolic requirements associated with this transition remain poorly understood. To address this, we compared the response of lymphoid tissue (LT) Th2 cells from helminth parasite-infected mice to stimulation by IL-33 versus through the T cell receptor via anti-CD3/CD28. We found that IL-33, but not anti-CD3/CD28, induced the development of tissue-resident like Th2 cells expressing ST2. This was associated with IL-33 induced changes in arginine metabolism linked to mTORC1 activation and polyamine synthesis, which were required for the development of tissue-resident like Th2 cells. Futhermore, IL-33 induced transcriptional changes in genes involved in chemotaxis and cell adhesion that may be critical for tissue integration. Our findings provide insights into adaptations of Th2 cells responding to tissue-integration cues.

SummaryIL-33 promotes development of tissue-resident-like Th2 cells in vitro from lymphoid tissue Th2 cells. This requires arginine-dependent mTORC1 activation and polyamine synthesis, and is marked by transcription of genes associated with chemotaxis and cell adhesion linked to tissue integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kania, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokosinski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-33 promotes transcriptional and metabolic adaptations of tissue-resident Th2 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic extracellular interactions with AMPA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system enables the encoding, storing, and integrating new information. AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate most fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain, and plasticity of AMPARs signaling underlies the long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy and strength important for learning and memory.1,2 Recent work has indicated that the enigmatic N-terminal domain (NTD) of AMPARs may be a critical regulator of synaptic targeting and plasticity of AMPARs. However, few synaptic proteins have been identified that regulate AMPAR plasticity through interactions with AMPAR NTDs. Moreover, the scope of AMPAR NTD interactors that are important for synaptic plasticity remains unknown. Here, we present the dynamic, extracellular interactome for AMPARs during synaptic plasticity. Using surface-restricted proximity labeling and BioSITe-based proteomics, we identified 70 proteins that were differentially labeled by APEX2-tagged AMPARs after induction of chemical Long-term potentiation of synapses (cLTP) in cultured neurons. Included in this list, were four members of the IgLON family of GPI-anchored proteins (Ntm, OBCAM/Opcml, Negr1, Lsamp). We show OBCAM and NTM directly interact with the extracellular domains of AMPARs. Moreover, overexpression of NTM significantly attenuates the mobility of surface AMPARs in dendritic spines. These data represent a significant first step at uncovering the unexplored extracellular regulation of AMPARs, with broad implications for synapse function and synaptic plasticity.

Significance StatementOver the past 30 years, significant effort has been focused on understanding the mechanisms that induce long-lasting changes in synapse strength (synaptic plasticity) that drive learning and memory. While many studies have investigated intracellular mechanisms that enable plasticity, especially those acting on AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), significantly less is known regarding extracellular mechanisms that shape changes in synapse function. Here, we identified 70 proteins that differentially associate with the extracellular region of AMPARs during chemically-induced synaptic plasticity. We show that OBCAM and NTM directly interact with the NTD of AMPARs and regulate their mobility on the surface of neurons. These data advance our understanding of extracellular AMPAR regulation, with broad implications for synapse function and synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrion, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic extracellular interactions with AMPA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DNA damage response pathway is required for multiciliated cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage can result from external sources or occur during programmed genome rearrangements in processes like immunity or meiosis. To maintain genome integrity, cells activate DNA repair pathways that prevent harmful outcomes such as cancer or immune dysfunction. In this study, we uncover a novel role for DNA damage during the terminal differentiation of multiciliated cells (MCCs). MCCs, which line the airways, reproductive tracts, and brain ventricles, produce hundreds of motile cilia, each anchored by a centriole. Therefore, MCCs must generate hundreds of centrioles during differentiation. Normally, centriole duplication is tightly linked to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, raising questions about how MCCs override numerical and temporal restrictions on centriole duplication. We find that differentiating MCCs accumulate extensive double-stranded DNA breaks during centriole amplification, with damage levels correlating with centriole number. DNA damage response (DDR) kinases are essential for supporting centriole biogenesis and ciliogenesis. We also observe that transcriptional activity, required for the expression of centriole and cilia genes, produces RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) that co-localize with DNA damage. This suggests that transcription-coupled DNA damage helps initiate a pseudo-cell cycle program, permitting centriole amplification without triggering full S/G2 phase processes. Our findings indicate that MCCs harness DDR signaling as part of their developmental program, revealing a broader principle in which the canonical cell cycle is adaptively rewired during differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jewett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.13.664567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DNA damage response pathway is required for multiciliated cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.664026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistically valid explainable black-box machine learning: applications in sex classification across species using brain imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.664026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex classification using neuroimaging data has the potential to revolutionize personalized diagnostics by revealing subtle structural brain differences that underlie sex-specific disease risks. Despite the promise of machine learning, traditional methods often fall short in providing both high classification accuracy and interpretable, statistically validated feature importance scores for high-dimensional imaging data. This gap is particularly evident when conventional techniques such as random forests, LIME, and SHAP are applied, as they struggle with complex feature interactions and managing noise in large datasets. We address this challenge by developing an integrated framework that combines Oblique Random Forests (ORFs) with a novel, permutation-based feature importance testing algorithm. ORFs extend traditional random forests by employing oblique decision boundaries through linear combinations of features, thereby capturing intricate interactions inherent in neuroimaging data. Our feature importance testing method, NEOFIT, rigorously quantifies the significance of each feature by generating null distributions and corrected p-values. We first validate our approach using simulated datasets, establishing its robustness and scalability under controlled conditions. We then apply our method to classify sex from both voxel-wise structural MRI and cortical thickness data in humans and macaques, facilitating direct cross-species comparisons. ORFs achieves AUC > 0.80 on human data, and > 0.70 on macaque data, while NEOFIT identifies statistically significant features aligned with sex-dimorphic neuroanatomy. Our results demonstrate that the proposed framework not only enhances classification performance but also provides clear, interpretable insights into the neuroanatomical features that distinguish sexes. These methodological advancements pave the way for improved diagnostic tools and contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary basis of sex differences in brain structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.664026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistically valid explainable black-box machine learning: applications in sex classification across species using brain imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pde10a gates light responses in the SCN to regulate circadian photoentrainment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is the principal cue for synchronizing the circadian clock. A common feature of the clock among all organisms is the lack of responsiveness to light during the daytime. To understand the interaction between the circadian clock and light, we described the transcriptome of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mice across different circadian times under both constant darkness (DD) and in response to light exposure. In addition to classifying 10 distinct molecularly-defined SCN neuronal subtypes, we uncovered that SCN exhibits significant transcriptomic responsiveness to light during daytime, the so-called behavioral "dead zone". We further identified Pde10a, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, as the first critical component for gating SCN responsiveness to light across the day and thus maintaining robust daily oscillations under regular light-dark conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Komal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pde10a gates light responses in the SCN to regulate circadian photoentrainment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Given the birds, where is the flock? Visual estimation of the location of collections of points 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step in perceptual organization is segmentation of a scene into  wholes made of  parts: birds form flocks, pedestrians form crowds. The  parts have spatial locations as does the  whole and we can ask, how do the locations of the  parts influence the perceived location of the  whole? The answer may depend on the nature of the parts, the processes that generate them: the influence of single birds on the location of a flock may be different from that of single pedestrians on the location of a crowd. We treated the  parts as samples from a probability density function (PDF) and asked participants to estimate the location of the generating PDF given a sample. The generating PDFs belonged to one of three location families - Gaussian, Laplacian or Uniform. Observers received training with each family and knew which family the generating PDF came from on each trial. We compared human performance to that of the Uniform Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) for each location family. We based our analyses on the measured influence of each sample point, a measure of how the observer made use of each sample point in estimating the center. Observers used different estimators for different families and the estimator chosen for samples from each family were close to the UMVUE for that family. How does the observer calculate approximate UMVUEs for the three location families considered? We propose that a critical step is to estimate the locations of visual clusters in the sample. The Visual Cluster Model accurately captured human performance across all three distributions. Our findings suggest that the observers estimate of the location of the  whole is based not directly on the locations of the  parts but rather on the  clusters they form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ota, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamassian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Given the birds, where is the flock? Visual estimation of the location of collections of points]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low levels of H5N1 HA and NA antibodies in the human population are boosted by seasonal A/H1N1 infection but not by A/H3N2 infection or influenza vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increase in the number of human cases of influenza A/H5N1 infection in the US has raised concerns about the pandemic potential of the virus. Preexisting population immunity is a key determinant for risk assessment and pandemic potential for any virus. Antibody responses against the bovine A/H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins were measured among a population of influenza-vaccinated or influenza-infected individuals. Modest titers of bovine A/H5N1 HA-binding antibodies and low to undetectable neutralizing antibody responses were detected in a cohort of 73 individuals. Conversely, bovine A/H5N1 NA binding and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody responses were comparable to those against a human A/H1N1 NA at baseline. Seasonal influenza vaccination failed to significantly increase antibody titers against both HA and NA glycoproteins of bovine A/H5N1. Recent infection with human A/H1N1 but not A/H3N2 viruses induced significant increases in bovine A/H5N1 neutralizing antibody, as well as increases in NA-binding and NA-inhibiting antibodies to bovine A/H5N1 NA. While the degree of protection afforded by these A/H5N1 cross-reactive antibodies is not known, incorporating NA or enhancing current seasonal vaccine formulations to increase NA-specific antibody responses may increase antibody breadth and protection against both seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenstermacher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.13.664638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low levels of H5N1 HA and NA antibodies in the human population are boosted by seasonal A/H1N1 infection but not by A/H3N2 infection or influenza vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue transcriptomics of endomyocardial biopsies reveals widespread molecular perturbations independent of leukocyte-rich foci in human myocarditis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMyocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium, classically defined and graded by histologic criteria that emphasize immune infiltrates and focal cardiomyocyte injury. The broader transcriptional landscape and intercellular signaling networks underlying human myocarditis, particularly among non-immune cells, remain poorly understood.

MethodsWe performed integrated spatial transcriptomic profiling of 38 endomyocardial biopsy (EMBx) specimens using two complementary platforms: 10X Visium FFPE and GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP). The cohort included cases of histologically confirmed myocarditis, borderline myocarditis, and controls. For 10X Visium, data was refined by excluding leukocyte-enriched spots and enriching for cardiomyocyte-specific regions based on canonical marker expression. For GeoMx, immunohistochemistry-guided segmentation enabled targeted transcriptomic analysis of disparate cardiac cellular compartments. Differential gene expression was analyzed independently for each platform and subsequently integrated. These results were further leveraged to infer molecular interaction networks and ligand-receptor relationships in myocarditis relative to controls.

ResultsBoth platforms revealed widespread gene expression changes consistent with immune activation in myocarditis and borderline myocarditis, particularly within cardiomyocyte-enriched regions. These included upregulation of HLA-A, HLA-DQA1, B2M, and CD74 in myocarditis, consistent with activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II related pathways. Molecular interaction analysis identified STAT1 and ISG15 as likely central immune signaling nodes. Ligand-receptor inference highlighted HLA-A, HLA-E, and HLA-DQA1 as key receptor hubs interacting with immune ligands such as IFNG, CD8A, and several members of the (NK) killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family.

ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that human myocarditis is characterized by widespread transcriptional dysregulation beyond immune cell foci, including upregulation of genes typically associated with professional antigen-presenting cells in cardiomyocytes. These insights extend our current understanding of myocarditis pathophysiology and suggest new opportunities for its diagnosis and therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermea, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenebe, O. V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palescandolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavine, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenderov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue transcriptomics of endomyocardial biopsies reveals widespread molecular perturbations independent of leukocyte-rich foci in human myocarditis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.663733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Airway Epithelial SARS-CoV-2 Infectious and Repair Responses: Relationships to Age, Sex, and Post-COVID Pulmonary Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.663733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long-term pulmonary sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections reflect infection severity, innate and adaptive immunity, and respiratory epithelial repair. This study investigated the acute and reparative responses as a function of age and sex in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cultures utilizing a 14-day SARS-CoV-2 infection protocol. SARS-CoV-2 infection peaked at 3 days post-infection (dpi) with an [~] 2 log titer suppression at 14 dpi. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced interferon, interferon-induced gene, and cell damage responses. No age- or sex-dependent effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected. Airway epithelia repaired to an abnormal mucus metaplastic/inflammatory state that reflected potentially beneficial and adverse consequences at 14 dpi. Repair processes were infection severity-dependent, not sex-dependent, and were more robust in young donor cultures. Analyses of long-COVID subjects with persistent pulmonary fibrosis or persistent bronchitic airway diseases exhibited expression of HBE 14 dpi failed repair gene signatures, including ISG gene signatures. Human airway epithelial repair post-SARS-CoV-2 is prolonged and incomplete in vitro over 14 days, and persistently abnormal repair may contribute to phenotypes of people with long-COVID pulmonary syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meganck, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esther, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerayeli, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livraghi-Butrico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickles, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randell, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.663733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Airway Epithelial SARS-CoV-2 Infectious and Repair Responses: Relationships to Age, Sex, and Post-COVID Pulmonary Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis with a recombinant BCG overexpressing the STING agonist cyclic di AMP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death due to infection globally. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), a live attenuated bacterial strain, is the only available TB vaccine, but it has poor efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB in adults. There are advantages associated with the BCG platform however, including a remarkable safely profile, billions of administered doses and a public health ecosystem associated with its production, administration and care. A recombinant/modified BCG (rBCG/modBCG) anti-TB vaccine candidate would be able to leverage these advantages while improving on efficacy. BCG-STING is a recombinant BCG strain which overexpresses the mycobacterial diadenylate cyclase disA gene leading to the release of [~]15-fold greater levels of the endogenous small molecule STING agonist cyclic di-AMP. We evaluated vaccination with BCG-STING compared to its parental BCG-WT strain in rhesus macaques challenged with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). BCG-STING given intradermally was well-tolerated, and during life serial BAL samples showed that BCG-STING vaccinated animals had lower Mtb CFU counts than those receiving BCG-WT. At necropsy, BCG-STING vaccinated animals had significantly lower Mtb lung CFU counts, and a higher percentage of sterile lobes and granuloma lesions than the BCG-WT recipients. The enhanced protection observed in BCG-STING vaccinated animals was associated with significant elevations of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Modifying BCG to overexpress a small molecule recognized by the innate immune system significantly improves protection and cell-mediated immune responses against TB the non-human primate (NHP) model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivanna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis with a recombinant BCG overexpressing the STING agonist cyclic di AMP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.663593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Immunotoxicity of Low-dose Inorganic Arsenic Reprograms Macrophages Inducing Tumor-promoting Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.663593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many regions around the world, including the United States, inorganic arsenic (iAs) contaminates groundwater used for drinking, food production, and irrigation. Although the World Health Organization has set a safety limit of 10 {micro}g/L for arsenic in drinking water, an estimated 200 million people worldwide are still exposed to arsenic concentrations above this threshold. Eliciting a broad range of adverse health effects, arsenic is a known carcinogen classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and causes increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, highlighting its role as an immunotoxicant. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effects of arsenic on the innate immune system, namely macrophages, using in vitro exposure models. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were cultured from adult male and female C57/BL6 mice. These naive macrophages ("M0" BMDMs) were exposed in vitro to a non-cytotoxic dose of iAs (0.1 {micro}M sodium (meta)arsenite) during the 7 day period of macrophage differentiation and stimulated for 24 hrs with LPS and IFN{gamma} (to induce "M1" pro-inflammatory activation) or IL-4 and IL-13 (to induce "M2" anti-inflammatory activation). In a parallel chronic exposure model, RAW 264.7 (RAW) macrophages were cultured in vitro with iAs for 70 days. Culture supernatant analysis for nitric oxide and cytokine secretion revealed sex-dependent differences in immune response between exposure models, as well as between iAs-exposed and nonexposed macrophages, with and without stimulation. Additionally, iAs-exposed macrophages exhibited increased lipid droplet formation and altered lipidomic and metabolomic profiles, as determined by LC/MS. Flow cytometric analysis further revealed changes in macrophage polarization markers in a sex- and stimulation-dependent manner, with M2-related markers being upregulated in iAs-exposed conditions. Finally, to assess the effects of iAs on macrophages in the context of cancer, we demonstrated that iAs-exposed macrophages displayed increased migration toward cancer cell-conditioned media, and promoted cancer cell proliferation. These results suggest that dysregulated macrophage polarization due to iAs exposure could impact susceptibility to diseases. This research contributes to our understanding of the full spectrum of adverse health effects of iAs exposure and may aid in the development of therapeutics for iAs-induced diseases, including cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychlik, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleensang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Cecetaite, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Steube, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadhukhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Cleghorn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.663593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Immunotoxicity of Low-dose Inorganic Arsenic Reprograms Macrophages Inducing Tumor-promoting Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradient scheme optimization for PRESS-localized edited MRS using weighted pathway suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aimed to design and implement an optimized gradient scheme for PRESS-localized edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to enhance suppression of out-of-voxel (OOV) artifacts. These artifacts, which originate from insufficient crushing of unwanted coherence transfer pathways (CTPs), are particularly challenging in editing schemes for metabolites like gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutathione. To address this, a volume-based likelihood model was developed to guide gradient scheme optimization, prioritizing suppression of CTPs based on likelihood.

A volume-based likelihood model for CTP weighting was integrated into a Dephasing optimization through coherence order pathway selection (DOTCOPS) gradient optimization. Using a genetic algorithm with a new dual-penalty cost function, gradient schemes were optimized to maximize pathway-specific suppression. Hardware and sequence constraints, maximum gradient amplitudes and delay durations respectively, informed the optimization. Validation of the optimized scheme was performed with simulations by calculating the k-space crushing efficiency analytically with k-space trajectory. and in vivo using an edited MRS sequence in three brain regions (posterior cingulate cortex PCC, thalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)), with particular focus on OOV artifact reduction and spectral quality improvements. A three-way Analysis of Variance was used to assess the significance level of OOV artifact reduction.

The optimized gradient scheme demonstrated improved k-space crushing efficiency (by an average of 197%). OOV artifacts were reduced in all brain regions, particularly in highly OOV-susceptible regions (thalamus and mPFC). Improvements were most notable around 4.3 ppm with significant OOV artifact amplitude reductions (p < 0.001).

By using a volume-based likelihood model for CTP prioritization, the optimized DOTCOPS scheme ensures robust and region-agnostic performance in reducing OOV artifacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simegn, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali Manohar, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradient scheme optimization for PRESS-localized edited MRS using weighted pathway suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TabSyM: A Generative Pipeline for Small Multi-Cohort Omics Tabular Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning applications in biomedicine such as omics data analysis are frequently hindered by datasets that are small, high-dimensional, and affected by batch effects across different patient cohorts. To address these challenges, we introduce TabSyM, a modular generative pipeline that synthesizes high-quality, task-relevant data to improve predictive modeling. TabSyM integrates three key stages: it extends a diffusion-based model (TabDDPM) to generate new omics data, employs a novel task-aware sampling mechanism guided by Bayesian optimization to select the most informative synthetic samples, and uses a Multi-Domain Adversarial Network (MDAN) to align data distributions for cross-cohort generalization. We validated our pipeline on a challenging, real-world task of predicting 3-year survival in gastric cancer patients from high-dimensional scRNA-seq data across five cohorts. The full TabSyM pipeline achieved a 30.2% AUROC improvement over the best tree-based models and an 11.5% AUROC gain over leading automated machine learning frameworks. Furthermore, the generative and sampling components are model-agnostic and can substantially boost the performance of classical models like XGBoost independently. These results establish that combining generative modeling with task-aware sampling and domain adaptation provides a robust and effective strategy for overcoming critical data limitations in biomedical tabular data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TabSyM: A Generative Pipeline for Small Multi-Cohort Omics Tabular Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myc and Kras cooperate in adult acinar cells to drive phenotypic heterogeneity, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance in a novel pancreatic cancer mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAc) is a deadly malignancy, most commonly diagnosed in advanced stages when no curative treatments are available. The development of new models that aid ongoing investigation into the mechanisms by which it initiates, disseminates, and evades treatment is of the utmost importance. In vivo models that accurately recapitulate the features and spectrum of human pancreatic cancer are paramount to make a dent in this disease as two decades of the standard-of-care have failed to substantially improve survival. Here, we take advantage of our finding that post-translational stabiliziation of MYC downstream of the canonical PDAc driver, mutant KRAS, is an early event in PDAc progression to design a novel mouse model of PDAc progression based on deregulated, constituitive expression of Myc and mutant Kras in adult pancreatic acinar cells. Tumors from this KMC model histologically and molecularly recapitulate heterogeneity seen in human PDAc, with a high rate of metastasis to the liver. Cell lines derived from KMC autochthonous PDAc provide new models for orthotopic primary tumors that reliably metastasize to the liver and lung, providing important new tools to efficiently study the metastatic cascade and aid in the develoment of new therapeutics addressing metastatic disease. Cell lines represent distinct molecular subtypes with corresponding differential drug sensitivity. Toghether, this model provides a new and additional tool in the study of pancreatic cancer and the means by which it so deftly evades our best efforts at treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>English, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worth, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson-Hawthorne, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blise, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heskett, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen-Petersen, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoma, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado-Garza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phipps, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivagnanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myc and Kras cooperate in adult acinar cells to drive phenotypic heterogeneity, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance in a novel pancreatic cancer mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking the Impact of Anatomical Segmentation on In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeEstimation of metabolite concentrations in brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) requires correction for differences in tissue water content, relaxation properties, and the proportions of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Accurate knowledge of the relative proportions of these tissue classes within the volume of interest is therefore essential for reliable quantification. Commonly used brain segmentation tools differ in their algorithms, priors, and implementation, potentially introducing variability in MRS-derived concentration estimates. This study investigates the impact of segmentation software on estimated absolute concentrations.

MethodsThree segmentation software tools, ANTs, FSL, and SPM, were evaluated. Segmentations were applied to an in vivo test-retest MR dataset to assess (1) differences in estimated tissue fractions, and (2) how these differences propagate into tissue-corrected metabolite concentrations. As an additional validity check and biological benchmark of segmentation performance, age-related associations with GM and total creatine (tCr) were examined.

ResultsSignificant differences (p < 0.0001) were observed in tissue fraction estimates between segmentation tools, leading to differences in metabolite concentration estimates of up to 9% under identical acquisition and modeling conditions. Although the strength of the correlation varied between segmentation methods, no statistically significant differences were found.

ConclusionThe choice of segmentation methodology contributed substantially to variability in MRS "absolute" metabolite concentration estimates. These results underscore the need for transparent segmentation reporting to ensure reproducibility and cross-study comparability in MRS research. Quantifying the segmentation-driven variability allows researchers to contextualize cross-study differences, helping determine whether observed effects are methodological or biologically meaningful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Archibald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igwe, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landheer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking the Impact of Anatomical Segmentation on In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quality control of single-cell ATAC-seq data without peak calling using Chromap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we extend Chromap, an ultrafast method for single-cell ATAC-seq data alignment, to directly report peak-based quality control (QC) metrics, such as the fraction of reads in peaks, without calling peaks. Recent single-cell ATAC-seq analysis methods like SnapATAC2 utilize the genome-interval-based feature for data analysis, which disables filtering low-quality cells using common peak-based QC metrics. We show that Chromaps QC metrics capture additional low-quality cells missed by SnapATAC2 and improve downstream analysis results without sacrificing computational efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quality control of single-cell ATAC-seq data without peak calling using Chromap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole blood transcriptional signatures of age and survival identified in Long Life Family and Integrative Longevity Omics Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although aging is a universal event, some individuals are able to achieve extreme longevity. The Long-Life Family Study (LLFS) enrolls participants from families enriched with long-lived individuals, serves as a valuable dataset for studying ageing phenotypes and identify potential intervention targets. We analyzed the association between age at blood draw and 16,284 RNAseq-based blood transcriptomic data from 2,167 LLFS participants with ages ranging from 18 to 107, replicated the results in the Integrative Longevity Omics Study (ILO) dataset of 20,884 RNAseq-based blood transcriptomic data from 419 participants, with ages ranging from 60 to 108, and further compared our findings to a published reference aging signature.

We identified 4,227 transcripts increasing and 4,044 transcripts decreasing with age, and enrichment analysis revealed age-related upregulation of inflammatory and senescence-related pathways, and downregulation of MYC and Wnt/{beta}-catenin targets, among others. Further, a subset of transcripts showed age associations unique to the longevity-enriched cohorts (LLFS and ILO). We also identified 314 transcripts significantly associated with mortality risk and found that pro-survival gene sets included NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and GPCR signaling. Finally, increased transcriptomic age predicted using transcriptomic clock was strongly associated with increased mortality. In summary, this study identified robust transcriptomic signatures of aging and mortality in a longevity-enriched population, highlighting key biological pathways such as immune modulation, inflammation, and senescence.

Authors notesThis manuscript has been peer-reviewed and accepted by GeroScience (Springer). This bioRxiv article reflects the published version, incorporating revisions made in response to reviewers comments. The main content, results, and conclusions remain unchanged from the previous version, while the Discussion section has been expanded to further address the functional annotation and clinical relevance of the identified markers.

Copy of the acceptance letterThe editors are pleased to inform you that your manuscript, JAAA-D-25-01946R1 entitled "Whole blood transcriptional signatures of age and survival identified in Long Life Family and Integrative Longevity Omics Studies" has been accepted for publication in GeroScience as an Original Article. The editors commend you on your outstanding contribution to the journal. Your manuscript can be published online ahead of print within approximately two weeks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateusiak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbeev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perls, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastiani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole blood transcriptional signatures of age and survival identified in Long Life Family and Integrative Longevity Omics Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.664392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded assembly recorder temporally resolves cellular histories in cellulo and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.664392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping cellular activity with high spatiotemporal precision in complex tissues is essential for understanding organ physiology, pathology, and regenerative processes. Here, we introduce Granularly Expanding Memory for Intracellular Narrative Integration (GEMINI), an in cellulo recording platform that leverages a computationally designed protein assembly as an intracellular memory device to record individual cells activity histories. GEMINI grows predictably within live cells with minimal interference to cellular functions, capturing cellular activities as tree-ring-like fluorescent patterns in the expanding scaffolds for imaging-based retrospective readout. Absolute chronological information of activity histories was attainable with hour-level accuracy through the integration of fiducial timestamps. GEMINI effectively resolved differential NF{kappa}B-mediated transcriptional changes, distinguishing fast dynamics of 15 minutes, and providing quantifiable signal amplitudes. In a xenograft model, GEMINI recorded inflammation-induced signaling dynamics across tissue with cellular resolution, revealing spatial heterogeneity linked to vascular density. When expressed in the mouse brain, GEMINI exhibited negligible impact on neuronal survival, with animals maintaining normal motor and cognitive behaviors. In physiological contexts, GEMINI successfully resolved both transcriptional changes and activity patterns of neurons in the brain. Together, GEMINI provides a robust and generalizable means for spatiotemporal mapping of cell dynamics underlying physiological and pathological processes in both culture and intact tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.664392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded assembly recorder temporally resolves cellular histories in cellulo and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.664785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TaxTriage: An Open-Source Metagenomic Sequencing Data Analysis Pipeline Enabling Putative Pathogen Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.664785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTaxTriage is a comprehensive pathogen identification workflow designed for both short- and long-read untargeted DNA and RNA sequencing data. Combining read classification, mapping, and de novo assembly approaches, putative pathogens are identified through comparisons to curated pathogens and abundance expectations from healthy cohort data. Flexible installation options are enabled using Nextflow (NF), including cloud deployment via NF Tower (Seqera Platform) and local installation on a variety of systems, including standalone installations without external internet access. Final analysis summaries are compiled into an Organism Discovery Report, which lists likely pathogens and supporting data, including a custom confidence score.

ResultsEvaluation of published in silico, clinical, and outbreak datasets identified performance comparable to alternative cloud-based processing pipelines for expected pathogen and co-infection detection with similar sensitivity and increased specificity. To support both public health and veterinary diagnostics communities, customization options have been incorporated to enable improved performance for host species of interest.

Availability and ImplementationSource code for TaxTriage is freely available at https://github.com/jhuapl-bio/taxtriage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.664785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TaxTriage: An Open-Source Metagenomic Sequencing Data Analysis Pipeline Enabling Putative Pathogen Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.663728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A live tumor fragment platform to assess immunotherapy response in core needle biopsies while addressing challenges of tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.663728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, providing durable and even curative responses. However, most patients do not respond and current biomarkers (eg, programmed death ligand (PD-L1), mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/high microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutational burden) lack predictive accuracy. Ex vivo profiling of patient-derived tumor fragments shows promise as a predictive biomarker but relies on substantial surgical tissue to mitigate intra-specimen heterogeneity. Innovations are needed that address these challenges, particularly where limited tissue is available in core needle biopsies (CNBs).

MethodsLive tumor fragments (LTFs) were generated from 59 human tumor resections and 31 CNBs from patients enrolled in observational clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT05478538, NCT05520099, NCT06349642) to assess cytokine induction following ICI treatment. LTFs were encapsulated in hydrogel and cultured ex vivo for up to 72 hours. A sequential treatment strategy that applies control and treatment within the same well was used with response to ICI or CD3/CD28 assessed using a multiplex secretome assay. Viability was assessed using established metabolic assays and dynamic optical coherence microscopy.

ResultsLTFs maintained viability and retained T cells responsive to stimulation throughout ex vivo culture. Multiplex immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed key components of the tumor microenvironment, including relative proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ immune cell populations, were preserved. Specimens positive for PD-L1 or dMMR/MSI-high were enriched for cytokine upregulation, including T-cell response cytokines IFN{gamma} and CXCL10, after PD-1 treatment. To demonstrate clinical applicability of the sequential treatment strategy, CNBs from patients with lung, gastrointestinal or kidney cancer were profiled and differential cytokine induction in response to ICI treatment was observed.

ConclusionsThe novel ex vivo platform presented is capable of detecting T-cell response to ICI treatment by using a sequential treatment strategy. This approach addresses challenges associated with cross-well heterogeneity in tissue composition and requires half as much tissue as a cross-well comparison, mitigating tissue limitations typically associated with non-surgical biopsies. Importantly, the platform is compatible with established functional assays as well as non-destructive spatial imaging, enabling researchers to characterize response to ICI longitudinally. Ongoing trials will enable clinicians to assess platform performance in predicting response to immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramasubramanian, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adstamongkonkul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scribano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caenepeel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrycyniak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedder, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flietner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplewski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marhefke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasreen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Euw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wait, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wargowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruckbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godwin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokabi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robaina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliceiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.663728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A live tumor fragment platform to assess immunotherapy response in core needle biopsies while addressing challenges of tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Exertion Variability is Linked to Disruptions in Effort Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate assessment of exertion is crucial for determining whether to continue or rest during physical activity. Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) often report fatigue and motor impairments, yet the mechanisms underlying their assessments of effortful exertion remain poorly understood. Recent work with healthy individuals suggests that motor variability can distort judgments of effort; however, this relationship has not been explored in individuals with MS. In this study, we investigated how variability in physical exertion affects effort assessment in individuals with MS compared to healthy participants. We had participants exert varying levels of physical effort and retrospectively assess the effort they exerted. Individuals with MS exhibited increased exertion variability and tended to overreport their levels of exertion compared to healthy participants. Increased exertion variability was associated with less accurate effort assessment, and this effect was more pronounced in individuals with more advanced MS. These results suggest a possible mechanism through which motor variability may be associated with inflated perceptions of effort in MS, highlighting a potential account of why efforts feel particularly costly to those individuals living with MS and identifying a promising target for treatment and rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dryzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourbakhsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Exertion Variability is Linked to Disruptions in Effort Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Goal Uncertainty Attenuates Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation--the automatic correction of movement errors through feedback and practice--is driven by a perceptual prediction error, the mismatch between the perceived movement outcome and its intended goal. While perceptual uncertainty is known to attenuate adaptation, the impact of goal uncertainty on adaptation remains unknown. We employed a visuomotor adaptation task that isolates implicit adaptation (N = 180), manipulating goal uncertainty by varying how precisely the goals midpoint could be identified. Display format was varied independently to control for the objective size of visual features, and targets were hidden at movement onset, ensuring identical visual input at the moment the error was experienced. We found that goal uncertainty significantly attenuated implicit adaptation, independent of low-level visual and kinematic features. Together, these results demonstrate that a precise internal representation of the goal is essential for supporting implicit sensorimotor adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatzky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Goal Uncertainty Attenuates Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.664624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prematurity Reprograms Cerebellar Development and Long-Term Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.664624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preterm survivors often develop motor and socio-cognitive impairments, yet mechanisms remain limited because prematurity arises from diverse combinations of perinatal insults. Here, we use a mouse model with experiment-controlled timing and sequence of maternal immune activation (MIA) and neonatal hypoxia (Hx), two of the most consequential prematurity-associated insults. We show that these insults remodel the developing cerebellum through distinct processes. Hx arrests granule cell maturation and reduces presynaptic excitatory input to Purkinje cells, whereas MIA perturbs granule cell migration and Purkinje dendritic development. Sequential MIA followed by Hx results in progressive neuronal mitochondrial damage and a reprogrammed circuit state. Behavioral phenotyping links these circuit states to alterations in motor-learning and coordination, translating into divergent sensorimotor organization during social investigation. These results identify developmental sequencing following preterm-birth insults as a determinant of cerebellar resilience, providing a mechanistic framework for heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanidas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaemmaghami, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyshner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triantafyllou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathyanesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutroulis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratimenos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.664624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prematurity Reprograms Cerebellar Development and Long-Term Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRABS-ROC, A Respirometry Protocol For Overcoming Substrate Limitations, Reveals Excess Brain Mitochondrial Complex I Capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial bioenergetic competency in cells is frequently assessed by the Mito Stress Test protocol, which includes uncoupler addition for evaluating respiratory capacity. The uncoupled oxygen consumption rate (OCR) is usually defined as maximal respiration, with little consideration of whether the measured rate is restricted by substrate supply. In this study, we show that the uncoupled OCR is substrate-limited in rat primary cortical neurons and isolated mouse forebrain synaptosomes. We use a different respirometry protocol we name CRABS-ROC (Complex Respirometry Assay Bypassing Substrate-Restricted Oxygen Consumption) that enables evaluation of individual electron transport chain (ETC) complex capacity using saturating levels of substrate to bypass this restriction. Applying CRABS-ROC to primary cortical neurons reveals >2-fold excess Complex I capacity beyond the uncoupled OCR of cells metabolizing glucose and pyruvate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CRABS-ROC can expose a Complex I deficit in isolated harlequin mutant brain mitochondria that display wild-type levels of Complex I-substrate-linked respiration despite having about half the normal level of Complex I. Thus, CRABS-ROC should be broadly useful for studies on mitochondrial function because it can both reveal excess ETC capacity and unmask ETC alterations that may be missed by the most widely used methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelofs, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordt, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piskoun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polster, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRABS-ROC, A Respirometry Protocol For Overcoming Substrate Limitations, Reveals Excess Brain Mitochondrial Complex I Capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous partitioning of neuronal variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons exhibit substantial trial-to-trial variability in response to repeated stimuli, posing a major challenge for understanding the information content of neural spike trains. In visual cortex, responses show greater-than-Poisson variability, whose origins and structure remain unclear. To address this puzzle, we introduce a continuous, doubly stochastic model of spike train variability that partitions neural responses into a smooth stimulus-driven component and a time-varying stochastic gain process. We applied this model to spike trains from four visual areas (LGN, V1, V2, and MT) and found that the gain process is well described by an exponentiated power law, with increasing amplitude and slower decay at higher levels of the visual hierarchy. The model also provides analytical expressions for the Fano factor of binned spike counts as a function of timescale, linking observed variability to underlying modulatory dynamics. Together, these results establish a principled framework for characterizing neural variability across cortical processing stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rupasinghe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous partitioning of neuronal variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oscillatory signal decoding within the ERK cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) integrates multiple growth factor and hormone stimuli to control essential cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and migration. In electrically excitable cells, the ERK pathway also interfaces with intracellular Ca2+ dynamics to achieve non-canonical, cell-type specific functions, having been implicated in neuronal synaptic plasticity, cardiac hypertrophy, and pancreatic insulin secretion. Yet how the classical Ras/MEK/ERK cascade responds to and decodes dynamic Ca2+ signals at its multiple levels to regulate cellular function is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the dynamics of Ca2+-induced ERK pathway activation in a pancreatic {beta}-cell line using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors. By carefully manipulating Ca2+ input signals and directly monitoring the activity dynamics of individual ERK pathway components, we reveal that {beta}-cell Ca2+ oscillations undergo sequential signal processing along the ERK cascade, mediated by the characteristic response kinetics at each pathway step. We further demonstrate that the ERK cascade and possibly other Ca2+-responsive pathways operate within a hybrid network architecture to achieve both hierarchical and parallel processing of {beta}-cell Ca2+ oscillations, providing important insights into dynamic signal decoding by this crucial signaling network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oscillatory signal decoding within the ERK cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and novel transport pathways of bacterial hopanoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hopanoids are a class of steroid-like lipids that fortify bacterial membranes. Derivatives of hopanoids known as "geo-hopanes" are abundant in sediments and are signatures of ancient bacteria, yet there are conflicting views on their use as markers of specific taxa or environments. Here we analyze conservation of hopanoid biosynthesis across bacterial genomes using modern taxonomic tools. We find that hopanoids most likely originated in an ancestor of marine alphaproteobacteria, and that tolerance of high osmolarity is the most common feature of hopanoid-producing strains. Additionally, microsynteny with hopanoid-related loci revealed new hopanoid-associated gene families, which we term hpnT and hpnS. Structural predictions and the restriction of these gene families to diderms suggests they participate in hopanoid trafficking, potentially forming a pathway analogous to Mla proteins in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and novel transport pathways of bacterial hopanoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision fMRI reveals densely interdigitated network patches with conserved motifs in the lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dominant models of human lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) organization emphasize broad domain-general zones and smooth functional gradients. However, these models rely heavily on group-averaged neuroimaging, which can obscure fine-scale cortical features - especially in highly inter-individually variable regions like the LPFC. To address this limitation, we collected a new precision fMRI dataset from 10 individuals, each with approximately 2 hours of resting-state and 6 hours of task data. We mapped individual-specific LPFC networks using resting-state fMRI and tested network-level functional preferences using task fMRI. We found that individual LPFC organization differed markedly from group-averaged estimates. Individual maps showed more fragmented and interdigitated networks - especially in anterior LPFC - including novel conserved motifs present across individuals. Task fMRI revealed that distinct but adjacent networks support domain-specific processes (i.e., language, social cognition, episodic projection) versus domain-general control. Sharp functional boundaries were visible at the individual level that could not be observed in group data. These findings uncover previously hidden organizational principles in the LPFC and offer a framework for understanding how the LPFC supports flexible, complex cognition through a finely organized architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladwig, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kermani, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nee, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision fMRI reveals densely interdigitated network patches with conserved motifs in the lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.666086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spinal origin for the obligate flexor synergy in the non-human primate: Implications for control of reaching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.666086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stroke survivors frequently develop the flexor synergy, an obligate co-contraction of shoulder abductors and elbow flexors; the neural substrate has proven elusive. Here we trained healthy monkeys to generate isometric elbow and shoulder torques to move an on-screen cursor, and recorded neuron firing from motor cortical areas and the reticular formation. In all regions we found cells correlated with activity around a single joint. Neurons coding co-contractions showed a bias towards combinations orthogonal to the post-stroke flexor synergy, e.g. shoulder abduction with elbow extension. Threshold microstimulation in the spinal cord but not in either motor cortex or the reticular formation generated coactivation aligned to the flexor synergy. We suggest the evolution of prehension required descending systems either to control or bypass locomotion-dedicated spinal circuits. Loss of descending input after stroke constrains the upper limb to spinal synergies best suited to primitive locomotor functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glover, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.666086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spinal origin for the obligate flexor synergy in the non-human primate: Implications for control of reaching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lncRNA drives developmentally-timed decay of all members of an essential microRNA family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatiotemporal expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial to their function. Target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD) is an emerging regulatory module that contributes to these expression patterns wherein a specialized RNA (TDMD trigger) drives miRNA decay through base pairing and resulting recruitment of E3 ubiquitin ligase ZSWIM8/EBAX-1. Extensive base pairing to the miRNA seed region and 3 end has been proposed as a key feature that distinguishes TDMD triggers from conventional mRNA targets of miRNAs, which primarily pair with the seed. Here we identify the long noncoding RNA, tts-2, as a TDMD trigger for mir-35-42, the most abundant miRNA family in C. elegans early embryos. We demonstrate that a single site in tts-2 drives decay through base pairing with the seed sequence shared by all eight family members. A second site in tts-2 supports decay of mir-38 with incomplete seed complementarity. Our findings demonstrate that extended base pairing is not a universal requirement for TDMD, and that TDMD drives developmentally-timed clearance of abundant miRNAs at the exit of C. elegans embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimme, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channamraju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieux, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McJunkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lncRNA drives developmentally-timed decay of all members of an essential microRNA family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formate reduces ischemic injury in female hearts lacking alcohol dehydrogenase 5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemic heart disease is a primary cause of death for men and women in the United States. Recent epidemiologic findings, however, suggest that pre-menopausal women have inherent protection from many cardiovascular pathologies compared to age-matched men, which is lost with menopause. We and others have documented similar protective signaling in animal models, with females exhibiting protection from ischemic injury that is lost with ovariectomy (OVX). Furthermore, in recent studies, we demonstrated that the loss of alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) blocked sex-specific cardioprotection in females, but activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) provided a rescue. ADH5 and ALDH2 both metabolize formaldehyde to formate, potentially implicating formate in female-specific cardioprotection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine a role for formate during ischemic injury in female hearts using wild-type (WT) and ADH5-/- mice. We also aimed to explore estrogen-dependent effects by using ovariectomized (OVX) WT mice. To assess the protective effects of formate in intact female WT and ADH5-/- hearts, as well as OVX WT hearts, hearts were Langendorff-perfused and subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Since formate is used in one-carbon metabolism (OCM), select OCM enzymes were also probed via western blot. Importantly, we found that formate significantly reduced infarct size in female ADH5-/- hearts subjected to I/R injury, but formate was without effect in intact female WT hearts. Additionally, formate failed to reduce I/R injury in OVX WT hearts, despite OVX WT hearts exhibiting reduced ADH5 and ALDH2 activity. However, we noted that the expression of certain OCM enzymes was downregulated in OVX WT hearts vs. intact WT females, which may prevent proper formate utilization by OCM in OVX WT hearts. Furthermore, blockage of formate import into OCM in intact female WT hearts also exacerbated I/R injury. Taken together, our findings support formate utilization by OCM as a key component of cardioprotective signaling in female hearts, with estrogen acting as a potential mediator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garbus-Grant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenebe-Kasonde, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formate reduces ischemic injury in female hearts lacking alcohol dehydrogenase 5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep pressure is differentially regulated by molecularly distinct subtypes of Lhx6-positive and Lhx6-negative neurons of the zona incerta. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep pressure, the accumulating drive towards sleep during wakefulness, is shaped by Lhx6-positive GABAergic neurons in the zona incerta (ZI). Here, we show that these neurons are broadly activated both by spontaneous and experimentally-elevated sleep pressure, and remain active for hours into recovery sleep. Activation is stronger in anterior ZI and varies across molecularly defined subgroups: Nkx2-2-positive neurons respond vigorously, whereas Calb2-positive neurons respond weakly. We also identify Lhx6-negative/Slc32a1-positive GABAergic ZI neurons with distinct sleep pressure responses. Selective genetic ablation of Nkx2-2 in Lhx6-positive neurons reduces the number of Lhx6-positive neurons, alters their distribution, blunts sleep pressure-induced activation of both Lhx6-positive and negative cells, and increases sleep duration. These findings show that developmentally specified, molecularly heterogeneous Lhx6-positive ZI neurons form a key hub for regulating sleep homeostasis, and offer new insight into the circuitry that controls sleep pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep pressure is differentially regulated by molecularly distinct subtypes of Lhx6-positive and Lhx6-negative neurons of the zona incerta.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal TCR repertoires in ulcerative colitis patients show features distinguishing disease states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDSO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSUlcerative colitis (UC) affects an estimated 10 million people worldwide. The exact etiology of the disease is unknown, but T cell dysregulation and aberrant activation is associated with UC--prompting research into T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in UC patients. However, few studies have compared UC patients TCR repertoires in flare (inflamed) and remission (uninflamed) states. Moreover, this is the first dataset to our knowledge examining multiple repertoires from UC patients over time, enabling longitudinal analyses.

MethodsTCR repertoires were obtained for 21 patients across multiple timepoints, yielding a total of 58 samples. Repertoires clonality, diversity, overlap, and gene usage frequencies were compared across all patients. CDR3 sequences were split into K-mers (sequences of length K), and enriched K-mers in flare and remission states were identified using GLIPH2.

ResultsAlthough repertoires vary across patients, there were significant differences in the usage of 20 V{beta} genes across flare and remission states. Moreover, calculating the overlap in repertoires with enriched K-mers showed higher overlap scores than when using full TCR sequences. 622 unique enriched K-mers were identified in flare states and 495 in remission states, with only 57 overlapping between the two states.

ConclusionsOverall, these results highlight the importance of analyzing V{beta} gene usage and K-mer enrichment in TCR repertoires, particularly given the lack of public clones across patient cohorts. Future studies characterizing the specific antigenic targets associated with these features will pave the way for biomarker discovery in UC.

KEY MESSAGESO_LIWhat is already known? UC is a chronic condition characterized by fluctuating periods of flares and remissions, as well as aberrant immune activity.
C_LIO_LIWhat is new here? TCR repertoires were obtained from UC patients colonoscopies, with multiple timepoints per patient--enabling the analysis of repertoire characteristics within and across patients over time.
C_LIO_LIHow can this study help patient care? Understanding the exact immune mechanisms in UC can pave the way for biomarker discovery and advance the state of care for patients, given that current treatments are non-specific and have adverse side effects.
C_LI

SummaryThis article presents an analysis of T cell receptor repertoires from ulcerative colitis patient samples collected during colonoscopies, identifying genes and motifs associated with patients flare (inflamed) and remission (uninflamed) states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daraie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatsaraj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal TCR repertoires in ulcerative colitis patients show features distinguishing disease states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of sex and pre-exposure on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor self-administration in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAnimal models of cannabinoid self-administration are critical for advancing our understanding of the neurobiology of cannabis use and for developing medications for Cannabis Use Disorder. Use of vapor inhalation models have translational relevance, as the majority of human cannabis user do so by inhalation (e.g., smoking, vaporization).

MethodsAdult male and female Sprague Dawley rats (N=96, 6-12 per sex/group) were pre-exposed to vaporized THC or vehicle (Veh; 100% propylene glycol). Rats were then trained to self-administer vapor puffs of either THC (50 mg/ml training dose) or Veh under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule. Responding was then assessed under increasing response costs (FR1-5) and different  doses (50-200 mg/ml) of THC. As a secondary study aim, we assessed the effects of pre-exposure to THC (or Veh) on self-administration of THC vapor or Veh vapor.

ResultsThere were no differences in responding for THC and Veh vapor under an FR1 schedule. As the FR increased, rats increased their responses for THC, and female rats in the THC group responded more than female rats in the Veh vapor group under FR4-5 schedules. When THC concentration was varied, rats titrated their intake in a predictable U-shaped pattern. THC vapor pre-exposure significantly increased self-administration of THC vapor, but not Veh vapor.

ConclusionsMale and female rats voluntarily administered THC vapor in a sustained manner across several months, replicating what has been shown with vaporized cannabis extracts male rats. This study is the first to demonstrate that THC vapor has reinforcing properties in female rats and that pre-exposure is critical for engendering higher intake. This is a promising model of voluntary THC vapor administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.668172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of sex and pre-exposure on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor self-administration in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Insights into Environmental Toxicant Exposures: The TaRGET II Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures to toxic chemicals can profoundly alter the transcriptome and epigenome in both humans and animals, contributing to disease development across the lifespan. To elucidate how early-life exposure to toxicants exerts such persistent effects, the Toxicant Exposures and Responses by Genomic and Epigenomic Regulators of Transcription II (TaRGET II) Consortium generated a landmark resource comprising 2,564 epigenomes and 1,043 transcriptomes from longitudinal studies in mice. All data are publicly available through the TaRGET II data portal and the WashU Epigenome Browser. This resource from target (liver, brain, lung, heart) and surrogate (blood) tissues at weaning (3 weeks) and two adult time-points (5 and 10 months) characterized the molecular response to arsenic (As), lead (Pb), bisphenol-A (BPA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), tributyltin (TBT), tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5m (PM2.5). The findings revealed persistent, toxicant-specific, sex-dependent epigenomic and transcriptomic perturbations, resulting in disrupted expression of 14,908 genes, altered chromatin accessibility at 87,409 regulatory elements, DNA methylation changes at 113,186 genomic regions, and chromatin state switching of histone modifications. The resulting high-resolution map of how environmental exposures reprogram the epigenome and transcriptome is broadly accessible via ToxiTaRGET database, offering unparalleled opportunities for the scientific community to investigate the molecular underpinnings of environmental toxicant exposures and their contributions to disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntala, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colacino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svobada, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalancette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patisaul, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiltshire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolinoy, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomei, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Echartea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Insights into Environmental Toxicant Exposures: The TaRGET II Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic activation of a key exercise signal transducer, CaMKII, drives skeletal muscle aging and sarcopenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle strength and mass, contributes to adverse health outcomes in older adults. While exercise mitigates sarcopenia by transiently activating calcium (Ca2+)- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathways that enhance muscle performance and adaptation, these same signals become chronically elevated in aged skeletal muscle and promote functional decline. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key transducer of both Ca2+ and ROS signals during exercise. Here we show that CaMKII is chronically activated in aged muscles, promoting muscle dysfunction. Muscle-specific expression of a constitutively active CaMKII construct in young mice recapitulates features of aging muscles, including impaired contractility, progressive atrophy, mitochondrial disorganization, formation of tubular aggregates, and an older transcriptional profile characterized by the activation of inflammatory and stress response pathways. Mediation analysis identified altered heme metabolism as a potential mechanism of CaMKII-induced weakness, independent of muscle atrophy. Conversely, partial inhibition of CaMKII in aged muscle improved contractile function and shifted the transcriptome toward a more youthful state without inducing hypertrophy. These findings identify chronic CaMKII activation as a driver of functional and molecular muscle aging and support the concept that CaMKII exemplifies antagonistic pleiotropy, whereby its beneficial roles in promoting muscle performance and adaptation during youth may incur deleterious consequences in aging. We propose that persistent CaMKII activation in aged skeletal muscle reflects unresolved cellular stress and promotes maladaptive remodeling. Enhancing physiological reserve capacity through exercise, in combination with temporally targeted CaMKII inhibition, may help restore adaptive CaMKII signaling dynamics and preserve muscle function in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bene, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fountain, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales-Soto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ochoa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonescu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic activation of a key exercise signal transducer, CaMKII, drives skeletal muscle aging and sarcopenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life Exposure to Arsenic Primes the Offspring to Increased Asthma Risk: Transcriptome and Epigenome Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) in drinking water is a global health concern. This study tests whether maternal exposure to iAs in drinking water at the WHO provisional level (10{micro}g/L) increases offspring asthma risk via epigenetic reprogramming. F1 mice prenatally exposed to iAs were analyzed at 5 months for blood transcriptome and methylome changes and challenged with house allergens before lung function testing. Prenatal iAs exposure led to increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and altered inflammation gene expression and DNA methylation changes. Notably, miR-101c was epigenetically reprogrammed early in development, with persistent downregulation in both target (fetal and adult lungs) and surrogate (amniotic fluid and blood) tissues. These changes correlated with increased allergic AHR and TGF{beta} pathway dysregulation. Findings suggest that maternal iAs exposure primes offspring for asthma risk through epigenetic alterations and may inform risk assessment and biomarker development in affected communities.

KEY FINDINGSO_LIIn utero exposure to 10 part per billion (or 10 {micro}g/L, the current WHO and EPA provisional level in drinking water) inorganic arsenic (iAs) increases offspring asthma risk. These results raise concerns about the current safety thresholds for iAs in drinking water (Fig. 1).
C_LIO_LITranscriptomic and methylome analyses of blood leukocytes from 5-month-old F1 mice revealed that maternal iAs exposure induces transcriptional changes in genes related to allergic airway responses. Pathway analysis highlighted the involvement of miR-101c and its connection with TGF{beta} downstream targets in regulating extracellular matrix signaling, embryonic development, and inflammatory (Figs. 2 and 3).
C_LIO_LITranscriptional changes in col3a1 and miR-101c in blood were strongly correlated with allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), with similar alterations detected in plasma samples. These findings provide new insights into respiratory health in affected communities and support the development of biomarkers for iAs risk assessment (Figs. 4 and 5).
C_LIO_LISeveral gene-specific epigenetic alterations induced by early-life iAs exposure were consistently observed in both surrogate (blood) and target (lung) tissues across developmental stages, offering new panels of easily accessible markers for early detection and monitoring of lung disease risk in offspring. The persistence of these markers over time makes them valuable for predictive modeling and life course studies. (Fig. 6).
C_LIO_LIDownregulation of miR-101c was validated in fetal lung and amniotic fluid of the iAs-exposed group, suggesting that epigenetic reprogramming of miR-101c is initiated early in gestation (Fig. 7). These findings help uncover causal pathways linking environmental exposures to asthma pathogenesis.
C_LIO_LIDistinct sex-specific patterns in blood transcriptome and methylome alterations in respond to early-life iAs exposure underscore the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in omics research.
C_LI

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=149 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f5394eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@855bf8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1592328org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1133ec4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 1.C_FLOATNO Maternal iAs exposure and study design to assess offspring asthma risk. A) Schematic shows the exposure window in which F0 dams received iAs in drinking water from preconception through lactation, followed by collection of F1 progeny for transcriptomic and methylomic analysis. A subset of 5-month-old F1 progenies were assessed for the HDM allergen-induced airway reactivity and airway inflammation. B) Lung resistance was assessed following methacholine (30mg/mL) challenge. C) BAL cells were stained with Diff-Quick, and eosinophil counts are shown. Each datapoint represents a pup from an individual dam; error bars indicate SEM. Five to six dams were used.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=119 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig2.gif" ALT="Figure 2">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7dc1b1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@378529org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1076fe3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@142d801_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 2.C_FLOATNO Blood transcriptome profiles and predicted canonical pathways and regulatory networks. A) Numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in male and female progeny are illustrated with a Venn diagram. Enriched canonical pathways ranked by the p value are shown. B) Using the set of DEGs common in both sexes, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) highlights TGF as a central upstream regulator linking overlapping DEGs related to extracellular matrix signaling (orange), inflammation (yellow), and embryonic development/cell metabolism (blue).

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=131 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig3.gif" ALT="Figure 3">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1732b53org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@216332org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f794d1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14b62df_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 3.C_FLOATNO Blood methylome analysis and associations between miR-101c and TGF-related differentially expressed genes. A) Number of differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) identified in male and female progeny are illustrated with a Venn diagram. There are four DMCs overlapping DMCs annotated to miR-101c. B) Expression levels of miR-101c are shown. C) IPA-derived network linking this miRNA to TGF-related DEGs. Each datapoint represents a pup from an individual dam; error bars indicate SEM. Four to five dams were used.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=148 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig4.gif" ALT="Figure 4">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@482e86org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e666bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@631538org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10618f6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 4.C_FLOATNO Relationship between iAs-induced blood transcriptional changes and allergen-induced AHR. This figure presents correlation patterns between baseline blood DEGs expression changes prior to HDM challenge and subsequent changes in AHR. Pearson correlation coefficients are depicted using a color gradient to distinguish positive (blue) and negative (peach) associations. * Positive correlation: r>0.8, p<0.05; ^ negative correlation: r<-0.8, p<0.05

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig5.gif" ALT="Figure 5">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@150d27eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12b4edeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4702a8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ff9600_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 5.C_FLOATNO Circulating miR-101c levels in progeny exposed to maternal iAs. Plasma levels of miR-101c and COL3A1 protein are shown at different developmental stages. A) Relative expression of miR-101c across F1 progeny at juvenile (3 weeks of age) and adult (5 months of age) prenatally exposed to iAs. B) Levels of COL3A1 protein are shown at juvenile and adult F1 progeny. Each datapoint represents a pup from an individual dam, error bars indicate SEM.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=160 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig6.gif" ALT="Figure 6">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d0ec76org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5468a2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a17e85org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17956ce_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 6.C_FLOATNO Comparison of transcriptional patterns across tissues and developmental stages. Expression changes (FC: fold changes vs. unexposed) of DEGs and miR-101c are compared between blood and lung tissues in both A) juvenile (3 weeks of age) and B) adult (5 months of age) progeny. Blue and orange bars represent FC in blood from male and female progeny, respectively. Black bars represent FC in lung tissues. Solid bars indicate statistically significant changes.

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=154 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_fig7.gif" ALT="Figure 7">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@131ef23org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14b0652org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8c1b30org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4cf6d9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFig. 7.C_FLOATNO Fetal lung and amniotic fluid levels of miR-101c. Relative levels of miR-101c are shown in fetal lung tissues and matched amniotic fluid at embryonic day 16. Data illustrate expression patterns in the context of maternal iAs exposure. Each datapoint represents a pup from an individual dam, error bars indicate SEM.

C_FIG GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/668223v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e25f49org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dddc22org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9f4244org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b787e9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Description: F1 progeny prenatally exposed to iAs were assessed for blood transcriptomic and DNA methylome analysis at 5 months of age. Correlation analysis between transcriptional changes and allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was conducted to examine the epigenetic impact of maternal iAs exposure on offspring asthma risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watfa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasundaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung-Luk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulczinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barchowsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.668223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life Exposure to Arsenic Primes the Offspring to Increased Asthma Risk: Transcriptome and Epigenome Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.03.668049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional characterisation of a reconstructed ancestral strigolactone receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.03.668049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strigolactones are phytohormones that regulate shoot branching and promote root interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In seed plants, strigolactone perception begins with the enzyme-receptor DWARF14 (D14), an /{beta}-hydrolase that is believed to have evolved via gene duplication from the karrikin receptor, KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2). D14 and KAI2 are highly homologous at the sequence and structural levels, and both proteins bind and cleave similar butenolide compounds. Nevertheless, the two signalling pathways are distinct, as the activity of one receptor cannot compensate for the loss of the other. Here, we apply ancestral sequence reconstruction to generate a D14 protein representative of seed plants to study the evolution of substrate specificity, and to explore desirable traits for protein engineering. We describe the structure, as well as the in vitro and in planta activity of ancestral D14, showing that substrate specificity does not meaningfully differ from that of Arabidopsis thaliana D14. We also demonstrate that ancestral D14 shows higher recombinant yields, greatly increased thermostability, and enhanced catalytic activity relative to D14 from A. thaliana. This work provides insight into the evolution of phytohormone signalling and presents a robust scaffold for the application of D14-type proteins in synthetic biology.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAncestral sequence reconstruction of the strigolactone receptor DWARF14 (D14) reveals that its substrate specificity has remained largely conserved in seed plants. Additionally, the ancestral reconstruction exhibits superior recombinant yields, thermostability, and catalytic activity relative to Arabidopsis thaliana D14, providing both evolutionary insights and promising utility for synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuckey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothzerg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.03.668049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional characterisation of a reconstructed ancestral strigolactone receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling hidden cognitive states reveals acute and chronic effects of fentanyl on decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cognitive mechanisms underlying behavior are often dynamic, shifting gradually or abruptly over time scales spanning years, to weeks, to minutes. Whether drug-induced changes in learning and decision-making follow similarly dynamic patterns remains unclear. To address this, we apply a reinforcement learning model to choice data from rats performing a two-step task for oral fentanyl and sucrose rewards. The model contains a set of agents with their own learning and decision-making rules that differentially influence choice, and, critically, each agents contribution to choice is allowed to vary across latent states that fluctuate over time. Using a dimensionality reduction method to align latent states across subjects, we identified three distinct states reflecting mixtures of goal-directed, habitual, and novelty-driven strategies. We found that acute fentanyl reward increased the frequency of transitions out of a goal-directed state into a habit-driven state, while chronic fentanyl exposure selectively diminished goal-directed control within a habit-dominant state, independent of sex. Together, these results demonstrate that fentanyl reshapes both the dynamics and cognitive architecture of decision-making, underscoring the utility of latent-state modeling combined with dimensionality reduction for uncovering drug-driven cognitive changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling hidden cognitive states reveals acute and chronic effects of fentanyl on decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Repertoire of HCV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the E2 Front Layer Supersite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural studies of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 glycoprotein in complex with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been instrumental in mapping neutralizing epitopes and guiding the rational design of immunogens. However, robust structural classification of HCV bNAbs is lacking, complicating immunogen design. The majority of HCV bNAbs recognize the E2 front layer (FRLY) supersite. Here, we developed a roadmap for the structural classification of FRLY-specific bNAbs. We discovered three distinct structural classes, each utilizing a unique binding mode to engage the FRLY supersite. HCV strains with multiple FRLY polymorphisms had a profound impact on binding and neutralization of bNAbs from distinct FRLY classes. Our findings establish the FRLY as a major antigenic supersite targeted by three bNAb classes and underscore the intrinsic structural plasticity of VH1-69-encoded HCV bNAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frumento, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyak, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Repertoire of HCV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the E2 Front Layer Supersite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven simulations elucidate how lymphocyte motility behaviors drive cell-cell interactions within germinal centers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocytes rely on cell motility to surveil immune microenvironments and engage in contact-mediated interactions with other cells as part of the adaptive immune response. Within the germinal center (GC) light zone, germinal center B-cells (GCBs) and T-follicular helper cells (Tfhs) engage in cell-cell interactions that enable antibody affinity maturation. The number and duration of GCB-Tfh interactions correlate with the success of the germinal center in effectively generating antibodies that can bind and neutralize antigens. Prior studies have shown that GCBs and Tfhs exploit distinct motility patterns to surveil the GC light zone and engage in these cell-cell interactions. However, the quantitative relationship between lymphocyte motility parameters (such as speed and tortuosity) and GCB-Tfh interactions has not been systematically explored. Here, we analyzed single-cell trajectories of GCBs and Tfhs from two-photon intravital microscopy videos of GCs within mouse popliteal lymph nodes. We found that these cells exhibit seven distinct motility behaviors, each with characteristic speeds and tortuosities. GCBs tended to move in slow and tortuous paths, while Tfhs adopted faster and more directed trajectories. We then developed a three-dimensional agent-based model (ABM) to simulate these experimentally-observed GCB and Tfh motility behaviors and predict their impact on GCB-Tfh interactions. Using the ABM, we found that the baseline motility behaviors of GCBs and Tfhs allow GCBs to maximize interactions with distinct Tfhs in a confined space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beguelin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven simulations elucidate how lymphocyte motility behaviors drive cell-cell interactions within germinal centers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A colorimetric method for detecting virulent bacteriophage to Vibrio cholerae in fecal and environmental samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundV. cholerae are often infected with vibriophages and these phages may be found associated with V. cholerae bacteria or may be detected independently from the bacteria, especially in environmental water samples. When detected, vibriophages serve as a surrogate for detection of V. cholerae and they also have an important role in the ecology of V. cholerae. Vibriophages can be detected using plaque assays or PCR, but these methods are time-consuming and require specialized laboratory resources.

MethodologyTo address limitations of other methods, we developed a simple, rapid, and inexpensive colorimetric assay to detect vibriophage that can be scaled up to quickly and easily to screen a large number of samples. The assay uses resazurin and a bacterium, AC6169 that is susceptible to vibriophages ICP1, 2, and 3. Resazurin is a dye that turns color from blue to pink when added to a culture broth with growing bacteria. When a bacteria-free test sample, such as a Millipore filtered wastewater sample containing vibriophages, is added to a culture broth with AC6169, the bacteria will be lysed by the phages and will not grow, and the color of the broth will remain blue. However, if there are no phages in the sample, the bacteria will grow rapidly, and the culture broth will turn pink. We developed the assay using ICP1 spiked samples of environmental water, stool and frozen bile peptone and found it to be sensitive with a limit of detection of 4 to 40 plaque forming units/ml.

ConclusionThis colorimetric assay promises to provide a convenient method to detect vibriophages on a larger scale than was possible earlier to better understand their role as a surrogate for detecting V. cholerae and to better understand their role in the pathogenesis, ecology, and epidemiology of cholera.

Author SummaryWe developed a simple and inexpensive colorimetric assay to detect virulent vibriophage in samples of wastewater and stool. The assay uses resazurin, a blue dye and a unique bacterium, AC6169, that is known to be susceptible to vibriophages. Bacteria-free samples (e.g. Millipore filtrates) suspected of having vibriophage are incubated for 2 or 3 hours in a broth with AC6169, following which resazurin is added. After a further 30-minute incubation, the color of the broth is observed. If the sample contains vibriophage, the broth will remain blue, but if there are no vibriophage, the broth will turn pink. The change in color from blue to pink is due to the metabolic reaction from the growing bacteria. When vibriophage are present, they lyse the bacterium AC6169, thus preventing the color change, but if vibriophage are not present, the bacteria multiply rapidly, and the metabolic reaction causes the broth to change color to pink. Because the assay procedure is inexpensive and simple, laboratories in cholera endemic areas should find it convenient for their epidemiologic and clinical surveillance activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debes, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayeed, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A colorimetric method for detecting virulent bacteriophage to Vibrio cholerae in fecal and environmental samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinematic Dissection of Arm Paresis after Focal New M1, Old M1 and Red Nucleus Lesions in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical and subcortical lesions to the motor system, as often occur with stroke, typically lead to transitions through a stereotyped upper limb recovery sequence. After initial weakness and loss of dexterity, spasticity and fixed muscle coactivation patterns (synergies) appear. Early work suggested that different features arise from distinct primary motor cortex (M1) subdivisions. Here we investigated this with modern methods, using ischemic lesions of various cortical areas and electrocoagulation lesions of magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) in rhesus monkeys.

Nine animals were trained on a reach and grasp task; hand kinematics were assessed with markerless tracking. The proportion of damaged cortical layer V cells in each cortical area was quantified, and corresponding kinematic effects evaluated. Reaching speed showed greater and more persistent reductions with larger lesions to the posterior part of M1 on the gyrus (Posterior Old M1 in Stricks terminology). Initial increases in trajectory variability were more consistent with greater damage within the central sulcus (New M1); these partially recovered. Lesions involving Anterior Old M1 (Area 4s in Hines terminology) had no additive negative effects. An extensive cortical lesion, which combined New and Old M1 with pre-motor and somatosensory cortex damage did not produce a worse or more persistent deficit than lesions limited to M1, suggesting that loss of arm control arose mainly from damage to descending pathways rather than cortico-cortical interactions.

Lesions of RNm led to long-lasting slowing of reach, but no increase in variability. Subsequent cortical lesions to Old M1 led to more severe effects, and worse recovery, than without the preceding RNm lesion. This suggests an important neural compensatory role for the rubrospinal tract following cortical damage in monkey, which is not available in humans where the rubrospinal tract is vestigial.

None of the lesions investigated led to overt abnormal synergies.

The results are consistent with known differences in descending connections from each area: New M1 has fast cortico-motoneuronal output, known to be important for fine motor control (here assessed by trajectory variability); Old M1 has cortico-reticular connections able to activate the reticulospinal tract, important for generating the high forces needed for fast movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baines, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinematic Dissection of Arm Paresis after Focal New M1, Old M1 and Red Nucleus Lesions in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturb-seq reveals distinct responses to pluripotency regulator dosages underlying the control of self-renewal and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise regulation of transcription factor (TF) expression is critical for maintaining cell identity, but studies on how graded expression levels affect cellular phenotypes are limited. To address this gap, we employed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a dynamic model to study gene dosage effects and systematically titrated key TFs NANOG and OCT4 expression using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). We then profiled transcriptomic changes in hESCs under self-renewal and differentiation conditions using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). Quantitative modeling of these Perturb-seq datasets uncovers distinct response patterns for different types of genes, including a striking non-monotonic response of lineage-specific genes during differentiation, indicating that mild perturbations of hESC TFs promote differentiation while strong perturbations compromise it. These discoveries suggest that fine-tuning the dosage of stem cell TFs can enhance differentiation efficiency and underscore the importance of characterizing TF function across a gradient of expression levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huangfu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturb-seq reveals distinct responses to pluripotency regulator dosages underlying the control of self-renewal and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of DAXX induces alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-associated hallmarks in prostate cancer cells in a context-specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe histone chaperone complex, consisting of the death domain-associated protein (DAXX) and the alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked protein (ATRX), plays a pivotal role in maintaining chromatin through the deposition of the histone variant H3.3. Mutations leading to loss of ATRX or DAXX function are linked to the non-telomerase, alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype in certain cancers. Engineered ATRX mutations have previously been found to induce features of ALT in prostate cancer cell lines, notably in LAPC-4, but not in CWR22Rv1. This study determined the impact of DAXX mutations on ALT-associated characteristics in CWR22Rv1 and LAPC-4.

MethodologyMutations were induced in CWR22Rv1 and LAPC-4 cells by targeting exon 2 of DAXX using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing strategy. The resulting mutant clones were then evaluated for ALT-associated characteristics, including the presence of ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs), C-circles, telomere length heterogeneity, and a lack of telomerase activity.

ResultsFour CWR22Rv1 DAXX mutant clones (DAXXMut1-4) and five LAPC-4 clones (DAXXMut1-5) were evaluated. In CWR22Rv1, DAXXMut1, DAXXMut2, and DAXXMut4 were true knockout clones with frameshift mutations in both copies, while CWR22Rv1 DAXXMut3 had a frameshift mutation in one copy and an in-frame mutation in the other. Protein expression was undetectable in all the CWR22Rv1 clones, including CWR22Rv1 DAXXMut3. In LAPC-4, DAXXMut1 was a true knockout, while DAXXMut2, DAXXMut3, DAXXMut4, and DAXXMut5 clones had at least one in-frame mutation. Among these LAPC-4 clones, only DAXXMut1 had undetectable protein by western blotting. ALT-associated characteristics such as APBs, C-circles, and telomere length heterogeneity were observed only in CWR22Rv1 DAXXMut4. All the clones maintained telomerase activity, regardless of whether ALT-associated hallmarks were observed.

ImplicationsThe CWR22Rv1 and LAPC-4 DAXX mutant clone models provide useful tools for future studies on telomere maintenance mechanisms and DAXX-related biology, particularly in prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mori, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of DAXX induces alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-associated hallmarks in prostate cancer cells in a context-specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-selective synaptogenesis during the development of excitatory connectivity in the mammalian neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of mammalian neocortex relies on the timing of axon extension and establishment of cell-type-biased patterns of excitatory synaptic connections. A subtype of excitatory neurons, layer 6 corticothalamic neurons (L6CThNs), ultimately exhibit a marked preference for synapsing onto parvalbumin-positive (PV) inhibitory interneurons over more common excitatory cells in layers 6 and 4 (L6, L4). We show that the intracortical axons of L6CThNs develop in phases, elongating within L6, then pausing before extending translaminar branches into L4. Decreasing L6CThN excitability selectively enhanced axon growth in L6 but not later elaboration in L4. For both layers, we tested whether preferential synaptogenesis onto rarer PV interneurons, or promiscuous synapse formation followed by selective pruning, generated adult connectivity. We found that L6CThNs formed functional AMPA-receptor-containing synapses preferentially onto PV interneurons. Silent L6CThN synapses were not detected. Our findings show that cell-type-biased synaptogenesis underlies the formation of functional cell-type-specific excitatory connections in the neocortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutman-Wei, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarsanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabalinan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman Clavel, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spindler-Krage, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-selective synaptogenesis during the development of excitatory connectivity in the mammalian neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attenuated CaV1.2-BK channel protein interaction in bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a severe mental illness featured with potential cycling of depressive and manic episodes. The recurrent cycling is known to be associated with poor prognosis. Thus, it is important to decipher the pathophysiological mechanism that may possibly underlie the cycling. In our study, by using BP patient-derived neurons, we discovered the delay of time-to-peak in depolarization-associated intracellular calcium dynamics. This cellular deficit is selectively associated with the number of manic episodes in BP patients, suggesting that this deficit may participate in the mechanism of clinical cycling. We also observed an attenuated protein interaction between the calcium and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channel and the CaV1.2 L-type VGCC in BP patients. Pharmacological and molecular interventions that target CaV1.2-BK protein interaction, directly to BK channel for the amelioration of this attenuated protein interaction rescues the disease-associated intracellular calcium deficit. To test the involvement of BK channel in cycling-associated behaviors, we generated a novel animal model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genduso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attenuated CaV1.2-BK channel protein interaction in bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profibrotic monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages as a biomarker and therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is present in over 60% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is the leading cause of SSc-related deaths. Profibrotic monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (MoAM) play a causal role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in animal models where their persistence in the niche requires signaling through Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R). We hypothesized that the presence and proportion of MoAM in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from patients with SSc-ILD may be a biomarker of ILD severity. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed BAL fluid from 9 prospectively enrolled patients with SSc-ILD and 13 healthy controls using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. Patients with SSc-ILD had more MoAM and interstitial macrophages in BAL fluid than healthy controls, and their abundance was associated with lung fibrosis severity. We identified changes in the MoAM transcriptome as a function of treatment with mycophenolate, an effective therapy for SSc-ILD. In SSc-ILD lung explants, spatial transcriptomics identified an expanded population of interstitial macrophages spilling into the alveolar space. Our findings suggest that the proportion of profibrotic MoAM and interstitial macrophages in BAL fluid may serve as a biomarker of SSc-ILD and credential them as possible targets for therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkow, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleck, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolenko, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonasson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nafikova, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunyan, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Leonor, X. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdala-Valencia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flozak, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argento, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malsin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyfman, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchalski, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawabkeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersheimer, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltekian, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kujawski, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gune</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profibrotic monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages as a biomarker and therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survey of benzimidazole resistance in ascarid parasites of poultry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ascarid parasites, such as Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum, are nearly ubiquitous in poultry and can cause serious production losses. H. gallinarum is of particular concern because of its role as a vector for the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis, the cause of blackhead disease. Currently, only the benzimidazole anthelmintic, fenbendazole (FBZ), is approved for use in poultry, and recently, FBZ resistance has been discovered and validated in populations of the turkey ascarid Ascaridia dissimilis and in ascarid of gallinaceous birds H. gallinarum. Here, we further explore the prevalence of resistance in poultry ascarids by testing FBZ efficacy against thirteen isolates of A. galli and eight isolates of H. gallinarum. Isolates were used to infect day-old naive chickens. Four weeks after infection, animals to be treated received the label-recommended dosage of FBZ (SafeGuard Aquasol) for five days, per the manufacturers directions. One week after the fifth day of treatment, animals were euthanized and parasite burdens were counted to determine treatment efficacy between the untreated and treated groups. Resistance was identified and validated in a single isolate of A. galli, marking the first confirmed case in the species. All isolates of H. gallinarum were found to be resistant. The emergence of resistance in A. galli and the high prevalence of resistance in H. gallinarum highlight the growing concern of resistance in parasites of poultry. Without approved alternative treatments, the detrimental effects of infections cannot be mitigated in resistant populations, significantly impacting profit margins. Diagnostics that enable broader surveys are necessary to understand the full scope of the problem. However, we show that resistance is present across production species and should act as an impetus for the discovery of new treatments and the adoption of new management strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaye, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightly, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survey of benzimidazole resistance in ascarid parasites of poultry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paracrine Bone-Derived Senescent Secretome Induces Spatially Patterned ECM and Biomechanical Vulnerability in Human Brain Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is increasingly recognized as a systemic process, yet the mechanisms by which senescent cells signal from peripheral tissues accelerate brain aging remain poorly defined. Here, we used chronic exposure of human cerebral organoids to the secretome of senescent osteocytes to investigate how peripheral aging signals reshape brain tissue architecture. We combined spatially resolved optical fiber-based interferometry nanoindentation with transcriptomic and immunofluorescence profiling, demonstrating that bone-derived senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors induce a biphasic mechanical response, early global tissue softening, followed by the emergence of discrete hyper-stiff microdomains. This spatially heterogeneous biomechanical remodeling was accompanied by upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), inflammatory, and senescence pathways, and suppression of neurodevelopmental and synaptic gene networks. Our results reveal that chronic paracrine SASP exposure from senescent osteocytes drives localized ECM reorganization and mechanical vulnerability in human brain tissue, providing mechanistic insight into how peripheral cellular senescence may contribute to regional brain fragility during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofria, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kshirsagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Flores, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkland, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathuria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paracrine Bone-Derived Senescent Secretome Induces Spatially Patterned ECM and Biomechanical Vulnerability in Human Brain Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClpA- and ClpAP-Catalyzed Unfolding and Translocation are Differentially Coupled to ATP Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ClpA is an ATP-dependent chaperone essential for protein quality control in E. coli. Upon ATP binding, ClpA forms hexameric rings capable of association with the tetradecameric ClpP protease. ClpA couples ATP binding and/or hydrolysis to the unfolding and translocation of protein substrates into the central cavity of ClpP for degradation. We previously developed a single-turnover stopped-flow method sensitive to ClpA-catalyzed translocation in the absence of ClpP-catalyzed proteolysis. This method was used on unstructured substrates so that the kinetics were reflective of translocation and not unfolding. We showed that at saturating [ATP], ClpA translocated at [~]20 aa s-1, with the kinetic step size, i.e., the average number of amino acids (aa) translocated between two rate-limiting steps being [~]14 aa step-1. Adding ClpP increased the rate to [~]36 aa s-1 and decreased the kinetic step-size to [~]5 aa step-1.

Here we apply this method to substrates containing folded Titin I27 domains. We report that at saturating [ATP], ClpA unfolded and translocated at [~]12 aa s-1, nearly half the rate of translocation alone. However, in the presence of ClpP, ClpA exhibited a rate of [~]40 aa s-1, representing no reduction in rate over translocation alone. Interestingly, unlike translocation alone, the kinetic step-size for unfolding and translocation was [~]29 aa step-1 for both ClpA and ClpAP. Examining the [ATP]-dependence of the unfolding reactions revealed that the increased kinetic step-size results from the averaging of a large unfolding step-size of [~]97 aa, representing cooperative unfolding of a single Titin I27 domain, followed by multiple smaller translocation steps on the newly unfolded chain. Moreover, just like translocation alone, the introduction of folds into the substrate results in different kinetics between ClpA and ClpAP. These observations further support a model where ClpP allosterically impacts ClpA-catalyzed processes.

SignificanceClpA is one of several AAA+ motors in E. coli. As part of the ATP-dependent protease ClpAP, it facilitates the removal of misfolded and properly folded proteins from the cell. Previously, we published the [ATP]-dependencies of kinetic parameters such as rate constants, kinetic step-sizes, and rates for ClpA- and ClpAP-catalyzed translocation. Here, for the first time, we make similar determinations for the unfolding and translocation cycle. We find both processes to be kinetically coupled to ATP binding, with unfolding being more sensitive to decreasing [ATP] compared to translocation. This coupling differs between ClpA and ClpAP. These findings reinforce the foundation for comparing how AAA+ motors respond to substrate folds, ATP levels, and allosteric regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banwait, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucius, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClpA- and ClpAP-Catalyzed Unfolding and Translocation are Differentially Coupled to ATP Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A population-scale atlas of blood and tissue in lupus nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lupus nephritis (LN), a severe manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), is a heterogeneous disease driven by diverse immune and tissue cell types. We obtained 538K single-cell and 140K single-nuclear profiles from kidney biopsies of 155 LN patients and 30 pre-implantation transplant biopsy controls, along with 325K single-cell blood profiles overlapping many of these patients. We identified key tissue cell types and cell states, and immune cell states; we were able to determine cell states that were tissue specific, and those that were present in the blood. We observed that LN pathological features are significantly associated with cell states using differential gene expression and Covarying Neighborhood Analysis (CNA). These analyses revealed broad changes in cell states associated with irreversible chronic tissue damage. After controlling for the effects of ongoing tissue damage, we observed that expansion of key glomerular and Scar Associated Macrophages (SAMs) populations tracked with increasing inflammatory disease activity. SAMs appear to drive LN fibrosis and, in active disease, infiltrate the glomeruli more than other myeloid cells. These observations strongly support that therapeutic targeting of myeloid populations may offer an as-of-yet unproven strategy to prevent renal inflammation and ongoing kidney damage in LN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurajala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiarto, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mears, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izmirly, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychowdhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horisberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildeman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodle, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Era, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putterman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payan-Schober, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuda, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wofsy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthridge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anolik, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnerships Rheumatoid Arthritis/Systemic Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A population-scale atlas of blood and tissue in lupus nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo bioreactor matures iPSC-CMs for MLP disease modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle LIM protein (MLP) is a critical regulator of cardiomyocytes (CMs) cytoarchitecture, and its deficiency results in late-onset dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in both mice and human. However, recapitulating this phenotype in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) has been challenging largely due to their immature state. Here, we generated MLP knockout (MLP-KO) mouse iPSCs and differentiated them into CMs. We then employed both conventional in vitro and in vivo transplantation approach using immunocompromised rat hearts to promote cardiomyocytes maturation. Our results showed that while in vitro-matured MLP-KO iPSC-CMs failed to exhibit disease phenotypes, in vivo-matured MLP-KO iPSC-CMs successfully recapitulated the hallmarks of DCM, including disrupted sarcomeric architecture and upregulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), closely mirroring disease progression observed in MLP-deficient mice. These findings demonstrate that the in vivo maturation environment is essential for the maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to better model genetic cardiac diseases like DCM and provide valuable insights for future therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limphong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo bioreactor matures iPSC-CMs for MLP disease modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.665980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Predictive Spatial Biomarker in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: The Diversity of Niches Unlocking Treatment Sensitivity (DONUTS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.665980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Probabilistic spatial modelling techniques developed on large-scale tumor-immune Atlases ([~]35M individually mapped cells; 50,000 high power fields) were used to characterize predictive features of treatment-responsive lung cancer. We identified CD8+FoxP3+ cell density as a robust pre-treatment biomarker for outcomes across disease stages and therapy types. In parallel, single-cell RNAseq studies of CD8+FoxP3+ T-cells revealed an activated, early effector phenotype, substantiating an anti-tumor role, and contrasting with CD4+FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells. A spatial biomarker was developed using an empirical probabilistic model to define the immediate cell neighbors or niche surrounding CD8+FoxP3+ cells and proximity to the tumor-stromal boundary. The resultant  Diversity of Niches Unlocking Treatment Sensitivity (DONUTS) are more prevalent than the CD8+FoxP3+ cells themselves, mitigating sampling error in small biopsies. Further, the DONUTS only require four markers, are additive to PD-L1, and associate with tertiary lymphoid structure counts. Taken together, the DONUTS represent a next-generation predictive biomarker poised for clinical implementation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LILarge-scale tumor-immune Atlases drive robust computational biomarker development
C_LIO_LICD8+FoxP3+ cells are anti-tumor T-cells and predict response to therapy
C_LIO_LIThe niches or spatial  donuts around CD8+FoxP3+ cells boost biomarker performance
C_LIO_LICD8+FoxP3+ donuts are hallmarks of a larger immune organization that includes TLS
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskes, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotheringham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Sanchez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caushi, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amiano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-Deutsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uttam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlaminck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mataj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorante, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogurtsova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eminizer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabrisky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorquera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skidmore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaft, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.665980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Predictive Spatial Biomarker in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: The Diversity of Niches Unlocking Treatment Sensitivity (DONUTS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Post-Mortem Brain Molecular Taxonomy of Cognitive Resilience and Translating it to Living Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we define cognitive resilience as slower or faster cognitive decline after we regress out the effects of common brain neuropathologies. Its understanding could provide important insights into the biology underlying cognitive health, enabling the development of more effective strategies to prevent cognitive decline and dementia. However, this requires the development of a practical method to quantify resilience and measure it in living individuals, as well as identifying heterogenous pathways associated with resilience in different individuals. Here, we approach this problem by using a data-driven framework to quantify and characterize molecular signatures underlying cognitive resilience. Using multimodal contrastive trajectory inference (mcTI) on bulk RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic data from 898 post- mortem brain samples from the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP), we derived individual-level molecular pseudotime values reflecting the molecular path from high to low resilience across individuals. Additionally, we identified two distinct molecular subtypes of resilience, each characterized by unique transcriptomic and proteomic signatures, and differing associations with several phenotypes. To translate our brain-derived pseudotime and subtypes to living individuals, we developed prediction models with paired genetics, ante-mortem blood omics, clinical, psychosocial, imaging and device data from the same individuals, demonstrating the potential to predict brain molecular resilience profiles in living persons. Our findings establish a framework for quantifying resilience based on multi- level molecular signatures, identify molecularly distinct resilience subtypes, and demonstrate the feasibility of translating brain-derived molecular profiles to living individuals--laying the groundwork for the development of targeted resilience-promoting interventions in cognitive aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batalha, C. M. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, K. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidadavolu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Post-Mortem Brain Molecular Taxonomy of Cognitive Resilience and Translating it to Living Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty and reward histories have distinct effects on decisions after wins and losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intelligent behavior necessitates an adaptive integration of feedback. It is well-known that animals asymmetrically learn from positive and negative feedback. While asymmetrical learning is a robust behavioral effect, the latent computations behind how animals represent their environments and use this to differentially weight wins and losses is poorly understood. Here we tested whether and how uncertainty and reward histories modulate the weights placed on wins and losses using a behavioral data set collected in rats. We propose a reinforcement learning model that integrates uncertainty history via an unsigned average reward prediction error and a separate subjective reward history component. We showed that in a dynamic probabilistic reversal learning task with blocks of variable reward predictability, ongoing estimation of uncertainty history and reward history both distinctly influenced rats sensitivity to wins and losses. In more predictable environments, and under low uncertainty levels, i.e., when rats were certain in making  correct choices, rats weighted wins more than losses, as indicated by a higher win-stay, and lower lose-shift probability. This asymmetrical learning strategy enabled rats to remain with the correct action, while discounting the influence of rare losses. Further, male rats were more impacted by their reward history, i.e., environmental richness, when making lose-shift decisions, but conversely, female rats were more influenced by their uncertainty history. Hence, we found sex-specific contributions of these latent computations in modulating behavior. We overall demonstrate that asymmetrically weighting wins and losses could form an important behavioral strategy when adapting to ongoing changes in reward and uncertainty history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty and reward histories have distinct effects on decisions after wins and losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the Ion-Conductive State of the α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor via Single-Channel Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7-nAChR) is a cation-selective Cys-loop receptor involved in diverse physiological processes and is an important therapeutic target. Multiple cryo-EM structures of putative open states are now available and their functional relevance is under active investigation. Here, we combined single-channel patch-clamp recordings with atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the conductive properties of several 7-nAChR structures solved with different ligands. Simulations restrained to the respective cryo-EM structures produced only modest ion flux for all models, inconsistent with experiment, whereas fully unrestrained simulations revealed marked differences in their ability to relax into physiologically conductive ensembles. Two structures, 7KOX and ligand-bound 8V82, consistently stabilized into conductive states whose permeation properties matched our measured inward single-channel conductance. The conduction of 8V82 nearly stopped upon removing the modeled ligands. 8V80 showed only intermittent conduction with ligands and remained non-conductive without them. 7EKT collapsed into a non-conductive conformation upon relaxation, irrespective of whether the modeled ligands were retained or removed. 9LH5, despite having a transmembrane pore nearly identical to 7KOXs, exhibited approximately twofold higher conductance, likely due to a widened extracellular vestibule. Across models, permeation events followed Poissonian statistics with a characteristic entry lag captured by a double-Poisson model. Simulations of outward currents consistently overestimated the conductance compared to experiments, perhaps reflecting the absence of the full intracellular domain in available structural models and/or the presence of current-blocking concentrations of cytosolic Mg2+ in patch-clamp cell-attached recordings. These results identify the conformations most compatible with the physiological open state and underscore the importance of unrestrained MD, ligand stabilization, and extracellular-vestibule geometry in shaping 7-nAChR conduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sultan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cymes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damjanovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the Ion-Conductive State of the α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor via Single-Channel Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symptomatic treatment by a BBB-permeable AAV engineered to restore TDP-43 function slows motor neuron disease and prevents paralysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAR DNA-binding protein 43kDa (TDP-43) dysfunction is an early pathogenic mechanism that underlies amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that lacks disease modifying therapies. We previously developed a mouse model in which TDP-43 is selectively deleted from motor neurons (ChAT-Cre;Tardbpf/f) that mimics the early stages of ALS. Here, we demonstrate that intravenous delivery of a blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeable AAV capsid expressing our rationally designed splicing repressor CTR (AAV-PHP.eB-CTR) in symptomatic ChAT-Cre;Tardbpf/f mice markedly slowed disease progression and prevented paralysis. Systemic delivery of AAV-PHP.eB-CTR led to transduction of [~]80% of spinal motor neurons, repression of TDP-43-associated cryptic exons within motor neurons expressing CTR, and attenuation of motor neuron loss. Notably, the addition of the TARDBP 3UTR autoregulatory element to CTR maintained its expression within a physiological range. In control littermates that received AAV-PHP.eB-CTR and were monitored for >20 months, grip strength and body weight remained normal, and no histopathological abnormalities were observed, underscoring a favorable safety profile for this gene therapy. These results provide preclinical proof-of-concept that BBB-crossing AAV delivery of CTR can rescue motor neuron disease through the restoration of TDP-43 function, offering a promising mechanism-based therapeutic strategy for ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peethambaran Mallika, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitzman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renganathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symptomatic treatment by a BBB-permeable AAV engineered to restore TDP-43 function slows motor neuron disease and prevents paralysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cancer/Testis Antigen FATE1 Antagonizes Fission and Preserves Mitochondrial Network Integrity under Cytotoxic Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FATE1 (Fetal and Adult Testis Expressed 1), also known as BJ-HCC-2, is a cancer-testis antigen with highly restricted expression in normal tissues but aberrant activation in diverse tumor types, where it localizes to both the outer mitochondrial membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and functions as a key survival factor. Although FATE1 shares sequence homology with the mitochondrial fission factor Mff, its role in regulating mitochondrial architecture has not been mechanistically defined. Here, we identify FATE1 as a novel modulator of mitochondrial morphology that acts through a mechanism distinct from Mff. Unlike Mff, FATE1 does not recruit Drp1 to mitochondria and therefore lacks canonical fission activity. Instead, FATE1 promotes mitochondrial hyperfusion and protects against mitochondrial fragmentation triggered by cytokines and mitochondrial uncoupler treatment. The pro-fusion activity of FATE1 requires its mitochondrial targeting and interaction with Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2). Our findings establish FATE1 as a cancer-selective regulator of mitochondrial dynamics that antagonizes fission and preserves network integrity under cytotoxic stress, revealing a potential mechanism by which tumor cells evade mitochondria-driven apoptotic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahn, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonse, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamacher-Brady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cancer/Testis Antigen FATE1 Antagonizes Fission and Preserves Mitochondrial Network Integrity under Cytotoxic Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.669765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Missing data in single-cell transcriptomes reveals transcriptional shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.669765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Profiling thousands of single cell transcriptomes is routine, yet cell prioritization based on response to biological perturbations is challenging and confounded by clustering, normalization and dimensionality reduction strategies. We developed a scoring approach independent of these obstacles that unbiasedly identifies distinct transcriptomes within a set based on missing data patterns, allowing cell prioritization and feature selection for downstream analysis. Our method applied to D. discoideum reveals a metabolic shift that marks the transition between the amoeboid and aggregated states of this model organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lvovs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueguen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.669765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Missing data in single-cell transcriptomes reveals transcriptional shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Characterization of Anterior Segment Development: Cell Types, Pathways, and Signals Driving Formation of the Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenesis of the anterior segment (AS) is crucial for healthy ocular physiology and vision but is only partially understood. The Schlemms canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) are essential drainage tissues within the AS, and their proper development and function are critical for maintaining normal intraocular pressure; abnormalities in either tissue can result in elevated pressure and glaucoma. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomic profiling to provide high-resolution molecular detail of AS development with a particular focus on SC and TM. We report transcriptomes for [~]130,000 single cells at key developmental stages from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P60. We provide the first annotation of cell types across these developmental stages and crucial information about dynamic changes in pathways/gene expression. Further, we trace developmental trajectories for TM cell and SC endothelial cell (SEC) subtypes and determine genes and signaling networks driving their specific cell fates. We demonstrate dynamic changes in signaling interactions between SC and the TM cells during their synchronized development. Collectively, our data lay a deep molecular foundation for AS development that will direct understanding of normal ocular physiology, glaucoma, and other AS conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Characterization of Anterior Segment Development: Cell Types, Pathways, and Signals Driving Formation of the Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.17.670714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PBD-dimer containing antibody drug conjugate targeting CCRL2 for high-risk MDS/AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.17.670714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with high-risk features including TP53 mutations and deletions have poor outcomes due to lack of effective therapies. The atypical chemokine surface receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) is overexpressed in MDS and secondary AML (sAML) compared to healthy hematopoietic cells and we recently found that TP53-mutated MDS/AML and AML with erythroid features express the highest levels of this receptor across MDS/AML subtypes. To illustrate the therapeutic potential of CCRL2 as a therapeutic target, we developed an anti-CCRL2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) by conjugating an anti-CCRL2 antibody with the cytotoxic drug pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD), which causes DNA double-strand breaks leading to cancer cell death. The anti-CCRL2 ADC demonstrated strong CCRL2-selective cytotoxicity against cell lines derived from MDS/AML patients with TP53 mutations and erythroid features, surpassing the cytotoxic effects observed with gemtuzumab and PBD-conjugated anti-CD33 and anti-CD123 ADCs. It also induced apoptosis and suppressed the clonogenicity of primary MDS/AML bone marrow samples without affecting the survival, differentiation and clonogenicity of healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This agent also suppressed the leukemic growth of TP53-mutated MDS/AML cell line xenografts, improving mice survival and decreasing the leukemic burden in patient-derived TP53-mutated MDS/AML xenografts. In conclusion, our study introduces CCRL2 as a potential new therapeutic target in high-risk MDS/AML.

Statement of significancePyrrolobenzodiazepine(PBD)-conjugated anti-CCRL2 ADC shows anti-leukemic effect in MDS/AML models including TP53-mutated disease without affecting healthy hematopoietic cells supporting that it is a promising candidate for single-agent or combination therapies in high-risk MDS/AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naji, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmedna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichakawade, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzilygeroudi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klausner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supeanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gojo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeZern, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karantanos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.17.670714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PBD-dimer containing antibody drug conjugate targeting CCRL2 for high-risk MDS/AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.17.668569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncolytic peptide NF27 effectively inhibits tumor growth and eradicates tumors in multiple cancer types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.17.668569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncolytic peptides are amphipathic peptides that specifically induce cell death in cancer cells by rupturing the cell membrane. Despite their therapeutic potential, few have advanced to clinical trials, and none have been approved for cancer treatment, highlighting the need for more potent and safe candidates. Moreover, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of oncolytic peptides remains poorly understood. To address these challenges, we designed a series of peptides based on the previously reported oncolytic peptide CKS1 and evaluated their activity to induce cancer cell death. By comparing the structures and the activities of these peptides, we discovered novel insights in the SAR of oncolytic peptides. Among the peptides, we identified NF27 as the most potent peptide. NF27 showed broad cytotoxicity across multiple cancer types but displayed minimal toxicity against healthy cells and low hemolysis. Cell death induced by NF27 was immunogenic and promoted infiltration of immune cells in murine tumors. In murine tumor models, NF27 effectively suppressed tumor growth and achieved complete eradication in some cases, with no observable side effects. These findings highlight NF27 as a promising lead peptide for the development of safe and effective oncolytic therapies.

One Sentence SummaryWe identified NF27, a novel oncolytic peptide that induces immunogenic cancer cell death and eradicates tumors with low toxicity via SAR study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furukawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirando, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.17.668569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncolytic peptide NF27 effectively inhibits tumor growth and eradicates tumors in multiple cancer types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D map-guided modeling of functional endometrial tissue using multi-compartment assembloids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human endometrium is a dynamic tissue that lines the uterus and undergoes constant remodeling, making it especially susceptible to gynecological diseases like endometriosis and endometrial cancer. The molecular mechanisms of these conditions are not well understood, partly due to the lack of in vitro models that mimic endometrial physiology, which limits options for targeted intervention and treatment of these diseases. Mouse models are also inadequate, as common laboratory strains do not naturally undergo a menstrual cycle comparable to that of humans. This study addresses this need by developing a 3D multi-compartment assembloid that mimics the architecture of endometrial tissue and recapitulates all three phases of the menstrual cycle (proliferative, secretory, and menstrual regression) within a single platform. The cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) components in each compartment are carefully tuned based on a 3D spatial cellular map of endometrial tissue. The model contains endometrial epithelial cells enveloped in a basement membrane and endometrial stromal cells in a surrounding collagen-rich layer; this architecture allows realistic interactions between these cells and their respective ECMs. This assembloid successfully supports the controlled growth and organization of these cells, revealing reciprocal regulation of cell behavior and exhibiting compartment-specific hormonal responses, i.e., stromal decidualization. This platform enables the study of dynamic, phase-resolved, and compartment-specific paracrine signaling in human endometrial biology. By combining tissue-informed design, modular fabrication, and full-cycle hormonal responsiveness, this model sets a new benchmark for blastocyst implantation studies, organ modeling, and precision diagnostics in human reproductive health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>REN, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUARTE, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHOU, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HO, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FORJAZ, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CRAWFORD, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALICEA-REBECCA, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JOSHI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NAIR, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HANNA, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WIRTZ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.671545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D map-guided modeling of functional endometrial tissue using multi-compartment assembloids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Genomic Classification Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foundation models are increasingly being leveraged for biological tasks. To address the high memory requirements of fine-tuning large pre-trained language models, parameter efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods are also being increasingly utilized. Previous studies have shown minimal, if any, loss in performance when using PEFT on binary classification tasks. However, the impact of using PEFT on tasks with large classification spaces has not been systemically evaluated. In this work, we apply PEFT to the problem of taxonomic classification using pre-trained genomic language models as the classification backbone. We explore various training strategies--including PEFT, full fine-tuning, and partial fine-tuning--for classifying sequences at the superkingdom, phylum, and genus levels. We find that PEFT-trained models significantly underperform compared to those trained via full fine-tuning or partial fine-tuning. Additionally, we demonstrate increased performance of pretrained models over those randomly initialized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the Effectiveness of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Genomic Classification Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.24.671966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase acts as an inhibitory auxiliary subunit of volume-regulated anion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.24.671966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) are large-pore channels present in nearly all vertebrate cells, playing key roles in cell volume regulation and autocrine/paracrine signaling. Here, we identify the ubiquitously expressed puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) as a binding partner of the obligatory VRAC subunit SWELL1 (also known as LRRC8A) and report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SWELL1-PSA complex. Three PSA molecules associate with a single SWELL1 hexamer, coupling adjacent leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains into local dimers. Functionally, PSA overexpression suppresses VRAC activation, whereas its deletion results in elevated basal channel activity. Notably, PSAs regulatory role on VRACs is independent of its aminopeptidase activity. Our findings identify PSA as the first auxiliary subunit of VRACs, highlight the role of intracellular LRR domains in allosteric channel gating, and propose a new strategy for modulating VRAC function in diverse physiological contexts, including cGAMP transport and STING signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koylass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.24.671966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase acts as an inhibitory auxiliary subunit of volume-regulated anion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.670941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actinium-225 dendrimer-radioconjugates combined with low-dose standard-of-care chemotherapy: site-independent treatment of triple negative breast cancer metastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.670941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEMetastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) is incurable largely due to the development of drug resistance, the lack of selective cell targeting, and/or limitations in tumor drug delivery that vary depending on the different (metastatic) tumor locations.

METHODSThe potential of a single type of systemic, targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) was investigated for addressing the above challenges of TNBC tumors implanted at different anatomic sites in mice. Actinium-225 dendrimer-radioconjugates alone, and/or after pretreatment with low-dose standard-of-care cisplatin, were assessed in vitro and on immune-competent 4T1-Balb/c mouse models with tumors implanted intracranially, orthotopically or subcutaneously.

RESULTSIn vitro, TATs efficacy was enhanced by cisplatin. In vivo, treatment was initiated well after tumors had grown (Vto = 39 {+/-} 14 mm3 in the intracranial model, and Vto=100mm3 in the orthotopic and subcutaneous models). Across all tumor implantation sites, a unified correlation was observed between animal mean survival and the dendrimer-delivered tumor absorbed doses, which were selectively increased by low-dose cisplatin pretreatment. Importantly, in all animal models, the mean survival following systemic treatment with both modalities was significantly longer vs. each modality alone and/or vs. no treatment, at injected doses that did not cause long-term (10-month) toxicities in tumor-free mice.

CONCLUSIONSystemically-injected dendrimer-delivered TAT, combined with low-dose cisplatin pretreatment, can safely extend survival independent of mTNBC tumors anatomic site, potentially presenting a single type of therapy to simultaneously treat multi-site mTNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.670941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actinium-225 dendrimer-radioconjugates combined with low-dose standard-of-care chemotherapy: site-independent treatment of triple negative breast cancer metastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.671351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UNC-45A Drives ATP-Independent Microtubule Destabilization via Defect Recognition and Repair Inhibition Contributing to Neurite Dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.671351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
UNC-45A is the only known ATP-independent microtubule severing protein. Using in vitro reconstitution and TIRF microscopy, we show that, unlike canonical severing enzymes such as katanin, spastin, and fidgetin, which hydrolyze ATP to remove tubulin dimers and promote lattice repair, UNC-45A selectively binds to pre-existing microtubule defects and inhibits GTP-tubulin incorporation. This mechanism prevents the formation of stabilized hot spots that typically protect microtubules from disassembly, resulting in persistent lattice damage and net microtubule loss, even in the presence of physiological levels of free GTP-tubulin.

We further demonstrate that UNC-45A localizes near amyloid deposits in both mouse models and human cases of Alzheimers disease (AD). In cultured neurons, UNC-45A accumulates in axonal swellings--regions of pronounced microtubule disruption and experimental surrogates for dystrophic neurites in AD--and exacerbates their size and number, particularly under conditions mimicking microtubule damage. Notably, this is the first report of a microtubule severing protein that both localizes near amyloid plaques in tissue and accumulates in neurite swellings in cultured neurons, where it modulates their pathology.

Together, our findings establish the mechanism of ATP-independent, damage-responsive severing pathway that couple defects recognition to repair inhibition, defining a new paradigm in microtubule quality control with broad implications for cytoskeletal integrity and remodeling in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoshino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castle, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meints, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odde, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.671351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UNC-45A Drives ATP-Independent Microtubule Destabilization via Defect Recognition and Repair Inhibition Contributing to Neurite Dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust representation and non-linear spectral integration of simple and complex harmonic sounds in layers 4 and 2/3 of primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sound harmonicity is foundational in complex auditory stimuli like music and vocalizations but it remains unclear how such spectrally complex stimuli are processed in the auditory cortex (ACtx). Subregions of the auditory cortex process are thought to process harmonic stimuli differently, and secondary ACtx (A2) layer (L) 2/3 is believed to be the most selective. Selective responses to sound features in ACtx are thought to emerge hierarchically starting from A1 L4. Since the spectral complexity of harmonic stacks can range from two to more than ten components, harmonic selectivity and sensitivity might also arise hierarchically across layers and areas. We studied responses to simple and complex harmonic stacks across A1 L4, A1 L2/3, and A2 L2/3 in adult mice using in vivo two-photon microscopy. We found harmonic-sensitive neurons (HN) responding only to harmonic stacks but not to their pure-tone components in all areas at similar proportions. HNs showed non-linear processing of component tones with onset-responsive HNs showing greater nonlinearity, which decreased with harmonic complexity. Co-tuned HNs in A1 L4 exhibited the highest signal correlation, regardless of harmonic complexity. A1 L4 HNs also showed the lowest noise correlation with other neurons. Moreover, A1 L4 HNs achieve robust spectral integration and harmonic sensitivity by receiving diverse inputs and maintaining high signal correlation, ensuring independent, strong responses to harmonic stimuli. Therefore, harmonic sensitivity is present in A1 L4 and is not a unique feature of A2. Thus, tuning to complex spectral sounds is a fundamental property of ACtx and is already established in A1 L4.

Significance statementHarmonics are essential in auditory perception, influencing how we process complex sounds like music and speech. This study reveals that neurons in the primary auditory cortex (A1) and secondary auditory cortex (A2) integrate simple and complex harmonic structures with distinct mechanisms of neuronal recruitment. A1 L4 harmonic-sensitive neurons (HNs) demonstrated strong, independent responses through high signal correlation and minimal noise correlation, suggesting a robust mechanism for spectral integration. Our results show that harmonic relationships are already extracted at the input layers of A1, and that HNs show non-linear facilitative integration. Thus, tuning to sounds of complex spectral contents might be a fundamental processing function of the auditory cortex and is already established in A1 L4, which receives major thalamic inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust representation and non-linear spectral integration of simple and complex harmonic sounds in layers 4 and 2/3 of primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Assembling Synthetic Peptides Remodel Mitochondrial Properties via Nanopore Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pore-forming peptides (PFPs) are powerful tools for engineering biological membranes in vitro and in living cells. They can be derived from natural sources or designed de novo, with synthetic peptides offering distinct advantages in rational design unconstrained by natural sequences. While native PFPs have been targeted to specific organelles to modulate their functions, the potential of synthetic PFPs for organelle engineering remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that the 28-amino acid synthetic peptides, SVG28 and its variant SVG28D2, can be selectively targeted to mitochondria for functional alteration. More specifically, molecular dynamics simulations first confirmed the structural stability of the SVG28 nanopore even when fused to the TOM20 transmembrane domain, a mitochondrial targeting sequence. In isolated lipid bilayers, TOM20-SVG28 formed pores with a 0.3-nS, conductance, or 1.0-nm pore. The expression efficiency was further enhanced by two amino acid substitutions (SVG28D2). In cells, both TOM20-SVG28 and TOM20-SVG28D2 localized to the mitochondria, induced morphological alterations, and reduced both membrane potential and ATP production. These observations in silico, in vitro and in cellulo collectively indicate that the synthetic SVG28 peptides self-assemble into pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane, likely permitting proton permeation. Importantly, the matrix protein Su9 remained confined within mitochondria, suggesting preserved inner membrane integrity, and thus specific effect on the target. This work establishes a framework for the design and application of genetically-encoded synthetic PFPs in living cells, opening new avenues for cellular engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeuchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Assembling Synthetic Peptides Remodel Mitochondrial Properties via Nanopore Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.24.671992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decitabine reverses innate immune gene suppression in rare melanomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.24.671992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare melanoma subtypes, including acral, mucosal, and uveal melanomas, exhibit limited responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), yet the molecular mechanisms of immune resistance remain poorly defined. Here, we performed transcriptomic profiling of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and publicly available tumor datasets to systematically compare intratumoral gene expression across cutaneous and rare melanoma subtypes. We identified a convergent downregulation of innate immune pathogen sensing (IIPS) and type I interferon signaling pathways in rare melanomas compared to cutaneous, with lower expression also observed in anti-PD-1 non-responder tumors. CIBERSORT deconvolution of immune populations revealed that lower IIPS gene-expressing tumors exhibited reduced CD8 T cell and memory CD4 T cell infiltration, and enrichment of M2 macrophages, consistent with a more immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In vitro screening of epigenetic and immunomodulatory compounds revealed that the DNA hypomethylating agent decitabine robustly induced IIPS and adaptive immune gene expression in rare melanoma cell lines. In vivo treatment of mucosal and uveal melanoma xenograft models with decitabine resulted in durable upregulation of IIPS and antigen presentation genes, and whole transcriptome analysis confirmed that IIPS gene re-expression was the dominant transcriptional consequence of decitabine treatment. These findings highlight silencing of IIPS genes as a recurrent immune evasion mechanism in rare melanomas and nominate decitabine as a potential immunomodulatory strategy for enhancing immune responsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacBeth, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagby, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgers, J. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitty, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacob, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couts, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.24.671992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decitabine reverses innate immune gene suppression in rare melanomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tafazzin-Mediated Cardiolipin Remodeling Controls Metabolic Stress Response and Effector Function of Inflammatory T Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal expansion and effector differentiation of T cells require extensive metabolic reprogramming. This includes the restructuring of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to enhance respiration by increasing chemiosmotic coupling efficiency. Cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid that is exclusively synthesized and localized in the IMM, modulates the biophysical properties of the electron transport chain (ETC) in tissues with high energy demands, such as cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle. However, it remains unclear whether cardiolipin is also important for metabolic remodeling during T helper (Th) cell differentiation. In this study, we show that cardiolipin transacylation, catalyzed by the enzyme Tafazzin, supports the clonal expansion and effector function of inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells in vitro and in models of autoimmune colitis and encephalomyelitis. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that loss of Tafazzin-mediated cardiolipin maturation induces a metabolic and transcriptional stress response in Th cells to compensate for impaired coupling efficiency of the ETC complexes and disrupted cellular redox homeostasis. However, the genetic program that restores cellular homeostasis and mitigates oxidative stress concurrently impairs the effector functions of inflammatory T cells, such as cytokine production. Our findings also provide insights into the complex clinical manifestation of patients with Barth syndrome (BTHS) caused by mutations in the human TAFAZZIN gene. BTHS is characterized by cardiac and skeletal myopathy as well as neutropenia and an increased susceptibility to infections. Although the molecular basis of the immunodeficiency remains poorly understood, our findings suggest that impaired Th cell function contributes to the immunopathology observed in BTHS patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochrein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puhl, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stigloher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaeth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tafazzin-Mediated Cardiolipin Remodeling Controls Metabolic Stress Response and Effector Function of Inflammatory T Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Gestational Timing Governs Human Cerebellar Development After Preterm Birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic biological clocks govern human brain development, but whether these programs recover from early disruption, such as premature birth, remains unknown. The cerebellum, with peak maturation in the last trimester, provides a model to address this challenge. We analyzed an unprecedented combination of in-vivo and postmortem cohorts of human postnatal cerebella spanning 22-42 weeks gestation, integrating longitudinal neuroimaging, spatial transcriptomics, and machine-learning-based histology to capture developmental states inaccessible to experimental models. Gestational age imposed lasting differences in postnatal cerebellar growth, architecture, and molecular programs. Spatially resolved gene expression data revealed lineage-specific rules: granule cells followed an immutable developmental clock, whereas Purkinje cells failed to undergo the maturation-linked reduction in cell numbers, retaining their population but with reduced dendritic complexity, reflected by a thinner molecular layer after early extrauterine transition. These findings redefine prematurity as a state-dependent arrest of intrinsic brain programs and provide a foundation for regenerative and neuroprotective interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanidas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaemmaghami, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyshner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triantafyllou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettersen, H. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandereng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutroulis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratimenos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Gestational Timing Governs Human Cerebellar Development After Preterm Birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.672585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological landscape of acute illness in children in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.672585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Childhood illnesses including pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria are leading causes of hospitalisation and mortality in resource-limited settings. However, we lack understanding of whether systemic responses to such diverse clinical syndromes are shared or specific, how they are impacted by malnutrition and how they differ from well children. We performed multi-omic profiling of plasma proteins, and serum metabolites and lipids in acutely ill hospitalised and well children in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Using network-based clustering and mixed-effects modelling, we identified common and syndrome-specific omics responses to acute illness. We found that malnutrition often modifies host responses to disease. Although the internal structure of individual omics modules was largely preserved between ill and well children, the interactions between these preserved modules were markedly reorganised during acute illness. Compared to well children, biological systems in hospitalised children were more interconnected, exhibiting denser cross-omics interactions. These findings reveal widespread multisystem mobilisation during paediatric acute illness, offer deeper mechanistic insights and highlight candidate pathways for therapeutic intervention in high-burden settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudibo, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sande, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngari, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singa, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancioni, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mupere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamouni, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koulman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandsma, R. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickell, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njunge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.672585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological landscape of acute illness in children in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering Cell Fate and Clonal Dynamics via Integrative Single-Cell Lineage Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through natural or synthetic lineage barcodes, single-cell technologies now enable the joint measurement of molecular states and clonal identities, providing an unprecedented opportunity to study cell fate and dynamics. Yet, most computational methods for inferring cell development and differentiation rely exclusively on transcriptional similarity, overlooking the lineage information encoded by lineage barcodes. This limitation is exemplified by T cells, where subtle transcriptional differences mark divergent fates with distinct biological activity. Single-cell RNA and matched TCR sequencing is now ubiquitous in the analysis of clinical samples, where the TCR sequence provides an endogenous clonal barcode and could reveal clonal T cell responses. We present Clonotrace, a computational framework that jointly models gene expression and clonotype information to infer cell state transitions and fate biases with higher fidelity. While motivated by challenges in analyzing T cell populations, especially in the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy settings, Clonotrace is broadly applicable to any lineage-barcoded single-cell dataset. Across diverse systems including T cells, hematopoietic differentiation, and cancer therapy resistance models, Clonotrace reveals differentiation hierarchies, distinguishes unipotent from multipotent states, and identifies candidate fate-determining genes driving lineage commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering Cell Fate and Clonal Dynamics via Integrative Single-Cell Lineage Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural network with episodic memory learns causal relationships between narrative events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans reflect on memories to make sense of ongoing events. Past work has shown that people retrieve causally related memories during comprehension, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we used a recurrent neural network augmented with a key-value episodic memory buffer and trained it to predict upcoming scenes while watching a television episode. At each time step, the model transformed the current scene into a value representing memory content and a key representing memory address, both stored as episodic memory. The model retrieved selective past values by applying self-attention over stored keys and integrated these memories with the current scene representation to generate predictions. The model retrieved memories similar to those retrieved by human participants watching the same episode during fMRI. Importantly, this similarity disappeared when causal relationships between events were controlled for. The model also represented causally related events with similar patterns, similar to how the human brain represents these events. These findings suggest that using two distinct memory representations allows the model to retrieve memories and organize events based on causal relationships, beyond semantic or perceptual similarities. Together, this work proposes a key-value episodic memory system as a candidate computational mechanism for how humans retrieve causally related memories to comprehend naturalistic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural network with episodic memory learns causal relationships between narrative events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF-1α and RhoA Drive Enhanced Motility and Aerotaxis of Polyaneuploid Prostate Cancer Cells in Hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancer deaths result from metastasis, yet only a rare subset of tumor cells can complete this process. Among these, polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs), which arise via endoreplication under stressors such as hypoxia, are implicated as metastatic drivers, but how they acquire this potential is poorly understood. Here, we show that prostate cancer-derived PACCs exhibit features predictive of invasion and intravasation. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and single-cell tracking under hypoxia revealed that PACCs migrated significantly farther than Non-PACCs, consistent with local invasion. PACC trajectories showed a strong tendency to migrate toward oxygen, consistent with aerotaxis and predictive of intravasation. siRNA-mediated knockdown demonstrated that the enhanced motility and aerotaxis of hypoxic PACCs require both HIF-1and RhoA, with RhoA expression suppressed upon HIF-1 inhibition. Altogether, we propose a HIF-1[-&gt;] RhoA [-&gt;] motility/aerotaxis mechanism enabling PACCs to escape hypoxic cores, invade tissue, and access vasculature, highlighting them as a uniquely invasive subpopulation with implications for anti-metastatic therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hosny, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatenby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF-1α and RhoA Drive Enhanced Motility and Aerotaxis of Polyaneuploid Prostate Cancer Cells in Hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of De Novo Deep Learning Models on the Protein-Sugar Interactome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in deep learning have produced a range of models for predicting the protein-sugar interactome; however, structural docking of noncovalent protein-carbohydrate complexes remains largely unexplored. Although all-atom structure prediction models like AlphaFold3 (AF3), Boltz-1, Chai-1, DiffDock, and RosettaFold-All Atom (RFAA) were validated on protein-small molecule complexes, no benchmark or evaluation exists specifically for noncovalent protein-carbohydrate docking. To address this, we developed a high-quality dataset of experimental structures - Benchmark of CArbohydrate Protein Interactions (BCAPIN). Using BCAPIN and a novel evaluation metric, DockQC, we assessed the performance of all-atom structure prediction models on non-covalent protein-carbohydrate docking. We found all methods achieved comparable results, with an 85% success rate for structures of at least acceptable quality. However, we found that the predictive power of all models declined with increasing carbohydrate polymer length. With the capabilities and limitations assessed, we evaluated AF3s ability to predict binding for a set of putative human carbohydrate binding and carbohydrate non-binding proteins. While current models show promise, further development is needed to enable high-confidence, high-throughput prediction of the complete protein-sugar interactome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canner, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeshita, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of De Novo Deep Learning Models on the Protein-Sugar Interactome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical and molecular features of primary gliosarcoma with digital spatial whole-transcriptome analysis of glial and mesenchymal components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliosarcoma is a rare subtype of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma defined by mixed malignant glial and high-grade sarcomatous histological elements. Gliosarcoma is clinically managed similarly to glioblastoma and has a poor clinical outcome. The sarcoma-like regions of gliosarcoma are thought to represent extreme mesenchymal metaplasia of neoplastic glial cells. Factors contributing to this phenomenon are not completely understood. Here we report a single-institution series of 37 gliosarcomas including next-generation sequencing data on 25 cases and digital spatial whole-transcriptome analysis on 4 cases to characterize differential gene expression between glial and mesenchymal components. Gliosarcoma demographic and genetic features were compared to a cohort of 75 primary adult hemispheric IDH-wildtype non-sarcomatous glioblastomas. Patient age, tumor location, sex, and overall survival in gliosarcoma were similar to glioblastoma. Gliosarcomas showed a significantly lower rate of EGFR amplification and a higher rate of NF1 mutation compared to glioblastomas in next-generation sequencing analysis. Digital spatial whole-transcriptome analysis showed a distinct transcriptomic profile in sarcomatous regions with over-expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix development and remodeling. Selected differentially expressed transcripts were examined further by immunohistochemistry. The glial elements of gliosarcomas showed higher immunoreactivity for Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) than glioblastomas, but low to absent expression within the sarcomatous elements. Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1 (LEF1) immunoreactivity was identified within sarcomatous regions of gliosarcoma without detectable nuclear {beta}-catenin, suggesting a role for {beta}-catenin independent wingless (WNT) effector signaling in sarcomatous transformation. This study adds to the growing literature demonstrating differences in the genetic underpinning of gliosarcoma and glioblastoma, establishes feasibility of spatial transcriptomic approaches in gliosarcoma, and validates digital spatial profiling-based results as a discovery platform to identify pathways and immunohistochemical markers for further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zangirolani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corless, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical and molecular features of primary gliosarcoma with digital spatial whole-transcriptome analysis of glial and mesenchymal components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 Deficiency Attenuates Amyloid Pathology, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline in a Familial Alzheimer Disease Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP1) has been implicated in DNA damage responses and neuroinflammation in Alzheimers disease (AD), yet its role in amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) pathology remains unclear. Here, we show that PARP1 activation drives A{beta} pathology and neurodegeneration. Using a sensitive ELISA, we observed significantly elevated PAR levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD compared to controls. In vitro, oligomeric A{beta}1-42 activated PARP1 and induced DNA damage, while genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 conferred neuroprotection. In vivo, PARP1 knockout in the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloidosis led to reduced amyloid plaque burden, preserved synaptic and neuronal integrity, attenuated glial activation and neuroinflammation, and rescued cognitive deficits. Mechanistically, PARP1 deficiency decreased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1 levels, altered {gamma}-secretase complex composition, and enhanced A{beta} degradation via neprilysin. These findings position PARP1 as a critical mediator of A{beta} toxicity and neurodegeneration, suggesting its inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.

Significance StatementOur study identifies poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) as an elevated biomarker in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease, correlating with established markers of amyloid pathology. We demonstrate that PARP1, the enzyme responsible for PAR synthesis, is activated by neurotoxic A{beta}1-42 and mediates neuronal death, amyloid plaque formation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits in a mouse model of AD. Importantly, genetic ablation of PARP1 not only protects neurons from A{beta} toxicity but also reduces amyloid burden by suppressing A{beta} production and enhancing its degradation. These findings highlight PARP1 as a critical regulator of amyloid pathology and neurodegeneration, and suggest that PARP1 inhibition may offer a promising therapeutic avenue for Alzheimers disease by simultaneously targeting multiple pathogenic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhaldiyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasupuleti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panicker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monghekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leverenz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.06.674313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 Deficiency Attenuates Amyloid Pathology, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline in a Familial Alzheimer Disease Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DART: A GUI Pipeline for Aligning Histological Brain Sections to 3D Atlases and Automating Laser Microdissection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise dissection of anatomically defined brain regions is the basis of many workflows in neurobiology. Traditionally, brain regions of interest are defined by visual inspection of tissue sections, followed by manual dissection. Recently, laser capture microscopes have been employed for more accurate dissection, but region identification is still challenging. This paper presents an open-source software pipeline DART (Dissecting Atlas-Registered Tissue) that aligns histological brain sections to three-dimensional reference atlases and exports the resulting region-of-interest (ROI) contours for dissection by Leica Laser Microdissection (LMD) instruments. By integrating well-established image-processing libraries with a user-friendly graphical user interface, the software automates the traditionally time-consuming workflow of defining the boundaries of brain regions for dissection. With this pipeline, researchers can streamline tissue sampling for molecular analyses, while ensuring reproducibility and precision in ROI selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koneru, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M. M.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DART: A GUI Pipeline for Aligning Histological Brain Sections to 3D Atlases and Automating Laser Microdissection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.673943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 loss of function drives aberrant splicing in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.673943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphWhile mRNA splicing dysregulation is a well-established contributor to neurodegeneration in disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), its role in Parkinsons disease (PD) remains underexplored. Here, we analyse transcriptomic data from >500 post-mortem human brain samples from individuals with and without PD to show that splicing alterations are frequently detected. Differentially spliced genes were significantly more enriched for those causally-implicated in both PD and ALS than genes that were differentially expressed. Furthermore, we observed a strong association between these splicing alterations and dysfunction of the RNA-binding protein (RBP), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Strikingly, genes and exon junctions affected by TDP-43 knockdown overlapped significantly with those dysregulated across brain regions in PD. In brains from individuals with the LRRK2 c.6055G>A (p.G2019S) mutation, the most common genetic cause of PD, we also observed significant enrichment of TDP-43-dependent splicing changes. This finding was corroborated in human pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a LRRK2 p.G2019S knock-in mouse model, where reduced nuclear TDP-43 levels evidenced the well-recognised loss-of-function mechanism contributing to splicing dysregulation. By leveraging our RNA-based analyses we predicted TDP-43-dependent novel peptide sequences and validated their existence within human LRRK2 mutation mDNs, while also demonstrating an overall loss of protein and mRNA expression in mis-spliced genes. Collectively, our findings reveal that PD is marked by extensive splicing dysregulation dependent on TDP-43, making TDP-43 a promising new therapeutic target in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora Perez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbrother-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Sa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagen, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Callaghan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macpherson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busquets, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plun-Favreau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.673943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 loss of function drives aberrant splicing in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Data Quality on Deep Learning Prediction of Spatial Transcriptomics from Histology Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomic technologies enable high-throughput quantification of gene expression at specific locations across tissue sections, facilitating insights into the spatial organization of biological processes. However, high costs associated with these technologies have motivated the development of deep learning methods to predict spatial gene expression from inexpensive hematoxylin and eosin-stained histology images. While most efforts have focused on modifying model architectures to boost predictive performance, the influence of training data quality remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate how variation in molecular and image data quality stemming from differences in spatial transcriptomic technologies impact deep learning-based gene expression prediction from histology images. To identify the aspects of data quality that impact predictive performance, we conducted in silico ablation experiments, which showed that increased sparsity and noise in molecular data degraded predictive performance, while in silico rescue experiments via imputation provided only limited improvements that failed to generalize beyond the test set. Likewise, reduced image resolution can degrade predictive performance and further impacts model interpretability. We further demonstrate that these data quality-driven effects are reproducible across multiple spatial transcriptomics datasets and remain consistent when using alternative feature extractors and model architectures. Overall, our results show how improving data quality provides an orthogonal strategy to tuning model architecture in spatial transcriptomics-based predictive modeling, highlighting the need to account for technology-specific limitations that directly impact data quality when developing predictive methodologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallinan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.-H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Data Quality on Deep Learning Prediction of Spatial Transcriptomics from Histology Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.673216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinatal Exposure to Metal Mixtures Disrupts Neuronal Function and Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.673216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEnvironmental exposure to heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], and cadmium (Cd), (PACC), is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. These metals often co-occur in contaminated environments, but their combined effects on brain development remain poorly understood.

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that perinatal exposure to a mixture of environmentally relevant levels of Pb, As, Cd, and Cr(VI), causes developmental defects in cognition, behavior, and neuronal function.

MethodsFemale C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either a single metal or the PACC mixture in drinking water. Exposure began two weeks preconception and continued until weaning at postnatal day 21. Juvenile mice were tested at 4-5 weeks of age in open field (locomotion), novel object recognition (short-term memory), Y-maze (working memory), and elevated plus maze (anxiety-like behavior). A subset of animals underwent Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal CA1 neurons.

ResultsPerinatal exposure to PACC metal mixture increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired short-term memory but not locomotion or working memory. Pyramidal neurons in mPFC and hippocampal CA1 displayed increased intrinsic excitability, mPFC neurons also showed elevated amplitude in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents.

DiscussionOur findings suggest that perinatal exposure to the PACC metal mixture impairs cognition, increases anxiety-like behavior, and alters neuronal function in specific brain regions of juvenile mice, leading to disruption in neuronal function and behavior later in life. Further studies are needed to provide mechanistic insight into how perinatal heavy metal exposure affects neuronal development.

HighlightsO_LIPerinatal exposure to a metal mixture including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), and cadmium (Cd), collectively termed PACC metal mixture--impairs cognition and increases anxiety in mice.
C_LIO_LINeuronal excitability and synaptic transmission are altered in medial prefrontal cortex after PACC metal mixture exposure.
C_LIO_LIPACC mixture exposure decreases short-term memory in both males and females, and increases anxiety in males
C_LIO_LIPrincipal component and clustering analyses reveal that PACC mixture exposure and control mice form distinct, nonoverlapping populations in physiological-behavioral space.
C_LIO_LIEnvironmentally relevant PACC metal mixtures exert stronger effects than individual metals alone.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandey, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhobe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagadala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung-Luk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riess, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.673216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinatal Exposure to Metal Mixtures Disrupts Neuronal Function and Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual checkpoint blockade of glioblastoma with Anti-PD-1 and Anti-LAG-3 promotes expansion of tumor-reactive T cell clones along a unique pathway of differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IDH-wildtype grade IV glioblastoma is the most aggressive adult primary brain tumor and remains refractory to anti-PD-1 monotherapy despite evidence of limited tumor-specific T cell induction. To determine the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on glioblastoma T cell transcriptional landscape and repertoire, we conducted paired single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-seq) of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with untreated, newly diagnosed glioblastoma and from recurrent glioblastoma treated with dual checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1 and LAG-3. Using a validated transcriptional signature, we found that predicted tumor-reactive T cells (TRC) in untreated glioblastomas reside almost exclusively in a clonally expanded GZMKhi population with developmental plasticity, affording them the potential to differentiate into both tissue-resident and terminal effector T cells. Dual ICI therapy induced substantial clonal remodeling, characterized by the recruitment of new TRC from the periphery into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and differentiation into transitional effectors and ultimately terminal effectors along a gradient characterized by simultaneous acquisition of cytotoxic and exhaustion genes, regulated by specific transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic programs. Longitudinal clonal tracking in peripheral blood confirmed that with ICI treatment, most TRC expand transiently in circulation prior to tumor infiltration, with peripherally derived clones becoming the major contributor to the GZMKhi TRC that further expand in the tumor. Our study provides the first comprehensive map of T cell clonal dynamics and differentiation in glioblastoma following dual ICIs and highlights a potential mechanism of immune activation and peripheral recruitment of TRC in glioblastoma not previously described. Our results suggest that therapeutic strategies to sustain these GZMKhi early effector and transitional effector T cells may further enhance ICI therapeutic efficacy in glioblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.06.674490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual checkpoint blockade of glioblastoma with Anti-PD-1 and Anti-LAG-3 promotes expansion of tumor-reactive T cell clones along a unique pathway of differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.673285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative single-cell multiomic analysis reveals evolutionarily conserved and species-specific cellular mechanisms mediating natural retinal aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.673285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological age is a major risk factor in the development of common degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. To systematically characterize molecular mechanisms underlying retinal aging, we performed integrated single- cell RNA- and ATAC-Seq analyses of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) across the natural lifespan in zebrafish, mice, and humans. By profiling gene expression and chromatin accessibility, we identified extensive cell type- and species-specific aging-dependent changes, with a much smaller number of broadly expressed and conserved genes that include regulators of inflammation and autophagy. We constructed predictive aging clocks for retinal cell types and observed dynamic, reversible shifts in cellular age following acute injury. Spatial transcriptomic analysis revealed region-specific aging signatures and proximity effects, with Muller glia exhibiting pro-rejuvenating influences on neighboring neurons. Targeted Muller glia-specific induction of Yamanaka factors reduced molecular age in rod photoreceptors and bipolar cells without altering glial age. Our findings define conserved and divergent regulatory and signaling pathways mediating retinal aging, highlighting Muller glia as potential therapeutic targets for combating age-associated retinal dystrophies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jin, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmen-Orzoco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.673285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative single-cell multiomic analysis reveals evolutionarily conserved and species-specific cellular mechanisms mediating natural retinal aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiomolecular mapping reveals anatomical organization of heterogeneous cell types in the human nucleus accumbens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key component of the mesolimbic dopamine system that critically regulates many behaviors related to reward and motivation. The NAc is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. Rodent studies have identified spatial organization of heterogeneous medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtypes across the NAc core and shell, but the extent to which this cellular diversity and spatial organization is conserved in the human brain remains unclear. Here, we generated a spatiomolecular atlas of NAc cell types and spatial domains by integrating spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from postmortem NAc tissue from 10 neurotypical adult donors. We identified 20 transcriptionally unique cell populations and 8 spatial domains, including specialized D1 islands composed of distinct dopamine receptor 1 (DRD1) MSN subtypes, which were enriched for OPRM1. In contrast to a discrete core vs. shell division, we observed continuous spatial gradients of gene expression across MSN domains, suggesting a more complex organization of DRD1 and DRD2 MSNs. Cross-species comparisons demonstrated conservation of MSN subtypes and spatial features between human, rodent, and nonhuman primate NAc. Genetic enrichment analysis with stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression revealed specific spatial domains associated with risk for psychiatric and addiction-related traits. To investigate this further, we spatially mapped ligand-receptor interactions involving neuropsychiatric risk genes. Finally, we leveraged existing rodent NAc data to identify drug-responsive transcriptional programs and predict their spatial distribution in the human NAc. Collectively, we provide a spatiomolecular framework for understanding the human NAc and its relevance to neuropsychiatric disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiomolecular mapping reveals anatomical organization of heterogeneous cell types in the human nucleus accumbens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma subtypes using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is an aggressive ovarian cancer with a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME). Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatially-resolved transcriptomics have enabled the study of complex TME. This study explores connections between molecular subtypes described from bulk transcriptomes and spatial domains characterized by distinct gene expression in HGSC and their variability between patients. We explored both intraand inter-tumor heterogeneity across 2D space and identified differing spatial patterns of gene expression pertaining to immune pathways and vasculature development. Functional characterization of tumor spaces revealed potentially shared cell states across molecular subtypes, while correlation analysis underscored subtype-specific spatial anti-colocalization between spots exhibiting antigen-presenting functions and B cell-mediated immunity. Lastly, we performed spatially-aware cell-cell communication analysis on the spatial samples and identified a molecular subtype specific difference in total signaling activity and heterogeneity in Midikine signaling between the differentiated subtype. Our results suggest that generating multiple tissue slices per patient might be necessary to enable comprehensive characterization of HGSC spatial transcriptomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieshober, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma subtypes using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Regulation of NHE3 Expression in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Intestine: Impaired Endosomal Regulation of NHE3 Expression in Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic diarrhea is a frequent gastrointestinal complication in both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), though the underlying mechanisms differ: T1D is linked to autonomic neuropathy and disrupted transporter regulation, while T2D is often linked to medications and intestinal inflammation. Using streptozotocin-induced mouse models of T1D and T2D, we observed increased luminal fluid in the small intestine of both. Given the role of Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) in fluid absorption and its loss in most diarrheal diseases, we examined NHE3 expression across intestinal segments. In T1D, NHE3 protein was significantly reduced in the duodenum and jejunum without changes in mRNA, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. In contrast, T2D mice exhibited reduced NHE3 protein and mRNA, restricted to the proximal colon. To investigate mechanisms underlying NHE3 loss in T1D, we evaluated endosomal scaffolding proteins involved in NHE3 trafficking. While our previous work showed that the Sorting Nexin-27 (SNX27)-retromer complex does not regulate NHE3 protein stability, we found that SNX17 was significantly decreased in the small intestine of T1D mice but unchanged in T2D. SNX17 knockdown in SK-CO15 cells reduced NHE3 activity and stability. A GST pull-down assay showed that SNX17 interacts with the C-terminus of NHE3. Mutation of the NHE3 distal NPxY motif disrupted this interaction, leading to reduced NHE3 expression and increased degradation. These findings reveal segment-specific and mechanistically distinct causes of diabetic diarrhea in T1D versus T2D, and identify SNX17 loss as a contributor to reduced NHE3 stability and activity in T1D, likely promoting diabetic diarrhea.

New and NoteworthyThis study identifies distinct mechanisms of impaired sodium absorption contributing to diabetic diarrhea in type-1 and type-2 diabetes. We identify SNX17 as a novel regulator of NHE3 in the small intestine, showing that SNX17 loss in T1D contributes to post-translational NHE3 destabilization. In contrast, T2D-associated NHE3 downregulation is transcriptional and confined to the colon. These findings reveal disease- and region-specific regulatory pathways that drive impaired fluid absorption in diabetes, with direct implications for the development of targeted therapies.

Graphical abstract Schematic overview of differential NHE3 regulation in diabetic diarrhea.In Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), reduced SNX17 expression in the small intestine causes increased degradation of NHE3 and impaired sodium absorption. In Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), SNX17 levels remain unchanged in the small intestine, but NHE3 expression is transcriptionally downregulated in the proximal colon. These distinct mechanisms contribute to segment-specific differential regulation of NHE3 in T1 and T2D diabetes.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=101 SRC="FIGDIR/small/675364v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunuwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Regulation of NHE3 Expression in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Intestine: Impaired Endosomal Regulation of NHE3 Expression in Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast Dynamic Whole-Body In Vivo Cytometry Using Magnetic Particle Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid quantification of the immediate organ accumulation of injected stem cells remains a major challenge. We performed in vivo cytometry (non-invasive cell counting) with magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to track magnetically labeled cells in real-time on a time scale of minutes with high sensitivity, zero background signal, and simple linear quantification. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs, [~]25 {micro}m in diameter) and human neural precursor cells (hNPCs, [~]10 {micro}m in diameter) were labeled with ferucarbotran or Synomag(R)-D70 as superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIOs), and tracked with MPI in mice to map their whole-body cell biodistribution after intravenous (IV) or intra-arterial (IA) injection. The organ site of cell accumulation and retention were dependent on cell type, injection route, and frequency of administration, with the lung and liver acting as the major entrapment organs. In vivo MPI enabled quantitative tracking of the dynamic clearance and redistribution of labeled cells, showing major differences between larger hMSCs and smaller hNPCs. Co-registered MRI/CT and histological validation confirmed the anatomical localization of SPIO-labeled cells including the brain following IA injection. Integrating MPI cytometry with preclinical and translational studies may aid in further optimization of the route, dose, and frequency of stem cell administration.

One Sentence SummaryFast whole-body in vivo cytometry using MPI is able to dynamically track and quantify therapeutic stem cell accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakeri-Zadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuddannaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MACHAIRAKI, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast Dynamic Whole-Body In Vivo Cytometry Using Magnetic Particle Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of > 24 h sustained wakefulness and subsequent recovery sleep on time-dependent changes in microRNA factors of individuals with post-acute phase mild traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI+) results in latent changes in microRNA expression profiles across an episode of total sleep deprivation (TSD).

MethodsSeven previously concussed (mTBI+) adults (24.5 {+/-} 5.3 y.o.) and 6 non-concussed control adults (mTBI-; 24.8 {+/-} 1.6 y.o.) underwent 24 h TSD (T2) preceded by 8 h baseline sleep (T1; BSL) and followed by 8 h recovery (T3; REC) sleep. Salivary microRNA expression was assessed across the entire study.

ResultsSubjects (mTBI+ and mTBI-) had differential expression of salivary microRNA targets across TSD. mTBI+ subjects had greater change to microRNA expression profiles compared to mTBI- subjects between T1 and T3.

DiscussionAlthough there is some evidence that TSD may unmask latent changes in gene expression in mTBI+ subjects, a definitive conclusion was precluded by differences in baseline sleep in mTBI+ (vs. mTBI-) subjects measured through polysomnography (not shown). However, this study is unique in that the mTBI+ subjects were exposed to a sleep deprivation challenge very shortly after medical clearance from mTBI demonstrating lingering neurobiological impacts of mTBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brager, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of > 24 h sustained wakefulness and subsequent recovery sleep on time-dependent changes in microRNA factors of individuals with post-acute phase mild traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
vsgseq2: an updated pipeline for analysis of the diversity and abundance of population-wide Trypanosoma brucei VSG expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is an extracellular eukaryotic parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana, Surra and Dourine in livestock, game animals and horses. The parasite displays an extensive immune evasion mechanism, utilising the expression and ability to switch antigenically distinct variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coats. VSG encoding genes account for ~10% of the T. brucei genome, and mosaic VSGs, assembled from distinct incomplete VSG gene copies, can be produced from this VSG library, generating an almost infinite VSG repertoire, which enables chronic infections. Each parasite expresses just one VSG at a time, but within a host, many VSGs can be expressed simultaneously. VSGSeq is an amplicon sequencing approach that enables surveillance of the population-wide diversity and abundance of expressed VSGs. vsgseq2 is an updated bioinformatics pipeline that enhances the reproducibility, accuracy, and efficiency of VSGseq analysis, utilising publicly available analytical tools.

Plain Language SummaryAfrican trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei, are parasites that cause deadly diseases in humans and livestock. They survive in their hosts blood by constantly changing a protective coat of proteins, known as variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs). Switching VSG makes it very hard for the immune system to keep up, allowing infections to last for months or even years. At any one time, each parasite uses only one VSG, but across the whole population inside a host, many different VSGs are used simultaneously. To study how parasites change their coats, a method called VSGSeq was developed, which shows the genetic basis that makes the VSG coat. This research introduces vsgseq2, which provides an enhanced workflow for population-scale analysis of VSG expression, helping future research to understand how trypanosomes evade their hosts immune attack.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldrieve, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larcombe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasilnikova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[vsgseq2: an updated pipeline for analysis of the diversity and abundance of population-wide Trypanosoma brucei VSG expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PlasmoFP: leveraging deep learning to predict protein function of uncharacterized proteins across the malaria parasite genus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum genome published in 2002 jump-started functional studies, but a large fraction of all predicted proteins remains partially annotated and of  unknown function. Here, we introduce Plasmodium Function Predictor (PlasmoFP), deep learning models designed specifically for species of genus Plasmodium. Innovatively, PlasmoFP models are trained on structure-function relationships of the phylogenetically relevant SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolate, and Rhizarians) supergroup proteins, addressing challenges to annotating Plasmodium proteins due to their low sequence similarity to well-characterized model organism proteins. PlasmoFP models estimate epistemic uncertainty, control false discovery rates in model predictions, and are validated using proteins with manually curated GO terms and experimentally characterized proteins. Integrating PlasmoFP predictions with current protein annotations, we reduced the proportion of unannotated proteins without Gene Ontology terms from 15-59% to 3-28% across 19 Plasmodium species, and improved the proportion of fully annotated proteins from 7-42% to 36-68%. PlasmoFP predictions advance Plasmodium basic research, an important component of global malaria R&D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qassab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PlasmoFP: leveraging deep learning to predict protein function of uncharacterized proteins across the malaria parasite genus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered NPTX2 dynamics associated with impaired cognitive aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in synaptic integrity and neural activity homeostasis are hallmarks of brain aging and are closely tied to cognitive outcomes. Yet, defining their relationship across the continuum from normal aging to neurodegenerative disease has proven challenging. Recent research investigating the dynamic changes of neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2, or Narp, neuronal activity-related pentraxin) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimers disease (AD) subjects supports its promise as a prognostic marker of disease progression, possibly as an expression of synaptic damage related to cognitive impairment. However, studies in human subjects are unable to clearly differentiate age-related and disease-related processes. Here we took advantage of a well-characterized rat model that displays substantial individual differences in hippocampal memory during aging, uncontaminated by slowly progressive, spontaneous neurodegenerative disease. Through this approach, we aimed to interrogate the underlying neural substrates that mediate aging as a uniquely permissive condition and the primary risk for neurodegeneration. We found that successful cognitive aging is associated with an elevation of NPTX2 levels above that found in young or cognitively impaired subjects. Pharmacological engagement of neural activity was sufficient to increase NPTX2 levels in all subjects, but cognitively-impaired aged subjects failed to recruit NPTX2 in response to a hippocampus-dependent memory task. Together the findings demonstrate that changes in NPTX2 are coupled to differential cognitive outcomes of aging, and that successful neurocognitive aging is associated with adaptive upregulation of NPTX2, not simply the persistence of youthful synaptic dynamics.

Significance StatementAlthough aging is the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer Disease (AD), the age-dependent processes that disrupt neurophysiological homeostasis leading to neurodegenerative disease remain poorly defined. Alterations in NPTX2, a synaptic protein biomarker for AD, may elucidate aging processes underlying pathological trajectories. We examined NPTX2 in an aging context and identified circuit specific alterations of NPTX2 that are coupled with distinct memory outcomes in aging in the absence of potential confounds of neurodegenerative disease. Greater NPTX2, associated with successful cognitive aging, may reflect coordinated molecular and circuit-level adaptations that sustain memory-relevant hippocampal activity. Development of targets and interventions that promote neuroadaptive network homeostasis, bending the trajectory of aging away from neurodegeneration, are a potentially valuable alternative to current therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haberman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered NPTX2 dynamics associated with impaired cognitive aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prelamin A Does Not Promote Atherosclerosis or Vascular Smooth Muscle Loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDHutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an accelerated aging disorder characterized by numerous symptoms, including early-onset atherosclerosis, with most patients suffering fatal myocardial infarctions or strokes by the second decade of life. HGPS is caused by mutations in LMNA that lead to expression of an internally truncated, farnesylated prelamin A variant called progerin, which induces loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Some studies have also reported that accumulation of full-length farnesylated prelamin A, which is normally completely processed to mature non-farnesylated lamin A, can also drive vascular pathology during physiological aging.

METHODSTo assess the effects of prelamin A expression on atherosclerosis and aortic VSMCs, we used LmnaL648R/L648R mice that express a prelamin A variant with a lysine to arginine point mutation that prevents its processing to mature lamin A. To determine if prelamin A expression has an impact on atherosclerotic plaques, we crossed LmnaL648R/L648R mice to LDL receptor-deficient Ldlr-/- mice that develop hyperlipidemia on a high-fat diet.

RESULTSAtherosclerotic plaque lesion area and necrotic core area were not different in hyperlipidemic LmnaL648R/L648R mice that expressed only prelamin A, and no mature lamin A, compared to hyperlipidemic Lmna+/+ mice that expressed only fully-processed mature lamin A and no prelamin A. Additionally, exclusive prelamin A expression did not result in loss of aortic VSMCs or adventitial thickening in hyperlipidemic LmnaL648R/L648R mice with atherosclerosis at 28 weeks of age. Indeed, aortic vascular smooth muscle remained normal in older LmnaL648R/L648R mice at 52 weeks of age.

CONCLUSIONSIn contrast to the prelamin A variant progerin expressed in HGPS, prelamin A does not appear to cause vascular smooth muscle loss, promote atherosclerosis or drive vascular aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Östlund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriakose, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prelamin A Does Not Promote Atherosclerosis or Vascular Smooth Muscle Loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Library Size in Spatial ATAC-seq: Technical Confounder or Biology? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially resolved assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (spATAC-seq) is an emerging technology for studying spatial variation in gene regulatory landscapes within tissues. Current analysis pipelines commonly apply library size normalization, assuming that variation in sequencing library size across cells represents a technical confounder rather than biological signal. While recent studies have shown that library size can confound biological interpretation in spatial transcriptomics, its impact in spATAC-seq remains poorly understood. Here, we show that library size in spATAC-seq data is biologically informative and that standard normalization methods can obscure important biological signals and hinder downstream analyses. These findings underscore the need for caution and for the development of improved approaches to address library size in spATAC-seq analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, K. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Library Size in Spatial ATAC-seq: Technical Confounder or Biology?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.675216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating Glutamine Metabolism Reprograms Pro-Inflammatory Differentiation in Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.675216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous in vivo studies demonstrated that JHU083/DON, a glutamine analog drug, potently reprograms M1/M2 macrophages. To determine whether these effects are direct or indirect, we utilized an in vitro murine bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) model, which recapitulates macrophage differentiation and polarization processes, to examine the impact of DON on the M1 macrophages. DON was applied during M1 differentiation or to fully polarized M1 macrophages, revealing that glutamine inhibition initially suppressed M1 activity but later enhanced it, resulting in sustained pro-inflammatory activation. Multi-omics analyses (bulk RNA-seq and LC-MS), time-course assays, and glutamine depletion experiments consistently suggested that prolonged glutamine inhibition elevates glutamine levels, which sustain pro-inflammatory gene transcription. In contrast, M2 and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which are immunosuppressive, were more susceptible to DON, leading to functional suppression. Collectively, our findings uncover stage-specific mechanisms by which glutamine inhibition modulates M1 polarization, offering a mechanistic rationale for therapeutic strategies that sustain pro-inflammatory, anti-tumor macrophage activity while concurrently suppressing immunosuppressive myeloid subsets in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.675216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating Glutamine Metabolism Reprograms Pro-Inflammatory Differentiation in Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 pathology triggers SRRM4-dependent cryptic splicing of G3BP1 in ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of nuclear TDP-43 is a defining feature of the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), yet how this leads to selective neuronal vulnerability is poorly understood. Here, using human iPSC-derived neurons and a large multi-omics dataset of ALS/FTD patients, we demonstrate that TDP-43 pathology induces the inclusion of an in-frame cryptic exon in human G3BP1. The resulting CRYPTIC G3BP1 protein contains an additional 10-amino acids within the highly conserved NTF2L domain, which acts as a dominant negative and disrupts stress granule dynamics. We further show that cryptic exon inclusion in G3BP1 upon TDP-43 loss is enriched in neurons. Mechanistically, the loss of TDP-43 unmasks a binding site for the neuron-specific splicing regulator SRRM4 within intron 2 of G3BP1, enabling the inclusion of the cryptic exon. Collectively, our findings reveal that neuron-specific regulatory mechanisms intersect with TDP-43 -mediated splicing and suggest a mechanistic basis for the increased neuronal vulnerability observed in ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzallag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triassi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshaies, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacombe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauchon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esfahani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trempe, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velde, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 pathology triggers SRRM4-dependent cryptic splicing of G3BP1 in ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KM-GPT: An Automated Pipeline for Reconstructing Individual Patient Data from Kaplan-Meier Plots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing individual patient data (IPD) from Kaplan-Meier (KM) plots provides valuable insights for evidence synthesis in clinical research. However, existing approaches often rely on manual digitization, which is error-prone and lacks scalability. To address these limitations, we develop KM-GPT, the first fully automated, AI-powered pipeline for reconstructing IPD directly from KM plots with high accuracy, robustness, and reproducibility. KM-GPT integrates advanced image preprocessing, multi-modal reasoning powered by GPT-5, and iterative reconstruction algorithms to generate high-quality IPD without manual input or intervention. Its hybrid reasoning architecture automates the conversion of unstructured information into structured data flows and validates data extraction from complex KM plots. To improve accessibility, KM-GPT is equipped with a user-friendly web interface and an integrated AI assistant, enabling researchers to reconstruct IPD without requiring programming expertise. KM-GPT was rigorously evaluated on synthetic and real-world datasets, consistently demonstrating superior accuracy. To illustrate its utility, we applied KM-GPT to a meta-analysis of gastric cancer immunotherapy trials, reconstructing IPD to facilitate evidence synthesis and biomarker-based subgroup analyses. By automating traditionally manual processes and providing a scalable, web-based solution, KM-GPT transforms clinical research by leveraging reconstructed IPD to enable more informed downstream analyses, supporting evidence-based decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KM-GPT: An Automated Pipeline for Reconstructing Individual Patient Data from Kaplan-Meier Plots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening of a kinase library in human Huntington disease iPSC derived striatal precursor neurons reveals a neuroprotective effect of PKC alpha and PKC beta1 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loss of striatal medium spiny neurons is a hallmark of Huntingtons disease (HD). To identify potential disease-modifying treatments, we previously developed a human neuronal model by immortalizing and differentiating HD patient-derived iPSCs into highly homogeneous striatal precursor neurons (ISPNs). Using a 96-well screening platform, and two rounds of re-screening, we tested a kinase inhibitor library and identified 5 compounds that protected HD ISPNs from mutant huntingtin (mHTT)-induced toxicity. Among these, we prioritized the PKC-/{beta}1 inhibitor GO6976, which rescued HD ISPNs from mHTT toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Further, we found increased phosphorylation of PKC- and PKC-{beta}1 in HD cells and tissues, while their overexpression was toxic to HD ISPNs. Knockdown of PKC-/{beta}1 protected the neurons, and both isoforms interacted and colocalized with HTT. These results suggest that PKC-/{beta}1 plays a role in HD neurodegeneration, and that inhibiting their activity may offer a potential therapeutic approach for HD.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=194 SRC="FIGDIR/small/677178v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@256d6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1931e7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b6598borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b0bbb5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIHD patient-derived iPSC-based striatal precursor neurons (ISPNs) were used to screen and identify neuroprotective compounds.
C_LIO_LIThe PKC-/{beta}1 inhibitor GO6976 rescues HD ISPNs from mutant huntingtin (HTT)-induced toxicity.
C_LIO_LIThe phosphorylation of PKC-/{beta}1 is elevated in HD cell and tissues, and PKC-/{beta}1 interact with both wild-type and mutant huntingtin.
C_LIO_LIOverexpression of PKC-/{beta}1 is toxic to HD ISPNs, while its knockdown protects the neurons.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miryala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratovitski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening of a kinase library in human Huntington disease iPSC derived striatal precursor neurons reveals a neuroprotective effect of PKC alpha and PKC beta1 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors controls formation of presynaptic sites in sympathetic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neurons, many membrane proteins, synthesized in cell bodies, must be efficiently delivered to axons to influence neuronal connectivity. Transcytosis is an atypical transport mode, where membrane proteins internalized from soma surfaces are anterogradely transported to axons. Here, we define the trafficking dynamics and the transport vesicles involved in transcytosis of TrkA neurotrophin receptors and demonstrate that transcytosis controls formation of presynaptic sites in sympathetic neurons. Live imaging and electron microscopy in compartmentalized cultures revealed that soma surface-derived TrkA receptors undergo dynamic movements in axons and are housed in endosomes and multi-vesicular bodies. Soma-surface labeled TrkA appear in nerve terminals, demonstrating transcytosis occurs in vivo. Notably, transcytosed TrkA receptors are enriched at presynaptic varicosities. Disruption of transcytosis impairs the number and morphology of presynaptic sites and decreases synaptic transmission. These findings provide mechanistic insight into an atypical mode of receptor trafficking and highlights its physiological relevance in sympathetic neuron connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moya-Alvarado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachoute, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors controls formation of presynaptic sites in sympathetic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney kallikrein-1 contributes to cleavage of gamma-ENaC in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is essential for sodium reabsorption and potassium homeostasis in the distal nephron, where its activity is controlled by mineralocorticoid signaling and downstream proteolytic processing of channel subunits. While cleavage of the {gamma}-ENaC subunit has been implicated in aldosterone-mediated sodium transport, the identity of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-regulated proteases responsible for this process remains uncertain. Here, we investigated the role of kallikrein-1 (encoded by Klk1), a serine protease expressed in the connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct (CNT/CCD), as a mediator of ENaC activation. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated a conditional Klk1-floxed allele and established mice with CNT/CCD-specific deletion of Klk1 by crossing with Calb1-Cre (CNT-Klk1-/-). On a low sodium, high potassium diet, CNT-Klk1-/- mice exhibited [~]85% less renal kallikrein-1 expression, yet maintained normal serum electrolytes, urinary potassium excretion, and aldosterone responses. Western blot analysis revealed significantly less cleavage of {gamma}-ENaC and -ENaC in CNT-Klk1-/- kidneys, accompanied by more total NCC abundance. Despite impaired ENaC proteolysis, amiloride-sensitive sodium excretion was preserved, indicating intact ENaC function. These findings identify renal kallikrein-1 as a protease that contributes to ENaC subunit processing in vivo. However, the absence of overt sodium or potassium handling defects in CNT-Klk1-/- mice suggests that kallikrein-1 deficiency is not sufficient to disrupt overall ENaC function, likely due to compensatory mechanisms from redundant proteolytic or non-proteolytic pathways. Together, our results refine the role of kallikrein-1 as a modulator, rather than a sole determinant, of ENaC activation and highlight the complexity of aldosterone-dependent sodium transport in the distal nephron.

New & NoteworthyUsing a novel connecting tubule / cortical collecting duct specific kallikrein-1 knockout model, we show that {gamma}- and -ENaC cleavage is impaired by loss of renal kallikrein-1 without major disturbances in sodium or potassium handling. These findings highlight redundancy among ENaC regulatory pathways and suggest that proteolytic cleavage, while biochemically evident, may not be an accurate marker of ENaC-mediated sodium transport under physiological stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curry, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delpire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welling, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney kallikrein-1 contributes to cleavage of gamma-ENaC in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting dynamic expression patterns in budding yeast with a fungal DNA language model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting gene expression from DNA sequence remains challenging due to complex regulatory codes. We introduce a masked DNA language model pretrained on 165 fungal genomes closely related to budding yeast that captures conserved regulatory grammar. Fine-tuning the LM on yeast RNA-seq data--including high-resolution transcriptional regulator induction time courses generated in this study--yielded Shorkie, a model that substantially improves gene expression prediction compared to baselines trained without self-supervision. Shorkie identified canonical transcription factor (TF) binding motifs and tracked their usage across induction experiments. Furthermore, Shorkie accurately predicted variant effects, outperforming leading sequence-to-expression models in cis-eQTL classification and achieving high concordance with massively parallel reporter assays. Interpretability analyses revealed Shorkies ability to resolve promoter dynamics, splicing signals, and temporal changes in regulatory motif usage. This framework demonstrates that evolutionary-scale pretraining combined with transfer learning substantially improves our ability to decode gene regulation from sequence, providing insights into noncoding variants and regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magzoub, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoops, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting dynamic expression patterns in budding yeast with a fungal DNA language model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complete diploid human genome benchmark for personalized genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genome resequencing typically involves mapping reads to a reference genome to call variants; however, this approach suffers from both technical and reference biases, leaving many duplicated and structurally polymorphic regions of the genome unmapped. Consequently, existing variant benchmarks, generated by the same methods, fail to assess these complex regions. To address this limitation, we present a telomere-to-telomere genome benchmark that achieves near-perfect accuracy (i.e. no detectable errors) across 99.4% of the complete, diploid HG002 genome. This benchmark adds 701.4 Mb of autosomal sequence and both sex chromosomes (216.8 Mb), totaling 15.3% of the genome that was absent from prior benchmarks. We also provide a diploid annotation of genes, transposable elements, segmental duplications, and satellite repeats, including 39,144 protein-coding genes across both haplotypes. To facilitate application of the benchmark, we developed tools for measuring the accuracy of sequencing reads, phased variant call sets, and genome assemblies against a diploid reference. Genome-wide analyses show that state-of-the-art de novo assembly methods resolve 2-7% more sequence and outperform variant calling accuracy by an order of magnitude, yielding just one error per 100 kb across 99.9% of the benchmark regions. Adoption of genome-based benchmarking is expected to accelerate the development of cost-effective methods for complete genome sequencing, expanding the reach of genomic medicine to the entire genome and enabling a new era of personalized genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwarshuis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loucks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohaczuk, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carioscia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleharty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalleberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipovac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshima, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulin, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranchalis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riethm</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complete diploid human genome benchmark for personalized genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D multi-omic mapping of whole nondiseased human fallopian tubes at cellular resolution reveals a large incidence of ovarian cancer precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncovering the spatial and molecular landscape of precancerous lesions is essential for developing meaningful cancer prevention and early detection strategies. High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, often originates from Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinomas (STICs) in the fallopian tubes, yet their minute size and our historical reliance on standard 2D histology contribute to their underreporting. Here, we present a spatially resolved, multi-omics framework that integrates whole-organ 3D imaging at cellular resolution with targeted proteomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic profiling to detect and characterize microscopic tubal lesions. Using this platform, we identified a total of 99 STICs and their presumed precursors that harbor TP53 mutations in morphologically unremarkable tubal epithelium in all five specimens obtained from cancer-free organ donors with average-risk of developing ovarian cancer. Although these lesions comprised only 0.2% of the epithelial compartment, they displayed geographic diversity, immune exclusion, metabolic rewiring, and DNA copy number changes among lesions and normal fallopian tube epithelium discovered alterations in STIC-associated genes and the pathways they control. In sum, this platform provides a comprehensive 3D atlas of early neoplastic transformation, yielding mechanistic insights into tumor initiation and informing clinical screening strategies for detecting cancer precursors in whole organs at cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapatsis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bea, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Flynn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gensbigler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blecher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D multi-omic mapping of whole nondiseased human fallopian tubes at cellular resolution reveals a large incidence of ovarian cancer precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Connectomics Highlights Conserved Architectural Synaptic Motifs in the Drosophila Mushroom Body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the influence of synaptic plasticity on learning and memory has been extensively studied, the detailed patterns of synaptic connectivity remain incompletely mapped. Convergent synaptic motifs -- a tight grouping of at least two axons whose active zones are within 300nm and which are presynaptic to the same target -- are a common feature of neural circuits in the insect brain and are believed to serve as an important computational primitive in many brain areas. The Mushroom Body (MB) of Drosophila, for instance, is the center of associative learning and memory, where sensory information is conducted by Kenyon cells (KCs), the intrinsic neurons of the MB, and integrated by MB output neurons (MBONs). Indeed, the majority of KC-to-MBON synapses occur in a convergent motif. Nonetheless, the functional role of this convergent motif is not well studied. To gain insight into their potential role in the MB, we combine big-data network neuroscience tools with existing electron microscopy connectome datasets to detect and map the distribution of convergent synaptic motifs. We find that convergent motifs consistently occur across the MB in different individuals, including the -lobe where they were first quantified, and we report on both the variance and consistency in the formation of these motifs across different MB regions and individuals. Our discovery of multiply-convergent motifs -- where two KCs target multiple postsynaptic targets simultaneously -- reveals a previously unrecognized synaptic economy that may optimize information transfer while conserving neural resources. These stereotyped arrangements likely represent fundamental organizational principles underlying associative learning across species. Lastly, to our knowledge, this study offers the first and most extensive comparative analysis of synaptic motifs across Drosophila connectomes, establishing a framework for enabling systematic motif analysis of synapses across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Connectomics Highlights Conserved Architectural Synaptic Motifs in the Drosophila Mushroom Body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vitro Evidence to Support Amphotericin B and Flucytosine Combination Therapy for Talaromycosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTalaromyces marneffei causes talaromycosis, a life-threatening fungal disease with limited treatment options. The standard treatment of amphotericin B (AmB) induction followed by itraconazole consolidation still results in 15% to 30% mortality. This study aimed to investigate the potential of AmB and flucytosine (5FC) combination therapy to enhance antifungal activity.

MethodsThe in vitro antifungal activity of AmB and 5FC alone and in combination against 60 T. marneffei clinical isolates was evaluated using a validated colorimetric antifungal susceptibility assay and the checkerboard method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest drug concentration inhibiting [&ge;] 95% fungal growth (MIC95) for both AmB and 5FC. The combination effect between AmB and 5FC against T. marneffei was determined using fractional inhibitory concentration index. Combination effects were further tested using a time-kill assay.

ResultsThe MIC95 was 0.25 - 2 g/mL (geometric mean [GM] 0.68 g/mL) for AmB, and 0.03 - 0.5 g/mL (GM 0.28 g/mL) for 5FC. Full synergy was observed in 4 isolates (7%), and indifference was observed in the remaining 56 isolates (93%). The time-kill experiments revealed a concentration-dependent fungicidal activity of AmB, and concentration-independent fungistatic effect of 5FC. Synergy between AmB and 5FC was confirmed, showing greater than 2-log10 reduction in colony forming units when used in combination. No antagonism was observed.

ConclusionsOur study demonstrated in vitro evidence of synergistic activity between AmB and 5FC against T. marneffei, providing the evidence to support in vivo and clinical trial testing of AmB and 5FC combination therapy, and dosing reduction strategies of 5FC.

Lay SummaryThis study demonstrated in vitro synergy between amphotericin B and flucytosine against Talaromyces marneffei, providing the proof of concept to test this antifungal combination in a clinical trial of talaromycosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natesan Sambath, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitsupakorn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreerama Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen Thi Mai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giamberardino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfect, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo Thi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.677804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vitro Evidence to Support Amphotericin B and Flucytosine Combination Therapy for Talaromycosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the Metabolic Objectives of Mammalian Cells via Inverse Modeling of Fluxomics and Metabolomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolism reflects evolutionary priorities that govern how cells allocate resources. In mammalian cells, metabolic objectives are layered and context-dependent, making it difficult to pinpoint the priorities that underlie observed phenotypes. Here, we introduce ObjFind-M, an inverse optimization framework that infers reaction-level metabolic objectives in mammalian cells directly from fluxomic and metabolomic data. Using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as a data-rich mammalian cell system, ObjFind-M consistently identifies mitochondrial ATP synthase as the central metabolic driver, supported by key TCA cycle and electron transport chain nodes. Priorities adjust with cellular state, favoring glycolysis-TCA coupling in the growth phase and shifting toward oxidative phosphorylation and redox balance when proliferative activity slows. High recombinant protein producing CHO cells emphasize citrate shuttling and beta-oxidation, linking energy supply with biosynthetic capacity for protein secretion. Benchmarking against conventional objectives demonstrates that maximizing ATP production most accurately reproduces experimental fluxes. By quantifying metabolic objectives directly from data rather than assuming them a priori, ObjFind-M provides a framework for identifying reaction-level strategies that shape cellular decision making.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/677837v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (18K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5c507aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a7b544org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6db0d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17464e2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIObjFind-M, an inverse FBA framework, infers reaction-level metabolic objectives from fluxomic and metabolomic data.
C_LIO_LIATP synthase (Complex V) emerges as the top reaction, supported by NADH-generating TCA reactions such as the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
C_LIO_LICHO cells suppress formation of toxic or wasteful byproducts while emphasizing energy-efficient flux routing.
C_LIO_LIGrowth vs. non-growth phases reveal shifts between biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation.
C_LIO_LIHigh recombinant protein producers emphasize citrate shuttling and beta-oxidation, linking energy with secretory capacity.
C_LIO_LIATP demand maximization provides the most accurate generalizable FBA objective
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontoravdi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.677837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the Metabolic Objectives of Mammalian Cells via Inverse Modeling of Fluxomics and Metabolomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring endothelial cell environments across organs in spatially resolved omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells are ubiquitously present in the human body and line the luminal surface of blood and lymphatic vessels. The oxygen-dependence of cells impacts their proximity to blood vessels, and consequently, to endothelial cells depending on their functional properties and priorities. This paper presents cell-to-nearest-endothelial-cell distance distributions for various cell types using 399 spatially resolved omics datasets from 14 studies comprising 12 tissue types with a total of 47,349,496 cells. Additionally, we developed an open-source web-based interactive tool, Cell Distance Explorer, that allows researchers to interactively visualize cell graphs and linkages in 2D and 3D datasets. Finally, we present a hierarchical neighborhood analysis focused on the endothelial cell neighborhoods in small and large intestine datasets. This paper provides an open-access resource (datasets, tools, and analyses) to characterize and compare cell distances and cell neighborhoods in spatially resolved omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig-Barbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quardokus, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaurooni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easter, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purkerson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jehrio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunamurthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell-Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Börner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring endothelial cell environments across organs in spatially resolved omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Human iPSC-Derived "Corticospinal Tract-on-a-Chip" for Neurodegenerative Disease Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degeneration of the corticospinal tract is a central feature in a number of neurodegenerative disorders and leads to significant disability. However, modeling corticospinal neuron (CSN) pathology and corticospinal connectivity in neurological disorders is particularly challenging. While rodent models are important for understanding early degeneration of CSN, interspecies differences in corticospinal connectivity and challenges of in vivo study suggest that human in vitro models of corticospinal biology may be ripe for development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are promising tools for overcoming intrinsic limitations that arise from physiological differences between rodents and humans. We have developed an innovative hiPSC-based microfluidic platform for modeling human CSN and spinal motor neuron (SpMN) connectivity. The incorporation of regionally specific astrocyte subtypes (cortical and spinal) in addition to CSNs and SpMNs in this newly designed system allows for the modeling of both regional and neural cell-subtype interactions. Using this model, multielectrode array electrophysiology reveals the maturation of both cortical and spinal motor neurons over the time course of 12 weeks. Retrograde labeling methods demonstrate synaptic connectivity between corticospinal and spinal motor neurons. Optogenetic strategies to selectively activate excitatory CNs attenuated by glutamate receptor antagonism confirms the functional relevance of the model. Incorporating morphological, electrophysiological and physiological measures of corticospinal connectivity, this platform is a versatile model for use in neurodegenerative disease research and for the future development of targeted CSN therapies.

Significance StatementDegeneration of the corticospinal tract is a key feature of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, yet current in vitro models lack the anatomical and functional fidelity to study this system. We developed a human iPSC-derived "Corticospinal Tract-on-a-Chip" using a multielectrode array platform that incorporates regionally patterned cortical and spinal neurons and astrocytes. This model demonstrates structural and functional synaptic connectivity and enables longitudinal electrophysiological recordings. Critically, it supports compartment-specific manipulation and real-time analysis of CST network dynamics, capabilities lacking in existing systems. By mimicking human corticospinal physiology in vitro, this platform offers a novel tool for mechanistic investigation and preclinical testing of CST-targeted therapies. It holds broad relevance for studying disorders such as ALS, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and primary lateral sclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CHARALAMPOPOULOU, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RUST, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LUCIANI, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARSHALL, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MONTGOMERY, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANSINGHKA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SINGH, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHAO, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'KEEFE, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VENKATESAN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habela, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Human iPSC-Derived "Corticospinal Tract-on-a-Chip" for Neurodegenerative Disease Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Glypican 6-mediated Wnt activation maintains TDP-43 nuclear localization in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormalities in TDP-43 (Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43kDa) localization and function span multiple neurodegenerative diseases and are implicated in driving neuronal degeneration and loss. Nuclear pore complex (NPC) abnormalities and disrupted nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) contribute to TDP-43 mislocalization, but how these cellular changes are initiated in disease is unclear. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2) is a surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor cleaving enzyme that encodes a physiological pathway that ensures NPC integrity, appropriate NCT, and nuclear TDP-43 expression and function in adult neurons by negatively regulating canonical Wnt signaling. Notably, studies of human postmortem tissue and patient-derived neuronal models suggest that the failure of GDE2-dependent regulation of Wnt contributes to TDP-43 abnormalities in disease. Here we show that GDE2 inhibits persistent neuronal Wnt activation by regulating the surface expression of the GPI-anchored protein, Glypican-(GPC)6. Excessive GPC6 surface expression potentiates neuronal Wnt activation in vivo, resulting in NPC disruption, alterations in Ran-dependent NCT, and TDP-43 mislocalization, while genetic reduction of GPC6 in mice lacking GDE2 rescues these cellular abnormalities. Thus, GDE2, GPC6, and the canonical Wnt pathway form a physiologically important signaling axis important for NPC integrity, appropriate NCT, and TDP-43 nuclear function in neurons that, when disrupted, may underlie associated neuropathologies in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sockanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Glypican 6-mediated Wnt activation maintains TDP-43 nuclear localization in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.675449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Transcriptome Annotation of Thousands of HIV-1 Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.675449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing in HIV-1 has been a central focus of decades of research, uncovering key mechanisms of viral gene regulation, immune evasion, and therapeutic response - yet, no reference resource has existed to support transcriptome-wide analysis, limiting adoption of modern computational methods. We present HIV Atlas (https://ccb.jhu.edu/HIV_Atlas), the first reference-quality annotation of HIV-1 and SIV transcriptional diversity. We manually curated transcriptomes for HIV-1HXB2 and SIVmac239 and developed Vira, an automated annotation-transfer method specifically designed to address unique challenges of viral genome biology, to generate high-quality annotations for 2,077 complete HIV-1 genomes. Using the resources presented in our work, we evaluated conservation of splice sites, revealing near-perfect preservation of major donors and acceptors. Furthermore, using several public datasets, we demonstrate how HIV Atlas enhances methodology, improves the quality and novelty of results, and opens novel avenues for research, supporting more accurate and comprehensive analyses of bulk, single-cell, and spatial RNA-seq in HIV-1 studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artamonov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolton, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.675449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Transcriptome Annotation of Thousands of HIV-1 Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the rate, spectrum, and fitness effects of mutation under minimal selection in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate, molecular spectrum, and fitness effects of mutations vary at all levels of the biological hierarchy, from within individual genomes to among taxonomic domains. Understanding the evolutionary factors underpinning that variation is of fundamental importance to biology. Accurate quantification of the properties of mutations requires that other evolutionary forces, especially natural selection, be minimized as much as possible.

To investigate the evolution of the mutational process in C. elegans, we propagated a set of 100 "first order" mutation accumulation (O1MA) lines under minimal selection for [~]150 generations, divided each O1MA line into two "second order" MA (O2MA) lines and propagated them for another [~]150 generations, at which time the genome of each O2MA line was sequenced, and a subset of 50 O1MA families was assayed for competitive fitness.

Over the course of the experiment, the mean nucleotide substitution mutation rate did not change, but the variance increased. In contrast, the indel mutation rate increased significantly. The two types of mutations fulfill the predictions of different theoretical models for the evolution of mutation rate. These results reinforce previous findings that the rate of indels is more sensitive to endogenous stress than the rate of nucleotide substitutions.

Several evolutionary quandaries could be resolved if deleterious mutations interact synergistically (negative epistasis). Evidence for synergistic epistasis is famously inconclusive, although there is reason to think it may be more detectable under competitive conditions. However, a model of constant mutational effects on competitive fitness explains the results significantly better than a model including epistasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifat, M. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickwort, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newhall, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the rate, spectrum, and fitness effects of mutation under minimal selection in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning sequence to function deep learning models on large-scale proteomic data improves the accuracy of variant effect prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-tuning sequence to function models has shown promise for variant effect prediction, but accuracy and generalization to unseen genes and unseen individuals remains a standing challenge. We fine-tuned Borzoi on 54,219 individuals and 2,923 circulating plasma proteins from the UK Biobank Plasma Proteomic Project. Across 150 single-gene models where the genes had a range of cis-heritability we observed that the fine-tuned Borzoi model improved variant effect prediction for 86% of the genes compared to an Elastic Net baseline model. We demonstrated that the improved prediction stems from increased sample size which provides tremendous amounts of rare genetic variants (MAF < 0.01) to the training data. Masking rare and uncommon variants nullified improved performance of fine-tuned Borzoi and we showed that fine-tuned Borzoi highly weights rare variants (MAF < 0.01) while the Elastic Net model highly weights common variants (MAF > 0.05) that are enriched for regulatory regions. We evaluated the generalizability of our model on a fine-tuned Borzoi model trained jointly on varying numbers of genes and observed that these models consistently outperform the pre-trained Borzoi model, the single-gene models yield more accurate results. Together this work demonstrates the importance of including larger sample sizes and rare variants in sequence to function models for variant effect prediction and demonstrates feasibility that these models are capable of highly accurate variant effect prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning sequence to function deep learning models on large-scale proteomic data improves the accuracy of variant effect prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blocking apoptosis promotes survival and alters developmental dynamics of human retinal ganglion cells in retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the projection neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain. In many species, a substantial proportion of RGCs are eliminated by programmed cell death during development to regulate their final number, but how cell death impacts human RGC development remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized the timing and cell-type-specificity of cell death in human fetal retinas and retinal organoids. Both retinas and organoids exhibited two waves of apoptosis: an early wave targeting neurogenic retinal progenitor cells and neuronal precursors, and a late wave affecting RGCs and other neurons. Additionally, organoids displayed a distinct wave of necrosis. To investigate how the apoptotic waves affect retinal development, we differentiated human BAX/BAK double mutant organoids deficient in apoptosis. In these mutants, RGC lifespan and survival increased, while RGC neurogenesis and maturation were delayed. Thus, developmental apoptosis controls not only the quantity of RGCs but also their developmental dynamics. Together, our results highlight the roles of apoptosis in human RGC development and the challenges in retinal organoid design. Addressing these limitations will improve the utility of organoids for studying human retinal development and modeling optic neuropathies like glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiozzo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blocking apoptosis promotes survival and alters developmental dynamics of human retinal ganglion cells in retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Dose GLP-1 Therapy Attenuates Pathological Cardiac and Hepatic Remodelling in HFpEF Independent of Weight Loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND AND AIMSHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains a therapeutic challenge. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) show clinical promise, and the prevailing hypothesis is that their benefits are primarily driven by weight loss and the downstream benefits of improved functional status. We investigated the weight loss-independent effects of low-dose GLP-1RA therapy in a clinically relevant rodent model of severe cardiometabolic HFpEF.

METHODSTen-week-old male ZSF1 obese rats with spontaneous HFpEF were treated with low-dose semaglutide (30 nmol/kg twice weekly, n=6) or vehicle for 16 weeks. Comprehensive assessments included body weight, 2-D echocardiography, invasive hemodynamics, exercise capacity as well as cardiac and hepatic fibrosis and lipid deposition. The study utilized advanced multi-omics approaches, including single-cell RNA sequencing of the heart and liver, as well as cardiac, hepatic and plasma proteomics, to explore underlying mechanisms.

RESULTSIn ZSF1 obese rats, low-dose semaglutide in the absence of weight loss, significantly improved cardiac function, exercise tolerance, and attenuated fibrosis in the heart and liver. Interestingly, semaglutide therapy reduced cardiac and hepatic lipid content as well as lipid droplets in cardiac myocytes and hepatocytes. Mechanistically, multi-omics analyses of cardiac and hepatic tissues revealed that semaglutide exerted these benefits by improving cardiac metabolism, interfering with pro-fibrotic and pro-hypertrophic signals, and by reducing systemic inflammation.

CONCLUSIONSLow-dose semaglutide provides significant cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and metabolic benefits in HFpEF independent of weight loss. Our findings support the investigation of lower GLP-1RA dosing in HFpEF and other cardiovascular conditions, including in non-obese patients, to expand the clinical utility of these potent drugs.

Translational PerspectiveWe demonstrate that low-dose semaglutide attenuates HFpEF-mediated pathological cardiac and hepatic remodelling in HFpEF independently of the weight loss effects of GLP-1 receptor activation. Primary mechanisms are attenuated cardiac and hepatic fibrosis and reverse lipid transport. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the direct cardiovascular actions of GLP-1RAs, revealing their potential to modulate key disease drivers like fibrosis and lipotoxicity. These data support the use of lower, better-tolerated doses of GLP-1RAs to treat HFpEF, potentially benefiting a wider range of patients, including those who are not obese or who suffer from side effects with current GLP-1 regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elbatreek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehred, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muraoka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrico, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allerton, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowdish, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikwe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woulfe, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinsey, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polhemus, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vondriska, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodchild, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Dose GLP-1 Therapy Attenuates Pathological Cardiac and Hepatic Remodelling in HFpEF Independent of Weight Loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.679084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyper-migratory CAR T cells alleviate ovarian cancer metastatic burden and improve prognosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.679084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies but remains limited by infiltration issues in solid tumors, leading to poor treatment efficacy. We have recently shown that mesothelin-targeting CAR T cells co-transduced with cytokine-binding synthetic velocity receptors (VRs, referred to as CAR TV cells) demonstrate increased motility, improved infiltration in solid primary tumors, and lead to a better anti-tumor effect compared to CAR T cells that do not express VRs. However, it is metastasis that causes the vast majority of cancer related deaths and is difficult to target clinically, indicating an urgent unmet need. We show that these CAR T cells engineered to be hyper-migratory using VRs are highly effective against liver metastasis of ovarian cancer along different stages of the metastatic cascade. Mesothelin-targeting CAR TV cells expressing synthetic or native receptors responsive to the cytokine Interleukin-5 improved the survival of mice bearing an extremely high or  terminal level of metastatic burden compared to CAR T cells that did not express VRs. Against newly established metastatic lesions and lesions undergoing metastatic outgrowth, CAR TV cells showed a robust anti-cancer effect resulting in an improved prognosis compared to control CAR T cells. Histopathological assessments showed a substantial reduction of metastasis number and lesion size with CAR TV treatment, concomitant with increased immune cell infiltration in the metastatic regions. Our work demonstrates the efficacy of high-motility CAR T cells in a metastatic setting and extends their scope to the treatment of metastasis of solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte Alvarado, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.679084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyper-migratory CAR T cells alleviate ovarian cancer metastatic burden and improve prognosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.679086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming rapaprotin resistance through inhibition of P-glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.679086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is an essential regulator of protein homeostasis and a clinically validated therapeutic target in multiple myeloma (MM). Rapaprotin, a novel macrocycle identified from a rapamycin-inspired rapafucin library, disrupts 26S proteasome function by inducing disassembly of the 19S regulatory particle in the 26S proteasome, leading to apoptosis in MM cells. Its bioactivation requires prolyl endopeptidase (PREP)-mediated cleavage to generate Rapaprotin-L, a negatively charged, linear metabolite with potent proteasome-disassembly activity. Using the PRISM cancer cell line profiling platform, we identified high P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) expression as a major determinant of Rapaprotin resistance in solid tumor cell lines. Efflux assays confirmed Rapaprotin-L, but not its parent Rapaprotin, as a high-affinity P-gp substrate. Co-treatment with the third-generation P-gp inhibitor tariquidar restored the intracellular accumulation of Rapaprotin-L, reinstating proteasome inhibition and consequent apoptosis of Rapaprotin-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines. Strong synergy between Rapaprotin and tariquidar was observed in a 3D spheroid model. These results establish P-gp as a key mediator of resistance to Rapaprotin and identify a rare example of a negatively charged Rapaprotin-L as a P-gp substrate. Together, these findings expand the potential therapeutic scope of Rapaprotin beyond hematologic malignancies to a broader range of solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasunooti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.679086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming rapaprotin resistance through inhibition of P-glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the cardiac proteome of wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionMyocardial accumulation of the protein transthyretin (TTR) can result in amyloid TTR cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM), a form of restrictive heart disease with limited therapies and still generally poor clinical outcomes. The mechanisms by which TTR fibril accumulation elicits cardiac toxicity at the protein level remain largely unknown. Accordingly, we performed untargeted proteomics of ventricular myocardium from patients with ATTR-CM versus controls.

MethodsMyocardial tissue from non-failing (NF) controls (n=7) and ATTR-CM (n=4) were assayed by mass spectrometry. HFrEF, HCM, and HFpEF proteomics were acquired from published databases.

ResultsA total of 539/7093 (7.6% of total) proteins were found to be differentially expressed in ATTR-CM, 227/359 (42%) upregulated and 312/539 (58%) downregulated. Gene ontology pathway analysis found that downregulated proteins were enriched for oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial protein translation pathways, while upregulated proteins were enriched for enhanced endocytosis and intracellular vesicle mediated transport. The latter is not observed in other forms of heart failure. We further identify a profound downregulation of sarcomere protein content, which is also not seen in other cardiomyopathies.

ConclusionThe ATTR-CM myocardial proteome identifies endocytosis and intracellular transport as uniquely upregulated processes, whereas sarcomere protein content is uniquely downregulated. Both maybe potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodehamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the cardiac proteome of wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-muscular, redundant strategy for free-flight roll stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether recovering after a gust of wind, or rapidly saccading away from an oncoming predator, fruit flies show remarkable aerial dexterity about their body roll axis. Here, we investigated the detailed wing kinematic changes during free-flight roll motion and probed the neuromuscular basis for such changes. Consistent with previous work, we observed that flies manipulated the stroke amplitude difference between their wings to control their roll angle. Here, we show that flies are capable of achieving such changes by altering the stroke amplitude of either or both of their wings. Further we found that during corrections flies can also take advantage of an aerodynamically significant change in the angle of attack of their uppermost wing. Curiously, these corrective wing changes cannot be eliminated when motor neurons hypothesized to be used during roll maneuvers (i1, i2, b1, b2, and b3) are individually inhibited. However, free-flight optogenetic manipulations and quasi-steady aerodynamic calculations show that each of these motor neurons individually can effect kinematic changes consistent with a roll correction. Combining this evidence with an analysis of haltere inputs found in the BANC connectome, we propose that the observed robustness could be the result of two sets of muscular redundancies that receive shared inputs from haltere sensory afferents: one set, containing b1 and b2, is able to increase the stroke amplitude of the lower wing; while the other set, containing i1, i2, and b3, is able to decrease the stroke amplitude and wing pitch angle of the upper wing. Because of the redundancy in the input sensory information and output wing motion in the muscles in each cluster, the fly is able to perform roll stability maneuvers even when one of the constituent motor neurons is inhibited. This framework proposes new ways fast aerial maneuverability can be implemented when dealing with the flys most unstable rotational degree of freedom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludlow, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhawan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teoh, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-muscular, redundant strategy for free-flight roll stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward-reset interval timing drives patch foraging decisions through neural state transitions in dorsomedial striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activities with diminishing returns pose a unique computational problem for the brain, requiring a combination of outcome evaluation and temporal tracking. Deciding the right time to stop one pursuit and move to alternatives is an important part of effective time management, yet it is unknown how the decision-making circuits of the brain determine the moment to switch. The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) mediates both goal-directed decision-making and interval timing--two functions that converge during patch foraging, where animals must time when to exit patches to maximize reward rates. We recorded extracellular activity from neurons in DMS while freely moving mice performed a patch-foraging task. Mice employed a  reward-reset strategy, primarily basing their exit decisions on the time since the last reward, but with the patch residence time and environmental reward-rate context also contributing to the intended time of departure. Individual neurons in DMS underwent discrete firing rate transitions at characteristic delays following each reward. These transition delays were distributed across the population, creating a cumulative signal that reached a threshold coinciding with patch exit. This population activity pattern spanned the intended reward-to-exit interval, compressing or expanding in accordance with patch residence time and changing environmental conditions. Fiber photometry recordings revealed phasic dopamine signals in DMS encoding reward prediction errors that reflected the declining reward probability over time. Our results provide insights into how DMS integrates its dual roles in timing and action selection to guide time investment strategies during foraging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutlief, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, M. G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward-reset interval timing drives patch foraging decisions through neural state transitions in dorsomedial striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer cells surviving cisplatin chemotherapy increase stress-induced OMA1 activity and mitochondrial fragmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. Once cancer cells acquire therapy resistance, they become the main driver of cancer lethality in patients. Thus, mechanisms of therapy resistance must be investigated to improve patient outcomes. Mitochondria are critical organelles in the cellular stress responses, undergoing dynamic morphological and functional changes in response to external stimuli. We and others have identified a chemotherapy-resistant cancer cell state where cells that survive treatment exhibit a dramatic increase in cell size and remain non-proliferative for weeks. In this study, we demonstrate that cancer cells that enter this resistant cell state in response to cisplatin increase OMA1 activity and decrease mitochondrial fusion and function to combat oxidative stress. These findings contribute to further understanding the role of the mitochondrial stress responses in therapy resistance in cancer and provide a potential therapeutic avenue to targeting cancer cells that enter this chemotherapy-resistant cell state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullum, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer cells surviving cisplatin chemotherapy increase stress-induced OMA1 activity and mitochondrial fragmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LINE1 RNA dysregulation impairs chromatin accessibility in C9ORF72- and TDP-43-linked ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long interspersed element-1 (LINE1) retrotransposon RNAs are abnormally elevated in various neurodegenerative disorders, but their pathogenic roles remain unclear. Here we investigated the mechanism of LINE1 RNA accumulation and its function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) associated with C9ORF72 repeat expansion and TDP-43 loss-of-function, the leading causes of familial and sporadic forms of these neurodegenerative diseases. We show that LINE1 RNA is dysregulated due to an impaired nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) degradation pathway. Its elevation epigenetically increases chromatin accessibility, enhancing global transcription via a retrotransposon-independent mechanism. Reducing LINE1 RNA mitigates chromosomal abnormalities and improves the survival of disease-relevant neurons. These findings uncover an essential noncoding RNA function and regulatory mechanism of LINE1 in neurons, providing insights into disease pathogenesis and highlighting potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LINE1 RNA dysregulation impairs chromatin accessibility in C9ORF72- and TDP-43-linked ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-Learning-Guided Video Analysis Identifies Sound-Evoked Pain Behaviors from Facial Grimace and Body Cues in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can experience sound-evoked pain, either from extremely loud sounds or in cases of pain hyperacusis from typically tolerable sounds. However, the mechanisms underlying sound-evoked pain remain poorly understood. Developing behavioral methods to measure sound-evoked pain in animal models is critical for elucidating these mechanisms. Here, a machine learning-based approach was developed to measure sound-evoked pain in freely moving mice by analyzing facial grimace and body position from video recordings during sound exposure. Facial grimace, a commonly used method to detect pain in mice, and body position, which can be used to measure postural and movement changes that also indicate pain, were both quantified using a deep neural network model trained to extract established facial and body features from video recorded by a single camera. To validate the models capability to detect pain, a known painful state, migraine induced by the injection of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), was used. Using this machine learning-based approach, the ability to quantify a pain response from CGRP-induced migraine, distinct from baseline behavior, was demonstrated, resulting in a defined pain threshold. Sound exposures at high intensities elicited significant changes in facial grimace and body position, in comparison, surpassing the pain threshold calculated from CGRP-induced migraine. These behavioral changes were absent in Tmie-knockout mice, which lack functional sound transduction in the cochlea. This automated, high-throughput framework enables objective and sensitive analysis of pain providing a foundation for future studies investigating the peripheral and central mechanisms of sound-evoked pain.

SignificanceThis study introduces a quantitative framework for assessing pain using a single-camera setup and machine learning guided analysis to capture and analyze mouse behavior. By integrating two established pain metrics, facial grimace and attenuated movement, this method enables precise, non-invasive quantification of pain-related behaviors. The approach was validated with a well-characterized pain model, migraine, induced by injection of the neuropeptide CGRP, demonstrating the ability to quantify a pain response distinct from baseline behavior. By applying this framework to sound-evoked pain, the data revealed that exposure to intense sound triggers significant pain behavioral responses. These novel findings provide insights into the behavioral manifestations and neural underpinnings of sound-evoked pain, offering a robust tool for studying the mechanisms of pain perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seicol, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-Learning-Guided Video Analysis Identifies Sound-Evoked Pain Behaviors from Facial Grimace and Body Cues in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
γδ17 T cell-stromal networks modulate matrix composition and vascularity in foreign body response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune-stromal crosstalk governs tissue fibrosis, which is marked by dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) production and aberrant vasculature. Here, we investigate how {gamma}{delta} T cell interactions with stromal cells shape fibrosis in the foreign body response. During the acute reaction, type-1 ({gamma}{delta}IFN{gamma}) and type-17 ({gamma}{delta}17) effector subsets accumulated at the implant. While {gamma}{delta}IFN{gamma} decreased as fibrosis progressed, activated {gamma}{delta}17 persisted as dominant interleukin-17 producers. The {gamma}{delta}17 increased with aging and high-fat diet, both factors associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Co-culture with {gamma}{delta}17 stimulated fibroblast expression of collagen genes and intercellular communication inference linked {gamma}{delta} T cell ligands to activation of ECM remodeling and vascular development programs in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Finally, genetic deletion of {gamma}{delta} T cells altered expression of ECM components and increased vessel size within the fibrotic matrix. Altogether, our findings implicate {gamma}{delta} T cells in regulating stromal behavior to modulate composition and vascularity of fibrotic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindone, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amelung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[γδ17 T cell-stromal networks modulate matrix composition and vascularity in foreign body response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finishing a complete giraffe genome from telomere to telomere with Verkko-Fillet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-quality genome assemblies are essential for understanding speciation, evolution, and for building reference genomes and pan-genomes. Despite major advances in long-read sequencing technologies and graph-based assembly algorithms, current assemblies often remain incomplete and require refinement, including correction of haplotype switching and resolution of gaps, particularly within repetitive regions such as ribosomal DNA clusters and recent segmental duplications. These limitations largely stem from challenges in graph curation and are not adequately addressed by conventional polishing methods, which focus primarily on nucleotide-level corrections. To overcome these issues, we developed Verkko-Fillet, a Python-based interactive framework for genome graph inspection, editing, and curation that also provides step-by-step guidelines for downstream polishing. Verkko-Fillet takes as input Verkko output files, including the assembly graph, haplotype paths, Hi-C contacts, and additional ONT reads or alternative assemblies aligned to the graph, and offers tools for visualizing, modifying, and exporting curated assembly graphs. It enables users to track changes, resolve complex structural features, fill gaps, and enhance assembly quality beyond conventional polishing. As a case study, we applied Verkko-Fillet to the giraffe genome (Giraffa tippelskirchi), refining a draft assembly (QV 61.5) to a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) reference genome (QV 73.6) by improving both contiguity and completeness. Along with the T2T diploid giraffe genome, we provide gene annotations on this assembly as a valuable resource. Our results highlight the critical role of graph-based curation in producing high-quality, gapless, T2T assemblies that are ready for downstream biological analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenebeck, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Cavener, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavener, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finishing a complete giraffe genome from telomere to telomere with Verkko-Fillet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degeneration and Impaired Resilience of Skull Bone and Hematopoietic Bone Marrow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone marrow health is central to transplantations, blood formation, and cancer progression. However, the bone marrow niche deteriorates with age, impairing haematopoietic stem cell function. Contrary to a recent report1 suggesting skull marrow resists ageing, our multi-laboratory investigation reveals the opposite: the skull marrow is among the vulnerable sites of age-related decline. Ageing skull niches consistently show loss of mesenchymal and osteoprogenitors, suppression of angiogenic and lymphatic programs, adipocyte accumulation, vascular senescence, DNA replication stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and heightened inflammation. Proteomic profiling further highlights this vulnerability, demonstrating that vertebral niches--unlike the skull--are relatively spared from these ageing hallmarks. Together, these convergent datasets overturn the notion of skull-specific resilience and instead establish the skull marrow as a fragile, degenerating environment. These findings redefine marrow ageing and highlight the skull as a critical, clinically relevant target for sustaining blood and immune health and reducing vulnerability to haematological disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Solal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramasamy, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusumbe, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degeneration and Impaired Resilience of Skull Bone and Hematopoietic Bone Marrow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating Lipids are Associated with PTSD Severity and Predict Symptomatic PTSD in a Cohort of Veterans and Service Members 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by chronic stress, alterations in mood, and avoidance after a traumatic event has occurred. While recovery can occur, many PTSD patients suffer life-long impairments. In combat veterans, high rates of PTSD contribute to increased rates of depression and anxiety and a higher likelihood of suicidal ideation. The lack of biological markers for psychiatric conditions such as PTSD highlights the need for omics-based approaches to diagnosis. Discovery of novel blood-based biomarkers could aid in the development of treatments or therapies, quantify groups for those at the highest risk of adverse events, and provide insight into the molecular underpinnings of PTSD. This study used untargeted lipidomics to analyze 602 circulating lipid species in blood from a cohort of 133 veterans and combat members with varying severities of PTSD. We discovered five circulating lipids, including serum total cholesterol, cholesterol ether (ChE(18:2)), and lipids associated with metabolic dysfunction (cardiolipin : CL(87:7), monolysocardiolipin : MLCL(50:4), and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen/ether lipid : PE(18:1e_20:3)) that correlated significantly with increasing PTSD severity after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Additionally, we showed that symptomatic PTSD patients could be separated from asymptomatic controls using these lipid species. This study contributes to the limited research surrounding the role of circulating lipids in PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowart, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating Lipids are Associated with PTSD Severity and Predict Symptomatic PTSD in a Cohort of Veterans and Service Members]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Iron as a Surrogate Biomarker of Pathological TDP-43 Identifies Brain Region-Specific Signatures in Ageing, Alzheimer's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTDP-43 pathology is a defining feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, but its prevalence and regional distribution in ageing and disease are not well characterised. We investigated the burden of brain TDP-43 pathology across ageing, Alzheimers disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and examined ferritin as a region-specific correlate of TDP-43 pathology.

MethodsPathological TDP-43 was detected using an HDGFL2 cryptic exon in situ hybridisation probe and a TDP-43 RNA aptamer, providing greater sensitivity and specificity than antibody-based approaches. Amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex tissue was analysed from non-neurological controls (ages 40-80), AD cases, and ALS cases. Ferritin (as a proxy for iron accumulation) was quantified in parallel to assess its association with TDP-43 pathology.

FindingsTDP-43 pathology was detectable from the fourth decade of life, with a 4.5-fold increase in hippocampal involvement after age 60 years. In AD, pathology was present in 90% of cases and distinguished from ageing by selective amygdala involvement. In ALS, TDP-43 pathology was nearly ubiquitous across all regions studied. Regional ferritin strongly predicted TDP-43 burden: amygdala ferritin explained 87% of TDP-43 variance in ALS and 66% in AD, while hippocampal ferritin differentiated AD from controls. Across AD, ferritin explained between 43-81% of regional TDP-43 variance.

InterpretationTDP-43 brain pathology emerges in midlife with increased involvement after age 60 years, exhibits disease-specific regional signatures in AD and ALS, and is closely linked to ferritin accumulation. As TDP-43 confers a worse prognosis in AD, the capacity of ferritin, detectable with iron-sensitive MRI, to serve as a proxy for regional TDP-43 burden highlights its promise as a biomarker for disease stratification and prognosis.

Short AbstractHere we show that pathological TDP-43 emerges during normal ageing from the fourth decade of life, with a 4.5-fold increase in hippocampal involvement after 60 years. In Alzheimers disease (AD), TDP-43 pathology was present in 90% of cases and distinguished from ageing by disproportionate amygdala involvement, while in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) it was nearly ubiquitous across hippocampus, amygdala, and frontal cortex. Using sensitive detection tools, we demonstrate that region-specific ferritin strongly predicts TDP-43 burden: amygdala ferritin explained 87% of variance in ALS and 66% in AD, while hippocampal ferritin differentiated AD from controls. Across AD, ferritin levels in all three regions explained 43-81% of TDP-43 variance. As TDP-43 pathology confers a worse prognosis in AD, the ability of ferritin, quantifiable with iron-sensitive MRI, to serve as a proxy for regional TDP-43 burden highlights its potential as a biomarker for disease stratification and prognostic assessment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=138 SRC="FIGDIR/small/680028v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9c54b3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17cb415org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12dabeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d72f95_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LITDP-43 brain pathology occurs in normal ageing from early in the fourth decade, characterised by a 4.5-fold increase in hippocampus pathology from the sixth decade.
C_LIO_LITDP-43 brain pathology is detectable in 90% of AD cases, with a disease-signature of increased amygdala pathology relative to age-matched controls.
C_LIO_LIIn ALS, TDP-43 is nearly ubiquitous in amygdala, hippocampus and frontal cortex.
C_LIO_LIHippocampus high brain ferritin distinguishes AD from and age-matched controls
C_LIO_LIBrain ferritin is a brain region-specific marker of TDP-43 pathology in ageing and disease, with amygdala ferritin explaining 87% of the variance in amygdala TDP-43 pathology in ALS, and 66% of amygdala TDP-43 pathology in AD
C_LIO_LIIn AD, ferritin levels for all three brain regions explain between 43-81% of variance in their TDP-43 pathology levels
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waldron, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taso, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Iron as a Surrogate Biomarker of Pathological TDP-43 Identifies Brain Region-Specific Signatures in Ageing, Alzheimer's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Desmoglein-2 deficiency results in cardiac dysfunction by compromising both Z-disc- and intercalated disc-mediated mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desmoglein-2 (DSG2), a critical component of the cardiac desmosome and located at the cardiomyocyte-cardiomyocyte intercalated disc, is essential for cell-cell adhesion, cardiomyocyte mechanical stability, and electrical coupling between cells. However, its relative contribution in maintaining cardiac function at the sarcomere level remains unclear. Using 4-week-old (adolescent) and 16-week-old (adult) homozygous knock-in Dsg2-mutant (Dsg2mut/mut) mice, we found that loss of DSG2 leads to early onset chamber- and age-dependent cardiac dysfunction driven by Z-disc structural defects and increased myosin detachment rate. Interestingly, Ca{superscript 2}-activated force was markedly reduced in adolescent Dsg2mut/mut permeabilized left ventricular cardiac muscle bundles but preserved in permeabilized isolated cardiomyocytes. This disparity demonstrates that DSG2 is not only crucial for mechanical coupling between cardiomyocytes but also for force transmission within and between sarcomeres, revealing a novel role for DSG2 in maintaining contractile integrity at both the cellular and tissue levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landim-Vieira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegarpouyani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chastain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farra, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toepfer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelko, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Desmoglein-2 deficiency results in cardiac dysfunction by compromising both Z-disc- and intercalated disc-mediated mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix stiffness induces endothelial network senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the drivers of cellular senescence that contribute to the decline in tissue function related to aging- and disease is critical for developing restorative interventions. Here, we investigated how increased mechanical stress from extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening shapes endothelial cell (EC) senescence. We developed a 3D human in vitro model that decouples mechanical stress from inflammatory or biochemical inputs, enabling the study of senescence responses to tissue stiffening alone. We found that matrix stiffening induces an EC senescence phenotype with elevated p16/p21 and an immunomodulatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), in the absence of inflammatory signals. This mechano-induced senescence state engaged a Notch-JNK-FOS signaling axis, and pharmacologic inhibition of Notch attenuated stiffness-induced senescence. Supporting the translational relevance of this mechanism, analysis of fibrotic capsule tissue from patients with synthetic breast implants, a model of localized, mechanically driven fibrosis, revealed increased p16+Notch1+ endothelial populations. Complementary single-cell RNA sequencing data confirmed their enrichment in Notch/JNK- and SASP-related gene programs. Together, these findings define vascular senescence as a mechanosensitive process and identify tissue stiffening as an upstream aging signal. Our work offers a human-relevant platform for studying targetable stages of endothelial mechanoaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindone, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daswani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.05.680536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix stiffness induces endothelial network senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization of velocity receptor transduction in CAR T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limited infiltration capacity significantly limits the effectiveness of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for solid tumors. We have recently developed a large family of highly modular synthetic cytokine receptors termed velocity receptors (VRs), capable of binding key inflammatory cytokines, such as IL5, IL8, and TNF, which drive CAR T cells into an elevated motility state. These new CAR T cells sense and amplify these autocrine secreted cytokines, thereby maintaining a self-propelled, high migratory state, facilitating penetration into dense tumor cores. In this study, we systematically evaluated key factors influencing VR transduction in order to improve their stable integration and expression. We established a dual-fluorescence reporter system to allow simultaneous monitoring of both VR and CAR constructs, and while evaluating modifications to the vector construct and generating standardized infectious unit (IFU) curves under various conditions. Our results demonstrate that the attempt to reduce overall lentiviral vector size by eliminating non coding sections upstream of the central polypurine tract (cPPT) do not yield better transduction efficiency, though it is unclear if the effect is due to viral production or integration impairment. We also observed a log-linear relationship between viral dose and transduction efficiency for a subset of VRs previously tested in various mouse models of human cancer, with VR5IL8 and VR5TNF VRs consistently outperforming VR5IL5 and V5 (full length native IL5 receptor). Overall, these findings establish an optimized and reproducible framework that offers valuable guidance for the future development and functional study of VR-CAR T cells in cellular therapies for solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.05.680548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization of velocity receptor transduction in CAR T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal dynamics of monozygotic twinning in early human embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monozygotic twins are derived from the split of a single zygote early in embryogenesis. Although it was hypothesized that the timing of twining is overall associated with fetal membrane configuration of twins, i.e., chorionicity and amnionicity, our understanding of early embryonic clonal dynamics underlying human twinning is limited. Here we explored the segregations of early embryonic lineages in 7 dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA), 7 monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA), 8 monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) monozygotic twins, and 1 dichorionic triamniotic (DCTA) monozygotic triplets, using post-zygotic early embryonic mutations (EEMs) as endogenous lineage barcodes. Patterns of the early lineage distributions among monozygotic twins revealed three apparent clonal categories, referred to as para-identical, sub-identical, and full-identical twins, which largely correlated with the amnionicity of the twins. Rather, despite conventional wisdom, chorionicity was not substantially associated with early clonal compositions, but with blood exchanges in utero. In sub-identical twins, where one co-twin was clonally a part of the other, our data suggested that the foundation of the latter co-twin was established after acquisition of a median of 6 additional post-zygotic mutations (range: 2-13), corresponding to [~]5 early cell divisions. Additional in-depth analysis on the matched placenta from an MCDA twin suggested that separation of two co-twins can precede the separation of the placenta and embryonic proper, and a single chorion can be formed even with multiclonal origin. Our findings provide insights into the clonal dynamics, twinning processes, and cell fate decisions in early human embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, C. H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meireson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.05.680569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal dynamics of monozygotic twinning in early human embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TCR-mimic bispecific antibody reduces HIV-1 provirus and delays viral rebound in HLA-matched humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bispecific antibodies that reroute cytotoxic effectors toward infected cells are promising HIV-1 cure agents, yet existing formats bind Env and are limited by antigenic variation and Env down-regulation. We engineered a TCR-mimic single-chain diabody, HI12, that recognizes a conserved Pol-derived peptide presented by HLA-A*02:01 and evaluated its effect in HLA-matched, HIV-infected humanized mice. When administered during early antiretroviral therapy (ART), HI12 was well tolerated, activated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and accelerated plasma virus decay. Treatment produced four-to six-fold reductions in intact and total proviral DNA within lymph-node and splenic CD4+ T cells, indicating substantive reservoir clearance. After ART interruption, HI12-treated animals showed a significant delay in viral rebound compared with controls, linking reservoir reduction to improved post-therapy control. These findings provide the first in-vivo evidence that a peptide-HLA-directed bispecific antibody can both shrink the intact HIV reservoir and defer viral recrudescence, supporting further development of TCR-mimic bispecific antibodies for cure strategies.

Significance StatementAn HIV-1 cure strategy will require novel therapeutics to facilitate immune-mediated elimination of infected cells and reduction of blood and tissue reservoirs. Here, we demonstrate that an TCR-mimic bispecific antibody that recognizes a conserved Pol epitope can promote CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance of infected cells in HLA-matched, HIV-infected humanized mice. The bispecific antibody therapy reduced HIV-1 proviral DNA in lymph node and splenic tissues and improved post-therapy viral control. This study highlights the potential of developing novel TCR-mimic bispecific antibodies in HIV cure-directed strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Board, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TCR-mimic bispecific antibody reduces HIV-1 provirus and delays viral rebound in HLA-matched humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and Synthesis of Peptide-Polyester Conjugates for Cell-Mediated Scaffold Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodegradable thermoplastic polyesters are promising biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their processability and mechanical properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is particularly attractive for load-bearing applications but does not degrade at the same rate as new tissue formation, which may compromise functional regeneration. This study presents a strategy for cell-mediated scaffold remodeling by incorporating a protease-cleavable peptide directly into the PCL backbone. Linear peptide-PCL conjugates were synthesized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacers flanking the peptide to enhance protease access. A functional proteomics approach was used to identify a fast-degrading peptide sequence (Fast) selectively cleaved by multiple cell types. Conjugates containing Fast or its scrambled control (ScrFast) were combined with an RGDS-PCL conjugate and fabricated into scaffolds. Including Fast and ScrFast peptides did not impair cell adhesion to the scaffolds. Cy3 labeling enabled real-time quantification of scaffold degradation in the presence of collagenase or human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Fast-PCL scaffolds degraded significantly faster than ScrFast-PCL in both conditions, demonstrating sequence-dependent and cell-directed resorption. Integrating protease-sensitive peptides into the polymer backbone is therefore an effective approach to fabricate solid scaffolds that degrade in response to cells. This platform can be adapted to couple cellular processes to scaffold remodeling to enhance tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinad, K. V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seims, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashuck, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and Synthesis of Peptide-Polyester Conjugates for Cell-Mediated Scaffold Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Mapping of Combinatorial Chromatin Regulatory Events Using Hi-Plex CUT&Tag 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modulators, transcription factors, and chromatin-associated proteins collaboratively regulate essential genomic functions, such as transcription, repression, and DNA damage repair. However, the intricate cross-talk or the interaction between these chromatin regulatory factors (CRFs) remains poorly understood, largely due to limitations in experimental methods, which traditionally interrogate the genomic locations of only one CRF. Although the latest methods can study multiple CRFs simultaneously, they cannot examine the interaction between these factors. Inferring biological interactions often requires integrating data from multiple experiments, which can be labor-intensive and imprecise since the measurement is not from the same DNA molecule. To address these challenges, we developed Hi-Plex CUT&Tag, an advanced technology that enables the robust detection of co-localization events across over 600 pairs of CRFs using 36 barcoded monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), while minimizing background signals and cross-contamination. Hi-Plex CUT&Tag facilitates comprehensive pairwise analysis of epigenetic modifiers, including histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), writers, and transcription factors (TFs). Each Tn5 tagmentation fragment provides detailed insights, capturing the identities of two co-localized events, the underlying genomic sequences, and the molecular distance between them. For the first time, numerous novel bivalent events, epigenetic-context-dependent transcriptional regulation, and specific chromatin mark combinations with significant impacts on gene regulation can be detected in a single experiment. Furthermore, single-cell Hi-Plex CUT&Tag enables the analysis of synergistic interactions between CRF pairs at the single-cell level, providing unprecedented resolution for studying chromatin dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Mapping of Combinatorial Chromatin Regulatory Events Using Hi-Plex CUT&Tag]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering substrate selectivity in the human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iodide (I-) uptake mediated by the Na/I- symporter (NIS) is the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones, of which I- is an essential constituent. NIS couples the inward transport of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward translocation of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. NIS also transports oxyanions (XO4-s), such as perrhenate (ReO4-) and the environmental pollutant perchlorate (ClO4-). Furthermore, NIS is the basis for radioiodide ({superscript 1}3{superscript 1}I-) therapy for thyroid cancer (administered after thyroidectomy), the most effective targeted internal radiation cancer therapy available. 131I- selectively targets remnant malignant cells and metastases expressing NIS, causing only minor side effects. There is great interest in expressing NIS exogenously, by gene transfer, in extrathyroidal cancers to render them susceptible to destruction by 131I-. This approach, however, would also harm patients thyroids. Therefore, a strategy is needed for killing non-thyroidal cancer cells exogenously expressing NIS while protecting the thyroid. Addressing this need, we present here an engineered double mutant, L253P/V254F (PF)-NIS, which selectively transports XO4-s but not I-. We used cryo-EM to determine the structure of PF-NIS with ReO4- and Na+ ions bound to it at a 2.58 [A] resolution, and showed that high concentrations of non-radioactive I- protect WT-NIS-expressing cells from radioactive 186ReO4-, whereas PF-NIS-expressing cells are killed. Thus, PF-NIS could potentially be used, together with 186/188ReO4- and non-radioactive I-, to treat non-thyroidal cancers while safeguarding the thyroid. This study establishes a framework for developing therapies using NIS molecules engineered to have selective substrate specificities to extend the clinical use of NIS beyond thyroid cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llorente-Esteban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbineni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffsmith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manville, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyna-Neyra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering substrate selectivity in the human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) on spontaneous opioid withdrawal in male and female rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder (OUD) remains a public health crisis in the United States. A key factor in continued use, relapse risk, and overdose is the severe withdrawal syndrome that accompanies abstinence. Observational studies suggest cannabis may improve outcomes for patients with OUD. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating compound found in cannabis, is being investigated as a potential treatment for OUD. This study investigated whether CBD alleviated withdrawal symptoms in a rat model of opioid dependence. Sprague Dawley rats (N = 100, 50% female) were administered escalating doses of morphine across 10 days (10-50 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily). Following abrupt discontinuation, withdrawal outcomes were evaluated across acute (38-hr) and protracted (up to day 7) timepoints. Rats were treated with pure CBD (10 or 30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (sesame oil; 1 mg/ml) daily, beginning 14-hrs after their final morphine or saline injection (n = 8-9 per sex/group). Withdrawal severity was assessed through physical measurements of body weight, food intake, and somatic signs (e.g., body shakes, diarrhea), and pain sensitivity, as well as measurements of anxiety-like behaviors in the protracted phase. Compared to non-dependent controls, morphine-dependent rats had decreased body weight and food intake, showed greater somatic signs, and had increased pain sensitivity that peaked in acute withdrawal (38-hr). Oral CBD did not affect physical symptoms of opioid withdrawal nor protracted anxiety-like behaviors. These data indicate that CBD alone may have limited effectiveness for treating opioid withdrawal. Reports of improved withdrawal symptoms after cannabis use may be attributed to other compounds in cannabis.

Public health significanceThis study suggests that daily oral treatment with pure CBD at doses available to consumers does not improve physical or psychological symptoms of withdrawal from chronic opioids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.680984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) on spontaneous opioid withdrawal in male and female rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arm dominance emerges through asymmetric practice of complex trajectory shapes inherent to tool-use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limb dominance is a human behavioral characteristic with many cultural, practical, scientific and clinical implications. Yet why the dominant limb performs better across a range of motor skill-requiring tasks remains unanswered. Is it because of an intrinsic hemispheric advantage or instead is it the result of life-long practice with the dominant side? We tested these alternatives using two tasks. The first was 3D reaching with either an inertial challenge or the need to use a stick-like tool. The second required participants to write with their dominant and non-dominant elbows. We applied a novel geometric analysis to quantify movement-trajectory shape. We show that (1) tool-use unmasks markedly inferior control in the non-dominant arm, and this is because tools impose the need to generate unfamiliarly shaped movement trajectories; and (2) there is no general dominant limb motor control advantage, only task-specific experience or practice. These results reframe dominance as predominantly about learned control of tool kinematics rather than baseline asymmetry in control of limb dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong Lee, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.680998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arm dominance emerges through asymmetric practice of complex trajectory shapes inherent to tool-use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchronized path-integration recalibration but distinct landmark-control dynamics in head direction and CA1 place cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate spatial navigation relies on path integration, a process of tracking ones location by integrating self-motion cues. Path integration uses a gain factor relating self-motion signals to displacement on the cognitive map. This gain is plastic, recalibrating rapidly to match perceived displacements relative to external cues. To elucidate the mechanism of recalibration, we simultaneously recorded from place cells, which instantiate the cognitive map, and head direction (HD) cells, thought to orient the map. Persistent conflict between self-motion and visual feedback induced functionally identical recalibration of path-integration gain in the two neural populations during forward locomotion; however, during locomotor immobility accompanied by head-scanning, HD cells did not exhibit recalibration. Moreover, the two populations manifested differential field-shifting dynamics relative to landmarks during recalibration. These results uncover a tightly coordinated yet behavior-dependent recalibration process across the navigation circuit that achieves a robust yet flexible coupling of the internal sense of position and direction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sueoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreyros, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchronized path-integration recalibration but distinct landmark-control dynamics in head direction and CA1 place cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complement Factor H and its C. elegans homolog regulate IFT52/OSM-6 and CNG channel localization in sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors. Current disease models propose AMD pathogenesis is a consequence of cytolytic damage and tissue inflammation that result from defective repression of alternative complement pathway activity by complement factor H (CFH). However, recent studies demonstrate functions for CFH that are outside of its established role in the alternative complement pathway, suggesting that novel CFH-mediated mechanisms may influence AMD initiation and progression. Our previous demonstration that CFH and its nematode homolog, CFH-1, modulate inversin/NPHP-2 accumulation in vertebrate photoreceptor and C. elegans sensory neuron cilia during aging suggests that AMD patients with CFH loss-of-function mutations have cilia defects that may contribute to photoreceptor dysfunction. Here, we investigate the consequences of CFH and CFH-1 loss-of-function mutations on the dynamics and localization of intraflagellar transport (IFT) train and visual cycle components in these cells. In C. elegans sensory neurons, IFTB1 components IFT52/OSM-6 and IFT88/OSM-5 are transported at similar rates in WT animals but IFT52/OSM-6 transport slows significantly in cfh-1 mutant animals while IFT88/OSM-5 is unaffected. Defective localization of IFT52/OSM-6 in photoreceptors of CFH knockout mice and in human photoreceptors from AMD high-risk CFH Y402H homozygotes, suggest an evolutionarily conserved role for CFH in promoting IFT52/OSM-6 transport and localization in sensory neuron cilia. In addition, distribution of CNG channel subunits in C. elegans cfh-1 mutant sensory neurons and CFH Y402H high-risk human photoreceptors are distinct from their WT and Y402 low-risk counterparts. Together, the data indicate previously unappreciated functions for CFH in IFT train organization and cilia protein localization and suggest a novel mechanism for photoreceptor segment thinning, an early AMD biomarker that has been linked to CFH high-risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oshima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit-McBride, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubara, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flajnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complement Factor H and its C. elegans homolog regulate IFT52/OSM-6 and CNG channel localization in sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty-Gated Min-Cost Flows for In Vivo NanoScale Synaptic Plasticity Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are the fundamental unit of neural connectivity. They exhibit dynamic functional and structural changes that enable the brain to learn, adapt, and form memories. Recent advances in endogenous protein fluorescent labeling offer an opportunity to image synaptic strength in vivo and thus study the mechanisms underlying adaptive neural computation in living mice. Studying synaptic dynamics requires tracking individual signals of small, densely packed synapses over days while they change in size, position, and intensity between imaging sessions, and may even appear/disappear entirely. Tracking >100,000 dynamic, submicrometer particles is difficult even for state-of-the-art algorithms. Moreover, most algorithms rely on an isotropic uncertainty ball, assigning equal weight to the lateral plane (XY) and to the noisier axial dimension (Z), leading to poorer performance. To address these challenges and accurately track synapses in vivo, we developed SynTrack. We formulated SynTrack as a Maximum A Posteriori estimation problem under the anisotropic uncertainty ball, along with a fully temporally connected spatio-temporal graph to overcome long-term occlusions. SynTrack achieves a mean track length of 0.51 {micro}m with a Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) score of 88.8%, on par with MOTA scores of expert annotators but with massively increased speed and scalability. Over two weeks, we successfully track 65,000 synapses in 5.6 out of 8 imaging sessions on average, with 20,000 synapses being tracked in at least seven sessions. We present SynTrack as a state-of-the-art algorithm capable of high-resolution and fidelity tracking of synapse dynamics in behaving mice with unprecedented detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premathilaka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty-Gated Min-Cost Flows for In Vivo NanoScale Synaptic Plasticity Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
gAIRR-wgs: An Algorithm to Genotype T Cell Receptor Alleles Using Whole Genome Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell receptor (TR) genes, including variable (TR_V), diversity (TR_D), and joining (TR_J) segments, exhibit allelic diversity that is critical to adaptive immunity. Growing evidence has identified associations between TR genes and immune-related diseases. Germline variants may influence TR gene function and subsequent usage, highlighting the importance of accurate TR allele profiling. However, accurately identifying germline TR from standard WGS data remains challenging due to short read lengths, limited depth, and high sequence similarity. To address these challenges, we developed gAIRR-wgs, for WGS-based TR allele typing. By incorporating novel alleles from HPRC individuals, gAIRR-wgs exhibited excellent performance in allele calling, with F1 scores of 100.0% for TR_D, 99.8% for TR_J, and 98.3% for TR_V. Applying this pipeline to 1,492 individuals from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB), we identified 449 novel TR alleles, 277 of which overlapped with HPRC release 1 data of mixed ethnicity and are absent in the IMGT database. Further population comparison analysis revealed significant TR allele distribution differences across global populations, showing population-specific patterns and diversity variations between ethnic groups. We also discovered TWB-specific deletion polymorphisms affecting contiguous TRGV and TRBV genes, which are not recorded in the gnomAD database and undetected by standard structural variant callers, highlighting the need for tailored approaches to resolve complex immune gene regions. In conclusion, gAIRR-wgs enables accurate TR allele calling from standard WGS data using feasible computational resources and reveals substantial immunogenetic diversity in population cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[gAIRR-wgs: An Algorithm to Genotype T Cell Receptor Alleles Using Whole Genome Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct cell reprogramming by a designed agonist inducing HER2-FGFR proximity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth factor induced receptor dimerization and activation of downstream pathways can modulate cell fate decisions. Here, we investigate the potential of de novo designed synthetic ligands, termed Novokines, to reprogram cell identity by inducing proximity of novel pairs of receptor subunits. We find that a design, H2F, that brings together HER2 (which has no known natural ligand) and the FGF receptor has potent signaling activity. H2F induces robust signaling and reprograms fibroblasts into myogenic cells. Unlike native FGF ligands, H2F selectively activates the MAPK pathway without engaging PLC{gamma}-mediated Ca{superscript 2} signaling. FRET assays confirm H2F-mediated HER2-FGFR proximity, and phosphoproteomic analysis reveals activation of MAPK effectors. H2F-induced ERK phosphorylation is abolished in cells expressing a kinase-dead FGFR1 (K514M) mutant, confirming the requirement for FGFR catalytic activity. H2F treatment significantly increases myofiber formation from adult patient-derived primary myoblasts, demonstrating its capacity to promote myogenic regeneration. Our findings demonstrate that synthetic receptor pairings can rewire signaling outputs to drive regeneration, providing a programmable platform for cell fate engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R Hicks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniezek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detraux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S.T. Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L Mack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K Schweppe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct cell reprogramming by a designed agonist inducing HER2-FGFR proximity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From data to publication in a browser with BRC-Analytics: Evolutionary dynamics of coding overlaps in measles virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analytical landscape of pathogen research is often fragmented, hindering transparency and reproducibility due to diverse genomic data sources, numerous software tools, and suboptimal integration methods. Here we introduce BRC-analytics, a novel browser-based environment that unifies authoritative sources of genomic data with community-curated best analysis practices on a freely accessible public computational infrastructure. We demonstrate its capabilities by analyzing the evolutionary dynamics within the P/V/C locus of the measles virus, a complex system involving overlapping coding regions and RNA editing. Our analysis, conducted entirely within BRC-analytics, reveals asymmetric evolution of the locuss reading frames under distinct selective pressures. BRC-analytics streamlines the entire research process--from data collection and primary analysis (e.g., variant calling) to interpretation (e.g., using integrated JupyterLite notebooks and LLMs) and publication--into a single web browser session. This eliminates the need for local installations and manual data transfers, implicitly tracking provenance and ensuring reproducibility. The platforms goal is to provide true data-to-publication functionality, making advanced pathogen genomics accessible to a broader research community regardless of their computational expertise or infrastructure access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clawson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosakowsky Pond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From data to publication in a browser with BRC-Analytics: Evolutionary dynamics of coding overlaps in measles virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of sex differences in acute and long COVID sequelae in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While males are more likely to suffer severe outcomes during acute COVID-19, a greater proportion of females develop post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) despite similar rates of infection. To identify mechanisms of PASC, mice were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and viral, inflammatory, and behavioral outcomes were evaluated through 84 days post infection. Sex differences were not observed in virus replication or persistence of viral RNA in pulmonary or extrapulmonary tissues in acute or PASC phases. Following recovery from infection, female mice exhibited persistent neurocognitive and behavioral impairments, along with greater frequencies of inflammatory myeloid subsets, neuroinflammation, and dysregulated T cell subsets, including Tregs. Sex differences in inflammation and cognitive phenotypes during PASC were mediated by the presence of two X chromosomes. XX animals independent of chromosome Y presented with neuroinflammation and PASC along with infection-induced upregulation of the X-linked genes Xist and Tlr7 that regulate inflammation and chronic disease outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaulagain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hcnir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barahona, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwezdaryk, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thio, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balagopal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkema, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of sex differences in acute and long COVID sequelae in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of chemotaxis in soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTSymbiotic relationships between nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and legumes provide nearly half of all biologically fixed nitrogen on Earth, playing a crucial role in sustainable agriculture. These relationships rely on bacterial navigation of complex, dynamic soil environments to reach their plant hosts. Central to this behavior are bacterial motility and chemotaxis, the ability to sense and move toward host-derived signals in the rhizosphere. In the soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110, motility is controlled by dual flagellar systems, and this strain contains three putative but uncharacterized chemotaxis operons (che1, che2, and che3). Using targeted deletions of all three predicted cheA genes, we show that cheA2 is the primary driver of chemotaxis toward soybean seed exudate in soft agar assays, and that the greater contribution of cheA2 vs. cheA1 in soft agar chemotaxis is due to its genomic context. Interestingly, we also found that B. diazoefficiens mutants that are incapable of chemotaxis in semisolid media retain wild type-like swimming speeds in aqueous media. These findings provide insight into how the agricultural inoculant B. diazoefficiens coordinates its chemosensory systems to respond to its host plant.

IMPORTANCEChemotaxis is crucial for the establishment of beneficial plant-microbe associations, yet mechanistic studies of chemotaxis have been limited to a handful of soil bacterial models, namely Azospirillum brasilense, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Rhizobium leguminosarum. These three models represent only a fraction of the diversity found among plant- beneficial bacteria and agricultural inoculants. The soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 is a commonly used soybean inoculant with exceptional nitrogen fixation efficiency, but the genetic control of chemotaxis in B. diazoefficiens has not been examined. Establishing B. diazoefficiens as a model of chemotaxis provides an opportunity to understand how multiple chemotaxis systems coordinate root colonization in this major agricultural symbiont and can enable comparative analyses of plant-microbe recognition strategies across agricultural bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of chemotaxis in soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeat associated non-AUG translation as a common mechanism for the polyGln ataxias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining if repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) proteins contribute to the CAG polyGln-encoding spinocerebellar ataxias (CAG-SCAs) is critical for understanding mechanisms and developing therapies for these diseases. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against polySer and polyLeu repeats and locus specific C-terminal regions show sense polySer (AGC frame) and antisense polyLeu (CUG frame) RAN proteins accumulate in affected grey and white-matter brain regions, throughout the cerebellum and pons, in SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, and SCA7 autopsy brains. Cerebellar white matter regions with prominent polySer and polyLeu but minimal polyGln aggregates show demyelination, white matter loss, and activated microglia. In SCA3 mice, RAN proteins accumulate in an age-dependent manner. In neural cells, polySer and polyLeu RAN proteins are toxic and cause autophagic dysfunction. In cells, the FDA-approved drug metformin decreases RAN protein levels and reduces toxicity. Taken together, these data identify sense and antisense RAN proteins as a common molecular mechanism shared by the CAG-SCAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banez-Coronel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajredini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tays, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachnis, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLoughlin, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashizawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramony, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeat associated non-AUG translation as a common mechanism for the polyGln ataxias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel circadian-like oscillations in LTP and excitation inhibition balance in mouse CA1 reverse direction after puberty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term potentiation (LTP), the best-characterized form of Hebbian synaptic plasticity, is well known to be under strong circadian regulation. In mice and rats, both nocturnal species, most studies indicate that LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region is more robust when induced during the dark phase. Our examination of the underlying mechanisms at the CA3 to CA1 synapse provides evidence that the capacity to express LTP does not differ between the light and dark cycles of the 24-hour day. Instead, the magnitude of theta-burst stimulation-induced LTP (TBS-LTP) correlates with daily fluctuations in the ratio of synaptic excitation to inhibition (E/I ratio): both the E/I ratio and TBS-LTP are higher during the dark phase. Consistent with a causal relationship, blockade of inhibition abolishes the light-dark difference in TBS-LTP induction, likewise, pairing-induced LTP, which is less constrained by inhibitory recruitment, does not differ between cycles. Supporting this model, using the APP/PS1 model of AD we observed that neither the E/I ratio nor TBS-LTP change during the light cycle. Finally, we made the intriguing observation that these daily oscillations reverse direction after puberty in WT mice, shifting from being larger in the dark cycle of 2-month-old mice to being larger in the light cycle in 8-month-old mice. This developmental switch may reflect an age-dependent reorganization of circadian control over hippocampal plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>valdivia, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>moreno, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>contreras, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramnaugh, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel circadian-like oscillations in LTP and excitation inhibition balance in mouse CA1 reverse direction after puberty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movi 2: Fast and Space-Efficient Queries on Pangenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Space-efficient compressed indexing methods are critical for pangenomics and for avoiding reference bias. In the Movi study, we implemented the move-structure index, highlighting its locality-of-reference and speed. However, Movi had a high memory footprint compared to other compressed indexes. Here we introduce Movi 2 and describe new methods that greatly reduce size and memory footprint of move structure-based indexes. The most compressed version of Movi 2 reduces the Movi indexs space footprint more than fivefold. We also introduce sampling approaches that enable trade-offs between query and space efficiency. To demonstrate, we show that Movi 2 achieves advantageous time and space tradeoffs when applied to large pangenome collections, including both the first and second releases of the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) collection, the latter of which spans over 460 human haplotyes. We show that Movi 2 dominates prior methods on both speed and memory footprint, including both r-index-based and our previous move-structure-based method. The methods we developed for Movi 2 are publicly available at https://github.com/mohsenzakeri/Movi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movi 2: Fast and Space-Efficient Queries on Pangenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved inference of latent neural states from calcium imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging (CI) is a standard method for recording neural population activity, as it enables simultaneous recording of hundreds-to-thousands of individual somatic signals. Accordingly, CI recordings are prime candidates for population-level latent variable analyses, for example using models such as Gaussian Process Factor Analysis (GPFA), hidden Markov models (HMMs), and latent dynamical systems. However, these models have been primarily developed and fine-tuned for electrophysiological measurements of spiking activity. To adapt these models for use with the calcium signals recorded with CI, per-neuron fluorescence time-traces are typically either de-convolved to approximate spiking events or analyzed directly under Gaussian observation assumptions. The former approach, while enabling the direct application of latent variable methods developed for spiking data, suffers from the imprecise nature of spike estimation from CI. Moreover, isolated spikes can be undetectable in the fluorescence signal, creating additional uncertainty. A more direct model linking observed fluorescence to latent variables would account for these sources of uncertainty. Here, we develop accurate and tractable models for characterizing the latent structure of neural population activity from CI data. We propose to augment HMM, GPFA, and dynamical systems models with a CI observation model that consists of latent Poisson spiking and autoregressive calcium dynamics. Importantly, this model is both more flexible and directly compatible with standard methods for fitting latent models of neural dynamics. We demonstrate that using this more accurate CI observation model improves latent variable inference and model fitting on both CI observatons generated using state-of-the-art biophysical simulations as well as imaging data recorded in an experimental setting. We expect the developed methods to be widely applicable to many different analysis of population CI data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keeley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltowski, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved inference of latent neural states from calcium imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncanonical amino acid incorporation enables minimally disruptive labeling of stress granule and TDP-43 proteinopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a minimally disruptive labeling strategy for stress granule protein, G3BP Stress Granule Assembly Factor 1 (G3BP1), and ALS-linked protein, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), using the fluorescent noncanonical amino acid Anap. By integrating genetic code expansion (GCE) with rational site selection, we achieved precise incorporation of Anap that preserves protein structure and function. In live cells and neurons, Anap labeling faithfully recapitulated localization, stress-induced dynamics, and recovery behavior, outperforming conventional fluorescent tags and enabling physiologically relevant visualization of protein pathobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncanonical amino acid incorporation enables minimally disruptive labeling of stress granule and TDP-43 proteinopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.682786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive Resilience in Aging Degus is Linked to CA3 Hippocampal GABAergic Integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.682786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The preservation of cognitive function during aging remains a key challenge in neuroscience. In this study, we applied an integrative approach, combining behavioral assays with neurophysiological recordings, to investigate hippocampal circuit integrity. We used Octodon degus, a rodent with exceptional longevity (up to 10 years in laboratory conditions), as a natural model of aging and neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer. To assess agerelated cognitive changes, we employed three behavioral tasks: Novel Object Recognition (NOR), Open Field (OF), and the Burrowing Test (BT). The BT reflects Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and is based on species-typical spontaneous burrowing behavior, which has been linked to neurodegenerative markers in degus. We also performed multielectrode electro-physiological recordings to assess GABAergic function in the hippocampus. Aged degus with high BT performance (classified as good burrowers, or GB) showed robust hippocampal activity, especially in the CA3 region, a key hub for signal integration and memory encoding. In contrast, degus with poor BT performance (bad burrowers, or BB) exhibited reduced spontaneous hippocampal activity, suggesting potential compensation via GABA-independent synaptic mechanisms. Altogether, our findings suggest that preserved GABAergic function supports cognitive resilience in aging degus. These results offer new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying healthy cognitive aging and may inform future strategies for preventing or mitigating neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibaceta-Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardiles, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baeza-Araya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.682786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive Resilience in Aging Degus is Linked to CA3 Hippocampal GABAergic Integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.682634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision targeting of autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus using anti-9G4 idiotope synthetic immune receptor T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.682634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies can induce drug-free remission in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but indiscriminate B cell targeting causes immunosuppression, unnecessary infections, and cytokine toxicities that preclude widespread use. Here, we overcome this by targeting the 9G4 idiotope, a shared structural feature of pathogenic B cell receptors encoded by the IGHV4-34 gene. We engineered anti-9G4 CAR-T cells and chimeric TCR-T cells to selectively eliminate autoreactive B cells while preserving protective immunity. Both platforms eradicated autoreactive B cells and autoantibodies in vitro and in vivo, spared normal B cells, and markedly reduced cytokine release compared to conventional CAR-T cells. This precision extended to cold agglutinin disease and lymphoma. These findings establish a framework for IGHV idiotope-directed cellular therapies for treating autoimmune and neoplastic diseases while preserving immune competence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliech, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awosika, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavaris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeo, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmedna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugrovsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Alvarado, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.682634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision targeting of autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus using anti-9G4 idiotope synthetic immune receptor T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic and protein analysis of human cortex reveals genes and pathways linked to NPTX2 disruption in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expression of NPTX2, a neuronal immediate early gene (IEG) essential for excitatory-inhibitory balance, is altered in the earliest stages of cognitive decline that anticipate Alzheimers disease (AD). Here, we use NPTX2 as a point of reference for Omics studies to identify genes and pathways linked to its position in AD onset and progression. We integrated bulk RNA sequencing from 575 middle temporal gyrus (MTG) samples across four cohorts together with targeted proteomics in the same samples using parallel reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry in 135 representative cases, focusing on 20 curated proteins spanning synaptic, trafficking, lysosomal, and regulatory categories. NPTX2 RNA and protein were significantly reduced in AD, and to a lesser extent in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) samples. BDNF, VGF, SST, and SCG2 correlated with both NPTX2 mRNA and protein. We identified NPTX2 correlated synaptic and mitochondrial programs that were negatively correlated with lysosomal and chromatin/stress modules. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of NPTX2 correlations across all samples confirmed broad alignment with synaptic and mitochondrial compartments, while more NPTX2-specific associations were observed with proteostasis and translation regulator pathways, which were weakened in AD. In contrast, correlation of NPTX2 protein with transcriptomic profiles revealed negative associations with stress-linked transcription regulator RNAs (FOXJ1, ZHX3, SMAD5, JDP2, ZIC4), which were strengthened in AD. Studies position NPTX2 as a hub of an activity-regulated "plasticity cluster" (BDNF, VGF, SST, SCG2) that encompasses interneuron function and is embedded on a neuronal/mitochondrial integrity axis that is inversely coupled to lysosomal/chromatin-stress programs. In AD, these transcript-level correlations broadly weaken, and stress-linked transcriptional regulators become more prominent, suggesting a role in NPTX2 loss of function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfitto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldabergenova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogalski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawas, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic and protein analysis of human cortex reveals genes and pathways linked to NPTX2 disruption in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.682837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling of hormone- and cytokine-dependent proliferation of endometrial cells in 3D co-culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.682837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endometrium and menstrual disorders, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis, are difficult to study, partly because menstruation depends on interactions between multiple cell types through complex molecular mechanisms. To help understand this system, researchers need humanized experimental and computational models that can interrogate how endometrial cell populations impact each other in both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we use ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to model changes in the rates of endometrial cell proliferation and death in response to hormones, cytokines, and the specific cell types present. To calibrate this computational model, we used previous-published experimental datasets from a 3D co-culture platform supporting primary human endometrial epithelial organoids and endometrial stromal cells. Our ODE-based model can simulate the size of endometrial epithelial organoids and the density of stromal cells over time under multiple hormone/cytokine conditions in mono- and co-cultures. We further created a second, partial differential equation (PDE)-based model that simulates the diffusion of molecules added to these 3D cultures and their uptake by proliferating endometrial cells using the predicted cell densities from the ODE model as inputs to the PDE simulations. We show that the exposure to hormones and cytokines used in the experiments is reasonably homogenous throughout the 3D culture and identify conditions where this would not be true. Altogether we use these models to quantify the influence of stromal cells on epithelial cell proliferation and vice versa, to identify differences across cells from different donors, and to provide a quantitative assessment of experimental designs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mbuguiro, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnecco, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.682837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling of hormone- and cytokine-dependent proliferation of endometrial cells in 3D co-culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling of the middle temporal gyrus reveals differential glial/neuronal dysregulation across Alzheimer disease and aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by amyloid-{beta} plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and widespread neuronal dysfunction. Aging, the strongest risk factor for AD, is also associated with some overlapping processes, such as neuronal cell transcriptional downregulation and glial cell activation. The middle temporal gyrus (MTG) is a brain region that supports semantic processing and default-mode connectivity and shows early vulnerability in both aging and AD. Here we profile bulk RNA-seq from 606 postmortem MTG samples with the goal of understanding the transcriptional changes associated with AD and aging. In 217 clinical and neuropathologically confirmed AD versus 290 no-dementia controls donors, we identify 613 differentially expressed genes (390 up, 223 down; |log2 fold change| [&ge;] 0.5; BH P < 0.05), with NPNT and ADAMTS2 among the top upregulated signals. Cell set enrichment indicates reduced excitatory neuronal signatures together with increased microglial, astrocytic, endothelial, and pericyte programs. Gene-set analyses reveal strong activation of angiogenesis, extracellular-matrix organization, wound response, adaptive immunity, and coordinated suppression of neuronal and mitochondrial processes, including synaptic signaling and respiratory-chain complexes. Multiscale coexpression mapping resolves three disease clusters: a neuron-mitochondrial module suppressed in AD (M5; hub PJA2; key driver GABRB3), a microglial immune module upregulated in AD (M6; hub C1QC; key driver FCER1G), and an increased astrocyte-vascular extracellular-matrix module in AD (M8; hub ESAM; key driver TAGLN). Across 324 non-AD controls aged 24-108 years, aging is associated with declines in gene expression associated with translation, proteostasis, and mitochondrial function and increases in those linked to oligodendrocyte and myelination programs (for example M4; hub CNTN2; key driver MOBP); in a 65+ subset, neuronal and protein-folding modules show the strongest decrements with reduced glial gene expression upregulatio. Our results indicate that late-life aging involves increased glial responses and neuronal/proteostasis suppression, whereas AD is also associated with immune- vascular-ECM activation and suppression of neuronal programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piras, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfitto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldabergenova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogalski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawas, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling of the middle temporal gyrus reveals differential glial/neuronal dysregulation across Alzheimer disease and aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.682612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Size Exclusion Chromatography Columns 20 and 35 nm Pore Size Effect for Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.682612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown great promise as minimally invasive biomarkers for a variety of diseases. However, challenges persist regarding EV isolation, particularly in their co-isolation with impurities such as soluble proteins and lipoproteins. Among the methods available for EV isolation, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is widely used, as it is reproducible and amenable to high-throughput with a rapid turnaround time. However, its size-based separation leads to the co-isolation of EVs with impurities of similar size. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, compares SEC columns with different pore sizes, 20 and 35 nm, to evaluate their efficacy in non-EV contaminant removal and EV recovery from pancreatic EndoC-{beta}H1 cell culture media and human plasma. To assess EV purity and yield, we compare EV particle concentration, the presence of unintended co-isolates, and RNA EV cargo. This study demonstrates that smaller pore size SEC columns enhance EV yield and purity, making them ideal for biomarker studies involving limited biological samples or downstream analysis sensitive to contaminants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaszala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarsella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokulnath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.682612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Size Exclusion Chromatography Columns 20 and 35 nm Pore Size Effect for Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral striatal astrocytes contribute to reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes influence synaptic plasticity and neuronal function through astrocytic calcium dynamics (ACD). However, astrocytes contribution to cognitive operations like reinforcement learning (RL) remains unclear. To examine this, we trained mice on a RL dependent probabilistic decision-making task. We attenuated ACD across distinct striatal regions, finding that ACD attenuation specifically in ventral striatum (VS) increased decision noisiness and impaired reward-guided choice. This effect was largely due to a reduction in "win-stay" behavior. Using in-vivo calcium imaging, we found that VS ACD correlated with reward prediction errors (RPEs). Furthermore, these trial-by-trial ACD fluctuations predicted trial-by-trial choice variability. Finally, ex-vivo slice electrophysiology and computational modeling revealed two mechanisms through which astrocytes could regulate behavioral variability: by regulating presynaptic excitatory-inhibitory balance, and by sharing RPE signals across populations of striatal neurons. Together, these results suggest that VS astrocytes contribute to cortico-striatal functions to mediate decision noisiness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogukpinar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogasawara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiocchi, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucantonio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papouin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pignatelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiratani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monosov, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral striatal astrocytes contribute to reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-associated macrophages protect glioblastoma cells from ferroptosis by inducing the release of ferritin-bound iron via exosomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant non-tumor cell type in glioblastoma (GBM) and act as the pivotal cell type in regulating iron metabolism in the GBM tumor microenvironment. High TAM infiltration into the TME is also associated with increased resistance to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death. However, the exact mechanism by which TAMs make the cancer cells resistant to ferroptosis remains relatively unexplored. Here, we have investigated how TAMs modify iron metabolism in GBM cells to make them more resistant to ferroptotic stress. We utilized GL261 cells, a GBM cell line derived from C57BL6 mice, and syngeneic primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to study GBM-TAM interactions in vitro. We found that male macrophages exhibited higher iron uptake, greater iron storage, and a larger labile iron pool compared to female macrophages, indicating intrinsic sex biases in macrophage iron metabolism. Subsequently, we used co-culture experiments to study how macrophages regulate the iron and ferroptotic status of GL261 cells. We discovered that GL261 cells cocultured with BMDMs showed higher resistance to RSL3-induced ferroptotic stress. Mechanistically, BMDMs caused a decrease in total cellular iron in GL261 cells by inducing increased H-ferritin-bound iron release via CD63-positive exosomes; thus, limiting the amount of iron that is available for lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis. This process was moderately sex biased in favor of male macrophages. Finally, we show that this mechanism of BMDM-induced resistance to ferroptosis is independent of Hepcidin regulation and can act as a possible pathway by which GBM cells escape ferroptotic stress during proinflammatory conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slagle-Webb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-associated macrophages protect glioblastoma cells from ferroptosis by inducing the release of ferritin-bound iron via exosomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacies of sequenced monotherapies of Mycobacterium avium lung infection in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections has been rising and now exceeds tuberculosis in several countries. Among NTMs, Mycobacterium avium is the most common cause of chronic lung disease. Current guidelines recommend simultaneous administration of three or more antibiotics, modeled after tuberculosis treatment, but these regimens are limited by toxicity, poor adherence, and low cure rates. Importantly, unlike M. tuberculosis, M. avium is acquired from the environment rather than transmitted between humans, weakening the rationale for multidrug therapy as a strategy to suppress resistance at the population level.

MethodsTo test an alternative treatment approach, we evaluated sequential monotherapy in a validated murine model of chronic M. avium lung infection. Mice were treated with either the standard triple-drug regimen of clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampicin or with sequential monotherapy: clarithromycin, bedaquiline, and clofazimine, with only one drug administered at a time for four-week intervals. Lung and spleen bacterial burdens were quantified, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for isolates recovered during treatment to assess resistance emergence.

ResultsSequential monotherapy achieved reductions in lung bacterial burden equivalent to those of the standard multidrug regimen and prevented extrapulmonary dissemination. Notably, no increase in MICs was observed for clarithromycin, bedaquiline, or clofazimine across treatment phases, indicating that sequential monotherapy did not select for resistant clones.

ConclusionsThese findings provide the first experimental evidence that sequential monotherapy can deliver efficacy comparable to multidrug therapy for M. avium disease without promoting resistance. This proof-of-concept supports further investigation of sequencing strategies as a potentially more tolerable alternative to current regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howe, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panthi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.684001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacies of sequenced monotherapies of Mycobacterium avium lung infection in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXI3 Promotes Migration and Proliferation in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases, Modulated by FGF8. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies have shown that all men who die from prostate cancer exhibit bone involvement, highlighting the clinical significance of bone metastases. Previously, we demonstrated that prostate cancer exhibits elevated expression of FOXI3; a transcription factor critical to bone development. However, its functional role in prostate cancer progression remains unexplored. In this study, we explored FOXI3 expression in human prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant association between FOXI3 expression, tumor pathology, and increasing tumor grade. Analysis of publicly available gene expression data from prostate cancer patients showed that that FOXI3 is markedly elevated in bone metastases and strongly correlates with FGF8, suggesting a potential bone-specific regulatory interaction between these factors. Consistent with this, treatment of bone-derived prostate cancer cells with FGF8 increased FOXI3 RNA expression, whereas no such effect was observed in a brain-metastatic cell line. Further, we demonstrated that FGF8-FOXI3 axis regulates bone-derived prostate cancer cell migration and proliferation in a FOXI3 dependent manner. Together, our findings demonstrate a pro-metastatic role of FOXI3 in prostate cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollern, D. p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayburn, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXI3 Promotes Migration and Proliferation in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases, Modulated by FGF8.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.683091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Chronic Stress on the Prefrontal Transcriptome in Animal Models and Convergence with Existing Human Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.683091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChronic stress is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Chronic stress can cause structural alterations like grey matter atrophy in key emotion-related areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). To identify biological pathways affected by chronic stress in the PFC, researchers have performed transcriptional profiling (RNA-sequencing, microarray) to measure gene expression in rodent models. However, transcriptional signatures in the PFC that are shared across different chronic stress paradigms and laboratories remain relatively unexplored.

MethodsWe performed a meta-analysis of publicly available transcriptional profiling datasets within the Gemma database. We identified six datasets that characterized the effects of either chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) or chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on gene expression in the PFC in mice (n=117). We fit a random effects meta-analysis model to the chronic stress effect sizes (log(2) fold changes) for each transcript (n=21,379) measured in most datasets. We then compared our results with two other published chronic stress meta-analyses, as well as transcriptional signatures associated with psychiatric disorders.

ResultsWe identified 133 genes that were consistently differentially expressed across chronic stress studies and paradigms (false discovery rate (FDR)<0.05). Fast Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (fGSEA) revealed 53 gene sets enriched with differential expression (FDR<0.05), dominated by glial and neurovascular markers (e.g., oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, endothelial/vascular) and stress-related signatures (e.g., major depressive disorder, hormonal responses). Immediate-early gene markers of neuronal activity (Fos, Junb, Arc, Dusp1) were consistently suppressed. Many of the identified effects resembled those seen in previous meta-analyses characterizing stress effects (CSDS, early life stress), despite minimal overlap in included samples. Moreover, some effects resembled previous observations from psychiatric disorders, including alcohol abuse disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

ConclusionOur study demonstrates that chronic stress induces a robust, cross-paradigm PFC signature characterized by down-regulation of glia/myelin and vascular pathways and suppression of immediate-early gene activity, highlighting cellular processes linking chronic stress exposure, PFC dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=92 SRC="FIGDIR/small/683091v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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C_LIO_LIMeta-analysis showed that stressed mice had less gene expression for glia and neural activity in the PFC.
C_LIO_LIPFC gene expression in chronically stressed mice mirrors patterns seen in psychiatric patients.
C_LI

Plain Language SummaryChronic stress has been shown to have lasting effects on the brain, contributing to cognitive impairments and the risk of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The prefrontal cortex, a brain region that is important for behavioral and attentional control, is sensitive to chronic stress. We combined information from six public mouse datasets to identify consistent effects of chronic stress on gene expression (mRNA) in the prefrontal cortex. In these studies, mice that had experienced chronic stress showed a decreased amount of mRNA related to a variety of non-neuronal support cells (glia) and blood vessels, and general neural activity. The mouse chronic stress signature overlapped with gene-activity patterns reported in human psychiatric conditions, suggesting a biological bridge between chronic stress and the onset of psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenauer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flandreau, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rempel-Clower, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.683091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Chronic Stress on the Prefrontal Transcriptome in Animal Models and Convergence with Existing Human Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aromatic residues in mobile regions distal to the active site support the closed conformation of E. coli DXPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The essential bacterial enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) is absent in humans, making the enzyme an attractive antimicrobial target. Its product DXP sits at a metabolic branchpoint between the biosynthesis of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), and isoprenoids. DXP is formed via decarboxylation of pyruvate and subsequent carboligation with D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (D-GAP) in a ThDP-dependent manner. In the current mechanistic model, DXPS follows a ligand-gated mechanism. Pyruvate reacts with ThDP to form C2-lactylThDP (LThDP) which coincides with a shift to a closed conformation. The flexible "spoon" and "fork" motifs become ordered, situating the catalytic residue H299 within the active site which supports LThDP persistence and the closed conformation of the E-LThDP complex until binding of D-GAP. Our goal is to understand the molecular basis for stabilization of the E-LThDP complex in its closed conformation in the absence of D-GAP. We propose the conserved aromatic residues Y288, F298, and F304 in the E. coli DXPS spoon and fork motifs form a cluster upon transition from the open to closed form to position H299 within the active site, necessary for LThDP persistence. Here, we conducted mutagenesis studies to elucidate the roles of Y288, F298, and F304 in conformational cycling and catalysis. On each variant, the conformational equilibrium favored an open state, hindered intermediate formation and persistence, and promoted intermediate release from the active site. Our results support a model in which conserved aromatic residues within the mobile, sequence-diverse spoon and fork motifs promote the closed conformation and support catalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcock, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freel Meyers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aromatic residues in mobile regions distal to the active site support the closed conformation of E. coli DXPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.683838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress drives the hippocampus to prioritize statistical prediction over episodic encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.683838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus plays a critical role in encoding individual experiences into episodic memory, while also detecting patterns shared across these experiences that allow us to anticipate future events via statistical learning. Acute stress is known to impact the hippocampus but may have opposite effects on these competing functions. That is, although stress impairs episodic encoding, it may instead enhance statistical learning. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested how stress influences the hippocampal pathways and subfields that support episodic encoding and statistical learning while participants performed a task that engaged both processes. Across several analyses, stress biased hippocampal processing in favour of statistical learning, suppressing pattern separation between events in the dentate gyrus and enhancing the representation of statistically predictive features. Furthermore, stress drove the hippocampal monosynaptic pathway to support statistical learning rather than episodic encoding during predictive situations. Together, these data suggest that acute stress elicits targeted, adaptive changes in hippocampal pathways which may facilitate predicting and responding to upcoming events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijaya, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.683838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress drives the hippocampus to prioritize statistical prediction over episodic encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Vision Enabled Lateral Flow Immunoassay Using Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Point-of-Care Cardiac Biomarker Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains one of the most prevalent and fatal cardiovascular disease. Given the critical diagnostic significance of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and myoglobin (Myo) in AMI, there is an urgent clinical demand for rapid and accurate detection methods to improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality. To meet this need, we developed a sensing platform that integrates functionalized gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (AuNPs-LFIA) with a machine vision model, enabling rapid quantitative detection of cTnI and Myo. By covalently conjugating antibodies to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@Ab), we achieved greater probe specificity and stability. The integration of machine vision algorithms allowed quantitative readouts within 8 minutes, a 46.7% improvement of the detection time compared to conventional methods (15 minutes). The platform achieved limits of detection of 0.224 ng/mL for Myo and 0.071 ng/mL for cTnI, with excellent correlation to commercial kits (R2 > 0.99). Overall, these results demonstrate that machine vision-enhanced AuNPs-LFIA offers an efficient, sensitive and reliable strategy for point-of- care testing (POCT) in cardiovascular diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Vision Enabled Lateral Flow Immunoassay Using Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Point-of-Care Cardiac Biomarker Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing enzymatic bioconjugation efficiency via installation of a substrate recruitment domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzyme mediated bioconjugation provides a method for easy and rapid formation of protein-protein and protein-small molecule conjugates under mild conditions. Promiscuous enzymes are of particular interest because they can catalyze conjugation reactions on a broad set of substrates. However, this promiscuity carries the risk of undesirable off-target modifications. To mitigate this effect, we used computational design to install a substrate recruitment domain (SRD) onto the promiscuous enzyme, tyrosinase. The redesigned tyrosinase, called D42, preferentially modifies tyrosine residues within the peptide core (core) linked to a 6-amino acid recognition motif/sequence (RS) specific for the SRD. Incorporation of the recognition sequence along with a neighboring tyrosine in peptides or proteins allows for rapid D42-mediated conversion of the tyrosine to an orthoquinone, which can be selectively modified with a variety of nucleophiles. We demonstrate the utility of our design system by rapidly installing cytotoxic molecules on a monoclonal antibody.

For Table of Contents Only

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzelka, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCue, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing enzymatic bioconjugation efficiency via installation of a substrate recruitment domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and functional characterization of an AMD associated c-ABL binding SNP streak within the ARMS2 gene promoter region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified the human 10q26 locus as a major genetic risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The AMD-associated interval has been refined to a 5,196 bp segment flanking the ARMS2-HTRA1 region, excluding HTRA1 and the ARMS2 3' indel (443del54ins) variant by risk haplotype analysis. Although the missense SNP rs10490924 has been proposed as a functional variant, its role in AMD remains controversial, and the causative variants and underlying mechanisms within this region remain unresolved.

MethodsAn unbiased bioinformatic screen identified a 5-SNP block within the 5,196 bp interval that potentially alters c-ABL protein binding. Protein-DNA interactions were validated using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Genetic association with AMD (dry and wet subtypes) was assessed in patient cohorts using blood genomic DNA. The regulatory effect of the 5-SNP block was further examined using luciferase reporter assays.

FindingsWe identified a 5-SNP block located [~]556 bp upstream of the ARMS2 start codon, representing a cluster of predicted c-ABL tyrosine kinase binding sites. This block, in complete linkage disequilibrium with rs10490924 (A69S), showed a strong association with both wet and dry AMD (136 controls, 179 dry AMD, 251 wet AMD). EMSA and ChIP confirmed direct c-ABL binding, while luciferase reporter assays demonstrated reduced transcriptional activity mediated by the 5-SNP block in the presence of c-ABL.

InterpretationOur results suggest that the c-ABL-responsive 5-SNP regulatory streak in the ARMS2 promoter region act as functional non-coding elements that may contribute to AMD pathogenesis through altered transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbs, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and functional characterization of an AMD associated c-ABL binding SNP streak within the ARMS2 gene promoter region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIDEO - Visual Integration of Drosophila Enhancer Organization: A tool for integrating and visualizing chromatin accessibility, in vivo transcription factor binding and motif occurrence in tissue-specific differentially expressed genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDissecting gene regulation today relies on many genomic assays - including transcriptional output from RNA-seq, chromatin accessibility from ATAC-seq, and transcription factor (TF) binding from ChIP-seq. Whereas numerous tools exist for each modality and some integrate data across modalities, few allow researchers to interactively explore and visualize how TF binding motifs intersect with transcriptional activity and chromatin accessibility in a tissue-specific context. Here we introduce VIDEO (Visual Integration of Drosophila Enhancer Organization), a web-based analysis tool that enables visualization of conserved TF binding motifs within proximal promoters of genes differentially expressed in specific tissues. Starting with gene lists derived from in situ hybridization, microarray, and/or scRNA-seq studies of WT or mutant samples, one can identify the TFs expressed in each tissue and learn if and where the consensus binding motifs for those TFs are found within the proximal enhancers of a custom gene set. This pipeline also allows for coincident visualization of active chromatin, as determined from ATAC-seq data, and for the visualization of DNA binding data from ChIP-seq datasets for specific TFs. To demonstrate its utility, we apply VIDEO to the well-characterized regulatory system of CrebA and the secretory pathway in the Drosophila salivary gland. We also explore a lesser-known system in the embryonic hindgut to show how utilization of this tool can serve to generate hypotheses regarding regulatory interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIDEO - Visual Integration of Drosophila Enhancer Organization: A tool for integrating and visualizing chromatin accessibility, in vivo transcription factor binding and motif occurrence in tissue-specific differentially expressed genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral tegmental area dopamine controls timing variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision defines successful behavior, yet the brain mechanisms promoting precision are unclear. Here, we dissect dopaminergic circuits controlling precision along a single behavioral dimension - the timing of action. We use an interval timing paradigm that requires participants to indicate their estimate of an interval of several seconds with a motor response. We find that humans with Parkinsons disease (PD) had increased timing variability that predicted PD-related cognitive deficits and executive dysfunction. Surprisingly, lesioning ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons increased temporal variability. Further, GCaMP6s fiber photometry demonstrated that VTA dopamine neuron activity is strongly modulated at the start of temporal intervals, and that this trial start-related activity predicted temporal variability. Finally, we found that stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons improved timing by decreasing temporal variability in both intact and dopamine-depleted animals. Our data establish a model of cognitive symptoms of human PD and provide insight into the neuronal control of temporal variability, which impacts a wide range of executive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabakovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral tegmental area dopamine controls timing variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking Sleep-Linked Brain Fluid Dynamics Using Modified fNIRS: A Novel Noninvasive Window into Glymphatic Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe glymphatic system, a brain-wide perivascular and interstitial waste and signal transport pathway for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exchange with interstitial fluid (ISF), has pronounced activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, Alzheimers disease, and mood disorders. However, direct measurement in humans is limited because current imaging methods rely on intrathecal contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is unsuitable for routine or naturalistic sleep studies. The absence of real-time, noninvasive monitoring methods that allow for natural sleep poses a major barrier to advancing glymphatic research in clinical settings.

MethodsTo address this barrier, we developed a non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) forehead array in a wearable headband using non-standard wavelengths to allow for better sensitivity for water measurement. We monitored cortical blood and water dynamics during overnight sleep, quantifying oscillatory patterns of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and water across sleep stages within the outer layers of the frontal cortex, subarachnoid space, and scalp. A component of the extracted water metrics is hypothesized to serve as a proxy for glymphatic transport without the need for contrast agents or surgical intervention.

ResultsOur results demonstrate water concentrations were highest in SWS (d = 1.93, p=0.0002), while HbO concentrations also showed a modest elevation (d = 1.06, ns). Additionally, low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) of both water and HbO signals exhibited distinct dynamics of suprathreshold envelope peak (SEP) frequencies during NREM stages (N2 and N3) as compared to REM and wake, with effect size (d= 1.31, p = 0.003) for water. Interestingly, these water-derived metrics correlate with EEG slow-wave activity, linking fluid-sensitive oscillations to established electrophysiological markers of sleep depth. These findings indicate that water-sensitive oscillatory processes are selectively amplified during deep sleep and scale with EEG-defined sleep depth, consistent with a role for glymphatic-related fluid transport in human sleep.

ConclusionWe report novel cortical water shift parameters that are robustly sensitive to sleep stage transitions via a wearable, non-invasive, scalable headband, consistent with predicted glymphatic activity. Future work will cross-validate this method with MRI and other techniques.

DisclaimerThe views, information or content, and conclusions presented do not represent the official position or policy of, nor should any official endorsement be inferred on the part of, the Uniformed Services University, the Department of War, the U.S. Government, or Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amyot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollatou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeiky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seenivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lettieri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penafiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalewayker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheraghpour, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking Sleep-Linked Brain Fluid Dynamics Using Modified fNIRS: A Novel Noninvasive Window into Glymphatic Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation as a mutation-independent therapeutic strategy for SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein (SynGAP) regulates synaptic strength and neuronal signaling, with essential roles in cortical development and synaptic plasticity. Heterozygous loss-of-function variants in SYNGAP1 cause SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by epilepsy, developmental delay, and autism. SYNGAP1 mutations often result in haploinsufficiency, providing a strong rationale for gene-targeted therapies. However, no treatment currently addresses the underlying genetic cause of SRID. Here, we developed a CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) approach to upregulate the functional Syngap1 allele in a SRID mouse model. CRISPRa activated Syngap1, normalized SynGAP protein expression and downstream signaling, and rescued working memory deficits. We validated the translational potential of this strategy in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived excitatory cortical neurons. CRISPRa rescued SYNGAP1 in two distinct loss-of-function variant lines. Together, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of mutation-independent transcriptional activation as a therapeutic approach for SRID and its broader applicability to haploinsufficiency disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sichlinger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Acevedo, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czarnecki, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dungan, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation as a mutation-independent therapeutic strategy for SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using endocytosis to switch between chemoattraction and chemorepulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White blood cells can be guided to targets by chemoattractant signals, but this response is complicated, including guidance toward and away from inflammation sites. We model how cells can switch between being attracted and repelled by a chemical signal. We study experiments on malignant B cell lines, which find that depending on their environment, B cells can either be attracted or repelled by signals like CCL19. The presence of chemorepulsion is also dependent on whether the receptors for CCL19 can be internalized via endocytosis. We develop a stochastic model of receptor-ligand binding and internalization where bound receptors drive a nonlinear feed-forward loop of intracellular signaling molecules, which determine the cells direction. We recapitulate key experimental results: changing CCL19 concentration or inhibiting receptor internalization can switch the cells direction. Our model implies that cells can navigate toward a target concentration of a signal, regulating that target by receptor internalization. We propose experiments to test this idea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luettgen, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using endocytosis to switch between chemoattraction and chemorepulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing Kinetic versus Stoichiometric Priorities in Hybrid Models of CHO Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell metabolism through mathematical models is essential for optimizing culture media and biomanufacturing processes.

Current mechanistic models rely primarily on either flux balance analysis (FBA), estimating intracellular fluxes while assuming steady state, or kinetic modeling, capturing dynamic behavior but typically for a limited number of reactions. Dynamic FBA (dFBA) integrates both approaches in a hybrid framework, but challenges remain in integrating the two formats to describe bioprocesses. In this study, we first enhanced an existing dynamic CHO-metabolism model by incorporating 13C-labeled data to refine kinetic expressions and stoichiometric constraints of amino acid pathways, including the asparagine-aspartate network and serine biosynthesis. We next evaluated the impact of prioritizing either stoichiometry, through the pseudo steady state assumption (PSSA), or the kinetic expressions of fluxes. Comparing error and predictive performance for both models for two industrially relevant fed-batch CHO culture conditions involving varying initial concentrations of nutrients and three feed streams, demonstrated that the kinetic-oriented model (KOM) yielded superior predictions for viable cell density (VCD), antibody production, and a range of amino acids and metabolites compared to the stoichiometric oriented model (SOM). Indeed, the KOM was able to predict production-to-consumption shifts of lactate and alanine, fluctuating levels of ammonia based on reversible kinetic expressions, and amino acids like asparagine and the serine-glycine pool. The KOM also provided better predictions for a third case including lactate-supplemented (LS) feed; however, slight parameter adjustments helped to improve model fidelity, likely due to the impact of high lactate on kinetic expressions of antibody (directly) and VCD (indirectly). In summary, our findings demonstrate that hybrid models emphasizing empirical kinetics over strict pseudo-steady-state constraints capture biologically realistic dynamics such as transient shifts for key metabolites like lactate, alanine, and ammonia, and also produce parameters useful across varying conditions, making them a practical and powerful tool for characterizing CHO cell culture performance in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khare, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndahiro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaubert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertalan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcum, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing Kinetic versus Stoichiometric Priorities in Hybrid Models of CHO Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial analysis reveals the cellular microenvironments and mechanisms of inflammation and kidney injury in acute interstitial nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) causes 15-20% of all acute kidney injury cases but lacks effective therapies beyond corticosteroids. Using high-resolution imaging mass cytometry and single-cell spatial transcriptomics to analyze human kidney biopsies with AIN, non-immunologic acute tubular injury (ATI), and reference tissue, the CXCL9-CXCR3 axis was identified as the defining immunologic signature of AIN, with 44-fold higher predicted CXCL9-CXCR3 interactions than ATI, creating homotypic inflammatory T cell amplification networks concentrated in lymphoid aggregates. C3AR1+ immune cells were enriched in peritubular neighborhoods of complement 3-expressing injured tubule cells, predominantly VCAM1+ injured proximal tubules, linking tubular injury to immune activation in AIN. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) was the strongest predictor of VCAM1+ tubular microenvironments, with expression by both injured tubules and surrounding immune cells coordinating metabolic-inflammatory niches. These findings reveal distinct molecular circuits underlying AIN pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets for improving clinical management and preventing progression to chronic kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakade, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadarangani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeckel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moledina, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.684811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial analysis reveals the cellular microenvironments and mechanisms of inflammation and kidney injury in acute interstitial nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based Predictions of Conformational B Cell Epitopes by Protein Language Model and Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping conformational B-cell epitopes remains a central challenge for antibody discovery: experiments are costly and most computational tools trained on generic protein-protein interfaces transfer poorly to antibody-antigen recognition. We introduce a patch-centric framework that predicts epitopes directly on antigen structures. Each surface "patch" is defined as a triad of neighboring residues, capturing the smallest local unit that encodes both shape and chemistry. We evaluate two classifiers: (i) a protein language model (PLM) approach that averages ESM-2 embeddings over each triad and scores them with a small multilayer perceptron [1], and (ii) a convolutional baseline that consumes a hand-crafted 15x20 feature matrix summarizing amino-acid identity, secondary structure, solvent accessibility, and shape index. Trained with five-fold cross-validation on 1,151 AbDb antibody-antigen complexes, the PLM model markedly outperforms the CNN at the patch level (e.g., F1{approx} 0.986, ROC-AUC{approx} 0.998). Aggregating patch scores to residues with an ensemble over all folds yields robust residue-wise performance, surpassing the CNN (ROC-AUC 0.689{+/-}0.072 vs. 0.548{+/-}0.018). Against widely used sequence- and structure-based tools on AbDb, our PLM achieves the best summary metrics (ROC-AUC 0.67, PR- AUC 0.56) with full coverage of all antigens. On five external complexes unseen during development, the model generalizes well (ROC-AUC 0.663) and accurately localizes binding regions qualitatively. The method converts PLM representations into interpretable epitope likelihood maps, offering a practical aid for antigen prioritization, antibody engineering, and vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilicich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based Predictions of Conformational B Cell Epitopes by Protein Language Model and Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Alzheimer's disease risk factors and local neuromelanin content on the transcriptomic landscape of the human locus coeruleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small noradrenergic nucleus in the dorsal pons that sends projections across the brain regulating sleep, arousal, attention, stress responses, and some forms of cognition. LC neurons show pathology in the earliest stages of Alzheimers disease (AD), including age-related accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) and accelerated loss of neuromelanin (NM) pigmentation. NM-sensitive neuroimaging of the LC predicts previous cognitive decline, clinical severity, and future AD progression. While these findings suggest that the LC plays an etiologic role in AD, the molecular landscape of the LC prior to clinical manifestation of sporadic AD remains largely uncharacterized. This information is critical for developing interventions that preserve LC integrity and function. We performed spatially-resolved transcriptomics on 85 sections of human postmortem LC from N=33 neurotypical middle-aged donors, balanced for epidemiologic AD risk factors including sex, African or European ancestry, and APOE genotype (carriers of the E4/risk or E2/protective alleles). Comparing across APOE genotypes, we find astrocytic gene expression differences proximal to LC neurons. Associating NM content with local gene expression, we show that higher overall APOE gene expression correlates with reduced NM content and an enrichment of NM-associated genes in aging pathways. Unexpectedly, we find enriched LC expression of cholesterol synthesis genes, alongside evidence for lipid synthesis gene regulatory network activity in NM-containing LC specifically, revealing a potential intersection between intrinsic lipid metabolism in LC neurons, NM, and the role of APOE-mediated lipid biology in AD. Together, these data illuminate the molecular features of the human LC at spatial resolution with unprecedented sampling depth, revealing how AD risk factors and NM content influence resilience and susceptibility of this critical brain nucleus to pathology accumulation and degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulvey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oster, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algrain, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papariello, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Alzheimer's disease risk factors and local neuromelanin content on the transcriptomic landscape of the human locus coeruleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.684535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-dependent release of extracellular particles with distinct α2,6-sialylation patterns and small RNA cargo related to neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.684535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and related dementias; yet peripheral biomarkers for neuroinflammation remain an unmet medical need. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play a dual role in maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions and driving neuronal damage when chronically dysregulated. One mechanism by which microglia influence their environment is through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-vesicular extracellular particles (NVEPs), which can serve as biomarkers the reflect cellular states. Here, we systematically isolated and characterized microglia-derived EVs and NVEPs under pro- and anti-inflammatory conditions and profiled their small RNA cargo by small RNA sequencing. We validated these findings in human iPSC-derived microglia and further recapitulated them in EVs and NVEPs from mouse brain and plasma. Using an engineered mouse model, we were able to isolate plasma microglia-specific EVs in vivo and demonstrated that their RNA cargo reflects their inflammatory state. Importantly, microglial EVs and NVEPs display distinct 2,6-sialylation patterns and small RNA signatures implicated in neurological diseases. These findings demonstrate that microglia-derived EVs and NVEPs cargo reflect microglial cellular state and establish them as putative minimally non-invasive biomarkers of early-stage neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaszala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meechoovet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purnell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saftics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigdel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic-Talisman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.684535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-dependent release of extracellular particles with distinct α2,6-sialylation patterns and small RNA cargo related to neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA G-Quadruplexes Function as a Tunable Switch of FUS Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FUS undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to support essential cellular functions, but aberrant phase transitions promote toxic aggregation in neurodegenerative disease. Short RNA oligonucleotides can reverse this behavior, yet the structural determinants that govern RNA activity remain poorly defined. Here, we identify RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) as tunable structural motifs that potently modulate FUS LLPS. rG4 activity depends on its concentration and is modulated by rG4 length and stability: increasing repeat number switches rG4s from inhibitor to nucleator of FUS assembly, whereas chemical modifications that stabilize rG4 enhance inhibitory function and render these activities resilient to ionic perturbation. Although short rG4s interact with both soluble and condensed FUS, they preferentially engage the soluble pool, likely shifting the equilibrium toward dispersion. Leveraging these mechanistic insights, we developed a bioinformatic pipeline that uncovered more rG4 inhibitors that robustly reverse FUS LLPS and aggregation. Our findings establish rG4s as chemically programmable regulators of protein phase behavior and provide a blueprint for engineering RNA-based therapeutics that dissolve pathogenic FUS assemblies. More broadly, this work directly links RNA secondary structure to distinct functional outcomes in phase behavior, establishing a structure-function paradigm for RNA control of condensates, demonstrating implications in both fundamental biology and therapeutic development.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welebob, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckhaults, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePierro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA G-Quadruplexes Function as a Tunable Switch of FUS Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Calibration of a Spatial QSP Model Identifies Fibroblast Impact on HCC Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractComputational models are increasingly used to predict treatment response and optimize cancer therapy strategies. Among these, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models mechanistically simulate tumor progression and pharmacological interventions, enabling virtual clinical trials, model-informed drug development, and biomarker identification. Coupling QSP with an agent-based model yields a spatial QSP (spQSP) platform that captures tissue-level spatial organization of the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, parameterizing such models to represent tumor biology remains an open problem. In this study, we developed a calibration framework using the Approximate Bayesian Computation - Sequential Monte Carlo (ABC-SMC) approach to calibrate the spQSP model with a combination of clinical and spatial molecular data, reflecting the TME characteristics of human tumors. This calibration framework matches tumor architectures between spQSP model predictions and patient spatial molecular data by fitting statistical summaries of cellular neighborhoods. We demonstrate that model calibration using CODEX data from untreated HCC patients enables prediction of TME spatial molecular states in an independent cohort receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combination therapy. Finally, we identify spatial and non-spatial pretreatment biomarkers and assess their predictive power for therapeutic response. This workflow demonstrates how integrating spatial-omics with multiscale mechanistic models enables quantitative calibration, biological insight, and in silico biomarker discovery, providing a framework for personalized cancer therapy across tumor types.

SignificanceDigital twins and computational models are increasingly used to simulate disease and guide therapy, but they often struggle to capture the immense complexity driving the spatiotemporal evolution of the TME. The challenge is compounded by clinical sample limitations, which typically provide measurements from only static snapshots of the TME for parameter estimation. We demonstrate how mechanistic modeling frameworks can overcome this limitation by enabling inference of spatiotemporal model parameters from static spatial data - an intractable task for purely data-driven approaches. Ultimately, our work presents a workflow that integrates spatial-omics with multiscale mechanistic models, enabling quantitative calibration, deeper biological insight, and in silico biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Calibration of a Spatial QSP Model Identifies Fibroblast Impact on HCC Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How tp1, an indirect wing steering muscle, stabilizes Drosophila's flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flapping flight is inherently unstable, requiring Drosophila to fine-tune their wing motions on a milliseconds timescale. Pioneering studies have shown that the direct steering muscles, which attach to the wing hinge, are important for generating these rapid flight reflexes. Recent connectome data, however, reveal that indirect steering muscles or tension muscles, which alter the mechanics of the thorax, receive some of the same synaptic inputs from the sensory apparatus as the direct steering muscles. This discovery suggests that the indirect steering muscles may also be important for flight control. Here, we show that the indirect tergopleural muscles indeed contribute substantially to stabilization, particularly for large pitch perturbations. We find that for small perturbations (less than 1000 deg/s), flies modulate their wing stroke amplitude to generate lift-based corrective torques, a strategy that has been previously documented. For larger perturbations, however, we observe that Drosophila engage an additional wing degree of freedom--the wing pitch angle--to leverage additional lift and drag forces during the corrective maneuver. Quasi-steady aerodynamic simulations reveal that this strategy minimizes power consumption, anaolgous to how some mammals (including humans) adjust their steady-state gaits in a near energy-optimal manner. Using optogenetics and a control theory framework we demonstrate that the tergopleural muscle is activated by a proportional gain component of a nonlinear PI controller responsible for determining the wing pitch angle during large perturbations. A simplified torsional-spring model for the wing hinge captures the changes in the wing pitch dynamics observed during correction maneuvers by using the tergopleural muscle to adjust the rest angle of the wing. These findings provide a striking example of reflex strategy selection in time-critical behaviors and underscores the vital role of indirect steering muscles in flight stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teoh, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludlow, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How tp1, an indirect wing steering muscle, stabilizes Drosophila's flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data informs precancer progression in the pancreas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) arises from heterogeneous precursor lesions, including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), but the features distinguishing indolent from progressive lesions remain unclear. We performed an integrative analysis of transcriptomic, genomic, and microenvironmental profiles of IPMNs to define multi-omic phenotypes. Using transfer learning, we projected IPMN-derived transcriptional programs onto spatial transcriptomic datasets from IPMNs and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs). We identified two major phenotypes: one associated with cancer-associated fibroblasts and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, shared across IPMN, PanIN, and PDAC; and a second, glycolysis-enriched phenotype with a unique somatic mutation profile specific to IPMN. Spatial mapping further revealed grade-specific enrichment of transcriptional programs and distinct interactions with stromal and immune subtypes, underscoring the role of the precancer microenvironment in progression. These findings establish multi-omic phenotypes that unify genetic, transcriptional, and microenvironmental heterogeneity, providing a framework for distinguishing progressive from indolent precancers and a web-based public atlas for future exploration of these data and transcriptional phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesperance, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhossiny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakshe, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasca di Magliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data informs precancer progression in the pancreas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic bypass and endocycling promote cancer cell survival after genotoxic chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotoxic chemotherapies are central components of the treatment regimen for most cancers but are rarely curative. Drug-tolerant persister cells (DTPs) evade cell death during these treatments by accessing transient adaptive states and can contribute to cancer progression after treatment. Here, we demonstrate that cancer cells can survive genotoxic chemotherapy-induced stress by accessing a DTP state wherein stress-induced bypass of mitosis precipitates continued endocycling which promotes survival by allowing cells to evade mitotic catastrophe and cell death. Mechanistic studies indicate that persistent DNA damage signaling in endocycling persister cells triggers sustained p53-independent CDK1 inhibition by WEE1 and Myt1. Continued survival in endocycling persisters is dependent on activation of this G2 checkpoint, and disrupting WEE1 or Myt1 activity using clinical-stage small molecule inhibitors is sufficient to drive CDK1 reactivation, forcing mitotic entry, catastrophe, and cell death. Our results define endocycling DTPs as targetable mediators of cancer cell persistence after genotoxic therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truskowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic bypass and endocycling promote cancer cell survival after genotoxic chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct patterns of de novo coding variants contribute to Tourette Syndrome etiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a highly heritable childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent motor and vocal tics. While both common and rare variants contribute to TS susceptibility, the role of rare de novo mutations (DNMs) remains incompletely characterized. Here, we report findings from the largest TS whole-exome sequencing study to date, analyzing 1,466 TS trios alongside 6,714 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trios and 5,880 unaffected sibling controls from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and SPARK cohorts. Leveraging a trio-based design across these cohorts enabled calibrated assessment of DNM burden while controlling for background mutation rates. We observed a significant exome-wide enrichment of protein-truncating DNMs in TS probands, particularly within genes intolerant to loss-of-function variation (pLI [&ge;] 0.9), with little contribution from damaging missense variants. Notably, TS probands did not exhibit enrichment in previously implicated ASD or developmental delay (DD) genes, but elsewhere in the genome, suggesting a distinct rare variant architecture. Using a Bayesian statistical framework that integrates both de novo and rare inherited coding variants, we identified three candidate TS risk genes with FDR [&le;] 0.05: PPP5C, EXOC1, and GXYLT1. Literature shows that they have prior links to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. These findings reveal a rare variant burden in TS that is genetically distinguishable from ASD, underscore the importance of loss-of-function mutations in TS risk, and nominate novel candidate genes for future functional investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivankovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niarchou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenech-Salgado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benarroch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budman, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cath, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grados, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross-Tsur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Amighetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurlan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leckman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauls, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct patterns of de novo coding variants contribute to Tourette Syndrome etiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staying in the loop to make ends meet: roles and regulation of GlmR in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic networks of most life forms integrate cost-benefit analysis to properly budget carbon and other essential nutrients through continuous assessment of nutrient availability and environmental threats. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive model bacterium found in diverse ecological niches such as soil, marine environments, and the human gut. As such, B. subtilis cells finetune metabolic pathways by monitoring signals indicating the presence of nutrients and stressors. A highly conserved protein, GlmR, is a key player in rationing carbon for the production of cell envelope precursors. This function of GlmR can be attributed to its role in cell shape regulation and antibiotic resistance. Given its central position in carbon utilization, GlmR is under post-translational regulation by phosphorylation and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) binding. GlmR is also linked to cyclic-di-AMP (c-di-AMP), a nucleotide second messenger involved in stress response. In this study, we probed the importance of GlmR in cell morphogenesis, c-di-AMP signaling, and investigated the physiological significance of post-translational regulation. Our results reveal that cells lacking glmR exhibit: (i) increased susceptibility to tunicamycin, a cell envelope targeting antibiotic; (ii) impaired division site positioning; and (iii) elevated intracellular c-di-AMP concentration. Furthermore, we show that the function of GlmR is finetuned by UDP-GlcNAc binding, phosphorylation, and acetylation. Additionally, we provide evidence showing that the recently discovered enzymatic activity of GlmR is integral for its function. We show that GlmR is a cell width determinant and propose a model suggesting close cooperation with an actin-like protein, MreB. Overall, our studies highlight that GlmR is at the crux of carbon flux with an important role in maintaining cell envelope integrity.

IMPORTANCEBacteria must integrate feedback from multiple metabolic processes to efficiently allocate carbon to produce essential building blocks such as nucleotides, amino acids, and cell wall precursors to support life. GlmR is a critical metabolic factor involved in the making of cell envelope precursors in diverse bacterial phyla. In Bacillus subtilis, cells lacking GlmR are deformed and hypersensitive to cell wall targeting antibiotics. As siphoning off too much carbon from other essential processes is detrimental to cell viability, GlmR activity is tightly regulated. Here we report that absence of GlmR leads to aberrant placement of cytokinetic machinery and an increase in the levels of cyclic-di-AMP, a nucleotide second messenger that assists in the cell wall stress response. We also show that GlmR function is post-translationally finetuned by phosphorylation and acetylation. Furthermore, our data reveals that the catalytic activity of GlmR is required for its function. Thus, the activity of GlmR is tightly calibrated through multiple means for efficient carbon utilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suits, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eswara, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staying in the loop to make ends meet: roles and regulation of GlmR in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The scaffold protein PRR14L links the PP2A-TACC3 axis to mitotic fidelity and sensitivity to MPS1 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer and is a potential vulnerability that can be selectively targeted. To systematically identify genes that affect the incidence and fitness of aneuploid cells, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen using NMS-P715, an inhibitor of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase MPS1/TTK. In this study, we identified a number of genes known to regulate aneuploidy and mitosis, and subsequently focused on PRR14L, a ubiquitously expressed gene previously implicated in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Proximity labeling of PRR14L using TurboID revealed several cell division proteins, including the PP2A-B56 phosphatase complex and the spindle assembly factor TACC3, as PRR14L-interacting proteins. Loss of PRR14L prolongs SAC-dependent mitotic arrest in response to microtubule depolymerization but, paradoxically, leads to catastrophic mitotic errors upon SAC abrogation by MPS1 inhibitors. A model derived from our findings provides a rationale for exploiting MPS1 inhibition as a potential vulnerability in cancers containing either PRR14L loss of function mutations or FGFR-TACC3 fusions.

Significance StatementO_LIAneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer. Whether aneuploidy can be selectively targeted is not known.
C_LIO_LIUtilizing a CRISPR/Cas9 screen, the authors found that loss of the gene PRR14L sensitizes cells to aneuploidy induction. Taking advantage of live cell imaging and proximity labeling, they linked PRR14L to TACC3 and mitosis.
C_LIO_LIThese findings suggest that spindle checkpoint inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in cancers with either loss-of-function PRR14L and/or gain of function TACC3 mutations.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertomeu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulombe-Huntington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The scaffold protein PRR14L links the PP2A-TACC3 axis to mitotic fidelity and sensitivity to MPS1 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base editing and nanoparticle transfection of airway cell types essential for treatment of cystic fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting genetic disorder caused by deleterious variants in the CFTR gene that results in altered mucous impairing the airway epithelia. Durable correction of these variants in airway cells remain a therapeutic challenge for [~]10% of individuals unresponsive to CFTR modulators. A common disease-causing CFTR splice site variant was corrected in primary CF airway cells using base editor RNAs. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a remarkable increase in detectable CFTR transcript in most CF airway epithelial cell types with notable enrichment of CFTR-expressing ionocytes and secretory goblet cells. Progenitor basal cell subtypes were edited but they decreased as a fraction of total cells and CFTR expressing cells compared to unedited cells. CRISPR base editors delivered by polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) facilitated functional rescue of CFTR to clinically meaningful levels in immortalized and primary airway cells. PNPs delivered reporter encoding RNA to progenitor airway cells in fully differentiated airway cultures. Vitronectin was a major component of the PNP corona that formed in vivo, but pre-incubation with vitronectin did not enhance delivery. Together, these findings validate a scalable, non-viral platform with significant translational promise for treating CF and other respiratory diseases involving respiratory epithelial cell dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavanagh, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joynt, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pion, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starego, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzeng, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base editing and nanoparticle transfection of airway cell types essential for treatment of cystic fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.684799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extra-ciliary role for polycystins in regulation of Ezrin and renal tubular morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.684799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Full understanding of the functions of the polycystin proteins, PC1 and PC2, in renal epithelial cells is obscured by signaling complexity and renal injury that occurs in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). The polycystins likely function as a complex in the primary cilium, yet previous work hinted at a critical role for PC1 function outside of the primary cilium (extra-ciliary) during tubule development. Here, we investigate an extra-ciliary role for the polycystins in regulating renal cell and tubular morphology. First, we found acute loss of polycystins significantly increased the circularity of renal epithelial cells and tubuloids grown in 3D culture. Next, we demonstrated that both PC1 and PC2 can immunoprecipitate Ezrin, an ERM protein important for apical compartment shape. In human ADPKD renal cystic tissue, and after acute inducible knockout of Pkd1 or Pkd2, we found that Ezrin protein abundance is significantly reduced, with the remaining Ezrin protein mis-localized. Immunofluorescence in 2D cells and 3D tubuloids suggested acute polycystin loss specifically reduced the active form of Ezrin at the apical surface, leaving inactive Ezrin colocalized with ZO1 in the cell junctions. A specific ERM phosphorylation inhibitor, NSC668394, phenocopied the increased circularity observed in the Pkd1 knockout spheroids, as did inhibition of PKC activity, implicating the polycystin complex in regulating Ezrin phosphorylation. Our data strongly support a role for the polycystin complex in regulating renal cell and tubular shape via interactions with the ERM protein Ezrin, interactions that do not require trafficking to the primary cilium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapf, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin Kuhns, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basquin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane-Harris, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofherr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottgen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welling, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watnick, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.684799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extra-ciliary role for polycystins in regulation of Ezrin and renal tubular morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.686996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Atoms to Neuronal Spikes: A Multi-Scale Simulation Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.686996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how molecular events in ion channels impact neuronal excitability, as derived from the calculation of the time course of the membrane potentials, can help elucidate the mechanisms of neurological disease-linked mutations and support neuroactive drug design. Here, we propose a multi-scale simulation approach which couples molecular simulations with neuronal simulations to predict the variations in membrane potential and neural spikes. We illustrate this through two examples. First, molecular dynamics simulations predict changes in current and conductance through the AMPAR neuroreceptor when transitioning from the wild-type protein to certain disease-associated variants. The results of these simulations inform morphologically detailed models of cortical pyramidal neurons, which are simulated using the Arbor framework to determine neural spike activity. Based on these multiscale simulations, we suggest that disease associated AMPAR variants may significantly impact neuronal excitability. In the second example, the Arbor model is coupled with coarse-grained Monte Carlo gating simulations of voltage-gated (K+ and Na+) channels. The pre-dicted current from these ion channels altered the membrane potential and, in turn, the excitation state of the neuron was updated in Arbor. The resulting membrane potential was then fed back into the Monte Carlo simulations of the voltage-gated ion channels, resulting in a bidirectional coupling of current and membrane potential. This allowed the transitions of the states of the ion channels to influence the membrane potentials and vice versa. Our simulations also included the crucial -- so far unexplored -- effects of the composition of the lipid membrane embedding the ion channels on the membrane potential and revealed a significant impact of temperature on the neuronal excitability. Our combined approaches predicted membrane potentials consistent with electrophysiological recordings and established a multi-scale framework linking the atomistic perturbations to neuronal excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damjanovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hater, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carloni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Atoms to Neuronal Spikes: A Multi-Scale Simulation Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1 Regulates Apoptosis Susceptibility in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle from the Sugen/Hypoxia model of Pulmonary Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by vascular remodeling driven in part by apoptosis-resistant pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Na/H exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) regulates intracellular pH and plasma membrane cytoskeleton anchoring, influencing PASMC migration and proliferation, but the role of NHE1 in apoptosis remains unclear. NHE activity and NHE1 surface expression were increased in PASMCs from the Sugen/Hypoxia (SuHx) rat model compared to controls. Despite increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress at baseline, SuHx PASMCs were resistant to apoptosis following H2O2 challenge. Pharmacological inhibition of NHE activity with ethyl-isopropyl amiloride (EIPA) and silencing with siRNA restored apoptosis in SuHx PASMCs. Conversely, NHE1 overexpression in control PASMCs conferred apoptosis resistance. Expression of mutant NHE1 constructs lacking ion translocation or binding to the adaptor protein, ezrin, also reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, apoptotic stimulation with H2O2 increased p38 phosphorylation in PASMCs from control, but not SuHx, rats, indicating impaired activation of this pro-apoptotic pathway. NHE1 suppression via EIPA or siRNA restored p38 phosphorylation in SuHx PASMCs, while overexpression of NHE1 (wild-type or mutants) suppressed p38 activation following apoptotic stimulation. Inhibition of p38 with SB203580 prevented the pro-apoptotic effect of EIPA, validating a role for p38 signaling in NHE1-mediated apoptosis resistance in SuHx PASMCs. These findings identify NHE1 as necessary and sufficient for PASMC apoptosis resistance in PH, by a mechanism independent of ion transport or ezrin-binding functions but involving suppression of p38 phosphorylation. Targeting NHE1-dependent pathways may restore PASMC apoptosis and offer a novel therapeutic strategy to reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedermeyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damarla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huetsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1 Regulates Apoptosis Susceptibility in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle from the Sugen/Hypoxia model of Pulmonary Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.684725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Effects of CD33 SNP rs12459419 on Microglial Gene Regulation and Alzheimer's Disease Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.684725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SNP rs12459419 in exon 2 of the CD33 gene alters mRNA splicing, influencing the expression of a truncated isoform lacking the IgV domain. This isoform enhances amyloid-beta clearance by microglia and is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimers disease (AD). In this study, we integrate transcriptomic, genomic, epigenomic, and population genetics data to test the hypothesis that rs12459419 regulates CD33 expression in a genotype-dependent manner. We leveraged public datasets including GTEx, 1000 Genomes, ENCODE, and UCSC Genome Browser. Our findings indicate that the T allele of rs12459419 is significantly associated with decreased CD33 expression in microglia-rich tissues, occurs within an accessible chromatin region marked by active histone modifications, and varies in frequency across global populations. These results support a regulatory role for rs12459419 in microglial gene expression with implications for AD pathogenesis and precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.684725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Effects of CD33 SNP rs12459419 on Microglial Gene Regulation and Alzheimer's Disease Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Region-specific proteomic analysis of aging rhesus macaques following chronic glutamate-carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) inhibition elucidates potential treatment strategies for sporadic Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sporadic Alzheimers disease (sAD) lacks effective preventive therapies, underscoring the need to target pathogenic drivers. Aberrant calcium signaling is an established early event in sAD pathogenesis that is closely linked to neuroinflammation. Aged rhesus macaques are predominantly APOE-{varepsilon}4 homozygotes and naturally exhibit cognitive decline, calcium dysregulation, amyloid deposition, and tau pathology, which allows for a translationally relevant animal model. We previously identified an evolutionarily expanded role for postsynaptic type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR3) in dorsolateral prefrontal and entorhinal cortex, where they regulate cAMP- calcium opening of K channels to sustain neuronal firing and working memory. mGluR3 signaling is driven by N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and constrained by glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), whose expression rises with age and inflammation. In prior work, chronic inhibition of GCPII with the orally bioavailable inhibitor 2-(3-mercaptopropyl) pentanedioic acid (2-MPPA) improved neuronal firing, working memory, and reduced pT217Tau pathology in aged macaques. Here, we employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to define the proteomic consequences of chronic 2-MPPA treatment in vulnerable (entorhinal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) versus resilient (primary visual cortex) regions. We identified >2,400 proteins across experimental conditions, and label-free quantification revealed region-specific differential expression patterns paralleling known vulnerability gradients in sAD. Gene ontology enrichment of vulnerable regions implicated pathways governing protein deneddylation, amyloid and tau-associated processes, synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial homeostasis, and oxidative stress, revealing putative targets for therapeutic intervention in sAD. These findings demonstrate that GCPII inhibition engages distinct, region-selective molecular programs in the aging primate cortex, consistent with the protection of circuits most vulnerable to sAD. By mapping the proteomic shifts that occur with treatment, we reveal molecular signatures that not only serve as candidate biomarkers but also highlight novel mechanistic pathways contributing to calcium-driven degeneration in sAD. As such, more focused investigations into these pathways of therapeutic interest are warranted, in addition to the analysis of key post-translational modifications and their potential roles in sAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steigmeyer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebman, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dyck, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnsten, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Region-specific proteomic analysis of aging rhesus macaques following chronic glutamate-carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) inhibition elucidates potential treatment strategies for sporadic Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prebiotically Plausible Peptides can Self-assemble into β-rich Nanostructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern proteins are remarkable polymers built from a 20-amino-acid alphabet, shaped by billions of years of evolution. Yet in Earths prebiotic era, several amino acids - particularly the canonical basic residues lysine, arginine, and histidine - were likely scarce, unlike the more readily available acidic amino acids. Moreover, protein-length polymers were inaccessible before ribosomal synthesis emerged, and peptides were probably short, statistical, and non-templated. How the earliest proteins and enzymes emerged under these constraints remains a central question in origins-of-life research.

Here, we synthesize random peptide libraries that span a broad electrostatic spectrum and systematically interrogate their properties. The data indicate that a prebiotically plausible acidic alphabet stands out in its propensity for secondary structure and higher-order soluble assembly via formation of {beta}-sheets. These assemblies arise from highly heterogeneous sequences, plausibly reflecting the statistical diversity of early Earth peptides, and differ from amyloid structures in both solubility and morphology. Our results further show that the acidic random peptides have inherent capacity to bind certain metal ions, implying their potential to contribute to prebiotic catalysis. Using a large language model for structural prediction, we further show that peptides composed of this acidic alphabet exhibit a strong propensity for compact conformations.

Altogether, this study showcases that unevolved sequences of prebiotically-abundant amino acids can readily produce foldable self-assembling polymers, potentially providing a steppingstone toward the first proteins, prior to the onset of purifying selection.

Significance StatementModern proteins rely on a 20-letter amino acid alphabet to build the intricate structures essential for life. Yet, on the early Earth, many of these amino acids - especially the basic ones - were likely absent, and primitive peptides probably formed as random sequences rather than from genetic templates. Could such simple unevolved peptides already provide biological organization? We find that random peptides made only from prebiotically plausible amino acids spontaneously fold and assemble into stable, soluble {beta}-sheet-rich nanostructures. This surprising capacity for self-organization suggests that even simple, early peptides could have provided the first scaffolds for molecular interactions, laying groundwork for the emergence of biological complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystufek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manriquez-Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kormanik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvoda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verner, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bednarova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charnavets, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadravova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konvalinka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singharoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlouchova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prebiotically Plausible Peptides can Self-assemble into β-rich Nanostructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic analysis of cells following decreased mitochondrial DNA-copy number reveals compensatory mechanisms in mitochondrial DNA replication and cellular energetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is a metric of mitochondrial function that has been associated with a variety of diseases including cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. To investigate genes and pathways affected by mtDNA-CN variation, we perturbed HEK 293T cells with ethidium bromide to deplete mtDNA. Using RNASeq and methylation microarrays, we evaluated transcriptomic and methylomic changes in treated cell lines. We observed an 8-fold decrease in mtDNA-CN and compensatory shifts in mitochondrial transcription to support mtDNA replication. Nuclear transcriptomic and methylomic analysis highlighted changes in metabolic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and canonical glycolysis. Longitudinal analyses revealed that the identified genes and pathways have different response timing, with nuclear response lagging behind mitochondrial response. These findings further elucidate the mechanisms behind mtDNA maintenance and responses to cellular energetics as well as mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Win, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic analysis of cells following decreased mitochondrial DNA-copy number reveals compensatory mechanisms in mitochondrial DNA replication and cellular energetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI Processing in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study: Innovations and Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The landmark ongoing HEALthy Brain and Cognitive Development (HBCD) study will longitudinally chart brain development in a large sample (projected n=7,200) of infants through age 10 years with multimodal neuroimaging that includes an advanced diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition. Here, we detail advances in dMRI image processing developed for HBCD, incorporated into the widely used QSIPrep pipeline. Major changes to preprocessing include improvements in infant brain extraction, distortion correction, and normalization to infant-specific templates. Additionally, we describe a new software package - QSIRecon - that yields rich derived data including diverse maps of tissue microstructure as well as person-specific white matter bundles. Using dMRI data from a subset of the HBCD 1.0 release where age information was available (n=529 sessions across two time points), we observe critical improvements in data quality with preprocessing and see expected developmental patterns. Moving forward, the publicly-available data from HBCD will rapidly grow to become the largest study of brain development in infancy and early childhood using dMRI. QSIPrep and QSIRecon are openly available and can be applied to other infant and pediatric dMRI datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfanoglu, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisler, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikes, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusion MRI Processing in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study: Innovations and Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila ovary produces three follicle waves similar to those in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian follicles in Drosophila and many other species are thought to develop using a single pathway. In contrast, we show by lineage tracing [~]3,000 single-cell clones that three follicle "waves" arise in pupae, each following a distinct developmental program. 40 of the [~]100 larval primordial germ cells (PGCs) associate with niches to become germline stem cells (GSCs) that produce wave 2 follicles throughout adulthood. Wave 1.5 follicles develop directly from most of the remaining PGCs to become the first [~]100 follicles present at eclosion, more than previously expected. Wave 1.5 follicles acquire their follicular coverage from two follicle stem cells (FSCs) that are specifically replaced by new FSCs for wave 2. A novel wave 1 population amplifies rapidly to reach 250-350 germ cells, but soon undergoes programmed degeneration and exits the ovary along with somatic cells as they release lipid-enriched vacuoles. A subpopulation of testis germ cells behave in a similar manner. We propose that wave 1 germ cell breakdown contributes to the concomitant but unexplained pharate adult ecdysone pulse that mediates adult tissue development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila ovary produces three follicle waves similar to those in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual landmark coding and dynamic coupling with path integration circuits in area 29e of the rodent parahippocampal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
External landmarks anchor internal spatial representations. The neural mechanisms underlying this process and the sources of landmark signals remain unknown. We recorded neurons across five parahippocampal regions while rats navigated in a virtual reality apparatus, inducing conflict between self-motion and landmark cues. Area 29e, a parahippocampal field putatively homologous to primate area prostriata, maintained firing coupled to landmarks even when other regions decoupled from the landmarks. This decoupling was preceded by a decline of gamma-band influence from 29e to MEC and a concomitant decline of theta-modulated feedback from MEC to 29e. Area 29e also displayed weak theta modulation, strong gamma rhythmicity, strong egocentric head-direction tuning, and enhanced landmark contrast sensitivity. These findings provide strong evidence that 29e serves as a specialized visuospatial hub that provides landmark signals for anchoring parahippocampal spatial representations to the external world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Secer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual landmark coding and dynamic coupling with path integration circuits in area 29e of the rodent parahippocampal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wasserstein Critics Outperform Discriminatorsin Adversarial Deconfounding of Gene Expression Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationHigh-throughput gene expression measurements are biased by technical and biological confounding variables, which obscure the true biological signals of interest. Adversarial autoencoders are a popular solution that corrects for these confounding effects, often relying on discriminator networks that approximate the Jensen-Shannon divergence. However, previous research has established that the Jensen-Shannon divergence suffers from vanishing gradients when distributions do not overlap, leading to poor results. We identify that this is a critical vulnerability in gene expression deconfounding, as samples from distinct experimental batches often occupy disjoint regions of the high-dimensional space. In contrast, the Wasserstein distance remains a valid metric with informative gradients even for disjoint distributions. While both approaches appear in the literature, no study has rigorously isolated the adversarial objective to systematically evaluate its impact on batch alignment, biological conservation, and scalability across varying dataset complexities.

ResultsWe introduce a multi-class reference-based Wasserstein critic to systematically benchmark adversarial objectives. In fundamental binary integration tasks, we confirm that the Wasserstein critic yields superior mixing in scenarios with disjoint support. However, extensive reference sensitivity analysis reveals that this performance relies on a topologically dense reference batch. Consequently, we define the topological boundaries for adversarial alignment: the Wasserstein critic is superior for reference-mapping tasks involving dense anchors and disjoint query batches, whereas the standard discriminator approximates a global centroid more effectively in fragmented scenarios.

Availability and Implementation: Source code is available at https://github.com/kreid415/wasserstein-critic-deconfounding. Data are available at https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Benchmarking_atlas-level_data_integration_in_single-cell_genomics_-_integration_task_datasets_Immune_and_pancreas_/12420968/1.

Contactkreid20@jh.edu.

Supplementary informationNo supplementary data submitted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reid, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guven, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wasserstein Critics Outperform Discriminatorsin Adversarial Deconfounding of Gene Expression Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CycleGRN: Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks from Cyclic Flow Dynamics in Single-Cell RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillatory processes such as the cell cycle play critical roles in cell fate determination and disease development, yet existing gene regulatory network (GRN) inference methods often fail to account for their dynamic nature. We propose CycleGRN, a novel framework that treats cell cycle gene expression observations as an invariant measure of a stochastic differential equation and learns from data a dynamical system that fits cycling biological processes. Using a directed graph constructed along the inferred flow field in the cell space, we estimate Lie derivatives for all genes, enabling velocity inference beyond the cell cycle subspace. To quantify regulatory interactions, we introduce a time-lagged correlation operator between any pair of genes supported on the flow-aligned directed graph, which respects the intrinsic geometry of the data manifold and allows temporal ordering consistent with the underlying oscillatory process. The method requires only raw gene expression data at single-cell resolution and a list of cycle genes, without temporal binning or splicing dynamics. We evaluate our method on four synthetic datasets generated from mechanistic models with known network structures with oscillatory subnetworks, and on a mouse retinal progenitor single-cell RNA-seq dataset spanning three cell types and a knockout condition. Across all settings, our method consistently ranks among the top-performing approaches and demonstrates strong recovery of oscillatory and directional interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CycleGRN: Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks from Cyclic Flow Dynamics in Single-Cell RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tale of two distinct actin networks underlies the entire life cycle of focal adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell assembles focal adhesion (FA) to transmit the stress fiber (SF)-based actomyosin contraction onto the extracellular matrix (ECM) for mesenchymal migration, essential for many physiological processes (e.g., development and wound healing). To transmit force efficiently, both FA and SF contractility are built as "clutches" and in positive feedback with each other; conversely, the SF-engaging FA imposes a strong cell-ECM anchorage and must be disassembled timely to facilitate the cell migration. How the cell balances the two opposing roles of FA in cell migration is an open question. Particularly, it is not well-understood how a cell builds the FA de novo to clutch with SF and disassemble the clutches when needed in a coherent manner. Combining theory and experiments, we show that the entire life cycle of FA is seamlessly orchestrated by the FA-localized spatiotemporal coordination between retrograde actin flow and SF, without destroying the FA constituent molecules. Retrograde actin flow drives the centripetal growth of nascent FA, paving the way for SF engagement. The SF further stabilizes the growing FA into maturation via the positive feedback that clutches the contractility with the FA. Finally, the retrograde actin flow increase, in coupling to the local cell edge retraction, tugs the mature FA in the proximal direction that relaxes the associated SF contractility, turns off the clutching, and triggers the FA disassembly. Our finding sheds light on the organizational principles that cell streamlines the mechanochemical interplay between FA, actin cytoskeleton, and cell edge dynamics for efficient cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ishii, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tale of two distinct actin networks underlies the entire life cycle of focal adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A patient derived missense mouse model of Kabuki syndrome 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare cause of intellectual disability resulting from heterozygous pathogenic variants in the gene encoding the histone methyltransferase KMT2D. A previously established loss-of-function mouse model of KS exhibits key phenotypic features, and therapeutic trials in this mouse model suggest postnatal malleability of neurological symptoms. However, 15-30% of individuals with KS, carry missense variants. To investigate whether missense variants lead to similar phenotypic presentation in mice, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to introduce the KS patient variant R5230H into C57BL/6NTac. Computational and in vitro testing suggests that the R5230H variant does not impair protein stability or loss of enzyme function of KMT2D. Despite a distinct mechanistic basis, our new mouse model (Kmt2d+/R5230H) recapitulates most phenotypes of our prior loss-of-function model, including growth deficiency, craniofacial anomalies, and IgA deficiency but not altered neurological function. Kmt2d+/R5230Hmice show perinatal lethality and a high frequency of unilateral kidney agenesis, a novel phenotype in KS mouse models. Kmt2d+/R5230H mice provide a unique opportunity to understand the impact of missense variants on KMT2D function and uncover developmental and perinatal abnormalities in KS.

Summary statementA novel Kabuki syndrome missense mouse model with intact KMT2D enzymatic function shares most features with prior KS models, except disruption of adult neurogenesis, and exhibits novel unilateral kidney loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halldorsdottir, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnlaugsson, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsdottir, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulfig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A patient derived missense mouse model of Kabuki syndrome 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human resistin is critical to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated levels of human resistin (hResistin) have been associated with diverse inflammatory diseases, but the precise mechanisms through which hResistins many inflammatory effects contribute to the progression of these diseases remain poorly understood. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is essential in many of these inflammatory conditions; however, there is an unmet explanation connecting hResistin with the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway. Here we describe a unique role of hResistin and its rodent homolog, resistin-like molecule alpha (RELM) in priming and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Through qPCR and western blot analysis, we found that hResistin-dependent expression and secretion of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in human macrophages primes the expression of NLRP3, pro-capsase-1, pro-interleukin(IL)-1{beta}, and pro-IL-18. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that hResistin binds to Brutons tyrosine kinase (BTK), which causes the kinase to autophosphorylate, allowing BTK to phosphorylate NLRP3, leading to its assembly and activation with subsequent cleavage of pro-caspase-1, pro-IL-1{beta}, and pro-IL-18, causing initiation of the inflammasome cascade. The hResistin-dependent activation and secretion of IL-1{beta} and IL-18 was critical to the proliferation of human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. For confirmation in vivo, we studied rodent and human pulmonary hypertension (PH). Chronic hypoxia-induced PH in wild-type and RELM KO mice showed RELM-dependent upregulation of HMGB1, BTK, and NLRP3 in mouse lung and was linked to vascular remodeling pathways. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the majority of NLRP3-expressing cells were macrophages and the colocalization of hResistin, BTK, and NLRP3 in macrophages was increased in PH patients lungs. Our work reveals a novel immune mechanism demonstrating hResistin is essential to the priming and activation of NLRP3. Inhibiting NLRP3 activation by blocking hResistin with a human monoclonal antibody suggests a likely therapeutic pathway for NLRP3-driven inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kariyawasam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassoun, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human resistin is critical to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer relies on an immunosuppressive cellular topography and genomic adaptations for establishing brain metastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) brain metastases have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options, including resistance to radiation therapy. Little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that enable CRC tumor cells to adapt to the brain and establish a supportive tumor microenvironment. To address this gap we used spatial transcriptomics to analyze 51 CRC brain metastases. A subset had matched primary colon tumors and longitudinally paired metastatic resections before and after radiation treatment. We identified the critical spatial cellular features of the tumor epithelium and the surrounding tumor microenvironment that support metastatic growth in the brain. CRC brain metastases developed a stromal microenvironment with abundant fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages. A fibroblast-macrophage cellular neighborhood promoted angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune suppression. Tumor cells showed local adaptations. In endothelial-rich regions, they were proliferative whereas in macrophage-rich regions, they were more differentiated and immune evasive. Compared with paired primary tumors, CRC brain metastases showed increased chromosomal instability, with activation of RNA-processing, stress response, and junctional remodeling pathways. After radiation treatment, resistant clones had increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition, while the immunosuppressive stroma remained intact. We identified tumor-derived MIF, GDF15, PRSS3 and SEMA3C ligands and macrophage-derived SPP1 that have the potential to affect multiple cell types in the metastatic niche. These ligand-receptor interactions drive angiogenesis, stromal activation and immune suppression. In a macrophage-tumor-fibroblast co-culture model, knockout of SPP1 in macrophages led to reduced expression of lipid-metabolism related genes and disrupted tumor-promoting interactions. Together, these results indicate that CRC growth in the brain is sustained by a specific cellular organization with immunosuppressive multicellular interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luksik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrisch, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gephart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colorectal cancer relies on an immunosuppressive cellular topography and genomic adaptations for establishing brain metastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A membrane-driven biochemical oscillator tunable by the volume to surface area ratio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillations are ubiquitous features of biological organisms, playing crucial roles in processes from circadian rhythms to developmental patterning. Protein-based biochemical oscillators have particular applications in synthetic biology because they can access fast and slow timescales that are independent from the transcription-translation machinery required of genetic oscillators. Here, we introduce and model such a mass-conserving biochemical oscillator using mass-action reaction kinetics that exploits dynamic changes to membrane phospholipid concentrations to drive proteins on and off the membrane in robust, tunable rhythms. Importantly, the oscillations rely on amplification of reactions on the membrane via dimensional reduction, and they are therefore tunable by variations in the volume-to-surface area ratio (V/A) of the system. With components inspired by the endocytic machinery, we show that a wide range of physiologically relevant biochemical rates can produce oscillations in part due to this independent geometric control. A broad computational screen of the high-dimensional parameter space reveals that oscillations require relatively strict enzyme kinetic design rules for low V/A but much more permissive kinetics for larger V/A. We validate that oscillations persist with more realistic reaction-diffusion simulations that captures explicit diffusion and stochastic, integer valued copy numbers, in overall good agreement with the period and amplitude of the deterministic oscillators. Because the oscillations rely on time-dependent changes to the surface properties and not post-translational modifications to the protein subunits, we demonstrate that it can be coupled to a self-assembling trimer, driving not only changes in localization but trimer yield. Our analysis establishes this membrane-localization oscillator as a new, geometry tunable and programmable timing module and suggests a potential for geometry sensing in engineered or cell-free systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeshita, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A membrane-driven biochemical oscillator tunable by the volume to surface area ratio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the Datasets, Tools, and Training Needs of the AnVIL Community: 2024 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) provides a secure cloud-based environment where research and education communities can analyze genomic and biomedical data. The platform supports a wide range of data analysis as well as the ability to safely store and access data in compliance with NIH policies. Work on the AnVIL platform can be easily shared to promote reproducible science and collaboration. The purpose of this study is to better understand the current user base of the AnVIL platform. The AnVIL Community Poll aimed to collect baseline information, identify development opportunities, guide the prioritization of user support strategies, and succinctly but comprehensively describe the current AnVIL Community. The AnVIL Team disseminated the inaugural AnVIL Community Poll by sharing it broadly on social media and through AnVIL and related consortia mailing lists. We categorized respondents as either returning or potential users of the AnVIL platform (based on their provided usage description) and examined user experiences: specifically user backgrounds, technological comfort, research interests, computational needs, and preferences for training and support. Our sample of the AnVIL community found opportunities for platform adoption beyond the current user base and identified areas where training should be enhanced, training preferences, and user computational needs. Specifically, while most respondents were involved in human genomics research, there may be potential for growth in adoption of the platform by prioritizing materials to support clinical researchers. All respondents felt availability of specific tools or datasets was a key feature of the platform. The broader community may also benefit from further development or showcasing of resources to facilitate cost management, finding and incorporating analysis tools, and data import. Our sample greatly preferred virtual training opportunities and returning users of the platform foresaw needing large amounts of storage. This poll provided an insightful snapshot of the current state of the AnVIL and demonstrated areas where the AnVIL Team can take specific steps to address barriers related to platform adoption and further support the existing and varied AnVIL Community. This work can be built upon through user interviews, community discussion, and coordinating a recurring poll.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaac, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, K. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the Datasets, Tools, and Training Needs of the AnVIL Community: 2024]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Molecular Docking and Toxicity Profiling of Buspirone and Tandospirone Targeting the HTR1A Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human serotonin 1A (5-HT1A/HTR1A) receptor is a central target in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. However, ligand efficacy is sensitive to receptor conformation. Both Buspirone and Tandospirone are clinically relevant 5-HT1A agonists. This comparative in silico analysis was performed to examine their binding behavior and toxicity profiles. Molecular docking was performed on the serotonin-bound HTR1A receptor (PDB ID: 7E2Y) using SwissDock, and the toxicological predictions were generated with ProTox 3.0. Both ligands exhibited the greatest binding affinity for Chain A of the receptor (-6.14 kcal/mol for Buspirone and -5.88 kcal/mol for Tandospirone), suggesting a preferred receptor conformation that may mediate therapeutic efficacy. Buspirone demonstrated greater binding stability than Tandospirone across models. Both compounds demonstrated weak or unstable interactions for chains G and R. Predicted toxicity profiles revealed high probabilities of neurotoxicity and respiratory toxicity for both ligands, with blood-brain barrier penetration probabilities of 0.99 (Buspirone) and 1.00 (Tandospirone).

Additionally, Tandospirone showed potential immunotoxic effects (probability 0.73). These findings demonstrated that the receptor conformation in ligand binding enhances efficacy in drug design while reducing CNS-related adverse effects. Overall, this comparative study provides a starting point that may inform the design of next-generation serotonergic therapeutics for mood and anxiety disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Molecular Docking and Toxicity Profiling of Buspirone and Tandospirone Targeting the HTR1A Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CANVAS causing AAGGG repeat expansions cause tissue-specific reduction in RFC1 expression and increase sensitivity to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biallelic AAGGG expansions in Replication Factor Complex Subunit 1 (RFC1) are associated with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) and are increasingly recognised as a common cause of adult-onset ataxia and sensory neuropathy. However, the disease-causing mechanisms remain unclear. Here we leveraged in vitro assays, post-mortem brain tissue, patient-derived cell lines and a neuronal Drosophila model to demonstrate that AAGGG expansions are associated with tissue-specific reductions in the expression of RFC1 transcript, along with impaired RFC1 function and increased sensitivity to DNA damage from platinum-based drugs. CRISPR/Cas9 excision of the AAGGG repeat and flanking AluSx3 element normalized RFC1 expression in iPSC-derived neurons and rescued the DNA damage response, providing a framework for future therapeutic strategies. We also show that these biological findings are clinically relevant in heterozygous AAGGG expansion carriers, who display an increased risk and severity of neuropathy with platinum-based chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facchini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnekenberg, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugginini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bione, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliaferri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupelli, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegezzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attems, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lignani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleigh, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyri</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.688292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CANVAS causing AAGGG repeat expansions cause tissue-specific reduction in RFC1 expression and increase sensitivity to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CUSP: Complex Spike Sorting from Multi-electrode Array Recordings with U-net Sequence-to-Sequence Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundComplex spikes (CSs) in cerebellar Purkinje cells convey unique signals complementary to Simple spike (SS) action potentials, but are infrequent and variable in waveform. Their variability and low spike counts, combined with recording artifacts such as electrode drift, make automated detection challenging.

New MethodWe introduce CUSP (CS sorting via U-net Sequence Prediction), a fully automated deep learning framework for CS sorting in high-density multi-electrode array recordings. CUSP uses a U-Net architecture with hybrid self-attention inception blocks to integrate local field potential and action potential signals and outputs CS event probabilities in a sequence-to-sequence manner. Detected events are clustered and paired with concurrently detected SSs to reconstruct the complete Purkinje cell activity.

ResultsTrained on cerebellar neuropixels recordings in rhesus macaques, CUSP achieves human-expert performance (F1 = 0.83 {+/-} 0.03) and even captures valid CS events overlooked during manual annotation.

Comparison with Existing MethodsCUSP outperforms traditional and state-of-the-art CS and SS sorting algorithms on CS detection. It remains robust to waveform variability, spikelet composition, and electrode drift, enabling accurate CS tracking in long-term recordings. In contrast, existing methods often show false-positive biases or degrade under drift.

ConclusionsCUSP provides a scalable, robust framework for analyzing burst-like or dynamically complex spike patterns. Its generalizability makes it valuable for large-scale cerebellar datasets and other neural systems, such as hippocampal pyramidal cells, where complex bursts are critical for computation. By combining expert-level accuracy with automation, CUSP offers a broadly applicable solution for studying information coding across circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mildren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CUSP: Complex Spike Sorting from Multi-electrode Array Recordings with U-net Sequence-to-Sequence Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational divergence in local populations of the selfing nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Laboratory mutation accumulation experiments allow the assessment of spontaneous mutation rates and patterns with minimal selection. Here, we aimed to follow the accumulation and fate of mutations in natural populations, in a spatial context. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly suited for such endeavor, as it reproduces almost exclusively by selfing. We analyzed the evolution of clonal C. elegans genotypes along a 300-m long stream bank in the Santeuil wood (France), based on short-read whole-genome sequencing of individuals collected between 2009 and 2022. We followed along years two of these quasi-clones composed of individuals only differing by recent mutations. Recombination was scarce. A temporal signal was detected: strains from earlier years were found close to inner nodes of the tree, while recent ones were found on outer tips. This signal allowed us to estimate a substitution rate of 4 to 5x10-8 mutations per base pair per year, which can be used to calibrate divergence times among and within species. Mutation densities were higher on the X chromosome, on chromosome arms, and in non-exonic regions. We detected a high transition-to-transversion ratio, not observed in C. elegans laboratory mutation accumulation lines. Based on the spontaneous mutation rate per generation in laboratory lines of intergenic regions under minimal purifying selection, we estimated that C. elegans locally undergoes around 25 effective generations per year. Finally, using these recent mutations, we detected a spatio-temporal pattern within the field site, indicating limited dispersal at the scale of 100 meters within 10 years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felix, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational divergence in local populations of the selfing nematode Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonized Protocol for Segmentation of the Hippocampal Tail on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is a heterogeneous structure with cytoarchitectonically distinct subfields that exhibit heterogeneous lifespan trajectories and are differentially susceptible to diseases. Advances in high-resolution imaging have accelerated research on these structures, yet variability in segmentation protocols limits cross-study comparability. The Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG) is an international consortium addressing this challenge by developing a reliable, accessible, and freely available segmentation protocol for high-resolution T2-weighted 3 tesla MRI scans (http://www.hippocampalsubfields.com). Here, we present the harmonized protocol for the posterior portion of the hippocampus (the "tail"), complementing the previously established "body" protocol, and with an anterior "head" protocol under development. The tail protocol provides standardized definitions of the external boundaries for the posterior-most extent of the hippocampus, facilitating consistent segmentation from surrounding tissues. The research community was extensively involved through an online survey that incorporated comprehensive protocol details, feasibility assessments, tutorial videos, and illustrative segmentations. Through this collaborative process, consensus emerged to exclude subfield labeling in the hippocampal tail due to limited visibility of internal landmarks and substantial anatomical variability in this region. All proposed boundary guidelines were deemed clear and agreed upon via a Delphi procedure. The harmonized tail protocol has high intra-(Averaged ICC(2,1) > 0.98; Averaged Dice Similarity Coefficient = 0.92) and inter-rater reliability (Averaged ICC(2,k) > 0.98; Averaged Dice Similarity Coefficient = 0.86) and offers a practical framework for replicable segmentation. By establishing standardized guidelines, this protocol enhances comparability of findings across developmental, aging, and clinical research and is compatible with ongoing technological advances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canada, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervais, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippocampal Subfields Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonized Protocol for Segmentation of the Hippocampal Tail on High-Resolution in vivo MRI from the Hippocampal Subfields Group (HSG)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.688607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orchestrating Spatial Transcriptomics Analysis with Bioconductor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.688607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics technologies provide spatially-resolved measurements of gene expression through assays that can either target selected genes or capture transcriptome-wide expression profiles. The complexity and variability of these technologies and their associated data necessitate multi-step workflows integrating diverse computational methods and software packages. We provide a freely accessible, open-source, continuously updated and tested online book containing reproducible code examples, datasets, and discussion about data analysis workflows for spatial omics data using Bioconductor in R, including interoperability with Python.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowell, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manukyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pages, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargeant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd Kern, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Totty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazanfar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Righelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiberi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.688607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orchestrating Spatial Transcriptomics Analysis with Bioconductor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cpiVAE: Robust and Interpretable Cross-Platform Proteomics Imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale plasma proteomic studies often use different high-throughput affinity platforms, and measurements of the same protein across platforms are often discordant. Discordance hinders cross-study integration. Improving proteomics data integration would enable more powerful meta-analyses, improve statistical power for biomarker discovery, and provide a better understanding of proteome-phenotype relationships. Here we present a cross-platform proteomics imputation variational autoencoder (cpiVAE), a deep generative model for bidirectional imputation of protein abundances between two widely used platforms: Olink and SomaScan. Using a training cohort of paired measurements from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), cpiVAE learns a joint latent representation that enables cross-platform imputation. The cpiVAE method improves benchmarks provided by established methods, k-nearest neighbors (KNN) Weighted Nearest Neighbors (WNN, from Seurat v4). The cpiVAE method achieves up to 30% higher correlation between imputed and true values than KNN and WNN. The cpiVAE method also generalizes well to an independent cohort from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Without retraining, cpiVAE maintains high performance compared to benchmarks. Associations of imputed protein levels with clinical phenotypes closely mirror results using the actual measurements and increases power in a meta-analysis scenario. A post-hoc feature importance matrix enables interpretation of this AI model. Protein pair features extracted from cpiVAE have significant overlap with known associations in the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database. In summary, cpiVAE offers an accurate, generalizable, and interpretable solution for cross-platform proteomic imputation, enabling integrated analyses across studies with proteomics measured on different platforms. This user-friendly framework and pre-trained model weights are available under a BSD2 open source license at https://github.com/joelbaderlab/cpiVAE_v1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cpiVAE: Robust and Interpretable Cross-Platform Proteomics Imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EBV INFECTION OUTCOMES DETERMINED BY MONOCYTE AND TREG-DRIVEN IMMUNE DYNAMICS IN AN EX VIVO PBMC MODEL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects >95% of the adult population with diverse outcomes ranging from benign latency to cancers and autoimmune diseases. Immunological control of EBV infection is known to be an important determinant of EBV infection outcomes. However, species-specific viral tropism and limited infection models have impeded mechanistic insights into early host-immune control of EBV infection. Here, we use ex vivo infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), rather than routinely used B cell enriched culture systems, to study immune and viral dynamics during primary EBV infection. We combined bulk RNA sequencing, EBV transcript enrichment, and flow cytometry to characterize cellular responses across Days 1, 7-8, and 14 post-infection. Early infection triggered a monocyte-specific antiviral response marked by changes in the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism (LIPA, lysosomal acid lipase) and chemotaxis (CCR1 and CCR2). Inhibitors of LIPA increased EBV titers during primary infection, indicating that LIPA is part of an early monocyte-driven antiviral response. At later timepoints post-infection, donor-dependent variability in lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) outgrowth was associated with divergent immune states. Donors that failed to generate LCLs demonstrated increased frequencies of CD8+ T cells and reduced numbers of regulatory T cells (CD4CD25FOXP3). EBV transcriptomics revealed that LCL-failed donors exhibited elevated early lytic gene expression but did not establish a type III latency program. Our findings suggest that individual variations in immune cell composition and gene expression may account for differences in the immune response to EBV. These findings define temporal immune and viral signatures that predict transformation outcome and highlight intact PBMCs as a tractable model to study EBV pathogenesis in a genetically diverse, human-specific context.

AUTHOR SUMMARYIndividual variation in response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection can lead to diverse pathogenic outcomes, ranging from cancers to autoimmune disease. To study this variation, we analyzed immune cell response and viral dynamics during the ex vivo primary EBV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors that either fail or succeed to generate lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Flow cytometry and RNA-seq revealed a rapid monocyte-specific antiviral response among all donors marked by genes associated with lipid metabolism (LIPA) and chemotaxis (CCR1 and CCR2). LIPA inhibition increased EBV titers during primary infection, demonstrating a functional antiviral role. At later timepoints, donor-specific differences in CD8+ T cells and Treg subsets, along with EBV gene expression, were correlated with successful LCL outgrowth. Treatment with the Treg-depleting antibody RG6292 suppressed viral transformation in donors that otherwise supported LCL outgrowth, confirming a functional role for Tregs in shaping early EBV infection outcomes. Viral transcript enrichment-seq revealed an upregulation of early lytic and failure to sustain latent gene expression correlating with failure to generate LCL. These findings highlight intact PBMCs as a tractable model to study EBV viral-host interaction in a genetically diverse, human-specific context, and that Tregs play a key determining role in viral transformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMullen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro Munoz, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bregman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campion, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambinder, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EBV INFECTION OUTCOMES DETERMINED BY MONOCYTE AND TREG-DRIVEN IMMUNE DYNAMICS IN AN EX VIVO PBMC MODEL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpaTRACE: Spatiotemporal recurrent auto-encoder for reconstructing signaling and regulatory networks from spatiotemporal transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication (CCC) drives the coordinated cellular dynamics underlying development, regeneration, and disease. Recent advances in spatiotemporal transcriptomics now enable measurement of gene expression within both spatial context and developmental progression. However, most existing CCC methods depend heavily on curated ligand-receptor (LR) databases and assume steady-state expression, limiting their applicability to understudied species and preventing robust inference of dynamic signaling cascades. Here, we introduce SpaTRACE, a transformer-based Granger-style recurrent autoencoder for de novo reconstruction of signaling and gene-regulatory interactions directly from developmental spatiotemporal transcriptomics data. SpaTRACE jointly embeds LR pairs, transcription factors (TFs), and target genes (TGs) into a unified latent space that integrates spatial neighborhoods with temporal causality. Trained to predict future TG expression along pseudotime-sampled trajectories, the model learns biologically meaningful embeddings that capture LR[-&gt;]TG signaling and TF[-&gt;]TG regulatory influence without relying on pathway priors. Across synthetic datasets, SpaTRACE accurately reconstructs LR-TG interactions, TF-TG regulation, and correct LR pairings, outperforming existing CCC tools--especially under pathway-agnostic settings. Applied to mouse midbrain development and axolotl brain regeneration, SpaTRACE recovers canonical signaling modules, identifies stage-specific transitions, and uncovers previously under-characterized interactions, producing CCC signals with high co-expression fractions and bivariate Morans I comparable to leading spatial methods. Together, SpaTRACE establishes a general, statistically powerful framework for dissecting dynamic intercellular communication and regulatory networks from spatiotemporal transcriptomics. A user-friendly implementation is available at: https://github.com/VariaanZhou/SpaTRACE.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnick, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baalbaki, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpaTRACE: Spatiotemporal recurrent auto-encoder for reconstructing signaling and regulatory networks from spatiotemporal transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid cell recruitment propels right ventricular dysfunction in HFpEF via sterile inflammation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn contrast to what has already been shown in HFpEF associated left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, leukocytes role in frequently occurring right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) secondary to HFpEF are so far missing, partially due to the lack of suitable small animal models. Here, we follow a translational research approach by establishing a murine HFpEF model developing manifest RVD and analyzed human HFpEF cohorts to study the mechanistic link between leukocytes and RVD in HFpEF.

Methods8-week-old male and female C57BL/6J or Cx3cr1CreER/+R26tdTomato/+ mice were divided into four experimental groups: i) chow, ii) HFpEF (N[{omega}]-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 60% high-fat diet), iii) chronic hypoxia (10% O2) and iv) HFpEF and hypoxia (RV-HFpEF) to assess bi-ventricular function and myeloid cell dynamics. To test whether myeloid cells are causally involved in the development of RV remodeling in HFpEF, we additionally treated RV-HFpEF mice with the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX-5622 (PLX) to deplete myeloid cells. After 12 weeks, all experimental groups were subjected to transthoracic echocardiography, invasive hemodynamics or flow cytometry.

ResultsRV-HFpEF resulted in LV diastolic dysfunction indicated by increased E/E ratio, reduced global longitudinal peak strain, smaller end-diastolic diameters and increased isovolumetric relaxation time compared to chow. RV-HFpEF animals developed RV hypertrophy and RVD evident as increased Fultons index and collagen content as well as elevated RV systolic pressures (RVSPs) and reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, respectively. Flow cytometric analyses revealed elevated total leukocyte, monocyte, and macrophage counts in RV tissue of RV-HFpEF compared to chow or LV tissue from RV-HFpEF animals. These data were confirmed by unbiased proteomic analyses of RV tissue from RV-HFpEF mice, demonstrating increased abundance of proteins involved in activation of the innate immune system, macrophage chemotaxis, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization when compared to LV tissue or other experimental groups. Fate mapping experiments revealed that recruited monocyte-derived macrophages became the main source of total cardiac macrophages in RV tissue from RV-HFpEF mice. Depletion of myeloid cells was associated with rescued RVSP profiles compared to RV-HFpEF control mice. In HFpEF patients, RV dilation was associated with an increased percentage of circulating monocytes. In RV biopsies from HFpEF patients, we found increased expression of adhesion molecules, fibrotic markers and inflammatory transcripts.

ConclusionWe demonstrate that dysregulated myeloid cell dynamics are associated with, and directly contribute to, the pathogenesis of HFpEF-associated RVD in humans and mice.

Clinical PerspectiveWhat is new:

O_LIWe explore myeloid cell dynamics in a novel three-hit experimental HFpEF mouse model with RV hypertrophy, RV end-systolic pressure and RV dysfunction.
C_LIO_LIIn this model, RV dysfunction was associated with macrophage expansion, monocyte recruitment and extracellular matrix deposition, whilst macrophage depletion partly reversed these changes and rescued RV hemodynamics.
C_LIO_LIHFpEF patients with RV dilation or RV dysfunction exhibit unique leukocyte dynamics and inflammatory profiles when compared to HFpEF patients with normal RV function or diameters.
C_LI

Clinical implications:

O_LIThere exists a major clinical discrepancy between high incidence of RV dysfunction associated to HFpEF and a lack of targeted treatment strategies.
C_LIO_LIOur novel three-hit mouse model recapitulates many features of the clinical scenario of HFpEF patients with RV dysfunction, therefore representing an important step towards systematic testing and development of targeted treatment options.
C_LIO_LISterile inflammation and dysregulation of innate immune cells may be suitable targets for therapeutic interventions against RV dysfunction in HFpEF.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeschke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitroceanu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleitke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahjen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faidel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asmus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatiades, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hublitz, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurkan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perret, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von der Ohe, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alasfar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiattarella, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Linthout, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegemann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuebler, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid cell recruitment propels right ventricular dysfunction in HFpEF via sterile inflammation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal Topological Domain Formation Modulates Transcription and the Coupling of Neighboring Genes in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal topology and transcription are tightly coupled, yet the quantitative impact of topological constraints on transcription, supercoiling, and the potential coupling between neighboring genes in vivo remains unclear. In this work, we constructed synthetic chromosomal domains in Escherichia coli that contained two genes inside a topology-controllable domain and a third gene outside. Using three-color single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH), we measured transcription output from the three genes in individual cells under conditions in which gene orientation, domain formation state, and global chromosomal supercoiling density were varied. We found that topological domain formation repressed transcription, diminished gene orientation-dependent differences in transcription, and modulated the supercoiling sensitivity of genes located both within and near the domain. Relaxing global negative supercoiling through gyrase inhibition broadly repressed transcription; increasing global negative supercoiling level through topoisomerase I inhibition repressed highly expressed genes, while activating lowly expressed ones. Besides single-gene effects, we also observed an intrinsic coupling between neighboring genes with a non-monotonic dependence on the underlying supercoiling state, which shifted with domain topology and gene syntax. Our results establish chromosome topology as a major regulator of both transcription levels and the coupling between adjacent genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yehya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathcock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.690031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal Topological Domain Formation Modulates Transcription and the Coupling of Neighboring Genes in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators resensitize FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia cells with NRAS mutations to FLT3 inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FLT3 inhibitor efficacy in AML with FLT3-ITD is short-lived, frequently due to new mutations, most commonly in NRAS. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), which phosphorylates sphingosine to generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is upregulated and localized to the plasma membrane in RAS-mutated cells. We studied S1P and FLT3 co-targeting to overcome FLT3 inhibitor resistance in NRAS-mutated FLT3-ITD AML cells. NRAS-mutated FLT3-ITD AML cell lines and patient blasts were treated with FLT3 inhibitors and/or S1P receptor (S1PR) modulators. FLT3 inhibitor sensitivity was assessed by immunoblotting, cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays. Co-treatment was also assessed in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model. Downstream RAS and SPHK1 effectors were measured by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. The S1PR modulators fingolimod (FTY720) and mocravimod (KRP-203) resensitized FLT3-ITD-expressing MOLM-14 and MV4-11 human AML cells with G12D, G12S, Q61K or Q61H, but not G12C, and patient blasts with G13D or G13V NRAS mutations to FLT3 inhibitors. Moreover, FTY720 co-treatment resensitized G12D NRAS-mutated M14(R)701 cells to gilteritinib in vivo. Co-treatment inactivated ERK, transcriptionally downregulated SPHK1, and inactivated downstream AKT, p70S6K and BAD, with inactivation abrogated by constitutive SPHK1 expression. The clinically applicable S1PR modulators fingolimod and mocravimod resensitize NRAS-mutated FLT3-ITD AML cells to FLT3 inhibitors, supporting potential clinical efficacy of these combinations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators resensitize FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia cells with NRAS mutations to FLT3 inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining gene specificity from multivariate single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important application of single-cell genomics experiments is to identify genes specific to biological categories or experimental conditions. Although numerous approaches have been proposed to identify such genes, we consider an axiomatic approach based on defining properties that a specificity measure should have. This leads us to develop ember (Entropy Metrics for Biological ExploRation), which we show is the only method satisfying four key desired properties for a specificity measure. Applying ember to eight tissues from eight founder mouse strains, we find that gene specificity is often unintuitive: canonical markers can be supplanted, housekeeping genes are context-dependent, and mouse strain can drive unexpected cell type switching. Unsupervised learning on entropy metrics uncovers shared genes specialized to male gonads and kidney, as well as genes specific to non-consecutive developmental stages in the kidney. To facilitate further exploration of gene specificity in mice, we have also developed a comprehensive specificity database, along with a web interface and API. Extending ember to a human PBMC dataset collected from 255 diverse individuals, we find that variation in PBMCs is largely localized to classical monocytes. We also find genes with unique specificity by sex, age and ancestral background. Together, these applications establish ember as a powerful tool and provide a roadmap for elucidating the impact of human genetic variation using the murine model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swarna, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining gene specificity from multivariate single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STcompare: comparative spatial transcriptomics data analysis of structurally matched tissues to characterize differentially spatially patterned genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of spatial transcriptomics (ST) data is needed to identify genes that spatially change in their expression patterns between conditions, such as in diseased versus healthy tissues. Existing methods, including those developed for and adapted from non-spatial transcriptomics, generally focus on changes in gene expression magnitude without distinguishing changes in spatial patterning. To address these limitations, we develop STcompare, a statistical framework for comparative analysis of ST data by testing for differences in spatial correlation and spatial fold-change across structurally matched locations. Using simulated data, we demonstrate how STcompare provides distinct insights from bulk differential gene expression analysis and robustly controls for false positives even in the presence of spatial autocorrelation common in ST data. We apply STcompare to real ST data of biological replicates of mouse brains to confirm high spatial correspondence of gene expression patterns across samples. We apply STcompare to identify genes that spatially change in mouse kidneys with acute kidney injury compared to a healthy control, revealing tissue compartment-specific molecular dysregulation. Overall, the application of this spatially-aware comparative analysis will enable the discovery of differential spatially patterned genes across various physiological and technological axes of interest. STcompare is available as an open-source R package at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/STcompare with additional documentation and tutorials available at https://jef.works/STcompare/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clifton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, R. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STcompare: comparative spatial transcriptomics data analysis of structurally matched tissues to characterize differentially spatially patterned genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex and experience dependent regulation of synaptic protein turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic transmission can be carefully tuned through plasticity mechanisms that regulate synaptic strength, structure, and number. In vivo measurements demonstrate remarkable spine dynamics, with subsets of synapses persisting for months. This correlates with the extreme longevity of certain memories, which can persist for an organisms lifetime. The molecular basis supporting the long-term stability of specific synapses and the long-term durability of memories remains unknown. At the protein level, most proteins persist for a relatively short amount of time before they are degraded and replaced with new molecules. However, recent work has identified a population of proteins, including those present at the synapse, that are exceptionally long-lived. It has been speculated that long-lived proteins (LLPs) could contribute to long-term synapse stability, function, and memory. Here, we used stable isotope labeling in mammals (SILAM) to first identify LLPs in the post synaptic density (PSD) of the hippocampus and subsequently determine if protein turnover rates varied by sex or following learning. We identified novel synaptic LLPs and found that both sex and experience can regulate synaptic protein turnover rates. We identified sex-dependent changes in protein turnover rates in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk genes, including increased stability of Gabrg2, a GABA-A receptor subunit, in male mice. Furthermore, we observed stabilization of a subset of PSD proteins, such as Shank3, following contextual fear conditioning. We propose that sex and experience dependent changes in protein turnover rates could help explain sex-differences in psychiatric risk and aid our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex and experience dependent regulation of synaptic protein turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative multi-omic analysis identifies key transcription factors and target proteins in renal cell carcinoma and its subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To characterize key transcription factors (TFs) whose differential DNA binding can be altered by genetic variants associated with risk for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we conducted a series of mixed model-based analyses integrating 449 TF ChIP-seq profiles across 9 kidney-related cell lines and summary statistics from a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of RCC. We identified 96 unique TFs for which presence of SNPs in a neighborhood of TF ChIP-seq peaks are significantly associated (p-value <1x10-4) with their effect on RCC, including EPAS1, ARNT, PAX8 and PBRM1, previously implicated in RCC pathogenesis. Most TFs overlapped active promoters/enhancers in RCC tumors but remained significant after adjusting for tumor chromatin accessibility. Further, we found the co-occupancy of 220 pairs of RCC-related TFs to be associated with RCC risk (FDR<5%) beyond effects of individual TFs, highlighting synergistic regulation between pairs of TFs. To further investigate distal (trans) regulation of TF-binding disruption at RCC associated loci on the proteome, we used a set-based regression to aggregate the trans-effects of multiple loci overlapping with TF binding sites. Across 2,732 proteins profiled in UKB-PPP, identified 169 trans-associated (p-value<1.6x10-7) proteins, nominating specific targets for each TF. For example, we identified TLR3 and ZP3 to be associated with EPAS1, ARNT, and PBRM1, indicating these proteins are likely affected by RCC-related variants disrupting binding sites of the corresponding TFs. These results characterize the landscape of RCC-related TFs and implicate TF-mediated proteomic mechanisms in RCC pathogenesis, nominating testable targets for laboratory studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machiela, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdue, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.690024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative multi-omic analysis identifies key transcription factors and target proteins in renal cell carcinoma and its subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mouse model of classical trigeminal neuralgia via intradural compression of the trigeminal nerve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionTrigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating orofacial pain condition that adversely affects quality of life. Although heterogeneous, the most common form of TN is classical TN, characterized by paroxysmal bouts of pain in response to otherwise innocuous stimuli. It is believed that classical TN results from neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve. However, the underlying pathophysiology of TN is not well understood, thus limiting the development of targeted therapies. Current animal models lack translational relevance, particularly in their inability to replicate intradural nerve root compression, a core anatomic component of TN.

MethodsWe developed a TN mouse model that achieves intradural nerve root compression via a retro-orbital approach confirmed by anatomic dissection and magnetic resonance imaging. To assess behavioral outcomes, we measured orofacial pain through facial wiping and interaction with a reward stimulus. Pharmacological responsiveness was tested using carbamazepine administration. Mechanistic studies included calcium imaging of trigeminal ganglia (TG), electrophysiologic recordings to measure resting membrane potential and rheobase, and immunohistochemical analysis of the TG.

ResultsThe model elicited orofacial neuropathic pain, substantiated by increased facial wiping and reduced interaction with a reward stimulus, behaviors that suggest both spontaneous and evoked pain. Carbamazepine attenuated these behaviors, suggesting pharmacologic relevance to current TN treatment. Calcium imaging showed heightened spontaneous activity in the TG, and electrophysiologic recordings revealed an increased resting membrane potential and a reduced rheobase. Finally, immunohistochemical studies showed infiltration of CD45+ cells, demyelination and an increase in CGRP expression in the TG, supporting the presence of neuroinflammation after nerve root compression.

ConclusionThese findings show that our approach replicates the anatomy and clinical presentation of classical TN in humans. This model may represent a new and robust platform for future mechanistic studies of TN and subsequent preclinical evaluation of therapies in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdulrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gensler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feghali, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comair, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mouse model of classical trigeminal neuralgia via intradural compression of the trigeminal nerve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-canonical AKT1-TERT pathway coordinates autophagy and ERphagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinases canonically suppress autophagy, yet how cells activate autophagy during stress remains unclear. Here we reveal that AKT1 kinase promotes autophagy through a non-canonical pathway. AKT2 loss triggers compensatory AKT1 activation, which phosphorylates telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) at Serine 824, driving nuclear translocation. Nuclear TERT assembles with FOXO3 and c-MYC into a transcriptional complex that activates PERK, initiating a feed-forward loop. PERK-ATF4 signaling amplifies autophagy gene transcription while inducing selective ERphagy through receptors TEX264 and CCPG1. Using C. elegans, mouse models, and human iPSCs, we demonstrate this AKT1-TERT-c-MYC-FOXO3 axis is evolutionarily conserved and essential for proteostasis in post-mitotic cells. We developed a first-in-class allosteric AKT2 inhibitor through structure-guided design that selectively triggers beneficial AKT1 compensation, restoring autophagy in diseased cells. These findings reveal a transcriptional mechanism linking AKT1 activation to autophagy and provide a therapeutic strategy for diseases with defective ER quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bammidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiwon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattabiraman, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahel, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidley, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braz, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaramanujam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-canonical AKT1-TERT pathway coordinates autophagy and ERphagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.689062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in mRNA isoform usage during human retinal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.689062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlternative mRNA splicing is a key mechanism for generating isoform diversity in eukaryotic cells. However, the extent of the splicing changes that occur during complex regulatory processes like neurodevelopment are still incompletely characterized.

ResultsWe performed nanopore-based long-read RNA sequencing on differentiating human stem cell-derived retinal organoids to identify temporal patterns of isoform usage across developmental stages. We found that retinal organoids undergo dynamic shifts in isoform usage throughout differentiation, which were not necessarily accompanied with changes in overall gene expression, as was the case for many genes involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing itself. Further analysis of human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells uncovered neuron-specific splicing signatures. Additionally, allele-specific expression analysis revealed extensive allelic imbalance in induced pluripotent stem cell- derived organoid cultures.

ConclusionsBy combining direct long-read RNA sequencing with human stem cell retinal models we could explore isoform-level changes in differentiating human cells at unprecedented detail. These results uncovered dynamic shifts in transcript usage during retinal differentiation, adding to our knowledge base of post-transcriptional RNA processing in the developing central nervous system and human in vitro culture systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keuthan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthiban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.689062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic changes in mRNA isoform usage during human retinal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping spatial gradients in spatial transcriptomics data with score matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies measure gene expression at thousands of locations within a two-dimensional tissue slice, enabling the study of spatial gene expression patterns. Spatial variation in gene expression is characterized by spatial gradients, or the collection of vector fields describing the direction and magnitude in which the expression of each gene increases. However, the few existing methods that learn spatial gradients from ST data either make restrictive and unrealistic assumptions on the structure of the spatial gradients or do not accurately model discrete transcript locations/counts. We introduce SLOPER (for Score-based Learning Of Poisson-modeled Expression Rates), a generative model for learning spatial gradients (vector fields) from ST data. SLOPER models the spatial distribution of mRNA transcripts with an inhomogeneous Poisson point process (IPPP) and uses score matching to learn spatial gradients for each gene. SLOPER utilizes the learned spatial gradients in a novel diffusion-based sampling approach to enhance the spatial coherence and specificity of the observed gene expression measurements. We demonstrate that the spatial gradients and enhanced gene expression representations learned by SLOPER leads to more accurate identification of tissue organization, spatially variable gene modules, and continuous axes of spatial variation (isodepth) compared to existing methods.

Software availabilitySLOPER is available at https://github.com/chitra-lab/SLOPER.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitra, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping spatial gradients in spatial transcriptomics data with score matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensorineural regulation of skull healing implicates FGF1 signaling in non-healing bone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone injuries demonstrate rapid peripheral nerve ingrowth followed by nerve pruning as healing ensues. However, in non-healing bone injuries, peripheral innervation remains elevated, the implications of which remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the neuroskeletal microenvironment in subcritical-and critical-sized calvarial defects using quantitative 3D fluorescence imaging. We identified elevated densities of peripheral nerves and Osterix positive (Osx+) osteoprogenitors in critical-sized defects, while osteogenic differentiation markers were severely diminished. Moreover, Osx+ osteoprogenitors in critical-sized defects exhibited enhanced proximity to peripheral nerves, which in turn was associated with increased osteoprogenitor cell proliferation. Using retrograde tracing in conjunction with single cell RNA-sequencing of sensory nerves from the innervating trigeminal ganglia, genes encoding for nerve-secreted proliferative and anti-differentiation factors were identified. Specifically, FGF-1/FGFR-1 signaling was identified as a significant neuroskeletal interaction with critical-sized defects demonstrating higher FGF-1 expression in fluorescence imaging. Presence of FGF-1 in neurons innervating the calvarial was confirmed, and neural conditioned media depleted for FGF1 showed enhanced induction of osteogenesis when placed on parietal bone cells. Collectively, we identify a sensorineural-skeletal signaling interaction elevated in critical-sized defects that can be leveraged as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing bone healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horenberg, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villapudua-Gastelum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensorineural regulation of skull healing implicates FGF1 signaling in non-healing bone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional response to chronic long-access fentanyl self-administration in rat habenula and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid associated with overdose. However, little is known about fentanyl-induced molecular adaptations in the habenula and amygdala, two brain regions implicated in opioid use and withdrawal. We performed bulk RNA-sequencing in the rat habenula and amygdala to identify transcriptomic changes associated with fentanyl intake. Rats self-administered intravenous saline or fentanyl over 22-24 days. Ninety minutes following the final session, brains were collected for transcriptomic profiling. In Hb, we identified 453 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between saline and fentanyl rats, with upregulated genes associated with synaptic transmission and ionic conductance. In amygdala, we identified 3,041 fentanyl-associated DEGs with upregulated genes implicated in metabolic and vesicular functions. Downregulated genes in both regions were enriched for extracellular matrix functions. Integration of DEGs with single-cell RNA-sequencing data from rodents and humans revealed that fentanyl DEGs were enriched in specific habenula and amygdala cell type markers. Furthermore, fentanyl downregulated DEGs in amygdala were enriched in genes associated with risk for substance use disorders. Together, we define how fentanyl intake alters transcriptional programs in the rat habenula and amygdala, and we link these changes to specific human cell types and risk genes for neuropsychiatric disorders and addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Padilla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcinbas, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaloux-Pinette, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Totty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional response to chronic long-access fentanyl self-administration in rat habenula and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anionic Lipid Trafficking and Cell Mechanics RegulateMembrane Electrical Potential in Non-Excitable Tissue Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The membrane potential of eukaryotic cells, classically described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz model, is conventionally attributed to the steady-state balance of transmembrane ionic fluxes. Here, we demonstrate that non-excitable cells maintain stable, spatially heterogeneous membrane voltage gradients. Using the ratiometric voltage indicator JEDI-2P-cyOFP1, we quantitatively map membrane potential in live cells and find that cellular protrusions are consistently depolarized, whereas lateral membrane regions are hyperpolarized. These voltage gradients strongly correlate with anisotropic distributions of anionic lipids, including phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). Perturbation of cytoskeletal integrity, the ion exchanger NHE1, or vesicular trafficking disrupts both voltage anisotropy and lipid polarization, revealing an uncharacterized electromechanical regulatory mechanism. Moreover, membrane potential dynamically responds to cell shape, substrate stiffness, external electric fields, and cell cycle progression. To account for these phenomena, we develop a quantitative model that integrates ionic fluxes and lipid charge distributions, thereby explaining the emergence of voltage gradients. This framework establishes that membrane potential is governed not solely by ionic currents but also by lipid dynamics and mechanical signaling. Collectively, these findings identify membrane voltage as a global integrator of electrochemical and mechanical cues in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIN, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anionic Lipid Trafficking and Cell Mechanics RegulateMembrane Electrical Potential in Non-Excitable Tissue Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic role of riboflavin-auxotrophic Enterococcus for MR1 expression and intra-tumoral mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of mucosal invariant T cells (MAITs), in the lung tumor microenvironment re-mains poorly understood, especially in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We identified intratumoral MAIT cells from paired single cell RNA and TCR sequencing datasets of tumor infil-trating CD3 T cells isolated from non-small cell lung cancer tumors in patients receiving neoadju-vant PD-1 blockade therapy. MAIT cells were subclustered to identify conventional MAIT-associ-ated TCR clonotypes predicted to recognize intratumoral bacteria, which we then tested for func-tional recognition using a MAIT TCR capture functional assay. Strikingly, although not directly recognized by MAIT cells, previously identified probiotic Enterococcus spp and detected in the intratumoral microbiome of lung cancer patients, selectively synergized with exogenous riboflavin biosynthesis-derived metabolites to induce expression of MR1 by antigen presenting cells, includ-ing dendritic cells, B cells and mononuclear phagocytes. Boosting of MR1 cell surface expression resulted from perturbation of endo-lysosomal vacuolar pathway by Enterococcus and recycling of early endosomal MR1 to the cytoplasmic membrane. Riboflavin auxotrophic Enterococcus spp may therefore exercise their beneficial immunomodulatory functions upon immune checkpoint blockade treatment, at least in part, by promoting intratumoral MR1 expression and innate like T cell activation. Our results indicate that composition of the intratumoral microbiome during im-mune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has the potential to impact the function of human intratumoral MAIT cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minamisawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaygude, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoj, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauregard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic role of riboflavin-auxotrophic Enterococcus for MR1 expression and intra-tumoral mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast CTCF dynamics control cohesin barrier function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are organized into chromatin loops through cohesin-mediated extrusion, with CTCF acting as a polar boundary element. As cohesin approaches CTCF at kilobase-per-second speeds, it must rapidly choose whether to stall or bypass. How CTCF encodes this probabilistic decision within a brief encounter window has remained unclear. Here we show that CTCF governs this probabilistic outcome by rapidly sampling a dynamic ensemble of conformations generated by spontaneous rearrangements of its DNA-binding zinc fingers. This ensemble is tuned by DNA sequence, CpG methylation, nearby nucleosomes, and the cohesin regulator PDS5A before cohesin engagement. Upon cohesin binding, PDS5A enhances loop-anchor mechanical stability, reinforcing orientation-dependent boundaries. These findings establish conformational ensemble tuning, rather than static occupancy, as a regulatory principle linking base pair-scale motions to megabase-scale genome organization.

One sentence summaryChromatin boundary function is governed not by CTCF occupancy alone, but by a tunable ensemble of DNA-bound conformations that probabilistically gates cohesin capture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudnizky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, T. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino-Urteaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio-Valeriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneses, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksimentiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast CTCF dynamics control cohesin barrier function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.690021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can We Extract Physics-like Energies from Generative Protein Diffusion Models? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.690021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion models have emerged as the state-of-the-art method in generative artificial intelligence (AI) and have shown great success in image synthesis, video generation, molecular design, and protein structure prediction. For biophysical problems, such as protein folding and association, a fundamental question in diffusion-based methods is how their learned functions correspond to thermodynamics. In this paper, we study diffusion models through the lens of theoretical biophysics, analyzing their underlying formulation of potentials and exploring their applications in scoring protein interactions. We develop simple theories rooted in statistical physics that relate thermodynamic potentials to the negative log of the probability of observing a system in a particular state. We include dimensional analysis of diffusion model equations and a table mapping AI and physics jargon. We then test a diffusion models ability to capture learned energies as negative log-likelihood values, - log p0(x0), by integrating over the diffusion-generated path or a probability flow path. We test these integrals on a simple 1D Gaussian mixture diffusion model and a protein-docking diffusion model, DFMDock. In the 1D case, we find that integration over both diffusion and flow paths can accurately recover ground truth probabilities. When we extract the learned docking energies for cases where DFMDock succeeds, we observe energy funnels with the minimum energy near the experimental docked structure, like those we observe with Rosetta, an empirically tuned physics-based biomolecular modeling suite. The learned energy performs comparably or outperforms Rosetta interface energy in 6 out of 25 cases at ranking the correctness of docked poses. These data show that we can extract a relevant learned energy function from a diffusion model and compare it to physical energy functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truscott, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.28.690021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can We Extract Physics-like Energies from Generative Protein Diffusion Models?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aridity drives global convergence of desert microbiomes and biogeochemical activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deserts cover a third of the worlds surface, supporting unique biomes and ecosystem services. Yet, we lack a comprehensive assessment of what defines and drives the microbial communities that dominate life in these regions. Here, we conducted a standardized field survey in contrasting cold, hot, and polar deserts across the seven continents, and observed geographically distant deserts share similar structure, function, and activities. Desert communities are dominated by genomically streamlined Actinobacteriota and Chloroflexota, and compared with non-desert soils, are significantly enriched with stress tolerance genes, mobile genetic elements, and antiviral strategies, revealing previously unknown ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Metabolically, these communities exhibit reduced capacity for carbohydrate and protein degradation, and instead are enriched for chemosynthetic carbon fixation, continuous energy harvesting using atmospheric trace gases and sunlight, and energy reserve biosynthesis. All sampled soils mediated respiration, trace gas oxidation, and carbon fixation, with detectable activity even in hyper-arid Atacama and Antarctic soils at the margins of life. Driver analyses identified aridity as the primary overriding driver of the microbial communities and biogeochemical activities. Collectively, these findings suggest that aridity selects for metabolically self-sufficient taxa capable of continuously meeting energy and carbon needs independently of vegetation-derived inputs, while enduring physicochemical stressors and potentially elevated viral pressure. These new insights are integral to forecast the future of soils amid increasing desertification.

Significance statementDesert soils occupy a vast and expanding portion of Earth, yet what defines and governs their dominant microbial life remains incompletely defined. By assessing the composition, capabilities, and activities of microbial communities across deserts on all seven continents, we identify unifying signatures of life under extreme water limitation. We show microbial communities are highly self-sufficient, capable of acquiring energy and carbon even where plant inputs are minimal. This planetary-scale understanding of the desert microbiome has important ramifications for forecasting potential shifts of microbial communities and the services they provide as desertification intensifies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bay, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jirapanjawat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chown, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demergasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de los Rios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elberling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogg, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juottonen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kytöviita, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhalanyane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Dinh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramond, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, G. Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren-Rhodes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, P. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Baquerizo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.29.691269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aridity drives global convergence of desert microbiomes and biogeochemical activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domain-specific decoupling of co-chaperone and ligase functions in STUB1 underlies biochemical and clinical heterogeneity in SCA48 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe carboxyl terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP, encoded by STUB1) integrates co-chaperone and E3 ubiquitin ligase activities to maintain proteostasis. Heterozygous STUB1 mutations cause the dominant cerebellar ataxia SCA48 through incompletely understood mechanisms. We characterized 13 SCA48-associated variants in the TPR and U-box domains using recombinant protein and cellular assays. TPR mutations retained intrinsic ligase activity but lost HSC70 binding, substrate ubiquitination efficiency, and protein stability. Conversely, U-box mutations abolished ligase function, induced aberrant high-molecular-weight oligomerization, and frequently elevated steady-state CHIP levels while only partially impairing co-chaperone activity. Many variants exhibited temperature-sensitive defects and stress-induced nuclear mislocalization. Principal component analysis revealed robust domain-specific biochemical clustering. RNA-seq following STUB1 knockdown demonstrated preserved HSF1-dependent transactivation but a loss of CHIP-dependent amplification of ubiquitination, chaperone, and transcriptional pathways under heat stress. Meta-analysis of 87 SCA48 patients linked TPR-like biochemical profiles to upper motor neuron involvement and U-box profiles to prominent dysarthria. Collectively, SCA48 mutations decouple CHIPs dual functions in a domain-dependent manner, exerting dominant-negative or gain-of-toxic effects that drive the observed clinical heterogeneity. These findings establish a direct biochemical-clinical correlation in SCA48 and provide a framework for domain-targeted therapeutic strategies exploiting residual ligase or chaperone activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altinok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulakonis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Hodge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DOvidio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irons, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronnebaum, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaglione, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domain-specific decoupling of co-chaperone and ligase functions in STUB1 underlies biochemical and clinical heterogeneity in SCA48]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAFT: A Compositional Log-Linear Model for Microbiome Data with Zero Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDifferential abundance analysis is fundamental to microbiome research and provides valuable insights into host-microbe interactions. However, microbiome data are compositional, highly sparse (with many zero counts), and influenced by differential experimental biases across taxa. Standard statistical methods often overlook these features. Many approaches analyze relative abundances without accounting for compositionality or rely on pseudocounts, potentially leading to spurious associations and inadequate false discovery rate (FDR) control.

MethodsWe introduce a novel framework for differential abundance analysis of microbiome data: the Compositional Accelerated Failure Time (CAFT) model. CAFT addresses zero read counts by treating them as censored observations that are below a detection limit. This approach is inherently resistant to multiplicative technical bias, eliminates the need for pseudocounts, and addresses compositional bias through the establishment of appropriate score test procedures.

ResultsExtensive simulations show that CAFT outperforms competing compositional differential abundance methods, including LOCOM, LinDA, ANCOM-BC2, its robust variant, and LDM-clr by offering more robust type I error and FDR control with or without technical bias. Additionally, we applied CAFT to microbiome data on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the upper respiratory tract (URT) to identify differentially abundant gut microbial taxa between IBD patients and healthy controls, as well as URT taxa distinguishing smokers from non-smokers.

ConclusionWe present CAFT, a powerful, robust, and efficient approach for compositional differential abundance analysis. CAFT effectively controls Type I error and maintains FDR control, while demonstrating enhanced power in statistical testing. These capabilities render CAFT a useful tool for compositional microbiome data analysis.

Availability and implementationThe R package and Vignette are available at https://github.com/mli171/CAFT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satten, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAFT: A Compositional Log-Linear Model for Microbiome Data with Zero Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and Redox Pathway Dysregulation in HIV-Associated Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPeople with HIV (PWH), even with sustained viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART), remain at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Coronary endothelial dysfunction, a sensitive marker of early vascular injury and a potential target for intervention is common in this population, but its biological basis remains unknown.

MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study combining in vivo coronary MRI and high-throughput serum proteomics to investigate mechanisms of coronary endothelial dysfunction in treated HIV. Forty-five virally suppressed PWH and twenty-nine age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent coronary MRI during isometric handgrip exercise to quantify coronary endothelial function, defined as the percentage change in coronary cross-sectional area (%CSA) from rest to stress. An increase in coronary CSA <2% indicated endothelial dysfunction. Parallel serum proteomic profiling was performed using the SomaScan 7K platform, and differential protein expression between groups was analyzed using linear modeling (LIMMA).

ResultsCoronary endothelial dysfunction was more prevalent in PWH with suppressed viral load compared to controls (67% vs 10%, p<0.001). Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins between participants with and without endothelial dysfunction highlighted significant dysregulation of glutathione dependent detoxification, oxidative metabolism and fatty acid {beta}-oxidation pathways in individuals with endothelial dysfunction (adjusted p value <0.05).

ConclusionsEndothelial dysfunction in PWH on ART is associated with metabolic and redox imbalance. These findings highlight glutathione and fatty acid oxidation related pathways as potential therapeutic targets for reducing cardiovascular risk in this patient population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keole, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piggott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leucker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and Redox Pathway Dysregulation in HIV-Associated Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local B cell maturation and mast cell regulation of choroid plexus function in early life. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal development is a critical period for the maturation of the nervous and immune systems. The choroid plexus (CP) within the brain ventricles guides brain development through the production of cerebrospinal fluid and responds to stimuli from its local immune microenvironment. Here, using single-cell sequencing, we chart the establishment of the immune niche within the CP from birth to adulthood. We demonstrate that the CP is an active site for the development of B cells from early pro-B cells to mature B cells. We also characterize a transient population of CP mast cells that is highly abundant in the perinatal period. Single activation of these cells shortly after birth led to activation of serotonin-dependent secretion from the CP epithelial cells and resulted in cognitive impairment later in life. Our findings highlight the crucial nature of the CP as a neuroimmune interface, where cellular crosstalk regulates key functions of CP activity, thereby guiding brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali-Moussa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blas-Medina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephides, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabeau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouteau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matijevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakulska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudenzio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deczkowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local B cell maturation and mast cell regulation of choroid plexus function in early life.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.691043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-based Morphological Profiling Reveals Signatures of Radiation Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.691043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to ionizing radiation has the potential to induce significant health risks including radiation sickness and death. Here, the utility of image-based morphological profiling (IBMP) assays was investigated as a method to visualize signatures of radiation over time. Human-derived fibroblasts were used as the model system, and were exposed to varying doses of radiation. Cell Painting protocols were then applied to generate images for profiling. Quantitative analysis of images taken from fibroblasts exposed to 1 Gray of ionizing radiation revealed considerable morphological changes by 24 hours post-exposure, with some morphological signs of exposure emerging as early as 4 hours post-exposure. This work demonstrates proof-of-concept for the use of cell painting and IBMP to visualize signatures of radiation, paving the way for its use as a tool for assessing repeated exposures, screening of potential treatments, and establishing relevant timepoints for downstream orthogonal assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiburzi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunphy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.691043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-based Morphological Profiling Reveals Signatures of Radiation Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.691195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapting Co-Folding Models for Structure-Based Protein-Protein Docking Through Flow Matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.691195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Co-folding models like AlphaFold have revolutionized protein complex structure prediction, yet their reliance on multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) limits their applicability on challenging targets such as antibody-antigen complexes. An alternative approach, structure-based protein-protein docking, predicts the bound complex structure from the unbound monomer structures without requiring MSAs. In this work, we propose a novel method to adapt co-folding models for structure-based protein-protein docking by replacing their template module with a docking module, followed by training end-to-end with a flow-matching objective. We apply our method to AlphaFold-Multimer (AF-M) using the OpenFold implementation and transform it into a generative docking model, which we name AF2Dock. We evaluate AF2Dock and various baseline methods on the PINDER-AF2 benchmark and an antibody/nanobody test set. When using non-holo inputs, AF2Dock shows competitive performance compared to other structure-based docking methods and, in the case of nanobody complexes, outperforms all other docking methods tested here. Although AF2Dock underperforms co-folding AF-M and AF3 in success rates when using non-holo inputs, it produces orthogonal predictions and successfully identifies correct structures for targets where co-folding models fail. Ablation studies confirm that full-parameter fine-tuning of the AF-M components is critical for performance and reveal that, surprisingly, the inclusion of ESM embeddings can hinder success rates in certain cases such as nanobody complexes. The code is available at https://github.com/Graylab/AF2Dock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.28.691195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapting Co-Folding Models for Structure-Based Protein-Protein Docking Through Flow Matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.30.691290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.30.691290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends entirely on de novo pyrimidine synthesis, as it is unable to salvage these essential nucleotides. This reliance makes the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway a compelling target for antimalarial drugs, with several inhibitors targeting its rate-limiting enzyme, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), already in clinical development. In this study, we investigated the roles of three other pathway enzymes - aspartate transcarbamoylase (PfATC), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (PfCPSII), and dihydroorotase (PfDHO). PfATC features a unique N-terminal extension predicted to serve as an apicoplast trafficking peptide. However, using antibodies against the native protein and an epitope-tagged version, we found no evidence of apicoplast localization. Knockdown of PfATC expression proved lethal and could not be rescued by an apicoplast metabolic bypass. Complementation assays further revealed that truncation of the N-terminal domain impaired parasite growth, suggesting that this region is important for PfATC function or stability in vivo. PfCPSII, which harbors large Plasmodium-specific insertions between its catalytic domains, was likewise found to be essential for parasite proliferation. To assess the role of PfDHO, we engineered parasites to salvage uracil via heterologous expression of a yeast enzyme. Deletion of PfDHO in this parasite line resulted in uracil auxotrophy, confirming the enzymes essential function in pyrimidine synthesis. Together, these findings reveal multiple vulnerable nodes within the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway.

AUTHOR SUMMARYNucleotides are central metabolites that serve as building blocks for DNA and RNA, act as key energy carriers, and function as cofactors or regulators in several metabolic pathways. To satisfy these diverse demands, most organisms rely on both nucleotide salvage and de novo synthesis. The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum acquires purine nucleotides from the host but lacks the capacity to salvage pyrimidines, making de novo pyrimidine synthesis essential. Several enzymes in this pathway differ from their human counterparts in sequence, domain architecture, and evolutionary origin, enhancing their potential as selective drug targets. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), the fourth enzyme in the pathway, has already been validated as an antimalarial target. Here, we systematically examined upstream enzymes using molecular genetic approaches. Each proved essential for asexual blood-stage parasite survival, with the Plasmodium-specific N-terminal extension of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (PfATC) required for optimal growth. The introduction of a yeast uracil salvage enzyme rescued parasites depleted of these biosynthetic enzymes, demonstrating that their essential functions are confined to pyrimidine production and that their distinctive structural features do not support additional metabolic roles. In summary, these results delineate additional enzymatic steps in this important metabolic pathway that warrant continued investigation from both biological and translational angles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievert, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwkamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absalon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.30.691290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.690581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pKa values of buried ionizable amino acids can be determined by the thermodynamic stability of the protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.690581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizable groups in hydrophobic environments in proteins usually titrate with anomalous pKa values. The ionization of these buried residues is often coupled to transitions between conformational states. Here we test the hypothesis that because the thermodynamic stability of a protein ({Delta}G{degrees}H2O) determines the probability of conformational transitions, the apparent pKa values of buried residues can be governed by {Delta}G{degrees}H2O. Variants of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) with either Lys-66 or Lys-92 buried in its hydrophobic interior were engineered along with surface mutations that alter {Delta}G{degrees}H2O without affecting the electrostatic properties of the internal microenvironments of the buried Lys residues. The measured pKa values of these Lys residues largely correlates with {Delta}G{degrees}H2O. NMR spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that the structural changes of the protein backbone coupled to the ionization of Lys-66 or Lys-92 are comparable regardless of the {Delta}G{degrees}H2O of the protein. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that global unfolding of the Lys-92 variant coincides with the apparent pKa of the Lys side chain. The data presented show that the anomalous pKa values measured for internal residues in proteins do not necessarily report on local dielectric or electrostatic properties of the microenvironments around the ionizable group; rather, they can report on the energetics of pH-driven conformational transitions. These data suggest that accurate structure-based calculation of pKa values will require de novo prediction of partially unfolded conformations, and accurate calculation of free energy differences between conformational states, both of which remain formidable challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kougentakis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Moreno, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.690581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pKa values of buried ionizable amino acids can be determined by the thermodynamic stability of the protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClustSIGNAL identifies cell types and subtypes using an adaptive smoothing approach for scalable spatial clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increased uptake of high-resolution spatially-resolved transcriptomics (SRT) technologies demands the development of unsupervised methods to extract cell types and their spatial distribution from biological tissues. However, unsupervised clustering is challenging due to the sparsity of the data and the differences in cell arrangement within tissues. Here, we introduce ClustSIGNAL, a spatial clustering method that adaptively uses neighbourhood information to overcome data sparsity and perform cell type clustering. ClustSIGNAL first defines initial clusters and sub-clusters of cells with similar gene expression patterns. For each cell, a fixed neighbourhood size is defined, and entropy is calculated based on the proportion of initial subclusters in the neighbourhood to capture its composition. Cell-specific weights, generated from entropy values, are used to embed spatial information into the gene expression through adaptive smoothing. The transformed gene expression is then used for clustering cell types. We compared our adaptive smoothing approach with other smoothing scenarios on four simulated datasets of varying spatial complexity. We also evaluated our clustering method on four publicly available high-resolution SRT datasets and compared its performance to that of three other spatial clustering methods. We showed that ClustSIGNAL performs multi-sample clustering with high accuracy and can identify subtle cell types and subtypes of biological relevance. It is also robust to changes in spatial structure of tissues, segmentation errors, and sparsity. Overall, ClustSIGNAL stabilises gene expression of cells in homogeneous neighbourhoods and preserves distinct gene expression of cells in heterogeneous regions, effectively balancing the use of neighbouring cells as prior knowledge for downstream analysis. The ClustSIGNAL R/Bioconductor package is available from bioconductor.org/packages/clustSIGNAL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazanfar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClustSIGNAL identifies cell types and subtypes using an adaptive smoothing approach for scalable spatial clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrodiffusion active pump model with asymmetric immersed chemical potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrodiffusion is essential in understanding the mechanisms of electrophysiology. Regarding volume homeostasis, active exchange pumps are critical, as is also significant in the mechanisms of cell division, growth, and apoptosis. In the sense of the immersed boundary (IB) method, we replace classical interface conditions across the membrane with regularized chemical potentials to control the permeation of each ionic species governed by the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equation. As a consequence of the model simulation, electroneutrality, except for the thin space charge layers along the membrane, is well satisfied. In asymmetry, to regulate ionic transport, continuous chemical potential barriers are augmented with energetic gradients represented by smoothed Heaviside kernels specifying the directions of active pumps. We obtain steady-state concentrations from electrodiffusion active pumps with Na+, K +, Cl- ionic species and background charges in the unified entire domain with periodic boundary conditions. The electrodiffusion active pump model for the exchange of sodium and potassium (NKE) exhibits a good fit to the theoretical formula over a broad range of perturbations in ionic concentrations, ensuring volume conservation in the steady state only when active pumps are functioning. It is also shown that vant Hoffs law is satisfied without active pumps. This is a foundation for applying the IB electrodiffusion active pump model for subcellular transport of water and molecules, possibly involving cell motility and migration.

Significance StatementActive pumps are crucial for cellular homeostasis, keeping physiological states. The new computational model for active pump resolves sharply thin space charge layers around membranes in a non-asymptotic manner without the assumption of homogeneous local and global electroneutrality in electrodiffusion. The microscopic representation of kinetic interaction between the water semi-permeable membrane and solutes mediated by the prescribed continuous chemical potential barriers through fluctuation-dissipation satisfies the macroscopic osmotic balance, i.e. vant Hoff law, when there are no active pumps. The biophysical model shows the expected homeostatic volume regulation with active pumps and swelling phenomena without their working. The model framework is applicable to rigorously characterize physiological and disease states involving the coupled electrical and osmotic effects with possible membrane movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrodiffusion active pump model with asymmetric immersed chemical potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular smooth muscle cell loss, but not neuroinflammation, drives cerebrovascular reactivity impairment in Alzheimer disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONCerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) impairment is a key feature of Alzheimers disease (AD), but its mechanistic basis remains unclear. This study examined whether vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) loss, rather than amyloidosis or neuroinflammation, underlies CVR deficits.

METHODSNon-contrast MRI, including phase-contrast and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling, was performed in mouse models of amyloidosis (5xFAD), VSMC degeneration (CADASIL), and lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Characterization of vascular, amyloid-{beta}, and inflammatory markers were performed for pathological assessment.

RESULTSCVR impairment emerged only when VSMC loss was present in CADASIL mice and at older ages in 5xFAD mice (9-12 months). Amyloid-{beta} deposition occurred earlier than VSMC loss or CVR decline. Neuroinflammation primarily altered baseline cerebral blood flow without affecting CVR or VSMC integrity.

DISCUSSIONThese findings identify VSMC degeneration as an important driver of CVR impairment independent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy or inflammation, highlighting vascular integrity as a potential therapeutic target in AD.

HighlightsO_LICerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) impairment occurred in 5xFAD mice only when vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) loss was present
C_LIO_LI5xFAD mice exhibited prominent parenchymal but minimal vascular amyloid-{beta} deposition
C_LIO_LIVSMC developmental deficiency resulted in CVR impairment in a small-vessel disease (SVD) model
C_LIO_LINeuroinflammation primarily altered baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) without affecting CVR
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yang, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular smooth muscle cell loss, but not neuroinflammation, drives cerebrovascular reactivity impairment in Alzheimer disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmentally regulated long-range enhancer-promoter contact mediates human neural development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SOX2 is a core pluripotency factor in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but upon differentiation to the three germ layers, its expression is preserved selectively in neuroectoderm. The mechanisms regulating SOX2 transcription in distinct developmental stages remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that a distant enhancer 550 kb from the human SOX2 locus is selectively activated in neural stem cells (NSCs) and establishes long-range contact with the SOX2 gene. CRISPR-Cas9 excision of the enhancer has no effect in hESCs but reduces SOX2 transcription in NSCs and impairs neuroectodermal differentiation and forebrain specification in teratomas and cerebral organoids. CRISPR excision of a CTCF recognition motif adjacent to the enhancer does not affect enhancer activation in neuroectoderm but reduces chromatin looping and SOX2 transcription to partially reproduce phenotypes seen with enhancer deletion. Our findings indicate that the development of the human nervous system depends on a developmentally regulated long-range contact between a distant enhancer and the SOX2 locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bready, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravn-Boess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushmakov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapierre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhoumaud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snuderl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placantonakis, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmentally regulated long-range enhancer-promoter contact mediates human neural development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The long noncoding RNA Peanut (Gm11454) promotes neurogenesis and rod photoreceptor differentiation during postnatal retinal development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) display pervasive expression and function in the developing nervous system. Temporal profiling of gene expression in the retina has demonstrated differential expression of lncRNAs throughout development; however, determinations of lncRNA function during retinal development remain limited. In this study, we identify numerous lncRNAs with dynamic temporal expression and characterize the function of the lncRNA Gm11454, which we have named Peanut. Using overexpression of Peanut in mice retinas, we determine that Peanut promotes rod photoreceptor fate and neurogenesis of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) via inhibition of Notch signaling and by regulating expression of neighboring gene Tox2. A novel Peanut knockout mouse model demonstrates that Peanut is required for proper visual function and photoreceptor gene expression. Finally, we determined that Peanut is necessary for proper cell cycle progression and neurogenesis. Our results characterize the function of a novel lncRNA as a regulator of RPC neurogenesis and differentiation and support the importance of lncRNAs in the developing retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hostetler, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzycki, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The long noncoding RNA Peanut (Gm11454) promotes neurogenesis and rod photoreceptor differentiation during postnatal retinal development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myelin density dictates region-specific vulnerability of oligodendrocyte lineage cells during aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging of the central nervous system (CNS) leads to a progressive decline in numerous physiological functions. This decline can be attributed in part to alterations within the oligodendrocyte lineage, which comprises myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) and their progenitors, NG2-glia, that play a central role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring proper myelin turnover. While NG2-glia are distributed throughout the CNS, OLs are enriched in highly myelinated regions, implying spatially heterogeneous requirements for NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation. Consequently, age-related impairments in these progenitor functions may differentially compromise oligodendrogenesis and myelin maintenance across distinct CNS compartments. Yet, the spatial and temporal dynamics of aging-associated alterations within the oligodendrocyte lineage remains insufficiently characterized.

To address this gap, we investigated the effects of aging across three age groups in two anatomically adjacent but functionally distinct CNS regions, the cortical gray matter (GM) and the corpus callosum (CC).

We demonstrated that aging is accompanied by a marked decline in the NG2-glia population. Aging NG2-glia displayed cell cycle dysregulation, characterized by reduced proliferative and differentiative capacity and accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), indicating disrupted homeostatic regulation. These alterations were most pronounced in highly myelinated regions, which also exhibited a stronger shift toward an age-associated inflammatory milieu. In parallel, we observed substantial accumulation of myelin debris and impaired phagocytic clearance in these myelin-dense areas. Moreover, we identified a selective loss of myelinating OLs in the CC, a phenomenon not detected in the gray matter (GM).

Together, our findings delineate a tight interdependence between regional myelin density, inflammatory status, and the vulnerability of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to aging. These highlight multiple entry points of potential therapeutic intervention to mitigate CNS aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugenin von Bernhardi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myelin density dictates region-specific vulnerability of oligodendrocyte lineage cells during aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperintense signals in cerebral blood flow maps acquired with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling MRI in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and PurposePseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI is a widely used, noninvasive, contrast-agent-free technique for measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) and assessing vascular dysfunction across diverse clinical settings and murine disease models. In practice, arterial-transit artifacts that generate hyperintense signal in CBF maps warrant careful consideration. While these effects are well characterized in humans, they are less well understood in mice owing to the marked interspecies physiological differences.

MethodsTo address this knowledge gap, we systematically characterized pCASL hyperintense signal as a function of post-labeling delay (PLD) and crusher-gradient strength in mice. Numerical simulations were also performed to validate the experimental findings.

ResultsWe found that hyperintense signals in mice extend to arteries, major veins, and ventricular structures (e.g., choroid plexus). Such a pattern was different from human pCASL images, where hyperintense signals are predominantly present in arteries. Statistical analyses supported a PLD of 500 ms as a pragmatic balance between detection sensitivity and suppression of vascular contamination. Additional experiments and numerical simulations showed that, within the tested range, stronger crusher gradients provided little extra vascular suppression--primarily because large vessel calibers relative to small voxels limit intravoxel phase dispersion. These findings refine the interpretation of murine pCASL signals and facilitate more accurate perfusion imaging in preclinical pathophysiological studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperintense signals in cerebral blood flow maps acquired with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling MRI in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of spike timing among the neurons of the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We tend to think of neurons as either excitatory or inhibitory, but certain neurons chemically inhibit their downstream targets while electrically exciting their neighbors. For example, in the cerebellum, molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) inhibit Purkinje cells (P-cells) via release of GABA but promote spiking in each other via gap junctions. What is gained by having an inhibitory neuron excite its neighbor? Here, we recorded activities of P-cells and MLIs as marmosets performed saccadic eye movements and found that spike timing in pairs of neighboring neurons of the same type exhibited a mathematical regularity: as firing rates increased, rate of spikes that were within 1ms of each other grew disproportionately while 2-4ms intervals were suppressed. To uncover the purpose of this coordination, during saccades we recorded thousands of neuron triplets in which two MLIs converged onto a single target P-cell. When the MLIs spiked within 1ms of each other, they produced superposition of their individual effects on their target; a deep inhibition followed by a post-inhibitory rebound. However, when the MLIs spiked 2-4ms apart, the two spikes interfered with each other, producing partial cancellation. Thus, electrical coupling between inhibitory neurons orchestrated their spike timing so that as firing rates increased, the temporal intervals that induced downstream superposition were promoted while the intervals that caused interference were suppressed.

Main findingsO_LISpike timing among neighboring P-cells and MLIs exhibited a mathematical pattern.
C_LIO_LIAs firing rates increased, the rate of 1ms spike intervals grew disproportionately while 2-4ms intervals remained at or below chance.
C_LIO_LIThe 1ms intervals between pairs of MLIs produced superposition on the downstream P-cell, whereas 2-4ms intervals produced interference.
C_LIO_LIIndividual P-cell spike timing exhibited reliance on an internal clock. When a P-cell generated a spike, ephaptic coupling reset the internal clock of its neighboring P-cell.
C_LIO_LIThis made the two clocks run on a common time base, regulating timing of spike production among the pairs.
C_LIO_LIElectrical coupling among neighboring inhibitory neurons produced constructive superposition of their individual inhibitions on their downstream neurons while simultaneously reducing spiking events that resulted in counterproductive competition.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taeckens, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasserman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of spike timing among the neurons of the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Background and Sex Modulate Androgen Responses in Human Brain Microphysiological System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex steroids shape human brain development, yet the cellular and molecular consequences of androgen addition need further exploration. Here, we used a human neural organoid model - brain microphysiological system (bMPS), derived from nine induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines to model the impact of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent non-aromatizable androgen. All lines differentiated reproducibly into electrically active, neuron-glia-oligodendrocyte organoids expressing robust androgen-signaling components. DHT was bioavailable, elicited nuclear androgen receptor (AR) translocation and increased organoid size in most cell lines, consistent with androgen-responsive mTOR and metabolic pathway activation.

Bulk RNA-seq across nine lines revealed that transcriptional responses varied across donor backgrounds, but DHT-responsive genes converged on mitochondrial energetics, lysosomal function, glycoprotein processing, apoptosis, and mTOR signaling. Cell-type expression profiling showed an androgen-driven shift primarily in male lines toward astrocytic profiles with reductions in oligodendrocyte, oligodendrocyte progenitor (OPC), excitatory, and inhibitory neuronal signatures, supported by immunohistochemistry and AR enrichment in astrocytes and OPCs. DHT also altered neurodevelopmental pathways, increasing variation in synaptic pruning and decreasing variation in neuronal migration, with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and seizure status of donors moderating these effects more strongly than sex.

Baseline transcriptional differences distinguished iPSC lines which responded more strongly to DHT from weak responders: responders displayed enhanced synaptic maturity and reduced ECM gene expression. Using isogenic XX/XY lines, we found that differences in sex-chromosome expression exceeded DHT-induced changes and that DHT decreased expression of inhibitory neuron genes in males and increased it in females. Finally, DHT induced extensive DNA methylation changes, targeting HOX genes, patterning, and synaptic genes.

Collectively, these findings reveal that androgen signaling shapes transcription, cell populations, and epigenetic landscapes in a genetic background-dependent manner. This work contributes to understanding how androgens influence human brain development and highlights how in vitro models can contribute to representing inter-individual variability in neurodevelopment and neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rittenhouse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucheryavenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Background and Sex Modulate Androgen Responses in Human Brain Microphysiological System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescence-Linked Fibrosis in the Aging Human Ovary Revealed by p16-Based Histological Profiling and Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is implicated as a driver of ovarian aging, but senescent cells in the human postmenopausal ovary remain poorly defined. Using spatially resolved p16INK4a protein expression, a canonical senescence marker, we identified and mapped senescent cells in postmenopausal ovaries. We integrated p16 immunohistochemistry, multiplexed immunofluorescence, spatial transcriptomics, and AI-guided digital pathology to map senescent microenvironments. p16-positive cells formed discrete stromal, vascular, and cyst-associated clusters that increased with age and were enriched for macrophages and myofibroblast-like cells. Wholetranscriptome profiling of 92 spatial regions uncovered a 32-gene p16-associated signature, BuckSenOvary, that distinguished p16-positive regions across cortex and medulla. BuckSenOvary is characterized by suppression of cell-cycle regulators and activation of inflammatory and extracellular-matrix remodelling genes. AI-based collagen matrix analysis confirmed that p16-positive regions exhibit more architecturally complex collagen, demonstrating that focal senescent microenvironments are fibro-inflammatory. These findings position senescent ovarian niches as therapeutic targets to preserve ovarian function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devrukhkar, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anvari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soygur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanes, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavone, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescence-Linked Fibrosis in the Aging Human Ovary Revealed by p16-Based Histological Profiling and Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.692466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuberculous meningitis alters the proteomic landscape of brain-derived extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.692466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculous meningitis (TB meningitis), the deadliest form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, leads to mortality and severe neurological disability despite standard therapy. Brain injury and microglial activation are major determinants of outcome, yet the mechanisms linking infection, inflammation and neuronal injury remain poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), key mediators of cell-to-cell communication, have been investigated in pulmonary TB but their role in TB meningitis remains unexplored. We used our young rabbit model of TB meningitis to isolate pure, intact EVs from brain tissue (i.e., brain-derived EVs) from infected and uninfected rabbits and used nanoflow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and protein quantification to characterize the EVs. Comparative proteomic profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), followed by in silico pathway, cell-type and protein-protein interaction analyses using DAVID, Enrichr, and STRING databases. We found that EV isolation from fresh and frozen tissue was equivalent and demonstrated that M. tuberculosis infection activated EV biogenesis. Despite preserved vesicle morphology, EVs from infected brain showed a significant proteomic shift characterized by enrichment of TB host defense, microglial and immune activation, metabolic excitotoxicity, and neuronal injury. These proteome dysregulations suggest that infection reprograms brain EV cargo toward proinflammatory and metabolic stress responses while depleting neuronal and mitochondrial components. Collectively, these data demonstrate that M. tuberculosis infection alters the cargo and abundance of brain-derived EV, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and mediators of host-pathogen interactions in TB meningitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damiba, N. N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaubien, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuberculous meningitis alters the proteomic landscape of brain-derived extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable and Adaptive Spatiotemporal Modeling for Task-Based fMRI Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-based fMRI is commonly analyzed using voxel-wise general linear models, a non-spatial scalable approach that can yield fragmented activation maps. Spatial alternatives such as kernel smoothing and Bayesian models address this but either blur activation boundaries or are computationally prohibitive at modern spatial resolutions. We introduce SPLASH (Spline-Based Processing for Localized Adaptive Spatial Hemodynamics), a spatially adaptive and scalable framework based on localized thin-plate spline regression within brain parcels. Its spatial flexibility allows SPLASH to adapt to heterogeneous cortical organization and to generalize across diverse spatial domains. Using its hierarchical structure, we introduce a two-stage selective inference procedure that ensures valid false discovery rate control at the parcel and voxel levels. In simulations, SPLASH consistently delivered the best overall performance: its MSE was typically only 20-40% of that of prior spatial models, and both FPR and FNR remained well controlled. SPLASH also remained stable across smoothing choices and required only 2% of the computation time of Bayesian spatial approaches. Applied to Human Connectome Project data, SPLASH produced sharper activation patterns consistent with the motor homunculus and demonstrated higher reproducibility. SPLASH provides a generalizable, spatially adaptive, and scalable framework that strengthens statistical inference and improves neuroscientific interpretability in large-scale fMRI studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.692389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable and Adaptive Spatiotemporal Modeling for Task-Based fMRI Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced ex vivo 3D whole-brain mapping and automated analysis of Parkinson's disease pathologies in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of -synuclein (-syn) aggregates, which are thought to drive neurodegeneration in vulnerable neuronal populations, particularly within the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Here, we aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal relationship between -syn aggregation and dopaminergic cell degeneration by developing an optimized analysis pipeline for efficient whole-brain mapping. We injected -syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of wild-type mice, using monomeric -syn-injected mice as the control group. Aggregate propagation and dopaminergic degeneration were analyzed using antibodies against phosphorylated -syn (pS129) and tyrosine hydroxylase, followed by brain clearing combined with high-resolution (<4 {micro}m) light-sheet microscopy (LSM), coupled with automated pipeline data analysis. Whole-brain LSM mapping revealed dense somatic and neuritic phosphorylated -syn aggregates within dopaminergic neurons of the SNc 12 weeks post-unilateral PFF injection, accompanied by significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and prion-like propagation of -syn aggregates to anatomically connected brain regions, including the striatum. The distribution pattern of -syn pathology visualized by LSM was validated by whole-brain immunohistochemical analysis of PFF-injected mouse brains. The 3D LSM approach introduced here uniquely captures the spatial organization and propagation of -syn pathology and dopaminergic degeneration across interconnected brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Combes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatsoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollmorgen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oertel, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razansky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karayannis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rominger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitsch, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geibl, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced ex vivo 3D whole-brain mapping and automated analysis of Parkinson's disease pathologies in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory potential of autologous neutralizing antibodies sets quantitative limits on the rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.07.692769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 cure requires preventing viral rebound after treatment interruption, but quantitative criteria defining the rebound-competent reservoir are lacking. We studied individuals undergoing observational treatment interruption to identify virologic and immunologic determinants of rebound. In 9 of 13 participants, rebound viruses were genetically identical or similar to proviruses in circulating resting CD4 T-cells. We found no evidence of recombination among rebound sequences, rather resistance to autologous neutralizing antibodies was a critical determinant of viral rebound. Using inhibitory potential (IP), the log reduction in single-round infection at physiologic IgG concentrations, we defined quantitative limits governing rebound-competency. Reservoir variants exhibited a wide range of IP values (0.4-8.2 logs), whereas rebound viruses were minimally inhibited (0.5-2.8 logs), indicating that inhibition by even up to 2.8 logs (631-fold) cannot prevent rebound. Longitudinal analyses revealed that waning aNAb potency allows previously neutralized variants to gain rebound potential. Thus, rebound competency is a dynamic, immune-governed property defined by quantitative immunologic constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell-Sherman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinsser, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeyta-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubbeck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varriale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westfall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalhuisen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peluso, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory potential of autologous neutralizing antibodies sets quantitative limits on the rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal PARIS-STAT3 axis drives tau pathology and glial activation in Alzheimers disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARIS, a substrate of Parkin, accumulates in Parkinsons disease and promotes disease progression. Here, we demonstrate that PARIS also contributes to Alzheimers disease by elevating STAT3 transcriptional activity, thereby inducing tau pathology, hippocampal atrophy, and glial activation. Genetic depletion of Paris reduced tau phosphorylation and cognitive decline in tauopathy mice, whereas neuron-specific PARIS overexpression caused tau accumulation, gliosis, and memory impairment. In contrast, astrocyte-specific overexpression did not induce pathology, indicating that PARIS acts in neurons to drive tau phosphorylation and glial activation. The pathological features induced by neuronal PARIS overexpression were rescued by STAT3 inhibition, demonstrating that PARIS-STAT3 signaling underlies these effects. Moreover, Paris knockout did not alter pathology in the amyloid-driven mouse model, highlighting specificity for tau pathology. Together, these findings reveal PARIS as a neuronal regulator of STAT3 signaling that exacerbates tau-mediated neurodegeneration and identify the PARIS-STAT3 pathway as a potential therapeutic target in Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkentili, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding_Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal PARIS-STAT3 axis drives tau pathology and glial activation in Alzheimers disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromuscular Signals Shape Fatigue and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physical fatigue influences our willingness to undertake effortful actions, yet the physiological signals driving this process are not well understood. We created a biofeedback paradigm to distinguish the effects of reduced muscle-force capacity from compensatory increases in neuromuscular activity on effort-based decision-making. Human participants made risky choices about prospective physical effort before and after repeated fatiguing exertions under two biofeedback conditions: force biofeedback, which required increased neuromuscular drive, and EMG biofeedback, which constrained the increase in neuromuscular drive. Both biofeedback conditions led to similar reductions in muscle strength and feelings of fatigue. However, we found that the Force biofeedback condition, which required compensatory neuromuscular activation, produced a significantly greater increase in the subjective cost of effort, thereby altering individuals effort-based decision-making more than EMG biofeedback. These findings demonstrate how muscle physiological processes influence feelings of fatigue and decisions to exert effort. Suggesting that fatigue may consist of separate components that collectively motivate behavior while simultaneously protecting and restoring bodily homeostasis during physical challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casamento-Moran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chib, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromuscular Signals Shape Fatigue and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated workflow for structural virology with a 100 keV electron microscope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-EM has revolutionized structural biology, especially for flexible and heterogeneous samples, although access to high end microscopes that enable these studies remains a bottleneck. While 300 keV microscopes have been the go-to for high-resolution structural determination, they are expensive and restricted to institutional and national facilities needing specialized expertise, with access falling far short of the demand. Here, we present the user-managed operation of a cheaper 100 keV electron microscope within a structural biology laboratory enabling close integration with protein production, biochemical and biophysical studies. We provide details and considerations for the installation of the microscope, its day-to-day maintenance, and operations. Using virus surface glycoproteins as case studies, we illustrate the workflow from grid screening, data collection, and data processing, and provide examples of data quality. This user-administered setup provides a training platform for researchers at all levels, with beginners in cryo-EM achieving proficiency to independently operate the microscope within a month of regular use and training. We have demonstrated routine high-quality low-resolution reconstructions using a Ceta CMOS camera and high-resolution reconstructions enabling building of atomic models using a Falcon C direct detector. While there are several examples of facilities that manage cryo-EM and individual laboratories leveraging cryo-EM, we provide here the first demonstration of a modern group independently doing both successfully, something that has been talked about frequently but rarely seen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pathirage, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flemming, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marayati, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurrier, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devkota Adhikari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilevbare, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abram, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelly, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogarty, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschhorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated workflow for structural virology with a 100 keV electron microscope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.692809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular Microbleeds Without Brain Atrophy: A Microvascular Signature of Mid-Stage 5xFAD Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.692809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral microbleeds are increasingly recognized as a downstream manifestation of vascular injury in Alzheimers disease (AD), arising secondary to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Here, we examined the pathological specificity of microbleeds by comparing an amyloidosis mouse model (5xFAD) with a small-vessel disease (SVD) model characterized by vascular smooth-muscle cell loss. In vivo multimodal MRI, including gradient-echo, spin-echo, and diffusion-weighted imaging, was complemented by ex vivo high-resolution anatomical scans for validation. Both in vivo and ex vivo gradient-echo MRI consistently revealed hippocampal microbleeds in the 5xFAD model without macroscopic atrophy or ventricular enlargement, whereas no microbleeds or blood-brain barrier disruption were detected in the SVD model. Diffusion-weighted MRI further showed region-specific alterations in apparent diffusion coefficient within the midbrain of 5xFAD mice, but not in other regions or in the SVD cohort. These findings indicate that microbleeds are a pathology-specific marker of amyloid-related vascular injury. The imaging evidence underscores the potential of microbleeds as a disease-specific biomarker for detecting amyloid-driven vascular fragility and refining diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yang, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular Microbleeds Without Brain Atrophy: A Microvascular Signature of Mid-Stage 5xFAD Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.692826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transition zone enriched WIF1⁺ basal cell subtype is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.692826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT/SUMMARYThe cellular composition and disease susceptibilities of the distinct zones of the human prostate remain incompletely understood. Through extensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of benign regions from prostatectomy specimens, we identified a basal cell population expressing WIF1, VCAN, and NRG1, among other genes, that was significantly enriched in the transition zone (TZ). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition that causes widespread morbidity and is nearly exclusively localized to the TZ. Analysis of previously published scRNA-seq datasets further confirmed that WIF1+ basal cells were significantly enriched in BPH compared to normal prostate. Pathway and cell-cell communication analyses revealed that this basal subtype is associated with programs related to cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and hormone response. Together, the molecular signature, zonal distribution, and pathway enrichment suggest that TZ-enriched WIF1+ basal cells may contribute to BPH pathogenesis by promoting epithelial and stromal remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuebel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transition zone enriched WIF1⁺ basal cell subtype is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis briggsae ancestral genomic hyper-diversity contrasts with globally distributed genome-wide haplotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomics provides a powerful framework to uncover the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms that shape genetic diversity within and across species, revealing how shared and lineage-specific processes influence their evolutionary trajectories through time. The nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae is distributed world-wide and is a comparative model to Caenorhabditis elegans in the biology of development, cellular mechanisms, neurobiology, genetic mappings of complex traits, and genome evolution. Following massive collection efforts by the nematode research community, we present the isolation of over 2,000 wild strains and analyses of genome sequences that catalog over six million single-nucleotide and insertion-deletion variants. This genome and strain resource provide a powerful means to interrogate the causal genetic bases of phenotypic variation for diverse traits. Additionally, we describe its global population structure and discover new and genetically distinct groups within this primarily self-fertilizing species, including groups of highly related strains that were sampled across different continents. We leverage expansive genetic variation to decipher the effects of linkage and selection on the distribution of genetic diversity across the genome and across geographic regions. Within the species, we find genomic regions with extremely high levels of genetic variation similar to hyper-divergent regions found in C. elegans and other species. These regions harbor new genes and variation enriched for environmental sensing and pathogen responses. In comparison to the outbreeding sister species Caenorhabditis nigoni, we conclude that long-term balancing selection has maintained substantial functional variation since the divergence from their outbreeding ancestor, likely in response to differences in the ecological niche. Overall, this massive strain resource enables future comparative genetics and genomics studies, including genome-wide association studies between Caenorhabditis species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moya, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorshidian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKeown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilks, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frezal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haryoso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>H, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arulprakasam, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaye, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutter, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockman, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braendle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caenorhabditis briggsae ancestral genomic hyper-diversity contrasts with globally distributed genome-wide haplotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.691975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering immunotoxin-equipped effector cells and evaluation in primary human immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.691975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lethal toxins could become potent therapies against cancer, but their clinical utility is limited by adverse events upon systemic administration. These could be reduced if the toxins were delivered by effector cells that specifically infiltrate cancers, thereby releasing toxins locally into the tumor microenvironment. One of the challenges underlying this strategy is that cells delivering toxins would have to be resistant to them. We address this obstacle by showing that effectors derived from transformed human cell lines genetically engineered for resistance to bacterial adenosine diphosphate ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE), can produce targeted immunotoxins that specifically kill cancer cells expressing cognate tumor-associated antigens. Resistance to immunotoxins was achieved by knockout of genes in the diphthamide biosynthesis pathway (DPH1-4) required for the posttranslational modification of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2) that is the target of ADPRTs, or by mutation of EEF2 itself. We show that engineering resistance to ADPRTs, one of the most potent toxins acting on human cells, is essential to achieve robust function of armored effector cell lines. This work establishes a first step on the path to equip effector cells with the ability to deliver powerful toxins to cancer cells and introduces a platform to investigate extension to primary autologous or allogeneic therapeutic cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearlman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon-Torroella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiue, E. H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavaris, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.691975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering immunotoxin-equipped effector cells and evaluation in primary human immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Esc1-mediated anchoring regulates telomere clustering in response to metabolic changes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial organization of yeast telomeres is highly dynamic and regulated by growth conditions. In rich medium, the 32 telomeres group in 3 to 5 foci at the nuclear periphery. This organization is drastically rearranged in long-lived quiescent (Q) cells forming upon carbon source exhaustion: telomere foci assemble into a hypercluster containing most telomeres and located in the center of the nucleus contributing to their long-term viability. Here we explore the mechanisms regulating telomere distribution during this transition. We rule out a modification of telomere-telomere interactions via the telomeric protein Sir3 as the main factor regulating hypercluster formation. However, our physical modeling predicts that telomere anchoring antagonizes telomere clustering. Systematic deletion of all known telomere anchors identifies the inner nuclear membrane-associated protein Esc1, as a key telomeric anchor after the diauxic shift.

Our data support a model where Esc1 mediated anchoring is progressively lost upon entry into quiescence through dephosphorylation of a single residue of Esc1, resulting in the formation of telomere hyperclusters in the center of the nucleus in Q cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiodice, i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keister, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagoev, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.692953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Esc1-mediated anchoring regulates telomere clustering in response to metabolic changes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do Pseudosequences Matter in Neoantigen Prediction? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational prediction of neoantigens that elicit T cell responses is central to the development of personalized cancer vaccines. Many current predictors represent MHC class I alleles using selected subsets of residues, known as pseudosequences, yet the extent to which pseudosequence choice and encoding strategy influence predictive performance has not been systematically examined. This study addresses that gap by evaluating a range of MHC representations within the BigMHC EL framework. We compared pseudosequence definitions based on protein structure and evolutionary diversity, a randomly sampled pseudosequence baseline, pseudosequences of varying lengths, embeddings generated using the ESM-2 protein language model, and a graph-based annotation embedding derived from allele groupings. Models using biologically informed pseudosequences consistently outperformed the random baseline, underscoring the importance of residue selection. Protein structure and evolutionary diversity pseudosequences showed similar performance, likely reflecting overlap in residues near the peptide-binding groove. We also found that pseudosequences of approximately 30 to 35 residues produced the strongest performance. Lastly, ESM-2 and annotation-based embeddings outperformed the random baseline but did not surpass curated pseudosequences under the current setup. Together, these findings indicate that curated pseudosequences remain efficient representations of MHC alleles in neoantigen prediction models, while alternative encodings can approximate but not yet replace residue-level sequence information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valeria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do Pseudosequences Matter in Neoantigen Prediction?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the circulating proteome across neurodegeneration: A harmonized, consortium-scale framework for uncovering molecular pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale plasma proteomics offers unprecedented opportunities to investigate the systemic biology of neurodegeneration, yet technical heterogeneity, site-specific artifacts, and clinical confounding remain major barriers to reproducible discovery. Leveraging data from 13,733 individuals with Alzheimers disease (AD), Parkinsons disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and non-impaired controls in the Global Neurodegeneration Proteomics Consortium (GNPC), we present a scalable and generalizable analytical framework for harmonizing and interpreting consortium-scale proteomic datasets. Using a high-dimensional perturbation framework, we systematically benchmark five commonly used batch correction methods across a range of realistic confounding structures, including site-disease imbalance, nonlinear effects, and heteroskedasticity. Empirical Bayes modelling via limma consistently emerged as the most robust method, optimally balancing removal of site-related technical variance with retention of disease-relevant biological signal. On this harmonized foundation, we resolve neurodegenerative disease plasma signatures, including a shared immune-metabolic axis in AD and PD, neuromuscular disruption in ALS, and proteostatic imbalance in PD. Tissue and cell-type enrichment highlight widespread immune-endocrine involvement in AD and hematopoietic activation in PD. Demographically matched analyses nominate distinct, candidate biomarkers across diseases, including lipid, redox, and complement factors in AD, lysosomal and cytoskeletal proteins in PD, and muscle-derived markers in ALS. This study establishes a scalable analytical framework for integrating real-world proteomic data and provides a disease-resolved catalogue of circulating signatures to inform biomarker development and targeted intervention across neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finney, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slawson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Global Neurodegeneration Proteomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvetcov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the circulating proteome across neurodegeneration: A harmonized, consortium-scale framework for uncovering molecular pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomic elucidation of β-lactam drug targets in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) can cause severe and difficult to treat chronic lung infections. Despite the rising incidence and clinical concern of Mab infections, treatment options are limited and often ineffective. Treatment is complicated by Mabs ability to persist in a non-replicative, drug-resistant state. Several {beta}-lactam antibiotics are potently bactericidal against Mab but are underutilized because their molecular mechanisms of action against Mab are incompletely understood. In the current study, we used {beta}-lactam-derived activity-based probes and chemoproteomics to report the first comprehensive list of enzymes in Mab targeted by {beta}-lactams. We compared {beta}-lactam targets across two Mab subspecies in actively replicating and non-replicative cultures, using a new carbon starvation model of persistence. We identified 17 targets that were active in every condition tested, seven of which were previously unknown to bind {beta}-lactams. Lastly, we characterized the {beta}-lactamase activity and {beta}-lactam inhibition profiles of nine Mab enzymes, demonstrating that imipenem inhibits these targets more effectively than cefoxitin. These findings provide clarity on the mechanisms of action of clinically relevant {beta}-lactams in Mab, a crucial step toward fully realizing their potential for treating infections caused by this opportunistic pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomic elucidation of β-lactam drug targets in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
spaTransfer: transfer learning for single-cell and spatialtranscriptomics data using non-negative matrix factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in spatially-resolved transcriptomics have enabled profiling of gene expression in a spatial context, which has led to the generation of large-scale single-cell and spatial atlases with computationally-derived cell type or spatial domain labels. An increasingly important task with these data has become the transfer of cell type or spatial domain annotations from a given reference (or source) atlas into a new target tissue or sample. The reference and target datasets could be at different resolutions or measured on different experimental platforms. Here, we present a method to perform cross-platform transfer learning that takes as input single-cell or spatial domain labels from a reference atlas or dataset and transfers the labels to a target dataset at a similar or different resolution. Specifically, we use non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) on the reference data to identify factors associated with labels of interest and project these factors into the target dataset to label each new observation. We use a multinomial model with the factors as covariates and labels as the response to predict labels in the target dataset. In contrast to existing approaches, the advantage of our approach is interpretability, without compromising on accuracy. We demonstrate the performance of the method in two human brain tissues and show that our model identifies spatially coherent domains in the target datasets with concordance of marker gene expression. We implement spaTransfer in open-source software as an R package (github.com/cindyfang70/spaTransfer).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramnauth, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinmann, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[spaTransfer: transfer learning for single-cell and spatialtranscriptomics data using non-negative matrix factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Versatile high-speed volumetric imaging from microscopic to macroscopic scale by self-adaptive oblique plane microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an increasing need for large-scale high-speed volumetric recording in complex multi-cellular model systems to define dynamic processes. Oblique plane microscopy (OPM) provides a solution that features oblique illumination, rapid optical scanning, and remote focusing to achieve real-time 4D microscopy. OPM implements light sheet imaging via a single primary objective lens, making the entire space below the objective accessible for large specimens, such as living mouse brain. Yet it is challenging to adopt OPM beyond a microscopic scale (i.e. size < 1mm), limiting its broad applications. Here we present a self-adaptive OPM that leverages Abbes sine condition to unlock its flexibility across a range of field-of-views (FOVs) (up to 8 mm2) and resolutions (down to 2.2 {micro}m3). This versatility enables brain-wide single neuron volumetric calcium imaging in behaving larval zebrafish (1x0.4 mm2 FOV at 5 Hz) and capillary blood cell tracking in living mouse brain (>3x3 mm2 FOV) with a sweeping 0.32 mm wide volume section at 100 Hz. In optically cleared mouse brain, the flexibility allows a screen-and-zoom capability by sequentially imaging the whole brain at low-and-high magnifications to locate and resolve subcellular structures such as dendritic tress and spines. By offering a switchable imaging resolution, volume, and speed, the self-adaptive OPM achieves a versatile platform for studying a wide range of multi-cellular model system, whether in vivo or fixed and optically cleared.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroeschell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Versatile high-speed volumetric imaging from microscopic to macroscopic scale by self-adaptive oblique plane microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p53 preserves genome stability in dividing cells under hypo-osmotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells respond to frequent osmotic stress to maintain structural integrity and function. Whereas acute volume regulation is well-known, the cellular response to prolonged osmotic stress and its long-term consequences remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how lasting hypo-osmotic stress influences cell growth and division and the associated cellular response. We observe that cells undergoing their first division under hypo-osmotic stress experience delayed mitotic entry, lengthened mitotic duration, elevated mitotic errors and aneuploidy formation. However, continued cell division is halted through a p53/p21-dependent G1 arrest. p53 activation occurs post-mitotically and is associated with hyper-condensed chromatin and impaired nuclear expansion in daughter cells after mitotic exit. We show that the altered nuclear size dynamics lead to nuclear accumulation of p53 and activation of downstream gene expression. These findings uncover a mechanosensitive, p53-mediated mechanism that safeguards genome integrity by suppressing erroneous mitosis under hypo-osmotic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p53 preserves genome stability in dividing cells under hypo-osmotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectopic engraftment of nociceptive neurons derived from hPSCs for pain relief and joint homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain arises from the interplay of inflammatory signals that activate and sensitize nociceptors within injured tissues. Most analgesics fail clinically due to their mono-targeted mechanisms. Here, we apply human pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptive neurons (hPSC-NNs) as therapeutic agents for osteoarthritis, targeting both pain and joint degeneration. We generated sensory neurons from hPSCs and identified CD200 as a nociceptor marker. Transcriptomic and functional profiling revealed that CD200highhPSC-NNs closely resemble human nociceptors, expressing pain-relevant receptors and ion channels. Strikingly, ectopic transplantation of CD200highhPSC-NNs into the knee joint of osteoarthritic mice reduced pain and promoted bone and cartilage repair, whereas CD200low cells exhibited no benefit. Mechanistically, human and mouse proteomics suggest that CD200highhPSC-NNs act as decoys by sequestering inflammatory ligands while secreting reparative factors in joint tissues. These findings uncover a fundamental role of nociceptors in tissue repair, providing a multi-targeted, disease-modifying strategy for OA and chronic pain.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/694733v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (70K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15f0948org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5a59bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba4439org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d518d1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIhPSC-derived nociceptors (hPSC-NNs) as Decoy Engraftment for Cellular Interception and Repair (DECIR) when transplanted into the knee joint, extending beyond conventional regenerative strategies
C_LIO_LICD200 serves as a clinically actionable surface marker for the purification of hPSC-NNs
C_LIO_LIEctopic grafting of CD200high hPSC-NNs delivers dual benefits, alleviating pain and modulating the neuro-immune environment within joint tissues
C_LIO_LIProteomic analyses reveal that CD200highhPSC-NNs sequester inflammatory mediators and secrete reparative factors to support joint homeostasis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectopic engraftment of nociceptive neurons derived from hPSCs for pain relief and joint homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt-presenting materials sustain H3K14-acetylation in human skeletal stem cells for tissue engineering and bone repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering functional tissues for transplantation requires insight into epigenetic mechanisms that regulate stem cell fate. We have developed the Wnt-induced osteogenic tissue model (WIOTM), a platform that recapitulates human osteogenesis, and identified acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 14 (H3K14ac) as a critical epigenetic regulator in human skeletal stem cells (hSSCs). In WIOTM, localized Wnt signals drive asymmetric cell division (ACD), yielding a proximal hSSC with high H3K14ac and a distal daughter with reduced H3K14ac that migrates into the 3D collagen matrix and initiates osteogenic differentiation. Disrupting H3K14ac in hSSCs abrogates ACD and WIOTM formation. To test whether hSSCs maintain H3K14ac in vivo, we formed the WIOTM on Wnt-functionalized polymer bandages and transplanted them into calvarial defects. The WIOTM contributed to bone repair, and human cells adjacent to the bandages retained high H3K14ac despite the injury environment. These findings establish WIOTM as both a mechanistic and translational platform for regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becquart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junyent, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusumbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.694408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt-presenting materials sustain H3K14-acetylation in human skeletal stem cells for tissue engineering and bone repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypes and Cellular Mechanics of Primary Human Aorta- and Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsMature, contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) in the medial layer of muscular blood vessels can de-differentiate into synthetic vSMC, while human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) differentiate into proliferating, fetal-like vSMC that can be induced to form contractile vSMC. Our aim was to define the mechanical properties of well-characterized in vitro-differentiated vSMC compared to vSMC derived from adult human aorta (AoSMC).

Methods and ResultsWe generated paraxial mesoderm (PM)-derived synthetic and contractile vSMC from hPSC lines, and we obtained proliferating AoSMC. Immature, synthetic hPSC-vSMC are proliferative, sensitive to contact inhibition and exhibit phenotype switching. Contractile hPSC-vSMCs are non-proliferative, have elevated levels of contractile proteins, and can undergo phenotype switching in vitro into a proliferative form. Immunostaining of contractile proteins present in vSMCs (CNN1, MYH11, TAGLN, ACTA2) display similar cell-to-cell heterogeneities between AoSMC and hPSC-vSMCs. The fluorescent signals are relatively uniform at sub-confluency, but highly variable at confluency. Human PSC-vSMC maintain doubling rates more readily and are more easily enriched using lactate medium than AoSMC. The single cell mechanics of AoSMC and hPSC-vSMC, assessed using micropost array detectors (mPADs), are highly comparable and have an average force production per micropost in the nN range. When cultivated to form humanized smooth muscle cell microtissues (SMTs), developed forces normalized to cell numbers are similar to that seen using microarray post detectors. Maximum developed forces in these tissues could be measured in response to endothelin-1.

ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that synthetic hPSC-vSMCs and proliferating AoSMCs are highly comparable, and mechanically similar, but results with hPSC-vSMC are more reproducible. This study establishes the hPSC-vSMCs as a reproducible system to study how changes in cellular mechanics may contribute to development and disease.

Translational PerspectiveThe mechanical properties and responses of lineage-specific human vSMC undergoing phenotype switching during perinatal development and vascular pathologies remain poorly understood. We have employed paraxial-mesoderm derived hPSC-vSMC, which recapitulate phenotypic properties of AoSMC, to define the mechanical properties of synthetic and contractile vSMCs. We quantitatively measured the forces of individual vSMC and of multicellular vSMC constructs. By defining the mechanical changes of normal vSMCs to phenotype switching, this validated, adaptable system advance studies of vSMC mechanics that may contribute to vascular pathologies in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yezzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boheler, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.694995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypes and Cellular Mechanics of Primary Human Aorta- and Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics As Rasterized Image Tensors (STARIT) characterizes cell states with subcellular molecular heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationImaging-based spatially resolved transcriptomics (imSRT) technologies provide high-throughput molecular-resolution spatial characterization of genes within cells. Conventional analysis methods to identify cell-types and states in imSRT data rely on gene count matrices derived from tallying the number of mRNA molecules detected for each gene per segmented cell, thereby overlooking subcellular heterogeneity that can be useful in defining cell states.

ResultsTo take advantage of the molecular-resolution information in imSRT data and potentially identify cell-states based on subcellular heterogeneity, we developed STARIT (Spatial Transcriptomics As Rasterized Image Tensors). STARIT converts transcripts within segmented cells in imSRT data into an image-based tensor representation that can be combined with deep learning computer vision models for downstream analysis. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that STARIT distinguishes transcriptionally distinct cell-types and further separates cell states based on subcellular transcript localization, which conventional gene count analysis fails to capture. Likewise, using real imSRT data, we demonstrate how STARIT identifies comparable cell-types to conventional gene count analysis as well as delineate rotational variation. By providing a standardized framework to encode subcellular molecular information in imSRT data, STARIT will enable deeper insights into subcellular heterogeneity and enhance the identification and characterization of cell-types and states that are overlooked by gene count representations.

Availability and ImplementationSTARIT is available as a Python package on GitHub at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/STARIT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallinan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics As Rasterized Image Tensors (STARIT) characterizes cell states with subcellular molecular heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying High-Dimensional Genomic Factors Modulating Biological Networks Across Multi-Omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological traits such as genes, metabolites, and microbial taxa interact within complex networks, yet how genomic factors shape these interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we introduce GFBioNet, a computationally efficient method for identifying factors that modulate direct associations between biological traits within network models. Our two-stage strategy first estimates a baseline network using Gaussian graphical models and then tests whether genomic factors modulate specific network edges (trait-trait relationships), enabling scalable analysis of high-dimensional multi-omics data while explicitly controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). Simulations demonstrate reliable FDR control and high statistical power across a broad range of settings. Applied to multiple datasets, GFBioNet reveals host genetic variants influencing oral microbiome relationships, gut microbial taxa modulating metabolite networks in colorectal cancer, and somatic mutations and copy-number alterations reshaping gene expression networks in lung adenocarcinoma. By expanding network analysis to evaluate modifiers of trait-trait relationships, GFBioNet offers a versatile tool for uncovering the genomic architecture of biological networks across multi-omics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anyaso-Samuel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Ossa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogtmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying High-Dimensional Genomic Factors Modulating Biological Networks Across Multi-Omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.694840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biliverdin Reductase Catalytic Activity Is Essential for Malaria Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.694840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Jaundice, a condition characterized by elevated levels of circulating bilirubin, is an adaptive response to malaria sustained through bilirubin production by biliverdin reductase A (BVRA). Beyond its enzymatic activity, BVRA acts as a protein kinase and as a transcription factor. To disentangle the contribution of BVRA catalytic activity over its non-canonical functions we generated BlvraG17A and BlvraE97A mice harboring G17A and E97A missense mutations in the BVRA NAD(P)H-binding domain and reductase motif, respectively. Both BlvraG17A and BlvraE97Amice presented a reduction in enzymatic activity and succumbed to malaria, otherwise non-lethal to wild-type (BlvraWT) mice. Quantification of circulating unconjugated bilirubin revealed a dose response effect whereby the mutant strains failed to reach a threshold of circulating bilirubin required to support its protective effect. These findings establish the antimalarial effect of the enzymatic activity of BVRA and define a concentration threshold of bilirubin required for malaria protection, informing therapeutic development and biomarker-guided malaria treatment strategies.

Highlights- Establishment of catalytic deficient BVRA mouse mutants;
- Anti-malarial effect of BVRA relies on its catalytic activity;
- A minimal bilirubin threshold for parasite control;
- A minimal bilirubin threshold for malaria resolution;
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesquita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagnotta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.694840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biliverdin Reductase Catalytic Activity Is Essential for Malaria Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress-induced loss of CTCF reveals an alternative, promoter-based mode of cohesin looping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells continually encounter environmental stressors that challenge homeostasis. How three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure contributes to these stress responses, particularly under hyperosmotic conditions, remains poorly understood. Here, using time-resolved Hi-C, CUT&Tag, auxin-inducible depletion, and RNA-seq, we map 3D chromatin structure, its molecular drivers, and transcriptional outcomes during the hyperosmotic stress response. Within 1 hour of sorbitol treatment, pre-existing loops and domains undergo genome-wide collapse, accompanied by the emergence of several hundred de novo, sorbitol-induced loops that are more punctate, longer-range, and transient. These newly formed loops weaken over time and largely dissipate by 24 hours, coincident with recovery of pre-existing chromatin structure. Loop reorganization is consistent across human cell types and hyperosmotic stimuli. CUT&Tag and degron experiments reveal that sorbitol-induced loops require cohesin but not CTCF. Newly formed loop anchors are enriched at active promoters containing SP and KLF family motifs. Genes located at these anchors show little immediate transcriptional change but are activated several hours after loop formation, consistent with loops functioning upstream of gene activation. Together, our findings show that hyperosmotic stress triggers a rapid, reversible, and CTCF-independent reorganization of 3D chromatin interactions that helps coordinate transcriptional adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perreault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drum, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petros, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga-Barber, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demmerle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanstiel, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress-induced loss of CTCF reveals an alternative, promoter-based mode of cohesin looping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Digital Twin to Optimize Treatment Efficacy of Targeted Alpha-particle Therapies by Antibody-Radioconjugate Cocktails Against Solid Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced solid tumors are incurable. Antibody-delivered targeted alpha-particle (-particle) radionuclide therapies (TAT) comprise a tumor-agnostic treatment type, due to the unparalleled killing efficacy of, and irradiation precision (4-5 cell lengths) by, -particles, as well as the selectivity in tumor cell targeting by antibody technologies. However, cells not being directly hit by -particles will likely not be killed.

METHODSTo address the limited solid tumor penetration by highly specific and strongly binding antibody-radioconjugates, an experimentally informed digital twin, based on transport (diffusion/advection) first principles, was developed to describe an approach where a fraction of the administered (radio)activity is delivered by a separate type of a model -particle antibody-radioconjugate of low(er)/no affinity for the same marker. The latter was chosen because it can irradiate cells residing in the deep regions of solid tumors away from vasculature.

RESULTSThe digital twin that was trained and validated on spheroids that were employed as surrogates of the avascular tumor regions, demonstrated that the investigated cocktails of antibody-radioconjugates with controlled affinities exhibited better inhibition of spheroid growth compared to the extent of growth inhibition by the high-affinity antibody-radioconjugate alone, for the same total (incubated) activity concentrations; this prediction was independent of spheroid size and/or level of expression of the targeted markers.

CONCLUSIONThe findings of this study suggest that antibody-delivered TAT (that is already in the clinic) can be augmented by delivering a fraction of the same total activity by low(er) affinity antibody-radioconjugates. This combination of separate antibody-radioconjugates with variable affinities (for the same targeted marker) is a promising approach to possibly even more delay recurrence and further prolong survival of patients with advanced solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavousanakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Digital Twin to Optimize Treatment Efficacy of Targeted Alpha-particle Therapies by Antibody-Radioconjugate Cocktails Against Solid Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antifungal susceptibility profile of clinically relevant species of the genus Sporothrix: establishment of Epidemiological Cutoff Values (ECVs) according to CLSI broth microdilution methodology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sporotrichosis is a globally distributed subcutaneous mycosis caused mainly by Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. globosa. Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis, primarily caused by S. brasiliensis in South America and to a lesser extent by S. schenckii in Southeast Asia, is emerging as a significant public health concern, due its outbreak potential. Itraconazole is the first-choice drug for treatment of human and cats, but reduced susceptibility has been reported based on previously proposed epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs). To support resistance surveillance, we aimed to establish CLSI-endorsed ECVs for these clinically relevant Sporothrix species. A total of 3,588 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for seven antifungal agents (amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole, olorofim, and terbinafine) were obtained from 19 international laboratories. Four of seven antifungals met the CLSI M57 guidelines criteria to determine the ECV. Established ECVs for amphotericin B were found to be high with 8 {micro}g/mL for S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, and 4 {micro}g/mL for S. schenckii. Itraconazole ECVs were 4 {micro}g/mL for S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Posaconazole ECVs were 4 {micro}g/mL for all three species (tentative for S. globosa), while the terbinafine ECV for S. brasiliensis was 0.12 {micro}g/mL. Olorofim demonstrated good in vitro activity, particularly against S. brasiliensis. Overall, this study establishes validated ECVs for key antifungals against Sporothrix species and identifies a low prevalence of non-wild type (NWT) isolates, supporting ongoing antifungal resistance monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, A. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombassaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, A. C. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rediguieri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroz-Telles Filho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Effron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dib Ferreira Gremiao, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meis, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, J. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borba-Santos, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MSC, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappellan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samia Nogueira Brilhante, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalvez, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudramurthy, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozental, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordoba, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Groot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiederhold, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, E. F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antifungal susceptibility profile of clinically relevant species of the genus Sporothrix: establishment of Epidemiological Cutoff Values (ECVs) according to CLSI broth microdilution methodology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.696075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guiding treatment response by spatiotemporal control of α-particle deposition in solid tumors: the case for 'affinity cocktails' of antibody-radioconjugates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.696075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody-radioconjugates are leading the investigational targeted alpha-particle (-particle) therapies for the treatment of solid tumors that do not respond to approved therapies. Yet, there is still treatment failure in the clinic largely attributed to the heterogenous patterns of tumor irradiation by -particles. Although -particles are essentially impervious to resistance, attributed to the complex double-strand DNA breaks they cause while traversing cells, cells not being directly hit by -particles will likely not be killed. The diffusion-limited poor tumor penetration of high-affinity (strongly-binding) antibody-radioconjugates combined with -particles short-range in tissue (only 40-80m), let tumor regions far from vasculature inadequately irradiated, therefore, possibly escaping treatment.

METHODSTo improve penetration of delivered activity within tumors, we engineered separate actinium-225 antibody-radioconjugates of variable affinities ( affinity cocktails) targeting the same marker on cancer cells, that were chosen based on their preferential irradiation of complementary regions of the same tumors. The cocktails comprise: (a)  high-affinity antibody-radioconjugates (as the ones on clinical trials), which mostly deliver their cargo in tumor cells close to the vasculature, where the  low(er)-affinity antibody-radioconjugates fail to deliver effective doses, due to their fast clearance; and (b)  low(er)-affinity antibody-radioconjugates, that penetrate the deeper parts of tumors farther from the vasculature, where the  high-affinity antibodies fail to reach. The efficacy of affinity cocktails was assessed in spheroids, that were employed as surrogates of tumor avascular regions, and on mice with subcutaneous xenografts of different cancer origin, expression levels and/or type of the targeted receptor: HER2 highly-expressing BT-474 breast cancer cells, HER2 moderately-expressing HEPG2 hepatoma cells, and/or HER1 low-expressing BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells.

RESULTSAlthough the high-affinity antibody-radioconjugates were most lethal against cancer cells in monolayers, affinity cocktails were most effective in inhibiting spheroid growth, due to better collective spreading of the antibody-conjugates within the spheroids volume. On all mouse models, and for the same total injected activity, affinity cocktails resulted in the best tumor growth inhibition, even at lower tumor absorbed doses, compared to the high-affinity antibody-radioconjugates alone.

CONCLUSIONSThis proof-of-concept study in -particle antibody-delivery to solid tumors demonstrates that  separating the two key processes of diffusion and reaction/binding improves treatment efficacy. This generalizable approach may augment antibody-radioconjugates already in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavousanakis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastiaannet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guiding treatment response by spatiotemporal control of α-particle deposition in solid tumors: the case for 'affinity cocktails' of antibody-radioconjugates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic alcohol exposure drives inflammaging and transposon derepression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic alcohol use causes pancytopenia and diminished immune responses against pathogens. However, it remains unclear whether chronic alcohol consumption directly induces inflammation in human hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs), and if aging modifies the impact of chronic alcohol consumption in HSPCs. To examine how chronic alcohol use affects HSPCs, we performed single-cell RNA-seq in human and murine HSPCs and single-cell ATAC-seq in aged murine HSPCs following alcohol exposure. In xenotransplanted human HSPCs, chronic alcohol feeding resulted in a significant myeloid bias, heightened inflammation, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensor upregulation, and type 1 interferon responses. In the native murine bone marrow, chronic alcohol exposure primed HSPCs to differentiate into myeloid cells and to exhibit heightened inflammation, DNA damage, and epigenetic reactivation of transposable elements (TEs) in an age-dependent manner. Alcohol-exposed aged long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) displayed increased chromatin accessibility at TE-containing loci correlated with aberrant TE transcription. This transposon derepression was associated with the accumulation of dsRNAs in aged bone marrow cells, and activation of innate immune pathways, perpetuating HSC inflammaging. Furthermore, old mice showed two epigenomically distinct LT-HSC clusters, LT-HSC1 and LT-HSC2, in which the LT-HSC2 cluster expanded in response to chronic alcohol drinking and resembled inflammatory HSCs. Notably, secondary transplantation revealed unperturbed long-term self-renewal capacity in both human and murine HSCs, suggesting that HSC function may recover following alcohol cessation. Our data illuminate potential interactions between alcohol and aging that can reinforce inflammaging and epigenetic dysregulation in HSPCs.

KeypointsO_LIChronic alcohol consumption triggers age-dependent myeloid bias and inflammation in HSPCs without impairing self-renewal
C_LIO_LIChronic alcohol consumption alters epigenome, driving heightened transposon upregulation in aged HSPCs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuda, R. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bea, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellett, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choijilsuren, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resar, L. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.696246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic alcohol exposure drives inflammaging and transposon derepression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling miRNAs involved in Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation and Maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved post-transcriptional regulators that play critical roles in cellular development and differentiation across species. Although the importance of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cell (OLLC) differentiation has been extensively studied in rodent models, their roles in human OL development remain less understood. To address this gap, we used a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) reporter system designed to study human OLs and OL progenitor cells (OPCs). Using an optimized differentiation protocol, we used the reporter hESCs to generate and isolate well-characterized OLLCs at specific developmental stages and performed next-generation sequencing-based miRNA profiling to identify stage-specific miRNAs enriched during OL lineage specification and maturation. In addition to canonical miRNAs known to be enriched at various stages of OL development, our study identified several lesser-known miRNAs with distinct stage-specific enrichment patterns that may serve as useful molecular markers for classifying human CNS cell types in future studies. Target analysis of OPC-and OL-enriched miRNAs revealed key genes, including transcription factors ZNF488 and DLX1, cytoskeletal regulator CSNK2B, and potassium channel gene KCNJ1, along with key signaling pathways such as AKT, SMAD2/3, estrogen receptor, and insulin signaling, which regulate OPC and OL lineage function. These findings advance our understanding of the OLLC-specific miRNAs, and miRNA-mediated regulatory networks governing human OL differentiation and maturation and provide promising therapeutic targets for future studies aimed at restoring myelin integrity and improving outcomes in demyelinating diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barzegar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhukhwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.696416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling miRNAs involved in Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation and Maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of molecular and clinical ALS subgroups based on TDP-43 loss of function molecular markers from population-based patient-derived iPS motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cortical and spinal motor neuron loss, with most patients surviving only 2-5 years post-diagnosis. While approximately 10% of cases are familial (fALS), the remaining 90% are sporadic (sALS) with unknown genetic drivers. Importantly, clinical presentations are heterogeneous in both sporadic and familial ALS, underscoring the complexity of the disease. A pathological hallmark of ALS is the mislocalization of RNA-binding protein TDP-43 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This mislocalization produces both loss of function consequences, such as widespread RNA processing and splicing defects, as well as potential toxic gain of function effects associated with cytoplasmic aggregation.

ResultsIn this study, we used RT-PCR data from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons derived from 180 sALS and C9orf72 fALS patients from the Answer ALS collection to identify biological subgroups based on TDP-43 loss-of-function signatures. Spectral embedding revealed four distinct molecular clusters, including one subgroup genetically similar to controls and another with the most dysregulated mRNA expression, suggesting differing disease severity. Linear mixed models were then used to assess the longitudinal trajectory of over 90 clinical measures, and the between-cluster interaction effects were evaluated.

Conclusions36 clinical outcomes showed significant differences across clusters, supporting the presence of biologically and clinically distinct ALS subtypes based on the TDP-43 associated pathogenic cascade. These findings demonstrate a critical role of RNA profiling in uncovering biologically meaningful subtypes of ALS, potentially allowing for more precise prognostic tools and the development of future personalized therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tripathi, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vedula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potanin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatsaraj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.28.696512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of molecular and clinical ALS subgroups based on TDP-43 loss of function molecular markers from population-based patient-derived iPS motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Standardizing RNA-seq Analysis of Fungal Pathogens Using BRC-Analytics and Agentic AI: A Candidozyma auris Case Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidozyma auris has emerged as a critical global health threat due to multidrug resistance and healthcare-associated transmission. While RNA-seq has become the primary tool for studying C. auris pathogenesis, inconsistent use of reference genomes and bioinformatics tools complicate cross-study comparisons. Here we demonstrate how BRC-Analytics, a platform for pathogen genomics, combined with an agentic AI assistant, enables reproducible RNA-seq analysis. By re-analyzing data from two publications we achieved near-perfect correlation with published results despite annotation version differences. We addressed provenance challenges associated with using AI agents with Galaxy by forcing them to invoke Galaxys native tools rather than manipulating data directly. For custom analyses outside Galaxys toolset, we provide standalone JupyterLite notebooks that reproduce our analysis without AI involvement. This framework--combining AI-assisted automation with rigorous provenance tracking--establishes a template for standardized, reproducible fungal pathogen genomics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of integration between public data repositories, reproducible analysis workflows, and agentic AI tools. Our subsequent efforts will focus on improving the seamlessness of this integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clawson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pond, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Standardizing RNA-seq Analysis of Fungal Pathogens Using BRC-Analytics and Agentic AI: A Candidozyma auris Case Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural changes at auditory nerve synapses following moderate noise exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moderate noise exposure is a common experience, yet its impact on central auditory synapses remains poorly understood. We study this issue at the first synapses in the central auditory pathway formed by auditory nerve afferents onto bushy cells in the cochlear nucleus, called endbulbs of Held. Non-traumatic noise exposure alters endbulb properties, decreasing the probability of vesicle release and enlarging the pool of releasable vesicles as assessed using electrophysiological methods and immunolabelling. These changes appear homeostatic, to maintain synaptic efficacy during periods of high activity. To identify structural changes underlying the larger vesicle pool, we used serial blockface electron microscopy of endbulbs from control and noise-exposed mice to quantitatively assess synaptic morphology. We observed no differences in the juxtapositional area between endbulbs and bushy cells, nor in the number or density of active zones and postsynaptic densities. Images of endbulb terminals were significantly darker after noise exposure, indicating an increase in the density of synaptic vesicles. These results suggest that moderate noise exposure induces an activity-dependent increase in presynaptic vesicle numbers, consistent with the observed physiological changes in neurotransmitter release. This work sets the stage for high-resolution studies to quantify docked and reserve vesicles.

Significance statementNoise exposure is a fact of everyday life, and it is important to understand how noise affects function in the auditory pathway in the brain to understand the full consequences of noise exposure. Electrophysiological experiments indicate that noise triggers a homeostatic increase in the releasable pool of vesicles at auditory nerve synapses. We examined the cellular basis for this change using serial blockface electron microscopy of auditory nerve synapses with and without noise exposure. We reconstructed a number of bushy cells and their presynaptic auditory nerve terminals. After noise exposure, there was no significant increase in the area of synaptic contact or the number or density of synaptic release sites. There was an increase in the number of vesicles near release sites, which may account for the physiological changes. These results emphasize the importance of detailed anatomical studies to study the effects of noise exposure and thus determine the best mechanistic approach for therapies and treatments of noise-induced hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupbach, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCenso, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu-Friedman, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boergens, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu-Friedman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural changes at auditory nerve synapses following moderate noise exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescuing Neurodevelopmental Deficits in AMPA Receptor Gain-of-Function Mutant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and are essential for neuronal development and brain function. We investigated the role of a recurrent variant in the AMPAR GluA1 subunit (GRIA1 p.A636T) identified in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). To test causality and mechanism, we generated a Gria1-A636T knock-in mouse model. Mutant mice exhibited core ASD/ID-like behaviors and a selective hippocampal vulnerability characterized by progressive dendritic atrophy and neuronal loss. Despite reduced GluA1-containing complexes, AMPARs displayed synaptic hyperexcitability and failed to undergo the normal postnatal transition to calcium-impermeable AMPARs, resulting in persistent excitotoxicity. To explore therapeutic intervention, we designed an allele-specific antisense oligonucleotide to specifically silence the mutant transcript. A single neonatal administration of the antisense oligonucleotide entirely prevented hippocampal pathology and ameliorated behavioral deficits. These findings establish GRIA1-A636T as a gain-of-function mutation that drives developmental excitotoxicity and highlight the potential of RNA-targeted precision medicine for neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescuing Neurodevelopmental Deficits in AMPA Receptor Gain-of-Function Mutant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial TLR4 signaling drives tissue inflammation, Claudin-5 internalization, and vascular barrier breakdown in a mouse model of neonatal meningitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonatal bacterial meningitis is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality, yet the molecular and cellular basis of the leptomeningeal response to infection remains poorly defined. Here, we study a mouse model of neonatal E. coli meningitis, combining cell-type specific gene knockouts, leptomeningeal single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and endothelial cell culture to explore the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the host response to infection. Endothelial-specific deletion of Tlr4 dramatically reduced the inflammatory response in all leptomeningeal cell types and abrogated the infection-associated increase in vascular permeability. In a brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3 cells), exposure to E. coli triggered TLR4-dependent NF-{kappa}B activation, selective internalization of Claudin-5, and increased monolayer permeability, responses that were eliminated by Tlr4 knockout. RNA-seq showed that endothelial TLR4 controls an NF-{kappa}B-driven transcriptional program that orchestrates the leptomeningeal response to infection. These findings reframe the host response in neonatal Gram-negative bacterial meningitis as an endothelial-centric process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seegren, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial TLR4 signaling drives tissue inflammation, Claudin-5 internalization, and vascular barrier breakdown in a mouse model of neonatal meningitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCBO: Mammalian Cell Bioprocessing Ontology, A Hub-and-Spoke, IOF-Anchored Application Ontology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian cell-based biopharmaceutical manufacturing generates vast, heterogeneous datasets that remain fragmented due to the lack of a standardized metadata framework. A key challenge in biologics manufacturing is linking bioreactor conditions, cell line characteristics and recombinant product production. A datahub for mammalian cell bioprocessing, integrated by semantic technologies, will serve as a tool to understand and query the connections between these complex datasets. While existing ontologies cover general biological and experimental concepts, they often lack the operational specificity required to harmonize bioreactor conditions, cell line engineering, and product quality metrics. To address this specific gap, we present the Mammalian Cell Bioprocessing Ontology (MCBO), a hub-and-spoke application ontology built on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) foundations and anchored to the Industrial Ontology Foundry (IOF) Core. MCBO formalizes the process-participant-quality modeling pattern, enabling precise tracking of culture environmental conditions as qualities of the physical culture system. We demonstrate the utility of MCBO through a central datahub populated with 723 curated cell culture process instances and 325 unique bioprocess samples from published studies. The framework is validated against eight competency questions implemented via SPARQL, demonstrating efficient cross-study querying of culture optimization, cell line engineering, and multi-omics integration. By providing a stable, schema-independent substrate for data harmonization, MCBO enables AI agent-powered, human-in-the-loop workflows and facilitates LLM-assisted extraction of structured metadata from legacy records. MCBO is open-source and designed for deployment behind institutional firewalls to support interoperable biomanufacturing intelligence while maintaining intellectual property sensitivity. MCBO is supported by the International Biomanufacturing Network (IBioNe), which aims to accelerate discoveries and developments by providing a network of biomanufacturing training and workforce development to educate the next generation of biomanufacturing experts. MCBO is evaluated using over 700 curated cell culture processes, validated against eight competency questions, and quality-controlled using automated ontology checks. Evaluation results and formal reasoning validation are provided in the Supplementary Materials.

Availability: https://github.com/lewiscelllabs/mcbo
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robasky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dräger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCBO: Mammalian Cell Bioprocessing Ontology, A Hub-and-Spoke, IOF-Anchored Application Ontology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determination of diagnostic cycle threshold (Ct) cut-offs for qPCR-based prevalence surveys of soil-transmitted helminth infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WHO guidelines for control of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) rely on coproscopic methods to assess population prevalence. In low-prevalence and light-intensity STH settings, quantitative PCR (qPCR) has higher sensitivity and specificity for detection. For qPCR to accurately identify transmissible infections of public health significance, it is essential to interpret the qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) results. As part of the DeWorm3 community-based cluster randomized trial on interrupting STH transmission, we conducted population-based surveys using high-throughput qPCR and aimed to establish appropriate Ct cut-offs to detect transmissible infections. Experimental approaches including egg and genome-equivalent spiking experiments were hindered by inefficient fecal DNA extraction despite optimization efforts. The Ct results for 29,980 samples (pre-intervention, cross-sectional surveys) revealed a bimodal distribution for two of the four species tested, N. americanus and A. lumbricoides. The first peak was assumed to represent transmissible infections, and the second peak to represent indeterminate or non-transmissible infections. Using a finite mixture model, we defined true qPCR positivity as any Ct result with a [&ge;]5% chance of belonging to the first peak. This approach yielded Ct cut-offs of 34.4398 for N. americanus and 28.57587 for A. lumbricoides. For hookworms, sensitivity of qPCR was 96.7%, compared to 73.2% for Kato-Katz and moderate- to heavy-intensity infections (median Ct: 19.1, interquartile range [IQR]: 17.9-19.8) were differentiated from light-intensity infections and Kato-Katz negative samples (25.3, IQR: 22.5-27.9). Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and utility of evidence-based Ct cut-offs to identify transmissible STH infections in large scale surveys, and to categorize infection intensity as programmatically relevant.

Author SummaryQuantitative PCR (qPCR) has been used for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths but with limited emphasis on determining cycle threshold (Ct) cut-offs to accurately identify transmissible infections which are of public health significance. When qPCR is used to assess interventions, or, in the future, to potentially make programmatic decisions, it will be crucial to validate positivity criteria to avoid underestimation (false negatives) or overestimation (false positives) of results.

As part of the DeWorm3 trial, a community-based cluster randomized trial on interrupting transmission of STH, we developed and applied a validated STH qPCR to test 29,980 samples collected pre-intervention and explored experimental approaches to establish assay-specific Ct cut-offs. The Ct values from these samples showed a bimodal distribution for N. americanus and A. lumbricoides, suggesting the presence of two distinct groups. For this reason, a statistical approach with a finite mixture model was employed to determine Ct cut-offs that differentiated epidemiologically relevant, transmissible, egg-positive STH infections from those that are likely to represent detection of non-transmissible DNA or indeterminate results. While our data were applied in three different country settings, India, Benin and Malawi, it is important to note that no single Ct cut-off may be applicable across all epidemiological scenarios. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing evidence-based Ct cut-offs with high sensitivity to accurately detect transmissible STH infections in large scale surveys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilotte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy, J. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galagan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israel, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omballa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadwal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlonsou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zondervenni Manoharan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rains, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbjornsdottir, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luty, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibikounle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajjampur, S. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determination of diagnostic cycle threshold (Ct) cut-offs for qPCR-based prevalence surveys of soil-transmitted helminth infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells clonally expand and contribute to stromal cell function in fibrotic response to synthetic implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis plays a key role in both chronic disease progression and failure of synthetic biomaterial implants. However, the contribution of adaptive immunity to fibrotic development remains incompletely understood, particularly for regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we used single-cell multiomic profiling, integrating transcriptomics with T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, to map Treg heterogeneity and clonal dynamics in a synthetic material-induced model of fibrosis. We uncovered progressive Treg clonal expansion accompanied by TCR activation signatures and an increasingly immunosuppressive phenotype along a continuous transcriptional trajectory. These Tregs suppressed immune responses and influenced extracellular matrix and vascular gene expression. Cell-cell communication inference predicted Treg-driven activation of pro-fibrotic and vasculogenic transcriptional programs in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, including Sox-family transcription factors. Functional Treg depletion increased inflammation and significantly reduced neovascularization. Together, these findings identify Treg functions in the fibro-vascular niche through stromal cell modulation, highlighting immune-stromal interactions as an important axis in fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rindone, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory T cells clonally expand and contribute to stromal cell function in fibrotic response to synthetic implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug-tolerant persister cells reallocate carbon sources to fuel antioxidant metabolism for survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapy resistance is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Drug-tolerant persister cells (DTPs) represent a major barrier to cancer cure, mediating resistance through adaptive cell state transitions and driving tumor progression. Here, we investigate metabolic differences between DTPs and drug-sensitive cancer cells using integrated fluxomics. Proteomic profiling and extracellular flux analyses revealed that DTPs upregulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis while reducing oxidative phosphorylation, indicating a shift in central carbon metabolism. Isotope tracing and metabolic modeling demonstrate that DTPs utilize glucose to fuel the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to generate NADPH and metabolize glutamine to provide carbons for the PPP via gluconeogenesis. Integrating our multi-omic datasets into a genome-scale model identified that DTPs sustain antioxidant metabolism by decreasing fluxes of other NADPH-consuming reactions upon in silico PPP knockout. These findings reveal a systems-level shift in DTP metabolism that maintains antioxidant activity for cell survival, highlighting potential new targets and treatment paradigms to overcome therapy resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug-tolerant persister cells reallocate carbon sources to fuel antioxidant metabolism for survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCREWx: A Screwless, Chronic, Recoverable, and Lightweight Neuropixels fixture for freely-moving rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density Neuropixels probes enable the study of large neural populations with single-cell and sub-millisecond resolution. While single-probe and acute head-fixed experiments have yielded critical scientific insights, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying many complex behaviors requires simultaneous multi-region recordings in freely moving, chronically implanted animals. Various probe fixtures have been developed to enable high-density recording, but existing designs impose critical limitations: their substantial weight restricts the maximum probe count that smaller animals can support, their bulky dimensions constrain the proximity of targeted brain regions, and their complex assembly risks damaging the probe during insertion and recovery. In this paper, we present a lightweight, fully 3D-printable, compact, and screwless fixture for chronic Neuropixels implants in freely moving rodents that features simple mechanisms for stable implantation and safe extraction. Our fixture design enables stable, high-yield single-unit recordings for months-long experiments, along with an 83% successful probe extraction rate. This fixture design provides a robust and accessible solution for long-term, multi-probe chronic Neuropixels recordings, increasing experimental throughput and enabling more complex experimental designs to investigate brain-wide neural dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sueoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koukuntla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCREWx: A Screwless, Chronic, Recoverable, and Lightweight Neuropixels fixture for freely-moving rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Importins recognize the winged-helix fold of ETS transcription factors to mediate nuclear import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein trafficking between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is a fundamental process in eukaryotic cell biology. While linear nuclear localization signals (NLSs) are well-characterized, many nuclear proteins lack a predictable NLS. Here, we identify the ETS domain, a DNA-binding winged-helix fold, from ETS family transcription factors as a structure-encoded NLS. We show that ETS domains mediate nuclear import through direct recognition by multiple nuclear transport receptors, including IPO9. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the EHF:IPO9 complex reveals that the IPO9 wraps around the ETS domain and engages structural features throughout the winged-helix fold. Biochemical studies demonstrate that the ETS domain DNA-binding helix is critical for importin recognition and for NLS activity in mammalian cells. Comparison of IPO9 bound to EHF and the histone H2A:H2B dimer reveals distinct interaction hotspots, illustrating how IPO9 employs unique combinatorial binding surfaces to accommodate structurally diverse cargos. These findings define a new class of globular NLSs and highlight the adaptability of importins in recognizing distinct protein folds.

Significance StatementNuclear import is essential for transcription factor function. However, many nuclear proteins lack recognizable nuclear localization signals (NLSs), leaving their trafficking mechanisms unresolved. Here, we identify the winged-helix DNA-binding domain of ETS transcription factors as a structure-encoded NLS shared across the ETS family of proteins. We show that multiple importins directly interact with this globular domain and define the molecular basis for cargo recognition by determining the cryo-EM structure of an importin bound to an ETS family protein. These studies establish a new class of globular NLSs and shed light on how individual importins can recognize diverse protein folds. We also provide mechanistic insight into nuclear trafficking defects that are caused by disease-linked ETS transcription factor mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McConville, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardes, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walterscheid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chook, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liszczak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Importins recognize the winged-helix fold of ETS transcription factors to mediate nuclear import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactive Astrocytes Drive Extracellular Acidification to Mediate α-Synuclein Neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as key players in neurodegeneration1-3, yet the molecular mechanisms by which they drive disease remain elusive. Here, we uncover a fundamental pathway in which reactive astrocytes fuel neurodegeneration in -synucleinopathies--including Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinsons disease dementia--by acidifying the brains extracellular environment. We demonstrate that both human patient tissue and a gut-to-brain -synuclein mouse model exhibit accumulation of reactive astrocytes and extracellular acidosis. Mechanistically, we show that astrocytic lysosomal exocytosis releases acidic contents, driving a drop in pH that activates neuronal acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), resulting in neuronal loss and behavioral decline. Blocking this pathway--either by inhibiting astrocytic lysosomal exocytosis or genetically or pharmacologically targeting neuronal ASIC1a--mitigates pathology and rescues neurodegenerative phenotypes in vivo. These findings provide a conceptual advance by establishing a mechanistic link between glial inflammation, acid-base homeostasis, and neuronal vulnerability, and suggest that targeting astrocyte-driven acidification or ASIC1a signaling could offer new avenues for disease modification in -synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenningsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactive Astrocytes Drive Extracellular Acidification to Mediate α-Synuclein Neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucokinase links metabolism and lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via interaction with AKT1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells frequently rewire their metabolism to sustain growth and survival under stress. Despite the critical role of metabolic adaptation in tumorigenesis, how specific metabolic enzymes regulate lineage plasticity remains unclear. Here, through FDG-PET imaging and transcriptomic analyses, we reveal markedly elevated glucose uptake in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and identify glucokinase (GCK) as a MYCN-induced metabolic enzyme. Beyond its metabolic role, GCK is indispensable for maintaining the neuroendocrine lineage of prostate cancer cells by establishing a functional circuit with AKT1 through reciprocal regulation--AKT1 binds and phosphorylates GCK at S373, whereas GCK phosphorylates AKT1 at S473. Pharmacological disruption of this AKT1-GCK axis suppresses tumor growth in NEPC mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. Altogether, our findings uncover both the metabolic and noncanonical kinase functions of GCK and establish the AKT1-GCK axis as a key link between metabolic reprogramming and neuroendocrine lineage transition in prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucokinase links metabolism and lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via interaction with AKT1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performance sorting of motor unit action potentials with EMUsort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural signals control muscle activity during behavior is a key challenge in motor neuroscience. To this end, recent advances in intramuscular multielectrode arrays have enabled high-quality multichannel recordings of many motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) in freely moving subjects. However, identifying individual MUAP events within multichannel recordings is a significant challenge for existing spike sorting methods, which are typically optimized for identifying action potentials from neurons in the brain. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Enhanced Motor Unit sorter (EMUsort), an extension of Kilosort4 (KS4) that achieves high-performance MUAP spike sorting. We applied EMUsort to high-resolution intramuscular recordings from rat forelimb during locomotion and monkey forelimb during a reaching task. EMUsort improves upon prior methods by addressing key challenges encountered with MUAP datasets, including: 1) long time delays across electrodes due to propagation along muscle fibers, 2) more complex waveform shapes compared to neuronal action potentials, and 3) a high degree of MUAP overlap due to cumulative motor unit recruitment. We compared EMUsort to existing spike sorting methods quantitatively using simulated datasets that closely emulated the rat and monkey datasets we recorded. EMUsort provided median error rate reductions of 67.5% and 49.9% during periods of high motor unit activation for the rat and monkey datasets, respectively. In sum, EMUsort provides a substantial improvement to MUAP spike sorter accuracy, especially during regions of high MUAP overlap, in an easy-to-use software package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamidipaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aresh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruszynski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sober, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performance sorting of motor unit action potentials with EMUsort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid-mediated reinforcement of FGF/MAPK signaling enables robust otic placode specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of cranial placodes requires groups of ectodermal cells to interpret inductive signals in a robust and organized manner, yet how signaling responses are coordinated across a developing field remains incompletely understood. During otic placode specification, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling must overcome intrinsic noise and rising inhibitory feedback to drive collective transcriptional responses, suggesting the existence of reinforcing regulatory events beyond ligand-receptor interactions and gene regulatory networks alone. Here we identify the secreted lipid-binding protein Apolipoprotein D (APOD) as an essential mediator of otic placode specification that links lipid-dependent regulation to FGF/MAPK signaling during early development. We find that APOD is strongly expressed in the forming otic placode, where it is necessary for otic specification and morphogenesis. Loss of APOD attenuates ERK1/2 activation, indicating impaired cellular responsiveness to FGF/MAPK signaling. Notably, FGF signaling induces APOD expression, establishing a positive feedback loop that reinforces signaling at the tissue level. These findings reveal lipid-mediated regulation of cell signaling as a critical mechanism enabling robust interpretation of developmental signals during sensory placode formation. More broadly, our work highlights lipid management as a key organizational principle by which embryonic tissues achieve coordinated responses to morphogenetic cues.

HighlightsO_LIThe lipocalin Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is expressed transiently during early otic development
C_LIO_LIAPOD is required for specification and morphogenesis of the otic placode
C_LIO_LIAPOD functions upstream MAPK activation during otic specification
C_LIO_LIFGF induces APOD expression to build a positive feedback loop
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=183 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/698011v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12001ceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@56b35aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1902eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e8817_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peralta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piacentino, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.698011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid-mediated reinforcement of FGF/MAPK signaling enables robust otic placode specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mAbClust with AlphaFold 3 avoids hallucinations to define a quaternary broadly neutralizing HCV epitope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E1E2 heterodimer is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Although prior studies have indicated that E1-dependent bNAbs are associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV, all E1-dependent human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been isolated from individuals with chronic HCV infection. Here, we isolated E1-dependent bNAbs from an individual with high neutralizing antibody breadth who spontaneously cleared HCV, showing that these bNAbs bind to four distinct sites on E1E2. We also developed mAbClust, an algorithm that improves identification of accurate AlphaFold 3 (AF3) structure predictions of antigen-antibody complexes. We used AF3 and mAbClust to generate a high-confidence predicted structure of an E1-dependent bNAb in complex with E1E2, showing that this bNAb binds to a quaternary epitope spanning E1 and E2. This study identifies four neutralizing sites and a quaternary bNAb epitope associated with HCV control, which can guide HCV vaccine design. AF3 with mAbClust could have broad applications for accurate epitope mapping of antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimms, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboueid, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Buitrago, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyak, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuerst, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.698032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mAbClust with AlphaFold 3 avoids hallucinations to define a quaternary broadly neutralizing HCV epitope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate stiffness and cellular microenvironment regulate cell and junction mechanics in iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a mechanically responsive interface that protects the central nervous system. Brain tissue exhibits region-specific stiffness that evolves throughout development and is altered in aging and various neurological diseases. These stiffness changes are increasingly recognized as key modulators of endothelial cell behavior and BBB integrity. However, the mechanisms by which brain endothelial cells sense and adapt to variations in their mechanical microenvironment remain poorly defined. Moreover, how mechanical cues interact with cellular signals from astrocytes and pericytes to modulate endothelial mechanics and junctional organization has been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate spatial regulation of subcellular mechanics in human iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) in response to physiologically and pathologically relevant substrate stiffness (1-194 kPa). Using atomic force microscopy, we quantified Youngs modulus at three distinct cellular regions--tricellular junctions, bicellular junctions, and cell bodies. iBMECs cultured on compliant substrates (1, 2.5, and 15 kPa) exhibited pronounced mechanical polarization, characterized by significantly elevated stiffness at tricellular regions compared with bicellular regions and cell bodies. This spatial organization was lost on supraphysiological stiffness (194 kPa), which reduced overall cell stiffness and eliminated regional distinctions. Co-culture with astrocytes and pericytes decreased global stiffness but preserved the dominant reinforcement at tricellular regions. In contrast, exposure to metastatic breast cancer cells abolished junction polarization at tricellular regions and suppressed stiffness across all regions, particularly on soft substrates. These findings reveal that BBB endothelial mechanics are regulated by both matrix stiffness and BBB cell context in a region-specific manner. This work provides new insight into how physical and cellular cues shape BBB structure and function, with implications for understanding barrier disruption in neurological disease and metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrump, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroka, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.698052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate stiffness and cellular microenvironment regulate cell and junction mechanics in iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa (PTPRκ) regulates Superior ON-Direction Selective Ganglion Cell development, facilitating image stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, gaze stabilization during global visual motion requires ON direction-selective ganglion cells (oDSGCs) in the Accessory Optic System (AOS) to drive the optokinetic reflex (OKR). Three types of oDSGCs form independent mosaics; however, the mechanisms that specify and maintain their numbers to create these mosaics during development remain unknown. Here, we identify protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa (Ptprk) as a key regulator of Superior oDSGC density, the subtype tuned to upward motion. High-depth single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) reveals that Ptprk is selectively enriched in Superior oDSGCs compared to Inferior oDSGCs, which detect downward motion. Genetic deletion of Ptprk selectively halves the number of Superior oDSGCs while preserving the number of Inferior oDSGCs. Anatomically, Superior oDSGCs in Ptprk mutants exhibit compensatory neurite remodeling to preserve mosaics. Physiologically, oDSGCs have broader tuning curves, and a subset of Superior oDSGCS have aberrant preferred directions in Ptprk mutants. Postsynaptically, loss of Ptprk reduces oDSGC connectivity to central targets. Behaviorally, the OKR responses to upward motion are attenuated in both global and pan-retinal Ptprk mutants, confirming a retinal role for Ptprk in upward image stabilization. Together, these findings demonstrate that the density of a retinal ganglion cell type is under molecular control, and that reducing density drives neurite remodeling, alters circuit computation, and ultimately impairs visually-guided behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khindi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa (PTPRκ) regulates Superior ON-Direction Selective Ganglion Cell development, facilitating image stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting EZH2 Oncogenic Splicing: Decoding the Regulatory Network and Antisense Correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent mutations in splicing factors (SFs) have been established as crucial drivers of tumorigenesis in several types of blood cancer, and also common in a variety of solid tumors. Mutations change the RNA-binding preferences of SFs, promote global splicing alterations, and often generate erroneous mRNAs that are then degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Consequently, several critical genes linked to hematopoiesis are dysregulated, leading to blood cancer. Although the field has progressed considerably in identifying aberrant genes and affected pathways, effective therapies have not yet emerged in SF-mutated cancers. To address this key gap, we instigated a gene-specific targeted strategy by unlocking the regulatory network. As a proof-of-concept, we scrutinized a tumor suppressor gene EZH2, which is a bona fide target in SRSF2-mutated cancer. We precisely defined splicing cis-elements in EZH2 transcripts and illustrated the dynamic choreography of regulatory proteins in the entire splicing and NMD catalytic pathways. We uncovered a highly coordinated cross-regulation between splicing and NMD promoted by mutant SRSF2 by enhancing the deposition of critical spliceosome- and NMD-associated factors, augmenting mRNA decay to ablate tumor suppression. We then designed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting important regulatory sites. Our lead ASO successfully corrects aberrant splicing and NMD, restores the expression and function of EZH2, and partially rescues hematopoietic defects and cellular properties. Our study demonstrates that ASO pharmacology is an actionable strategy for clinical development, challenging the existing paradigms in SF-mutated cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNaughton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeamoni, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakiroglou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Wahab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krainer, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.697981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting EZH2 Oncogenic Splicing: Decoding the Regulatory Network and Antisense Correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A continuous viral vaccine biomanufacturing platform utilizing multiple bioreactor configurations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scalable, continuous biomanufacturing processes have grown in importance to meet demand for smaller bioreactor sizes, lowered production costs, and improved quality attributes. The Sf9/recombinant baculovirus (rBV) expression system demonstrates promise for virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine and gene therapy production. Here, we present a continuous rBV platform integrating an infection plug flow reactor (PFR) between stirred tank growth (gCSTR) and production (pCSTR) bioreactors. Cell expansion in the gCSTR included a ramp-up stage followed by continuous growth, reaching a steady state of 5x106 cells/mL and >90% viability. Peclet number-fit tracer studies confirmed near-ideal plug flow in the PFR, yielding a 10 h residence time and progressive infection as measured by gp64 signaling. Finally, a pCSTR with a residence time of 48 h exhibited sustained recombinant protein production. An integrated pilot cascade incorporating all reactors ran continuously for 5 days, maintaining stable CSTR cell densities and a measurable increase in infected cell diameter from 14.5 m to 16.1 m. Western blotting and EM of [~]100 nm VLPs in pCSTR effluent demonstrated platform success. Digital twin mechanistic models across four distinct stages of bioreactor operation and Hill-type relationships for rBV infection kinetics predicted cell growth and death for a 7-day run, demonstrating promise for designing continuous systems in silico and building a quantitative framework for scale-up and optimization. Our multi-stage reactor configuration represents a cell host- and product-agnostic production scheme, particularly for processes prone to product heterogeneity, and paves the way towards a true end-to-end continuous platform for myriad modalities in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sargunas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarvari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nold, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldt, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A continuous viral vaccine biomanufacturing platform utilizing multiple bioreactor configurations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociation of Diffusion and Perfusion Responses After Intracerebral Hemorrhage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and PurposeIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) triggers complex secondary injury processes that extend beyond hematoma formation. While structural and diffusion MRI are widely used to characterize tissue injury, the spatiotemporal evolution of cerebral perfusion after ICH, particularly in small-animal models, remains poorly defined. Here, we performed a longitudinal multiparametric MRI study to delineate the relationship between microstructural injury and cerebral perfusion following experimental ICH.

MethodsA collagenase-induced mouse model of ICH was studied longitudinally from baseline to 21 days post-stroke. Hematoma volume, tissue microstructure, and cerebral blood perfusion (CBP) were quantified using T2*-weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI, respectively. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and CBP were quantified in multiple brain regions from both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres and analyzed using linear mixed-effects models.

ResultsHematoma volume peaked acutely and gradually attenuated over time. ADC exhibited an early reduction largely confined to the striatum, followed by progressive recovery, consistent with localized cytotoxic edema and subsequent attenuation. In contrast, CBP showed a marked bilateral hypoperfusion during the acute phase, followed by a delayed perfusion increase that was spatially restricted to the ipsilateral striatum. Notably, significant contralateral perfusion alterations were observed despite minimal contralateral diffusion changes, indicating a dissociation between microstructural injury and vascular regulation.

ConclusionsMicrostructural and perfusion responses after ICH follow distinct spatiotemporal trajectories. Whereas diffusion abnormalities are largely localized to the hemorrhagic core, perfusion disturbances extend bilaterally beyond the lesion site. These findings challenge the common assumption of contralateral physiological stability after focal hemorrhage and highlight the value of quantitative perfusion MRI for capturing systemic cerebrovascular responses that are not reflected by diffusion or anatomical measures alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yang, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociation of Diffusion and Perfusion Responses After Intracerebral Hemorrhage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threshold-Free Neural Network Models for Swim Bout Detection of Larval Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate identification of swim bouts is essential for decoding motor responses in larval zebrafish, yet conventional threshold-based methods rely on subjective cutoffs and per-experiment tuning. To overcome these limitations, we developed threshold-free deep learning models for post-hoc data processing (offline model) and an online model optimized for real-time detection. Both models showed superior precision over threshold-based methods, especially for low-amplitude bouts. Using the offline model, we validated that our head-fixing protocol with closed-loop visual feedback largely preserves naturalistic swimming kinematics. We further showed that repeated trials of moving grating stimulus led to lower bout frequency and longer interbout intervals (IBI). By contrast, transparent pigmentation mutants (nacre and casper) showed similar bout frequencies and IBIs but shorter duration compared to wildtype (AB) larvae. Together, these findings highlight the versatility of our models, enabling reproducible, high-throughput, and biologically relevant analysis of zebrafish behavior across a wide range of experimental paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroeschell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.698899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threshold-Free Neural Network Models for Swim Bout Detection of Larval Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sox8 and Sox9 regulate differentiation and nuclear positioning of retinal Muller glia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal patterning of retinal progenitor cells governs the sequential generation of retinal cell types, with gliogenesis occurring late in development. Sox8 and Sox9, members of the SoxE transcription factor family, are highly expressed in late-stage retinal progenitor cells and mature Muller glia, yet their functional roles remain incompletely defined. Here we employed gain- and loss-of-function approaches, single-cell multiomic profiling, and injury models to investigate Sox8/9 function. Overexpression of SOX8 and/or SOX9 in early-stage retinal progenitor cells suppressed early-born cell fates and promoted photoreceptor generation, consistent with a role in late-stage temporal identity. Conversely, conditional deletion of Sox8 and/or Sox9 in late-stage progenitors did not impair Muller glia specification, but caused radial displacement of Muller glia nuclei into the outer retina and modest changes in glial gene expression. Loss of Sox8/9 in mature Muller glia modestly increased proliferation post-injury without inducing neurogenic competence. These findings suggest that Sox8/9 are dispensable for gliogenesis and repression of neurogenic competence, but are essential for proper laminar positioning and maturation of retinal Muller glia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.698638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sox8 and Sox9 regulate differentiation and nuclear positioning of retinal Muller glia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene dosage imbalance disrupts systemic metabolism in the Dp16 Down syndrome mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene dosage imbalance resulting from an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) contributes to numerous clinical features in Down syndrome (DS). While dysregulated metabolism has long been noted in DS, the underlying cause is poorly understood and vastly understudied. To fill this critical knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive metabolic analysis of Dp(16)1Yey/+ mice (abbreviated Dp16), a segmental duplication model carrying a majority of the triplicated Hsa21 gene orthologs. Our multi-tissue transcriptomic analyses reveal shared and sex-specific increases in expression dosage of the triplicated genes in white and brown adipose tissues, liver, skeletal muscle, and hypothalamus. Despite sexual dimorphism in body weight, body temperature, food intake, and physical activity, Dp16 males and females share striking core phenotypes of pronounced insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, impaired lipid clearance, and dyslipidemia. Functional assessments, combined with biochemical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses reveal tissue signatures of immune activation and a pro-inflammatory state, ER and oxidative stress, fibrosis, impaired glucose and fatty acid catabolism, altered lipid and bile acid profiles, and reduced mitochondrial respiration in Dp16 mice. These concerted changes disrupt homeostatic mechanisms that underpin metabolic health, contributing to systemic metabolic dysfunction. An obesogenic diet further exacerbates insulin resistance in Dp16 males and females despite divergent weight gain. The collective phenotypes broadly reflect the metabolic profile of DS. Our extensive molecular, biochemical, and physiological data provide an essential foundation for genetic dissection of dosage-sensitive genes affecting glucose and lipid metabolism, and for testing therapeutic strategies to improve metabolic outcomes in DS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seldin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene dosage imbalance disrupts systemic metabolism in the Dp16 Down syndrome mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute priming using elevated fluid viscosity recovers young-like single-cellsurveillance behaviors in aged human T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a complex biological process, often characterized by increased vulnerability to disease, infection, and death. This increased vulnerability is mechanistically linked to a progressive and functional decline of the immune system. In humans, aged lymphocytes lose their capacity to effectively surveil within diverse microenvironments, decreasing their capability for clearing infections and maintaining physiological homeostasis. However, specific mechanisms by which aged lymphocytes, specifically T cells, lose this capacity to surveil remain unclear. We profiled three core characteristics of T cell surveillance at single-cell resolution, specifically migration, deformability, and sensing. While aged T cells retained their capacity for spontaneous migration, they exhibited impaired cellular deformability and deficiencies in sensing local signaling cues. To modulate this surveillance defect, we performed mechanical reprogramming using elevated fluid viscosity. Results showed that acute priming of aged T cells with elevated fluid viscosity recovered a transient young-like surveillance phenotype, which was mechanistically linked to membrane tension, cortical F-actin, and Arp3 expression. These findings reveal a key source of surveillance defects in aged T cells and provide an effective mechanical approach to tuning their single-cell behaviors.

TeaserRecovery of  young-like surveillance phenotypes in aging human T cells via viscosity priming
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dance, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaluso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezenwanne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milcik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyndell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute priming using elevated fluid viscosity recovers young-like single-cellsurveillance behaviors in aged human T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.698748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ancestral haplotype of P2RX5 yields a B-cell surface marker and a promising multi-lineage immunotherapy target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.698748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While CD19- and BCMA-directed immunotherapies have improved outcomes for B-lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies, frequent relapses with antigen loss/downregulation highlight the need for new targets. Here, using transcriptomic datasets and newly-developed monoclonal antibodies, we show that P2RX5, long considered a pseudogene in humans, encodes a stable protein in 80% of individuals of African descent carrying the ancestral haplotype. Like CD19, P2RX5 displays B-cell lineage-restricted expression in normal tissues. Unlike CD19, P2RX5 is expressed not only in B-cell neoplasms, but also in T-cell leukemia (T-ALL) and multiple myeloma (MM). We developed P2RX5-directed bispecific T-cell engagers and CAR T cells, which killed T-ALL cells with no evidence of T-cell fratricide. These agents were non-inferior to FDA-approved CD19- and BCMA-directed immunotherapeutics in cell culture and xenograft models of Burkitt lymphoma and MM, while maintaining potency against CD19- and BCMA-negative variants. Hence, P2RX5 is a unique multi-lineage target for frontline or salvage immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paruzzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimdt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasanali, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diz, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sainos, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohl, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogl, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porazzi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas-Tikhonenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.698748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ancestral haplotype of P2RX5 yields a B-cell surface marker and a promising multi-lineage immunotherapy target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The origin and evolution of amphibious hearing in pinnipeds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seals (pinnipeds) are the only mammals that can hear in both air and water. How and when they achieved the ability to negotiate such contrasting auditory media remains unknown. Here, we apply 3D shape and phylogenetic comparative analyses to a large dataset of caniform carnivorans (119 species, 217 specimens) to study the emergence of amphibious hearing in pinnipeds despite significant evolutionary constraints. We find support for the cavernous tissue as a functional and evolutionary mechanism for amphibious hearing. This tissue, which fills with blood during diving to equalise air pressure in the ear, enables a shift from in-air to underwater hearing by matching the acoustic impedance of the ear to that of the surrounding water. Early diverging freshwater pinnipeds had impaired hearing underwater. The first marine pinnipeds could hear amphibiously but were limited by a functional tradeoff between hearing abilities and the need to prevent damage from loud underwater sounds. Subsequently, otariids (eared seals) and phocids (true seals) independently acquired middle ear adaptations that expanded their underwater hearing range. This iterative evolution likely facilitated the exploration of novel auditory adaptive zones by crown pinnipeds, resulting in rare acoustic abilities like ultrasonic singing, vocal learning, and keeping rhythm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rule, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kattan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grohe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taszus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocking, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanfelice, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoessel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The origin and evolution of amphibious hearing in pinnipeds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guessing reveals internal models of perceptual precision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When observers lack sufficient information to support a confident response, they often guess. Guessing plays a pervasive role in visual cognition and working memory, yet the mechanisms that govern how observers generate guesses remain poorly understood. Standard models traditionally assume that responses produced in the absence of information are either uniformly distributed over feature space or are perhaps weighted towards prevailing environmental statistics. In contrast, here we consider an intriguing alternative: that guesses incorporate observers knowledge of their own perceptual capacities. We empirically measured guessing by eliciting responses under extreme target uncertainty (Experiment 1) as well as a novel "0ms presentation" approach in which no stimulus appeared but subjects believed one had (Experiment 2). We evaluated three accounts of guesses under these conditions: unsystematic (lapse) responding, biases toward environmental statistics, and a self-representational account in which guesses reflect observers knowledge of their own feature-dependent precision (e.g., preferring to guess feature values they believe they would be likely to miss). Guess responses were non-uniform and systematically biased toward feature values typically encoded with the least precision (e.g., oblique orientations) -- a counterintuitive bias away from high-frequency, high-fidelity feature values (e.g., cardinal orientations). This complementary relationship between guessing and perceptual fidelity held within individuals and across paradigms, and was recoverable via an empirical-guess mixture model that replaced the standard uniform assumption with empirically measured guess distributions. Our findings challenge prevailing views that guesses reflect random noise, and suggest instead that guessing behavior reflects metacognitive knowledge of internal precision. Rather than defaulting to environmental priors, observers appear to model their own sensory limitations and leverage these representations to inform decisions in the absence of evidence. These results reframe guessing as a theoretically informative behavior that expresses observers own beliefs about their perceptual capacities.

SignificanceGuessing is commonly treated as random noise in models of perception and memory, assumed to reflect lapses or uninformed responses. Instead, we show that human guesses are systematically structured across feature space: observers preferentially guess values they typically encode with the least precision, revealing a consistent, strategic bias away from high-fidelity representations. By directly measuring guess behavior on stimulus-absent trials and integrating these empirical distributions into a mixture model, we find that guesses on stimulus-present trials can be systematically recovered, and that they too form the complement of perceptual precision. These findings challenge foundational psychophysical modeling assumptions and position guessing as a strategic, informative behavior that engages self-representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halberda, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guessing reveals internal models of perceptual precision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B7-H3-targeted natural killer cells effectively kill atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumors and extend survival in orthotopic xenografts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are the most common malignant CNS tumor in infants, and patients suffer from low survival rates and treatment-related morbidities. These tumors frequently overexpress the pan-cancer antigen B7-H3 (CD276), which can be targeted with immunotherapy. We hypothesized that adding a B7-H3-targeting cytotoxic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to NK cells can enhance killing against AT/RTs.

MethodsWe designed a library of variable affinity B7-H3-targeted CARs, which were transduced into primary healthy donor-derived NK cells. We verified B7-H3 expression in a panel of AT/RT cell lines and further engineered luciferase and nuclear GFP-expressing AT/RT (CHLA-04, CHLA-06, BT12, BT37) as well as a CHLA-06-derived B7-H3 knockout. We tested CAR-NK cell functionality using in vitro co-culture cytotoxicity assays. We delivered anti-B7-H3 CAR-NK cells intratumorally or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) to AT/RT orthotopic xenografts and monitored for tumor growth and animal survival.

ResultsB7-H3-targeted CAR-NK cells demonstrated target-specific cytotoxicity when compared to unmodified NK cells. Knockout of B7-H3 in target cells abolished the increased CAR-mediated target killing. When delivered intratumorally to CHLA-06 orthotopic xenograft-bearing mice, anti-B7-H3 CAR-NK cells eliminated tumor cells and prolonged survival. When CAR-NK cells were delivered ICV against a CNS disseminated tumor model of BT12, treated mice had significantly improved survival.

ConclusionsAnti-B7-H3 CAR-NK cells effectively kill AT/RTs in multiple pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo models in an antigen-specific manner. Evidence of efficacy in translationally relevant models provides support for using B7-H3-targeting CAR-NK cells in high-risk AT/RT patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holl, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinsky, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guchhait, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorri, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.-H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B7-H3-targeted natural killer cells effectively kill atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumors and extend survival in orthotopic xenografts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of miRNA expression in human brain and its contribution to brain disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate nearly all protein-coding genes and play critical roles in gene regulation, yet the mechanisms governing miRNA regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the genetic architecture of miRNA expression in 995 human brain tissues spanning four regions and two ancestries (African and European) from neurotypical controls and individuals with three psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder). We found that miRNA expression is highly dynamic across brain regions, with region-specific differences exceeding those attributable to ancestry or psychiatric diagnosis. Through miRNA expression quantitative trait loci (miR-eQTL) analyses, we identified genetic variants associated with miRNA expression in a region- and ancestry-dependent manner. Overall, miRNAs exhibited heritability levels comparable to protein-coding genes and were positively co-regulated with their host transcripts. Notably, miRNA-regulating genetic variants were enriched in enhancers active in oligodendrocytes and in binding sites of the transcription factor OLIG2, suggesting miRNA-mediated gene regulation in oligodendrocyte lineage. Finally, we identified 15 miRNAs as likely causative factors for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as major depressive disorder and Alzheimers disease. Together, our results reveal the genetic underpinnings of miRNA regulation in the human brain and suggest that miRNAs serve as key intermediaries linking genetic variation to complex neuropsychiatric and neurological phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of miRNA expression in human brain and its contribution to brain disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NON-REDUNDANT ROLES OF COPPER TRANSPORTERS ATP7A AND ATP7B IN NORADRENERGIC SIGNALING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Menkes disease and Wilson disease are debilitating neurometabolic disorders caused by mutations in the copper (Cu) transporters ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively. In either disease, normalization of systemic Cu levels often does not eliminate neurological deficits, suggesting dysregulated Cu homeostasis within vulnerable neuronal populations. However, the specific roles of ATP7A and ATP7B and the extent of their functional redundancy in neurons remain poorly defined. Here, we selectively deleted Atp7a or Atp7b in noradrenergic neurons, which express both transporters and require Cu for catecholamine biosynthesis. ATP7A deletion reduced Cu levels in the locus coeruleus, disrupted dopamine-{beta}-hydroxylase localization, impaired norepinephrine synthesis, and induced proteomic signatures of defective vesicular trafficking and proteostasis, culminating in neurodegeneration and impaired regulation of energy balance and adaptive thermogenesis. In contrast, ATP7B deletion preserved Cu levels but altered intracellular Cu utilization, resulting in catecholamine imbalance, -synuclein upregulation, aberrant dopamine-{beta}-hydroxylase distribution, and dysregulated thermogenesis. These findings establish ATP7A and ATP7B as non-redundant regulators of noradrenergic function within neural circuits governing metabolic and energy homeostasis and provide a mechanistic framework for persistent neurological pathology independent of systemic Cu levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ROY, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRenaris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchenditsi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Hernandez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Halloran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lutsenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NON-REDUNDANT ROLES OF COPPER TRANSPORTERS ATP7A AND ATP7B IN NORADRENERGIC SIGNALING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B Lymphocyte Protein Factories produced by Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term in vivo production of therapeutic proteins and development of vaccines that elicit protective levels of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against major pathogens face challenges. Here we report on an alternative gene-editing approach using small numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to direct long-term, high-level expression of antibodies or cargo proteins. Edited B lymphocyte offspring can be activated by cognate antigen to undergo clonal expansion and develop into specific antibody or cargo protein-synthesizing plasma cells. These cells produce long-lasting, therapeutic levels of serum antibody against HIV-1 or malaria and an anti-influenza virus bNAb that mediated universal protection from heterologous lethal challenge. Our data provide a paradigm for cell therapy approaches to prevent or treat disease using self-amplifying B cell protein factories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruprecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima dos Reis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hägglöf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levashina, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardemann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B Lymphocyte Protein Factories produced by Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolved tumor adipocyte proportions and high grade serous ovarian carcinoma survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSingle-cell-based analyses of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) survival have largely ignored adipocytes, which are fragile and under-represented in single-cell references. Adipocytes are known active components of the tumor microenvironment in many cancers, and HGSOC tumors frequently metastasize to the omentum, a lining of adipose tissue.

MethodsWe created a composite reference that combines single-nucleus adipose profiles with published HGSOC single-cell data to deconvolve 588 bulk RNA-seq tumours from the Schildkraut cohorts. We used stage-stratified Cox models to quantify the association between intratumoural adipocyte fractions and overall survival while adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), race, and residual disease. We also evaluated associations with deconvolved immune, stromal, and epithelial cell groups.

ResultsA 10% increase in estimated tumor adipocyte content was associated with a 41% increase in the hazard of death (HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.18-1.70, p = 0.0002) after adjusting for age, BMI and race (n=566). A 10% increase in immune cell proportion was associated with favorable survival (HR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.97, p = 0.024). Stromal and epithelial macro-fractions were not associated with survival. Associations with adipocyte and immune cell type proportions were unchanged in models additionally controlling the other cell type proportions. Results were similar after additionally adjusting for residual disease after debulking surgery.

ConclusionsAdipocytes may be a tumor-intrinsic factor associated with adverse outcomes in HGSOC. Quantifying adipocyte burden using bulk RNA-seq could enhance risk stratification and guide the development of adipocyte-targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieshober, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akatsu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildkraut, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolved tumor adipocyte proportions and high grade serous ovarian carcinoma survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The heat-ramp method to study regulated cell death in a pathogenic yeastCryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human fungal pathogens cause a significant public health burden. While no reliable surveilence data are available, estimations suggest that 1 billion infections and over 2 million deaths are attributable to fungal infections annually worldwide. This drove the World Health Organization to generate a priority list of fungal pathogens for reearch, which includes the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans in a top critical priority. With the rise of drug-resistance and emerging fungal pathogens, new conceptual strategies for antifungal therapies are needed in addition to existing antibiotic development pipelines to meet clinical needs. Intrinsic cell death pathways encoded by pathogenic fungi are largely unstudied but could be leveraged for antifungal therapy analogous to anti-cancer therapeutics that activate apoptosis or other cell death mechanisms. Thus far, molecularly defined fungal cell death mechanisms are best characterized for only a few, predominantly model filamentous species. To extend these studies to pathogenic yeast, here we describe and demonstrate a tunable heat-ramp stimulus that when applied to small volumes of yeast cell suspensions reveals a protracted cell death process in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. This low cost protocol induces robust and reproducible phenotypes to study gene-dependent mechanisms in laboratory strains and clinical isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolp, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The heat-ramp method to study regulated cell death in a pathogenic yeastCryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibrin barriers limit vancomycin penetration into staphylococcal abscess communities and maintain S. aureus in an unstressed, transcriptionally-responsive state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During Staphylococcus aureus infection, bacteria are frequently organized into staphylococcal abscess communities (SACs), multicellular bacterial aggregates encased within a host-derived fibrin barrier. Fibrin barriers are thought to insulate SAC-resident bacteria from host immune cells, as strains unable to form these barriers exhibit marked attenuation of virulence in animal infection models. However, the clinical consequences of these structures on antibiotic penetration, and whether the structures also impact bacterial physiology and alter antibiotic susceptibility, remains understudied. Here, we built upon prior work to develop a three-dimensional (3D) collagen gel matrix-based model, utilizing human coagulation components, that supports high throughput in vitro SAC formation and is compatible with timelapse microscopy and bulk transcriptional profiling. Using this system, we show that the fibrin barrier protects SACs from clinically relevant dosages of vancomycin by restricting drug penetration. Furthermore, we show that the fibrin barrier maintains stationary phase SACs in an unstressed and transcriptionally responsive state, in stark contrast with stationary phase planktonic S. aureus and fibrin barrier-deficient SACs. Together, these findings expand our understanding of SAC fibrin barriers beyond immune evasion to include modulation of antibiotic interactions and bacterial physiological state.

AUTHOR SUMMARYOver the course of infection, many bacterial pathogens organize into clustered communities, which limits our ability to fully eliminate bacterial cells with antibiotic treatments. During Staphylococcus aureus infection, bacteria form dense clusters surrounded by a protective fibrin barrier derived from host blood clotting machinery, in structures known as staphylococcal abscess communities (SACs). SAC fibrin barriers have been shown to protect against immune cell invasion, but any effects on bacterial physiology and responses to antibiotics remain unclear. In this study, we developed an in vitro system to rapidly grow SACs in a 3D collagen gel matrix suspension, closely mimicking human tissue. Using this system, we show that fibrin barriers restrict vancomycin penetration into maturing SACs, protecting them from exposure to this clinically relevant antibiotic. We also show that bacteria within mature SACs are maintained in an unstressed and transcriptionally responsive state when the fibrin barrier is present, in contrast with fibrin barrier deficient SACs. These findings not only suggest that fibrin barriers serve as a physical barrier to drug diffusion but also show the importance of fibrin barriers in bacterial physiology, highlighting their importance in SAC biology and infection persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farhang, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braza, R. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibrin barriers limit vancomycin penetration into staphylococcal abscess communities and maintain S. aureus in an unstressed, transcriptionally-responsive state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory erasure by dopamine-gated retrospective learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erasing outdated memories is crucial for adaptive behavior. Yet once a cue-outcome association is learned, repeated cue exposure without outcome suppresses conditioned behavior without erasing the underlying memory. This allows rapid behavioral recovery when outcomes are reintroduced. Here, we confirm this limitation for standard "prospective extinction" protocols that present cues without the associated outcome, but show that true memory erasure is achieved by inverting the paradigm: presenting outcomes without associated cues, i.e., "retrospective extinction". We demonstrate that orbitofrontal cortex activity at outcome is necessary for the rapid behavioral recovery following prospective extinction, and that mesolimbic dopamine activity at outcome is necessary for retrospective extinction. These findings reconceptualize extinction mechanisms and suggest complementary strategies to mitigate relapse and erase maladaptive memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsembik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farouq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namboodiri, V. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory erasure by dopamine-gated retrospective learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.699308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PFKFB2 Gates a Relationship Between Cardiac Glycolytic Regulation and Electrophysiological Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.699308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cardiac isoform of phosphofructokinase-2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB2) is the hearts strongest glycolytic regulator but is degraded in the absence of insulin signaling. This makes PFKFB2 loss critical to understand in metabolic heart disease, of which impaired insulin signaling is a hallmark. Prolongation of the QT interval, risk of arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death are also augmented in metabolic heart disease, raising a question as to whether potential crosstalk between glycolytic dysregulation and electrophysiological dysfunction exists.

MethodsWe therefore assessed the impact of PFKFB2 loss on cardiac electrophysiology using a cardiomyocyte-specific PFKFB2 knockout mouse model (cKO) and litter-matched controls (CON). To do so, we employed electrocardiography in the fed state and following 12 hours of fasting, examining physiology both at baseline and in the presence of an acute stimulant stress. To further investigate the arrhythmia mechanism, we used patch-clamp electrophysiology and IonOptix Ca2+ transient measurements in ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from CON and cKO hearts.

ResultsThe hearts of cKO mice exhibited prolonged repolarization, marked by QT and action potential duration prolongations. This occurred with impaired Ca2+ reuptake and increased spontaneous Ca2+ release events in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Ultimately, these changes culminated in ventricular tachyarrhythmia in cKO mice, which was enhanced in the fed relative to the fasted state.

ConclusionThese data suggest that in the presence of sufficient glucose availability, cardiac glycolytic dysregulation at the phosphofructokinase nexus is sufficient to promote cardiac electrophysiological instability.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat is KnownC_ST_ABSO_LIMetabolic heart diseases, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and diabetic cardiomyopathy, are associated with heightened risks of arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death.
C_LI

What the Study AddsO_LIHere, we show for the first time that PFKFB2 is decreased in human hearts with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
C_LIO_LIFurthermore, we show that loss of cardiac PFKFB2 is sufficient to promote impaired ventricular repolarization at baseline and ventricular tachyarrhythmia upon stress test.
C_LIO_LIThis identifies PFKFB2 stabilization and activation as key potential targets in conferring electrophysiological stability in metabolic heart disease.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harold, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenship, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minor, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavrakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckstead, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.699308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PFKFB2 Gates a Relationship Between Cardiac Glycolytic Regulation and Electrophysiological Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soft tissue morphology of the vomeronasal organ in Lontra canadensis and its osteological correlate: Implications for the evolution of the caniform accessory olfactory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory system plays a critical role in mammalian environmental perception, with some clades relying on an expanded accessory olfactory (vomeronasal) system (VNS) to detect larger, non-volatile odorants. Mammals make extensive use of this system for social communication between conspecifics. Recent studies have begun to investigate how the VNS changes in response to or as part of ecological transitions. Several studies have identified trends of VNS-associated gene loss or regression in secondarily aquatic mammals. However, continuing discussion on genotype-phenotype correlation within the VNS means that greater effort should be made to investigate the morphology of the VNS in species where it remains poorly understood. Here, we use skeletal and soft-tissue data to demonstrate that the vomeronasal groove, an established osteological correlate for the VNO in bats and primates, is also a valid indicator for its presence in Caniformia. Additionally, we confirm the presence of the VNO in the secondarily aquatic North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) and compare its morphology with that of two close-related species, the semi-aquatic American mink (Neogale vison) and the terrestrial long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata). This study expands the valid taxonomic scope of the vomeronasal grooves proxy as an osteological correlate, confirms the presence of the VNO in the previously undescribed system of the North American river otter, and highlights the complexity of the mammalian accessory olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capshaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soft tissue morphology of the vomeronasal organ in Lontra canadensis and its osteological correlate: Implications for the evolution of the caniform accessory olfactory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tailored Cell Cycle Modulation Enhances AAV Manufacturing: Balancing Arrest with Adaptive Stress Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors show therapeutic potential, but their biomanufacturing is limited by low yields and high costs. Host cell-cycle modulation is emerging as a promising strategy to enhance rAAV production. Two G2/M phase-arresting small molecules, ABT-751, a microtubule inhibitor, and helenalin, a thiol-reactive sesquiterpene lactone, were applied post-transfection in HEK293 cells to evaluate how cell-cycle arrest and stress pathways influence rAAV yields. ABT-751 induced G2/M arrest with minimal cytotoxicity, leading to a near five-fold increase in rAAV vector genomes across multiple serotypes and production platforms. Helenalin caused G2/M arrest, yet suppressed rAAV production. Comparative transcriptomic profiling (RNA-Seq) revealed that helenalin altered expression of a widespread set of genes (4,579) compared to control, characterized by rampant p53, ferroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum dysregulation that overflowed into unfolded protein response with CHOP induction and apoptosis. ABT-751 elicited a more moderate, targeted response (1,895 differentially expressed genes) in a similar subset of pathways, including compensatory mechanisms mitigating oxidative stress. Together, these findings indicate that cell-cycle arrest alone is insufficient to improve rAAV yield. Indeed, tailored cell-cycle modulation, coupled with balanced activation of cellular stress pathways, can enhance rAAV manufacturing efficiency, facilitating more scalable and cost-effective gene therapy production strategies for the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargunas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenshtein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tailored Cell Cycle Modulation Enhances AAV Manufacturing: Balancing Arrest with Adaptive Stress Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.697254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal microscale biophysical instability mediates macroscale network dynamics shaping pathological manifestations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.697254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microscale biophysical alterations in neuronal dynamics can have profound implications for macroscale pathological outcomes in the brain. Despite the critical need to link neuronal perturbations to large-scale disease manifestations, few studies successfully bridge these hierarchical scales. Here, we bridge microscale biophysical variability within neuronal dynamics to macroscale disease-related phenotypes. We find that Drosophila models expressing tauopathy- and epilepsy-associated molecular mutations exhibit increased dynamic instability in the timing of action potential initiation, and microscale biophysical changes are manifested at the level of the macroscale global brain state. We show that variability in voltage-gated sodium channel currents during non-stationary channel inactivation may act as a microscale biophysical contributor to the increased dynamic instability observed in action potential timing. We also find that treatment with antiepileptic drugs stabilizes neuronal dynamics by modulating this variability in voltage-gated sodium channel currents. Finally, we show that neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with Alzheimers disease and epilepsy exhibit analogous dynamic instability, which is reversible by administration of antiepileptic medications. Our results highlight how subtle microscale neuronal instabilities propagate and are amplified to produce macroscopic pathological phenotypes, providing new biophysical insights into neurological disorders and potential strategies for therapeutic intervention.

Significance StatementLinking microscale neuronal changes to macroscale disease phenotypes remains a key challenge in neuroscience biophysics. Here, we show that subtle biophysical instability, such as variability in action potential timing and increased noise in voltage-gated sodium channel activity, can destabilize neuronal network integrity and cause systemic pathology. Stabilizing neuronal dynamics with antiepileptic drugs reverses tau-induced instabilities in a Drosophila disease model. Similar neuronal instabilities occur in fly neurons expressing epilepsy-linked sodium channel mutations and in human iPSC-derived neurons from Alzheimers and epilepsy patients, revealing a shared cellular mechanism. These findings highlight that targeting microscale instabilities may offer a unifying therapeutic approach for complex neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Franco, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spera, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhakar, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.697254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal microscale biophysical instability mediates macroscale network dynamics shaping pathological manifestations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAK Inhibition Remodels the Metastatic ECM and Restores CD8+ T Cell Trafficking and Immunosurveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic breast cancer remains largely incurable, driven in part by immunosuppressive microenvironments that limit CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance. Using a murine pulmonary metastatic breast cancer model, we show that the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor VS-4718 promotes a CD8+ T cell-dependent regression of metastatic lesions by reprograming the metastatic microenvironment. VS-4718 reduced immunosuppressive myeloid and regulatory T cells while increasing CD8+ T cell infiltration. Cellular and secreted proteome profiling revealed that VS-4718 downregulates ECM components such as laminin 5 and collagen VIII1, which we show impair CD8+ T cell migration and activity. In human breast cancer cohorts, elevated LAMA5/COL8A1 expression and a FAK-dependent ECM signature associate with poor outcome and prognostic for residual disease. Intravital imaging demonstrated that VS-4718 enhances CD8 T cell extravasation and induces T cell-tumor cell contacts necessary for cytotoxicity. Ex vivo lung slice cultures recapitulated these findings, showing enhanced T cell swarming, metastatic cluster shrinkage, and apoptosis. These findings reveal how FAK inhibition remodels the metastatic ECM to potentiate coordinated CD8+ T cell responses. VS-4718 might aid in clearing metastases in breast cancer patients through modulating both stromal and immune components.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEFocal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition remodels collagen- and laminin-rich extracellular matrix barriers and alleviates physical constraints that limit CD8 T cell access and activity in metastases. This enhances infiltration, migration, and tumor cell engagement, and synergizes with PD-1 blockade, supporting combined therapeutic strategies in metastatic breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moughari, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laing, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egeblad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natrajan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oktay, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunton, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAK Inhibition Remodels the Metastatic ECM and Restores CD8+ T Cell Trafficking and Immunosurveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.699087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental and mutational modulation of collateral fitness effects informs their mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.699087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fitness effects of mutations that do not arise from changes in a proteins ability to perform its physiological functions (called collateral fitness effects or CFEs) are an understudied aspect of fitness landscapes. We have previously systematically measured the CFEs of all possible single amino acid substitutions in four proteins and found the frequency of deleterious mutations to vary by two orders of magnitude. Of these proteins, TEM-1 {beta}-lactamase had the highest frequency, and deleterious mutations caused TEM-1 aggregation. Here, we systematically measured TEM-1 collateral fitness landscapes in environments and situations expected to alter protein aggregation or protein stability. We found a moderate correlation between deleterious CFEs and predicted thermodynamic stability effects in TEM-1s -domain. Empirically, we found that the frequency and magnitude of deleterious CFEs can be reduced by altering the growth environment to disfavor aggregation (i.e. reducing the growth temperature or shifting to minimal media) or by stabilizing TEM-1 (via the M182T mutation or the addition of the {beta}-lactamase inhibitor avibactam to the growth medium). However, although raising the growth temperature to favor aggregation exacerbated deleterious CFEs of many mutations, many mutations effects were reduced. Furthermore, although reductions in CFEs occurred with reductions in TEM-1 aggregation for some mutants, for many mutants they did not. We propose that mutational destabilization exposes protein motifs that can cause deleterious CFEs, but that these motifs and those that cause aggregation are not necessarily the same motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, E.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlhoff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.699087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental and mutational modulation of collateral fitness effects informs their mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.700042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetically encoded microtubule bundler for causal dissection of microtubule bundling in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.700042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT) bundling is a conserved organizational feature of the cytoskeleton that accompanies MT stabilization. MT bundling is suggested to engage with diverse cellular processes, including mitosis, migration, and axon morphogenesis. Although microtubule-associated proteins are known to induce MT bundling, whether bundling itself is sufficient to alter MT properties and cellular behavior has remained difficult to address due to the lack of tools that selectively manipulate MT bundling in living cells. Here, we describe the development of a genetically encoded, protein-based "MT-Bundler" by coupling an MT-binding motif to a biologically inert oligomerization scaffold, enabling direct and tunable crosslinking of intracellular MTs. The expression of MT-Bundler consisting of MAP4 and Azami-Green not only drove robust MT bundling but also conferred marked resistance to depolymerization and elevated MT acetylation. Functionally, enforced MT bundling disrupts cell division and migration and suppresses neurite and axon outgrowth. To confirm the causal relationship behind these findings, we further engineered MT-Bundlers to make them chemically and optically inducible to permit rapid, reversible, and spatiotemporally precise control of MT bundling. Acute induction of MT bundling triggers a rapid increase in MT acetylation, implying bundling as an upstream organizational cue that promotes luminal access of the acetyltransferase ATAT1. Notably, MT stabilization persists even in the absence of acetylation, demonstrating that bundling itself is sufficient to mechanically stabilize MTs. Together, these results identify MT bundling as a primary determinant of MT stability and modification, establishing MT-Bundlers as a versatile tool to dissect the mechanistic basis of MT bundling in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunitatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inaba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.700042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetically encoded microtubule bundler for causal dissection of microtubule bundling in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection Induces PARP-1 Hyperactivation Mediated Energy Collapse in Motor Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neurons are highly vulnerable to metabolic stress, yet the mechanisms driving their degeneration during neurotropic alphavirus infections remain unclear. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) causes motor neuron injury, but the intrinsic pathways underlying this susceptibility are not fully defined. Previous work suggests alphavirus-infected motor neurons may die through caspase-independent mechanisms. Here, we show that VEEV infection induces sustained activation of the DNA repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), leading to depletion of NAD+ and ATP in murine NSC34 motor neuron-like cells and human iPSC-derived motor neurons. These metabolic changes precede mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic reduction of PARP-1 partially restores NAD+ and ATP and improves cell survival, indicating that PARP-1 hyperactivation directly contributes to energetic collapse and intrinsic motor neuron death. These results identify PARP-1 as a key driver of energy failure during VEEV infection and a potential target to limit neuronal injury in neurotropic viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieterse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaren, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection Induces PARP-1 Hyperactivation Mediated Energy Collapse in Motor Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RLBWT-Based LCP Computation in Compressed Space for Terabase-Scale Pangenome Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lossless full text indexes are utilized in a myriad of applications in bioinformatics. The continuously decreasing cost of generating biological data has resulted in the need to build full text indexes on biological datasets of increasing size. Many compressed full text indexes have been developed to address this problem. In particular, run-length Burrows-Wheeler transform (RLBWT) based compressed full text indexes have seen wide development and adoption. However, the construction of these RLBWT-based compressed full text indexes is still computationally expensive, sometimes prohibitively so, even for current dataset sizes. Therefore, we present algorithms for the construction of RLBWT-based compressed full text indexes and their supporting data structures in compressed space. The algorithms have a space complexity of O(r) words and run in O(n) time for repetitive datasets, where r is the number of runs in the BWT, n is the length of the text, and repetitive datasets implies the average run length is at least log n. We provide the first algorithm to compute LCP-related information for repetitive datasets in optimal time and O(r) space, greatly reducing memory requirements. The key idea behind this algorithm is the utilization of r samples of the inverse suffix array at regular intervals. For example, on the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium Release 2 dataset, this reduces peak memory from 2,135 GiB to 170 GiB (12.6x reduction) compared to the previous best method (pfp-thresholds).

AvailabilityThe implementation is available at https://github.com/ucfcbb/TeraTools.

Supplementary InformationSupplementary Material is available online at bioRxiv.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanaullah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deegutla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RLBWT-Based LCP Computation in Compressed Space for Terabase-Scale Pangenome Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fetal Thymic Expression Defines the Immunogenicity of Tumor Associated Antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor associated antigens (TAAs) are promising targets for cancer immunotherapy, yet their immunogenicity varies widely and remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the immunogenic potential of TAAs is largely shaped by their expression in the thymus, likely established during fetal development. By integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across fetal and postnatal thymic epithelial cells (TECs), we find that TAA expression in fetal TECs predicts both in vitro CD8 T cell immunogenicity and the immune pressure against TAAs that occurs clinically in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Notably, CD8 T cells recognizing TAAs highly expressed in the fetal thymus exhibit attenuated transcriptional, signaling, and metabolic responses even in the naive state, consistent with a tolerogenic imprinting imparted during thymic development and selection. Further, fetal thymic expression of TAAs can be leveraged to prioritize candidate targets for therapeutic use. These findings provide a biologic basis for the extreme variability seen in TAA immunogenicity and define guiding principles for rational antigen selection to drive the next generation of effective TAA-targeted immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathoulas, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beppler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracey, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.25.701584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fetal Thymic Expression Defines the Immunogenicity of Tumor Associated Antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics integration of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors identifies potential targets based on chromosome 8q status 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChromosome 8q (chr8q) copy number gain is associated with high-grade transformation in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), an aggressive soft tissue tumor with poor outcomes in the high-risk and metastatic settings. Although chr8q gain is associated with inferior overall survival in patients with MPNST, standard of care therapies do not currently consider stratification by genomic features, including chr8q status.

MethodsWe employed a proteogenomic approach to characterize proteomic and transcriptional programs associated with chr8q and nominate drug targets for potential treatment stratification based on chr8q status. We leveraged our growing library of fully characterized MPNST patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and collected LC-MS/MS global and phospho-proteomics measurements for six of these samples. We then integrated these data with transcriptomics and copy number data to identify molecular changes that are correlated with chr8q copy number. We nominated pathways, transcription factors, and kinases that were differentially active in chr8q gain samples and posited that these samples would respond differently to drugs compared to chr8q wildtype samples. We then tested this hypothesis in vitro.

ResultsOur results suggest that the chr8q gene MYC may be a key driver of downstream effects that can be targetable with inhibitors of PLK1. Conversely, EGFR inhibition may be more effective in MYC-diploid MPNSTs than those with MYC gain. These results nominate candidate pathways and drug classes to target tumor heterogeneity in MPNST through the proteogenomic integration and drug sensitivity prediction in distinct tumor subpopulations.

ConclusionsWe show that integration of multiomics data can identify specific drug therapies to selectively target tumor cells based on chr8q copy number. This not only provides novel avenues for drug nomination going forward but also may be important for stratifying treatment and mitigating resistance in heterogeneous tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oztosun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makri, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson-Bunch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritsenko, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics integration of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors identifies potential targets based on chromosome 8q status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AniAnn's: alignment-free annotation of tandem repeat arrays using fast average nucleotide identity estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSatellite DNA has long posed challenges for genome assembly and analysis due to its low sequence complexity and poor mappability. These large heterochromatic arrays of tandem repeats are ubiquitous across eukaryotic genomes, yet remain understudied. Current methods for annotating satellite regions, and other classes of tandem repeat arrays, are limited in their ability to annotate divergent or novel sequences.

ResultsIn this work, we introduce AniAnns, an algorithm for annotating large blocks of tandemly repeating DNAs. AniAnns exploits the high Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) shared between repeat units of the same array to quickly and accurately infer the boundaries of such arrays. We show that AniAnns improves the annotation of satellites and other tandem repeats within a variety of plant and animal genomes, while requiring only a fraction of the runtime compared to previous approaches. We conclude by exploring several use cases of AniAnns as a lightweight method for masking repeats prior to whole-genome alignment as well as the de novo annotation and classification of satellite repeats.

AvailabilityAniAnns is open source software and available at github.com/marbl/anianns
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweeten, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AniAnn's: alignment-free annotation of tandem repeat arrays using fast average nucleotide identity estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transforming macromolecular structures into simulations of self-assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecular self-assembly is a fundamental step in numerous biological processes, producing molecular machines like the ribosome or highly symmetric viral capsids. Building models of these molecular-scale interactions that bridge to a cell scale environment requires substantial coarse-graining of assembly subunits or intermediates. Balancing multi-valent structural resolution with computational efficiency is challenging. While rule-based or local interactions overcome the often prohibitive enumeration of all possible intermediates, they must ensure global structural constraints are met. We here demonstrate ioNERDSS, a user-friendly Python package that transforms 3D atomic structures into coarse-grained models for immediate simulation with the stochastic reaction-diffusion NERDSS software. NERDSS uses rule-based interactions to produce structural trajectories of assembly dynamics with the microsecond-minutes timescales comparable to experiment. With ioNERDSS, rigid subunits for each protein chain in the assembly contain discrete binding interfaces and explicit geometric constraints to prevent disordered assemblies. Repeated subunits (as in viral capsids) are regularized to preserve the target assembly topology across stochastic association and dissociation events. The ioNERDSS python package links models and outputs to open-source visualization, simulation, and analysis tools that facilitate user-friendly sanity checks, structure validation, and analysis of output for thermodynamic, kinetic, and nonequilibrium properties of macromolecular self-assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhibber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog-Pohl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roscom, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohail, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeshita, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transforming macromolecular structures into simulations of self-assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Ensemble Reveals Distinct Molecular Pathways of Retinal Damage in Spaceflown Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) poses significant risks to astronaut visual health during long-duration missions, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are candidate molecular drivers, but their transcriptomic signatures in spaceflight-exposed retinal tissue have not been systematically characterized.

MethodsWe applied a machine learning ensemble of linear regression models to predict two ocular phenotypes: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunostaining as a marker of lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage; and TUNEL positivity as a marker of apoptotic cell death. In this observational study, we use bulk retinal gene expression data obtained from a controlled experiment with ground control and spaceflown mice to predict these phenotypes. Gene Ontology pathway enrichment was performed on the most predictive gene sets for each phenotype.

ResultsThe 4-HNE phenotype was predicted by genes that converge on membrane-associated pathways, photoreceptor protein modification, synaptic dysfunction, and extracellular matrix dysregulation, including B2m, Tf, Cnga1, mt-Nd1, Snap25, and Efemp1. The genes predicting the TUNEL phenotype revealed a distinct signature emphasizing stress-induced apoptosis, rod photoreceptor degeneration, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, with Ddit4, Nrl, Rom1, Reep6, and Gabarapl1 emerging as central regulators.

ConclusionsOxidative lipid peroxidation and apoptotic cell death represent complementary and molecularly distinct pathological mechanisms in spaceflight-exposed murine retinal tissue. The gene signatures provide a putative molecular framework for developing noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to monitor and protect astronaut visual health during long-duration and deep-space missions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casaletto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prajapati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nautiyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Monica, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couderc, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paladugu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundackal Thomas, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Ensemble Reveals Distinct Molecular Pathways of Retinal Damage in Spaceflown Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct control of T cell proliferation and effector function by partitioning of intracellular sulfur from cysteine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating how acquired nutrients are partitioned into different intracellular pathways, and how these various fates support distinct functions in T cells is limited. We show that CD8+ T cells acquire cysteine to serve both as a substrate for glutathione (GSH) production, which modulates effector functions, and to cede its sulfur for NFS1-dependent FeS-cluster synthesis, which supports proliferation. NFS1 deletion in activated CD8+ T cells promotes exhaustion and dampens anti-cancer immunity, while blocking cysteine flux into GSH, or enforcing FeS metabolism, enhance tumor control. This role for disrupted FeS metabolism in T cell exhaustion is echoed in data from human HCC. Elucidating how different intracellular pathways use cysteine enables targeted control of cysteine flux to retain beneficial effects of cysteine while abolishing those that restrain function. We illustrate this concept for one metabolite, cysteine, but it is likely to apply to other metabolites relevant for immune cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gremelspacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanczak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct control of T cell proliferation and effector function by partitioning of intracellular sulfur from cysteine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for aquaporin (Aqp1) in the control of Cryptococcus neoformans cell morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aquaporins are small, integral membrane channels that facilitate the transport of water across cellular membranes and, in the case of aquaglyceroporins, can also conduct specific neutral solutes, such as glycerol. These proteins are conserved across biological kingdoms, yet their roles in fungal virulence remain relatively understudied. In Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, we examined the organisms single aquaporin, Aqp1, and uncovered unanticipated influences on cellular morphology. Loss of Aqp1 resulted in smaller cells, whereas its presence promoted the formation of enlarged titan-like cells. This shift in size was closely linked to intracellular redox physiology. Consequently, the overexpression of the cryptococcal aquaporin increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and led to the largest titan-like cells; antioxidant supplementation suppressed this enlargement, consistent with a ROS-dependent regulatory mechanism. Additionally, Aqp1 overexpression produced vacuolar abnormalities in titan-like cells, suggesting that excessive water influx strained intracellular organization during rapid cell expansion. These findings position Aqp1 at a functional crossroads connecting membrane transport, oxidative balance, and size control, and they support a model in which an aquaporin contributes to the morphological plasticity that allows C. neoformans to adapt to environmental pressures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stempinski, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino-Medina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues dos Santos Junior, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for aquaporin (Aqp1) in the control of Cryptococcus neoformans cell morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BlueNuclei: automated identification and classification of live and dead transfected neurons using interpretable features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro modeling of neuronal disorders using transfected primary neurons is one of the fundamental approaches for studying disease mechanisms and therapeutic screening. Assessing neuronal viability is an everyday yet critical task in such experiments and requires accurate identification and classification of live and dead transfected neurons from dual-channel fluorescence images; however, this step is typically performed manually, resulting in inconsistent, labor-intensive, and poorly scalable analysis due to limitations of existing image analysis tools. Here, we present BlueNuclei, a user-friendly software with two modules: Hyades, which identifies nuclei of transfected neurons using dual-channel fluorescence image processing techniques, and Pleiades, an SVM-based classifier that distinguishes live from dead neurons using human-vision-inspired, biologically interpretable subnuclear features. Benchmarking on real images showed that BlueNuclei achieves near-human accuracy with substantially faster processing and minimal computational resources compared to deep learning alternatives when applied to the classification step. BlueNuclei provides a simple local user interface for data input and interactive visualizations that display classification results, including feature metrics and a confidence score for each nucleus. BlueNuclei offers the first scalable, fully automated, solution to viability assessment of transfected neurons, facilitating in vitro mechanistic studies of genetic neuronal disorders and therapeutic screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zha, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taliun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BlueNuclei: automated identification and classification of live and dead transfected neurons using interpretable features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting early bactericidal activity of tuberculosis drug combinations using a translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase IIa pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) trials typically assess the early bactericidal activity (EBA) of monotherapy for over 14 days. However, few studies have evaluated drug combinations, even though optimal monotherapy doses may not directly translate to combinations. Translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling has shown promise in predicting human treatment responses based on preclinical monotherapy data; however, its application in drug combinations remains limited. This study aimed to extend and validate our previously developed translational monotherapy PK-PD modeling platform to predict the EBA of two-drug combinations. Interactions between bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and pyrazinamide were characterized using two modeling approaches: the empirical SUPER method and the mechanistic General Pharmacodynamic Interaction model. Both approaches were independently linked to our translational platform and validated using mouse data and Phase IIa clinical results from the NC-001 study. Both modeling methods identified consistent interaction patterns, including antagonistic interactions when bedaquiline was combined with either pretomanid or linezolid. Pyrazinamide has emerged as the most effective companion for both bedaquiline and pretomanid. Our platform reasonably predicted 14-day clinical sputum colony-forming unit counts for multiple two-drug combinations, with most observations falling within the 95% prediction intervals, supporting its use in accelerating regimen development. Our study demonstrated that the translational PK-PD platform reliably predicts both short- and long-term outcomes for combinations, regardless of the interaction model. This supports its application across drug development stages to inform dose selection and effective companion drugs for anti-TB therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Castro Suarez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting early bactericidal activity of tuberculosis drug combinations using a translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.700058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinnervation of Muscle Targets Enhances the Separability of Motor Unit Signals Following Peripheral Nerve Transfers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.700058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After amputation, advanced prosthetic limbs offer a promising means of restoring motor function. However, state-of-the-art prostheses often rely on aggregate electromyogram (EMG) signals to decode motor intention, which limits their ability to replicate natural limb movements. Decomposing EMG signals into individual motor unit components has shown potential for more natural control, but distinguishing between individual units can be challenging when nearby signals overlap. This study demonstrates that muscle target reinnervation surgeries can naturally increase physical separation between motor unit signals, thereby mitigating this overlap. Reinnervation of individual motor units is evaluated in a rodent hindlimb model after direct nerve-to-muscle implantation. Histological and electrophysiological analyses reveal that structural changes following reinnervation surgery result in beneficial motor unit signal changes, particularly improving spatial separation between motor unit signals compared to those in intact muscle. This spatial separation contributed to fewer instances of complex, overlapping signals in reinnervated muscle recordings. Motor unit signals were leveraged to provide a proof-of-concept of precise control of a virtual prosthesis for the first time after direct nerve-to-muscle implantation surgery. These findings highlight the potential of reinnervated muscle targets as key biological interfaces that facilitate motor unit separation, reducing the burden on decomposition algorithms and improving prosthetic control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.700058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinnervation of Muscle Targets Enhances the Separability of Motor Unit Signals Following Peripheral Nerve Transfers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint inhibitors amplify type 2 immune mediated repair bypro-regenerative scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds induce type 2 immunity to promote repair. Here, we show that immune cells recruited to ECM-treated murine muscle injuries and clinical soft tissue defects express immune checkpoints. Specifically, TH2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) increase LAG3 expression, while macrophages express PDL2. TCR analysis and a triple-reporter strain for interleukin (IL)-13 and Treg fate-mapping suggest that Tregs in ECM-treated wounds transition into TH2-like exTregs that express LAG3. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) significantly stimulated type 2 immunity in ECM-treated wounds, including increased TH2 cells, Treg transition to TH2-like exTregs, and pro-regenerative macrophages. Moreover, ICI enhanced muscle repair and reduced fibrosis in ECM-treated wounds. Collectively, these findings show Treg/TH2 plasticity in wound healing and introduce a novel ICI application to enhance immune-mediated regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune checkpoint inhibitors amplify type 2 immune mediated repair bypro-regenerative scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Injury and Biomaterial Treatment Modulate Tumor Growth and Response to Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapies have transformed cancer care; however, tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to high variability in therapeutic responses. While tissue injuries can impact cancer recurrence and metastatic spread, little is known about their potential to effect immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. In this study, we reveal that distal traumatic muscle injury accelerated progression and impaired adjuvant ICB response of multiple murine tumors. This injury-induced accelerated tumor growth coincided with decreased intra-tumoral density and effector phenotype of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and relied on communication through a shared draining lymph node. Enhancing injury repair using a biological scaffold abrogated the injury-induced accelerated tumor growth in an interleukin-4-dependent manner and improved ICB response. In a retrospective cohort analysis of breast cancer patients undergoing ICB treatment, biological scaffold implantation following mastectomy was associated with increased overall survival. This work suggests that injury-driven immune dysfunction may contribute to cancer progression and ICB resistance, but enhancing wound healing with pro-regenerative biomaterials may offer a viable strategy for mitigating adverse cancer outcomes, particularly in the setting of adjuvant and neoadjuvant ICB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport Huyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathkour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Injury and Biomaterial Treatment Modulate Tumor Growth and Response to Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization for Data-Efficient Bioprocess Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Process optimization for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture remains a challenge in biopharmaceutical development because multiple interacting parameters jointly influence productivity and product quality attributes. Traditional design-of-experiments (DoE) methods, while systematic, become impractically expensive when extended across multiple parameters and clones. To address this challenge, we developed a multi-objective Bayesian Optimization (BO) framework that identifies optimal process conditions efficiently in grouped recommendations, which is well suited for experimental workflows in bioprocess development. The model integrates continuous variables such as pH, DO, temperature, and feed rate with categorical identifiers to enable knowledge transfer across clones and scales, optimizing titer, glycan profile, and charge variants. We validated the framework through in-silico benchmarks on analytic functions, retrospective cross-validation on historical CHO datasets, and forward experimental validation in small-scale bioreactors. Across these tests, our algorithm consistently outperformed Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and Random Search baselines, achieving superior performance under a limited experimental budget. The framework improved titer by up to 37% under single-objective optimization. In the multi-objective setting, it increased titer by 25% while simultaneously reducing overall glycan-profile error by a factor of seven, demonstrating the ability to optimize multiple biologically coupled objectives simultaneously. Through comprehensive in-silico and experimental validation, this study establishes a framework that enables adaptive, AI-guided process development and improves decision-making across multiple objectives, clones, and scales while minimizing experimental runs in process development and optimization workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranpura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gheorghe, A.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, L. K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrljicak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirhan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization for Data-Efficient Bioprocess Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE ε4 defines a systemic immune endophenotype independent of clinical trajectory in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is clinically heterogeneous, and genetic modifiers may drive molecular endophenotypes without obvious clinical stratification. The apolipoprotein E {varepsilon}4 (APOE {varepsilon}4) allele is a major Alzheimers disease risk allele, but its biological impact in ALS remains unclear.

MethodsUsing the Answer ALS cohort, longitudinal motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric measures were modelled using mixed-effects approaches. Patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neuron multiomics (chromatin accessibility, transcriptomics, and proteomics) were analysed using supervised machine learning. Plasma SomaScan profiling was used to derive an APOE {varepsilon}4-associated protein signature and to test its stability across serial visits, biological pathway enrichment, and associations with clinical progression.

ResultsAPOE {varepsilon}4 carriage was not associated with baseline severity or rate of functional decline and showed no consistent effects on cognitive or neuropsychiatric trajectories. Motor neuron multiomic profiles similarly demonstrated no reproducible APOE {varepsilon}4 signal and did not reliably classify genotype. In contrast, plasma proteomics identified an APOE {varepsilon}4 protein signature that classified {varepsilon}4 status with high accuracy in ALS (AUC 0.98) and non-ALS motor neuron disease (AUC 0.86) and was enriched for immune and inflammatory biology. This systemic signature was highly stable across repeated sampling, indicating a persistent genotype-associated state. Within this plasma endophenotype, a small set of proteins tracked functional decline and a composite score stratified fast versus slow progression. Baseline composite scores were elevated in APOE {varepsilon}4 carriers in both ALS and neurologically unimpaired controls, consistent with a stable systemic shift detectable beyond overt disease status.

ConclusionsAPOE {varepsilon}4 defines a persistent, immune-enriched systemic proteomic endophenotype in ALS that is not captured by clinical trajectories or motor neuron-only profiling yet relates to disease progression. Plasma-based, genotype-informed endophenotyping offers a translational pathway for biomarker stratification and therapeutic prioritisation in ALS and potentially other heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shvetcov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finney, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE ε4 defines a systemic immune endophenotype independent of clinical trajectory in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.702007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Film Recall Reveals Intact Event Memory but Impaired Sequence Memory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.702007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESPatients with epilepsy (PWE), especially temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), experience impaired memory for personally experienced events. However, current assessments of episodic memory are limited in their ecological validity with a potential to miss detection of subtle cognitive decline. We conducted an exploratory study to determine whether a naturalistic film-viewing task with open-ended spoken recall could detect memory differences between TLE patients and healthy controls (HCs).

METHODSTLE patients (ages 18-60, fluent in English, not legally blind) were recruited from a Level 4 Epilepsy Center (2018-2024). TLE diagnosis was based on seizure semiology, MRI Brain, and EEG. TLE patients scored [&ge;]22/30 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA); HCs scored [&ge;]26/30. Subjects watched 6 short films and then freely recalled film details. Spoken responses were recorded, transcribed, segmented, and scored for film- and event-level recall. Recall order was assessed using the Damerau-Levenshtein distance. Semantic and causal centrality were quantified using sentence embeddings and rater-identified causal links, respectively. Beta regression with cluster-robust standard errors assessed group and centrality effects on recall probability. Beta regression evaluated the influence of age, MOCA, and testing platform on sequence recall error.

RESULTSWe recruited 51 subjects (27 TLEs; 24 HCs, 70.1% F, mean 29.9 {+/-}8.3 years). TLE patients and HCs showed similar recall of films (HC 89% {+/-}11% vs TLE 88% {+/-}18%, p = 0.54), coarse events (HC 50% {+/-}16% vs TLE 44% {+/-}18%, p = 0.19) and fine events (HC 25%{+/-}10% vs. TLE 22%{+/-}12%, p=0.17). Both groups recalled high causal centrality events better. For coarse event sequence recall, TLE patients showed a numerical trend toward greater sequence errors compared to HCs (HC 10.8% {+/-} 10.5% vs. TLE 19.5% {+/-} 18%, p = 0.06), although this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, TLE patients showed significantly greater fine event sequence errors at recall than HCs (HC 15% {+/-}13% vs 23% {+/-}18%, p = 0.02, Hedges g = 0.85, Cliffs {delta} = 0.51), with RTLE demonstrating more sequence errors than HCs (15%{+/-}13 vs. 29%{+/-}21% p = 0.021) Age, education, MOCA, and performance on standard verbal and visual memory tasks were unrelated to film, event, and sequence recall performance.

DISCUSSIONWe demonstrate that a short film task with spontaneous spoken recall can identify sequence memory impairment in TLE patients despite intact film- and event-level recall. Sequence memory may represent a subtle manifestation of memory impairment that is not detected by standard cognitive testing.

Key PointsO_LIWe asked whether a naturalistic film recall task could detect episodic memory impairment in a temporal lobe epilepsy cohort.
C_LIO_LIPatients with temporal lobe epilepsy showed comparable film and event recall compared to healthy controls but were found to have impaired sequence memory.
C_LIO_LISequential memory for temporal order is an overlooked aspect of episodic memory that may detect subtle memory decline.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tefera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botnick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapaliya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.702007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Film Recall Reveals Intact Event Memory but Impaired Sequence Memory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining and rescuing pathomechanisms of myotubularin and autophagy disruption in a novel human cell model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 4B3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 4B3 (CMT4B3) is a genetic disorder leading to peripheral axon degeneration and clinical manifestations of distal weakness and gait impairment. CMT4B3 is caused by mutations in SBF1/MTMR5, a negative regulator of phosphoinositide signaling and autophagy. Although SBF1 mutations are ubiquitously expressed, how and why loss of SBF1/MTMR5 exerts deleterious effects predominantly in neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is unknown. To investigate the effects of mutant SBF1/MTMR5 on PNS neurons compared to non-neurons, we engineered a novel and unique model system of CMT4B3 using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiated into key components of the PNS: motor neurons (iMNs), sensory neurons (iSNs), or skeletal muscle (iMuscle). To model CMT4B3, we used iPSCs derived from a CMT43B patient, or genetically knocked down SBF1 in WT cells. Strikingly, CMT4B3 iMNs showed the highest degree of cell degeneration among all cell types, concordant with the clinical phenotype of patients. We also found that CMT4B3 iMNs and iSNs showed attenuated expression of MTMR5 and related paralogs MTMR2 and MTMR13. Knockdown of SBF1 most significantly augmented autophagy in iMNs than other cell types. Finally, we tested treatment with VPS34-IN1, a pharmacologic inhibitor of the Class III PI3-Kinase functioning in opposition to MTMR5 in regulating phosphoinositides, and found that VPS34-IN1 rescued cell death in CMT4B3 iMNs. Together, our results for the first time confirm PNS cell type-specific differences in myotubularin expression, autophagy, and vulnerabilities to SBF1 mutations, and identify a novel therapeutic strategy of high disease-modifying potential for CMT4B3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stumpf, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining and rescuing pathomechanisms of myotubularin and autophagy disruption in a novel human cell model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 4B3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The changing contributions of weakness and the flexor synergy to post-stroke arm function over time: A kinematic re-examination of Twitchell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 1951, the neurologist Thomas Twitchell published a seminal paper in Brain describing the time-course of recovery from hemiplegia after stroke in 25 participants from hospitalization to when they reached what he deemed steady state. His main emphasis was on the evolution of voluntary movements at the shoulder, elbow and hand, first within an obligatory flexor synergy, and then independently out-of-synergy. We thought that 75 years later, an update using modern motion capture technology should be attempted as it would allow for finer granularity in the characterization of the time courses of both functional recovery and of the flexor synergy, and then relate them to each other, to weakness and to well-established clinical scales. To this end, we used marker-less 3D kinematics to assess task performance and intrusion of synergies in thirty-three stroke participants longitudinally, from the early sub-acute stage (1 - 8 weeks post-stroke) to the chronic stage (24 - 64 weeks post-stroke). Participants performed an out-of-flexor synergy (shoulder flexion and elbow extension) reaching task. We assessed the time course of recovery of obligatory intrusion of pathological synergies based on measures derived from the angular velocity profiles of the shoulder and the elbow joints. Task-related kinematic measures were obtained and compared to sixteen healthy controls. Grip strength, Motor impairment (FMA), and function (ARAT) scores were also collected. Task kinematics were different from controls in the early, late sub-acute, and chronic stages, but showed gradual recovery over time. Weakness in the hand remained impaired at all time points. Flexor-synergy intrusion was maximal in the early sub-acute stage and then began to subside. Regression analysis with functional kinematic and clinical (FMA, ARAT) measures indicated that flexor-synergy intrusion was a significant predictor in the early and late sub-acute stages, but not in the chronic stage, while weakness remained a significant predictor at all stages of recovery. To better address the relationship between synergies, weakness, and function, we analyzed the more severe cases (ARAT<21) separately. In the sub-acute stage, most of them (11/13) suffered from intrusion of synergies, whereas in the chronic phase, only a minority (2/8) did. Weakness seemed to be the main contributor to poor outcome in the chronic phase. We conclude that weakness and synergy intrusion evolve separately from the subacute to the chronic phase, perhaps more so when neurorehabilitation is given at a dose higher than standard of care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldhamer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binyamin-Netser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Haim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuelof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The changing contributions of weakness and the flexor synergy to post-stroke arm function over time: A kinematic re-examination of Twitchell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MV-ComBat and MV-CovBat: Multivariate Frameworks for Joint Harmonization of Multi-Metric Neuroimaging Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggregating neuroimaging data across sites and studies is increasingly common, yet site- and scanner-related batch effects can obscure meaningful biological variation and introduce spurious associations. Although ComBat and its extensions are widely used, they are primarily designed for single-metric (univariate) harmonization. In practice, neuroimaging studies often involve multiple biologically coupled metrics (e.g., cortical thickness, surface area, and gray-matter volume) measured across multiple features (e.g., regional values), with shared covariance structure both within and across metrics. Applying univariate ComBat independently to each metric ignores these dependencies and can leave residual batch effects in cross-metric covariance. Using data from the NIH Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) program, we show that batch effects occur not only in means and variances but also in covariance across cortical regions and metrics--relationships that univariate ComBat does not fully remove. We propose MV-ComBat, a multivariate extension of ComBat that jointly harmonizes multiple metrics by borrowing strength across them. Both empirical Bayes (EB) and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implementations of MV-ComBat effectively reduce batch effects. In our experiments, EB is more robust to measurement error, whereas MCMC more accurately recovers cross-metric correlations when priors are well specified. Recognizing that batch effects can also affect feature-level covariance, CovBat was recently introduced as an extension of ComBat that harmonizes both first- and second-order moments across sites. We extend CovBat to the multivariate framework as MV-CovBat, which performs a second-stage latent-space harmonization to address covariance-related batch effects across features and metrics. Simulations confirm that MV-ComBat improves correlation recovery and biological signal preservation relative to univariate ComBat, particularly for moderate-to-strong effects, and that MV-CovBat further improves separation of true biological variation from batch effects when independence assumptions are violated. Together, these methods provide a flexible and unified framework for harmonizing complex, multi-metric neuroimaging data in large-scale, multi-site studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MV-ComBat and MV-CovBat: Multivariate Frameworks for Joint Harmonization of Multi-Metric Neuroimaging Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic plasticity and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans are regulated by mitochondrial homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrion is a versatile organelle involved in diverse processes, such as cell death, metal homeostasis, plasma membrane and cell wall integrity, stress response, oxygen concentration, temperature, and metabolic adaptation, in addition to its role in generating energy. Consequently, mitochondrial fitness is essential for the pathogenicity of various organisms, including fungi. Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen responsible for over 180,000 HIV-related deaths each year. In this study, we analyzed C. neoformans metabolic plasticity when grown with non-fermentable carbon sources and their impact on virulence and mitochondrial homeostasis. Growth on non-fermentable carbon sources increased thermotolerance, glucuronoxylomannan (GMX) content in the capsule, melanization rate, urease activity, biofilm formation, and virulence. Moreover, cells grown on non-fermentable carbon sources manifested increased mitochondrial number and activity. Conversely, mutants of the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, the Hap complex, the catalytic subunit 1 of protein kinase A, or media supplementation with antioxidants, decreased the use of alternative carbon sources, capsule formation, melanin synthesis, urease activity, mitochondrial number, and resistance to both fluconazole and macrophage killing. Our results implicate mitochondrial homeostasis in virulence regulation via the PKA pathway, suggesting that targeting fungal mitochondrial homeostasis could be a therapeutic approach for cryptococcosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino-Medina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic plasticity and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans are regulated by mitochondrial homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cajal-Retzius fate specification is disrupted by constitutive activation of β-Catenin in hem progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cajal-Retzius cells (CR cells) are the earliest born neurons in the cerebral cortex, and have been implicated in regulating neuronal migration and development of circuitry. A major source of CR cells is the cortical hem, a signaling center at the dorsal telencephalic midline. The hem functions as the hippocampal organizer via canonical WNT signaling and hem progenitors are therefore exposed to high levels of WNT ligands. We tested whether constitutive stabilization of {beta}-Catenin (gain of function, GOF) in the mouse cortical hem progenitors supports CR cell production. We find that although neurons are produced from the hem, they do not acquire molecular features of CR cell identity. The trajectory of differentiation examined using single-cell transcriptomics reveals that immature CR cells normally display a Tbr2+ stage, which is absent upon {beta}-Catenin GOF. These data indicate that CR progenitors in the hem are sensitive to levels of stabilized {beta}-Catenin and that a Tbr2+ stage may be important for the acquisition of CR cell identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parichha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cajal-Retzius fate specification is disrupted by constitutive activation of β-Catenin in hem progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrathecal (G4C2)149 delivery in C9orf72-deficient mice yields mild motor dysfunction and ALS/FTD pathological hallmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A repeat expansion in C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), yet existing mouse models incompletely engage spinal regions implicated in disease. Here, an adeno-associated virus encoding (G4C2)149 repeats was delivered via neonatal intrathecal injection, achieving widespread CNS expression with robust spinal cord targeting. This approach was applied to mice with graded loss of endogenous C9orf72 to interrogate both gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms. Longitudinal motor, behavioral, and pathological analyses revealed that repeat expression primarily drives mild, progressive muscle weakness, whereas coordination deficits were largely genotype dependent. Subtle gait abnormalities and hyperactivity were also observed. Within spinal motor regions, repeat-expressing mice exhibited dipeptide repeat protein accumulation, reduced NeuN-positive area, glial activation, and sparse phosphorylated TDP-43 pathology. Cross-domain correlations further linked repeat expression, spinal pathology, and motor dysfunction. Collectively, these findings establish that CNS-wide repeat expression combined with reduced C9orf72 produces a coherent, mild ALS/FTD model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahrabi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerman, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrathecal (G4C2)149 delivery in C9orf72-deficient mice yields mild motor dysfunction and ALS/FTD pathological hallmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeat expansions in C9orf72 rewire the 3D chromatin landscape in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is frequently driven by GGGGCC short tandem repeat (STR) expansions in C9orf72, yet the mechanisms by which these expansions lead to neurodegeneration remain incompletely understood. Here, we propose a novel mechanism involving higher-order chromatin architecture where C9orf72-STR expansions induce widespread, neuron-specific gains in chromatin loops that are closely linked to transcriptomic dysregulation in ALS. These ectopic loops colocalize with the genomic binding sites of C9orf72-STR RNAs and the architectural protein CTCF, supporting a model in which RNA-DNA interactions promote aberrant loop formation. Together, our findings demonstrate how C9orf72-STR expansions remodel the neuronal genome and disrupt gene expression, uncovering an RNA-driven mechanism of chromatin reorganization in C9-ALS that connects altered nuclear topology to gene dysregulation in neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avila, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urhekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dracheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeat expansions in C9orf72 rewire the 3D chromatin landscape in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct spatial and non-spatial response properties of excitatory narrow-spike and burst-firing neurons in the marmoset auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell types are the basic units of the cerebral cortex. Broad and narrow spike waveforms (BW and NW) are the primary criteria for classifying putative excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons, particularly in non-human primates where genetic accessibility is limited. We have classified cell types in the auditory cortex of marmosets using spike waveforms and firing patterns and identified a new type of neuron: the NW-burst neuron. NW-burst neurons are excitatory, as they drive but do not suppress the firing of connected neurons. Furthermore, NW-burst neurons displayed shorter response latencies, lower response variability, smaller receptive fields, stronger correlations between spatial and non-spatial selectivity, and higher decoding accuracy than other neurons. Together, these findings suggest that cortical NW-burst neurons in non-human primates represent a distinct excitatory cell type.

Significance StatementClassifying cell types in non-human primates is challenging due to limited genetic tools. Traditionally, neurons with narrow spikes are assumed to be inhibitory. Challenging this view, we analyzed 1,816 high-quality single units in the marmoset auditory cortex and discovered that narrow-spike burst-firing neurons were excitatory. These neurons exhibited shorter response latencies, smaller receptive fields, and higher decoding accuracy. Crucially, they showed a positive correlation between "where" and "what" selectivity, defying the standard trade-off between spatial and non-spatial response properties. These findings reveal a specific excitatory cell type in the auditory cortex of a non-human primate species that integrates sound information with high temporal fidelity and feature selectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remington, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct spatial and non-spatial response properties of excitatory narrow-spike and burst-firing neurons in the marmoset auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM32-UBQLN2-p62 axis promotes TDP-43 inclusion formation and amyloid aggregation through shuttle condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant protein aggregation is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which share overlapping genetic and pathological features. Similar aggregates are increasingly recognized in Alzheimers disease (AD) and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). However, it remains unclear whether a shared molecular pathway drives this pathological aggregation. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32, together with the shuttle factor UBQLN2 and the autophagy adaptor p62/SQSTM1, form condensates that depend on E3 ligase activity and a network of intermolecular interactions. These condensates act as scaffolds that capture UBQLN2 client proteins, including TDP-43 and ANXA11, and modulate their mobility. A unique hydrophobic loop within TRIM32s substrate-binding domain mimics low-complexity motifs in ANXA11 and TDP-43, enabling selective retention via competitive binding mediated by UBQLN2 STI1 domain. Moreover, TRIM32 condensates promote amyloid aggregation of TDP-43, an effect that is exacerbated by pathogenic UBQLN2 mutation. In brains from individuals with diverse neurodegenerative diseases, TRIM32 co-localizes with pathological phospho-TDP-43 (pTDP-43) inclusions, supporting a model in which TRIM32-driven condensates function as selective proteostasis sorting compartments that broadly contribute to TDP-43 proteinopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauen, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM32-UBQLN2-p62 axis promotes TDP-43 inclusion formation and amyloid aggregation through shuttle condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.702420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical maps diverge, representations converge along cortical hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.702420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain maps (e.g. retinotopy, somatotopy) vary across individuals. This is thought to reflect underlying computational differences. However, artificial neural networks (ANNs) show that similar performance and internal representations can coexist with diverse circuit layouts. Consequently, we tested the presumption that spatial diversity reflects representational diversity in the brain, but found this presumption often breaks down. Using task and resting-state fMRI data we compared regional functional topographies and representational geometries-the within-individual dissimilarities among activity patterns. Across individuals (n = 414), representations converged in higher-order cortex despite substantial topographic diversity, indicating that similar information was encoded by different, individual-specific activity patterns. Topography only tracked representational differences in sensory-motor cortices and regions under strong architectural constraints, such as myelination or laminar differentiation. We show this parallels ANNs: architectural permissiveness allows idiosyncratic layouts to arise from random initializations rather than learned representations. To test whether topographies and representations show analogous developmental origins, we examined twins (n = 394), and found topographies were more heritable than representations. This shows that representational convergence occurs across idiosyncratic layouts in both artificial and biological systems, but is moderated by architectural constraints on implementation flexibility. Accordingly, the relevance of localization- and representation-based paradigms of brain function depends on neural architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.702420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical maps diverge, representations converge along cortical hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate binding and activation mechanism of the essential bacterial septal cell wall synthase FtsW 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Septal peptidoglycan (sPG) synthesis in most bacteria is driven by the essential, highly conserved FtsWIOLB synthase complex, comprising the SEDS glycosyltransferase FtsW, the monofunctional transpeptidase FtsI, and the scaffolding subcomplex FtsOLB. Although apo structures of FtsWIOLB are known, no substrate-bound structures exist, likely due to the intrinsic flexibility of lipid II (L2) substrates. Here, we combined all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of E. coli FtsWIOLB with cysteine-based mutagenesis and cell-based assays to define donor and acceptor L2 binding sites in FtsW and to elucidate the complexs activation mechanism. We show that conserved arginine residues adjacent to membrane-accessible cavities in FtsW coordinate donor and acceptor L2 pyrophosphate groups, stabilizing substrate binding. The FtsWIOLB complex appears to adopt a self-inhibitory architecture in which gating elements and a periplasmic loop prevent the donor and acceptor from approaching FtsWs catalytic residue D297. Activation by FtsN or a superfission FtsW variant relieves these constraints, stabilizes acceptor-site binding, and reorients both substrates into a catalytically primed state. Long donor glycan chains further stabilize this activated conformation at the acceptor site, promoting processive sPG polymerization. Comparative modeling of ESKAPE pathogen homologs reveals conserved and divergent features of binding-site engagement and activation. We corroborate these computational findings with cysteine-based mutagenesis and crosslinking experiments. These results establish a mechanistic framework for FtsW substrate recognition and functional activation, highlighting tractable sites for structure and mechanism-based antibiotic discovery targeting SEDS-class cell wall synthases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yepes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehya, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate binding and activation mechanism of the essential bacterial septal cell wall synthase FtsW]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Ploidy Modulates Nucleolar Size via Dosage of Nucleolar Organizing Regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal nucleolar morphology is a pathognomonic histologic feature of cancer cells. Nucleoli are biomolecular condensates and cytogenetic entities that form around nucleolar organizing regions (NORs), located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes. Given that aneuploidy is pervasive in human cancers and can involve NOR-bearing chromosomes, we investigated how aneuploidy-driven changes in NOR dosage impact nucleolar morphology. We used reversine, a spindle assembly checkpoint inhibitor, to induce chromosomal instability and complex aneuploidy in DLD1 colorectal cancer cells (near-euploid) and normal human colon organoids (colonoids, euploid). High resolution 3D imaging and quantitative analyses of reversine-treated cells showed overall doubling of total nucleolar volume per nucleus. Reversine-associated nucleolar enlargement occurred independently of global protein synthesis, and thus was not solely driven by increases in biosynthetic demand. The volume of individual nucleoli showed a direct linear correlation with the number of associated NORs, as revealed by 3D co-localization with NOR-specific FISH probes. These findings establish NOR dosage as a determinant of nucleolar morphology and metric of genomic instability, providing a new paradigm by which aneuploidy can modulate spatial chromosomal constraints and nuclear architecture in cancer.

Significance statementCancer cells often show enlarged and abnormal nucleoli. We show that aneuploidy, a common feature of cancer, can directly reshape nucleolar morphology by altering the copy number of acrocentric chromosomal regions around which nucleoli form, NORs. Using high-resolution 3D imaging in cell lines and patient-derived colonoids, we find that nucleolar number and volume directly correlate with NOR number, independent of overall protein synthesis. Individual nucleolar volume scales with the number of 3D NOR associations, and prominent single nucleoli arise when NORs accumulate. These results provide evidence that aneuploidy can lead to aberrant nucleolar morphologies seen in many human cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Ploidy Modulates Nucleolar Size via Dosage of Nucleolar Organizing Regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping spatially organized molecular and genetic signatures of schizophrenia across multiple scales in human prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) controls many cognitive and emotional processes that are disrupted in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the spatial location of molecular changes associated with SCZ within the dlPFC remains poorly characterized. dlPFC cell types are spatially organized across six layers into microcircuits that mediate dlPFC function. While SCZ has been linked to regionally-defined cell types, spatially-resolved transcriptomics (SRT) can more directly map molecular associations of disease. We integrated protein detection for perineuronal nets, neurons and vasculature with SRT to investigate how gene expression varies across different cellular microenvironments in the human dlPFC from neurotypical control (n=31) and SCZ (n=32) brain donors. We mapped transcriptional alterations in synaptic, neuroimmune and metabolic pathways to neuropil and glia-enriched domains including the white matter. Integrative analyses linked laminar alterations predominantly to non-neuronal populations, and in situ profiling further resolved these changes at cellular resolution, indicating intracellular transcriptional changes that may underpin SCZ-associated alterations. By mapping SCZ-associated ligand-receptor pairs, we curated altered patterns of cell-cell communication that may coordinate local signaling dynamics across specialized tissue microenvironments. Finally, analyses that integrate SCZ genetic risk further highlight the significance of neuron-glia interactions, suggesting that neuronal genetic liability may signal through non-neuronal alterations across cortical domains. This multimodal atlas provides a spatial-anatomical framework for linking genetic risk to transcriptional phenotypes in the human cortex, delineating SCZ-associated gene expression landscapes across layers, single cells, and microenvironments. The data is available as a browsable PsychENCODE resource to support broad utilization that can inform mechanistic studies investigating SCZ pathology and risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iatrou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jajoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakundi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaipa, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobana, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daskalakis, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping spatially organized molecular and genetic signatures of schizophrenia across multiple scales in human prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain morphological pattern is associated with the presence, severity, and transition of transdiagnostic psychiatric disorders in preadolescents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive function, psychological processes, mental states, and behaviors are key dimensions of human subjective experience that separately relate to mental disorders across diagnostic categories. However, whether these dimensions are linked to common or distinct brain morphological patterns that convey risk or resilience for psychiatric disorders remains unclear. The current study is a longitudinal investigation on 11,875 youths from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study aged 9-10 years at baseline. A machine learning approach based on canonical correlation analysis was used to identify latent dimensional associations of cortical morphology (4 metrics: surface area, cortical and subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and sulcal/gyral depth) with multidomain behavioral assessments including cognitive scores and psychological measures indexing motivation, impulse control, mental states, and behaviors across a normative continuum from healthy to pathological. Across morphological measures, we identified a robust latent brain structural variate that correlated positively with cognitive performance and negatively with psychological measures indexing greater psychology. Notably, higher scores on this brain variate reflected larger cortical surface area and cortical volume--especially in the temporal gyri--together with a posterior-anterior gradient in cortical thickness, showing relatively greater thickness in occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices and lower thickness in cingulate and frontal regions. This brain variate and the related cognitive-psychological-behavioral variate remained stable at the 2-year follow-up, demonstrating temporal consistency. Importantly, the brain variate showed a dose-dependent relationship with the cumulative number of psychiatric diagnoses assessed concurrently and at 2-year follow-up, with lower brain variate scores being associated with higher numbers of comorbid diagnoses. In addition, the brain scores were associated with longitudinal transitions between healthy and diagnosed states over the 2-year study period, in which lower scores at baseline were associated with persistent psychiatric diagnoses whereas higher scores at baseline were associated with persistent healthy states, suggesting that the brain scores capture a vulnerability- resilience continuum for psychopathology. By revealing shared brain structural substrates across conventional diagnostic boundaries, these findings advance the neurodevelopmental understanding of psychiatric disorders and highlight the potential utility of morphology-informed approaches for early screening and intervention in youth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>kuang, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmeron, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scavinicky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain morphological pattern is associated with the presence, severity, and transition of transdiagnostic psychiatric disorders in preadolescents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin resistance modifies longitudinal multi-omics responses to habitual diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How habitual diet influences the gut microbiome and plasma metabolome across insulin resistance states remains unclear. We conducted year-long multi-omics profiling of 71 deeply phenotyped adults, integrating repeated assessments of diet, metabolome, gut microbiome, clinical laboratory measures, and inflammatory markers. Using gold-standard insulin suppression tests and machine learning-derived dietary patterns, we examined how dietary patterns relate to metabolic and microbial landscapes by insulin resistance status. Insulin-sensitive individuals exhibited stronger and more numerous diet-omics associations than insulin-resistant individuals, identifying metabolic flexibility as a central determinant of dietary responsiveness. Parabacteroides emerged as a candidate microbial mediator between refined carbohydrate-rich dietary patterns and host metabolic signatures. Integrated into a cardiovascular risk prediction model, diet, metabolites, microbial taxa, and immune markers each contributed to 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. These findings show that inter-individual variation in cardiometabolic risk partly reflects differences in molecular responsiveness to habitual diet, informing precision nutrition and cardiovascular prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perelma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battersby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miryam Schussler Fiorenza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejikian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin resistance modifies longitudinal multi-omics responses to habitual diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D, multi-omic imaging reveals molecular biomarkers of the pre-metastatic niche in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recurrence rate following complete surgical resection of primary non-small cell lung cancer is as high as 55%, yet no approach currently exists to evaluate the risk of local recurrence. The premetastatic paradigm is the recognition that metastasis is preceded by reprogramming naive tissues to prime a microenvironment for tumor cell survival and subsequent reactivation. Identification of biomarkers of the pre-metastatic niche would allow us to evaluate a patients risk of local relapse in the normal lung parenchyma surrounding the resected tumor. We designed a workflow incorporating in vivo modelling, radiology, and deep learning-guided three-dimensional (3D) imaging, spatial proteomics, and transcriptomics to identify previously unreported signals associated with the early transformation of the lung parenchyma announcing regional metastasis. We curated biorepository spanning timepoints before and after resection of primary Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors. Using radiology and cellular resolution 3D histology, we calculated the number and distribution of metastases in mouse lungs and developed an algorithm to guide placement of spatial proteomics and transcriptomics to regions containing early micro-metastases and the pre-metastatic microenvironment. Molecular and tissue features associated with presence, size, and location of metastases guided the identification of both myeloid (F4/80) and senescent (p16/p21) cell signatures in the premetastatic and metastatic environments. Finally, multiparametric flow cytometry of metastatic lungs in a senescence reporter GEMM (tdTomato-p16 INKA mice) resolved senescent cells including alveolar macrophages as the cellular phenotypes associated with these early premetastatic signatures. Altogether, this work highlights a novel AI-assisted approach for detection of biomarkers of tissue remodeling during lung cancer invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaygude, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehira, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benducci, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamauchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoyombo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenderov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D, multi-omic imaging reveals molecular biomarkers of the pre-metastatic niche in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of two common GVHD prophylaxis regimens on the gut microbiome: Results from the BMT CTN 1801 study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for many hematological malignancies, but graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication. Low gut microbiome diversity is associated with higher GVHD risk and shorter survival in multiple studies.

Recently, the BMT CTN 1703 clinical trial demonstrated superiority of a GVHD-prophylaxis regimen including post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) compared to the standard prophylaxis (tacrolimus and methotrexate, Tac/MTX) in terms of GVHD-free, relapse-free survival at one year among reduced intensity conditioning allo-HCT recipients. However, the effect of PTCy on the gut microbiome and its association with clinical outcome have not been described. Here, we report on a companion randomized clinical controlled trial (BMT CTN 1801), which collected 2575 longitudinal stool samples from 304 study participants. Samples were obtained up to weekly up to day 84 post allo-HCT and at less frequent intervals thereafter, up to 2 years.

Microbiome diversity and absolute microbial load were lower in the PTCy group compared to the Tac/MTX group on days 14-28 post-HCT. However, diversity at the timepoint closest to neutrophil engraftment was not significantly associated with non-relapse mortality after one year or other clinical outcomes, contrary to expectations from previous studies. Microbial domination events, when a single species exceeds 30% relative abundance, were comparable across treatment arms and reflected both pathogen blooms as well as less severe disruptions of the microbial community. Clostridium scindens and secondary bile acid metabolism pathways were less prevalent in the PTCy arm than in the Tac/MTX arm post-HCT, yet presence of secondary bile acid metabolism pathways was associated with a lower risk of chronic GVHD.

Given that PTCy was associated with a greater disruption of the microbiome as measured by diversity, absolute microbial abundance, and bile acid metabolism capability, but better clinical outcomes overall, these data suggest that the importance of the microbiome in modulating the host immune systems after allo-HCT is specific to different types of GVHD prophylaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirbel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saber, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenq, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos-Meade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratrude, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmariah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooptu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtan, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Malki, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezvani, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riches, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runaas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Brink, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamadani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of two common GVHD prophylaxis regimens on the gut microbiome: Results from the BMT CTN 1801 study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic control of microglial mitochondrial immunity by KAT7 drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-driven innate immune signaling sustains chronic neuroinflammation in neurological diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD), yet how this pathway is regulated in microglia remains poorly understood. Here, we identify the histone acetyltransferase KAT7 (HBO1) as a central epigenetic regulator that links chromatin remodeling to mitochondrial immune activation. KAT7 and its histone mark H3K14ac are elevated in microglia from 5xFAD mice and human AD brains. Integrative transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses reveal that KAT7 activates transcription of Cmpk2, a mitochondrial kinase essential for mtDNA synthesis. Loss of KAT7 reduces Cmpk2 expression, impairs mtDNA replication and release, and consequently suppresses cGAS-STING and NLRP3 signaling. Importantly, both microglia-specific deletion and pharmacological inhibition of KAT7 mitigate cytosolic mtDNA-induced neuroinflammation, decrease amyloid-{beta} burden, restore synaptic plasticity, and improve cognitive function in 5xFAD mice. Together, these findings uncover an epigenetic-mitochondrial axis sustaining microglial pathogenicity and establish KAT7 as a promising therapeutic target for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic control of microglial mitochondrial immunity by KAT7 drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and dynamic pharmacology of μ-opioid receptor positive allosteric modulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid agonists such as morphine and fentanyl exert analgesic effects by binding and activating the {micro}-opioid receptor ({micro}OR), yet agonism of the {micro}OR causes a slate of serious side effects. {micro}OR-mediated addiction and respiratory depression are the major causes of the current opioid overdose crisis, largely driven by the explosion in illicit use of fentanyl, a potent opioid receptor full agonist. Given these serious side effects (and high resulting societal cost), molecules that act as analgesics with distinct mechanisms of action are of great interest. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the {micro}OR have the potential to avoid many off-target side effects of conventional opioid orthosteric agonists by enhancing the signaling properties of natural opioid peptide systems. We used a DNA-encoded chemical library screening approach to selectively discover active-state-specific {micro}OR PAMs. Two out of 3 selected prospective PAMs displayed the anticipated enhancement in agonist activity. The most effective of these compounds enhanced the activity of all orthosteric opioid agonists tested, including the native opioid peptide met-enkephalin. Little is known about the underlying dynamic basis of allosteric modulation of Family A GPCRs like the {micro}OR. To that end, we used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments to detail the impact that our novel {micro}OR PAM has on the dynamic activation behavior of a key region on the intracellular face of the receptor. Our results here provide both a new chemical scaffold that acts as a {micro}OR PAM and detailed pharmacological and dynamic insights into its mechanism of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanguturi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appourchaux, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobilka, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and dynamic pharmacology of μ-opioid receptor positive allosteric modulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neofunctionalized flowering antagonist created an evolutionary contingency that channeled Solanaceae adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neofunctionalization is a rare fate of gene duplication, classically defined as the acquisition of novel functions that potentiate the emergence of new traits. Rather than evolving to function autonomously, neofunctionalized genes may also remain embedded within their ancestral regulatory networks, potentially reshaping the genetic trajectories through which phenotypic change occurs. Testing this hypothesis, we leveraged a pan-genetic platform comprising ten Solanaceae species and show that a paralog of the flowering hormone florigen neofunctionalized into a flowering antagonist and was repeatedly selected during crop domestication and adaptation of wild plants across 50 million years of evolution. Independent selection of cis-regulatory and coding mutations in SELF-PRUNING 5G (SP5G) enabled rapid flowering in the wild ancestor of domesticated tomato from Central America as well as major and indigenous eggplant crop lineages domesticated in Asia and Africa. We further found that cis-regulatory sequence changes reduced SP5G expression and flowering time in wild species native to distinct environments in the Americas and Australia, relationships that we validated by genome editing. Together with similar patterns observed across diverse species and developmental networks, we propose that antagonistic neofunctionalized paralogs create evolutionary contingencies that channel adaptive trajectories across plant lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shohat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna-Ramos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalacqua, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraja-Fonseca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prohens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neofunctionalized flowering antagonist created an evolutionary contingency that channeled Solanaceae adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bottom-up and generative computations both uniquely explain social brain responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making social evaluations from visual input is a core human ability that engages brain regions involved in social perception, including portions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), as well as higher-level mentalizing regions, such as the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). One common hypothesis proposes that these regions operate hierarchically: social perception regions like posterior STS (pSTS) implement bottom-up computations to generate fast, stimulus-derived representations of social interactions, while mentalizing regions like TPJ perform inverse-planning computations to infer the underlying goals and motivations driving agents behavior. However, this computational-neural mapping has never been formally tested, in large part due to the lack of successful computational models of social processing. We developed computational models aligned with these two frameworks: a graph-neural-network (GNN) model that recognizes social interactions by relying on relational visual information, and a generative inverse-planning model that does so by inverting a model of agents goals and the physical world. In this preregistered study, we collected fMRI responses while participants watched videos of agentive animated shapes depicting social interactions and compared neural responses to both computational models. Surprisingly, we found that both the GNN and inverse-planning model explained neural responses in pSTS and TPJ, even after controlling for variance explained by the other model. Exploratory analyses, however, revealed a shift from early perceptual processing towards later higher-order reasoning in both regions, suggesting a temporal rather than spatial hierarchy. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that both social perception and mentalizing regions carry out a combination of relational bottom-up and higher-level inferential computations, perhaps on distinct timescales. This work also provides the first comparison of an inverse-planning model to neural activity and demonstrates that theory-driven cognitive models can successfully predict fMRI responses to social scenes.

Significance StatementThe ability to recognize social interactions between others is central to humans daily lives and engages brain regions supporting social perception and mental state inference. The neural computations underlying this ability, however, are poorly understood. Here we leveraged new models of bottom-up social perception and generative social inference to test the hypothesis that these complementary computations are carried out in separate brain regions. We compared both models to brain responses from subjects viewing procedurally generated videos of social interactions. Surprisingly, we found that both models explained neural activity in both perceptual and mentalizing regions, even when controlling for effects of the other model. These findings challenge the idea of a strict division of labor in the social brain and refine our understanding of the computations supporting human social inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bottom-up and generative computations both uniquely explain social brain responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.22.707219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking foundation models for splice site and exon annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.22.707219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent foundation and deep learning models have brought a generational leap in improving the quality of genome annotation, particularly in identifying genes and their structural elements, including exons and splice sites. However, they are trained on reduced datasets that may not capture biological complexity, such as differences between coding versus non-coding, terminal versus internal, constitutive versus alternatively spliced, and transposable element (TE)-derived exons. We evaluate several foundation models for gene and splice site annotation, including the transformer-based SegmentNT, Enformer and Borzoi, coupled with a segmentation head for per-base resolution, and the CNN-based SpliceAI and AlphaGenome, along with a newly developed fine-tuned model, STEP2h, on different classes of gene elements as described above. We found that the performance of all methods is highest for the class of exons found in their training data class and decreases drastically for classes of exons poorly represented. In particular, performance is highest for protein-coding genes, coding exons, and constitutive exons, and decreases drastically by up to 2-4 fold for non-coding internal exons, terminal exons, and exons that undergo alternative splicing. Similarly, performance is impaired on LINE-1 and Alu-derived exons. In contrast, a locally developed CNN model fine-tuned on a specialized TE-exon dataset showed improved performance in this category. Our study highlights the outstanding challenges in gene and exon annotation when leveraging powerful foundation models, and the need for further fine-tuning on judiciously selected classes of data or task-specific models to capture a broader, more diverse spectrum of gene features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.22.707219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking foundation models for splice site and exon annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialization of independently acquired flagellar FliC proteins in plant-associated Sphingomonas balances swimming and immunogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants monitor their environment for microbial invaders using pattern-recognition receptors that detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Flagellin, the main component of bacterial flagellum, contains the flg22 epitope recognized by the plant immune receptor FLS2. Immune recognition can create an evolutionary conflict, requiring bacteria to balance flagellar function and immune evasion. Here, we show that plant-associated Sphingomonads resolve this constraint by partitioning two flagellar functions, motility and colonization, across two divergent and independently acquired flagellin genes. Comparative genomics revealed widespread coexistence of FliC proteins expressing either an immunogenic variant (FliC-H) or a non-immunogenic variant (FliC-L). The non-immunogenic FliC-L is necessary and sufficient for full directional swimming, whereas FliC-H is dispensable for swimming, but sufficient for full attachment and colonization. Flagellin expression patterns mirror these functions. Thus, FLS2 recognizes the flagellar variant required for colonization rather than motility, potentially restricting colonizing bacteria from entering internal leaf and root tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguita-Maeso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialization of independently acquired flagellar FliC proteins in plant-associated Sphingomonas balances swimming and immunogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formate reduces ischemic injury in the male heart by increasing protein S-nitrosation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. We and others have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) signaling and associated protein S-nitrosation (SNO) play a key role in reducing ischemic injury in the heart. We also find that while females typically exhibit endogenous protection from ischemic injury, this protection is abrogated with the loss of the formate-generating enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5), but formate supplementation provided a rescue. Here, we investigate the cardioprotective efficacy of formate in male hearts. Hearts were Langendorff-perfused and subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with and without formate. Formate-mediated protection was also examined using an in vitro model of coverslip-induced ischemic injury to identify molecular underpinnings. We found that formate yields protection from I/R injury in ex vivo and in vitro models by increasing post-ischemic protein SNO levels, while NO synthase inhibition blocked this formate-mediated increase in protein SNO in vitro, and attenuated protection from I/R injury ex vivo. Moreover, post-ischemic levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor necessary for NOS function, were preserved in formate-treated hearts. Furthermore, inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a one-carbon enzyme critical for BH4 recycling, blunted formate-mediated protection ex vivo. Collectively, our findings suggest that formate is a potent cardioprotective agent that confers protection by preserving post-ischemic BH4 levels, and enhancing protein SNO levels through a NOS-dependent mechanism. These findings have significant implications for the clinical prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garbus-Grant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenebe, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohr, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formate reduces ischemic injury in the male heart by increasing protein S-nitrosation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 binds a distinct topological isoform of the tail-anchored protein IFITM3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biogenesis of integral membrane proteins is complex, as revealed by an ever-growing number of cellular components shown to be dedicated to the insertion, folding, surveillance, rectification, or quality control of specific client membrane proteins. The zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 and its yeast homolog Ste24 have well-established roles in the proteolytic maturation of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A and yeast a-factor, respectively. Additionally, Ste24 has been implicated through yeast genetic screens in a variety of membrane processes, including ER- associated degradation (ERAD), Sec61 translocon "unclogging," the unfolded protein response (UPR), and potentially as a membrane protein topology determinant. Recently, an interaction was demonstrated between ZMPSTE24 and the antiviral interferon induced transmembrane protein IFITM3, although the functional significance of this interaction is not well-understood. IFITM3 is a tail-anchored protein with a cytoplasmic N-terminus, a single transmembrane span, and a lumenal/exocellular C-terminus. Here, we show that a catalytic-dead version of ZMPSTE24, ZMPSTE24E336A, exhibits enhanced binding to IFITM3, and this bound species of IFITM3 is hypo-palmitoylated. Using a split fluorescence topology reporter, we demonstrate that ZMPSTE24E336A "traps" and stabilizes a subpopulation of IFITM3 molecules with an atypical membrane topology, whose C-terminus is cytosolic instead of lumenal. Such inverted forms of IFITM3 are also detected in the presence of ERAD inhibitors when ZMPSTE24E336A is absent. We hypothesize the ZMPSTE24E336A trap mutant reveals a normally transient isoform of IFITM3 whose transmembrane span is inverted and that ZMPSTE24 is involved in the quality control of IFITM3 topology, either inverting, correcting or assisting in removal of aberrant IFITM3 molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilagardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 binds a distinct topological isoform of the tail-anchored protein IFITM3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Inositol Receptor Orchestrates Carbon Utilization and Fungal Virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient sensing and utilization are critical for microbes to adapt to their environment and evade predators. The encapsuled yeast Cryptococcus neoformans has a unique ability to sense and utilize the sugar inositol as both a signaling molecule, and as a carbon source. This trait is advantageous not only in the natural environment, but to promote its pathogenesis, including invasion of the central nervous system. Unlike many other fungal species, which utilize the canonical carbon catabolite repression (CCR) mechanism to prioritize glucose metabolism, we have identified a novel inositol transporter-like receptor (transceptor) Itr4 that also regulates CCR genes to maintain inositol metabolism activity even under high glucose conditions. Itr4 binds inositol and regulates the function of other inositol transporters (ITRs) and its loss leads to a significant decrease in inositol uptake activity, resulting in a lack of mating, reduced capsule size, reduced blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and virulence attenuation. Mutagenesis analysis of Itr4 protein identified an essential N-terminal tail and two amino acids, Q388 and Q389, as sites of functional importance. The ITR4Q388A, Q389A allele showed a dominant phenotype with increased inositol uptake, enlarged capsule and significantly attenuated virulence. In summary, we identify a new C. neoformans inositol transceptor, Itr4, the first such example in eukaryotes, with novel regulatory roles in both inositol and glucose metabolism and fungal virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tancer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Inositol Receptor Orchestrates Carbon Utilization and Fungal Virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of exploration-avoidance behaviors by vmPFC-projecting BLA neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is known to regulate exploration-avoidance behaviors. Separately, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which plays a pivotal role in interpreting the emotional valence of external stimuli, is known to send information about aversive cues to the mPFC. Here, we investigated the role of vmPFC-projecting BLA neurons in modulating exploration-avoidance behaviors. We selectively and reversibly inhibited this subset of BLA neurons using a projection-defined chemogenetic approach in mice engaged in a classic unconditioned exploration-avoidance task, the elevated zero maze (EZM). Saline injection served as a control for administration of the chemogenetic ligand CNO. We found that inhibiting vmPFC-projecting BLA neurons with CNO injections promotes avoidance behaviors. This effect could not be attributed to the effects of injection. It could also not be attributed to repeated maze exposure because, whereas we observed behavioral habituation in naive mice following repeated exposure at 1 hr, in mice mimicking treatment manipulation (IP injection), no habituation was observed at this timepoint. Together, our results reveal that vmPFC-projecting BLA neurons promote safety rather than aversive signals in the context of unconditioned exploration-avoidance behavior. Surprisingly, these findings are directly opposed to previous work that suppressed BLA projection fibers in the mPFC. These contrasting results suggest pathway-dependent roles of mPFC-projecting BLA neurons (direct axonal vs. complex somatic, due to direct + indirect), or alternatively, specializations in the roles of mPFC subregions (vmPFC vs. dmPFC) in exploration-avoidance behavior. Our results also provide guidance for future experimental designs involving repeated exposure to the EZM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adwanikar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of exploration-avoidance behaviors by vmPFC-projecting BLA neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceiving latent dynamics: Innate and coachable visual estimation of limb damping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are remarkably adept at extracting latent dynamic information from purely visual cues. Prior work shows that people can innately estimate differences in limb stiffness using solely their visual observation of movement, which suggests that components of mechanical impedance may be embedded within humans internal predictive models of movement. We tested whether humans can similarly perceive damping, a force-velocity relationship, and whether targeted coaching can enhance this visual ability. Specifically, 30 participants observed abstract two-link arm simulations with systematically varied elbow damping and rated their perceived level of damping for several trials. Participants completed two sessions separated by one of three brief coaching interventions: (1) no coaching, (2) coaching to attend to hand velocity, or (3) coaching to attend to elbow-angle velocity. Results reveal that (1) humans can innately perceive changes in arm damping using solely their visual observation of motion and (2) coaching further improved performance, with the elbow-angle coaching group showing a significantly greater increase in rating accuracy compared to the other two groups. This work extends our understanding of how action-perception coupling supports inference of mechanical impedance. Moreover, we demonstrated that perceptual strategies for estimating damping are malleable and can be systematically improved through coaching. We not only identified the visual cues observers relied on but also guided them toward more classifiable features, effectively strengthening their perceptual models of limb dynamics.

Author summaryHumans are remarkably adept at understanding an objects latent dynamic properties simply by watching it move, even when the underlying forces are unseen. In this paper, we demonstrated that people can notice differences in how "damped" a moving limb is using vision alone. Moreover, we found that brief coaching helped participants focus on the most informative features, significantly improving their ability to differentiate the damping levels. These results demonstrate how people can visually infer aspects of movement that are normally thought to require physical interaction, offering insight into how the motor system links action and perception. They also show that strategies can be shaped and improved, supporting real-world healthcare applications. In stroke rehabilitation, physical therapists physically assess the resistance of a patients limb, so better guidance on the most relevant visual cues can help clinicians learn faster and even provide care remotely. In robot-assisted surgery, surgeons operate a console to perform procedures with limited or no force feedback, so they must estimate tissue dynamics properties largely from visual observation. Understanding how people visually estimate these dynamics can inform training for more precise surgical decisions. Overall, our findings clarify how humans interpret movement dynamics and how coaching can support more consistent and accurate perceptual decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceiving latent dynamics: Innate and coachable visual estimation of limb damping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM reveals a right-handed double-helix dimer architecture of PCDH15 critical for mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tip links connect the stereocilia of mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear and transmit force onto mechanotransduction (MET) channels. Tip links consist of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23), which assemble into an extracellular filament approximately 150 nm in length. Rare freeze-etched electron microscopy (EM) images have suggested that tip links could be right-handed double helices in vivo, but direct structural evidence has been lacking. Using cryo-EM we determined the structure of a large part of the extracellular PCDH15 domain. Two PCDH15 molecules form a parallel cis dimer stabilized by several dimerization interfaces, including two strand crossovers and two parallel contacts, yielding a right-handed double helix. Functional studies show that mutations in PCDH15 dimerization-domains impair MET. Our results establish the molecular foundation for how PCDH15 forms a right-handed double helix to enable mechanical sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM reveals a right-handed double-helix dimer architecture of PCDH15 critical for mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovering signatures of archaic introgression using ancestral recombination graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes have reshaped our understanding of archaic introgression. Yet, the limited number of archaic genomes sequenced and the reliance on unadmixed outgroups have left much of this history unresolved. We introduce TRACE, a method to identify archaic ancestry using features of ancestral recombination graphs inferred from contemporary genomes alone. Simulations show that TRACE reliably detects archaic introgression without requiring archaic genomes or unadmixed outgroups. Applied to 1000 Genomes data, TRACE recovers known Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression and reveals signals of ghost admixture from previously uncharacterized hominins in both Africans and non-Africans. Strikingly, ghost ancestry persists in Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry deserts, challenging their interpretation as Homo sapiens-specific regions. In Oceanians, TRACE finds deep lineages enriched in Denisovan--and not Neanderthal--regions, supporting a model of super-archaic gene flow. TRACE provides a scalable framework for mapping the legacy of archaic introgression in the absence of archaic genome sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dushlaine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovering signatures of archaic introgression using ancestral recombination graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Enabled 3D Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals Molecular Signatures of Heterogeneous Response to Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to systemic therapy is a major unmet challenge in pancreatic cancer. To identify potential mechanisms of resistance, we developed a novel 3D pipeline in clinical samples that uses deep learning to classify sensitive and persistent tumor cell populations based on morphological features, enabling subsequent molecular characterization of intratumoral heterogeneity. We applied this automated 3D pipeline to a cohort of human pancreatic cancer samples treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, identifying heterogeneity in response to therapy both between and within tumors. Application of spatial proteomics to these sensitive and persistent regions identified enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and non-classical cell states in persistent cells, confirming our morphological classification. Integration of spatial transcriptomics in multiple pancreatic cancer cohorts associated fibroblast-cancer crosstalk via syndecans with resistance to cytotoxic therapy. Our validated 3D multi-omic pipeline is now poised for application to clinical trials, enabling discovery of resistance mechanisms and design of new therapeutic combinations to circumvent resistance.

Statement of significanceWe developed a novel 3D multi-omic pipeline to identify mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy in clinical samples. This approach associated fibroblast-cancer crosstalk via syndecans with resistance to cytotoxic therapy and is poised for broader application in neoadjuvant clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojdeganlou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lvovs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakshe, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard Pagan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demystifying Pancreatic Cancer Therapies TeamLab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Enabled 3D Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals Molecular Signatures of Heterogeneous Response to Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subclonal Complete Loss of CDKN1B as a Common Genomic Alteration in Prostate Cancer: Associations with Race and Prostate Cancer Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHomozygous biallelic inactivation of CDKN1B is thought to be rare in cancer. Herein we evaluate the prevalence of intratumoral (subclonal) complete p27 protein loss (IPPL) in primary prostate cancer.

Experimental DesignWe used immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p27 in a large cohort of whole tissue sections from radical prostatectomy (n=412) and metastases from self-identified African American (AA) and European American (EA) individuals. IPPL was evaluated alongside CDKN1B mRNA in-situ hybridization and next generation sequencing of laser captured cancer regions. Cox proportional hazards analyses assessed the association of IPPL with biochemical recurrence and development of metastases after radical prostatectomy.

ResultsIPPL was detected in 18.1% of AA versus 12.2% of EA cases and was tightly correlated with CDKN1B mRNA loss and biallelic genomic loss. IPPL was associated with [&ge;]pT3 pathologic stage and pN1 disease, however these associations were only significant among AA participants. IPPL was further associated in both univariate and multivariate analyses with the development of biochemical recurrence and metastasis after primary treatment, specifically in AA individuals. The prevalence of p27 genomic alterations in metastatic disease is higher than that of primary prostate cancer in publicly available datasets as well as our analysis of autopsy cases via IHC, indicating that complete p27 loss may be selected for in metastatic disease.

ConclusionsSubclonal biallelic loss of CDKN1B resulting in complete p27 protein loss is one of the most commonly occurring biallelic tumor suppressor genomic alterations in primary prostate cancer, and could contribute to worse prostate cancer outcomes, specifically in AA males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subclonal Complete Loss of CDKN1B as a Common Genomic Alteration in Prostate Cancer: Associations with Race and Prostate Cancer Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extent of damage to descending output from cortex rather than to specific cortical regions drives the emergence of flexor synergy in non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate flexor synergies are a defining feature of the hemiparetic phenotype following stroke in humans. Although these intrusive synergies can diminish over time, recovery may plateau, leaving some individuals with movements permanently constrained to synergies. Despite their clinical significance, the neural mechanisms underlying the emergence and persistence of abnormal synergies remain poorly understood.

To investigate this mechanistically, three macaque monkeys were trained on a reach and grasp task prior to receiving one of three unilateral lesion types: 1) a focal sensorimotor cortical lesion, 2) a combined sensorimotor cortical and magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) lesion, or 3) a lesion of the internal capsule. Upper limb three-dimensional kinematics and EMG cross correlation were used to measure the intrusion of synergies during in synergy vs out of synergy reaching.

A combined RNm and cortical lesion produced weakness but no flexor synergy. A similar-sized cortical lesion generated mild synergies which substantially recovered. By contrast, a large internal capsule lesion produced severe, persistent flexor synergy. Collectively, these findings suggest that the emergence of abnormal synergies is determined by the extent of corticofugal disruption, and their persistence depends on the ability of surviving supraspinal motor pathways to regain selective control over muscle contractions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baines, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extent of damage to descending output from cortex rather than to specific cortical regions drives the emergence of flexor synergy in non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clathrin is an Intrinsic Driver of Membrane Fission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which clathrin directly drives membrane curvature during endocytosis has remained a central, longstanding question in the field of endocytosis. Using a synthetic reconstitution system that recruits clathrin to lipid membranes independent of adaptor proteins, we demonstrate that clathrin alone can induce membrane fission and that its capacity to do so is governed by the mechanical properties of the lattice. Counterintuitively, conditions that strengthen lattice assembly suppress fission, whereas weakened assembly enhances fission despite reduced membrane association. Meso-scale Brownian dynamics reveal that assembly dependent changes in triskelion geometry and lattice stiffness dictate curvature generation, corroborating these findings. These principles are further extended when clathrin is recruited by adaptor proteins amphiphyin1 or epsin1, with clathrin either enhancing or restricting fission based on adaptor specific tuning of lattice mechanics. Lastly, perturbations to clathrin assembly in live cells shift endocytic pit dynamics, with Ca2+ and EGTA producing opposing effects on pit lifetime and productive events consistent with modulation of the membrane fission barrier. Together, these results identify protein and lattice mechanics, not simply bound protein density, as the key determinant of clathrins ability to remodel membranes, elucidating its biophysical impact on vesicle formation during endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouzos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potamianos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeno, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clathrin is an Intrinsic Driver of Membrane Fission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Kinetic Intron Hypothesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intron length is a fascinating example of form without function. The vast majority of intronic space within genomes remains without a provided utility. It often fascinates us to find introns performing any function at all, establishing an attention bias against the vast lacking of utility of the remaining intergenic space. In an attempt to better understand the greater breadth of intronic length, I investigate here what I term The Kinetic Intron Hypothesis. This hypothesis investigates hypothetical dynamics of intron RNA synthesis and degradation. It explores how NTPs stored within intron RNA might function in mitosis and NTP resource management. Preliminary testing of the hypothesis leads to trends that warrant further exploration and validation by the scientific community.

SignificanceCurrently no widely acknowledged model exists to characterize the length of introns within genes, yet intron length is massively abundant in eukaryotic genomes. Here I present an attempt to model the length of introns. In doing so, I explore novel hypothesized intron dynamics, presenting preliminary data for previously uncharacterized intron characteristics. The new data and model have the protentional to unveil new avenues of utility for introns at the intracellular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tisdale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Kinetic Intron Hypothesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Silencing of Carotid Body TRPM7 Attenuates Hypertension in Obese Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is the most common cause of hypertension. We have previously shown that high levels of circulating leptin in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice induced hypertension by increasing expression of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) in the carotid bodies (CB). In addition, we demonstrated in rat PC12 cells that leptin increases Trpm7 gene expression by inducing CpG site-specific demethylation within the 5 regulatory region containing a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) binding site. This leptin-induced Trpm7 upregulation was prevented by inhibition of JAK-STAT3 signaling. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that reversing region-specific methylation at the Trpm7 promoter in the CB could attenuate obesity-associated hypertension. Compared with lean controls, DIO mice exhibited increased Trpm7 expression and the STAT3- binding site-specific promoter demethylation in the CB. Administration of methylated DNA oligonucleotides targeting the STAT3 binding site attenuated CpG site-specific DNA demethylation and reduced Trpm7 transcription in the CB of DIO mice. This intervention resulted in decreased carotid sinus nerve activity and reduced arterial blood pressure, especially during the light phase. Our results suggest that targeted modulation of CpG site-specific DNA methylation at the Trpm7 promoter using DNA oligonucleotide may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity-induced hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polotsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Silencing of Carotid Body TRPM7 Attenuates Hypertension in Obese Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive Affect Modulates Early Valuation and Conflict Processing in Social Decision-Making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social decision-making relies on dynamic affect-cognition interactions across distributed brain networks, yet how incidental positive affect modulates these mechanisms at a millisecond timescale remains unclear. This study investigated the impact of music-induced positive emotion on the neural dynamics of decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Fifty-six participants were assigned to either a happy music group or an active control (rain sound) group. Fifty-six participants were assigned to either a happy music group or an active control (rain sound) group, while electroencephalography was recorded to capture rapid neural dynamics. Behaviorally, happy music accelerated reaction times (RTs) and decoupled the ERP-RT correlations observed in the control condition. Neurally, positive affect amplified event-related potential amplitudes during early conflict detection (220-280 ms) and late valuation (520-560 ms) stages. Multivariate pattern analysis further revealed that happy music enhanced the neural separability and temporal stability of decision states (accept vs. reject). Moreover, using support vector regression based on functional network features, we found that decision acceptance rates were predicted with significantly higher accuracy in the happy music group (R = 0.60) compared to controls (R = 0.41). Crucially, feature weight analysis indicated a topological shift in decision strategy: while the control group relied on frontal-central edges (implicating executive control), the happy music group was characterized by central-temporal connections (suggesting integrative processing). Collectively, these findings provide novel evidence that incidental emotion intervenes at the millisecond timescale to bias social choices, offering a dynamic network-based account of the affect-cognition interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive Affect Modulates Early Valuation and Conflict Processing in Social Decision-Making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.708946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Modular Framework for Automated Segmentation and Analysis of AFM Imaging of Chromatin Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.708946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin organization underlies essential genome functions, but its nanoscale organization remains challenging to capture and quantify with precision. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers direct structural readouts of DNA and chromatin, yet translating these rich images into reproducible biological metrics has been limited by the lack of standardized, scalable analysis tools. Here we present DNAsight, an automated analysis framework that integrates machine learning (ML)-based segmentation with modular, base-pair-calibrated quantification of DNA spatial organization, looping, nucleosome spacing, and protein clustering. Applied across diverse chromatin-associated proteins, DNAsight reveals protein-specific organizational signatures, including topology-dependent compaction by integration host factor (IHF), cofactor-mediated cohesin loop stabilization by precocious dissociation of sisters 5A (PDS5A), and promoter-driven multimerization of GAGA factor (GAF) clusters. The framework further enables direct extraction of nucleosome spacing distributions from raw AFM images, providing a label-free route to investigate chromatin fiber architecture. Together, these advances establish DNAsight as a generalizable and scalable approach for converting AFM measurements into quantitative insights into the physical principles of chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino-Urteaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnizky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zähringer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio-Valeriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkegaard, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.708946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Modular Framework for Automated Segmentation and Analysis of AFM Imaging of Chromatin Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming of neuronal genome function and phenotype by astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterotypic cell-cell interactions are critical to governing cellular physiology, disease progression, and responses to the environment and pharmacologic interventions. For example, neurons and astrocytes engage in intricate interactions that are essential for brain development and function1-3. However, the transformation of these extracellular signals into epigenomic regulation that governs cell function is poorly understood. Here, we report that weeks of co-culture between human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and mouse cortical astrocytes extensively reprograms gene expression and the chromatin accessibility landscape in neurons, affecting thousands of genes and putative gene regulatory elements (REs), including many transcription factors (TFs). These genes are enriched for functions implicated in neuronal differentiation and maturation, and tend to be impacted in schizophrenia, and autosomal dominant Alzheimers disease. Through complementary CRISPR interference and activation screens, we recapitulated hundreds of astrocyte-induced transcriptional and chromatin remodeling events in mono-cultured neurons at both promoters and distal regulatory elements (REs) of TF genes. We discovered functional REs for [~]50 astrocyte-responsive TF genes, providing a map of gene regulatory network control. Astrocyte-responsive TF genes fall into groups that exert independent or counter-balancing transcriptional effects, highlighting the complex coordination of the neuronal response to astrocytes. Functional effects of specific TFs, including POU3F2 and TFAP2E, on neurite morphology and neuronal electrophysiology are consistent with transcriptional effects, demonstrating the capacity of direct epigenetic control to mimic heterotypic cellular signals. This work illuminates the regulation of neurodevelopment-and disease-relevant gene modules by neuron-astrocyte interactions, and provides a blueprint for applying modern functional genomics to uncover the links between cell microenvironment and epigenomic programming.

HighlightsO_LINeuronal gene expression and chromatin accessibility landscape are profoundly remodeled by astrocytes over weeks of co-culture
C_LIO_LIAstrocyte-responsive neuronal gene modules and neuron-responsive astrocytic gene modules are enriched for genes associated with schizophrenia and familial Alzheimers Disease
C_LIO_LISingle-cell CRISPR interference and activation screens of astrocyte-responsive gene regulatory elements identified dozens of functional regulatory elements of TF genes in neurons
C_LIO_LISingle-cell CRISPR interference and activation screens of >200 astrocyte-responsive TF genes uncovered discrete functional clusters that promote neuronal maturity or stemness
C_LIO_LIAstrocyte-responsive TF genes reprogram neuronal electrophysiology and neurite morphology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.710282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming of neuronal genome function and phenotype by astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MS-BCR-DB: an integrated BCR repertoire database to mine humoral multiple sclerosis signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which B cells play a critical role. While B-cell receptor (BCR) sequencing studies in MS are increasing, progress in understanding MS-associated BCR repertoire features and convergent patterns across patients has been limited by small cohorts, heterogeneous experimental methodologies, and fragmented data storage. To overcome these challenges, we developed the MS-BCR-Database, the first publicly accessible and uniformly processed collection of human MS BCR sequencing datasets. We harmonized raw BCR-sequencing data into an AIRR-compliant database incorporating clinical and technical metadata, enabling coherent cross-study analyses. Using this resource, we identified putative disease-associated BCR-sequence features, including CNS-biased V-gene usage, marked oligoclonal expansion in cerebrospinal fluid, and convergent clonotype clusters shared exclusively among MS patients. Integration with antigen-annotated BCR databases revealed matches to antibodies recognizing both viral antigens, including Epstein-Barr virus, and CNS self-proteins. The MS-BCR-Database provides a scalable foundation for mechanistic discovery and biomarker development in MS, while establishing a broadly applicable resource for integrative analyses of BCR repertoires.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballerini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardente, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbate, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Quy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lossius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portaccio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballerini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MS-BCR-DB: an integrated BCR repertoire database to mine humoral multiple sclerosis signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perseus: Lineage-Aware Refinement of Kraken2 Taxonomic Classification for Long Read Metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLong-read metagenomic sequencing improves assembly contiguity and enables genome-resolved analysis of complex microbial communities, but accurate taxonomic classification of long reads and assembled contigs remains challenging. Highly scalable k-mer-based classifiers such as Kraken2 frequently over-assign fine-rank taxonomic labels when applied to long-read data, producing high false positive classification rates driven by sparse or localized k-mer matches, particularly in microbiomes with extensive taxonomic novelty.

ResultsWe present Perseus, a lineage-aware confidence estimation framework for taxonomic classification that models the spatial distribution and hierarchical consistency of k-mer evidence along sequences. This formulation reframes taxonomic classification as a hierarchical confidence estimation problem rather than a single-rank prediction task. Perseus refines k-mer-level taxonomic signals from Kraken2 using a multi-headed convolutional neural network that estimates calibrated confidence scores for taxonomic correctness at each canonical rank. Using these estimates, Perseus confirms assignments, backs off to higher taxonomic ranks, or abstains when evidence is insufficient, prioritizing correctness and lineage consistency over overly specific assignments. Across simulations of taxonomic novelty and real-world metagenomic datasets, Perseus consistently and substantially reduces the false assignment rate while improving precision and lineage-consistent accuracy. These improvements are most pronounced for long reads and assembled contigs, where spatial context enables reliable discrimination between consistent taxonomic signal and spurious matches.

Availability and implementationPerseus integrates with existing Kraken2 workflows and is available at https://github.com/matnguyen/perseus.

Contactmnguye99@jh.edu, mschatz@cs.jhu.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perseus: Lineage-Aware Refinement of Kraken2 Taxonomic Classification for Long Read Metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured Schemas for LLM-Modeler Collaboration in Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model Calibration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models require calibration data from published literature, yet manual curation produces inconsistent documentation while large language model (LLM) extraction exhibits hallucination and fabrication errors unacceptable for quantitative modeling. We present MAPLE (Model-Aware Parameterization from Literature Evidence), a framework that uses structured validation schemas as a collaboration interface between LLMs and modelers. Two complementary schemas capture calibration data at different scales: one for isolated experiments that constrain individual parameters through simplified forward models, and one for clinical and in vivo endpoints that constrain the full model through species-level observables. Both schemas separate data extraction from modeling decisions, capturing literature values with full provenance in a machine-verifiable form. Targeted validators catch characteristic LLM errors: value-in-snippet matching detects hallucinated values, DOI resolution flags fabricated citations, and code execution catches malformed forward models. We evaluate MAPLE on 87 calibration targets for a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) QSP model, using two collaboration modes: batch LLM extraction followed by interactive curation, and interactive extraction where modeler and LLM collaborate in real time. Both modes required substantial modeler input: the modeler changed forward model types in 65% of SubmodelTargets, adjusted prior parameters in 46%, and revised source relevance assessments in all files. Interactively extracted targets embedded modeler effort in the extraction process, producing near-final output. The schemas ensure completeness and enable reproducible, provenance-rich calibration regardless of workflow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eliason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured Schemas for LLM-Modeler Collaboration in Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model Calibration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extreme diversity of retinal amacrine cells has deep evolutionary roots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amacrine cells (ACs) comprise a heterogeneous class of inhibitory neurons in the vertebrate retina, exhibiting morphological and functional complexity rivaling that of cortical interneurons. Here, we integrate single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic atlases from 24 vertebrate species to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of this extreme diversity. We identify 42 orthologous AC types (oACs), most of which exhibit a one-to-one correspondence across amniotes and, in many cases, across vertebrates. While core molecular identities are conserved, AC types vary in abundance and gene expression across species, likely reflecting adaptations to distinct visual ecologies. AC diversity scales with that of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), indicative of co-evolution. Finally, we suggest that ACs arose from an AC-RGC hybrid precursor, with glycinergic ACs diverging early in vertebrate evolution, followed by a bifurcation between RGCs and GABAergic ACs. Together, these findings establish a unified evolutionary framework for understanding the diversity, development, and function of a class of inhibitory neurons across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tommasini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monavarfeshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthussery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.710289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extreme diversity of retinal amacrine cells has deep evolutionary roots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.709943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring Autonomic Tone During Spinal Cord Neuromodulation Using Wearble AURIS Sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.709943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition of bioelectronic medicine to clinical use is currently limited by a lack of non-invasive sensors capable of measuring autonomic tone during active neuromodulation. Conventional monitoring modalities, such as mean arterial pressure (MAP) and Ag/AgCl chest electrodes, are often invasive, cumbersome, or susceptible to motion artifacts. Here, we present a novel framework employing an in-ear sensor (AURIS) to continuously monitor heart rate variability (HRV) during therapeutic neuromodulation. These sensors utilize a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate to ensure biocompatibility and superior conformability. Experiments in a rodent model (n = 3) demonstrate that the AURIS platform achieves gold-standard fidelity, with mean heart rate differences of 6.03 BPM and mean RR interval deltas of 3.18 ms compared to chest electrodes. Sensor agreement was statistically validated using independent t-tests, showing no significant difference between modalities (all p > 0.46). While time-domain shifts trended toward significance, complexity metrics showed robust sequential responses with large effect sizes, including the SD1/SD2 ratio (d = 1.474) and the DFA  ratio (d = 1.091). These findings validate a sensor architecture that is durable, accessible, and provides the necessary technical foundation for closed-loop feedback and non-invasive clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohluli, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.709943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring Autonomic Tone During Spinal Cord Neuromodulation Using Wearble AURIS Sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.709851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivalent weak contacts shape chaperone-nascent protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.709851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular chaperones interact with non-native proteins, playing crucial roles in preventing misfolding and enable efficient folding in the cellular environment. Trigger factor is a bacterial chaperone that binds to ribosomes, interacting with nascent polypeptides emerging from the ribosome and guiding their early folding steps. In contrast to the central role of the chaperone in promoting folding of newly synthesized proteins, its dynamic interactions with nascent chains emerging from the ribosome remain poorly understood. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence and optical tweezers approaches to directly observe and characterize trigger factor interactions with a ribosome-bound client protein at increasing chain lengths. We find that trigger factor binding to nascent proteins is best described by a combination of multiple weak, dynamic interactions that are established after the chaperone docks onto the ribosome and evolve during polypeptide elongation. Application of mechanical force perturbs trigger factor binding, supporting a multivalent interaction model. This binding mode may help to stabilize nascent proteins against misfolding while allowing them to dynamically sample conformational space in search of their native structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajasekaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toptygin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.709851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivalent weak contacts shape chaperone-nascent protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fung-AI: An AI/ML-driven pipeline for antifungal peptide discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging fungal pathogens represent a concerning threat to both global health and food security. In this study, we aimed to address our rising vulnerability to fungal pathogens through the development of the Fung-AI pipeline: an AI/ML-driven approach for antifungal discovery. A generative adversarial network (GAN) was trained to generate novel candidate antifungal peptide sequences. Next, in silico antifungal and hemolytic classifiers were built to further prioritize AI-generated peptides for experimental validation. From a pool of [~]10,000 candidates, thirteen peptides were selected for testing over two-stages of experimentation. Five peptides were found to display mild antifungal activity against the wheat pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 250 {micro}g/mL to 500 {micro}g/mL. Four of the five peptides also showed activity against the human pathogen, Candida albicans (MIC: 500 {micro}g/mL). Two of our AI-generated antifungal peptides additionally demonstrated low cytotoxicity in HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells (LC50 > 704.2 {micro}g/mL) indicating that they may be useful as scaffolds for future optimization for therapeutic applications. None of our peptides were found to considerably inhibit the emerging pathogen C. auris, suggesting the need for pathogen-specific down-selection of candidate peptides. Overall, we present a proof-of-principle, generative-AI-based approach for the rapid design of de novo antifungal peptides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiburzi, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunphy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fung-AI: An AI/ML-driven pipeline for antifungal peptide discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of compounds that repress DUX4 expression in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by epigenetic dysregulation of the disease locus, leading to pathogenic misexpression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. Thus, most FSHD therapeutic approaches target DUX4. Our previous study identified the chromatin remodeling factor BAZ1A (bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 1A) as a promising target for therapeutic development. Here we used an artificial intelligence-based screening pipeline to identify molecules predicted to bind the BAZ1A bromodomain, and validated hit compounds using FSHD-specific assays in FSHD myocytes. One compound, termed C06, emerged as a potent and specific repressor of DUX4 and DUX4 target gene expression. Interestingly, while C06 exhibited binding to BAZ1A in vitro, it can also inhibit multiple kinases, including p38, an upstream activator of DUX4. Despite this, at low doses C06 was an equally effective and more specific repressor of DUX4 than losmapimod, which is a robust and specific p38 inhibitor. Thus, C06 is a useful tool for potent and specific DUX4 suppression, and a viable candidate for further development. Our results highlight both the utility and limitations of AI for targeted drug discovery, and the importance of using an FSHD-specific functional screening strategy for selecting relevant candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himeda, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of compounds that repress DUX4 expression in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct cellular DNA methylation mechanisms underlie common and rare genetic risk for brain disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noncoding genetic variation contributes to brain disorder risk, but the mechanisms through which it acts in specific brain cell types remain unclear. DNA methylation (DNAm), a highly cell type-specific regulatory layer in the brain, may mediate noncoding genetic risk, yet whether methylation at CG (mCG) and neuron-enriched non-CG (mCH) dinucleotides contribute differently to that risk remains unknown. Here we develop a deep learning framework that predicts DNAm from DNA sequence and estimates variant effects across 186 brain cell subtypes in both mCG and mCH, leveraging single-nucleus DNAm profiles from 46 brain regions. The models reveal distinct transcription factor (TF) programs underlying the two methylation contexts, with mCH-associated TFs showing stronger evolutionary constraint. Predicted variant effects agree closely with cell type-matched mQTLs in both direction and magnitude. Common variants predicted to affect mCG, particularly in excitatory neurons, show substantially greater heritability enrichment for brain-related traits than variants affecting mCH. By contrast, noncoding de novo mutations in autism preferentially perturb mCH, but not mCG, at conserved neuronal regulatory regions. This pattern is replicated across two independent cohorts totaling 5,782 probands and 4,053 unaffected siblings. Together, these findings indicate that common and rare noncoding variants contribute to brain disorders through distinct DNA methylation mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct cellular DNA methylation mechanisms underlie common and rare genetic risk for brain disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Links between Brain Image-Derived Phenotypes and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity in the UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A broad range of neurodegenerative disorders are associated with altered functional connectivity (FC) patterns and atrophy of gray matter volume (GMV). Similarly, there are links between physical activity (PA) and a number of neurodegenerative disorders. However, studies investigating the link between brain image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) and PA remain limited. Using data from the UK Biobank, we investigated the multivariate association between two sets of brain IDPs (related to FC and GMV) and PA using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). We further quantified the importance of individual PA variables in modeling each set of IDPs using both supervised and unsupervised approaches, and assessed their predictive performance for individual brain phenotypes. Finally, we evaluated the predictive performance of brain IDPs and PA variables for diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and cancer using nested logistic regression models, with their relative contributions to explained variation in disease status quantified using a coefficient of determination specifically designed for logistic regression. Our analyses identified a statistically robust but low-dimensional axis of shared variation between PA and FC (canonical correlation r = 0.50), whereas the corresponding association between PA and GMV was weaker (r = 0.19). Brain features contributing most strongly to these associations were located in motor- and attention-related networks. Across predictive models, a small set of correlated PA measures reflecting activity intensity and circadian rhythm consistently emerged as representative predictors of both FC and GMV variation. Finally, we found that PA variables demonstrated greater predictive utility than either FC or GMV alone, particularly for CHD and diabetes, as assessed by both the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and the proportion of explained variation. Together, these findings indicate that objectively measured PA is strongly associated with a set of motor-related brain features and provides substantial predictive information for cardiometabolic disease risk, while cross-sectional neuroimaging measures offer more modest incremental explanatory value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Links between Brain Image-Derived Phenotypes and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity in the UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific sustained value representations in the claustrum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible decision-making relies on interactions between frontal cortex and subcortical structures. The claustrum, a subcortical nucleus highly interconnected with frontal cortex, influences cortical activity and has been implicated in cognitive functions. Recording from claustrum neurons as mice performed a reinforcement learning task, we found that the activity of almost half of recorded neurons scaled with reward rate and predicted trial- by-trial adjustments in reaction time and choice switching. Individual neurons sustained this activity over seconds between trials. Our recordings identified two electrophysiologically distinct populations. One was excited during task execution and bidirectionally scaled its activity with reward rate. The other was suppressed during task execution, scaled activity inversely with reward rate and projected to frontal cortex, indicating that claustrocortical outputs produce graded increases in activity with decreasing reward rate. Our results identify the claustrum as a subcortical locus for stable value representations and integrate it into neuronal circuits for value-based decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taha, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific sustained value representations in the claustrum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocytes are biological sensors of aging and frailty in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among older adults, frailty is clinically identifiable and characterized by increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. Although various tools exist to identify frailty, diagnosis often depends on late-stage clinical symptoms, which typically limit proactive intervention options. We considered whether aging and frailty information may be encoded in the single-cell behaviors and dynamic responses of primary human monocytes. Combining high-content imaging, single-cell behavior profiling, and machine learning, we demonstrated unique age- and frailty-dependent monocyte behaviors at baseline and following exposure to inflammatory stressors. Using these single-cell behaviors, we developed a deep learning neural network model called scTRAIT. scTRAIT accurately predicts the frailty status of older donors, including the capability to track and forecast longitudinal changes in frailty status. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that aging and frailty information are robustly encoded within single-cell behaviors, establishing monocytes as significant biological sensors of aging and frailty in humans.

TeaserSingle-cell monocyte responses enable robust prediction of aging and frailty in humans
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezenwanne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dance, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaluso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidadavolu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczesny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocytes are biological sensors of aging and frailty in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bat eye movements resolve a long-standing question in gaze control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye movements enable visual information gathering and stabilize gaze via optokinetic (OKR) and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) pathways.1 Echolocating bats, despite their rapid and agile flight maneuvers to land upside down and navigate 3D space, have long been thought not to move their eyes, an assumption originating from Wallss influential assertion over 80 years ago2 but never tested with empirical measurements. Here we present quantitative analysis of eye movements driven by visual and vestibular signals in Sebas short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata). Bats generated robust visually driven OKR with an oculomotor range of [~]{+/-}10{degrees}, and displayed strong otolith-mediated responses during off-vertical axis rotation. In contrast, they showed minimal semicircular canal-driven angular VOR (aVOR) for passive head rotations that elicit large, sustained responses in mice. Micro-CT reconstructions revealed that bats and mice have similar semicircular canal geometry, indicating that the weak aVOR does not reflect peripheral anatomical constraints. These findings provide the first empirical demonstration that bats make robust eye movements and exhibit strong visual and otolith-driven components of gaze stabilization. We propose that semicircular canal signals may be more strongly engaged during active flight and modulated by behavioral state-dependent tuning of vestibular pathways to support ecologically specialized behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capshaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bat eye movements resolve a long-standing question in gaze control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpotGraphs: Graph-based analysis of spatially resolved transcriptional data in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCommon spatial transcriptomic analysis pipelines in R focus on pre-processing and visualization, while providing limited and indirect methods to leverage true spatially resolved quantification of transcripts. Often, x,y-coordinates in spatial transcriptomics (ST) data are integrated into analysis via "spatially aware" normalization (Salim et al., 2024), clustering methods (Zhao et al., 2021), or the identification of spatially variable genes (Yan et al., 2025). Though useful, these methods do not provide any opportunity for analysts to adjust or interrogate the underlying graphs that define adjacencies between spots in their data. Here, we present SpotGraphs, a package that allows the user a more direct and flexible option to interact with the x,y-coordinates of their ST data in R through the existing igraph infrastructure (Antonov et al., 2023; Csardi et al., 2025; Csardi & Nepusz, 2006). Similar functionality exists in Python through SquidPys graph API (Palla et al., 2022), and we compare results obtained from both packages, demonstrating similar performance. Additionally, we provide a set of tools that are useful for ST data analysis, including a toolkit to filter low quality spots laying on tissue debris, beyond arbitrary thresholds, edit spot-level adjacencies based on spatial clusters, and identify centers or boundaries of user-defined neighborhoods of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpotGraphs: Graph-based analysis of spatially resolved transcriptional data in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep Quantitative Proteome Turnover Platform for Human iPSC-derived Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative evaluation of protein turnover in human neurons is crucial for understanding neuron homeostasis and guiding drug development for neurological diseases. However, measuring protein turnover in postmitotic neurons remains challenging due to the high dynamic range of protein half-lives and limited proteome coverage in SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) experiments. Despite broad applications of dynamic SILAC proteomics to measure protein turnover in rodent tissues and primary neurons, few studies have measured protein half-lives in human neurons with limited proteome coverage. Here, we established a comprehensive platform to quantify protein half-lives in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. By integrating optimized dynamic SILAC labeling in human neuron cultures, extensive peptide fractionation, optimized data-dependent and data-independent LC-MS/MS acquisition methods, and a streamlined computational pipeline, we achieved deep and accurate measurement of 10,792 protein half-lives from 162,854 unique peptides. We then compared the protein turnover and abundances in iPSC-derived glutamatergic cortical neurons and spinal motor neurons, revealing globally conserved proteome dynamics alongside subtype-specific differences consistent with specialized neuronal functions. To enable broad community access, we created NeuronProfile (www.neuronprofile.com), an interactive web platform for exploring protein turnover, abundance, and subcellular location in human neurons. Together, this work provides a comprehensive analytical platform to assess human neuronal proteostasis and a foundational resource for neurological disease research and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankenfield, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazli, W. N. A. b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.14.711828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep Quantitative Proteome Turnover Platform for Human iPSC-derived Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfluidic platform for multi-marker profiling of extracellular vesicles from single-cell-derived clones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry molecular cargo that can reflect the real-time state of parental cells, yet most in vitro EV analyses rely on bulk approaches and therefore average over pronounced heterogeneity in both cell and EV populations. Here, we present a semi-open microfluidic platform that enables multi-marker profiling of EVs released from single-cell-derived clones, allowing EV signatures to be linked to clonal progeny originating from a single parental cell. The platform integrates aligned cell and EV arrays containing 17,305 wells, assembled with a 3D-printed housing to capture released EVs in one-to-one matched wells. Captured EVs are immunolabeled for canonical tetraspanin markers (CD9, CD63, CD81) and EpCAM, imaged by high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, and quantified using an automated image-analysis pipeline. Applying the platform to single-cell-derived PC3 clones revealed substantial heterogeneity in EV marker co-expression, with hierarchical clustering identifying four distinct tetraspanin co-expression profiles. The fraction of EpCAM-positive EVs increased with PC3 cell proliferation, as assessed by endpoint cell number, whereas free (non-EV-associated) EpCAM showed no correlation. This platform enables near single-EV-level, multi-marker profiling from single-cell lineages and provides a practical approach to simultaneously dissect both cellular and EV heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrisor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoianovici, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfluidic platform for multi-marker profiling of extracellular vesicles from single-cell-derived clones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN contributes to embryonic development and tumour suppression in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten) is a tumour suppressor, the function of which is impaired in many diverse cancers. It has phosphoinositide lipid phosphatase activity by which it suppresses activation of the oncogenic PI3K signalling network but in vitro also displays activity against protein substrates and is able to auto-dephosphorylate its Thr366 residue. Here we generate germline knock-in mice expressing PTEN-Y138L, a mutant enzyme which selectively lacks protein phosphatase activity and retains lipid phosphatase activity. Homozygous PtenY138L/Y138L mice die in utero before E10.5. Primary MEFs and thymocytes with only a single PtenY138L allele display normal low levels of AKT phosphorylation indicating effective regulation of PI3K signalling by endogenous PTEN-Y138L in vivo. Heterozygous Pten+/Y138L mice have reduced overall survival compared to wild type littermates and develop tumours in multiple organs. Our data imply that in addition to its lipid phosphatase activity, the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN is also required for normal embryonic development and tumour suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tibarewal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriplani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poncet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varyova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storey, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhaesebroeck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.14.711778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN contributes to embryonic development and tumour suppression in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POLQ-driven repair scars shape the immunogenic landscape of homologous recombination-deficient pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is broadly resistant to immune checkpoint blockade, although a subset of homologous recombination-deficient (HRD) tumors exhibits durable immune engagement. The genomic features that distinguish these immune-responsive tumors from immune-inert HRD tumors remain poorly understood. Here we identify a microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) repair scar, the MMEJ Deletion Footprint (MDF), as a genomic readout of POLQ-associated error-prone repair that enriches for frameshift indels. Across the multi-omic discovery cohort integrating tumor genomics, single-nucleus transcriptomics and spatial immune profiling, MDF-high HRD PC exhibited increased frameshift-indel-derived neoantigens and interferon programs. MDF was further associated with remodeling of the myeloid compartment toward MHC II-high dendritic cell-like antigen-presenting macrophage states and the immune synapse architecture marked by increased spatial interaction between APC-like macrophages and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. These tissue-level features aligned with a functional trajectory shift of CD8+ T cells, consistent with effective anti-tumor immunity and was associated with favorable clinical outcomes of patients. Together, our findings position MMEJ-linked repair scarring as actionable biology that connects an HRD genotype to immune organization and suggests rational immunotherapy combinations that may enhance antigen presentation and myeloid activation to extend durable benefit in HRD-lineage cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tezcan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqubie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argiles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatila, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capanu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pishvaian, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandlamudi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecomte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basturk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfeir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POLQ-driven repair scars shape the immunogenic landscape of homologous recombination-deficient pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.711992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent cortical temporal axis: common cortical oscillatory modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.711992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain dynamics provide the most direct substrate for neural function and representation. Extensive prior work has demonstrated that the human brain is organized into hierarchical structures across molecular, cellular, microstructural, and macroscale network levels. However, whether these hierarchies can be directly linked through shared patterns of neural dynamics remains unresolved, and clear evidence from data-driven analyses is still lacking. A central open question is whether brain dynamics vary along a single continuous dimension, or whether they are instead composed of a limited number of reproducible coordination modes that could provide a unifying basis for cross-scale integration.

Here, using source-resolved resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG), we adopt a fully data-driven approach that imposes no a priori assumptions about cortical hierarchy or gradient structure. By characterizing full-spectrum power relationships across cortical regions, we identify a set of stable and reproducible spectral coordination modes. These modes capture how multiple frequency components jointly co-vary across space, defining distinct dynamical configurations rather than conventional band-limited oscillations or continuous gradients. The identified spectral coordination modes exhibit pronounced spatial differentiation across the cortex, distinguishing regions dominated by narrowband rhythmic activity from those characterized by broadband or multi-frequency coordination. Importantly, these modes do not correspond to predefined hierarchical axes, nor can they be reduced to existing MEG gradients or functional connectivity organizations. Instead, they emerge directly from the data, revealing a finite set of shared organizational patterns underlying cortical dynamics. Multimodal analyses further demonstrate that individual spectral coordination modes show selective associations with neurotransmitter system distributions, laminar microarchitecture, and cell-type-specific gene expression, suggesting that these dynamical patterns may serve as linking mechanisms between micro- and macroscale brain organization. Computational modeling supports this interpretation, showing that differences in local circuit parameters are sufficient to generate distinct spectral coordination states without invoking a single global dynamical hierarchy. Across the adult lifespan, these coordination modes exhibit frequency- and region-specific reorganization, indicating multiple parallel trajectories of dynamical aging. In Parkinsons disease, alterations are observed in specific spectral coordination modes, particularly within higher-order cortical regions, suggesting that the disorder preferentially disrupts distinct dynamical configurations rather than inducing a global breakdown of cortical dynamics.

Together, these findings indicate that large-scale brain dynamics are not organized along a single pre-existing hierarchical axis, but instead are structured by a limited number of data-driven spectral coordination modes. This framework provides a new dynamical perspective for linking brain organization across modalities and scales, and offers a principled avenue for understanding systematic changes associated with aging and neurological disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.711992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent cortical temporal axis: common cortical oscillatory modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of KMT2D accelerates hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and senescence by increasing mitochondrial ROS production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longitudinal bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification, which is accompanied by the differentiation of chondrocytes in the growth plate. Disruption in chondrocyte maturation can lead to skeletal growth abnormalities, such as those observed in Kabuki syndrome type 1 (KS1), a genetic disorder caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the KMT2D gene. KS1 patients exhibit postnatal growth deficiency, craniofacial hypoplasia, and skeletal deformities, yet the mechanisms underlying these phenotypic manifestations remain poorly understood. Our study investigated the effects of KMT2D deficiency on chondrocyte maturation and identified premature chondrocyte hypertrophy as a key driver of skeletal abnormalities in KS1. We previously observed reduced femur and tibia length in a KS1 mouse model, along with altered growth plate architecture, particularly affecting the heights of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Here, we show that KMT2D-deficient chondrocytes exhibit accelerated differentiation and early senescence upon exposure to supraphysiological oxygen levels (20% O2). These pathological changes were linked to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production likely caused by deficiencies in electron transport chain function, leading to oxidative stress and premature hypertrophy. Pharmacological ROS neutralization or hypoxic conditions mitigated these effects, restoring normal chondrocyte differentiation and preventing premature ossification. These findings demonstrate that KMT2D loss induces oxidative stress-driven chondrocyte hypertrophy, disrupting the balance of cartilage growth and ossification. Our study provides crucial mechanistic insights into KS1-associated skeletal abnormalities and suggests mitochondrial ROS regulation as a potential therapeutic avenue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halldorsdottir, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulfig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petursson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of KMT2D accelerates hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and senescence by increasing mitochondrial ROS production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.713187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bifunctional H/ACA snoRNP mediates both pseudouridylation and rRNA scaffolding during ribosome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.713187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early steps of eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit assembly remain poorly understood due to the structural flexibility of pre-60S intermediates, whose rRNA is extensively modified by small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs). Some snoRNPs, however, lack any modification function and instead scaffold ribosome assembly through largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that the H/ACA snoRNP snR37 integrates both modifying and scaffolding roles. Biochemical and structural analyses reveal a canonical H/ACA core that pseudouridylates a conserved uridine in the A site of the peptidyl transferase center, the catalytic heart of the 60S subunit. Additional RNA helices recruit non-core proteins, the Upa1-Upa2 heterodimer and Rbp95, which mediate stable snR37 association with pre-60S complexes. These proteins cooperate with the Npa1 rRNA chaperone complex to link four rRNA domains, thereby structurally organizing early pre-60S intermediates and promoting proper formation of the PTC. This dual organization establishes a paradigm for snoRNPs combining rRNA modification and scaffolding functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hafner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoms, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamze, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alidou-D'Anjou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbachi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausharter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebaron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fröhlich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhutada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farquar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindlmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sormaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kressler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henras, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertschy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.713187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bifunctional H/ACA snoRNP mediates both pseudouridylation and rRNA scaffolding during ribosome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.713289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acceleration and Velocity Dissociate Temporal Phases of Postural Control in Rhesus Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.713289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining balance requires the nervous system to transform sensory signals about unexpected postural perturbations into precisely timed motor commands. Although human studies have established that postural responses unfold in distinct temporal phases, how specific kinematic variables structure these phases during rotational perturbations remains unresolved, because angular acceleration and velocity are typically confounded. Here, we developed a rhesus macaque model of postural control that independently manipulates angular acceleration and peak velocity during transient pitch and roll tilts in monkeys of either sex. By simultaneously measuring head kinematics--directly relevant to vestibular signaling--and center-of-pressure dynamics, we quantified how sensory inputs and motor outputs evolve across successive phases of the postural response. We show that short-latency postural responses (<100 ms) are primarily governed by angular acceleration, whereas medium-latency responses (100-200 ms) scale with angular velocity. This dissociation was robust across perturbation axes and accompanied by axis-dependent control strategies: roll tilts elicited constrained head motion consistent with active stabilization in space, whereas pitch tilts produced more compliant, platform-following behavior. Together, these findings identify distinct kinematic variables governing successive phases of balance control and establish a primate framework for linking neural circuit activity to the temporal organization of postural responses.

Significance StatementMaintaining balance requires transforming sensory signals about unexpected body motion into precisely timed motor commands. Progress in understanding this process has been limited because angular acceleration and velocity are inherently coupled during rotational perturbations. Here, using a rhesus macaque model, we dissociate these kinematic variables and show that they govern distinct temporal phases of postural control: angular acceleration determines short-latency (<100 ms) responses, whereas angular velocity shapes medium-latency (100-200 ms) adjustments. We further demonstrate axis-dependent postural strategies that parallel those observed in humans. Together, these findings resolve a longstanding confound in balance research and establish a primate framework that will enable future studies to link neural circuit activity to the biomechanics of postural control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leavitt Brown, O. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.713289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acceleration and Velocity Dissociate Temporal Phases of Postural Control in Rhesus Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modes of programmed macrophage cell death govern outcome of cutaneous wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misregulation of tissue repair programs can severely compromise repair outcome. Timely clearance of inflammatory macrophages through regulated cell death is a prerequisite for resolution of inflammation and successful repair. How different modes of macrophage regulated cell death regulate repair and direct healing outcome remains unclear. Using inducible genetic models to trigger macrophage necroptosis (FADDiMKO) or enhance apoptosis of macrophages (cIAP1iMKOcIAP2-/-), we reveal opposing effects on the architecture of the wound tissue. Macrophage necroptosis profoundly disrupted tissue organization: FADDiMKO wounds exhibited reduced numbers of reparative (IL-4RLy6Clow) macrophages, delayed inflammatory resolution, accompanied by a hemorrhagic granulation tissue and reduced myofibroblast differentiation in the mid-phase of repair. In striking contrast, increased apoptosis preserved fundamental tissue architecture and vascular integrity, and reduced scar formation. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics demonstrated that macrophage necroptosis disrupts tissue-wide cellular communication networks essential for coordinated repair, in particular macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk. These findings establish that wound healing quality depends on both mode and rate of macrophage programmed death, providing a framework for therapeutic targeting of macrophages in wound healing disorders and fibrotic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Injarabian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiche, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willenborg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welcker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanevski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasparakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eming, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modes of programmed macrophage cell death govern outcome of cutaneous wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.712744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational aberration-corrected volumetric imaging of single retinal cells in the living eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.712744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eye offers a unique non-invasive window for accessing single-cell level structures and functions of the central nervous system (CNS) throughout the retina. However, strong and space-varying ocular aberrations, along with limited volume rates, challenge large-scale cellular imaging in living eyes and stymie the full potential of possible biological and pathological studies in retina. Here, we present plenoptic illumination scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (PI-SLO), a 3D fluorescent retinal imaging modality that enables high-speed, widefield, volumetric single-cell imaging with low phototoxicity. By capturing multiple angular images of fluorescence signals from the entire volume, PI-SLO enables digital aberration correction and 3D imaging across a >20{o} FOV with >23 Hz volume rate. We leverage this structural and functional imaging modality to investigate three key aspects of CNS physiology through the living mouse retina, including: microglial process dynamics, vascular perfusion, and light evoked calcium fluxes in inner retinal neurons. PI-SLO is a versatile non-invasive platform for in vivo investigation of retinal and CNS physiology at the cellular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimball, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duh, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.712744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational aberration-corrected volumetric imaging of single retinal cells in the living eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ExposoGraph: An Interactive Platform for Carcinogen Bioactivation and Detoxification Pathway Visualization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite extensive cataloging of carcinogenic exposures by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and pharmacogenomic variation by resources such as PharmVar and CPIC, few platforms unify exposure, metabolic activation and detoxification, DNA damage, and genetic annotation within a single interactive visualization framework. This gap limits systematic evaluation of gene-environment interactions in cancer risk assessment.

MethodsWe developed the Carcino-Genomic Knowledge Graph, ExposoGraph, an interactive knowledge-graph platform for carcinogen metabolism and DNA damage pathways. The reference graph integrates curated data and annotations from IARC, KEGG, PharmVar, CPIC, CTD, and supporting literature/resources. The current reference graph contains 96 nodes across 5 entity types (Carcinogens, Enzymes, Metabolites, DNA Adducts, and Pathways) and 102 edges across 6 relationship types (activates, detoxifies, transports, forms adduct, repairs, and pathway).

ResultsThe first-generation reference graph captures metabolic activation and detoxification pathways for 9 carcinogen classes spanning 15 index carcinogens. It represents 36 enzymes across Phase I activation (n=14), Phase II conjugation and detoxification (n=14), Phase III transport (n=3), and DNA repair (n=5). Interactive exploration supports carcinogen-class filtering, node- and edge-type filtering, metadata-based search, and detailed hover/detail views with provenance and pharmacogenomic annotations. The androgen branch highlights cross-pathway connectivity by linking androgen metabolism to estrogen quinone formation and DNA adduct generation through CYP19A1-mediated aromatization and downstream catechol estrogen chemistry. In the optional androgen-focused extension, additional receptor, tissue, and variant context further connects this branch to androgen receptor signaling and genotype-specific annotations.

ConclusionsExposoGraph provides a first-generation integrated, interactive framework linking carcinogenic exposures to metabolic fates and genetic modulators. The platform supports hypothesis generation for gene-environment interaction studies and may inform future individualized risk modeling, while remaining a research-use framework rather than a clinically validated risk-assessment tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazi, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ExposoGraph: An Interactive Platform for Carcinogen Bioactivation and Detoxification Pathway Visualization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 infection does not confer intrinsic resistance to cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To eliminate the persistent reservoir of cells harboring intact HIV-1 proviruses in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), cure strategies like the Shock-and-Kill approach rely on effector functions of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL are involved in the initial control of HIV-1 viremia and target productively infected cells throughout the course of infection. However, selective killing of susceptible cells could generate a reservoir dominated by cells with dysregulated cell death pathways or other features conferring resistance to killing. Here, we use CTL-engaging single-chain diabodies to assess the rate of lysis of uninfected and HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells under identical CTL pressure in the settings of both latent and active infection. Our findings indicate that with this mode of CTL triggering, infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells from PLWH on ART are generally lysed at identical rates, and that an apparent survival advantage for actively infected CD4+ T cells primarily reflects the reduced surface antigen availability through previously described Nef-dependent downregulation of MHC class I molecules. No survival advantage is observed when the CTL response is directed through diabodies to the stably expressed non-classical MHC class I molecule HLA-E, indicating equal susceptibility to cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 infection does not confer intrinsic resistance to cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly Stable Mn(V)-Nitrido and Nitrogen-Atom Transfer Reactivity within a De Novo Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-valent metal-nitrido species are powerful nitrogen-atom transfer intermediates but remain difficult to access and control due to intrinsic instability and bimolecular N-N coupling pathways. Herein, we report the first formation of a high-valent Mn(V)-nitrido complex within a de novo designed protein scaffold and demonstrate that a reactive precursor to this species can be catalytically intercepted for enantioselective aziridination. A Mn(V){equiv}N unit derived from an abiological diphenyl porphyrin is confined within a designed helical bundle protein, where the protein environment suppresses bimolecular decay and enables detailed spectroscopic characterization. Electron paramagnetic resonance, resonance Raman, and circular dichroism spectroscopies confirm formation of a low-spin Mn(V)-nitrido species that is stable for weeks at room temperature and exhibits minimal perturbation of the Mn{equiv}N unit upon modulation of the axial histidine ligand, while catalytic activity and stereochemical outcome are sensitive to its presence. Mechanistic studies identify monochloramine (NH2Cl) as the operative nitrogen-atom donor and support the involvement of a transient Mn-bound N-transfer intermediate en route to nitrido formation. Under catalytic conditions, this intermediate is inter-cepted to perform aziridination with TON {approx} 180 and an enantiomeric ratio of 65:35. Together, these results establish de novo protein design as a platform for stabilizing high-valent metal-nitrido species and harnessing their reactivity for nitrogen-atom transfer chemistry beyond the limits of natural metalloenzymes and small-molecule catalysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyala, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly Stable Mn(V)-Nitrido and Nitrogen-Atom Transfer Reactivity within a De Novo Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP) elements are local, context-dependent, dual 3'UTR regulators in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive extragenic palindromes (REPs) are the most abundant repetitive noncoding elements in the E. coli genome. Despite their abundance, the primary function of REPs has remained unclear. At different times, REPs have been proposed to contribute to chromosome organization, mRNA decay regulation, and transcription termination, among other functions. Here, we show that the model REP, REP325, does not measurably compact the chromosome but instead acts as a 3UTR-associated transcription regulator within the yjdMN operon, functioning both as a partially Rho-dependent terminator that limits transcription into the downstream yjdN gene and as an mRNA stabilizer that protects the upstream yjdM transcript from degradation. This dual role in controlling both transcriptional readthrough and susceptibility to decay provides a framework that reconciles several previously conflicting observations about REP function. Our genome-wide RNA-seq analysis further reveals that REPs with more canonical sequence and hairpin structures are more often associated with upstream-biased expression in tandem gene pairs, and that REPs positioned between convergent genes correlate with elevated expression of both genes. The large variance in expression patterns in both gene pair configurations is consistent with context-dependent termination and degradation blocking. Similarly, REPs do not uniformly affect mRNA half-lives. Because REP locations vary between E. coli strains, REPs likely contribute to regulatory diversity by tuning gene expression without altering protein-coding sequences or promoter regions, opening new avenues for modulating gene expression through REP-mediated transcription regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP) elements are local, context-dependent, dual 3'UTR regulators in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.713307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep-learning-enabled morphodynamic analysis of drug responses in a biomimetic fibrin-based 3D glioblastoma invasion model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.713307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) lethality arises from aggressive invasion and diffuse infiltration of brain tissue. Conventional GBM preclinical models often fail to predict clinical therapeutic efficacy because they do not recapitulate the pathological extracellular matrix (ECM) cues that drive tumor invasion. Here, we present an ECM mimetic 3D platform using a fibrin scaffold to recapitulate the hemorrhagic, pro-thrombotic tumor microenvironment characteristic of high-grade gliomas. This fibrin scaffold induces a pro-invasive phenotype in GBM spheroids by upregulating proliferation/cell cycle- (MYC, FOXOM1, CCND1) and invasion-associated-(CTSS, FOXM1, CCND1) genes. Traditional cell morphology quantification methods (e.g., circularity) distil complex shapes into singular metrics and cannot capture the nuances of invasion. To address this limitation, we have applied a deep-learning segmentation pipeline (MARS-Net) and high-content morphodynamic descriptors. By using the Preserving Heterogeneity (PHet) algorithm, the 3D platform accurately classifies invasiveness levels and captures the invasion-inhibitory effects of potential repurposable drug candidates. We demonstrate that our model can predict a spheroids long-term invasive fate with high accuracy using only partial image sets from early time-points, rather than the complete time-course images. Our work presents an in vivo-like, scalable 3D platform integrated with a quantitative high-throughput pipeline to elucidate GBM invasion mechanisms and to evaluate anti-invasive compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kethireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.713307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep-learning-enabled morphodynamic analysis of drug responses in a biomimetic fibrin-based 3D glioblastoma invasion model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mirdametinib and abemaciclib cooperate in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor to decrease proliferation and suppress tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a malignant brain tumor of children that has an overall survival of less than 40 percent even with aggressive therapy. We identified upregulation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway in ATRT. The novel, brain-penetrant MEK inhibitor mirdametinib inhibited the growth of ATRT cell lines in culture at nanomolar concentrations. Mirdametinib suppressed proliferation as measured by BrdU incorporation and induced apoptosis as measured by cPARP and Annexin V staining. Monotherapy with mirdametinib extended the life of mice bearing orthotopic xenografts. Combination therapy with the brain-penetrant cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib further suppressed growth and BrdU incorporation in ATRT cell lines representing all molecular subgroups. Mirdametinib and abemaciclib combined to extend survival of mice bearing orthotopic ATRT xenografts. In conclusion, mirdametinib has single agent activity against ATRT and combines with abemaciclib to decrease proliferation and extend survival in orthotopic xenograft models of ATRT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geethadevi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malebranche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.714018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mirdametinib and abemaciclib cooperate in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor to decrease proliferation and suppress tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FATE (Fish Aquarium with a Turbulent Environment): a turbulence-control facility for quantifying fish-flow interactions and collective behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite its ubiquity in natural flows, the effects of turbulence on fish locomotion and behavior remain poorly understood. The prevailing hypothesis is that these effects depend on the spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence relative to the fishs size and swimming speed. But in conventional facilities, turbulence usually increases with mean flow, which forces higher swimming speeds and can leave these relative scales unchanged. We therefore present a novel experimental facility that leverages a jet array to decouple the turbulence from the mean flow and systematically control its scales. This approach allows the ratio of turbulent to fish inertial scales to be varied over an order of magnitude, providing a controlled framework for quantifying fish-turbulence interactions. The facility also supports experiments probing strategies fish may use to cope with turbulence, including collective behaviors. Insights from this work have broader implications for ecological studies and engineering applications, including the design of effective fishways and bio-inspired underwater vehicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calicchia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FATE (Fish Aquarium with a Turbulent Environment): a turbulence-control facility for quantifying fish-flow interactions and collective behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strategic template filtering accelerates fragment-based peptide docking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide-protein interactions are often transient and structurally elusive, necessitating computational approaches to identify both binding sites and peptide conformations. PatchMAN, one of the leading but computationally expensive biophysic-based global peptide-docking protocols, addresses this challenge by treating peptide docking as a protein-folding problem, using structural motifs from solved structures as templates that are subsequently refined using Rosetta FlexPepDock. Here we present PatchMAN2, which introduces 1) strategic fragment filtering and 2) local docking modes that focus sampling on relevant surfaces or known binding regions, thereby reducing the high computational cost of the original implementation due to extensive refinement of many non-productive low-quality fragments. Benchmarking shows that PatchMAN2 removes [~]30-70% of unnecessary fragments while preserving accuracy, substantially reducing runtime and improving the practical efficiency of peptide-protein docking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trabelsi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramushin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler-Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strategic template filtering accelerates fragment-based peptide docking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Reproducible Dual-Model Constraint-Based Framework for Exploring Hepatic Energy Metabolism Under Stachys affinis-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acid Scenarios 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stachys affinis (Chinese artichoke) tubers contain 50-80% stachyose by dry weight, the most concentrated dietary source of raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs) known. Because humans lack sufficient -galactosidase activity, stachyose transits intact to the colon where microbial fermentation yields short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the quantitative impact of stachyose-derived SCFAs on host hepatic energy metabolism has not been systematically explored using genome-scale metabolic models. Three stachyose dose scenarios (Low/Mid/High: [~]25, 50, 100 g fresh tubers) were translated to SCFA availability vectors. Hepatic metabolic responses were simulated using Recon3D (10,600 reactions) and Human-GEM (13,417 reactions) under strict hepatocyte-like media, maximizing ATP maintenance flux (ATPM). FVA across multiple optimality thresholds (90-100%) and pFBA confirmed solution robustness. One-at-a-time sensitivity analysis characterized ATPM responses to individual parameter perturbations, and a ratio sensitivity sweep across six alternative SCFA profiles assessed dependence on assumed fermentation ratios. A targeted rescue experiment addressed model-specific propionate catabolism gaps. Both models showed dose-dependent ATPM increases (Recon3D: +71 to +286%; Human-GEM: +103 to +413% above baseline), with the 19-33% inter-model gap attributable entirely to Human-GEMs functional propionate catabolism pathway. FVA confirmed near-unique optimal solutions (ATPM ranges [~]1% at 99% optimality, widening to [~]10% at 90%). Parsimonious FBA preserved identical ATPM values while reducing total flux by [~]4-14%, confirming objective robustness. SCFA ratio sensitivity across six alternative profiles showed 27- 28% ATPM variation, indicating qualitative robustness. Butyrate yielded the highest ATP per mole ([~]22) in both models; propionate sensitivity was zero in Recon3D but [~]15.25 mmol ATPM/mmol propionate in Human-GEM. Reopening propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PPCOACm) in Recon3D under strict constraints converged ATPM to within 0.3-0.7% of Human-GEM, cross-validating both reconstructions. This reproducible dual-model pipeline identifies model-specific pathway gaps and provides cross-validated predictions to guide future experimental studies of how dietary SCFAs influence hepatic ATP metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Reproducible Dual-Model Constraint-Based Framework for Exploring Hepatic Energy Metabolism Under Stachys affinis-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acid Scenarios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.711928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 Coordinates Transcriptomic and Structural Adaptations in Aging Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.711928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle function, known as sarcopenia; however, the molecular mechanisms coordinating cellular stress responses and structural adaptations permissive of sarcopenia remain incompletely understood. In our previous studies, we found aging differentially impacted mitochondrial networks by muscle, suggesting unique stress thresholds and response activation. Here, we investigate the role of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master regulator of the integrated stress response (ISR), in aged quadriceps muscle using complementary patient and aging mouse models. Older adults exhibited a marked decrease in aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and endurance when compared with young participants. These results paralleled findings in aged mice, with significant loss of muscle mass across multiple hindlimb muscles. Ultrastructural analysis revealed substantial age-related changes in mitochondrial morphology, including increased volume, surface area, and branching index, as well as a shift toward larger, more complex mitochondria. Our data indicate that ATF4 binds directly to the promoter region of the gene encoding TFAM, suggesting a transcriptional regulatory relationship to support DNA stability. These structural and transcriptional changes likely impair oxidative capacity and drive a feed-forward cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction and ISR activation. Our findings indicate that ATF4 coordinates transcriptomic and structural adaptations in aging muscle, identifying the ISR pathway as a potential therapeutic target for preserving muscle function in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Perez, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkhatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochayi, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baffi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scartoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masenga, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.711928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 Coordinates Transcriptomic and Structural Adaptations in Aging Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-resolved centromeric chromatin organization from a complete diploid human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division, yet the organization and regulation of centromeric chromatin within satellite DNA arrays remain incompletely understood. Here, we leverage the complete diploid human genome benchmark (T2T-HG002) to provide a detailed study of centromeric sequence and chromatin architecture on individual haplotypes. Using adaptive-sampling-enriched, ultra-long-read DiMeLo-seq, we achieve single-molecule chromatin profiling across all centromeres, revealing that along single chromatin fibers, CENP-A, the histone variant specifying centromere identity, forms multiple discrete subdomains within hypomethylated centromere dip regions (CDRs) that are flanked by H3K9me3-enriched heterochromatin. Despite underlying sequence variation, CDRs localize to sequence-homogeneous domains and maintain relatively balanced CENP-A dosage and aggregate length across all chromosomes and between haplotypes. Further, we show that bidirectional changes to centromeric and pericentromeric DNA methylation are accompanied by changes to centromeric chromatin architecture. In passaged cells with centromeric hypomethylation, subdomain boundaries are eroded, and adjacent CENP-A domains tend to merge and expand. Conversely, in pluripotent stem cells with centromeric hypermethylation, CDRs are fundamentally reorganized, such that discrete hypomethylated domains are frequently consolidated into broader contiguous tracts. These methylation-associated CDR restructuring events suggest that DNA methylation acts as a principal regulator of human centromere organization, with implications for understanding centromere plasticity, epigenetic inheritance, and chromosomal instability in development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loucks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menendez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubocanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittenden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillaker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNulty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-resolved centromeric chromatin organization from a complete diploid human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.713301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acyl Carrier Protein is Essential for Apicoplast Biogenesis in Malaria Parasites Independent of Fatty Acid Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.713301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) and its 4-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group canonically function as the soluble scaffold for acyl chain assembly and elongation during type-II fatty acid synthesis (FASII). Plasmodium malaria parasites retain a FASII pathway in the apicoplast organelle that has been the subject of considerable scrutiny and confusion. Although apicoplast FASII is essential for P. falciparum growth within mosquitoes and the human liver, this pathway is dispensable and largely inactive in blood-stage parasites that can scavenge host fatty acids. In contrast to FASII enzymes that can be disrupted without fitness defect, we report that knockout or ligand-dependent knockdown of apicoplast ACP is lethal to blood-stage P. falciparum, indicating an essential FASII-independent function. Loss of ACP impairs the biosynthesis of essential isoprenoid precursors and blocks apicoplast biogenesis. Using proximity biotinylation and biochemical interaction studies, we identified a key role for ACP in binding and stabilizing apicoplast pyruvate kinase II (PKII). This critical enzyme is the only known source of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) in this organelle and is required for isoprenoid synthesis and apicoplast biogenesis. Our work reveals that ACP knockdown results in destabilization and loss of PKII, which is sufficient to explain ACP essentiality in this stage. This work unveils essential ACP function at a key biochemical hub controlling broad apicoplast metabolism in malaria parasites that is independent of the canonical ACP role in FASII.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geher, S. W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falekun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pita-Aquino, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jami-Alahmadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigala, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.713301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acyl Carrier Protein is Essential for Apicoplast Biogenesis in Malaria Parasites Independent of Fatty Acid Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.714540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal, noise, and bias in phylogenetic inference:potential and limits to the resolution of phylogenetic trees in the phylogenomic era 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.714540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomic datasets assembled to resolve the Tree of Life now routinely span thousands of loci comprising millions of characters. Yet the persistence of incongruent topologies across such datasets reveals a fundamental truth of phylogenetics: not all data are equally informative. Here we derive analytical approaches that predict the relative impacts of phylogenetic signal, stochastic noise, and systematic bias on phylogenetic inference. We show that these three components exhibit divergent scaling properties with character sampling: signal and bias accumulate linearly, while noise accumulates nonlinearly with a concave trajectory. For some phylogenetic problems, substantial amounts of phylogenetic noise may eventually be overwhelmed by signal. For other phylogenetic problems - especially those involving deep divergences, short internodes, or constrained character-state space - the slope of signal accumulation can be so shallow that even signal from genome-scale data may never practically exceed noise. Moreover, linear accumulation of phylogenetic bias can in principle continuously overwhelm accumulation of signal at a lower slope with additional characters, regardless of dataset size. Applying our theory to empirical datasets, we show that anchored hybrid enrichment and ultraconserved element loci, like any loci, can exhibit signal that is overwhelmed by noise, and that character acquisition biases in some loci can further confound inference. Given the pervasive nature of incongruence in the phylogenomic era, our work provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the limits of inference, improving experimental design, and guiding efficient and accurate resolution of the Tree of Life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.714540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal, noise, and bias in phylogenetic inference:potential and limits to the resolution of phylogenetic trees in the phylogenomic era]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAPLE: automating spatial transcriptomics analysis and AI interpretation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics workflows often span separate tools for cell typing, neighborhoods, and cell-cell communication, yielding fragmented outputs that hinder scalability, interpretation, and reproducibility. STAPLE systematizes analyses across distinct methods into a modular framework, unifying data structures and cross-tool interoperability. End-to-end analyses are performed unassisted with a single invocation, fostering rigorous, reproducible spatial transcriptomics analysis. Its novel, AI-enabled reporting layer synthesizes quantitative results into summaries of biological findings, facilitating analysis interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lvovs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana-Cruz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavikolanu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Data Science Hub TeamLab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demystifying Pancreatic Cancer Therapies TeamLab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAPLE: automating spatial transcriptomics analysis and AI interpretation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eye-head coordination during goal-directed orienting in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In afoveate species such as mice, it is accepted that gaze is typically redirected by head movements with a saccade-and-fixate strategy, while the eyes primarily stabilize vision within a limited oculomotor range. This view suggests that the accompanying eye movements are primarily reflexive, driven by mechanisms like the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). However, emerging evidence challenges this assumption, suggesting that eye movements during active head motion may not be purely reflex-driven. Here, we directly test whether eye movements in mice are actively coordinated as part of voluntary gaze redirection rather than being reflexive. By systematically monitoring head and pupil positions during goal-directed orienting in a cohort of male mice, we find that mice generated active saccadic eye movements whose onsets are tightly linked to head movements. Furthermore, these saccadic eye movements occur at markedly shorter latencies than reflexive quick-phase eye movements evoked by comparable passive head rotations. Importantly, the interplay between coordinated eye and head movements during voluntary orienting resemble the predictable, stereotyped gaze patterns seen in foveate animals, such as primates. Our results suggest that mice possess an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for gaze redirection, integrating voluntary eye-head coordination similar to that of foveate vertebrates. These findings reframe the prevailing view by demonstrating an actively coordinated eye-head component to gaze redirection under goal-directed conditions in mice, complementing established reflexive mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verdone, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eye-head coordination during goal-directed orienting in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals signatures of selection for orb-weaving behavior in spiders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiders (Araneae) are responsible for one of the most captivating and intricate examples of animal architecture in the natural world: the web. But only certain groups of spiders weave the familiar spiral-shaped orb web, and the evolutionary origin of orb-weaving has left arachnologists tangled in a debate for the past decade. Since phylogenetic studies rejected the long-held belief that orb-weavers were monophyletic, two competing hypotheses have emerged: that the cribellate (dry) and ecribellate (sticky) orb webs arose independently and convergently, or that the ability to weave the orb originated with web-spinning common ancestors of all extant orb-weavers and was subsequently lost in many non-orb-weaving descendants. Attempts to reconstruct the ancestral state of the orb web have reached conflicting conclusions as a result of disagreements about the species phylogeny and the definition of orb-weaving. As a potential solution to this phylogenetic impasse, we tested orthologous genes from across the genomes of 98 species of spiders for evidence of both convergent positive selection and relaxed selection corresponding to the orb-weaving phenotype, the patterns that we would expect to be caused by each of the competing hypotheses on the origins of the orb. Using a permutation-based approach, we also compared the odds of gene loss and duplication between orb-weavers and non-orb-weaving spiders and identified genes whose copy number differ significantly between the two phenotypic groups. Through these analyses, we integrate the evolutionary history and genetic basis of orb web-associated traits, providing unique insights into the emergence of complex behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Runnels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals signatures of selection for orb-weaving behavior in spiders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The association of extracellular vesicle (EV)-cargo miR-330-3p with postoperative delirium and a potential mechanism of tau phosphorylation and neuron toxicity 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent and severe neurocognitive complication following cardiac surgery, associated with poor long-term outcomes. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, and objective biomarkers are urgently needed. Methods: We used pre- and post-operative plasma samples from 59 patients undergoing cardiac surgery in three separate studies with rigorous delirium assessment using the Confusion Assessment Method in a case-control design. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) were isolated from plasma, and their miRNA cargo was profiled using RNA sequencing. Target miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR, and digital PCR (dPCR). The functional impact of the lead candidate miRNA was investigated in vitro by assessing tau phosphorylation and cell viability in HT22 neuronal cell line. Results: There were no differences in sEV morphology or numbers between patients with and without POD. While three candidate miRNAs were initially validated by qRT-PCR, subsequent dPCR analysis confirmed that only the perioperative change in plasma sEV-cargo miR-330-3p expression was significantly greater in patients who developed POD (n = 20) compared with those who did not (n = 20) (5.22 copies/L plasma; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.187 to 9.256; p = 0.0139). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for this change yielded an area under the curve of 0.745 (95% CI, 0.589 to 0.901). In vitro overexpression of miR-330-3p in a neuronal cell line significantly increased the phosphorylation of tau at Ser199 (p < 0.0001) and Ser396 (p < 0.001) and reduced cell viability (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sEV-bound miR-330-3p increases in patients with POD after cardiac surgery. In vitro results suggest a potential pathogenic role for miR-330-3p, linking a systemic signal to tau-related neuronal injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujimori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The association of extracellular vesicle (EV)-cargo miR-330-3p with postoperative delirium and a potential mechanism of tau phosphorylation and neuron toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
